100%(1)100% found this document useful (1 vote)
2K views225 pagesAMTI
AMTI GEMS
Uploaded by
Ramkumar SundaramCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
100%(1)100% found this document useful (1 vote)
2K views225 pagesAMTI
AMTI GEMS
Uploaded by
Ramkumar SundaramCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 225
from
THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER
JUNIOR =I
THE ASSOCIATION OF
MATHEMATICS TEACHERS OF INDIA
Son Aan ‘ GEMS
From
THE MATHEMTICS TEACHER
JUNIOR -II
Edited by
Dr. M. Palanivasan
THE
ASSOCATION OF MATHEMATICS
TEACHERS OF INDIA
B-19, Vijay Avenue,
85/37, Venkatarangam Street,
Triplicane, Chennai — 600 005.
Tel: (044)-28441523
E-mail : [email protected] Web site: amtionline.com ROO OK
BETWEEN US
Dear Reader,
The demand for our books based on NMTC questions had
been increasing steadily. Hence it is decided to bring all
the problems and solutions of NMTC every five or ten
years without disturbing the earlier editions. To satisfy the
needs of various age groups they are being brought out in
five different books ~ Primary, Sub-Junior, Junior, Inter
‘and RMO and INMO.
The Present period covered by these books are from 2004
to 2012. In the case of RMO and INMO it is 2005 to 2013.
We hope and trust the beneficiaries of our service will
continue to encourage us to help aspirants of excellence
in Mathematics Education.
We are grateful 10 Smt. K. — Maheswari,
Sri G. Gnanasundaram, Dr. M. Palanivasan and
Sri V. Seshan respectively for having gone through the
pages and edited these books in record time.
With best wishes.
Yours sincerely,
At
(M. MAHADEVAN)
General Secretary, AMTI CONTENTS
(iivear2004 —
Screening Test
Final Test
(2stxear/ 20057
Screening Test
Final Test
2001
Screening Test
Final Test
00 AB
mS
Screening Test
Final Test
Screening Test
Final Test
(2009
Screening Test
Final Test
Screening Test
Final Test
Screening Test
Final Test
qomivear'2012_
Screening Test
Final Test
21
61
70
86
95
115
126
141
148
165
174
191
198 BHASKARA CONTEST
SCREENING TEST - 2004
1. Given the sequence a, ab, aab,cab),aaabb, aaabbb,-»- upto 2004
terms, the total number of times a’s and b's are used from
1 to 2004 terms are
(A) 2004 a’s and 2003 b’s ~=—(B) 4008 a’s and t's
(C) 1002x 1003 a’s and (1002)?b’s
(D) 1003? a’s and 1002x 1003 b's
Solution: Looking at the terms of the sequence given, it can
be noted that all even members have the same number of a’s
and b's while, all odd members have one ‘a’ more than the b's,
Further in the n** member, if n is even the number of a’s =
the number of b's= 3 and if n is odd, the number of a’s= 2},
while the number of b's= 21.
As 2004** member of the sequence corresponds to an even
number 2004, the number of a's and the number of #’s in this
member will both be equal to 1002: As 2003 is odd, the number
of a’s in the 2003"¢ member is 2003+1 or 1002 while the number
of 6's will be 23-1 — 1001.
-, Number of a’s in the first 2004 members
= 1414+2424+34+3+4---+1002+1002
= 2(1-42-4 4 1002) = 2% 2008 * 1098 — 1099 x 1003,
Also number of 6’s in the first 2004 numbers
OF1F142424343+4+---+ 1001 +1002
Old + 24 +---+ 1000] + 1002 = 2% 200% 100? 4 re99
1002 x (1001 + 1) = 10027. Answer: (C)
a 6 Problems and Solutions
2., The number of two digit numbers divisible by the product of
the digits is
(A) 5 (B)8 (0) 14 (D) 33
Solution: Let the number be denoted by ab so that it is equal
to 10a+b. As ab the product of tho digite a and b, divides !
(10a + 6); we must have ‘a’ as a divisor of bie. a 0,y > OQ and z > y. The factors Problems and Solutions 7
of x4 — y* are (c—y), (x+y) and (x? +y"). But these must be
1,3,5 in some order. Clearly c-y 5. fC = 7, then B = 6,D ='8 or
Be 8,C =6. If B= 8, then D+ 8. Similarly if B = 6 then
2. But then with a carry, from ten’s place I = 7, a digit
ten ‘by C. This is not possible. Hence C % 7. Thus when
= 5,C can only be equal to 2, D has three: possible values
eh corresponding to which B has the-values 7 or 8, 6 or 8, 6
or 7 respectively. A solution exists only when'D = 7 and B ='8 >
Problems and Solutions
viz., 9827 + 827 = 10654, The digit 3 alone is missing in this
equation.
Note: We can have a few more solutions such as 9782 + 782 =
10564, 9728 + 728 = 10456 etc. But in all thes cases also the
digit 3 alone will be found missing. Answer: (B)
Five children each owned a different number of rupees. The
ratio of any one’s fortune to the fortune of every child poorer
than himself was an integer. The combined fortune of the
children was 847 rupees. The least number of rupees that a
child had was
(A) 12 Rs. (B) 10 Rs. (©) 7 Rs. (D) 5 Rs.
Solution: Let the children have a,b,¢,d and e rupees such
that they are integers anda >b>c>d>e. It is given that
a+btctd+e = 847 and b,¢,d,e are divisors of a; c,d,e are
divisors of b; d,e are divisors c; and ¢ is a divisor of d.
As e divides exactly a, b,c, d and e, it is a factor of at+b+e+
d+e=847=7x 11x11. In other words e is equal to 7 or 11
or 7x 11 or 11 x 11, But the least value obviously is 7. Hence
any child must have had at least Rs.7.
Note: A possible solution for a,b, ¢,d,e willbea=b=c=d=
210 and e=7. Answer: (C)
. A number with 8 digits is a multiple of 73 and also a multiple:
of 137. The second digit from the left equals 7. Then the 6°
digit from the left equals
(A) 1 (B)7 (0) 9 (D) can be any digit
Solution: The number is a multiple of 137 and 73. As 137 and
73 are primes, the number is also a multiple of 187%73 = 10001.
The eight digit number which is a multiple of 10001 can be got Problems and Solutions 9
by multiplying a four digit number abcd by 10001. The product
is obviously abcd abcd. The second and the sixth digits from
the left are both equal to b. Henée if the second digit is 7 then
the sixth digit is also 7. Answer: (B)
8. Let n be the least positive integer such that 1260n is the cube
of a natural number. Then n satisfies:
(A)l 0 or
(n+ 2)? <9. Hence n+.2 = —3,~-2,-1,0,1,2,3. As nis an
integer, n can be —5,—4,—3,—2,—1,0 or 1. Hence there are
seven possible values for n. Answer: (C)
12. During holidays, five people A, B,C, D and E went swimming
regularly. Each time they went, exactly one of them was
missing. A went the least number of’times (5 times):and Z Problems and Solutions 11
most often (8 times). What can we say about the number of
times B,C and D went?
(A) each went six times
(B) each went seven times
(C) 2 went 6 times and one went 7 times
(D) 2 went 7 times and 1 went 6 times
Solution: From the given information we observe that (i) F
was present on all occasions, (ii) A missed out three occasions,
(iii) B,C, .D together missed 5 occasions and (iv) no one except
A missed 3 or more occasions.
We, therefore, infer two of B,C, D missed 2 occasions while the
third one.occasion. In other words among B,C,D two went
swimming on 6 occasions and the other went on 7 occasions.
Answer: (C)
13. Let A = {a,b,c} and B = {a,b,d,e,f}. How many sets
C consisting of characters from the English alphabet can be
constructed so that CC B and such that ANC has one element
and CZ A.
(A) 16 (B) 14 (C)8 (D) 6
Solution: From the given data we infer that C is part of B
but not of A and C and A have just one element in common.
As ANB = {b} and C is a part of B, ANC also has the element
b. Hence C is the set containing b and elements of any subset
of {a,c,d,e}. As {a,c,d,e} has 24 = 16 subsets, we can form
C in 16 different-ways. Answer: (A)
14, The sum of all angles except one of a convex polygon is 2190°.
(where the angles are less than 180°). Then the possible number
of sides of the polygon is
(A) 13 (B) 15 (C) 17 (D) 19 12 Problems and Solutions
Solution: If the convex polygon has n sides, we are given: that
the sum of the angles of the polygon except one = 2190° =
12 x 180° + 30°. As the sum of all the n interior angles is
(2n—4) right angles or. (2n— 4) x § = (n—2) x 180°, the angle
left out must be 150°, the supplement of 30°. Then sum of the
interior angles = 13 x 180°.
a=2=Worn=15.
Hence the given: polygon has 15 sides. Answer: (B)
15. In aright angled triangle with legs 4 and 8 , the area of
the largest square that can be inscribed in the triangle is
(A) § (8) 3 (©) # (2) P
A
Solution: Let the square
inseribed be one with side a. t
‘Then NA
area AABC'= area. AAFE + { e t
area AEDC ei
+ area of square BDEF
ie, bx 4x8 = ME) 4 MED 40? ie, 32=Waora=}.
Hence the side of the inscribed square Answer: (A)
16. Two circles with centers A
and B and radius 2 touch
each other externally at C. A
third circle with center C and
radius 2 meets the other two
at D, E (see the figure).. Then
area ABDE ig
(A) 3v% (B) 6V3 (C) 3V5 (D) 6v3 Problems and Solutions 13
Solution: -Clearly AAEC' and ACDB are both equilateral
and congruent with sides equal to 2 units. ADCE is also
an equilateral triahgle with each side equal to 2 units. So,
ED = 2 unite. But AB = AC + CB = 4 units. ‘Area
of thé quadrilateral ABDE (in fact,; this-is.a trapezium) ia’
equal to sum: of the areas of the identical equilateral triangles
AGE, ECD and CBD of sides equal to 2 units. Hence, the
required area = 3 x 4 x (48 x 2) x 2 = 3V3 square units.
: : " Answer: (C)
17. In AABC, ZA =.90° and J is the incentre:‘The perpendicular
distance of I from BC is ./8.’Then AI is equal to
(A) v8 (B)3 (©). viz (D) 4
Solution: Let the incirdle
touch the sides: BC, CA, AB
in P,Q,R respectively. “As
mZBAC = 90°, AQIR is
a square of side = JR = in
radius =r, say. As IP =r'=
V8, (given), AI the diagonal
of the ‘square AQIR is
IRx V2 = V8v2 = 4 units.
Answer: (D)
18. ‘In an isosceles triangle, ‘the centriod, the orthocentre, the
incentre and the circumcentre are
(A) conincident (B) collinear
(C) in the interior of the circumcircle
(D) it the interior of the incircle
Solution; AABC is iyosveles with LB = ZC. Let AD be
the altitude from A. The orthocentre H lies on AD,.Also AD 14 Problems and Solutions
bisects the vertical angle BAC and so it contains the incentre
I, Further AD bisects perpendicularly BC. Hence it contains
the circumcentre S and being a median it also contains thé
centroid G. Hence H,I,S and G are collinear, Answer: (B)
Note: These four points will coincide when’ AABC is
equilateral. When A is obtuse H lies outside the circumcircle
as well ss the incircle. Thus (B) is the only correct answer.
19. If a,b are positive real numbers and \/a% = a.,/§ where af
is a mixed fraction, which of the following is true?
(A) b=o? +1 (B)a=t-1 (C)ash4+1 (D)b=a?-1
Solution: The value of the mixed fraction af is a + $.
‘Therefore the given condition implies.
ab+1)_ a?
=
a+ S =a" x Fie. .
b
b+1 =a? (Cancelling § on both sides, a > 0,6 > 0).
Answer: (D)
20.2 +$+E =1and $+2+£=O then the valueof 2+ +5
is
(A) 0 (B) -11 (C9 (p)1
Solution: Writing s = 2,y = } and z = £, we are given that
atytz=1and 244 41=0. The second equation implies
yz + 22+ cy = 0, Now,
apy te? = (ety +z)? ~%Ays+ 20 t zy)
P-2x051
; iP ogot Bm :
ie. ate ae 1 Answer:(D) Problems and Solutions 15
21, Let [x] denote the greatest integer integer less than or equal
to z, what is the value of [VT] + [V2] + [v3] +++» + [V2004]?
(A) 58850 (B) 59730 (C) 59950 (D) 56718
Solution: We have (m+ 1)? = m? + 2m +1 60 that the
integer parts of Vmi?, /m? + 1, Vm? +4, -++ Wm? + 2m will
all be m so that [Vm] + (Vm? +1] + ++. + [Vm™ + 3m =
(2m + 1).m = 2m? +m, Also 2004 = 1936 + 68 = 44? + 68.
(V48] + (V4d2 41] + +: + [VE + 6B] = 69 x 44 Hence
the value of the required sum
= SS Va + (VmPa A +--+ Va + 60 44
mat
= Com? +m) +69 x44
met
= 2has(as + 1)(2 x43-41) 4 Be
= 43x 44x 29 +43 x 224+ 69 x 44
= 22x [2404 + 43 +198] = 22 x 2675 = 58, 850.
Answer: (A)
ox 44
22. If the roots of the equation 2” —2axr-+a?+a—3 =0 are real
and less than 3 then
(A)a<2 (B)24
Solution: From the given equation, we get (x ~ a)? = 3—a
or z =a+ /3—a, As the roots are real 3—a > Oora <3.
As the roots are also less than 3, we have a + /3—a <3 and
a- 3-4 < 3.From a+ V3—a < 3, we get V8-a < 3-0
This implies a # 3, Hence a < 3. As 3—a can be written as
V3aV/3—a and V3—a > 0, we get 1 < VS—a. Hence a is
not greater than or equal to 2. In other words a < 2. When
@<2,a~ /3—a <3 is certainly true. Answer: (A) 16 Problems and Solutions
°93. If a function f(z) is defined such that 10/©).= 4:2 where
x <1, then f(a) + f(6) is equal to
(A) £88) 8) £(#88): (> £(#5%) (D) none of these
Solution: f(a) and f(b) are defined only if a <1,b< 1.
ya) ine o) Lob
1G) = TE and 1) =
Hence
rof@+s70 _ (=a) (1~d)
i * (+a) (1+)
(1+ ab)—(o+8)_ 1-(285) _1-s
. OF aby + (a+d) ~~ 1+(@8) Ive
atb
= 19/7 =4
= 10/@) where z Tyre
provided x ‘<1.
Now, = th at+b-
ie. if (1 —a)(1 ~ 6) >.0, which is true ds a <1, <1.
F(a) + £() = F(z) = FCPS). ‘Answer: (A)
24, How many solutions are there for (a,b) if 7a673 is a five digit
number divisible by 99? ; ‘
(3. Ba (yo ()1
Solution: We can write 7ab73 as Zab hundreds:+73. But this
is same as 7ab times 99 plus 7ab+ 73. For 99 to be a divisor of
7ab73, we therefore have 7ab+ 7S a& a multiple of 99.”
Giving various digital values to a,b forin 0,1,2,+++,9, we find
that 7ab+ 73 can be a number from 700+73 to 799+73 i.e., Problems and Solutions 17
number from 773 to 872. In this range only 792 is divisible by
99. So, 7ab coincides with 792 — 73 i.e., with 719. Therefore,
a = 1,6 = 9. Thus there is only one pair of values (1,9) for
(a,b). Answer: (D)
25. The number 107°° — 76™ is divisible by
(A) 61 (B) 62 (C) 64 (D) none of these
Solution: If-a,b (a > 6) are real numbers a” —)” is divisible by
a—b for integral n > 1. Now 107% — 76% = (1072)** — (76?)®
is divisible, by 107? — 76? i.e., by (107 + 76)(107 — 76) i.e., by
183 and 31. ie., by 3,31 and 61. The option (A) contains 61.
Answer: (A)
26. A sequence a9,a1,02,03,--- ,@n--+ is defined such that a =
a, = 1 and any: = (an-1.0a) +1 for n > 1. Which of the
following is true?
(A) 442006 (B) 3.22009 (C) 5lez00 = (D) 2 f 2008
Solution: We have anj1 = On@n-1 +1, a9 = a = 1.
02 =2, ag =3, a4=7, 5 = 22, ag = 155, a7 = 3411,---
Expressed congruent modulo 4 the sequence is
1,1,2,3, 3, 2,3,3,---
This is a cyclic sequence from a2 onwards, the numbers 2,3,3
cyclically repeating. Therefore ag9qq = 3(mod 4). So, 4 does
not: divide agoo4. (If it is a divisor, ag994 must be congruent
zero modulo 4). Similarly expressing the sequence congruent
modulo 2, modulo 3 and modulo 5, we get respectively
(i) 1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,--» congruent. modulo 2
(i) 1, 1,2,0,1,1,2,0,-++ congruent modulo 3
(iii) 1, 1,2, 3, 2, 2, 0, 1,1, 2,3, 2,2,0,-++ congruent modulo 5.
From (i) azoq3 = 0(mod 2)... 2 divides agoo3-
From (ii) a2g03 = 0(mod 3). .*,3 divides a2003- 18
Problems and Solutions
From (iii) a2004 = 2(mod 5). .*. 5 does not divide azo04 exactly.
Thus (A) alone is true.
“Answer: (A)
27. A solid cuboid has edges of length a,b,c. What is the surface
area?
(A) (a+b-+ 0)? — (a2 +0? +02)
(D) ab+ bc+ ca
Solution: Surface area of the
cuboid (from the figure) =
2(ab+ be+ca) = (a+b+c)?—
(a? +6? +7). Answer: (A)
(B) abe (C) 2(a? +B? +c?)
a
28. A circle and a parabola are drawn on a piece of paper. The
number of regions they divide the paper into is at most
(A) 3 (B) 4
Solution: The parabola can
cut the circle in a maximum
of four points. When the
parabola does not touch the
boundary of the paper as
in the adjoining figure, we
get the number of regions
as 6. However when the
boundary of the paper touches
the parabola region II of the
figure is further divided into
2 regions - I(a) and II(b). °
‘Thus the maximum number of
regions got is 7.
(O)5
LY
2A\ js
@) 6
x7
Note: The options do riot contain the number 7, but have only Problems and Solutions 19
the number 6. Assuming that the paper is sufficiently large
that the boundary is not a tangent. to the parabola, option (D)
is correct.
29, A-cubic polynomial P is such that P(1) = 1,P(2) = 2,
P(3) =3 and P(4) = 5, Then P(6) is
(A) 7 (B) 10 (©) 13 (D) 16
Solution: Let p(z)=a+bx+er?+dz* Then
a+2b+4e+8d (ii)
+3b+9¢-+27d- (iii)
a+4b+16c+ 64d (iv)
(ii)—(i) gives 1=b+3c+7d (v)
(ii)-() gives 1=b+5e+19¢ (vi)
(iv)—(iii) gives 2= b+ 7c+37d (vii)
(vi)-(v ) gives “0=2c+12d (viii)
(vii )-(vi) gives 1=2c+18d (ix)
(ix)—(vill) gives. 1 = 6d or d= $.
«'. (ix) gives. 1=2e+3 orc=-l.
w. (¥) gives —8+horb=¥%.
v.() gives L=at+ 2-14 $ora=-1.
Hence p(x) = —1+ 42-27 + 325.
<. p(6) = —1+ 2 x 6 — 36 + § x 216
=-1417-36+36 = 16. Answer: (D)
30. Which of the following is the best approximation to
(23 = 1)(3? - 1)(4* - 1)
(+188 +1) +1)
(A) § ® % (C) 8% (©) S00 20 Problems and Solutions
Solution: Note that
m—1 = (m-1)(m?+m+))
m +41 = (m+1)(m?-m+l)
mtm+1 = (m+1P?-(mt)t1.
. Given expression :
' (1890-1) (1000?-+-1000-+1)
$$1)(10007—100041
As 274+24+1=37-341,37+34+1=4—4+ 1 etc, after
cancellations, the given expression = }-3-2-+- @-40ogyssope
__ 2 (1000000 + 1000+ 1)
1000 x 1001 x 3
= 0.666001332
‘The given options are equivalent to 0.6, 0.66. 0.666 and 0.6666.
Hence the expression is nearest to 0.666. ‘Answer: (C)
uate
a)
Amicable Numbers
‘Two natural numbers in and n are called, Amicable (or friendly)
if m is equal to o(n) and n is equal to o(m) where o(k) denotes
the sum of all the proper divisors of k. For example, 220
and 284 are amicable numbers. If two numbers dre Harshad
numbers and are also amicable, they are called Amicable
Hershad numbers. (2620, 2924) is one such pair.
The Wonder World of Kaprekar Numbers ~ Page No.68-69. BHASKARA CONTEST
FINAL TEST - 2004
4. Show that there are no integers a, b,¢ for which
a? +H -8c=6
Solution: For any integer n we always have w= 014
(mod 8). So the’ different possibilities for a? + 6? modulo 8
are
0+0=0, OF1=1, 141=2, 14+4=5, 044=4, 444=0
But a? +8? — 8c = 6 implies that a? + 6? = 6(mod 8) which
is impossible as per the above observation. Hence there are no
integers a, b,c for which a? + ? — 8c = 6.
2. Given that N = 2"(2"+1 — 1) and 2°+? — is a prime number,
show that
a) Sum of the divisors of N is 2N
b) Sum of the reciprocals of the divisors of. N is 2.
Solution: Let 2"+? —1= P. Then we are given that P is a
prime number. We have 2"? = P+1 and 2" = 2. This
makes N = 2" x P. We find that the divisors of 2" x P are
1,2,22,23,..+ ,2",.P, 2P,2°P,29P, ++ ,.2"P.
So the sum of the divisors of N is piven by
on = 1t2e Pepe”
+P(L $2427 +23 4006 +-9)
(P+1) Eps *)
(P+1)(" -1)
= artgntt _ 1)
= 2N
This proves (2).
il
i
21 22 Problems and Solutions
Remark: One can also use the formula for the sum of the
divisors on of a positive integer n given by
ith pet oan | +L oy pitt ~1
on = (Pat) (eet os (Et
pa-l -1- - aode Pr
where n = phipl? ... pit ...pk is the prime factorization of n.
ue ni P?- *)
(fi 2-1 )\ Pri
tt —1(P +1)
2-an(ant} — 1).
2N.
on
uo
We Maen alee seo a= once
: 1
Py = lf rata tele +5 +R ate ‘t+ 5l
= i baled “+3 Ay+ i
1-Gyr) | (a
1-$% -
(art —1) 7 gat
Ra—1) * GTI)
= 2
This proves part (b).
8. Given three non-collinear points A, B,C construct a circle with
center C such that the tangents from A and B to the circle are
parallel.
Solution:
Construction: Find the mid-point M of AB. Join C to
M and draw lines AX and BY parallel to MC. From C Problems and Solutions 23
drop perpendiculars to AX and BY to meet them at P and
Q respectively. Draw the circle > with center C’ and radius
CP. Lis the required circle,
Proof of Construction:
Since AM = MB and AX||MC|\BQ we have CP = CQ. Now
AX and BY are parallel tangents to the circle).
4, Given a circle with diameter AB and a point X on the circle
different from A and B, let ta; t and tz be the tangents to the
circle at A,B and X respectively. Let Z be the point where
the line AX meets tb and Y be the point where the line BX
meets t,. Show that the three lines YZ,t; and AB are either
concurrent or parallel. +
Solution: 24 Problems and Solutions
As AB is a diameter, we have ZAXB = 90°. Let ZX AB = 6
and ZXBA = ¢. We note from the “angle in the alternate
segment” theorem that
LXAP = $, LAXP = 6 = LZXQ,
2BXQ=0=ZYXP
ZAYB = 0, ZAZB = $,2XBQ = 6
In the right angled triangle AXY, we have PA = PX = PY.
Therefore, P is the mid-point of AY. Similarly from ABXZ
we get QX = QB = QZ, Therefore Q is the midpoint of BZ.
Also AY is parallel to BZ. Hence YZ,PQ, AB concur at a
point. If X is the mid-point of the arc AB, we see that the
lines YZ, PQ, AB are parallel.
5. The polynomial ax? + bc? + cz +d has integral coefficients
a,b,c,d. If ad is odd and bc is even show that at least one roat
of the polynomial is irrational.
Solution: Suppose the roots 2), %2, 23 of
az? + ba? +er+d=0
are all rational numbers. Then the transformation y = az
transforms the given cubic into
o(2)'+0(2)" +e(%) +d=0.
‘This is equivalent to
y+ by? + acy +a7d=0. ()
‘The ronts of this equation are
Vi = ALi, yo = 29,43 = arg. Problems and Solutions 25
e
Tt is clear that the roots y1,y2,y3 are all rational numbers.
‘As the coefficients of equation (1) are integers, we must have
‘yt, yo, y3 a8 integers. Further these integers 1,92, ¥3 satisfy
utytys=—b (2)
yiye + yays + yay = ac @)
nyrys = —a7d. (4)
Now, in view of equation (4), yi, ¥2,ys must be divisors of a?d.
Since it is given thet ad is an odd integer, 41, 2, ys are all odd
integers. From equations (2) and (3), it is clear that b and
ac must be odd. This means thet a,b,d are all odd integers.
‘Therefore, equation (3) implies that c is an odd integer. Now,
b and ¢ are odd contradicts our hypothesis that bc is even. So
the given equation has at least one irrational root.
Let f be a function from N to R satisfying
(o) #(1) =1 and
(b) #(1) + 2f(2) + 8f(8) +++ + F(R) = n(n + F(A).
Find (2004).
Solution: We have
£(1) + 2f(2) + 3f(8) +--+ + OF (a) = n(n + YF)
$(1) +2f(2) +3/(8) +--+ +(n-1)F(n— 1) = (n—1nf(n—1)
for n > 3,-Then subtracting the second equation from the first,
we get
n?f(n) = n(n—1)f(n-1)
or (n=1)f(n—1) = nf(n), forn >3
Sy 2f(2) = 3f(3) = 4f(4) = ++» = nf(n) for n > 2. 26 Problems and Solutions
From (b) with n = 2004, we get
F(1) + 2F(2) +--+ + 2003. f(2003) = (2004)? F(2004)
or 1+ (2002) x (2004) F(2004) = (2004)? f(2004)
1
3004(2004 — 3003)
L
= 08
«*. (2004)
a
7. Consider @ permutation pipspapapsps of the six numbers
1,2,3,4,5,6 which can be transformed to 123456 by transposing
two numbers exactly four times. By a transposition we mean
an interchange of two places — for example, 1 2 3 4 5 6 to
3 2145 6 (positions 1 and 3 are interchanged). Find the
number of such permutations.
Solution: We observe that any permutation of {1,2,3,4,5, 6}
can be reached in at most 5 transpositions. For any
permutation P given by pipapspapsps we count the number
of pairs i < j such that p; > pj and call it o(P), Then
every transposition applied to P changes the (odd-even) parity
of c(P). This means that the set of all permutations can
be separated into those reachable by an odd number of
transpositions and those reachable by an even number of
transpositions. Any permutation reachable in 0 or 2 steps can
be also be reached in four by repeating the same transposition
twice. So we are just required to count the number of even
permutations. Fix a transposition T. Then T defines a
correspondence P — TP from the set of even permutations
to the aet of odd permutations, which is clearly one-one. This
means that the number of even permutations is one half of the Problems and Solutions 27
total number of permutations, which is 6! = 720 in our case.
So the answer to our question is 360.
8. Let 01,09,43,'-+ ,@m be a sequerice of real numbers. The
sum of k— successive terms is called a k—- sum, for example
a; +aj41+0;42-+++++0;44-~1.i8 a k— sum. In a finite sequence
of real numbers every 7-sum is negative and every 11-sum is:
ypositive. Find the largest number of terms in such a sequence.
‘Solution: We writé the successive 7-sums in separate rows: If
we continue writing till the first 11 such 7-sumis, we get 11 rows
of 7-sums; which in turn gives 7 columns’of 11-sums. See the
adjoining table.
aytag+agtess+az <
agtagtaat stag <
agtagrastesstag <
<
<
<=
oon coco
ii +412 +043.. +017 <
In the above table each row sum is. negative and so the sum
of all the terms is negative. Qn the other hand, each column
sum is positive and go the sum of all the terms is positive. This
leads to a contradiction. Therefore at best we can have 10 such
7-sum rows. This means that. the sequence can have at most
16 terms. By triel and error method we construct the sequence
of 16 terms
5,5, —13, 5, 5, 5, —13, 6, 5, —13, 5, 5,5, -13, 5,5
satisfying the given requirements. BHASKARA CONTEST
SCREENING TEST - 2005
1. (22, 48), (61, 76), (29, 34) are some pairs of distinct two digit
numbers whose product ends with digit 6. How many such
pairs are there?
(A) 47 (B) 315 (0) bag (D) 405
Solution: All two digit numbers that end with 0 or 5 do not
contribute (since a product of these will always end with 0 or
5,not 6).
11 multiplied by 16,26,--» ,9§ account for 9 numbers
12 multiplied by 13,23,---,93 and. also by 18,28,---,98
account for 18 numbers.
Similarly 13,14,16,17,18 and 19 these account for 6x9 = 64
numbers.
In total where one of the numbers lies between 10 and 20, we
could locate a total of 10 x 9 = 90 pairs.
This can be repeated for pairs with one of the numbers lying
between 20 and 30,30 and 40,:-- and 90 and 100.
‘Thus total number of pairs will be 9x 90 = 810.
However, since we have considered all pairs, the number of
unordered such pairs will be only half of 810.
«. No, of distinct pairs = 99 = 495. Answer: (D)
2, The digits 1,2,3,4 are used to generate 256 differant 4-digit
numbers. The sum of the 256 numbers is
(Ay 71440 (B) 711040 (C) 704110 =~ (D) 741040
Solution: In the units place each of the digite will occur
aS = 64 times
28 Problems and Solutions 29
In the ten’s place each of the digits will occur 445 = 64. times
In hundred’s place each of the digits will occur 28% = 64 times
In thousand’s place each of the digits will occur 2§8 = 64 times
", Total
= G64(14+2+8+44)+64(10)(1+24+3-+4)+64(100)(14+24+3-+4)
+64(1000)(1+2+3+4).
= 640+6400+64000+640000=711040. Answer: (B)
o
Find the area in square
centimeters cf the shaded
rectangle if all other shapes
1,2,3 in the large 9em x Sem
rectangle are squares.
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C)2 (D)15
Solution: Area 2 is @ square of side 5cm and area 25cm?.
Similarly area 3 is a square of side 4cm and aréa 16cm?. Area
1 is a unit cm square with area 1em?. Hence the area of the
shaded rectangle is 3em?.
(Note that 9x 5--4x4—5x5-1x1=45- 42 =3).
‘Answer: (B)
4, In the diagram PS = PQ and
QS = QR. If ZSPQ = 80° then .
ZQRS equals
(A) 15° (B) 20° (C) 25° (D) 30° * '
Solution: Since PS = PQ,
equating the integral and fractional parts on both sides, we get
w= and oy = fy
ast = & implies SH = Boor c+ i=o+}.
Hence’ r=9 and }=} or z=9,y=2.
Thus w=5,c=9,y=2 so that wto+y=5+94+2=16,
Answer: (A) Problems and Solutions 37
20. PQRS is a common diameter of the
three circles. The area of the middle
circle is the average of the arcas of the
other two.
If PQ =2 RS =1 then the length of
QR is is
(A) 146 (B) V6~1 (C)4 (D)3
Solution: Let diameters PQ,PR and PS be D;,D2,D3
respectively.
Then "74 = 5 [F (D} + D3) > 2D} = D3 + Dj.
Given D, = PQ =1;D3 ~ Da = RS = 0.5
nD} a
2(D3 — 0.5)? =1+D3 or D?-2D;~0.5=0.
oD; = BF 12 8.
Length QR = Dz—Dy = (D3—0.5)-1= Dy-15 =-34.%8.
As QR is not negative, QR = =fv8,
Note: None of the given options gives the answer
Answer: (=14¥8) ,
21. The positive numbers x and y satisfy ay = 1. The minimum
value of 2y + a is
(A) $ (B) § (o)1 (D) no minimum
Solution: The problem is to minimize f = Jy + zy subject
to 2y=1 or to minimize f= a+ + %.
For minimum jf, £ =0 = —de-$ +29 = 28 =4 or at =2.
Also £4 = 202-6 +32? > 0 for z>0.
<. f hes a minimum at the positive 4th roots of 2.
.. Minimum value = $+4%2=1. Answer: (C) 38 Problems and Solutions
22. Of the points (0,0), (2,0), (31), (1,2), (3,3), (4,3) and (2,4) at
most how many can be on a circle?
(A) 5 (B) 3 (4 (D) 6
Solution: Denoting the seven given points by O, B,C, D, EB, F
and G, from the rough sketch we see that all the points except
F are at the same distance V5
units from D. (Note that if the
figure represents a chess board “a
horse” placed at D can ina single
move go to O,B,C,E or @ but
not to F). Thus the five points
O,B,C,E,G are concyclic. The
equation to this circle is (x — 1)? +
(y-2)7=5. Answer: (A)
23. How many of these expressions 2° + y',a‘ + y3,23+y? and
z*—y‘ are positive for all possible numbers = and y for which
z>y?.
(A) i (B) 0 (C)2 @)3
Solution: Construct the following table: (= > y)..
zly[@+v [ety [ery late
of-] + - - -
eet + _ a
+{-] + + + +
+{4] 4+ + + +
+40 ia + + +
From this table one can see that for all values of z,y with
z>y, only z°+y¢ is positive. Answer; (A)
24. ‘The number of ordered pair of digits (A,B) such that
A3640548981270644 B is divisible by 99 is
(A)3 (B)2 (1 (D) zero Problems and Solutions 39
Solution: As the number is to be divisible by 9 and 11,.
(i) sum of the digits is divisible by 9, and
(ii) difference between the sum of the odd digits and the sum
of the even digits is-a multiple of 11. :
‘Thus we have 71+ A+B is a multiple of 9.or A+ B-1-is
a multiple of 9 and (37 + A) ~ (84+ 8) is divisible by 11.
This A+B = 1,10 or 19 and A—~B = ~3. Obviously
A+B #19 as A and B are single digits. If A or B is zero
then the other, can be one but the difference will not be 3. The
remaining possibility is that A+ B= 10 and A-B=~3.
‘This is also not possible since if A+B is even, then A—B
must also be even. No values of A and # exist. Answer: (D)
25. The roots of the equation 2°—402!+P23+Qz2?+4Rr+S=0
are in geometric progression. The sum of their reciprocals is
10. Then [S| is equal to
(A) 16 (B) 32 (Cc) 4 (D)1
Solution: Let the roots be ar*,ar,a,%, 4.
‘Then sum of the roots = a(r?+r+1+24 4) =40.
The sum of their reciprocals = 4(3 +1 4+1+r+r?) = 10
dividing one by the other a? = 4 or a= 42.
Product of the roots =.a° = (+2)5 = +32 =-S.
|s| =32. + Answer: (B) BHASKARA CONTEST
FINAL TEST - 2005
1. p(z) is a polynomial of degree n and p(k))= > for
#=0,1,2,-+,n. Determine p(n +1).
Solution: We observe that (k + 1)p(k) — k = 0 for all &
in {0,1,2,---n}. So we consider the polynomial g(z) =
(z+ 1)p(x) — « and we see that the polynomial q(x) has the
following n+1 numbers 0,1,2,--- ,n as roots. Therefore
9(z) = Kz(x—1)(x—2)(2-3)---(e~n)
for some-constant K.
‘We evaluate (x) at —1 to get
a-1) = -(-1) a = K(~1)(-2)(-3)--- (-n-1) = K(-1)"**(ng1)!
Thus K = coma
As p(2) = set we get
pny = ant ietos)
nt t+ Ye (nt in\(n—1yin—
n+2
— mti+(-yn
ii n+2
Therefore,
1 ifn is odd
Pint 1) =
aa ifn is even
40 Problems and Solutions 41
2. Two sides of a triangle are V3cms and V2cms. The medians
to these sides are perpendicular to each other. Find the third
side.
Solution: Let AD,BE and
CF be the medians through
the vertices A,B,C - of F
AABC. Let BE and CF E
be the given perpendicular
medians.
Using cosine formula B c
AB? = AD? + BD? ~2A4B.BDcos ADB. and
AC? = AD? + DC? — 2AD.DC cos ADC.
But cos ADC =~cos ADB and BD = DC = 480.
Hence adding, we get AB? +40? = 24D? +.2(2
|AD? = 2AB? + 2AC? — BC?.
Similarly 4BE? = 2BC? +2AB? — AC? and
4CF? = 2AC? + 2BC? — AB?.
As G divides each median in the ratio 2:1 we get
BO)?.
BG? = tpEt = yeas? ‘+280? - CA),
oot = foe = j@AC* +2047 45%),
Since
BEC = 90°,
BG? + 0G? = BO’.
at jean? +280? — CA?) + gee? +2CA? — AB?) = BC?
or 2AB? + 2B0? ~ CA? +. 250? + 26.4? — AB? = 9BC? 42
Problems and Solutions
or
BC? = AB? +CA?.
But AB = V3 cm and CA= v2 cm.
SBC? =34+2=5 cm? or BO =1om.
Hence the third side BC is of length lcm.
O js the circumcentre of triangle ABC ond K is the
circumcentre of triangle AOC. The lines AB, BC’ meet the
circle AOC again at M and N respectively. L is the
reflection of K in the line MN. Find the angle between BL
and AC.
° 7
A
L
3 B
Solution:
B
(Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
These are the three possible configurations.
Case (i) 4MCB = £MCO+Z0CB
= £MA0+ZOBC
<4MBO + ZOBC
4MBC
wl
Case (ii) ZMCB = Z4OCB-ZocB
4OBC —- ZOAM
ZOBC~ZOBA
<£MBC
" Problems and Solutions 43
Case (iil) 2MCB = ZMCO~ZOCB
(180° ~ ZOAM) — ZOBO
180° - ZOBA ~ ZOBC
Z4MBC
‘Thus in all the three cases ZMBC = ZMCB.
We now, show that L is the circumcentre of AMNB.
Case (i) ZMLN = 4MKN
= 2Z£MCN
= 2ZMBN
Also LM = LN. Therefore L is the circumcentreof AMNB.
Cese (i) ZMLN = 4MKN
2£MAN
22MCB
2£MBN
w
As LM = LN, L is the circumcentre of AMNB.
Case (iii) 4MLN = £MKN
= 24MCN
2Z4MCB
2ZMBC
= 360°- 2MBN
tt
Again using the fact that LM = LN we sce tliat as in the
other two cases here also L is the circumeentre of AMNB.
So, finally
4MLB = ZMNB
= 2ZBAC
This gives ZMBL = 90° — ZBAC. This means that BL and
AC are perpendicular. 44 Problems and Solutions
4, Show that the equation z?-+y?-+ Byz—2(0222)
= 3e-2(3 < 3y)
= Ww>z
So the new solution y,z,3yz— satisfies y << 3yx—a and
the new solution set has a bigger biggest element. Starting
with the solution set 1,1,1 by repeated application of the
above process, we get (1, 1,2), (1,2,5), (2,5, 29), (5, 29,433), -+
as some other integral solutions. Thus the given equation has
infinitely many solutions in positive integers.
5. Find all pritae numbers p and g such that p(p+1)+9(¢+1) =
n(n+1) for some positive integer n.
Solution:
p(p +1) +4(¢t+I) = n(n +1) > p(pt1) = (n—g)(n+q41)-
‘This means that p divides n~g or n+q+1. If p divides
n—q,then n—q>p. Therefore, nt+-qg+l=n—q+2g+1>
n-qtl>ptl.
But this will contradict p(p+1)+9(q+1) = (n—g)(n+q+1).
So p has to divide n+9+1. This means that n+q+1=kp
for some positive integer k and p+1 = k(n—g). We note that
(p+a)(e+a+1) = r(p+ 1) +9(9 +1) + 2pg>n(n+1) > p+q>n.
Without loss of generality we may assume that p >. As
n(n +1) > p(p+1) we get n> p. Now, n+qg+l=kp>n> Problems and Solutions 45
p3k>1. Also, kp=nt+q+1<(ptg)+g+1<3p+1<
4p k <4. So k has to be 2 or 3.
Suppose k= 2. Then n= 2p—q—1 and p+1=2n—2g.
This implies that 2n = 4p — 29-2 = p+1+2q and therefore
38p—3 = 4q.
Hence 3 divides the prime number g which implies that
q = 3. This gives p = 5 and n = 6. When k = 3,
we get n = 3p—q—1 and p+1 = 3n—3g. This gives
3n = 9p —3qg—-3 = p+1+3¢ and therefore 8p—4 = 6g. This
gives 3n = 9p—3q—-3 = p+1+3q and therefore 8-4 = 64.
‘This implies that ¢ = 2,p=2 and n=3. Thus, the solutions
are given by
(p,4,2) = (8,5.6) or (5,3,6) or (2,2, 3).
6. Show that there is no integer valued function f on the set of
integers such that f(m+ f(n)) = f(m)—n for all integers
m™m, Tr.
Solution: From the given functional equation we get f(m +
2f(n)) = F(m + f(n)) = frm) —n where m, = m+ f(n).
So, we get
H(m+2f(n)) = f(m)-n= oe -
= f(m)—n—n= f(m)-
‘We prove by induction that f(m+kf(n)) = f(m) — kn for
all positive integers k. We assume the result for k—1 and
observe that
f(m+ kf(n)) S(m + (k—1f(n) + f(r)
fm+ (k~ 1)f(n)) —2
f(m) —(k-3)n—n
= f(m)— kn Q)
‘The above result is vacuously true for k=.0.
Again,
f(m) = f(mn - f(n) + f(n)) = fim — f(n))~n
tw
w
u Problems and Solutions
f(m— f(n)) = f(m) +n
= f(m)-(-1)n
This means that the result (1) is true for k = —1. We now
prove by induction that the result (1) is true for all negative
integers. We assume the result for —(k — 1),k > 2.
f(m ~ kf (n))
1
f(m— (kU f(n) - f(r)
f(m=(k-1)f(n)) +n
f(m) -(-(k-1)n+n
f(m) + kn.
il
il
a
Hence for all integers k we have
f(m + kf(n)) = f(r) — kn.
As (1) is am integer, (1 +£(1)/(1)) = f(1)- f) =O. Let
K =1+f(1)f(1). Then K > 0 and f(K) = 0. For any
integer n we have f(n) = f(n+f(K)) = f(n)=K < f(n)
which is impossible. Hence there is no such function f.
Proye that it is possible to partition the set of positive
integers into 100 non-empty subsets Aj, Ag,-++ , Aigo so that
if a +2005 b=c for integers a,b,c then a,b,¢ are not all in
different Aj.
Solution; Define f :N 4% by f(n) = largest k such that
2 divides n.
Define Aj = {n|f(n) =i mod 100} for i = 0,1,2,3,-+-99.
Let a,3,¢ be integers such that a + 2005b = c.
Case 1: Suppose f(a) < f(6). In this case 2005 6 is divisible
by @ higher power of 2 than a since 2005 is odd. So the highest
power of 2 that divides ¢ must be the same as the highest
power of 2 that divides a. In other words f(a) = f(c). Problems and Solutions 47
Case 2: Let f(a) > f(b). In this cose it is clear that
7(b) = f(c). So, in either case, two of a,b,c have the same
f -value; which means that two of a,b,c always lie in the same
Aj.
8. The set A consists of 100 positive integers less than 200. Prove
that there exists a non-empty set 9 such that the product of
all its elements is a perfect square.
Solution: For any subset C of A, we can.write the product
of all its elements as (C) = c?Po where c? is the largest
square that divides %(C) and Po is-elther 1 or product of
distinct primes each less than 200. Since the number of non-
empty subsets of A is 2° —1 which is definitely greater than
2* where & is the number of distinct primes less than 200.
Now, ‘for any subset C of A, Po is a product of at most k
distinct primes and so the number of possible values of Po is
at most 2*. As we have more number of non-empty subsets
of A than the number of possible values of Pc there must be
two non-empty subsets X,¥ of A such that Py = Py. If B
is the set (X —Y)U(¥ —X) then since X'4 Y we see that
B is non empty. Further each number in XMY appears twice
in the product P(X).B(¥). Hence
PP yPPy = 2y?(Px)?
BXYP(Y)
B(B)B(X NY)?
The above equation implies that PB (B) is a perfect square.
u BHASKARA CONTEST
SCREENING TEST - 2006
1. Tn an n sided regular polygon the radius of the circum-circle
is equal in length to the shortest diagonal. Then n is
(A)6 (B)8 (C)12 (D) Such a polygon does not exist.
Solution: Let A,B and
C be the three consecutive o
vertices of the n-sided regular
polygon and O be the centre
of its circum circle.
It is given that the shortest
diagonal is equal to the radius
of the circum circle.
In the figure, AC’ is the shortest diagonal
AC = OA= OC = ZAOC = 60°
= ZAOB = 30°.
So the number of sides of the regular polygon = 98 = 12. The
answer is C.
pa
. All the six faces of a cube are extended in all directions. The
number of regions into which the whole space is divided by
these 6 planes is
(A) 9 (B) 16 (0) 24 (D) 27
Solution: The cube has 3 pairs of opposite faces.
Correspondingly we get 3 pairs of parallel planes. The first
pair of parallel planes divide the space into 3 regions, ‘The
second pair of planes divide each of these 3 regions into 3.
We get 9 regions each of which is further divided into by the
third pair, We get 27 regions, The answer is D.
48
y Problems and Solutions 49
3. Let A=ata?+a2+---
isa
(A) positive integer (B) negative integer (C) negative fraction
(D) positive fraction
Solution:
A=-141-141---141=0
AAP =0
a negative integer. The answer is B.
4, How many possible values can one get by multiplying 2 different
numbers from the set {4, 8, 9, 16, 27, 32, 64, 81, 243}?
(A) 12 (B) 24 (c) 36 (D) 48
Solution:
>i[ei[r [sls] #
PB? | PP | ZS" | 73*
[ aes? | 2a | Da! | Daa?
2x3? | hed? | 2x3" | 243°
2x3? [2 [2h 2x3*
283? | 263? | 2x3" | 238
zy
2| 2
ye] 2 | 2 | 20
3? | 3%x2? | 3x2? | 3%x2"
B | 392 | 3x2? | 3x2" | 372? | x2" | 3*
3H | tz? | 3x2 | 342" | 342° | 340%] 3°
BP | 3x2? | 3%x2? | 3%x2t | 3*x2° | 3%x2* | 3” | 3
—t
2, 2", 3! and 3” are not products of different numbers.
Table 50 Problems and Solutions
‘The numbers in the set are 27, 2°, 24, 25, 28, 37, 39, 34,35. There
are 3 types of products:
(i) 2.25 (ii) 3°.3°, (ip 293° .
In (i) 243 < a+b < 5 +6; the products are
25, 28,27, 28, 29, 210, and 211. We have 7 products.
In (ii), 243 Sa+b< 445; the products ars 3°,3°, 37,38
and 3°. We have 5 products.
In (ili), 25 a <$6,2<5b<5. We have 5x 4 = 20 products.
The total number of products is 7-+5 +20 = 32.
The problem is to be corrected with one choice as 32.
5. Define a*b = 2a+2b- ab. For example, 4*3 =
2x4+2x3—-4x3=2. If 3e2=2ec, then z is
(2 (B)1_— (C)O.— (D) No such z exists
Solution:
3xr=6+22—-32=6-2
2ee=4+22—-Ie=4.
Since 3x2 = 22, we get 6—c=4->2=2. The answer is
A.
2
. If ABCD = (ABC) x (BD), where A,B,C and D are digits
not necessarily distinct, then the value of C is
(A)O (B)1 ~~ (C) any digit (D) any nonzero digit
Solution: If B= 1 and D =0, then the product (ABG) x
(BD) = (ABC) x 10 = ABCD. So C can have any value. It
is enough if we choose B,D properly. The answer is C.
7. Mf axb=a+b+] and if ax5=b*4=11, then asd is
(A) 10 (B) 11 (C) 12 (D) 13 Problems and Solutions 51
Solution: a+5=a+6,b%4=b+5
‘> axdb=5%6 = 12.
“The answer is C.
8. a,b and care three natural numbers. Exactly two of them
are odd."‘Then
(A) a+b+c+ab+te+ca is odd (B) ab+be+ca is even
(C) abe is odd (D) a? + be is even
Solution: a+b+c is even.
If a and 6 are odd, then ab is odd and bc + ca is even,
therefore ab + be + ca is odd.
Thus a+b+c+ab+be+ ca is odd.
Clearly B is false; so is C. a? + bc is odd as one of a? or be
is odd. Thus the only true statement is A.
9. Given z+3y = 100 where x and y are positive integers. The
number of pairs satisfying the above equation is
(A) 100 (B) 97 (C) 34 (D) 33
Solution: 2+3y= 100 > y= 334432. 2 =1,4,7,---97.
‘There are 33 values of zhence there are 33 pairs of solutions
(x,y) for 2+ 3y = 100. Thus the answer is D.
10. A three digit number with digits A,B,C in that order is
divisible by 9. A is an odd digit and C is an even digit. B
and C are non zero, The number of such three digit numbers
is
(A) 20 (B) 16 (C)8 (D4
Solution: See (page 14) Subjunior Qa No 6 of Kaprekar
Contest. The answer is A.
11. The number of prime numbers lesa than 1 million whose digital
sum is 2 ia,
(A) 5 (B) 4 (c)3 (D) none of these 52 Problems and Solutions
Solution: Similar to Qn No 7 of Kaprekar Contest. The
answer is C,
12, The value of "on simplification is
a @! @& © ©) (a)”
Solution:
(36)% (22 x 92)
ae SKS
_ mex git 3
12
= Fionscge = 3a"
-
= (3)
= (5)
and the answer is D.
13. In Eldorado, the baso in the number system is b, unlike our
decimal system where 235 means 2:10? +3-10+5. The
place values in Eldorado are powers of } and the currency is
in dinars. Ram gave a 1000 dinar bill for a bicycle costing 440
dinars and receives 340 dinars as change. The base } is
(A) 12 (B) 8 (7 (D) none of these
Solution: 1000 =1x 08 +0-6?+0-b+0 and
440 = 4 x U3 + db + 0,340 = 30? + 4b-+0
40? + 4b-+0+30? + 4b +0 = 05+ 087+0-b+0
=> 7b? + 8b = BS => 7-7-8 =0
as 6 #0
=> (b- 8)(b-+1) =0,b= 8 or b= —1,
But b=-—1 is not possible . b= 8. The answer is B. Problems and Splutions 53
14. A certain number leaves a remainder 4 when divided by 6.
‘The remainder when the number is divided by 9 is
(A)lor4 (B)40r7-(C)lor7 = (D) 1, 4or7
Solution: Let the number be n so that n= 6k +4 for some
(positive) integer k or n = 2(3k +2).
Now, k= 1 n= 10> n= 1(mod 9),
k=2=n=16>n=71(mod9), K=33n=W>ns
4(mod 9), k= 4 n = (mod 9), & = 5 > n = 7(mod 9)
and k= 6 => n= 4(mod 9).
Thus the possible remainders when n is divided by 9 are 1,4 zs
and 7. The answer is D.
Note: 6k +4 for any & € N cannot give remainders other
than 1,4 or 7,
15. Given the alphametic where each ABCD
letter represents a different digit, -BCDA
the number of distinct solutions is ivi
(A) 0 (B)1 (C) 6 (D)7
Solution: See (page 12): Sub Junior Qn No 1. We find that
A=1 and A= 2 are not possible. If A = 3 we can have
D=5,C =6 and B=1. If A=4 then D=6,C =7 and
euae
Similarly, A = 5,6,7,8,9 ate possible, Thus we
have 7 solutions, namely, ABCD = 3165,4276,5387,
6498, 7609, 8720, 9831. The answer is D.
16. Ina MABC, ZA = 30°, AC = 10 units and BC = 4 units.
Which of the following statements is correct?
(A) ZB is acute’ (B) 2B is obtuse (C) 4B is go°
(D) such a triangle does not exist Solution: In any triangle 324 = a2p-
Here a= 4,b= 10.
=>sinB= » > 1, not possible.
So, such aA does not exist. The answer is D.
17. The number of solutions (x,y) where z and y are integers,
satisfying 2x? + 3y? + 2x + 3y = 10 is
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C4 (D) none of these
Solution: The given equation can be written as
Az? +24+4) +3? +y+4) = 104343.
ie., 2(22 +1)? + 3(2y +1)? = 45.
This first of all shows that (2x + 1)? is divisible by 3. Since
(22 + 1)? is the square of an odd integer and is divisible by
3 and 2(2x +1)? < 45, we see that (2c +1)? = 9. Hence
(2y +1)? =9. Thus, z= 1 or —2,y=1 or —2. We get
4 solutions (1,1),(1,—-2),(—2,1) and (-2,-2). The answer
is C.
18. BC is the diameter of a semicircle, .
‘The sides AB and AC of a triangle
ABC meet the semicircle in P and
Q respectively. PQ subtends 140°
at the centre of the semi- circle.
Then ZA is oe
(a) 108 () 20"
(C) 30° (D) 40° 6 ¢ Problems and Solutions
Solution:
ZPOB + LPOQ + ZQOC
= (180 — 2y) + 140 + (180 - 2z)
=> 2x + 2y = 320
r+y= 160.
In QABC.Z4B +20 = t+y
= 160°.
~. ZA = 180 — 160° = 20°.
The answer is B.
19. In rectangle ABCD, ZC is
trisected by CE and CF
where E lies on AB and
F on AD. If BE = 6cm
and AF = 2cm, which of the
following integers is nearest
to the area of the rectangle F
ABCD in sq.cm.?
(A). 130 (B) 150 A
(C) 170 (D) 190
Solution:
In ACEB, 4ECB = 30°.
“CB = V3 x 6om.
“FD = 6V3 — 2cm.
55 56 Problems and Solutions
oi c
d
> x6
4 LY
E B
Area of rectangle
ABCD =CDx BO = V3(6V3-2) x V3x6
= 36(3V3 - 1)
= 36x (5.196 - 1)
= 36x 4.196
= 151.056.
So the answer is B.
20. The first two terms of a sequence are 0 and 1. The nth
term Tp = 2Tm-1 — Tn-2,0 2 3. For example the third term
Ty; = 21, —-T, = 2-0=2. The sum of the first 2006 terms of
this sequence is
(A) PocoxzooT —(B) 2005x2006 (C) 2006 (D) 2005
Solution: The first 3 terms are 0 and 1 and 2. The next
few terms 2x 2~1=3, 2x3-3=4,2x4-3=5. Ih
general if any two consecutive terms are a and a+1, then the
succeeding term is 20+2-a=a+2.
Thus we get the sequence of whole numbers 0,1,2,3,-+
2005, 2005 being 2006th term.
Sum of these 2006 terms is 205X206 and the answer is B.
Note: The given relation can be written as Ty, — T-1 =
Tn-1 ~ Tn-a- Thus, T,72,73,--- is an A.P. The first two
terms of which are 0,1. So T, =n—-1. Problems and Solutions 57
21. Eighteen balls are placed in 4 boxes so that no box is empty.
Then
(A) At least one box has at least § balls (B) At least one box
has exactly 5 balls (C) Exactly one box has at least 5 balls
(D) Exactly one box has exactly 5 balls
Solution: There are 18 balls. If we place 4 balls in each of
the boxes first, there are 2 balls left out. Both these balls can
be put into the same box. So that one box has 6 balls. This
distribution rules out the B, and D.
If the remaining two balls are put in two boxes, then two of
the boxes has 5 balls each. This choice rnles out C’ and D.
Therefore the answer is A.
22. The least number of numbers to be deleted from the set
{1,2,3,+++ 18,14, 15} so that the product of the remaining
numbers is a perfect square is
(A) 4 - (B) 3 (c)2 (@)i
Solution: See (page 15) Qn No 10 of Kaprekar Contest. The
answer is B.
23. If (43), in base 2 number system is equal to (34), in base-y
number system then the values for z and y ate respectively
(A34 (B) 4,3 (0) 7,9 = (D) 9,7
Solution:
(43)e = (34)y > Ao + 3 = By +4.
= 40 —3y=1
‘The pairs in A,B and D do not satisfy this while the pair
(x,y) in C satisfies, So the answer is C.
24. Consider the following sequence: a1 =
minimum {aj-1.a;.2} for i> 2, Then a2o0s
(A) 1003 (B) 1002» (CG) 1001 (D) none of these.
2 qs lt 58 Problems and Solutions
Solution: It is easy to find that the sequence is
1,1,2, 2, 3,3, 4,4,--- 1003, 1003.
Thus the 2006th term is 1003, The answer is A.
>
25. In the adjecent figure BA A
and BC are produced to
meet CD and AD produced * y e
in E and F. Then ZAED+
Area of APS = 28q unit by (1) ® r ie
Area of AAPQ = 3q unit. (2) 60 Problems and Solutions
Area of AARC = 4 times area of AASQ
=4 square’ units [Sq || RC and SQ = }RC}. (3)
Area of AABC = 4. Area of AAPQ = 12 square units. (4)
Area of trapezium PBQCG = Area of AABC — Area
AAPQ = 12~3=9 square units. (5):
Area of that SQRC = Area of AARC— Area of AASQ =
4-1=3. (6)
, Area of trapezium PSRB = 9-3 =6 square units. The
answer is A.
30. A solid cube is chopped off at each of its 8 corners to create an
equilateral triangle with 3 new corners. The 24 corners are now
Joined to each other by diagonals. How many of these diagonals
completely lie in the interior of the cube?
(A) 36 (B) 96 (G) 108 (D) 120
Solution: The 24 corners seen be joined to form ™4%28 — 276
line segments. Some of them are edges, some are face diagonals
and the remaining are interior diagonals of the solid. The total
number of edges is 12+8 x 3 = 36. The top bottom and
the four lateral faces are octagons. An n sided polygon has
(2) - diagonals. So each of 6 faces contains (8) —8 = 20
diagonals. The triangular faces have tio diagonals. So the total
number of face diagonals is 6 x 20 ="120. The remaining
276 — 36 — 120 = 120 segments are interior diagonals. The
answer is D,
Note: See (page 46) Qn No 26 of Ramanujan Contest for an
alternate method of solution. BHASKARA CONTEST
FINAL TEST - 2006
tl. In AABC, ZA = 75°, 2B = 60° and ZC = 45°. Also
CF and AD are the altitudes from C and A respectively.
ie
His the orthocentre and O is the circumcentre. Prove that
O is the incentre of ACHD.
Solution: Given ZA = 75°, ZB = 60°, ZC = 45° in AABC.
CF and AD are altitudes from ©,A respectively. H is the
orthgcentre and O is the circumcentre of AABC’. ;
Required to prove: O is incentre of ACHD.
61 62 Problems and Solutions
4FHD = 180° — ZB = 120°, 08 B,F,H,D ate concyclic.
«. CAHC = 120°
.. 2DHC = 60°; ZFHA = 60°. (Linear pairs of CFHD.)
1 4PAH = ZHGD = 90° (Sum of angles of A is 180°).
& e
. CHAC = 75° — 30° = 45° and ZHCA = 45° — 30° = 15°.
AADC is isosceles with AD = CD
ZA = 2C = 45° in AADC.
~. Perpendicular bisector of AC passes through circumcentre
O. But is also angular bisector of D.
«DO bisects ZADC_or ZHDC. QQ)
‘at+y= 60°
ytz=48? >) r= 45%, y= 15°, 2= 30°.
zt+a= 75°
.. [CO_bisects ZHCD |, (2)
Hence O is incentre of AHCD, (from (1) and (2)). Problems and Solutions 6S
—1— show that
atb+c
3 i 1 1
Bets eters
1 1
Solution: Given t4iet
c atbt+e™
=> (a+0)[P+ca+d)+ab] =0
(a+) -(c+a)-(c'+6)=
=a Jor
=> [e=-bor [e
Consider a= —b (or)
1 1 1
gts aa
Symmetrically for c= —a (or) b=—c,
we get A+a ta u .
@° BS S+R+S
Thus it is proved.
3, Let 1 [S=as1 =a] (Due to telescopic cancellation of terms
@2,a3,-"* 50) -
S is maximum when 51 is maximum end a; is minimum.
~'. Smax = max(asi) — min(a1) .
But as; < 142 and is natural = max(as1) = 141 and a; >1
and is natural + min(a;) = 2.
Snax = 141 — 2 = 139.
Let us assume that among the 50 consecutive differences
a; —ai-1 for i {2,3,4,--» ,51}, no value occurs 12 or more
times.
Then S$ is minimum when a difference of 1 repeats 11 times
exactly, a difference of 2 repeats 11 times exactly, a difference
.of 3 repeats. 11 times exactly, a difference of 4 repeats 11 times
exactly and a difference of 5 repeats 6 times exactly.
_ (+ltit---+1) (24+ 242+---+2)
“8
bead 11 times 11. times
(84+34+3+---+3) + (4+44+44---44)
11 times 11 times
(5+54+5+++-+8)
6 times
Smin = 11 x (1+2+3 +4) +5 x6 = 140.
Sin > Smax contradiction. Hence our assumption is wrong.
There is some value of difference that occurs at least 12 times.
Hence proved. Problems and Solutions 65
4, Prove that in eny perfect square the three digits immediately to
the left of the unit digit cannot be 101. (For example: --: 1012
can not be a perfect square)
Solution: ‘Any perfect square ending with digit 6 only will
have an odd digit in the tens place.
Proof: Let any whole number be represented by 10z+y where
y is the last single digit and 2 can have any number of digits.
(10x + y)? = 1002? + 202y + y?.
(102 + y)? = 2? hundreds + 2zy. tens +y.
Examining all the possible values of 17? we see that the digit in
the tens place of this is odd only when digit in the units place
is 6.
<. Ia perfect iquare ends with 101z, then x must be 6 only.
oN = +--1016 is 8 perfect square. But last 3 digits suggest
N is divisible by 8, since 016 is divisible by 8.
And last 4 digits suggest that N is not divisible by 16, since
1016 is not divisible by 16.
But a perfect square if divisible by 8 = 2 x 2 x-2 should be
divisible by 16 = 2x 2x 2x2. As N does not satisfy this
condition, N cannot be a perfect square.
5. S= [r+ By) + [r+ ie) + [r+ fol ts + [r+ Hl = 1606.
where'r is a real number and [z] denotes the greatest integer
not exceeding . Find [100r]-
Solution: If z
+
|
i
20 and {fr +2 mie 21,
sort Biota < 2100 < 100r + 94,
2006 < 100r < 2007.
So [100r] = 2006.
, Given that c,b,¢ are positive real numbers such that a? +b? +
= 3abe. Prove that pfx + abs + aie 2 abr:
Solution: Given a,b,c,€ Rt and a?+¥+c? = 3abe Required
to prove
a b c 9
sst+as 2>-—
wat aa? aR oybte @
++ 9
ae — atbt+e
> (atbte)(a +8 +03) > ae? = (Babe)?
e
ee (atbteoj(ad +h tc) > (2? +R +02)? (2)
It jg enough that we prove (2) to prove (1). By Cauchy-
Schwartz inequality, we get
[vay + (75) + (Va?) . [Cova)? + v8? + (v8
> (Vala.va) + Vb(bv8)) + Veleve)?.
or (a+b+c).(a5 +8 +c3) > (a? +H? + 2)?
Thus (1) is proved. Problems and Solutions 67
7. Find all integer solutions (a,c) of a4 + 6a? +1la?+6a+1=
g(a? ~ 1)(? = 1)
a+
negative powers of alternate primes ie. g = 2511.
where 6; >0.
where q is the product of arbitrary non-
Solution: If a = 0(mod 3), then
a’ + 6a? + 11a? + 6a +1 = 1{ mod 3).
If a = 1(mod 3), then a4 + 6a? + 11a” + 64+ 1(mod 3) .
Mh
a* +1la? + 1(mod 3)
1411 x 1+41(mod 3)
1( mod 3)
til
ut
If a = 2fmod 3), then af + 6a? + 11a” + 6a + 1fmod 3)
ul
a‘ + 11a? + 1(mod 3)
1411 x 1+ 1(mod 3)
1{mod 3)
at
WW
.. Invariably, L.H.S of the equation
ot 4 bet + thet 46041 = = ME 1)
a+
is always 1(mod 3), where a,c are integers and g is product
of arbitrary non-negative powers of alternate primes.
ie. g= 251109... where b; >0.
For the equation to be true, R-H.S of the equation should be
Lmod 3).
Reframe the equation as
(a? + ?).(a* + 6a? +110? + 6a + 1) = g.(a? - 1). — 1) (1) Problems and Solutions
When both a, are Ofmod 3), then
LHS of (1)= Ofmod 3) where as RHS of (1)= 1 or
2Gnod 3).
When a,c are not simultaneously Ofmod 3), then.
LHS of (1) = 1 or 2(mod3) whereas R:HS of (1)
= Ofmod 3).
In both cases, the equation (1) is invalid.
°, There are no integral solutions in (a,c) for the given
equation.
Find the maximum positive real number k such that
+h < 2 ‘or all positive real numbers 2!
VG tVIGe Ty) ~ &
and y.
Solution: Given
———
VG + Bz? + y?)
where z,y € Rt for some ke Rt.
<
ie
=> (8x7 + y?)(a? + y?) > Ke?y?
=O G+ BP
(or)
2 2
3414+ 3544 28.
Foe
eee
4 ew a
+(vaz 4) +2V3 > k,
( B=
‘v
2
+ (V5 +1)? >
ang Problems and Solutions 69
But LHS > (v5+3)?. -- (vag—#)° 20.
Equality holds when ¥ = 93.
As z,ye Rt.
Equality holds when LHS = (v3 + 1)? and Bis
correspondingly maximum.
Rac = VB+1
Alternate solution:
Consider 1 1
(92? + 9°) + a) 2 @)
Now by Cauchy Schwartz inequality, we have
2 1 1
(ove) + or] [7+ 2]
; ah oe
> (vie +y2) =(v8+1)2.
[vier + or [Gedy] 2 sen,
(302 + 9?) +4) 2 (VE? @)
From (1) & (2), we get ‘max = V3+1, since ke Rt. BHASKARA CONTEST
SCREENING TEST - 2007
1. Ine polygon there are 6 right angles and the remaining angles
are all equal to 200° each. The number of sides of the polygene
is
(A) 15 (B) 12 (9 (D) 23
Solution: Let the number of sides of the polygon be n.
Given 6 x 90° + (n ~ 6) x 200° = (n — 2) x 180°
=> 3x 180° + (n —6) x 200° = (n — 2) x 180°
=> (n—6) x 200° = (n— 5) x 180°
= 10(n—6) =9(n-5).
Solving, we get n= 15. Answer: (A)
2. Two natural numbers differ by 41. The bigger number is greater
than 30 times the smaller number plus 10 The smaller number
b :
(A) 11 (B) 2007 (C) 71 (D)1
Solution: Let the natural numbers be z, (41+ 2).
Given 41+2>302+10 > 31> 292.
Only z= 1 satisfies 292 < 31.
Answer: (D)
3. The value of, (1 ~ gk) (1 ~ gh) (1— fe) ++ (1 gghpn) is
(A) ite (B) 380% (C) 3005 @)1
70 Problems and Solutions 71
Solution:
(-3)
2°2°3°3°4°4°" 2007
_ 1. 2008 _ 1004
* 2" 2007 ~ 207°
Answer: (B)
P Q
4. PQRS is a rectangle of m B,
area 2000cm?. Two lines L
parallel to the sides are D c
drawn to cut the rectangle s R
into four rectangles of : ae
fc Q
ares A,B,C,D, Given
A = 100m? , B =< A aiee le
5o0em?, C = 300m’, | tt
D = 200cm? which of the * 7 —"
following is possible? : ; { z
(A) Such a division is not possible
(B) Exactly two such divisions are possible
(C) At least two such divisions are possible
(D) In such a division the point L lies on one of the diagonals
Solution: Given
A = 1000cm?
B = 500cm?
C = 300cm”
D = 200cm? 72 Problems and Solutions
Denote the parallels drawn to the eldes by XY and MN. Let
PX=2, SN=y ond NR=z (00 the figure).
Then
zy = 1000 (1)
az = 500 (2)
wy = 200 (3)
wz = 300 (4)
5. If (z,y) is a solution set of the system of equations zy = 8 and
wyt+yototy = 54, then 2+y?=
(A) 62 (B) 46 (C) 20 (D) 100
Solution: Given zy =8; zy(z+y)+2+y = 54
ie. (cy+1)(e+y) =542+y=6
1 oto? = (e+y)? - Qzy = 6? -2x8=20
Answer: (C)
6. The number of natural numbers n for which Matint# ig a
naturel number is
(A) 8 (B)2 (©)s (D)4
Solution: Let N = Jaliint$ where Nn are natural
numbers,
ie, N=15n+8+ § isa natural number. Problems and Solutions 73
So, £ is a natural number =n is 8 positive factor of 6.
Hence ni can take values of 1,2,3 and 6.
Answer: (D)
Tf a,b,c are real; a#0,b40,c#0 and atb+c#0 and
b+ hth = she then (at b)(b+e)(c+a) =
(A) 1 (B) 3abe (C)o (D) abe
Solution: Given a,b,c are real; a #0; 640; c#0;
at+bt+c¢0; 24+} +4=-5h5
oe 1 1
a*b ~ arbte
ae pe c—a-b-c
> ath = datbto
eee eee
ab. e(a+b+c)
=> (at+d)[e+cla+b)+ab] = 0
=> (at b(c+a)(c+b)=0
Answer: (C)
8. In a rectangle the length is x units more than its breadth . If
its length is increased by y units and its breadth is decreased
by z units, the area is unaltered. The breadth of the rectangle
is
ws @ 2, © SE ~ (S%)
Solution: Given 1 =b+2; (I+ y)(b-—z) = 1b
* ub—-2z)-(b+a)250
= bly — 2) ~ ay +2) =0 (or) b= SABE
Answer: (A) 74 Problems and Solutions
L
9. Two circles touch internally at A.
AOB is the diameter of the bigger‘, EN
circle of centre 0. OPQ isa (KW
tangent tothe smaller circle. APL
is a straight line, If ZBOL = 42°.
then ZLOQ =
(A) 84° (B) 104° (C) 90° (D) 17°
Solution: Let C be. the
centre of the smaller circle.
@
4
Zcap = 3x42 =21
ZPCO = 21° 421° = 42°
cP
180° —(90° + 42°)
=> (QOL) = 90°
Answer: (C)
10. The units digit of 32007 x 72008 , 132009 5,
(A) 3 (B)1 (9 (D)7
Solution: 377 = (34)501 x 38, (34)01 results in 9 value
ending with digit ‘1’. Hence 3°? results in a value ending
with digit ‘7’. 77008 — (74)504 74 results in a value ending
with digit ‘1’.
Hence 77° results in a value ending with digit ‘1’,
137009 — (134)502 x 7131. (134)502 results in a valte ending with
digit ‘1’. Hence 1379 ends with digit ‘3'.
J. The end digit of 37007 x 72008 x 132009 will be the end digit
of (10x +7) - (10y + 1) - (102+ 3). for some natural numbers
z,y and z. This number has 1 in the units digit.
Answer: (B) Problems and Solutions 75
11. In the adjoining figure,
AB = AC. DEF is an
equilateral triangle. Then
(A) a+b+c= 180°
(B) a+b=2
(0) a= He
(D) ate=2
Solution: Let ZABC
4ACB =< as AB= AC.
By exterior angle property, we
get :
60 +a=c+e
60° +b=a+e
a-
-a
=> Ja=b+e.
Answer: (C)
12. a,6,¢,d are four ‘distinct positive real numbers such that
a>b,cc and dcanddb, b>c > a>b>c
ea>d>c
=> a is greater than b,c and d.
It is impossible to say whether b> d- (or) 63- Veed (1)
ctd+a>3-Vede (2)
d+a+b>3-Vdab (3)
atb+c>3: Vabe (4)
From (1), (2) , (3) and (4), we get
(b+¢+d)(c+d+a)(d+a+b)(a+b+c) >81-abed
SA ei g@acaior limi son
Thus the minimum value required is 81.
Answer: (C) Problems and Solutions 77
15. In the adjoining figure the
diameter of the circle is
2007em. .
Then c= T
(A) ftom
8) em snl
(C) 2007cm ~e A
(D) 3 x 2007cm |
Solution: After simplifying the figure, we get 3r = 2007 + =
where 7 = 202 => ¢ = 2
Answer: (A)
16. The number of real solutions of the equation 1+2+427+23 =
ai+a5 is
(A) 1 (B)5 (C)4 (D)3
Solution: 1+2+2?+23 =2t +25
(1+2)+ (142%) =2-(1+2)
(l+2)- (24-27-11) =0
(1+) - (424 — 427-4) =0
(L+2)-{(207 - 1)? - 5) =0
2+1=0iec=-1
Huu 78
or (22? -1P =
an? -1 =
It 227
Problems and Solutions
5
v5
v5+1
Hei [vo+1
(or)
if 22 =-—J5+1, x has no real solution.
«. There are 3 real solutions in x.
Answer: (D)
17. A two digit number is increased by 20% when its digits are
reversed. Then the sum of the digits of the number is
(A)2 (B)7
(c)9 (D)8
Solution: Let the tens placed digit and the units placed digit
values be x,y respectively, for the 2-digit number. .
Given
: y+
ie. loy+a
50y + 52
=> d4y =
> dy =
where
120% of (10a +-y)
Foe +y)
602 +6y
56a
5a
& € {1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8, 9}
¥ € {0,1,2,3,4,5, 6, 7, 8,9}
‘The only solution is z = 4 and y=5.
‘The sum of the digits is 4+5=9,
Answer: (C) Problems and Solutions 72
18. If a,b, c,d are positive integers such that a = bed,b = eda, c=
abd and d= abe, the value of (a-+b-+c-+d)*/(ab-+be-+cd+da)
is
(A) 16 (B) 1 (C) 34 (D) #
Solution :
For solution,see at the bottom of page No 173
Answer: (A)
19. a,b,c are three numbers satisfying the following conditions.
(i) abe #0 (ii) 0+b+c= abe (iii) (0+ 5)(b + c)(c+a) £0
and (iv) #24 + pte + gt2'= kabc, then k=
“(Ayo (B)1 (C) -1 (D) 2
Solution: a+b+¢= abe a+b = c(ab~1) + axe =-c
Be bte cta
Similarly, we get [j= =a and $7" = —»
~ ath bte . eta
“Treb tint Fine
Hence k=—1. Answer: (C)
Note: ab or be or ca cannot take velue 1. If ab = 1, then
a+b+e=c=>a+b=0 (or) b=~a forcing a? = —1, which
has no real solution.
«, (1 — ab), (1 ~ be), (1 — ca) cannot take value zero.
20. The sum of the fourth powers of the roots of the equation
a - 2? ~22+2=0 is
(A)1 (B)5 (c)9 (D) 13
Solution: 2° - 2? - 22 +2 = 0 > (2? -2)(2~1) = 0
soz, 1
©. The sum of the fourth powers of the roots of the equation
is (/2)* + (—V2)4+ 14 =44+44+1=9, Answer: (C)
=—(a+b+c) = —abe, 80 Problems and Solutions
21. If tan9 and tang are the roots of the quadratic equation
2? Ar+B = 0 and cot@ and cot¢ are the roots of
2?—-Cr+D=0 then CD=
(A) AB ®) as © & Os
Solution: Given tan8,tang are roots of the quadratic
equation: 2?- Azr+B = 0 = tand+tand = A and
tan@- tang = B. Also, Given ‘cot@,cot¢ are roots of the
quadratic equation: z?—Cz+D =0 => cot0+cot¢ = C and
cot ®- cot =D.
Now, C.D = (cot@+cot¢)-cotd-cotd
1 4 1 cou
(aap eatg) eaves
_ tang +tané A
= (and-tangy ~ BF
i
il
Answer: (C)
22. A,B,C can walk at the rates 3, 4, and Skm an hour
respectively. ‘They start from a place at 1,2,3 hre. respectively.
‘When B catches A, B sends him back with a message to C’.
At what time C gets the message?
(A) 5hrs. 1émts. (B) 3hre.30mts. — (C) 6hrs.16mts.
(D) Shrs.45mts.
Solution: Let B take ‘t’ hours to meet A,
2 sta BQL +t) St=3.
.. At 5hrs, B mects A and sends A with a message to pass
on to C. By thia time, C would have travelled (5 — 3) x 5km
= 10km whereas B or A has travelled 3x 4= 12km,
‘The gap between A and C is 2km and let them meet each
other efter ‘k’ hours. => 3k-+5k=2 => k=} hour,
. C received the message at 5 bra 15 min. Answer: (A) Problems and Solutions 81
23, The units digit of (1+ 9+ 97+ 99-+ +++ 970) is
(A)1 (B) 9 (c)o (D) 8
Solution: For a natural number ‘n’.
9” ends with digit
1)
Lif nis even
9 if nis odd
<9" +9") ends with digit ‘0’, whether n is odd or even.
Now
1+9 ends with digit ‘0’, as1 +9 = 10
97+93 ends with digit ‘0”
9 ‘ 9% ends with digit‘ | @)
g2006 + 97007 ends with digit'0’
(L494 97 49% +--+ + 97008 + 92007) ends with digit ‘0’.
Answer: (C)
24, The sides of a triangle are integers. The perimeter is 8. The
area is
(A) V8 (B)8 (C)5 (D) 12
Solution: The only possible triangle will be of side lengths
3cm, 3cm, 2cm. Semi perimeter $ = 4cm.
By Heron’s formula, area of triangle
VAG 24 - 3)(4 = 2)cm?
2V%em?
Answer: (A) 62 Problems and Solutions
%.IE r+ y+2= 2007, syt+y2ten=4011 c #1; yx], z#1
then the value of sista) +h; is
(A)1 (B) 2008 (Cc) (D) 0
Solution:
(1-y)Q-z)=1-(yt2)+y2 (1)
(l-2)Q-y)=1-(e+y)+2y (2)
(l-2)l-2) =1-(¢+2)+22 (3)
2)+ (2) + (8) + (1-9-2) +A 21-2) + (1-2)(1-y) =0
(4)
because 3—2(2-+y-+2)-+2y-+yz+ 20 = 3—2x 2007 +4011 = 0
(4) +(1-2)(1—-y)(1-z) assuming that 2 #1; y #1; 2 #17!
1 1
Wace iy
1
+7=B 70
Answer: (D)
26. A boy multiplies 423 by a certain number and obtains 65589
as his answer. If both the fives are wrong but the other digits
are correct, the right answer is
(A) 63489 (B) 60489 (C) 62689 (1D) 60689
Solution: 60089 = 423 x 142 + 23, Verify by long division.
+', 60089 + 400 = 423 x 142 +23 + 400
(or) 60489 = 423 x 143,
Answer: (B) Probleme and Solutions 83
27. Let A’ denote the ratio of the volume of a cube to that of the
sphere which will fit inside the cube. Let B be the ratio of the
volume of a cube inscribed in a sphere to that of the sphere,
then
(A) 4? = 278? (B) B? = 2742
(C) A? = 9B? (D) B? = 9A?
Solution: When cube is inscribed in a sphere, diameter of
sphere = diagorial of the cube. When sphere is inscribed in the
cube, diameter of sphere = side of the cube.
3
A= BaF 0
oe
. 4n(pe)s ®
>
wl >
=3v3
=> A? = 27B?, Answer: (A)
28. If the average of n observations (where n is odd) arranged in
ascending order is a, the average of the first "1 observation is
b and that of the last "f* observations is c, then the "$1 th
observation is
(A) (nt 1)(b-+e)—na a) Metered)
(n+1)(o+¢) - 2na a+b+c
oe () =*
Solution: Let n = 2m+1 Given sum of all observations = na
ie S=(2m+1)a 84 Problems and Solutions
Sum of the first ("$4) observations
= Sum of the first (m+1) observations =(m-+1)-6= 5
Sum of the lest (*$4) observations
= Sum of the last (m+1) observations = (m+ 1)-c= S2
‘The last term of the first ("$1) observations is the same as the
first term of the last ($2) observations as ‘n’ is odd.
th
GE) observation = (m-+1)"* observation
= H+H-S
= (m+1)(b+e)—-(2m+1)a
= 2B o+e)—na
(n+1)(6+0) — 2na
mena coe
Answer: (C)
29. The ratio between a two digit number and the sum of the digits
of that number is a:b. If the digit in the units place is n more
than the digit in the tens place then the number in the tens
place is
n(a—b) n(a+)
(A) T1b— 20 @) 11b- 2a
2n(a — b) (@-»)
. ©) Tp ©) aie aj
Solution: Let the unit placed digit and the ten’s placed digit
of the 2-digit number be z,y respectively. Problems and Solutions
i Wy+z 4
Given y=2—n; “HEF = §
ldy+ytn a fe
> Fyn 7% (8) Wily +n) = al2y +n)
= y(11b— 2a) =an— tn (or)
_ na
¥= Te
Answer: (A)
30.-For the equation @— = —6) _ (2-o)(z—d)
z—a-b z—c—d
Med) — ella +) the only solution
ab(e~d) — cdl0 +8) i. one of the solutions
(A)z=
(B)z=
ed
(C)z= SPOT ETS ig the only solution
(Dye OAD E FD is 5 solution
Solution: Let z—a—b=8; r—c-d=t.
The equation reduces to ex Hlere) a (t+ ae +o)
and further reduces to
ab ed, bc +d) ~ eda +8)
g-a-b z-c-d + a-a@
Answer: (A) BHASKARA CONTEST
FINAL TEST. - 2007
1. Given AABC where AB = AC and ZA = 80°, a point
M is taken inside the triangle such that ZMBC = 30° and
ZMCB = 10°. If the angle bisector of ZBAC meets BM
extended in N, then (1) prove that ABNC is isosceles and
(2) hence or otherwise find ZAMC.
Solution:
2A = 80°. AN is angular
bisector of ZA. (in AABC)
=> ABC = ZACB = 50°.
But ZCBM = 30°
= (Gama)
Also given ZBCM = 10°
-
Consider AABN and
AACN. a
AB AC (given).
AN is common
ZBAN CAN (given)
Ul]
<. By SAS congruency, * ©
AABN = AACN
=> [BN =CN | = | ABNC is Isosceles
«. 4BCN = ZNBC = 30°
> (OW =
86 Problems and Solutions 87
We have 4ANB = ZANC = ZBNC = 120°
Consider AANC and
AMCN., They are congruent
by ASA property.
» AN=NM,
(corresponding sides)
Hence ZNAM = ZNMA
180° — 120°
= BOS a0.
-. ZAMC = ZAMN + ZNMC = 30° + 40° = 70°
2. Semicircles are drawn externally on the sides of a given triangle
ABC. The lengths of the common tangents of semicircles on
AB and CA is p, on AB and BC is q and on BC and
CA is r. Then show that semiperimeter of the given triangle
is 24042,
Solution:. Let AB = c,
BOC =a, CA =b and
let A’, B’,C’ be midpoints
of sides BC,CA,AB res- A
pectively. :
Let the common tangent Sy
to semicircles on AB, . Nae
BC meet them at the +
points of contacts K,L
respectively. The radii
of semicircles AB, BC, A
‘are §,9,$ respectively.
C'A = }CAr§. 88 Problems and Solutions
Draw quadrilateral O’A'LK. C'K 1 KL, AL 1 LK
(tangent is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact).
Draw C’M || KL. We get aright AC’A'M.
By Pythagoras theorem, ($)” ~ ($~ §)” = 4?
bta-c b+c-a
aece uaa a)
‘ce +b-c ate
Similarly p? = S75 — 2, 24678 (2)
¢
rp cta-b ctb-a
Likewise, | fie PF Ee 8
Pp 2
*, B+ E42 =} (a+b+c) = semi perimeter of AABC.
3. A 10 digit natural number with no repeated digits and leading
digit non zero is called a magic number if it is divisible by
99999. How many such magic numbers are there? Problems and Solutions 8g
Solution: Let N represent the magic number end be given
by
NN = agaga7aga50403020109
where a; represents the 10‘ th place digit of N, 0 [aodaardgas’] + [eaageadidy | = 99999
as all digits are different which means the addition involves no
carry over.
.". Independently, we have
a9 ag ay 06 a5
+a, ‘+03 to. +01 +00
9 9 9 9 9
Number of ways of choosing a9'= 9 80 as (ag, as)
Number of ways of choosing a3 = § 50 a3 (ag, a3)
Number of ways of choosing ay = 6 so as (a7,a2)
Number of ways of choosing ap = 4 80 as (a6, 41) 90 Problems and Solutions
Number of ways of choosing as = 2 80 as (a5, 49)
By Fundamental Principle,
Number of magic numbers = 9 x 8 x 6 x 4x 2 = | 3456
4. Prove that 1.14+1.2.2+41.2.3.34+-°+12--(n-1)-n-n=
L2-en(ntY—1.
Solution: 1-14 1-2-241-2-3-34-:-+1-2-3-+-(n—1)-nen
= 1-(2-1)41-2-(3-1) $1-2-3- (4-1) +e
+1:2+3-.-(n—1)nf +1 - I]
= -LL41-2-1-241-2-3-1-2-3
H1-2:3-4-1-2-3-4406
41-2-3---n—1-2-3---n$1-2-3---n(n +.)
(Telescopic cancellation)
= -14+1-2-3-.-n(n+1).
Hence proved
Nate: The result can be also obtained by mathematical
induction.
5. Suppose that a,b,c are positive real numbers. Prove that Problems and Solutions 91
(-4) +G-4+G-3)|
o Gtbepeegiay
27
Leger)? (byte :
S (4b) (EEE #) 2 0)
Consider 3, 3,2.
Applying A.M-G.M inequality to the positive reals, we get
Ayiyl
eters > (att
1 2
= (HE) > (abe) (2)
Consider %,%,. Applying A.M - G.M. inequality to the
positive reals, we get
ab 4 bs
Etat 2 (aio
eo 2
> (434) > (abe)$ (3)
Lgdgr)\? (yey ey?
(2) x 3) > (4 + \. (238) 21
which ii (1). Hence proved. 92 Problems and Solutions
6. Find all triples (x,y,z) of real numbers satisfying the following
three equations (where [r] and {r} denote the greatest integer
|{y}+ [z] = 99.95
atyt+z—({z}+y+[2])
100.05 => ‘[[c} + {2} = 100.05
ttytz—([z]+{y}+2)
"
100.15 => | {x} + [y] = 100.15
fu}+le] = 9995 > [7] = 99, {y} = 0.95
le]+{z} = 100.05 = [2] = 100, {2} 0.05
{z}+[y] = 10015 = [fy] = 100, {2} = o15
. @ = {2]+{2} = 100.15
vy = (y+{y} = 100.95
z = J+{z} = 99.05
7. Determine all distinct triangles having one side of length 6,
with the other two sides being integers, and the perimeter
numerically equal to the area.
Solution: Let a = 6. Without loss of generality 6 < ¢ where
a,b,c are the side lengths of tho triangle required.
From given information,
Vals = a)(s—B)(e—c) = 26 where s is semi perimeter of the Problems and Solutions 95
triangle.
=> (s—a)(s—8)(s—c)=48 :
=> (b+c-a)(c+a—b)(a+b—c) = 16(a+b+c)
=> (b+c—6)[36 — (c—b)?] = 16[6+e—6 + 12]
=> (b+e-6)(20-(c—b)?)=192 where b+ >6.
*. %—(c-b)?>1 as cE ZS0Sc-b<4.
But 20—(c—b)? should be a factor of 192.
v. (= 8) can be 4 or 16 only.
(ct =4b4e-6= = 2b tem 18
(or) c—b=2, b+c= 18> [¢,b= 10,8
If (c- 6)? =16, 6+c-6= 12 = 48 > b+c=54
(or) cb =4, b+ c= 84> [eb — 20,95
~. There are 2 triangles with its perimeter numerically equal
to its area (one of the side length is 6 units) They have the side
lengths. es (6,8,10), (6,25,29).
8. A Swiss bank cellar is protected by 7 security men. The bank
cellar has 10 doors and every door has 3 locks. All locks are
different from one another. Bach security person has the keys
to some locks so that any four security persons have keys to all
locks, so that they can open the cellar in an emergency. Prove
that there exist three security persons who together have keys
for all locks.
Solution: There are 7Cs = 35 sets of 3-security men. Let us
assume that no such set of S-security men have the roquired
set of all keys which will open all the 10 cellar doors.
‘There are 30 keys and 35 sets. By pigeon hole principle, at
least 2 sets of 3-security people must not have the same key say 94 Problems and Solutions
“K’, As these 2 sets are distinct, they must differ in at least.1
person; For example if one set .A = {a,b,c} the other set may
be B = {a,b,c,d} (where a,b,c.d are some 4 security men)
differing in atleast 1 person. Hence we have the set {a,b, c,d}
having 4 elements not having thé key ‘KX’ which contradicts
the given condition.
Hence there is a set of 3 people which has all the keys to all the
10 doors.
9. Let Rn demote the remainder obtained when 3%” is divided
by 2"+3 -Find Ragor -
Solution: It can be verified that R; =9, Ra =17
1 gat
ie., remainders of 33, Sry respectively.
We can write Ry = 1+2)4?7 = 9 and Ry= 1+ 27+? = 17
suggesting thet 2, can be 14+ 2"+?,
Assume that Ry, =1+2"?,
If the quotient obtained when 3”” is divided by 243 is Qn,
then 37 =1+2°74Q,-2"8 (By Buclid's Algorithm)
gmt Bey = 14.2007 4.Q,. 2048)
+(2t3 + Qn os gnts)2
1+2"5(mod 2"4]
i
Thus Rag, = 1+ 2943 = 1 4 glnthyt2
Hence by induction, Ry = 1+ 2"+? for all ne N.
wo Rawr = PPR]. BHASKARA CONTEST
SCREENING TEST - 2008
1, Two semi circles are
constructed as shown in the
figure. The chord PQ of P
the greater circle touches the
smaller circle and is parallel to
the diameter of larger circle.
If the length of PQ is 10 units,
then what is the area between
the semi circles?
(A) 50 (8) 507 (C) 4.257 (D) 3.25
2
Solution: Let the radius of
the bigger circle be R units
and the radius of the smaller
ot
circle be 7 units and let ‘0? axeca
be centre of the bigger circle. !
PQ =10 unite and PQ is parallel to the diameter
+ Ra-pP = 0Q?-?
= MQ? (M is the mid point of PQ)
10\? _
(3) = 25.
Area, between the semicircles is }[(R? — r2)]
i
= } Xx 25 oq. units
Answer (C).
95 96 Problems and Solutions
2. The digits 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 Ta] T fat im
are written in a spiral like [ria ys [5s ca) z
fashion beginning from e{3t4isieli 213)
the certtral marked cell. s[2{tl213 [413
Whi digit is written on [PETTERS TS TS
the cell placed exactly 100 stetst2 tts
cells above the marked 1 erst 14
cell? a]
(A)1 @)3 (C)5 (0) 6
Solution: 100 cells above the marked cell is contained in the
square with (2 x 100 + 1)? = 40401 cells totally (how?) The
right top comer is the 40401th cell but the numbers are written
from’ to 6 respectively, this right top corner will be the umber
[40401 mod 6 = 3(mod6)]. The middle of the strip of this
largest square is 100 cells to the left of it or 100 (mod 6) from
it = 4(mod6) from it, So thin number is 3~ 4 = —1(mod 6)
or —1+1=5(mod6). So the 100th cell above the marked cell
has the number 5 in it.
Answer (C).
3. An island is inhabited by both liars and knights. Every knight
always tells the truth and each liar always lies. One day 10
islanders gathered together and issued a few statements. Two.
people said “Exactly two of us are liars”. Another four peogle
said “Exactly four of us are liars": The remaining six said
“Exactly six of us are liars". How many liars are there?
(A) 10 (B)8 (o)6 (D)4
Solution: In a group since all are making identical statements
either it is true or false. If true all in the group are knights;
if false all are liars. So if the first two and the next four lie it
means the last six are making true statements. Hence six are
liars.
Answer (C). Problems and Solutions 97
4, For how many real values of a will
2? + 2an + 2008 = 0 has two integer roots?
(a2 (By 6 (p) 8
Solution: Let a, 8 be the two integer roots of
2? + 2ar +2008 =0. Then «+6 =—2a, af = 2008.
2008 can be written as the product of 2 integers in the following
8 different ways.
(1) 1x 2008
(2) 2x 1004
(3) -2x -1004
(4) -1 x -2008
(5) 4x 502
(6) ~4x —502
(7) 8x 251
(8) -8x -251
(as a and f are integers) o + 6 = —2a is also an integer.
Thus «+9 can be odd or even since a is real. Again 251 is
prime and so the above are the only possible factorizations of
2008.
. a= HA) will have 8 values.
Answer (D).
5. The first digit from the left of a 4 digit number is equal to the
number of zeroes in the number. The’second digit is equal to
the number of digits 1, the.third digit is equal to the number
of digits 2 and the fourth digit is equal to the number of digits
3. How many numbers have this property?
(A) oO (B) 2 (C) 3 (D)4
Solution: Let the four digit number be 4yA,AgA3 where A;
js the number of 1's in the four digit number Ag # 0 being the 98 Problems and Solutions
>
leading digit Ao cannot be 3.as As must bevatleast 1 Ay = 2,
means there must be 2 zeroes and A; > 1. Ag must be zero
and A; cannot be > 1.
In thia case the only solution is 2020. Again 49 =1. Ay is
atleast 1. Either Az or Ag must be zero. If Az =0, As 21
and hence 3 must occur among Ap and A which is impossible
As=0, A, =2 ie, 1210.
Thus the number of solutions is 2. Answer (B).
Let A be the least number such that 10A is a perfect square
and 35A js perfect cube. Thon the number of positive
divisors of A is
(A) 72 (B) 64 (©) 45 (D) 80
Solution: 10A =-2 5x A is a perfect square. (ie.) In
the prime power representation of 2 x 5 x A, the powers are
_ even. (i.e) A must have odd power of 2 and odd power of 5 as
factors, the remaining factors, for 10A to be a perfect square.
ie, A= 22e+! x 527+). 2, where x is a perfect square.
In prime factorization of 354, the powers-are multiples of 3.
In A, the power of 7 is 3k—1, the power of is 31—1-and
the rest of the factor is a perfect cube.
A = 7&1 x 5-1. y where y is 8 perfect cube. Thus
god 52641. = 7Sk-L 58-1 oy
.. 7 must divide z and 2 must divide y; 2 must be a perfect
square and y; a perfect cube.
‘The least values of 28-+1 = 31~1 is § and the least value of
3k i-1= 2 and the least value of 2a+1=3.
2 AaB. 2,
., Number of factors of A is (3+1) x (5+1) x (241) = 72.
Answer (A). . Problems and Solutions 99
7. The number of positive integer solutions of ab~ 24 = 2a is?
(Ayo (B) 2 (C) 8 (D) 12
Solution: ab— 24 = 2a => a(b— 2) = 24 and b> 2
= a(b—2)=2% = 1x 2M=2x12=3x8=4x6=6x4
= 8x3=12x2=%x1
=> (a,b) = (1,26), (2,14), (3, 10), (4,8), (6,6), (8: 5),
(12, 4), (24,3)
‘The number of positive integer solution is 8. Answer (C)..
8 What is the least possible value of the expression 2008 ~
BHA~SK—ARA if it ia known that each alphabet represents
a different non zero digit?
(A) 106. (B)108 © (C) 1580 -~—(D) none of these
Solution: 2008 — BHA — SK ~ ARA has the least possible
value when. BHA + SK +ARA hes the maximum value. For
the 100! place digits must be 9 and 8. Since A is repeating
again A=9, B= 8. 10* place digits must be next higher
digits and hence H,S and R must be 7,6 and 5..K must
be 4.
v. BHA+ SK + ARA = 879 + 64 + 959 = 1902
and 2008 - BHA — SK ~ ARA = 2008 — 1902 = 106.
Answer (A).
9, In one move the king can go to
any adjacent square, along a row,
column or diegonal. How many
routes with the minimum number
of moves are there for the king to [—]~}
travel from the top left square to the —
bottom right square?
(A)35 (B)2 (C)15 (D)4 100 Problems and Solutions
Solution: There are 4 rows and 5 columns in- the board,
‘Taking the diagonal step king moves down as well as right.
He needs 4 diagonal steps.
Steps are 1 right 3 diagonal as shown below:
KG oP
: : ie
G) > (i X cE
K
Ky kK
ace Wo
ot we,
ek,
‘Thus there are four ways with 4 moves and 4 moves isthe least
Answer (D).
10. pei o win t+ wis t asi te +
25s 24/25, =
(A) f (8) ¢ © # © %
Solution: ‘The given expression
1 1 1
peuaeet Seaeeeen Papo ts ON
QWi+1v2 3V2+2V8 . 25V24 + 24/25"
can be found to be
ed 1
Letiaiaeti
2 (n+ 1a
2+ (n+ i)Pn—w(n +1)
a
- Some Dvi=n mt
‘a n+1)n
bal
- LGe- em) Problems and Solutions 101
= AeA ta tet
Viva a Va a VB
= 4-12-12!
vil ¥% 5 5
Answer (B).
1. The number of pairs of prime numbers (p,q) satisfying the
condition {Jy <}+1<§ will be
(A) 49 (B) 24 (C) 50 (D) 48
Solution: Given $< 1+ <§ where p,q are primes. For
primes p> 5, q25, we have
1,1_2_ 40 51
1
=<: ‘
+ 95575 ~5 = i00 < i00
:
Pp
"Thus p and q cannot be simultaneously greater than or equal
to 5. One of them must be 2 or 3 only. Suppose g = 2.
a 51 Ae
woo Valeva + yy) = 336 and Joly + zVz) = 112.
ve _ 336
= Veo a 3 = 8.
from 27+ y Jay = 336, we get
aly +y- VOR = 336
or Bly? +3y7 = 336
or Sy? = 336
o yt = 4, y=2.
Hence s+ y = 10y=10x 2 = 20.
Answer (C). Problems and Solutions 107
20. ABC is an equilateral
Q. G is the centroid aud
AG = 2em Ss is
the circumtircle of the
triangle. The area of the
shaded portion (in cm?) is
(A) (4m -3V3) (B) iad
(C) 3(4m — 8v3) (D) }(4x - 3V3)
Solution: AABC is
equilateral AG = 2cm=>
AD = 83cm and the area
of the shaded portion is
the area of circle minus
the area of equilateral A
Radius of the circum circle
5 is AG=2.
Side of the equilateral A ABC is
2x3
= — =2¥3
om avs
. Shaded erea = 4r — x 4x 3. = (4x — 3V3) sq. cn.
Answer (A).
21, The number of integer solutions of the equation
F(4—2) = +4 is
(A)3 (B) 4 (c)o0 (D) infinite
Solution:
B4—2) = +4
ae = 2et4
4-2 108 Problems and Solutions
za0e1 = f=1
z=132 = Pit a2
extad = “thay
and for negative integers and for positive integers greater than
2, we do not have both sides of the equation satisfied.
‘Thus the equation has 3 integer solutions.
Answer (A).
[The ‘given equation is equivalent to 2? = 2444; for 2 = 3, we
get 8 = 10 a contradiction
2 =4 undefined and for «> 4
2 iy a negative number, again a contradiction.
If z is negative say x= —a where a is an integer > 0,
then 27 is a positive unit frection with the denominator a
power of 2.
ie, 27% = 4222, clearly 4— 2a is less than 4+a for a= +1,
we get 442= 3, c= 2, 9, 223 weget $522 is a negative
fraction.
‘Thus the only possible integer solutions for x are 0,1 and 2].
22. If a,b,c are positive integers such that a? + 2b? — 2ab = 169
and 2be—c? =169 then a+b+e is
(A) o. (B) 169 (©) 13 (D) 39
Solution: o? +26? — 2ab = 169 and 2bc — c? = 169
=> a? +26? — 2ab- 2be+c? = 0
= (a-d+(b-o? = 0
=> a=bb=c Problems and Solutions 109
2. 2be= 2 = 169
sc = 169
(c is a positive integer).
1 @sb=c=l3
“O+d+0=3%x 13 = 39.
Answer (D).
23. Two of the altitudes of a scalene triangle have lengths 4 and
12, Tf the length of the remaining altitude is also an integer,
then its maximum value is
(Ay (B) 2 (o)5 (D) 8
Solution: Area of the
AABG is tac = } x
A
4a = $12 x b.
= cr 4a
12
ip, <
aoa —
¢
anda = 3b.
The ., AC+BC>AB>b+a>c34b>c (1)
and BO-AC2% lbh = V48 x 18 X24 = 24 x 6 = 144 cubic units
lbh _ 144
t= Hh = yg = Som
pe cm.
-th 24
ho Oh Ma
ib 48
t+b+h=8+8+3=17em,
Answer (A).
25. ABCD is asquare. With centres B and C and radius equal
to the side of the square, circles are drawn to eut one another
at E inside the square. ZBDE is equal to
(A) 22}° (B) 30° (C) 15° () 37°
Solution: The radii of the circles with caiitres B and C are
each =a, the side of the square.
a B
D Te,
ABEC is equilateral. Problems and Solutions 111
.. LBCR = £CBE = 60°
ZECD = LEBA = 90° — 60° = 30° CE=CD = BE= BA
-. SAEB® ADEC
ZBDG = £DEO = /BAB = BEA = 2O=9) «298
BDC = 9 = 45°
ZEDB = ZEDC — ZBDC = 75 — 45 = 30° = (4BDE)
Answer (B).
26. p and q are primes. It is given that the quadratic equation
x? — pz +q=0 has distinct real roots. Then (p+ 2q) is
(A)7 (B) 19 (c)9 @) 18
Solution: If a and § are the distinct real roots of
at —pe+q=0 where p,q are primes, p* — 4g > 0.
‘As af = q, @ prime number, we have a = 1, 8 = q oF
a= q, 6=1. Hence a+f=p implies g=p—1. As bath
qand p are primes, p=3, @=2. Hence p+2g=3+4=7.
Answer (A).
27. The number of two-digit numbers that-increase by 75% when.
their digits are reversed is
(A) 3 (B) 4 (05 (D)7
Solution: Let the numbers be 10a+b-and 105+ and the
reversed number 10b+4 is 75% moré than l0a+.
ie, 10b+a= J x (10a +b)
=> 40b+ 4a a+ 7b
=> 33b 66a
=> b = 2a.
since a,b are the digits, the only possible values of a and 6
are (1,2), (2,4), (3,6) and (4,8) so the numbers are 12, 24, 36- 112 Problems and Solutions
and 48, the numbers with reversed digits being 21, 42, 63 and
84 and there are just these 4 numbers.
Answer (B).
28. Arun thought of a positive integer. Balu multiplied this by
either 5 or 6. Chitra added 5 or 6 to Balu’s number. Devi
subtracted either 5 or 6 from the number got by Chitra and
the final result was 73. Then the numbers obtained by Arun,
Balu and Chitra are respectively.
(A) 12, 72,78 (B) 12,60,66 (CG) 12,72,77 (D) 12,60, 65
Solution: Let us follow the sequence.of numbers written by
Arun, Balu, Chithra and Devi as follows
Arun Balu Chithra Devi .
a Sacr6a Sa+5ora+6 §0,50—1,5a+1,5a
or6a+5or6a+6 6a,6e—1,6a+1,6a
The final answer got by Devi is 73
ie, 5a=78, Setl=73 Sal = 73
6a=73, Ge+1=73 6x1 =73
Of these only 6a +1 = 73 gives an integer value to a ie.
a=12.
Arun wrote 12; Balu should’ have written-72 Chithra should
have written 6a + 6 = 78.
Answer (A).
29. AB isa fixed diameter of acircle. PQ is achord whose length
is equal to the radius of the circle, which docs not intersect the
diameter AB.. AP and BQ meet at R
(A) ZARB = 45° when PQ is parallel to AB.
(B) ZARB = 60° for all positions of PQ
(©) ZARB = 60° only when PQ is parallel to AB
(D) ZARB is 6 variable angle depending on the position of
PQ. : Problems and Solutions 113
Solution: In the diagram OP =0Q = PQ=OB=OA
R
a,
2P0Q =60°; ZPAO = ZAPO == (say)
ZQBO = £BQO = y, say
‘Then ZQOB = (180 ~ 2y)
and ZPOA = (180 — 22)
5. 60° = ZPOQ = 180° [(180 — 22) + (180 — 2y)]
= %z+y)—180
240
orsty = = 10°
2
. ZARB = 180-[4RAB+ZRBA]
= 180°-(z+y)
= 180-120-607.
Thus ZARB = 60°, irrespective of the position of P and Q.
Answer (B).
30. a,b are positive integers If logy.a = logy, = logys(a +b)
then the value of (2) is
(4) ¢ (a) 48 8 (D) 436
Solution: If logy a = logya b = logyg(a+) =k then
a=9',b=12* and a+b=16" 114
Problems and Solutions
+, 97% 4.2% x gk 94. Let 3* be 2
oP 4 Wy — otk = 9
+g? 4 gthg — fk
as x = 3* can not be negative.
Answer (D)
Now
oz =
0
2
= 22h VE BHASKARA CONTEST
FINAL TEST - 2008
1, The number of students in a university is 8 perfect square. In
one year 2000 more students joined the original strength and
the new strength is one more than a perfect square. The next
year 2000 more students joined newly and the new strength is
again a perfect square. What was the original strength of the
university?
Solution: Let -2? be the original strength of the University.
After 2000 students joined, let the strength be y?+1. In
the subsequent year, after 2000 more stydents joined, let the
strength be z?. We have
7 +2000 = y? +1 implying y? — c? = 1999 Q)
and y?+1+ 2000 = 2? implying 22—y?= 2001 (2)
(1) + (y—2)(y+2) = 1999, which is a prime number.
Hence y~z=1
and y+2= 1999
. 2y = 2000 or y= 1000 and z = 999.
From (2)
2 — (1000)? = 2001
or 2? = 10007 +2 x 1000+ 1= (1001)?
“2 = 1001.
‘The original strength= 2? = (999)?
= (1000 — 1)?
1000000'— 2 x 1000 +1
1000001 — 2000
= 998001
115 116 Problems and Solutions
»
. In the adjoining figure ABCD
is wrectangle, Triangle PAB
is isosceles. The radius of each
of the smaller circles is 3cm
and the radius of the bigger
circle is 4cm. Find the length
and breadth of the rectangle.
Solution: a
In the figure, let AD =b and DP =a.
PS = PQ~SQ=b-+
SY =4,
AX = AM =b-3
PL = PX =a-3 and AY =a
PY = PX - XY = PX - (AY — AX) = PX -AY 4+ AX
-3-a+b-3=6-6
Using Pythagoras Theorem, from right angled APSY , we get
(b= 4)? = (6-6)? +4?
vB? 8b +16 =o? + 36 — 126+ 16
or b=9
Hence PY =b-6=9-—6=3 and tend = $% = 4.
From AAQP, tand = $3 = $= §. Problems and Solutions 117
naa $x9sl2.
Length of the rectangle = 2a =2x 12=24.
Breadth of the rectangle =b=9.
3. For a natural number A, denote the product of the digits of
A (in decimal base) by P(A). Determine all values of A such
that A= 1.5P(A).
Solution: If A is a single digit number, say A = a we have
a=15e>a=0.
‘Thus the number of digits of A, say n is greater than or equal
to2. (n>2).
Let A be en‘n’ digit number with leading digit m.
‘Then, clearly
A>m-10"" q)
If every other digit of A is 9, then P(A) =m-9"-1.
If A=1.5P(A),
m1 < mgr
s1t< 3 sgn (2)
Also, since 9/P(A), 9/A=> m=9
But this means 1.5P(A) is not an integer.
So, P(A) 12 x 81 = 972.
‘Thus we have to look for two and three digit numbers only.
Let A be such a two digited number ab so that A= 100+5.
Since A= $P(A), we have lat b=§xaxb
:.a(1.5)—10) =6. As b= RHS is an integer, 1.56 is also an
integer. je } is an even integer. Also 1.5b— 10 is positive,
Hence 6> 3§ = 6.66.
“b=8 or9. As b is even it can be only 8.
Hence a(1.55—10) = 6 gives a = 4, Thus 48 is the only
possible two digited value for A.
Next, when A is a three digited number abe, we have 1000+
Wb+c=15xaxbxe
10b + ¢ = (1.5be— 100)a. (5)
As 1.5be — 100 > 0, we must have be > 66.66. .-, bc > 67
and must be even ( bc is an integer). Hence b = 8,c = 9 or
b=9,c=9. Both these do not satisfy (5),
Therefore, A is not equal to any 3-digit number. Thus A has
only 2 values 0 and 48.
4. A rectangular cuboid has integer dimensions. All of its faces
are painted green, The cuboid is partitioned into unit cubes
by planes parallel to its faces. Find all possible messurements
of the cuboid, if the number of cubes, without green face is
one-third of the total number of faces.
Solution: Let the cuboid’s dimensions be a,b,c. These
Jengths must all be at least 3 or else every cube has a gresD
face. The given condition is equivalent to
3(a—2)(b—2)(c—2) =
If all the dimensions are at least 7, then Problems and Solutions 119
a b 7\8 _ 343 :
g22 b-2 xas(%) Fag <3, scmtmadiodon.
‘Then one of the dimensions say ‘a’ = 3,4,5 or 6.
‘Without loss of generality, let us assume b < c.
When a= 3, we have be = (b—2)(c—2), which is impossible.
‘When a = 4, rearranging the equation, we get
(= 6)(c- 6) = 24 = (be) = (7,30), (8,28), (9,14) oF
(10,12).
When a=5, we get (2b—9)(2c—9) = 45
= (bye) = (5,27), (6,12) or (7,9).
When a= 6, we get (b— 4)(c- 4) =8
=> (b,c) = (5,12) or (8,8).
Therefore, the cuboid may measure 4 x 7 x 30. 4x 8 x 18,
4x9x14,4x10x 12, 5x5 x 27, 5x6x 12, 5x7x®9,
6x5x12 or 6x6x8.
*
ABCD is 0 quadrilateral such that
AB = 2% ry +12), BC = 2(ra +173); CD = 2A(r3 +74)
DA=2%Xr4+r1), AC = 11 +205 +13, BD = rat 2rst+ra where
T1,asT3,Tay 75 ZO
Prove that (r1 +172 +53 +04 — 4rs)(rirargra — 7) > 0
Solution: Let O be the
Point Of intersection of the
diagonals AC and BD.
By triangle inequslity, we get
AO+OB > AB
BO+O0G > BC
CO+OD > CD
DO+OA > DA 120 Problems and Solutions
Adding we get
2(AC + BD) > AB+BO+CD+DA (Ql)
Given:
AB = Ary+r2)
BC = %Arm+rs)
CD = %rs+r4)
DA = 2ra+r1)
AC rit 2r5 +73
BD = r+2rg+r4 andry,rats,rs 20
() ri tretratra <4r5 (2)
By AM-GM inequality we get
: ritratrs +r
: > Yann
strstr
o, From (2) r5> DAR ERIN > yar ot
rararara < rf = (rararara — rf) <0 (3)
From (2), (3) we get
(ri + 72+73 +14 —475)(rirarara — rf) > 0
6. Let z,y,2 be three positive reals, each lesg has 4, Prove thet
atleast one of the numbers 3+ 745,24 71,14 ,1- is greater
than or equal to 1.
Solution: From AM-HM inequality we have
if, 4 QM
phen)
3(2 7 3)2 zy4-a 2
ia
=+7—>
Stace?! 121 Problems and Solutions
Similasly, b+ >a, 4
If the three numbers i+ i
Tess than 1, their sum S$ would be less than 3.
But
» d+ ay. b+ qk were all
<. At least one of the numbers is greater than or equal to 1.
2
‘The sum of two adjacent angles of a trapezium is 90°. The
lengths of the two parallel sides are ‘a’ and ‘b’ respectively.
: Then prove that the length of the line segnient joining the mid-
points of the two parallel sides is $a — 0).
Solution:
a ¢
A\
4 Papeete
Drew CM DL perpendicular to AB. (Assume a > b)
Q,R are the mid points of CD and AB respectively.
Let ZA=@ and 2B=90~8.
Clearly DL =CM =h (Say)
tand.= 9b = fy => h= ALtan@ = AL = heote
tan(90 — 9) = Gif = giz > BM = Aten? 122 Problems and Solutions
Now,
AL+LM+MB
heoté+6+htand
b+ A(tand + cot 0)
1a ~b= h(tand + cot é) Q)
PR=LR-LP= AR~AL— LP =§~—heotd—}
= 95¢ — hoot # = S(tand +cot9)—heot@ (from(1))
“. PR= }(tari@— cot 6)
Now, PQ=h, PR= h(tend —cotd)
‘Therefore, from right angled APQR,
"QR PQ? + PR?
= 1+ 2 (ean ~ cot)
AB
ui
re
= F ((tene — cot)? + 4)
2
= © ((and - cote)? + 4tand cot)
2
= F (tane+ cot 8)?
ie, QR = Kana + cotd)
1 7
= 7(2—0) (using (1)
Alternate Solution:
Tet ABCD be the trapezium in which AB = a, CD
(Here we have assumed that a>). Problems and Solutions 123
Let P,Q be the mid points of AB, CD respectively. Through
C draw a line parallel to AD to meet AB at P and a line
parallel to QR to meet AB at S.
Given: 2A + ZB =90°.
Since APCD is a parallelogram, ZOPB = ZDAB.
implies ZPCB = 90°.
To prove: QR = }ia — d|
Since QRSC is a paralleleogram, we have QR = SC.
-. We have to prova SC = }Ja—
Now, BS = BR-SR=}AB~QO~ (AB -CD)
ie, BS = }o-8)
PS =PB-B9= AB- AP - BS =a—b— (252) = 938
So, $ is the midpoint of PB.
Since APCB is right angled, S$ is the midpoint of the
hypotenuse, and
QR=CS = BS = PS = }(a—-b).
8. Let a,b,c,d, Pe pose
64
Prove that 5454549? apbeore
Solution: We have ta prove that
ie, 124 Problems and Solutions
16b
LHS = 1+ oe +e bi ® he
d
£84. fet +s
tate
a c fod
n+ (t+ 2+ (2 8) ($248)
d 2b 4d
+0(F+ £)+2(2+ +g) (F+5
Since a,b, ¢,d are positive reals,
2a, c da, d 2
Ma cy, 4a dy, &
2B Stee Gta? 7
ore
ais
LHS’ > 22424 2(2) +4(2) + 8(2) + 2(2) + 4(2)
= W4+24+44+84+164448
>
LHS > 64
9. ABCD and AB‘C'D' are two i‘ R
squares arranged os in the figure.
DD! and BB intersect at P. Z
Prove that
(a) AP is perpendicular to CC’. >
(b) Find the ratio of BB! to CC’. -
Solution: P is the point of intersection of BB! and DD'.
Join A and P. Consider the triangles ADDY and ABB!
AB! = AD! (sides of the square AB'C'D')
AB = AD (Sides of tbe square ABCD)
ZDAD! = 90+ DAB
ZBAB' = 90+ LDAB'. :, The triangles are congruent.
-, ZABB! = ZADD!
=> B,A,P,D are concyclic. Problems and Solutions 125
But the circle passing through A,B, D passes through C’.
:. A,B,C, D,P are coneyclic.
Similarly A, D/,0',B', P are also concyclic.
ZAPC = 90° (angle in the semicircle with AC as diameter)
ZAPC! = 90° (angle in the semicircle with AG’ as diameter)
OPO? is a straight line and AP is perpendicular to CC’.
Let AB = a, AD’ = b. Consider the three triangles,
ABB’, AADD! and AACC'.
>
;
:
Y
: 9
Clearly AABB! is congruent to ADD", and both are similar
to AACC’
+. Since AC = V3a, AC’ = V2 we have CC! = ./2BB'
BBL
“OO” a
BB: OC! =1: V2 BHASKARA CONTEST
SCREENING TEST - 2009
1. Six equal circles are arranged
as in the figure. The height
of the triangle is 4. Then the
radius of the circle is
W-1 @ (
(C) Wa (D) v3
Solution: Let r be the
radius of the circles.
Look at the rhombus PQRS.
v3-1
2
PQ = 2r,
PR = 2PQcos30° = 2-
height =4 = 2V8r + Or = 2(V8-+1) +4
oe wn)
Answer (A).
2. The number of squares on a coordinate plane with one vertex
at A(—2,2) and atleast one of the coordinate axes as axis of
symmetry of the square is
(A) 3 (B) 5 (C)6 (D)7
Solution: There are 5 such squares.
See Question 2 of Inter.
Answer (B).
3.The number of real solutions of the equation (z+1)(3*—2) =1
is
(A) 0 (B)1 (C) 2 (D) more than 2
126 Problems and Solutions 127
Solution:
(e+1)(3 -2)=1
1
37 -2=—_
a+1
Number of solutions of (« + 1)(3* — 2) = 1 equals Number of
1
points of intersections of y=3"—2 and y= —1—
z+1
1
For co>z>-l,ie,co>t+1>0, coo>——>0
a+1
1
—oo 0. If m is triangular, then (8m + 1) is
(A) also triangular (B) a perfect square (C) a perfect cube
(D) none of the above three
Solution:
nerd ie, IM=n24n
2.8m = 4n?+44n=(2n)?+4n
Clearly 8m is not triangular. But 8m +1 = (2n+1)? isa
perfect square.
Answer (B).
6. Let f(n) be the number of non-congruent integer sided
triangles with perimeter n (f(3)=1, f(4)=0, f(5) =1).
Then f(10) is
(A) 2 (B) 3 (c)4 (D) greater than 4
Solution: For perimeter to be 7, no side of the triangle can
be >. Allsides are < }. For n = 10, the longest side is 4.
If the longest side is <3, then perimeter cannot be 10.
. One side must be 4.
. Only two such triangles exist. (3,3,4) (2,4, 4)
Answer (A). Probleme and Solutions 129
7. Ananya wrote all the integers of 1 to 6 digits. She uses only the
two digits 0 and 5. In all, how many 0's did she use? (leading
zeros not allowed in the numbers) :
(A) 256 (B) 128 (C) 129 (D) 200
Solution:
No. of 1 digit numbers 2: No. of zeroes in it 1
No. of 2 digit numbers 2: No. of zeroes in it 1
No. of 3 digit numbers 4: No. of zeroes in it 4 = 442
No. of 4 digit numbers 28 =
:
: No. of zeroes in it 853 = 12.
6:
x4 39
2x5 _ 99,
No. of 5 digit numbers 24 = 16: No. of zeroes in it 4
No.of 6 digit numbers 2° = 32: No.of zeroes in it
Total zeros used 130.
If 1 digit number zero is ignored, total zeros is 129.
Answer (C).
8. The diagonal BD of a quadrilateral ABCD bisects the
angle ZABC. It is given-that AC = BC,ZBDC = g0°
ZACB = 20°. ZBAD is
(A) 110° (B) 120° (C) 130° (D)
140° B
Solution:
ZBAC = ZABC
180-20.
= >=
16. The number of 100 digit numbers having the sum of their
digits equal to 3 is
Solution: 3 will occur as sum in the following 3 ways 3,2+
1,1+1+41. With a single 3, there is only one number 3
with 99 zeros
with a2 and 1,
ai:
201
20---1
3 = 1+1+1 In the last 99 digits 2 ones will occur in 99C2 ways
99 x 100
(ie) 5 = 4950. Total number of such numbers =
4950+ 99 £ 99 +1 =5050 +99 =5149. Problems and Solutions 135
17. The value of
1+ 2008/1 + 2009/1 + 2010/1 + 2011 is ———
Solution:
1+ 2011-2013
(2012 — 1)(2012 + 1) +1
= (2012)?
vI+2010-2012 = 2011
vi + 2009-2017 2010
v1+ 2008-2010 = 2009
Answer is 2009.
18. Each term of a sequence is the sum of its preceding two terms
from the third term onwards. The second term of the sequence
is —1 and the 10th tern is 29. The first term is ——————
Solution: Terms are a,b,a+b,a + 2b, 2a + 3b,3a + 5b, 5a +
8b, 8a + 13b, 13a + 21b, 21a + 34b
b=-1
21a + 34b = 29 21a = 29+34=63 |a=3
19. The number of positive integers satisfying the inequality
2000 < /n(n + 2) < 2009 is
Solution:
20002 < n(n+2)< (2009)? Add 1
2000? +i < (n+1)?< (2009)? +1
2000? +1 < 2001? < (n+ 1)? < (2009)? < (2009)? +1
2001 < n+1< 2009
2000 < n< 2008
The number of positive integers is 9. 136 Problems and Solutions
20. The number of pairs of positive integers (z,y) satisfying the
equation x?-+y? + 2ry —2008x — 2008y— 2009 = 0 is ——__
Solution:
a? + y? + 2ry — 20082 — 2008y — 2009
(x+y)? — 2008(x + y) — 2009
(z+y—2009)(2@+y+1) 0
oo
z+y = 2009
orz+y = —1
2+y = —1 does not cross I quadrant. 2 +y = 2009
(0,2009),(2009,0) in I quadrant. Both (x,y) positive are from
(1,2008) to (2008,1). So there are 2008 such numbers.
21.Given a,b,c > 0 and a+b+c=1 then the maximum value
of Yatb+ Yo+e+ Yera is ———
Solution:
a,bc>0 atb+e=1
Va+b+ Vo+c+ Yeta=Vi—c+ Yi—at Vi-b
a,b,c > 0. This is clearly <3. But it will not equal 3, since
in that case a=b=c=0 violating a+b+c=1
Ibis <3.
‘The value by symmetry of the expression is
22. All the numbers from 1 to 2009 are written one after the other.
‘The number of digits in this number is
Solution: No. of 1 digit numbers 1 to 9 — 9
No. of 2 digit numbers 10 to 99 — 90
No. of 3 digit numbers 100 to 999 — 900
No. of 4 digit numbers 1000 to 2009 — 1010
‘Total number of digits is 9+ 2x 90+3 x 900+4 x 1010 = 6929
If 2009 is not included then no. of digits is 6929. Problems and Solutions 137
23.A square is described on the hypotenuse of a right angled
triangle away from the right angled vertex. The ratio of
the perpendiculars drawn from the intersection point of the
diagonals of this square to the legs of the right angled triangle
is
Solution:
OC OA
ZOCM = ZACB+45°
0+ 45°
ZNAO = 180~ZOAB
180 — 45 — (90 — 6)
4540
- MONA ASOMC
(since all 3 angles are equal and hypotenuses are equal).
“ON =OM o. Ratio is 1.
24. PMT isa tangent to the circle APC at the point P; CNAT
is a diameter, to which PN is drawn perpendicular and AM
is perpendicular to PT. The ratio of AM to AN is ——
Solution:
O centre of the circle
OPLPMT ¢
Let ZAPM =<.
Then ZAPM = ZPCA®
(angle in alt. segment)
CA is diameter. 138 Problems and Solutions
ZCPA = 90° ».4NPA=a2 (.PNI CA)
In A's NPA and MPA
ZANP = LAMP =90°,ZNPA=ZMPA=«
and AP common side
ANPA = AMPA
“AN = AM... Ratio AM: AN
25.IF the length of a diagonal of a cube is ¥12cm, then the area
of each of its faces is
Solution: If a is the side of a cube, then Va is the length
of its diagonal
«. V8a= V1I2=2V3 3s. a=2
», Area of its face = 4cm?.
Area of each face = 4 cm?.
26. The sum of the digits of the number (10009 — 20) expressed
in decimal notation is
Solution:
99 = 10---0-
1000° 20 = e 0-20
= 99---980
58 nines
Sum of the digits
58x9+8
530
27. A point is taken on the hypotenuse of a right triangle
equidistant (©) from the legs. The point divides the
hypotenuse into parts 30cm and 40cm. Then 2 is equal to
cm problems and Solutions 139
Solution: PM = PN=a
AP =30, PC =40, AC =70
AM _ 303
AB 70 7
{- SAMP ~ ABO}
AM = V900-@
900 — 3
000-2? +a 7
4/9002? = 30
16 x 900 — 162? = 92?
1
2527 =16x900 2? =16 x 36 =24cem
28. Two circles touch externally at C. AB is a direct common
tangent touching the circles at A,B. If AC=14em, BC=48cem
then the length of the direct common tangent is
Solution:
4 3
LOAC = LOCA=2 RVI
CNY
20,0B = ZO0,BC=y
22 = 180-ZAQC
2y: = 180- Z2BO.0
22+2y = 360-(ZAO\C + ZBO2C) = 360 — 180 = 180
(401 || BO2)
sty = 90
-.ZACB is right angled at C.
[. ZACB = 180 — 2 — y = 90°]
“AB? = 142448? = 2?- (7? +24?)
= 2x 257 = 507.
AB=50. 140 Problems and Solutions
29.In a quadrilateral three consecutive sides are of lengths 2,3 and
4. A circle of radius 1.2 is inscribed in the quadrilateral. The
area of the quadrilateral is
Solution:
Cirele is inscribed
in the quadrilateral
ABCD
AB+CD = AD+BC
AD AB+CD-BC=6-—3=3
Area of ABCD = Area of AOB+Area of BOC
+Area of COD+Area of DOA
= PParata+gl
= 6x12=7.2sq. units
30. a,b,c,d and e are positive reals. If a—2c+e = 0,
b—2c-+d =0,c~2d+e=0 then the set consisting of the
largest and the smallest numbers among a,b,c, d,e is —
Solution: a,b,c,d,e>0 a+e=2c c lies between a and
e. b+d=2c. c has to be between b and d; c+e = 2d; d
has to be between ¢ and e.
ate=2%=b+d
. Both 6 and d lie between a and e I
or a and e lie between b and d Il
‘sc+e=2d \.d lies between c and e.
ics oad + > >> >
|
OK Not Ok. Since d is beyond ¢ and e
©. Max, Min set is {a, e} BHASKARA CONTEST
FINAL TEST - 2009
1. Show that there exists no biggest number a such that a? < 2. -
Solution: Let ao be the biggest number such that a9 5<2
Let C = 2-a3 and let ajay +$
iy = a+ 7 + aos
= gz. 2-06) , a f5 22
= ant 16 +a (2-4
~ a)?
< 4 Coa +$(2-08) “sag >1
a2
+ P= 99) 2 — of +803)
aj+ ed 29) (2+ 7a”)
(2= 49)
< at 16 x16
a<2 1.24705 <16
= 2
a, >Oand af” <2
So f ag is the biggest mumber, then we can produce an aj > ag
such that a4? <2. Such a greatest number does not exist.
2. Let ABC bea A with ZA < ZC < 90° < ZB consider the
bisectors of the exterior angles at A and B each measured
from the vertex to the opposite side (extended). Suppose both
of these line segments are equal to AB. Find the measure of
the angle A.
141 142 Problems and Solutions
Solution: Let a!
Z bisector of exterior
angle A meet CB
extended at B'. Angle
bisector of _ exterior
angle B meets AC
extended at A’.
BA' = BA= AB’
But since BA= BA’, ZBAC = ZBA‘A= ZA
ZABA' = 180-24 = ZABC+ZCBA' = B+-
—z 7
2A+ > = 90'
ZABB' = ZAB'B = 180- B.
From AABB’
360-28 + 1804 _ ig
: AA
270 =3B+> B= 270-28
ie, A=540-4B (1)
B
90 =2A+5 (2)
Substitute (1) in (2) 90 =1080-8B+2
15B
=1 -—_—
: 080 -— =
155 = 990 ;
B = x 2= 65x 2=192
A
z= 70 — 2 x 132
A =i Problems and Solutions 143
3, Find all integers n such that 2— 12 , 2n—14 , 24m
OF
Solution: Given,
(7m — 12)3" + 2"(2n— 14) +24n = 3"-2"
3°2" — 3"(7n — 12) -2"(an—14) = An.
Adding (2n — 14)(7n — 12) we get
32" — 3"(7n — 12) — 2"(2n — 14) + (7m — 12)(2n — 14)
= 24n + (2n— 14) x (7n — 12)
(3" — (2n = 14))(2" — (7n—12)) = 14n? — 98n + 168
14(n? — 7n + 12)
= 1(n-3)(n-4)
For n=3 LHS is negative and RHS=0. Not a solution.
For n= 4 RHS=0 and LHS is also 0.
.n=4 isasolution. n=1,2 are not solutions.
For n>5
gP414—2n = M+(3"—2n) > 14 (4)
and 2*—7n+12 > n?—7+12 (5)
{- 2" >n? for all n> 5}
From (1) and (2)
=. (3 — (an — 14))(2" — (Tn = 12)) > 14(n? — 7 + 12)
14(n — 3)(n — 4)
i
*. No solution for n 25. So only solutions is n = 4 144 Problems and Solutions
4.2009 concentric circles are drawn with radii 1 unit to 2009 units.
From a point on the outer most circle, tangents are drawn to
the inner circles. How many of these tangents are of integer
length? :
Solution:
Let P be any point on the
outermost circle. Let PQ be
the tangent to the circle with
centre O of radius k.
Then PQ? = 2009? — 4?
2009 = 7? x 41
As 41,40,9 is a pythagorean triple k= 7? x 9 and k = 72 x 40
will lead to integer values
2009? — 74 x 9? = 7? x 40
and
2009? — 74 x 40? = 7? x 9
as the integer length of tangents. No other value of k will lead
to integer tangents.
5. Let H be a finite set of positive integers none of which has
a prime factor greater than 3, Show that the sum of the
reciprocals of the elements of H is smaller than 3.
Solution:
Let S= {2"-3%imn= 0,1,2,3,+++ }
= set of all number in N which do not have a prime factor
greater than 3. It contains 1, all powers of 2, all powers of 3; Problems and Solutions 145
and all products of powers of 2 and powers of 3.
Now H CS and H isa finite set
1 1
mips
or
6. The sum of the 3 concurrent edges of a rectangular block is
19cm, its volume is 144cm and its diagonal is 13cm. Find the
dimensions of the rectangular block.
Solution: The sum of 3 concurrent edges of a rectangular block
is 19cms. If a,b,c are the 3 concurrent edges of the box, then
at+b+c = 19 (a)
abe = 144 (2)
a+P+c = 169 (3)
a+b = 19-c
(atb+c)?-a?—b?-c? = 2(ab+be+ca)
= 19? - 13? = 192
sab+be+ca = 96 146 Problems and Solutions
Divide by abe
ee
e¢'a bo
1 a+b 2
; - f
1 i9-c _ 2
ctim = 3
e
1 19 er)
c 73
3-19? + 96e—144 = 0
roots are c = 3,4,12
a=3,b=4,c=12
7. Let a1,@2, a3, + ,@2909 be real numbers such that a1-+a2-ta3-+
++-azo09 = (2009)? and aj+a}-+43+-+--+a3o99 < (2009)?-+1.
Show that 2008 < a, < 2010 for all ke(1,2,3,--- 2009)
Solution: Let aj, = 2009+ 2,
2009 2009 2009
Sa = $5(2009+ zx) = (2009)? + S> ae
ial fel ia
> (2009)?
2008
Sim > 0 ()
k=1
Daz = > ((2009)? + 2- 2009 - xy + 2) < (2009)9 +1
2009
(.e.,) 2009 x 2009? + 2- 2009 Sax -+ S> a2 < (2009) +1
fet
2009
(ie.,) 2-209 a+ So az < 1 (2)
k=l Problems and Solutions 147
‘We need to prove that 2008 < a, < 2010 (ie.,) -1 1 then
az>1
Doak +2-2009- Sa, > 1 as oz, > 0
which contradicts 2.
.c1 Sa, <1 for all k= 1,2,---2009
(ie.,) 2008 < a, < 2010 for all k = 1,2,-+- ,2009
8. Prove that any prime no (22” +1) cannot be represented as a
difference of two fifth powers of integers.
Solution: If possible let _m,n_ be 2 integers such that
m® —n? = (2" +1)
But (m—n) [LHS and hence (m —n)] RHS.
But RHS is a prime.
om—n=1 (ie) [m=ntl
n(n 418-15 = PP 41
n® + 5n4 + 10n? + 10n? + 5n+1—n° = 2" 41
2. B(n#-¢1n) + 10n?(n +1) = 2".
The only prime number dividing RHS is 2. But the LHS is
divisible by 5 which is a contradiction.
|", There is no such representation possible. BHASKARA CONTEST
SCREENING TEST - 2010
1. The number which, when subtracted from the terms of ratio
a:b makes it equal to ¢:d is
(A) Ses (B) a (C) stig (D) Beet
Solution: ‘Terms of the ratio are a and b. Let the number
subtracted be z.
Then
The correct answor E—%4 does not match with any of tho
four options given.
2. In a Kilometer race Ram beats Shyam by 25 meters or 5
seconds. The time taken by Ram to complete the race.is .
(A) 1 minute (B) 5 minutes and 30 seconds
(C).3 minutes end:15 seconds -..(D)4.minutes.and 10:sccdnds
Solution: Shyam covers ‘35 metets in'5 seconds. .
~. He covers I km’ = 1000 metres in 1909 x 5 = 200. sec.
(i.e.,) 3 hours:20 sees.
Since Ram completes 5 minutes earlier, Ram completes the race
in 3 hours and 15 seconds.
Answer : (C)”
3. Through Dj the mid-point of the side BC of a triangle ABC,
a straight line is drawn to meet AC at E and AB produced
148 Problems and Solutions 149
at F.s9 that AE = AF. Thon the ratio BF: GE is
(A) 1:2 (B) 2:1 (g)13 (D) None of these
Solution: Let 5” be a point on FD such that B/D = DE.
BD=DC.
A
«. BE’ || EC and BE’ = EC.
BE'CE isa parallelogram.
-. In AFBE' aid AFAR. BE’ || AC.
-. SFBE' ~ AFAE
eB _ BB
FA AE
“FB=BE = EG
But AE = AF
BF: CE = 1.
Answer : (D) None of these.
4..In the bigger of two concentric circles two chords AB sil’ AC
are drawn to touch the smaller cirdle at D at. 2, Then,.BC
is equal to ©
(A) 3DE (B) 4DE
(0) 2DE = (D) 3DE
“Solution:
OD LAB
OE LAC. i
‘where O' is.the centre of the concentric circles (tangent.is. :"
to radius through point of contact)
A perpendicular through thé centro to a chord bisects the chord. 150 Problems and Solutions
A perpendicular through the centre to.a chord biserts the chord.
+1 D_is the mid point of AB and E mid point of AC.
«. By mid point theorem in AABC
BC =2DE
Answer: (C).
5. The number of solutions of the equation 2!°s10? = 100z: is
(A)0 (B)L {C) 2. * €D) 3.
Solution: Pret
: ‘q'810= = 1002 ,
“Take log to the-bese 10.
Jogig® -logigz = login 1004, logge
= 2+logigx
Lat u=logioa. Then u?—u-—2=0.
(w-Ai+1)=0 u=20r-
: “fogioe = 2 ,>o=10?=100
‘ logigt = 1
-1 =197=5
ou erat a a
Answer +" (C)
6. The internal bisector AE of the'engle A of triangle ABC is
(A) not greater than the median through A for all triangles.
(B) not greater than the median through A for.only acute
angled triangles. Pee
(©) Not greater than the median through .A for only obtuse
angled triangles.
(D) ‘ot Jess than the median through A for. all.triangles. Problems and Solutions 151
Solution: In AABC, et AC >
AB. -AE js the bisector and, AD
the median.
Clearly from the diagram x < y
and C c+C.AD> AE.
Answer: (A). : Aa
T. Inthe adjoining diagram ABC is an OS
equilateral triangle and BODE isa
square. The side of the equilateral
triangle is 2010. The radius of the
circle is
(A) 2010 (B).4020,(C).6030 (1D) 8040,
Solution: Let Q. be the centre of
the-circle. AO is L” to BC and
DE and meets them at points
and Q. ete
PQ = 2010
Let r be, the radius ‘of the circle
= OE =0D-
0@ = vrt— 10057
AP. = 8 42010 = 10058
OA = reOP+PA
she 2010 v2 — 1008? + 100508 &
Veta 00s? = 2010+1008V3—r = 1005(2+-V3)—r-
Square both sides
171008? = 10057(2-+ V3)" +17
—2r(1005)(2 + v3)
2r'x 1005(2+ V3) = 100542 + v3)? +1008? 152 Problems and Solutions
2r(2+ V8) = 1005(3 + d-+.4Vv3 +4) = 4020(2 + V3)
+ a = 2000
Answer : + (A).
@
. Given a and b are integers the expression (a?+4-a-+2011)(2b+1)
is
(A) Odd for exactly 2010 values of a.d,
(B) Odd for all values of a,b.
(C) Even for exactly one value of-a and two values-of 5
(D) Odd for exactly for one value of @ and one valué of ..
Solution: a? +¢=a(a+1) is
evén for all integers a.
a? + @+ 2011 is odd’for all
values of a.
2b+1 is odd for all values of .,
w. The product. -(a? + a+
2011)(2b-+1) is odd for all values
of a and b.
Answer: (B). .
9: A sequence: of teal numbers-‘zq° is defitied recursively as
follows. 9,71 are arbitrary positive real numbers and 2n42 =
(Eat f= 0)1,2)+-* “Then the value of eyoij is
{Ayr B) ap ORD)
“Solution: =
lta
2 =
EEE Atay 144 demote
ay wy tor,
gece LEBER + coyltenn) | 1 Fat
- Ha ay(Lbay) cay Problems and Solutions 153
a5 =
te =
ay =
Zo = 25,21 = Xo, 22 = Zr, Fy = Te, 74 = Tg and
ms = Tio = Zo.
*, 22010 = Zo and 22911 = 2).
Answer :” (C)
10. If zy =6 and 22y+y2x+2-+y = 63, the value of 27+? "is
(A) 81 @) 18 (C) 2010 (D) 78
Solution:
wytyctoty = 63
xy(oty)+(e+y) = Oe+y)+(e+y)
és ‘
Wery) = 68
sty = 9
ety = (c+y)? -2xy=81-12=69,
Answer: 69. It does not match any of the options given.
11. If p is the perpendioular drawn from ‘the vertex of-e regular
tetrahedron we the opposite face and if each edge is equal to, 2
units, then p is
(a) 8v3.(B) 8¥8 (c) 82 ~@) 88
Solution: OABC tetrahedron
OA=OB=0C = AB=BC=CA=2
OG 1 ABC (Bese), 154 Problems and Solutions
‘Since it-is a regular tetrahedron, ABC is an equilateral. A, and
G its centroid. -.\OG 1 plane ABG,OG AG also
AO = 2,°° AG = 2 medina ofthe equilateral
This answer does not match any of the options given. y
32. The remainder when the polynomial 2 +25 +29 +277 + a8 4
248 ip divided by 2? 1
(A) 6z B) 2, | (O) 3 » @)1
Solution: We know that y—1 divides y%~1 for all positive
integers n. Replacing-y by <7, we see that
2? — 1, divides.x?".— 1 for. all positive integers n.
sy che tote
= PO eta yg oy ag
O-c+dc+z
= xe 2 1) 0a 1) ot ge(a?®— 1)
, vive sten(a® —4d) + 2(e?— 1) 462
(2? — 1), (2 — 1), ( ~1),(28 - Dy: and ‘(c?—1) are
divisible exactly by‘ 2? —1.
3, This-expression Pee tenanee | 6x."
Answer: (A) :
13, Consider the sequenee' “4, 4, 8,2, 0; 2,2,4,6;0,-<-!-where the
nt term is the units place of the sum of the previous two Problems and Solutions 155
terms for n = 3. If.S, is the sum to n terms.of this sequence,
then the smallest ‘n’ for which 5, > 2010 is
(A) 268 (B) 502 (©) 503 (D) 504
Solution: The given sequence has to repeat itself from some
nt term onwards.
4,4,8,2,0,2,2, 4,6,0,6,6,2,8,0,8,8,6, 4,0,4, 4,8, 2,0,-—
‘The sequence repeats itself from the 215 term onwards (i..,)
if tn isthe n“ term then to; = ti, t22 = ae +t4o = .to0, tar =
ta = t; and so on.
So = 80
Ss = 2-80 = 160, Sep = 3-80 = 240---
Sao = +80
2000 is a multiple of 80
2000 = 80x 25
Sao.25 = ‘Ssoo = 2000
Ssoo+3 = Ss00 + 53 = 2000 + 16 = 2016 > 2010.
. 503 is the smallest. n ‘such that S,, > 2010.
Answer: (C)
14. P isa point inside an equilateral, trianglé of side 2010 units.
The sum of the lengths of the perpendiculars drawn from P to
the sides is equal to
(A) 2010 (B) 2010V3 (C) ,1005V% (D): a8
Solution: Let PX,PY,PZ be 1"’s drawn. from-P to
BC,CA,AB respectively.
Area of AABC = area of APBC +. area:of APCA
+ area of APAB* 156 Problems and Solutions
+ (2010)? |= 32010 x PX+ ; x 2010 x PY
; x 2010 x PZ
= -(1005)(PX + PY + PZ)
PX+PY+PZ = WB, Mug x 10
Answer: (0)
15. The equation. loga,(2) (log, 2)? + (logaz)*= 1 has...
(A) A root less than.1. (B) Has only-one root. greater ‘than’
(C) Two irrational roots (D):No real roots
Solution: Wé use change of base theorem for logarithms.
Joga @ = log, x «log, b
Change the base to 2 where the base is not 2. Here as 2r is
given as bese 2x must be >0 (i.e..) ¢>0.
Joga 2 ~loggz _* 1— logy
2)
10892 (2)
logs 2 ("TF loge
+, The given equation’ becomes
tt
logy (2) “logy, 2
1—logaa
2 A
T# log, = 10822)” + (logy 2)" = 1- Problems and Solutions 157
put log,
silt gl ae
ita” +e = 1
l-utv(1+u))
od Coreen =1
(1+u)
uf(L+u)tw(l—u) = i+u
wW+ut-wW+u?—u-1 = 0 w=1isaroot
LHS:(u—1)(ut +2u8 tu? +2u+1) = 0
uf +203 +-u? + 2u+.1 will never become zero for u >'0. So
it has no positive root. u cannot take negative values.
= 1 is the only positive root.
(ie.,) logge = 1 (1e.,) 2 =2 is the only positive root > 1.
Answer: (B)
16. The value of 4/204 14V2-+ 3/20 14V2 is
Solution: The given expression =2+ V242—/2 = 4, a8
YO + 1472 = 2+ V2 and 920-1478 =2- 2.
17. If a,’ are positive and a-+b=1 the minimum value of a4+54
fe
Solution:
a?+0? = (a+6)?-2ab°
ont > vob AM.- G.M-inequality
vob <}
ox ; 2ab < 5
ee < a 20°? <5 :
aoe = 1-2b>1~Z555 158 Problems and Solutions
af 4 bf = (a? +b)? = 2078? ;
> f-8xses-sat
Minimum value of af +04 is -
Answer : is ; :
18. The whole surfasé area of rectangular block is 1332cm”. The
length, breadth and height are in the ratio 6:5;4. The sum of
the length, breadth and height is centimeters. -
Solution: Let
Length = 62
Breadth 52
Height = 4x
Total surface area = 2(30x + 202? +2427).
2 x 74x? = 1332
Ta? = 668 ‘
w= 9 2
Sum of the length, breadth and height
3
= 60+ 5a + 4a = 152 = 45cms,
Answer: 45 cms.
(9. If [2[t+o+y =10,2+|yl-y = 12 then ty=
Solution: If you take both 2,y positive, then equations
become
2t+y=10 and t=12 y= 14
Not Possible *
Both z,y <0. Then {2| = —z,|y}=—y ¢ Problems and Solutions 159
y=10 Again impossible.
Ifz>0 and y<0.then
wey = 10 =2. ae
z~2 gy =2-19-22_ y=
poems HB
20. Two perellel sides of a trapezoid are 3 and 9, the non ‘parallel
sides are 4 and 6. A line parallel to the bases (parallel sides)
divides the trapezoid in to two trapezoids of equal perimeters.
The ratio in which each of the non-parallel sides is divided.is
Solution: Let AP :PD=A:1-2
AP=4i BQ=6 PD=4(1-A) QC=6(1—-A)
Perimeter of APQB =Perimeter of PQCD
ie3+4+64+PQ = 4(1-)+601=\) 494 PQ
-20X = 19+3=16 wah aa
4 1
A= g InAs
ce AP + PD = 431
PD: AP = 1:4
Answer : It is either 1:4 or 4:1. 160 Problems and Solutions
21. Triangle ABC has AB = 17,AC = 25 and: the altitude to
BC has length 15. The sum of the possible values of BC js
Solution: If AABC is
acute angled, then,
BD=8 CD=2 BC=2%
If MABC is obtuse angled, then,
BC =12 ">, The sum of the two
values of BC is 28+12=40.
Answer: 40.
22. $= B+Gr hs 48, where 0 180°
«. Three 10° angles is not possible in a convex polygon).
27. If an are of circle 1 subtending 60° et the-centre, has double
the length 2 the arc subtending 75° at the centre in circle 2,
Solution: Let r, and rg be the radii of circle 1 and circle 2.
(if k=3, then y=
: 60 a
of = = =
arc of circle 1 a0 * 202 3
; _ 6 = Sara
are of circle 2 = x 2arg =
are ofcircle1 = 2% arc of circle 2
m — Wr nls
Se ae rT. 2
ares of cirdle1 _ 25
area ofcircle2 ~ 4
Answer:
28. A two digit number is equal to the sum of the product of its
digits and the sum of its digits. Then the units place of the
number is —_________-_____..
Solution: Let a be the tens place and } be-the units place.
a+b = a-b+a+d
92 = a:b af0
fp. Bad
w
Answer: 9.
29. Let f(z) be a polynomial of degree 1. If f(10)— f(6)= 15,
then £(20) — f(5) equals 164 Problems and Solutions
Solution:
f(e) =ac+b
f(10) — f(5) = 10a-+b—(5a +d)
= So=15 a=3,
Then f(20)— f(5) = 45
Atiswet : 45,
30. The number of perfect-squate divisors of the number 12! is
Solution:
12} = 240. 38.52. 71.441
Perfect square divisors are
27, 28, 28, 28, 210, 32, 34, 5?
‘products of even powers of 2 and even powers of 3 or 5-15 such
numbers. .
Products of even powers of 3 and even powers of 5. -2.
Also 37-5?-2!, 1 2,4,6,8,10 5 numbers,
and 34-57-2! 1 = 2,4,6,8,10 5 numbers.
‘Totally 5241415424545 = 35.
Answer: 35. (If we include 1, it is 36). BHASKARA CONTEST
FINAL TEST - 2010
1, Find all the natural numbers n such that n+S(n)+S(S(n)) =
2010 where S(n) = sum of the digits of n.
[Example: n = 238. $(n) = 13 and $(S(n)) = 4]
Solution:
2010 = 3(mod 9)
If n = k(mod 9) 0 < k <9, then S(n) = k(mod 9) and
5(S(n)) = k(mod 9)
<.m+$(n) + $(S(n)) = 3k(mod 9) = 3(mod 9)
ok = 1,4,7(mod 9) (1)
ll
A number 7 < 2010 with the greatest S(n) is n = 1999, with
S(n) = 28.
+, Maximum values of $(n) and S(S(n)) are 28 and 10
respectively.
n > 2010 — 28 — 10 = 1972
1972 = 1mod 9 .. en = 1972
n+S(n) + (S(n)) = 1972+ 19 + 10 = 2001.
n= 1975 = 4(mod 9) and n+S(n)+S(S(n)) = 1975+22+4 =
2001.
n= 1978 = 7(mod 9) and n+S(n)+S(S(n)) = 1978+25+7 =
2010.
For n= 1981, the value of the expression is 2010.
For n = 1984, the value is 2010.
For n = 1987, the value is 2019.
For n = 1990, the value is 2019.
165 166 Problems and Solutions
For n= 1993, the value is 2019.
For n= 1996, the value is 2028.
For n= 1999, the value is 2037.
For n = 2002, the value is 2010.
For n = 2005, the value is 2019.
For n = 2008, the value is 2019.
The numbers are
2002, 1984, 1981, 1978.
ABCD iis an isosceles trapezoid with AB||CD and
circumscribed about a circle with CD < AB and BC
AD. DG is drawn perpendicular to AB and GH is
drawn perpendicular to DA. Prove that DA,DG and DH
are respectively the arithmetic mean, geometric mean and
harmonic mean of AB and CD.
p__¥
i
yy
40 G i
Solution: Referring to the figure,
DN =DJ and JA= AM.
> DA=DN+AM= 3(DC + AB)
= DA is the arithmetic mean of AB and CD.
DG? = DA? - AG?
7 iB +CbD)?— flap -cp) (. ag = 4B=CP)
= AB-CD
DG = VAB-CD Problems and Solutions 167
= DG is the geometric mean of AB and CD.
AAGD and AGHD are similar
gD _ aD
HD ~ GD
a 1 _ AD__AD_ _AB+CD
HD ~ GD?” ABCD 2ABCD
2AB-CD
fee aes OD,
=> DH is the harmonic mean of AB,CD.
3. Find the set of all ordéred pair of integers (a,b) such that g.c.d
(0,6) =1 and 24 1 ig on integer.
b 2a
25a? + 146?
25ab
~". 25 divides numerator leading to 25|14b?
Solution: is an integer.
gc.d.(25,14)=1 = 25/0 + 5/d (ie.,) b=5e
ged(a, 5c) = 1
ged(a,c) = 1
25a7 425-14?
_ is an integer.
25a-5e
(ie) erie is an integer.
ac
Now al(a? + 14c*) = all4c? = al14, since ged(a,c) = 1
a=1,2,7,14 @
2
since © + ME is an intoger cla? Since ged(a,c) = 1,e=1.
bss ay
oe ee 15
a=1 b=5 G+ =P=8
2,7 _9 ;
a=2 b=5 F+55 = g not an integer 168 Problems and Solutions
7, 70 7,29 :
@=7 b=5 F4+ Te = E+E = Z not an integer
4.7 1 15.
b=5 Stay = 3 integer
Solutions are (1,5) (14,5)
‘Two circles of radii 4 and 16 touch externally. Prove that
the length of the chord intercepted on the transverse common.
tangent to the two circles, by a circle of diameter D which
4D
touches the given circles externally, is —.
5
Solution: Let A,B,O be the centres of the circles of radii
4,16 and = respectively. The circles with centres A,B
touch externally at C’ and the transverse common tangent is
D
intercepted by the circle of radius > at D,B.
To find DE
DE = 2DP (Pis the foot of the perpendicular
from O on DE)
D\?
=) _op2
2 (3) OP’
VD? — 4x? where OP = x.
i] Problems and Solutions 169
From the figure, CF = x, where OF is perpendicular to AB.
Let us calculate OF in two ways.
OF* = 04? — AF? and OF = OB? — BF?
=> OA?-AF? = OB?- BF
D 2 DENG
(3 +18) —(16 +2)? = (F+4) — (4-2)?
2 2
D?
> T+ GD + 256 — (256 + 2 + 32x)
2
=i F +164 4D - (16-42? ~ 82)
16D—32¢ = 4D +82 =
36D? _ 9p?
427 = Sat
100 = "25
9D? 16D?
A = 2 — = yf
DE = pr- 2 = 22
_ 4D
feb
5.N is a natural number such that it is the product of three
distinct prime numbers. Find all such natural numbers such
that the sum of all its composite divisors is equal to 2N. “+1,
Solution: Let n =pqr where p,q,r are 3 distinct primes.
The composite divisors of n are pq,qr,rp and pgr.
Given pg+qr+rp+pqr = 2pqr+1
(ie.,) pa+qr+rp = par+l.
Dividing by pgr we get,
} ae Sear 5
ee eter
eae par
This implies that the sum of the reciprocals of 3 distinct prime
numbers is > 1. 170 Problems and Solutions
Consider p = 2,q = 3,r = 5. Then
eee¢ea say
2°3°5 30 "2-3-5
cardi Ae
But if 5 is replaced by a higher primer number then 5+ 5 +=
will be <1 and hence cannot be equal to —. :. The only
par
solution is p=2,q=3,r=5. (ie.,) n= 30.
6. Let ABCD be a convex quadrilateral such that ZDAB is
acute. ADB and ZACB are complementary angles. ZDBC
and 2ZDBA are supplementary angles. Show that (DB +
BC)? = AD? + AC?
Solution: Extend CB to D’ such that BD’ = BD.
Let ZDBC = 8 :
and ZDBA=a.
Given § + 2a = 180°.
.. ZABD! = 180-a-f=a.
Let AB and DD’ meet at E. ™ B c
In ADBE and D'BB, BE is common,
BD'=BD ZD'BE=ZDBE=a
-. AD'BE = ADBE (By SAS congruence)
ZD'EB = ZDEB = 90° and D/E = ED.
In AAED! and AAED, AE is common
ZAED! = ZAED = 90°
ED! = ED.
AAED! = AAED
AD! = AD
Hence AAD'B = ADB (88S congruence). Problems and Solutions 14
Hence ZAD'B = ZADB.
ZAD'B + ZACD! = ZADB + ZACB = 90° (given).
AAD'C is right angled at A
Dic? = AD? + Ac?
(D'B+BC)? = AD? + AC?
(ie.,) (DB + BC)? = AD* + AC?
7. a and b are two positive reals such that a” = a +1 and
b" = b+ 3a for each integer n > 2. Find with proof which is
greater a or b.
Solution: If a = 1 then by a" = a+1 we have a contradiction.
So clearly a#1. By AM —GM inequality,
(a+1)? > 4a qa)
b
Assume beaswce2l
(sy 0
()"- 2% ("= b+3a,a"=a+1)
: ()" . =" : @)
Since a CFB = ACR=y.
Since AGF = 90°, QGF = 90 - y > COF = 90°.
In ABCR, AH, CP, BQ are altitudes.
«. They are concurrent.
Solution. Given a= bed; b= eda; ¢= dab; d= abe where
a,b, c,d are positive integers.
Now a+b = bed + cda = cd(a + b)
at+b=cda+b)>ed=1
as atb#0.
Similarly b+c > da=1; c+d => ab
bc = 1. But ab=cd=da=be=1>a4 =e=d=1
(atbtet+dt _ (1+ 1+141)¢
(ab+ be + cd + da)? (+14141)?
Answer: (A). BHASKARA CONTEST
SCREENING TEST - 2011
PART - A
1. n is a natural number greater than 1, and
Set nea nse vat 10 | vn+13
n n+3 a n+9 n+12
1 1 cE
A=
then
(A)A=B (B)A=2B (C)AB
Solution: For any natural number m > 1
m1 < mi
ive, (m—1)(m+1) < mi
m+1 i
“<
m m
vmt1 ae 1
m ‘m—1
For any t = 0,1,2,3,4,---,
: =n, VEE 1
taking m+3t=n, GEEEH < te
vn+1 1
>
A
vnt+4
ete.,
:
n+3 n+
Adding we get A < B.
Answer: (C)
2. How many distinct rational numbers (a,b,c,d) are there with
alogyo 2+ blogig 3 + clogyg 5 + dlogyy7 = 2011.
(A) 0 (B) 1 (0) 5 (D) 2011
174 Problems and Solutions
175
Solution: The given equation on simplification reduces to
logyo(2°3°5°74) = 2011
= —gaghse74 — 19201 = 22012 . 52011
Let I be the least common denominator of a,b,¢,d
=> glaglbslegld = 2201M | grout
Now the powers are all integers.
= — la= 20111, Ib =0, le = 20111, ld=0
> a=2011, b=0, c= 2011, d=0
(a,b, c,d) = (2011,0,2011,0) is the only solution .
Answer : (B)
ABCD is a rectangle in which AB = 8,AD = 9. EB is on
AD such that DE =4. H ison BC such that BH = 6.
EC and AH cut at G. GF is drawn perpendicular to AD
produced. Then GF =
(A) 20 (B) 22 (C) 18 (D) 15
pees
\
BINS
Re eee ee
Solution: 176 Problems and Solutions
s
s
From the figure we have
Go _ on 28
GE EA 5
CE _ GE-GC_5-3_2
GE ~ GE 55
GF _ GE_5
CD ~ CE 2
GF 2
ee F = 2
> 3 5 > G 0.
Answer: (A)
. The sides of the base of a rectangular parallelepiped are a and
b. The diagonal of the parallelepiped is inclined to the base
plane at an angle @. Then the lateral surface area of the solid
is
(A) 2(a-+ 6) Va? +P tan 9 (B) (@+.b)Va? +0 tan@
(©) (e2+0*)Va¥btand (D) 2(a2+6*)Va+ btan 6
Solution:
ial
From the figure
OA vere oe
tnd = aap DB ZL |
where ¢ is the height. | 2
=> c=Va+Ptand. 7 A
Lateral surface area = 2ac + 2be
= 2(a+b)Va? +6? tand
Answer : (A).
. The number of integers n which satisfy (n? — 2)(n? — 20) <0
is
(A) 3 (B)4 (C)5 (D) 6 Problems and Solutions 177
Solution:
(n? —2)(n? -20) <0 > 2 n?=4,9,16 > n=4+2,43,44.
‘There are six values for n.
Answer: (D).
2
In the adjoining figure,
O is the circum centre of
the triangle ABC. The
perpendicular bisector of
AC meets AB at P
(A) 22PQB =3ZPBO
(B) 32PQB = 2/PBO
(C) 42PQB =52PBO
(D) None of these
Solution:
R is the midpoint of AC. Join OA. Draw OSLAB.
POB =9-C
(fom ARCQ)
AOB = 26 and
SOB=C
= PBO =SBO
0-6
«. PQB = PBO.
Answer: (D)
7. There are 15 radial spokes in a wheel, all equally inclined to
one another. Then there are two spokes which 178 Problems and Solutions
(A) lie along a diameter of the wheel
(B) are perpendicular to each other
(C) are inclined at an angle of 120°
(D) include an angle less than 24°
Solution: Let 2° be the angle between two consecutive
spokes. Then 152° = 360°
2 = 24
Let the angle between some
two spokes = 90°
2d = 90° i \
= m= $9 ¢ an integer.
Similarly for 180°.
Let 24m = 120°
120 _
=> m= =5.
2
Thus the angle between a spoke and the 6th spoke from it
include an angle 120°.
Answer: (C)
bad
Three teams of wood-cutters take part in a competition. ‘The
first and the third teams put together produced twice the
amount cut by the second team. The second and the third team
put together yielded a three-fold output as compared with the
first team. Which of the teams won the competition?
(A) first team (B) second team (C) third team (D) there is a tie
Solution: Let 2,y,z be the amount of wood cut by the I, II,
III teams respectively.
ttz = wy 0)
ytz = 30 (2)
(1)-(2) gives — y = 2y — 32 Problems and Solutions 179
> 4e=3y > y= = 2-8
=> y=B>aondz= >a ond 2>y
=> Third team wins.
Answer: (C).
9, The number of positive integral values of n for which
(n3 — 8n? + 20n — 13) is a prime number is
(A) 2 (B)1 (C)3 (D) 4
Solution: (n—1) is a factor of the given expression, since the
expression vanishes for n = 1.
Factorizing we get, n?—8n? +20n—13 = (n—1)(n?—7n +13).
If it is a prime, 1 must be a factor and the other must be the
prime number.
Put n-1=1 > n=2 and n?—7n+13=3 which isa
prime.
If n?—7n+13=1 + n?-7m+12=0(n—3) (n—4)
n=3,4.
n—1=2 or 3 which are primes.
Therefore, there are 3 values.
Answer: (C).
10. The value of the expression ee is equal to
(A) vz for all x >0 (B) -Vi for 0<2<2
(C) Vz for 0<2<2 (D) -Yz for all z>0
Solution:
V@+ 2 = 8a _ vt: V(e- 2)? 2 ja — Ve
a “Te-) 2)
When 0<2 <2, |x—2|=—(x-2). 180 Probleme and Solutions
«. The expression redue
For 2ifm>2
2) ifn <2
= 2
So the other options are i
Answer : (B).
11. The number of positive integers ‘n’ for which 3n — 4, 4n—5
and 5n—3 are all primes is
(A) 1 (B)2 (c)3 (D) infinite
Solution: 3n—4+4n-—5+5n—3=12(n—1) which is even
=> all of them cannot be odd.
=> one or all must be even => one even prime and two odd
primes.
And 2 is the only even prime.
If 3n-4=2 => |n=2
If 4n—5=2=>([n=7/4
If 5n-3=2=>[|n=1
n = 1,2. It is trivial to check that n = 2 gives all the
expressions prime.
Answer: (A).
12. a and b are the roots of the quadratic equation 2? + Ar —
gir =0 where x is the unknown and ) is a real parameter.
The minimum value of a4 + b4 is
(A) 2v2 (8) 25 (C) v2 (D) 2+ V2
1
a?
a+ = (a+b)? —2ab=)? +
Solution: a+b=-A — ab=—
1
»
2
44 pf 2 2 1 1
at+bt = (a? +6?) = matt = (2243) aya Problems and Solutions ae4
¢ 1
Cg
M+ 4+2- 90
1
(+ a) +2.
=> M42 v2
ue SBS
at + bt > 24 V2
Min of at +b4=2+ V2.
Answer: (D)
13. When b > 0, then 12a?b3 — a6 — b?
(A) always is less than or equal to 64
(B) always greater than 64.
(C) always negative
(D) always lies in the interval [60, 64]
Solution:
Let x = a?
y= B
2>0 and since b>0 y>0
J(z,y) = Lay — a8 — y8
Ofte
3 7 12-30
of 2
p— = 12¢ — 3y’
oy
af o_o
By 707 Be ads to
(z,y) = (0,0) and (2,y) = (4,4) , 2 solutions.
At (x,y) = (4,4) 182 Problems and Solutions
2
Since ee is negative, and the determinant of the Hessian
matrix is positive, f(x) has a maximum at (4,4). The
maximum value is 64.
Hence answer is (A).
14. There are three natural numbers. The second is greater than
the first by the amount the third is greater than the second.
The product of the two smaller numbers is 85 and the product
of the two larger numbers is 115. If the numbers are z,y,z
with © 2,y,z are in AP,
Let c=a—d y=a;
at+d
then a(a—d) = 85
a(a+d) = 115
=> @-ad = 8
@+ad = 115
2a? 200
a
Numbers are 8.5, 10, 11.5
2a +y +82 =17+10+92= 119.
Answer : (B).
15. The number of digits in the sum 100+100+1003+- - -+10020!"
is
(A) 4023 (B) 4022 (C) 4024 —_(D) none of these
100 + a=10,d=15 Problems and Solutions 183
Solution: Let t, = 10, k =1,2,--- ,2011
te + tk41 = 101000---00.
2k zeros,
Number of digits of t; + tp =5.
Number of digits of t; + t2 + tj = 1010100 is 7..
sti tate ty = 101010
100 has 2k+1 digits.
(10 blocks)
Hence t +----+ tao, has 2x 201141. i.e., 4023 digits.
Answer: (A)
PART -B
1. In the sequence a},a2,-++ ,ay, the sum of any three consecutive
terms is 40. If the third term is 10 and the eighth term is 8
then the 1000th term is
Solution:
@+a,+a3 = 40 (1)
a2 +03+a4 = 40 (2)
a3+ay+a5 = 40 (3)
a4+05+05 = 40 (4)
(1) and (2) = a1 = a4
(2) and (3) = a2 =a5
(3) and (4) a3 =a6
So we have,
ay = a4 = a7 = 010 “= Ganda
2 = a5 = ag = yy = 00 = Q3n42 = 8 (given)
3 = ag = a9 = ++ = a3n = 10 (given)
ay + a2 +03 = 40
40 — 10-8 = 22
1990 = a1 = 22.
Answer: 22.
ay 184 Problems and Solutions
2. ABCDEF is a non-regular hexagon where alll the six sides
touch a circle and all the six sides are of equal length. If
ZA= 140° then ZD = ——.
Solution:
ABCDEF is non-regular hexagon. P,Q, R,S,T,U are points
of contact of the circle with the sides.
AP = AQ, CT=CU
BP = BU, DT=DS
ES =ER, FR=FQ
«. ZQOA = ZAOP = 20°. ai P 8
Now as all side lengths are equal, AP + BP = BU+UC and
BP=BU. ». AP=UC
= AP =AQ=CU =CT =ES=ER and
BP = BU =DT =DS=FR=FQ
ZPOU = ZTOS = ZROQ = 2a say.
6a+6%x20 = 360
6a = 240
a = 40
ZPBU = ZTDS = ZRFQ = 180 — 80 = 100°.
ZD = 100°.
Answer: 100°.
3. The difference between the largest 6 digit number with no
repeated digits and the smallest six digit number with no
repeated digits is * Problems and Solutions 185
Solution:
Largest six digit number is 987654
Difference 885309
Answer : 885309.
4, Three consecutive integers lying between 1000 and 9999, both
inclusive, are such that the smallest is divisible by 11 and the
middle one by 9 and the largest by 7. The sum of the largest
such four digit numbers is
Solution: Let n be the middle number. Then
9 divides n.
=1 (mod 11) and
=6 (mod 7)
. n= 9k where 112 << 1111 and k must be as large as
possible.
9k —1 = 11k — (2k +1) is divisible by 11.
2k +1 is divisible by 11.
Also 9k +1= (2k +1) mod 7
9k +1 is divisible by 7 = 2k-+1 is divisible by 7.
<.2k +1 is an odd multiple of 77.
Since we are looking at the largest 4 digit numbers with this
property, consider 77 x 27 = 2k +1
k= 2iB=1 = 1039
n= 1039 x 9 = 9351.
As any two successive such numbers differ by 7x 9x 11 = 693,
the next bigger number will be > 9999. 186 Problems and Solutions
.’. This is the largest possible n.
Now n-1l+n+n+1=3n = 9351x3
= 28053.
Answer : 28053.
. f(z) is a quadratic polynomial with f(0) = 6, f(1) = 1 and
F(2)=0. Then f(3) =
Solution: (2) =0.
es
. The quadratic polynomial f(z) = (x — 2)(ax +6)
f0) = -%=6 + b=-3
fQ) = (-e+8)=1
=> atb=-1
4
a=2
J(@) = (e©-2)(2e-3)
£8) = (8-2)(6-3)
Answer : 3.
2
. While multiplying two numbers a and b Renu reverted the
digits of a two digit number and obtained the product to be
391. Renu realized that she made a mistake as her correct
answer must be even. The correct product is ——.,
Solution: 391 = 17 x 23.
If the product is even then Renu has reversed 23 and not 17.
The original product is 17 x 32 = 544.
Answer: 544.
7. In a chess tournament players get 1 point for a win 0 for a
loss.and } point for a draw. In a tournament where every
player plays against every other player exactly once, the top
four scores were 55,43,4 and 21. The lowest score in the
tournament was ——. Problems and Solutions 187
Solution: If n players play, the number of games played
is 2-1) Bach game is either decisive (1 +0) or draw
Peo ., n(n—1)
(3 + 3) . So total score is Seageats
In the given data the sum of top four scores is 16; and the
remaining scores are less than or equal to 23. So number of
players is 7 and total score is 21. So the remaining 3 players’
total score is 43 . So, even if all have equal score it will be 1} .
Lowest score cannot be 2. It can be 1}, lor }.
Note: The question must be: “if all the scores” were distinct,
then the lowest score was ——? Then the answer is 1 as the
remaining three scores will be 2,1},1.
8. When z is real, the greatest possible value of 10* — 100” is
Solution:
107-100" = 10-10
—(107* — 10
elo
(10* — 5)
I
+2
The greatest value of the expression is .
Answer: }.
9. The diagonals of a convex quadrilateral are perpendicular. If
AB = 4, AD =5,CD =6, then length of BC is
Solution:
Oo
Let AC and BD meet at fi :
eet ZC |
L
t
PB=yA %
PC z
4
PD = w.
B 168 Problems and Solutions
ety = 16 0)
e+w? = 25 (2)
2+w? = 36 (3)
Pog = 1 (4) (from (2) and (3))
pro 27 ©. (from (1) and (4))
BO? = 27 = BC=3v3
Answer 3V3.
10. Three circles, each of radius one, have centres at A,B and C
Circles A and B touch each other and circle C touches AB
at its midpoint. The area inside circle C and outside circles
A and B is y
Solution: M mid point of AB
MC 1 AB
MA=MB=MC=1.
From the figure,
AMCP is a square
of side 1. The area
excluded from the
3rd circle
= 4[jr-?-3
= 49-2
©. Shaded area =m — (7 — 2) =2.
Answer: 2.
11, The number of rectangles that can be obtained by joining four
of the 11 vertices of a 11-sided regular polygon is ——. Problems and Solutions 189
Solution: Since we have odd number of vertices no diagonal of
the polygon will pass through the centre. For a rectangle to be
formed, the 2 diagonals must be equal and bisect each other. It
is not possible in a 11 sided polygon. .". Number of rectangles
formed is zero.
Answer: 0.
12. Let D,E,F be the midpoints of the sides BC, CA and
AB respectively of triangle ABC. AB = 16,BC = 21 and
CA=19. The circum-circles of the triangles BDF and CDE
cut at P other than D. Then ZBPC = ——.
Solution:
ZBPD=ZBFD=ZBAC °; FD\|AC
ZCPD = ZCED=ZCAB °; ED\|AB
-. ZBPC =2ZBAC.
Answer: 2ZBAC.
13. Let x and y be two distinct three digit positive integers such
that their average is 600. Then the maximum value of = is
v
Solution: 242 = 600 = x+y =1200
x and y are 3 digit numbers 190 Problems and Solutions
*, Largest such « = 999.
y = 1200 — 999 = 201.
/. Maximum value of 2 = $97 =
Answer: 33,
14. Let N = 101010---101 be a 2011 digit number with
alternating 1’s and 0’s. The sum of the digits of the product of
N with 2011 is 5
Solution: The product will have 2014 digits with the leading
2 digits as 20 and trailing 3 digits 111
It is 20 31 31---313 111
31 block is repeated 1004 times and we have an extra 3.
Sum of the digits = 1004x4+3+2+0+1+1+1
= 4024,
Answer: 4024.
15. 21, 91,22, ye are real numbers. If zj+23 <2 and y2+y3 <4,
the maximum value of the expression x1y1 + zayo is
Solution:
(1-1)? + (v2)? 20
22 + y? — 2xy, + 2} + y3 — 2eay2 > 0
tat ity > Xen +2)
= Aeiytry) < zit+aht+yi+y
< 244
=> ayntoy < 3.
.. Maximum value of 21y1 + cay2 is 3.
Answer : is 3. BHASKARA CONTEST
FINAL TEST - 2011
1. If @ = 20112, 6 = 2010, ¢ = (2010 + 2011)10+2011 | and
= 2011, find the value of lari, 4 _acled 4 (amet |
Solution: The given expression can be written as
be(a + d)(c —b) + ac(b + d)(a ~ ) + ab(c+d)(b— a)
(a= b= e)(e—a)
ahel(o~ 8) + (a= 2) + (b= a)] + abefe— 8) + acla—o) + ab(6~a)]
(@=b)(6— (ea)
adlbe(o— b) + ca(a ~ ¢) +ab(b—a)}
—(a=Bb=ale=a)
d+(a-B)(b—c)c(c-a)}
~(a-B— eee) = 2011-
[Standard Identity:
Lab(a—b) = -(a—B)(b—o)(e-a).
Proof Put a=6 in LHS
LHS = be(b—c) + be(o— b) = 0
©. (a= 8) is a factor. By cyclic symmetry
(6-0), (c—a) are factors.
Y(a— dab = k(a—b)(b—c)(e—a).
Coefficient of a in LHS= 1.
Coefficient of ab in RH!
-k=1
Hence the identity is proved.]
2. The internal bisectors of angles A,B,C of triangle ABC meet
the circumcircle respectively at P,Q,R. I is the incentre of
191 192 Problems and Solutions
ABC. PQ meets BC,CI and CA at T,Y,L respectively,
PR meets BC,BI and AB at S,X,M respectively.
Prove
(i) I is the orthocenter of the triangle PQR.
(ii) RETS,RQYX and RQLM are cyclic quadrilaterals.
Solution:
To prove RQTS is a cyclic quadrilateral.
QRC = QBC = & (angles in the same segment QC’)
PRC = PAC
B
2
A (angles in the same segment PC)
fio = 448
SR = 438
BOP = BAP =A (angles in the same segment)
A
In AQBT QTC = 444 (exterior angle).
=> SRQ=QTC > ROQTS is acyclic quadrilateral.
In the diagram,
PNQ = 180° - [ROP + QPA]
= 180° - (4 + 2 + 9) = 180° - 90° = 90°
(since ROP = ROB + BOP Problems and Solutions 193
= ROB + BAP
=> PN is the altitude of APQR.
Similarly, RY,QX are altitudes.
’. I is the orthocentre of APOR.
«. IXPY is cyclic.
= IPX=IPx =$
=> RYX =$=ROB= ROX.
= RQYX is acyclic quadrilateral.
Note that XY||BO since IY xX = 2 =16B.
Let us prove that MIL is a straight line.
MIAR is cyclic since
MAI = BAP = PAc = Pho = Mar.
vIMA = IRA=CRA=CBA=B
MIP A+ 1am = B+4
Similarly, LTP =C +4. MTP + LTP = 180°
2. MIL isa straight line.
I
LMP = IMP =IAR(MIAR cyclic)
« Ae
©. RQLM is a cyclic quadrilateral.
3. Let A= {a? + 4ab + 6|a,b are positive integers }. Prove that
2011 4 A. 194 Problems and Solutions
Solution: Let for some positive integers a,b
@+4ab+0? = 2011
(a+)? + 2ab 2011
=> (a+b)? = 2011-2ab (*)
i}
RUS is odd. > (a+b)? isodd > a+b is odd
= a,b are of opposite parity.
=> 2ab is a multiple of 4.
Let 2ab = 4p (1) where p is an integer.
* = (2g4+1)? = 2011-4.
4 +4g+1+4p = 2011
4q?+4q+4p = 2010
2 2010
Ptqtp = =
LHS is an integer but RHS is not an integer.
. 21 A.
4, If 1 < @ < 64, find the greatest value of the expression.
(log 2)* + 12(logy 2)? logy (2).
Solution:
Let S = (log, x)* + 12(logg x)? logy (8)
Ss (loga «)* + 12(log, «)? [logs 8 — logy «]
=> (logg x)* + 12(logy x)?[3 — logy 2]
Ml
WV
Let logy =y-
Since l CP=atb+e
BN? + DQ? -2AM -CP
= (a+b)? +(a+c)? —2a(a+b+e)
P42 = BE? + DF?
BE? + EA? = BA? = area of the square
ABEA= AAFD.
,y,2 are real numbers such that’s +y+.z = 3 and
cy + yz + 20 =a (where a is a real parameter). Determine
the value of ‘a’ for which the difference between the maximum
and minimum possible value of « is equal to 8.
Solution:
ytz = 3-2
ye = a-2(3-2)
‘The quadratic equation whose roots are y,z is
P-ty+z)+yz=0
(ie) 2 -1(8-2)+a-2(8-2)=0
¥,2 are real => the discriminant of the equation is greater
than or equal to zero.
(ie) (8-2)? > 4(a-32 +22)
=> 3(x-1)? < 4(3-a)
> a3 and 1-2. /1—F a=-9, Problems and Solutions 197
7. abe is a three digit number. ab,bc,ca are two digit numbers.
Determine all three digit numbers abe such that abe = ab +
be+ ca.
Solution: abe is a three digit number, ab, be,ca are two digit
numbers. .°. a,b,c cannot be zero.
As per the given condition
100a + 105 + ¢ = (10a +b) + (106+ 0c) +(10c-+a) .
On simplification we get 89a = 10c+b
RHS is a2 digit number.
Hence, 89a is atmost 89 + a = 1 (since a is the leading
digit a #0).
. c+ b= 89.
Now b,c are digits + b=9, c=8.
©. abe = 198.
8. If a,b,¢,d are four real numbers such that a+2b+3c+4d > 30,
prove that a? +6? +c? +d? >30.
Solution: a,b,c,d are four real numbers such that a + 2b-+
3c+4d > 30.
Clearly, (a — 1)? + (b- 2)? + (c-3)? + (d—4)? >0
=> @+P +c 4d? —2a-4b—6e—8d+30>0
>= P4+P44+@ > 20+4+4b+6c+8d—30
2(a + 2b + 3c + 4d) — 30
2(30) — 30
30
30.
Vou
S P4P 4 +e
Vv BHASKARA CONTEST
SCREENING TEST - 2012
PART- A
1. Two regular polygons of same number of sides have sides 40cm
and Ycm in length. ‘The lengths of the side of another regular
polygon of the same number of sides and whose area is equal
to the sum of the areas of the given polygons is (in cm)
(A) 49 (B) 31 (c) 41 (D) 360
Solution: Area of regular polygon = Ka? where ‘a’ is the
length of a side and K depends on the number of sides.
From the data we have,
K(40? +9") = K(1600+81) = KC?
=> C=41.
Answer: (C).
2. If e>y>0 and 24 = V2, the value of =H" is
(A) 5 (B) 4 (©) (D) 6
Solution:
=vie 2 ety
zy 7 zy
By componendo and dividendo we get,
v2+1 _ mw _2
v2-1 0 yy
z (v2+1)?
= Fe Westy si aya
y We I(v2+1)
y
gs =3-2
2 saa8 is
2442
FSV _ FY 34 ova4a-29=6.
wy yo
Answer: (D).
198 Problems and Solutions
3.
In rectangle ABCD, AB =
2BC = 4cm E and F are
midpoints of AB and CD
respectively. ESD and ETC
are arcs of circles centred at
A and. B respectively. If the
perpendicular bisector line 1
of BF cuts the arcs at $ and
T as in the diagram, then ST
is equal to (in cm)
(A) (4-2v3) (B) (3+v3)
(C) (2+2V3) (D) (4v3-2)
Solution: Let the
perpendicular bisector of EF
cut AD and BC at G,H
199
'
< <>
° «
respectively G. Clearly
AAGS, ABTH, are
congruent right angled
ahaa AS = BT = radius =2cem
AG = BH GAD = lem
ZAGS = ZBHT=90°
GS = TH=/2-2
> GS = TH=V3em
ST = GH-(GS+TH)
= (4-23).
Answer: (A).
4. The value of ‘a’ for which the expression
{(2! -at +1)"+ (a +aé +1)" o
2Ya-2 )7
Fewer}
—2!0842-2 takes the value 2012 is
(A) 4048 (B) 6036
(C) 6037 (D) 4047 200 Problems and Solutions
Solution: Simplifying the expression we get that the given
expression = 241,
As per hypothesis it takes the value 2012
= 2012
a+1 = 8048
a = 8047
Answer: (D).
5. C, and C2 are two non-intersecting circles whose radii are in
the ratio 1:2. A third circle cuts the smaller circle at A and
B and the bigger one at C and D. AB and CD intersect
at P. The ratio of the lengths of the tangents form P to the
circles C, and C2 is
(A) 1:4 (B) 1:8 (OC) 11 (D) 1:2
Solution:
C,
Q
PA-PB=tt
PC-PD=8
where t1,t2 are the lengths
of the tangents to the smaller
and bigger circles.
titg=1il
Answer: (C). Here the ratio
of the radii of Cy, is
immaterial provided they are
unequal. Problems and Solutions 201
6. a,b,c are real numbers and none of them zero and E =
(a +2)? + (6+ 4)? 4 (ab+ 4)?— (a+ 4) (6+ 4) (ad+ 3) .
Then £ is equal to
(A) 2012 when a=6=2012 — (B) 2012 when ab = 2012
(C) 4 for all real values of a and b
(D) 2012 for all real values of a and b
Solution:
(+ ) (+3) 2+3)
= (ab+ +$+2)
bt
Answer: (C).
7. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2:3:7. The length of
the smallest side is 2012cm. The radius of the circum circle of
the triangle (in cm) is
(A) 2013, (B) 2011 (C) 4024 (D) 2012
Solution: 202 Problems and Solutions
‘We have 26 + 38+ 70 = 180°
126 = 180 + 0=15°
The angles of triangle are 30°,45° and 105° smallest side
AC =a since ZAOC = 2(30°) = 60°
a= radius = 2012cm.
Answer: (D)
8. Ifa = 20125
—1005,c = —1007, then the value of
a ot a
bye tera aso times
(A) 2012 (B) 1 (c)0 (D) (2012)8
Solution: We have a+b +c = 2012 — 1005 — 1007 = 0
> ++ =3abe.
Given expression = —a3 — b3 — c} + 3abe = 0.
Answer: (C)
9. ABC is a triangle with AB = 13cm, BC = 14cm, and
CA=15em. AD and BE are the altitudes from A and B
to BC and AC respectively. H is the point of intersection
of AD and BE. Then the ratio 2B =
(A) 3 ®) & (©) § (D)
Solution:
Let BE be the altitude
AC,AS AC = 14cm rn
Let EC =(7+¢) cm 1 IS
AE = (7-t)cm
By Pythagoras theorem, we
— are D7 c
AB? — AE? = BE?
BC? — EC? = BE? Problems and Solutions 203
=> 13?-(7-t)? = BE? = 15" -(7+t)?
=> (7-8)? — (7-2)? = 15? — 13?
> 4x 7xt=28x2
> t=2
AE =5em EC = 9m.
Consider AADC and
ABEC.
ZACD = ZBCE (common)
ZADC = ZBEC = 90° B 7
ZDAC = ZEBC
(Third angles are equal)
This is because the sum of the Cc
angles of any triangle is 180°.
AADC and ABEC
are similar triangles.
Now, consider ABHD and ABEC
ZHBD = ZEBC common;
ZBOH = ZBEC = 90°
ZBHD = ZBCE (Third angles are equal)
ABHD and ABCE are similar triangles
HD _CE_%m _3
> HB” CB” bem 5°
©. Correct option is (A) $
Answer: (A).
10. For how many positive integrals values of x < 100 is (3*—2?)
divisible by 5?
(A) 16 (B) 20 (C) 24 (D) 36 204
Solution:
Problems and Solutions
The decimal expansion of 3° ends with 3,9,7 and 1 only.
Here x stands for a natural number (+ve integer)
Character of 2
A multiple of 441
A multiple of 442
A multiple of 443
A multiple of 440
3
9
7
1
3” ends with digit End digit cycle of 3°
The decimal expansion of ? ends with digit 1,4,9,6,5,6,9,4,1,0
only.
Here x stand for positive integer.
End digit of 2 End digit of 2? End digit cycle of wo +br-ar=0
a(x+b—a)=0
=> £=0 or r=a-b
a—b= 2012.
Answer: (B)
12. In the figure shown, BD =CD, BE=DE, AP = PD and
DG\ICF.
pS
area of AADH
Then ‘area of AABc '8 equal to
(A) 3 (8) 3 Og (D) Problems and Solutions 207
Solution: Let J be the point of intersection of CF and AE,
as shown.
A
Consider AAGD D
FP\|GD and p is mid point of AD.
.. By converse of mid point theorem, F will mid point of AG.
AF = FG (a)
Now consider AFBC
GD\|FC and D is mid point of BC.
F
B D Cc
. By converse of mid point theorem G will be mid point of
FB.
FG=GB (2)
From (1) and (2), AF=FG=GB . 206 Problems and Solutions
But AF + FG+GB = AB
> AF =FG=GB=1AB.
Consider AABD B
By the mid point theorem PE||AB
and PE=1AB. D
Now consider AAFI and APIE,
as shown.
By alternate angles, £ A
ZAFI = ZIPE and —
ZPFAI = ZIEP
ZFIA = ZPIE (vertically opp.)
. AAFI and AEPI are similar
triangles. é P
ane
EP IP TE A
AE Eb IAS
“EP IP IE~
Now consider AAGD
FP\|GD. F
2. FI\|GH,IP||HD
FI_GH_2
IP” DH” 3°
j G H D
DH = = DG (Area of AADH = 3 Area of AADG) (3)
Area of ABGD = 3x Area of AABC
since GB = } AB and BD =}BC.
Area of AABD = }x Areaof AABC as BD = DC = }-BC Problems and Solutions 209
.. Area of AADG = Area of AABD—
Area of ABGD =(}-})x Area of AABC).
= Area of AADG = 3 x Area of SABC (4)
. Area of AADH = exgx Area of AABC from (3) and (4)
1 Area of AADH _ 1
=gofAreaof AABC. -. Sage
Answer: (A).
13. If a = 2012, b = 2011, c¢ = 2010 then the value of
a? +b? +c? —ab—be—ca is
| (A) 0 (B) 2012 (c)3 (D) 4024
Solution: a= 2012 6=2011 c= 2010.
5
Leta=b+1 c=b-1.
Given expression is = (b+ 1)? + 6? + (b — 1)? — (6 + 1)
—b(b— 1) — (b— 1)(b +1) = 30? 42-30 +41=3.
Answer: (C).
14, AX and BX are two adjacent sides of a regular polygon. If
ZABX = 1ZAXB, then the number of sides of the polygon is
(A) 6 (B)7 ()9 (D) 5
Solution: From the figure we have
50 1a _ (180 x 3\° A
y= 180 = 6=( 5 ) ae
3
Ina regular polygon of n sides each
oe (n — 2)180
interior angle = “*—— x0
(n—2)180 _ 180x3
n 8
=> 5n-10=3n + n=5, vt
3
Answer: (D). B 210 Problems and Solutions
15. A rectangular block of dimensions 16x 108 units is painted.
It is cut in to cubes of dimensions 1 x 1x 1. The number of
cubes which are not painted at all is
(A) 945 (B) 672 (©) 812 (D) 796
Solution: Number of cubes not painted
=14x 8 x 6 = 672.
Answer: (B).
PART -B
1. The value of 5+ 2V13 + Y/5—2V13 is = ——
Solution: Let a= /5+2V3 b= Y/5—2V3.
We have the identity
(a+0)3 =a? +B + 3ab(a +b)
=> (a+b) =54+2V13 +5 —2Vi3
+3. 4/5? — (2V18)2 - (a+b)
= 104+3- ¥-27(a+b)
10-9 where «=a +b)
2° 4+9r-10=0
a—14+92-9=0
(e-1)(a? +241) +9(@-1) =0
(@-1)(2? +2410) =0
(e@-I[(e+ 3”? +93) =0
$4uuv HUD
= =1 is the only real solution.
a+b=1 Answer: a+b=1. Problems and Solutions 211
2. Triangle ABC is equilateral of side A
length 8cm. Each arc shown in the —f
diagram is an arc of a circle with
the opposite vertex of the triangle as
its centre. The total area enclosed
within the entire figure shown (in
cm?)
Solution: Area enclosed by the
figure (in cm?)
= Area of sectors with centre
A,B,C and radius BC or CA or
AB —2 area of AABC
a 60 2 vB oo
= ax ereeta(4 x8
2 Ste _ 843 _ son — V5)
Answer: 32(1— V3).
3. If a,b,c,d, satisfy the equations a + 7b + 3c + 5d =
8a+4b+6c+2d = 16, 2a-+6b-+4e+8d = 16, 5a+3b+7ce+d =
—16 then the value of (a+d)(b+c) =
Solution: Given that
a+7b+3ce+5d=0 qa)
8a + 4b+ 6c+ 2d = -16 (2)
2a + 6b + 4c+ 8d = 16 (3)
5at+3b+7c+d=-16 (4)
(2) + (3) — (1) — (4) = 4a+4d = -16 + 16-0+16=16
a+d=4 (5)
| (1) + (2) + (3) +4) => 16(a + d) + 20(b+c) = -16
=> 64+ 20(b+c) =—16 212 Problems and Solutions
4, Lines Ly,LZa,Ls,-+-,L9 are distinct. All the lines
L4,Lg,L12,L6 and Ly are parallel. All the lines
1y,L5,L9,L13,Li7 pass through a given point A. the
maximum number of points of intersection of these 20 lines
is
Solution: Two lines (or) a pair of straight lines can intersect
at a maximum of 1 point. One can select 725° pair of straight
lines from the 20 lines Ly,L2,Ls,-+- ,L19,L20. Bach of these
190 pairs of straight lines can obtain one intersection point
giving rise to maximum of 190 intersection points. But 5 of
these 20 lines Ls, La, Li2,L1g and Lo are parallel.
There will be no intersection point from any pair of straight
lines from these 5 lines. .". We need to remove 5%4 intersection
points from 190. All the lines L1,Ls,L9,L13,Ly7 pass through
only one point.
-. We need to replace 554 intersection points by 1.
The maximum number of intersection points of these 20 lines
is 190 -10-10+1=171.
Answer: 171.
5. &,y,z are real numbers such that (x+y)? = 16,(y 42)? =36,
(+2)? =81, z+y+z>3. The number of possible values
of (x+y +z) is
Solution: 2+y = 44, y+z = +6, 2+2 = +9 various
combinations of 2(x+y+z) are 19,11,7,1,—1,7,—11,-19.
oty+z=5,9 or Bo ctytz>3.
Answer: 3.
6. ABCD is a square. A line AX meets the diagonal BD at
X and AX =2012cm. the length of CX (in cm) is Problems and Solutions 213
»
Solution: In the triangles ABX,CBX
AB=
1B = BC A B
ZABX = ZCBX = 45°
BX is common.
=> QABX = ACBX
=> CX = AX =2012.
[| Ae IC
Answer: 2012.
. A two digit number is 6 times the sum of its digits. The number
formed by interchanging the digits is k times the sum of the
digits. Then value of k is
Solution: 10a+b=6(a+b) + 4a=5b.
‘The number formed by interchanging digits is 10b+ a
10b+a = kat)
Sata = k (« + Fy)
9a = ae => k=5.
Answer: 5.
O is the centre of a circle of radius 15cm. M is a point at
a distance of 5cm from O. AMB is any chord of the circle
through M, then the value of AM x MB is
Solution: Let CMOD be
the diameter
AM:-MB=CM-MD
Dp
= (CO-OM)(CO+0M)
= CO?-OM?
= 225-25
eT
= 200cm
Answer: 200. 214 Problems and Solutions
9. The combined age of a man and his wife is six times the
combined ages of their children. Two years ago their united
ages were ten times the combined ages of their children. Six
years hence their combined age will be there times the combined
age of the children. The number of children they have is
Solution: Let x be the combined age of man and his wife.
Let there be n children and y be their combined age.
As per problem, 2 = 6y ()
2-4 =10(y—2n) (2)
(This equation is valid only if Ten years ago is replaced by Two
years ago)
©+12=3(y+6n) (3)
Using (1) and (2) + 6y—4 = 10(y—2n) > 3y—2 = 5(y—2n)
> 2y=10n-2 (4)
Using (1) and (3) 6y + 12 = 3(y+6n) > 2y+4=y+6n
> y=6n-4 (5)
Using (5), (4) + 2(6n — 4) = 10n-2
6n-4=5n-1 3 n=3
Number of children =3.
Answer: 3.
10. A two digit number is less than the sum of the squares of its
digits by 11 and exceeds twice the product of its digits by 5-
The two digit number is
Solution:
Let the two digit number be ab, 10a+b
Given that a? +b? — (10a +6) = (1) Problems and Solutions 215
and 10a+b—2ab=5 (2)
adding (1) and (2) a? +b?—2ab = 16
(a-b)? 16
a-b = 44.
tl
If a=b+4, then, Eqn. (2) becomes
10(+4)+b-2b(b+4) = 5
10b + 40+b-26?-8b-5 = 0
ie, —2b7+3b4+35 = 0
» 20? -3b-35 = 0
0
0
5
i
26? - 106+ 76-35 =
2b(b-5)+7(b-5) =
b = 5 or -7/2.
If a=b~4, we get b=5 or 9/2 since b is an integer b=5
and a=9. .:, The number is 95.
Answer: 95.
11. An isosceles trapezoid is circumscribed about a circle of radius
2cm and the area of the trapezoid is 20cm?. The equal sides
of the trapezoid have length
Solution: Area of trapezoid
= }(b+c)x4=20
> b+tc=10 (1) Doc
Area of trapezoid = }c(2) +
$a(2) + 30(2) + 3a(2) = 20 aq a
=> b+c+2a=20 (2)
> 10420=20 (using (1)) 4 6 B 216 Problems and Solutions
12. A triangle has sides with lengths 13cm, Idem, and 15cm. A
circle whose centre lies on the longest side touches the other
two sides, The radius of the circle is (in cm)
Solution:
13414415 _
a.
A = Ys(s—a)(s—b)(s—c) =84
= i 13 : 14
ap x xr 2 x xr
+r = 56/9em.
Answer: 56/9.
13. The sum of the roots of the equation 2 ¥** = (Vz)
21
Solution:
a2? = gel? «
> calor e=2/2 > Pa e
= 2-827 =0 > o%(r-8)=0 > 2=0,2=8.
The sum of the roots =8+1=9
Answer: 9.
14. ABC and ADE are two secants of a circle of radius 3cm.
A is at a distance of 5cm from the centre of the circle. The
secants include an angle of 30°. The area of the AACE is
10cm? . Then the area of the AADB (in cm?) is —— Problems and Solutions 217
Solution:
Clearly the length of tangent from A to the circle is 4cm.
By intersecting chord theorem,
AB. AC = AD. AE @
=P=16
Area of ABC = 10 = SAB- AC sin30 = Ap 40
=> AE-AC=40
Now AB-AC- AD- AE = 256
AB: AD- AC AE = 256
AB» AD = 256/40
Area of AABD = }- AB- ADsin30
_AB-AD_ 26 _16_8
a 4x40~ 105
Answer: =. 218 Problems and Solutions
15. The value of « which satisfies the equation 57-54-56. -.5% =
(0.04)-?8 ig ———
Solution:
52 .54.56...52% 52th 6+ +20
= pAl4243+—-+2) _ 52. 2nd
> 5™+= — (0.04)-78
atte ¢ 1) og
> 5 (35) =
> a? +2-56=0
(x +8)(e—7) =0
r=T.
Answer: 7. BHASKARA CONTEST
FINAL TEST - 2012
1. H is the orthocenter of an acute angled triangle ABC, with
circumcentre O. Let P be a point on the arc BC not
containing A of the circumcircle different form B and C.
Let D be a point such that AD = PC and AD parallel to
PC. Let K be the orthocentre of the triangle ACD. Prove
that K lies on the circumcircle of triangle ABC .
Solution: Let K be the orthocentre of AACD. Since
AD||PC and AD = PC, ADCP is a parallelogram
ZADC = ZCPA=ZCBA= ZB
Ina AABC if H is the orthocentre then ZBHC = ZBHM+
ZCHM = 90° —- ZHBM +90° —- ZHCM = ZC + ZB.
A
Cc
(since ZHBM = ZNBC = 90° —C)
= 180°- ZA.
«In AADC ZAKC = 180° — ZADC = 180° - ZB
ZABC + ZAKC = 180°
. K lies on the circum circle.
219 220 Problems and Solutions
2. Find all positive integer solution of the equation 4z*—32—1=
2y?.
Solution: 43 9.1 = (x —1)(42? +42 + 1)
(x — 1)(2a +1)? = 2y?
22+1 isodd. .. x—1 must be divisible by 2.
*.2-1=2m say m2>1
2m(2e + 1)? = 2y? = m(2x+1)? = y?
m(2(2m + 1) +1)? = y?
m(4m + 3)? = y?
ged (m,4m + 3) = ged(m, 3)
Ifged (m,3) =1, then both m and (4m+3)? must be perfect
squares.
So we have infinitely many solutions m = k?
z=2m+1=2 +1 k=0,1,2,4,5,7,8,-+°
and y = k(8k? +7).
If 3 divides m and ged (m,3) =3 then
m= 3*-1 where k > 1 and ged (3,1) =
We get 3* -1(3(4-3*-1-141))? = y?
3h#2.1(4. 381.14 1))? = y?
k must be even and 1 a perfect square for a solution to exit.
ie., 3%" is a perfect square which was not already covered
in the earlier case as we had ged (m,3) =1.
Solutions are
(2? +1, k(8k? +7) k¢a multiply of 3
(20? 3" 41, BHU (g. g—1 1? 4 1))
(z,y)
where ’>0 , k >1 integers, Problems and Solutions 221
1
‘roms: We
delete two of them say ‘a’ and ‘b’ and in their place we put
only one number a+b-+ab. After performing the operation
2011 times what is the number that is left over.
3. Consider the set A of numbers 41,
Solution: If a1,a2 are 2 real numbers then after such an
operation the number (a + 1)(a2 +1) —1 remains.
If we have three numbers a, a2,03 without loss of generality
we can say that the first operation is carried out between a1, 02
giving (a; +1)(a2+1)—1 and ag as the remaining elements
carrying out a second operation we get,
((e1 + 1)(a2 + 1) -1+1)(a3 + 1)-1
= (a1 + 1)(a2 + 1)(a3 +1) — 1 as the number left.
Assuming that this is true for n numbers a1,-++ jan Carrying
out n—1 such operations leads to the number (a1 +1) +--+ (am+
1) —1 for n < m, we need to prove it for m+1 numbers
QL, ++ 5 Om; Om »
If the 1 m numbers are reduced to one number after m—1
reductions it will be (a1+1)-++(am+1)—1. Now with ams1,
the reductions will be (a1+1)(a2+1)--- (am-1)(am41-+1)—1.
If some k terms k < m are reduced to 1 term and m+1—k
terms are reduced to one term after k—1 and m+1—k-1,---
steps (a total of m—1 steps), we end up with (a4, +1) (ai, +1)
v(@i, +1) 1 and (aj; +1)+++(Ojq¢i-4 +1) —1 when these
are reduced. By the mi step, we will get
m
II (a@+1)-1.
i=l
The above was the proof by induction for any n numbers
1, Qn.
Our numbers are },},:++, agg for n = 2012. So the final
number is 222 Problems and Solutions
(1410+ 44 2) +e + (1+ de) + + oe) 2
aa 84 gy BONE 2013 _
ma a 2011 2012
= 2013 — 1 = 2012
4, Seven digit numbers are formed by the digits 1,2,3,4,5,6 and
7. In each number no digit is repeated. Prove that among all
these numbers there is no number which is a multiple of another
number.
Solution: Let there be two such 7 digit numbers a,b such
that a= be where c is an integer greater than 1.
For both a,b the sum of the digits is 1+24+3+4+5+6+7 = 28
and 28 = 1(mod9)
a= b= 1(mod9)
Modulo 9 of a = be gives c= 1(mod9).
But c>1. ». c>10. ». @>10b> 10"
which is a contradiction since a,b are only 7 digit numbers.
5. ABCD and a ei
A'B'C'D! are two
unequal squares
in a plane placed
aA a
as in the figure D c
(A'B" parallel to
AB etc.)
Prove that
AA’40C"+BB°+DD". iz oe
Solution: The square A’B’C'D! is displaced from the square
ABCD with the corresponding sides parallel. Problems and Solutions 223
a CM
Let x be the displacement along (say x-direction) i.e., BL =x
and y be the displacement along the perpendicular direction
(y-direction). i.e., D'M =y.
Let a,b be the sides respectively of the squares ABCD and
A'BIC'D'.
2
Now AA” = (b+y-a)? + (ata), CO” =y? + (b+2)?
BB’ =(b+2)?+(b+y-a), DD" =y¥?+(a+2)?
AA" +00" = (b-aty) + (atz)?+y? + (b+2)
BB’ +DD" = (b-a+y)+(ataPt+y?+(b+2)
= AA" +CC" = BB" +DD".
°
. Find integers «,y,z such that
az + yz + dary = 40
a +y? + cyz = 20
Solution: Let
wz + yz + day = 40 (1)
x+y? + ayz = 20 (2)
(1)-2%(2) > 224 Problems and Solutions
a2 + yz + dey — 20? — 2y? — Qayz =0
ie, (022 — 2a?) + (y?z — 2y?) + (4ay — 2eyz) = 0
=> 2°(z-2) + y?(z— 2) — 2ny(z— 2) =0
=> (2-2)(0? +y? — 22y) =0
=> 2=2or (x-y)?=0 (ie) c=y
when z=2 (1) >(c+y)?=20
and ,y are integers and no square is 20.
z= 2 cannot be a solution.
> @=y
(2) => 22? +207 =20
=> o(2+2)=20
=> 2% must be a perfect square.
z+2=20 or z+2=5
> 2=18 0rz=3
> 2=41 or r=42.
The solutions are (1,1,18), (—1,—1,18), (2,2,3) and
(-2, -2,3).
7. There are two natural numbers whose product is 192. It is
given that the quotient of the arithmetic mean to the harmonic
mean of their greatest common measure and the least common
multiple is 182. Find the numbers.
Solution: Let <,y be the two numbers.
Given: ay = 192 q)
Let p be the GOM and q the LOM of x and y.
Given: == => GP 0
P+q
(Now pq=ay=192) .. (p+q)?=12x4x 192. Problems and Solutions 225
=> pt+q=52 and pq
Solving we get p=4, q=48.
Let c= 4l, y=4m. ++ ay = 192
16lm=192 => Im=12.
Prime factors of 12 are (3,4) and even though 1 is not a prime;
(1,12) also works.
@=4xX38=12 y=4x4=16
=4x1l=4 9 y=4x12=48
The numbers are 12,16 or 4,48.
8. Find all the positive integral solution of the equation
aH
zy 2013"
Solution: 2,y must be > 2013
‘We need to get y in terms of x
1 i 1_ 2~-2013
y 20132 2013-¢
_ 2013-2 _ 2013(x~ 2013) + 20132 —
ys 7-2013 22013
2013?
= 018+ S55
This means x ~ 2013 must divide 2013? exactly
2013? = 3? x 11? x 61?
x — 2013 must be a factor of 3? x 11? x 612
2 — 2013 = 1,3,11,61, 3x 11,11 x 61,3 x 61,3 x 11x61
3?, 112, 61?, 3? x 11,3? x 61,3? x 11 x 61
11? x 3, 11? x 61, 11? x 61 x 3,612 x 3,612 x 11
61? x 11? x 3,3? x 11?, 3? x 11? x 61,11? x 612
11? x 61? x 3,61? x 3,61? x 3? x 11,3? x 11? x 612,
27 solutions for x and the corresponding values for y.
You might also like
- AMTI GEMS Primary 3 Gauss Contest Edited by S Muralidharan For PRMO RMO INMO IMO Math Olympiad Foundation by S Muralidharan AMTINo ratings yetAMTI GEMS Primary 3 Gauss Contest Edited by S Muralidharan For PRMO RMO INMO IMO Math Olympiad Foundation by S Muralidharan AMTI75 pages
- (NEWS) Everything You Need To Ace Science in One Big Fat Notebook - The Complete Middle School Study Guide (Big Fat Notebooks) by Unlimited16% (19)(NEWS) Everything You Need To Ace Science in One Big Fat Notebook - The Complete Middle School Study Guide (Big Fat Notebooks) by Unlimited5 pages
- AMTI GEMS Sub Junior Level 3 (Middle School Classes) From The Mathematics Teacher NSEJS RMO INMO IMO Olympiad Foundation PDF100% (4)AMTI GEMS Sub Junior Level 3 (Middle School Classes) From The Mathematics Teacher NSEJS RMO INMO IMO Olympiad Foundation PDF95 pages
- NMTC Daily Practice Problems S E S S I O N - 2 0 1 4 - 1 5No ratings yetNMTC Daily Practice Problems S E S S I O N - 2 0 1 4 - 1 55 pages
- AMTI GEMS Sub Junior Level 2 (Middle School Classes) From The Mathematics Teacher NSEJS RMO INMO IMO Olympiad Foundation (PDFDrive)No ratings yetAMTI GEMS Sub Junior Level 2 (Middle School Classes) From The Mathematics Teacher NSEJS RMO INMO IMO Olympiad Foundation (PDFDrive)217 pages
- (Nick Arnold Tony de Saulles) Nasty Nature PDFNo ratings yet(Nick Arnold Tony de Saulles) Nasty Nature PDF81 pages
- AMTI GEMS Sub Junior Level (Middle School Classes) Sample Questions and Solutions For Mathematics Talent Tests NSEJS Olympiad Foundation100% (1)AMTI GEMS Sub Junior Level (Middle School Classes) Sample Questions and Solutions For Mathematics Talent Tests NSEJS Olympiad Foundation128 pages
- AMTI GEMS Sub Junior Level 3 (Middle School Classes) From The Mathematics Teacher NSEJS RMO INMO IMO Olympiad Foundation PDFNo ratings yetAMTI GEMS Sub Junior Level 3 (Middle School Classes) From The Mathematics Teacher NSEJS RMO INMO IMO Olympiad Foundation PDF95 pages
- NMTC-2023 - Previous Year Question Papers For Class 5 and 6No ratings yetNMTC-2023 - Previous Year Question Papers For Class 5 and 610 pages
- Crompton Greaves (CG Power) Single Phase Motors Catalogue and Price List 2020 PDFNo ratings yetCrompton Greaves (CG Power) Single Phase Motors Catalogue and Price List 2020 PDF10 pages
- Amti Gems Sub Junior Level Middle School Classes Sample Questions and Solutions For Mathematics Talent Tests Nsejs Olympiad Foundation Pdfdrivecom 1 CompressNo ratings yetAmti Gems Sub Junior Level Middle School Classes Sample Questions and Solutions For Mathematics Talent Tests Nsejs Olympiad Foundation Pdfdrivecom 1 Compress128 pages
- NMTC 2014 Screening Test Paper Sub-Junior 7-885% (13)NMTC 2014 Screening Test Paper Sub-Junior 7-87 pages
- Number System - NMTC - Sheet - Sub Junior - VII & VIINo ratings yetNumber System - NMTC - Sheet - Sub Junior - VII & VII35 pages
- FOUNDATION - MATHS - STD7 - 8 - M92 - FLOW - PLANNER - SAMPLE - PAPERS of RAJESH SIR 2022-23No ratings yetFOUNDATION - MATHS - STD7 - 8 - M92 - FLOW - PLANNER - SAMPLE - PAPERS of RAJESH SIR 2022-2323 pages
- NMTC 2017 (5th-6th-7th-8th-9th-10th) Answer Keys With Solution - AMANS MATHS BLOGSNo ratings yetNMTC 2017 (5th-6th-7th-8th-9th-10th) Answer Keys With Solution - AMANS MATHS BLOGS41 pages
- O-CAPS-03 & 04 - PRMO (Class-VIII To X)No ratings yetO-CAPS-03 & 04 - PRMO (Class-VIII To X)21 pages
- AMTI (NMTC) - 2004: Gauss Contest - Primary Level100% (2)AMTI (NMTC) - 2004: Gauss Contest - Primary Level29 pages
- O-CAPS-05: Pre-Regional Mathematics Olympiad (PRMO) : Olympiad-Classroom Assessment Practice SheetNo ratings yetO-CAPS-05: Pre-Regional Mathematics Olympiad (PRMO) : Olympiad-Classroom Assessment Practice Sheet15 pages
- 2602 - IOQM - Class-8th To 10th - Mock Test-1.No ratings yet2602 - IOQM - Class-8th To 10th - Mock Test-1.7 pages
- NMTC-at-Junior-level-IX-X-Standards (Level2)No ratings yetNMTC-at-Junior-level-IX-X-Standards (Level2)6 pages
- Ioqm Mock Test - 1: Indian Olympiad Qualifier in Mathematics (IOQM) - 2020-21No ratings yetIoqm Mock Test - 1: Indian Olympiad Qualifier in Mathematics (IOQM) - 2020-214 pages
- AMTI (NMTC) - 2004: Ramanujan Contest - Inter Level100% (1)AMTI (NMTC) - 2004: Ramanujan Contest - Inter Level25 pages
- S Chidambaram: Haematology Good Health Package Test Name Result Unit Bio Ref - Interval MethodNo ratings yetS Chidambaram: Haematology Good Health Package Test Name Result Unit Bio Ref - Interval Method11 pages
- NMTC Screening Test 2017 Sub-Junior Level: Abracadabraabracadabra.,.No ratings yetNMTC Screening Test 2017 Sub-Junior Level: Abracadabraabracadabra.,.3 pages
- O-CAPS-05 - IOQM - Class 11 & 12 (16-08-2021)No ratings yetO-CAPS-05 - IOQM - Class 11 & 12 (16-08-2021)9 pages
- NMTC at Sub Junior Level VII VIII StandardsNo ratings yetNMTC at Sub Junior Level VII VIII Standards6 pages
- M9 - Simulataneous Linear Equations - Test - 1598698260044 - DsaubNo ratings yetM9 - Simulataneous Linear Equations - Test - 1598698260044 - Dsaub1 page
- Answers and Explanations - NMAT OG - QA+ DI DSNo ratings yetAnswers and Explanations - NMAT OG - QA+ DI DS41 pages
