Control & Actuated Valve

CONTENT (PART 1)

1) What valve means?

2) How it’s work?
3) Classification of valves?
Introduction to Valves

• Mechanical devices specifically designed to

direct, start, stop, mix or regulate the flow,
pressure or temperature of a process fluid.
• Manufactured from various materials, mostly
made from steel, iron, plastic, brass, bronze
and special alloys.
Valves Classification According To;
1) Function
2) Application
3) Motion
Valves Classification According To Function

 Categorized into three areas:

i) On-Off Valves
ii) Non return Valves
iii) Throttling Valves

 Specific valve-body designs may fit into one,

two, or all three category.
Valves Classification According To Function

1) On-Off Valves
 Start or stop the flow of the medium through
the process.
 Example: gate, plug, ball and pressure-relief
valves.
 Can be hand-operated or automated with the
addition of an actuator.
Valves Classification According To Function
(On-Off Valves)
Valves Classification According To Function
(On-Off Valves)

 Used in mixing applications where a number

of fluids are combined for a predetermined
amount of time (exact measurements are not
required).
 Used for immediate shut down of a system
when an emergency situation occurs.
Valves Classification According To Function
(On-Off Valves)

 Pressure-relief valves are self-actuated on-off

valves that open only when a preset pressure
is surpassed.
 Used for guarding against overpressurization
of a liquid service.
 Applied in gas applications where
overpressurization of the system shows a
safety or process hazard and must be vented.
Valves Classification According To Function
(On-Off Valves)
Valves Classification According To Function

2) Non return Valves

 Allow the fluid to flow only in the desired
direction.
 Any flow or pressure in the opposite direction
is mechanically restricted from occurring.
 All check valves are non return valves.
Valves Classification According To Function
(Non-return Valves)
Valves Classification According To Function
(Non-return valves)

 Backflow of fluid is prevented to ensure the

safety of equipment and the desired dynamic
of the process.
 Applied in process systems that have varying
pressures, which must be kept separated.
Valves Classification According To Function

3) Throttling Valves
 Used for regulating the flow, temperature or
pressure of the service.
 Can be moved to any position within the
stroke of the valve and hold that position,
including the fully-open or fully-closed
positions.
Valves Classification According To Function
(Throttling valves)
 Also provided with actuation system for
greater thrust and positioning capability
(automatic control).
 Example: pressure regulator varies the valve’s
position to maintain constant pressure
downstream (close to decrease and open to
increase the pressure).
 Control valves are valves that are capable of
varying flow conditions to match the process
requirements (always equipped with
actuators).
Valves Classification According To Function
(Throttling Valves)
Valves Classification According To Application

Categorized into three:

1) General Service Valves
2) Special Service Valves
3) Severe Service Valves
Valves Classification According To Application

1) General Service Valves

 Designed for the majority of the
commonplace applications that have lower-
pressure ratings, moderate-temperature
ratings, noncorrosive fluids and common
pressure drops that do not result in cavitation
or flashing.
 Had some degree of interchangeability and
flexibility for wider range of applications.
Valves Classification According To Application

2) Special Service Valves

 Designed for a single application that is
outside normal process applications (custom-
engineered valves).
 Handled a demanding temperature, high
pressure or a corrosive medium.
Valves Classification According To Application

3) Severe Service Valves

 Equipped with special features to handle
volatile applications and high pressure drops
(highly engineered trims).
 Special actuation may be required to
overcome the forces of the process.
Valves Classification According To Motion

Categorized into two:

1) Linear-motion Valves
2) Rotary-motion Valves
Valves Classification According To Motion

1) Linear-motion Valves
 Had a sliding-stem design that pushes a
closure element into an open or closed
position.
 Simple design, easy maintenance, and
versatile with various sizes, pressure class and
design options.
 Example: gate, globe, diaphragm, three-way.
Valves Classification According To Motion
(linear-motion valves)
Valves Classification According To Motion

2) Rotary-motion Valves
 Used a closure element that rotates through
a quarter-turn range to open and block the
flow.
 Limited to certain pressure drops.
 Prone to cavitations and flashing problems.
Valves Classification According To Motion
(Rotary-motion valves)
Common Piping Nomenclature

 Heavily influenced by imperial system, ANSI,

e.g. psi for pressure, nominal pipe size (NPS)
for valve, inches for pipes
 Metric system widely used in Asia, e.g. kpa or
bar for nominal pressure (PN), nominal
diameter (DN), mm for pipes
Common Piping Nomenclature

NPS versus DN ANSI Pressure versus PN

inches millimeters psi bar
0.25 6 150 16
0.5 15 300 40
1.0 25 600 100
2.0 50 900 160
4.0 100 1500 250
8.0 200 2500 400
16.0 400 4500 700

Note: PN correlates to DIN (Deustche Industrie Norme) pressure-temperature

rating standards, which may vary significantly from ANSI pres.-temp. ratings.
CONTENT (PART 2)
1) Control Valve
2) Globe Valve
3) Gate Valve
4) Ball Valve
5) Needle Valve
6) Diaphragm Valve
7) Solenoid Valve
8) Valve Actuators
9) Valve Positioners
1) Control Valves
• The most common final control elements.
• Function- control system by adjusting the flows
that affect the controlled variable.
• Final control elements include control valves,
metering pumps, dampers and louvers, variable
pitch fan blades, and electrically driven control
devices.
• There are many different type of control valve,
difficult to classify them
Control Valves
• The control valve is the most widely used type
of final control element and it must perform
satisfactorily with a minimum amount of
maintenance attention, even in severe
conditions of temperature, pressure, corrosion
and contamination .
Control Valves
• A control valve functions as variable resistance in a
pipeline. It provides pressure drop, called throttling,
which limits the flow through a pipeline.

• There are many different kinds of control valves in

common use:
 globe valves,
 butterfly valves,
 ball valves,
 eccentric disc valves and
 diaphragm valves
VALVE

• Can operated

1) Manual (Human)
2) Automatic (Actuators)
 Hydraulics
 Air (pneumatic)
 Electrical
 2) Globe Valve

• The valve is devided into 2 general areas

i) Actuators- is the part of the valve that converts
the electrical/ pressure energy input to the
valve into mechanical motion (stem) to increase
or decrease the flow restriction
ii) Body- contains and regulates the fluid flow
Globe Valve
Globe Valve
Globe Valve
• A type of valve for regulating flow in a pipeline,
consisting of a movable disk-type element and a
stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.
• Named for their spherical body shape with the two
halves of the body being separated by an internal baffle.
This has an opening that forms a seat onto which a
movable plug (also called a disc) can be screwed in to
close the valve.
• The disc is connected to a stem which is operated by
screw action in manual valves. Typically, automated
valves use sliding stems.
Globe Valve
• Automated globe valves have a smooth stem rather than
threaded and are opened and closed by an actuator
assembly.
Globe Valve

• The bonnet assembly is

the part of the valve
body through which the
valve plug stem moves.
Globe Valve
• The bonnet provides a means of sealing against
leakage along the stem by using packing in the
packing box. Force is exerted by the stud and nuts in
the packing material to squeeze it against the walls
of the packing box and the valve stem providing an
effective seal.
• The valve stem extends through the bonnet to
permit positioning of the valve plug, and therefore
provide a variable restriction to the fluid flow.
Globe Valve
• Globe valve bodies can be classified as :
 direct acting valve body - a downward movement of the valve
plug stem results in the valve closing.
 reverse acting valve body - a downward movement of the
valve plug stem results in the valve opening.
 Globe Valve
• A globe valve can
contain either one or
two plugs. When there
is only one plug/disc,
the valve is called single
ported globe valve.
• When there are two
plugs, it is called a
double-ported globe
valve.
Globe Valve
• The double-ported valve arrangement produces
almost no unbalanced force on the valve stem.

• The fluid flows through the valve ports in opposite

directions and therefore generates forces that offset
each other.

• As a result, only a relatively small actuator force is

needed for positioning the valve plugs.

• This makes the double-ported globe valve suitable

for high pressure applications.
Globe Valve
• Globe valves are used for applications requiring
throttling and frequent operation.

• Globe valves are the most frequently encountered

control valves in process plants.
Globe Valve
3) Gate Valve
• Used when a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum
restriction is desired.
• The gate is usually wedge shaped. When the valve is
wide open, the gate is fully drawn up into the valve,
leaving an opening for flow through the valve the same
size as the pipe in which the valve is installed.
• Therefore, there is little pressure drop or flow restriction
through the valve.
• Gate valves are not suitable for throttling purposes since
the control of flow would be difficult due to valve design
and since the flow of fluid slapping against a partially
open gate can cause extensive damage to the valve.
Gate Valve
Gate Valve
Gate Valve

• Can be classified as:

1) rising stem valves - the
stem attached to the
gate; the gate and stem
rise and lower together
as the valve is operated.
Gate Valve

2) non-rising stem valves - the

stem is threaded on the
lower end into the gate. As
the hand wheel on the stem
is rotated, the gate travels
up or down the stem on the
threads, while the stem
remains vertically stationary.
4) Ball Valve
• Stop valves that use a ball to stop or start the flow of
fluid.
• The ball rotates to a point where the hole through
the ball is in line with the valve body inlet and outlet.
• When the valve is shut, which requires only a 90-
degree rotation of the hand wheel for most valves,
the ball is rotated so the hole is perpendicular to the
flow openings of the valve body, and flow is stopped.
Ball Valve
Ball Valve
Ball Valve
• Most ball valves are of the quick-acting type (requiring
only a 90-degree turn to operate the valve either
completely open or closed), but many are planetary gear
operated.
• This type of gearing allows the use of a relatively small
hand wheel and operating force to operate a fairly large
valve. The gearing does, however, increase the operating
time for the valve.
Ball Valve
• Some ball valves contain a swing check located within
the ball to give the valve a check valve feature.
• Ball valves are normally found in the following systems
aboard ship: seawater, sanitary, trim and drain, air,
hydraulic, and oil transfer.
5) Needle Valve
• Has a relatively small orifice with a long, tapered,
conical seat. A needle-shaped plunger, on the end of
a screw, exactly fits this seat.
• As the screw is turned and the plunger retracted, flow
between the seat and the plunger is possible;
however, until the plunger is completely retracted the
fluid flow is significantly impeded.
• Precise regulation of the flow rate is possible.
Needle Valve
Needle Valve
Needle Valve
Needle Valve
• Used in flow metering applications, especially when
a constant, calibrated, low flow rate must be
maintained for some time, such as the idle fuel flow
in a carburetor.

• Since flow rates are low and many turns of the valve
stem are required to completely open or close,
needle valves are not used for simple shutoff
applications.
Needle Valve
Needle Valve
• Since the orifice is small and the force
advantage of the fine-threaded stem is high,
needle valves are usually easy to shut off
completely, with merely "finger tight"
pressure.

• Small, simple needle valves are often used as

bleed valves in hot water heating applications.
6) Diaphragm Valve
• Nearly all hand-operated valves in large refrigeration
systems are diaphragm valves.
• The fluid has to rise up and over a seat. There is a
pressure drop through this type of valve.
• The upper part is sealed off from the lower part by a
diaphragm.
• An upward-seating ball check in the lower valve
stem makes it possible for the spring to lift the lower
stem regardless of pressure differences developed
while the valve was closed. Thus, the valve will
operate properly regardless of direction of flow.
Diaphragm Valve
Diaphragm Valve
Diaphragm Valve
Diaphragm Valve
• Can be tightened by hand enough to hold back high
pressures.

• Can be installed into the system with either a flare or

soldered connection.

• When it is soldered, care should be taken that it is

not overheated. Most of these valves have seats
made of materials that would not melt when the
valves was being soldered into a line.
7) Solenoid Valve
• An electrically operated valve where an electromagnet is
used as an actuator to change the valve state.
• Used only in an ON/OFF manner. In a two-way solenoid
valve, the valve is open when the solenoid coil is
energized.
Solenoid Valve

• The energized
solenoid coil acts as
an electromagnet
which pulls the
plunger and the valve
disc upwards.
• The valve is closed
when the coil is de-
energized.
Solenoid Valve
Solenoid Valve

• The closing action of

the valve is achieved by
the weight of the
plunger, valve stem and
disc.
• Once the disc comes
close to its seat, flow
(from left hand side)
will snap the valve
tightly shut
Solenoid Valve
• In a three-way solenoid valve, energizing the
solenoid coil causes the valve to open from Port 1 to
Port 2 while deenergizing the coil causes the valve to
open from Port 2 to 3.

• A solenoid valve is often used in conjunction with a

pneumatically actuated diaphragm control valve to
obtain ON/OFF valve operation by an electrically
applied signal.
Solenoid Valve
• This arrangement,
depending on the valve
size, may be much
more reliable, more
powerful, less
expensive and faster
responding than using
an all electric control
valve.
Solenoid Valve
8) Valve Actuators
• A control valve actuator is a device which is used to
drive the valve plug stem and therefore sets the
position of the plug with respect to the valve seat.

• The most common valve actuator is the pneumatic

diaphragm actuator. It is simple in construction and
very reliable. It operates by the injection of a single,
low pressure air signal into the diaphragm housing.
Valve Actuators
Valve Actuators
• The diaphragm housing is made up of two sections
separated by a flexible diaphragm.
• The air pressure applied on the diaphragm develops
a working force. This force is transmitted to the
actuator stem via the diaphragm plate, which is a
supportive metal disk attached to the diaphragm.
• The actuator spring provides a restoring force which
positions and returns the actuator stem.
Valve Actuators
Valve Actuators
• The travel indicator (a pointer attached near
the stem connector) indicates the valve travel
on the indicator scale.

• The actuator is supported rigidly on the valve

bonnet assembly by the yoke.

• The actuator stem is connected by the stem

connector to the valve plug stem.
Valve Actuators
• The diameter of the diaphragm plate determines the
force that will be applied to the actuator stem.
• For example, if the maximum input signal pressure is 100
kPa and the plate diameter is 30 cm, then:

Force applied to stem = Pressure x Plate Area

= 100 kPa x 3.14 x (0. 15)2 m2
= 7.07 KN (1590 lb)
Valve Actuators
• Although the signal pressure of 100 kPa seems to be
fairly low, a substantial force can still be generated if
the diaphragm diameter is large.
• A larger valve and/or a higher differential pressure to
work against, needed more force to obtain full valve
movement.
• To create more force, a larger diaphragm area or
higher spring range is needed.
Valve Actuators
• Diaphragm actuators can be classified as :
 direct acting actuator - cause the actuator stem to be
pushed downwards as a result of applying signal air to
the top of the diaphragm.
 reverse acting actuator - push the actuator stem upwards
as signal air is applied to the bottom of the diaphragm.
Valve Actuators
Valve Actuators
Valve Actuators
• The choice between direct acting and reverse acting
pneumatic controls depends on what position the
valve should revert to in the event of failure of the
compressed air supply.
i.e. it depends upon the nature of the application
and safety requirements.

• It makes sense for steam valves to close on air

failure, and cooling valves to open on air failure.
Valve Actuators
Valve Actuators
Valve Actuators
• Piston actuators are generally used where the stroke of a
diaphragm actuator would be too short or the thrust is
too small.
• The compressed air is applied to a solid piston contained
within a solid cylinder.
• Piston actuators can be single acting or double acting,
can withstand higher input pressures and can offer
smaller cylinder volumes, which can act at high speed.
Valve Actuators
9) Valve Positioners
• Pneumatic valve positioners are the most commonly
used valve accessories.

• A valve positioner is a device which will accurately

position a control valve in accordance with the
pneumatic control signal.

• The control signal is routed to the positioner where

comparison of the valve position (actual) to the
control signal (desired) is used to develop an output
pneumatic signal which operates the valve actuator.
Valve Positioners
Valve Positioners
• The positioner compares the control signal (the
requested valve position) with the actual valve position
through the mechanical feedback linkage.

• If the valve position is incorrect, the positioner will either

load or exhaust air from the valve actuator until the
correct valve position is obtained.

• A positioner requires both a control signal and an

instrument supply air for normal operation.

• Most positioners come equipped with three gauges to

indicate supply air pressure, control signal pressure and
actuator diaphragm signal (output) air pressure.
Valve Positioners
Valve Positioners
Valve Positioners
• Advantages of the valve positioner include:
1) Minimizing the effect of friction, hysteresis and
deadband on the valve stem. With a high pressure
system, tighter valve stem packing is needed to
prevent leakage and a high frictional force is
generated. With a positioner valve stem movements
of as little as 25 µm are possible.
2) Enables signal range change. A positioner can
amplify the incoming control signal when a greater
actuating force is needed. A 20-100 kPa control
signal can be amplified to 40-200 kPa before being
applied to the actuator.
 Valve Positioners
3) Allows signal reversal. A positioner can operate in
either direct or reverse acting mode. For example, in
reverse acting mode, an increase in control signal
pressure causes a decrease in positioner output air
pressure. For example, in reverse mode, a 100 - 20
kPa actuator signal would correspond to a 20 - 100
kPa control signal from the I/P transducer.
4) Increases the speed of response of the actuator.
The speed of response of the valve actuator depends
on:
(a) the actuator volume, and
(b) the flow rate of the control signal air.
Valve Positioners
 Allows valve flow characteristic to be changed.
Most valve positioners employ a rotating cam in the
feedback system. This cam can be changed to
simulate different valve flow characteristics. A linear
globe valve can be used to respond in an equal
percentage manner.
 Allows split range operation. In a split range control
loop, one controller is used to drive two control
valves.
Valve Positioners
• A positioner ensures that there is a linear relationship
between the signal input pressure from the control
system and the position of the control valve.
• This means that for a given input signal, the valve will
always attempt to maintain the same position regardless
of changes in valve differential pressure, stem friction,
diaphragm hysteresis and so on.
Valve Positioners
• A positioner may be used as a signal amplifier or
booster.
• It accepts a low pressure air control signal and, by
using its own higher pressure input, multiplies this to
provide a higher pressure output air signal to the
actuator diaphragm, if required, to ensure that the
valve reaches the desired position.
Valve Positioners
• Some positioners incorporate an electropneumatic
converter so that an electrical input (typically 4 - 20 mA)
can be used to control a pneumatic valve.

• Some positioners can also act as basic controllers,

accepting input from sensors.
CONTENT (PART 3)

1) Valve sizing selection criteria

2) Valve sizing nomenclature
3) Body sizing of liquid service control valves
Valve Sizing Selection Criteria

For correct sizing, the following conditions are needed:

1. Upstream pressure
2. Maximum and minimum temperatures
3. Type of process fluid
4. Flow rate that is based upon the maximum flow rate, the
average flow rate, and the minimum flow rate
5. Vapor pressure
6. Pipeline size, schedule, and material
7. Maximum, average, and minimum pressure drop
8. Specific gravity of the fluid
9. The critical pressure.
Valve Sizing Selection Criteria

1. Upstream and Downstream Pressures:

In order for the process to flow in a particular direction
through a valve, the upstream (P1) and downstream
pressures (P2) must be different.
If P1=P2 no flow will occur.
Upstream pressure (P1) is the pressure reading taken
before the valve.
Downstream pressure (P2) is the pressure reading taken
after the valve.
Valve Sizing Selection Criteria

2. Pressure Drop/Pressure Differential:

The difference between the upstream and
downstream pressures, ∆P=P1-P2.
The pressure drop allows for the flow of
fluid through the process system from the
upstream side of the valve to the
downstream side.
∆P , Flow through the valve.
Valve Sizing Selection Criteria
3. Flow Capacity:
 Valve coefficient (Cv) numerically equal to the number of U.S. Gallons of water
at 60°F that will flow through the valve in one minute with 1.0 psi pressure
drop.

 When calculated properly, Cv determines the correct trim size (or area of the
valve’s restriction) that will allow the valve to pass the required flow while
allowing stable control of the process throughout the stroke of the valve.
Valve Sizing Selection Criteria
4. Actual Pressure Drop
 is defined as the difference between the upstream (inlet)
and downstream (outlet) pressures.
 When the choked and actual pressure drops are compared
and the actual pressure drop is smaller, it is used in the Cv
sizing equation.
 Valve Sizing Selection Criteria
5. Choked Pressure Drop
 where further increases in the pressure drop will not change the valve’s flow rate. This
is what is commonly called choked flow.
 Because of the choked condition, the flow rate will reach a maximum condition due to
the existence of cavitation in liquids or sonic velocity with gases.
 the term choked pressure drop, ∆Pchoked is used to show the theoretical point
where choked flow occurs, intersecting the linear lines of the constant Cv and the
maximum flow rate Qmax.
 This point is known as the liquid pressure-recovery factor FL.
 For gas applications, the terminal pressure-drop ratio xT is used to describe the
choked pressure drop for a particular valve.
Valve Sizing Selection Criteria
6. Allowable Pressure Drop
The allowable pressure drop, ∆Pa is chosen
from the smaller of the actual pressure drop or
the choked pressure drop and is used in the
determination of the correct Cv
Should be used in the determination of the Cv
in liquid application when:
 first, if the inlet pressure P1 is fairly close to the vapor
pressure.
 second, if the outlet pressure P2 is fairly close to the vapor
pressure;.
 third, if the actual pressure drop is fairly large when compared
to the inlet pressure P1.
Valve Sizing Selection Criteria
7. Cavitation

 when the fluid passes through the narrowest point of the valve (vena
contracta), the pressure decreases inversely as the velocity increases.
 If the pressure drops below the vapor pressure for that particular fluid,
vapor bubbles begin to form.
 As the fluid moves into a larger area of the vessel or downstream
piping, the pressure recovers to a certain extent. This increases the
pressure above the vapor pressure, causing the vapor bubbles to
collapse or implode.
 creation of the vapor bubbles and their subsequent implosion—is
called cavitation and is a leading cause of valve damage in the form of
erosion of metal surfaces.
Valve Sizing Selection Criteria

8. Flashing Issues
When the downstream pressure does not recover
above the vapor pressure, the vapor bubbles remain in
the fluid and travel downstream from the valve,
creating a mixture of liquid and gas. This is called
flashing.
Problems typically associated with flashing are higher
velocities and erosion of valve components.
Valve Sizing Selection Criteria
9. Liquid Pressure-Recovery Factor (FL)
 Is a critical element in liquid sizing.
 predicts the effect the geometry of a valve’s body on the maximum
capacity of that valve.
 is used to predict the amount of pressure recovery occurring between
the vena contracta and the outlet of the body.
 The liquid pressure-recovery factor is determined by the manufacturer
through flow testing that particular valve style.
 FL factors can vary significantly depending on the internal design of the
valve.
 Generally, rotary valves, especially ball and butterfly valves, allow for a
high recovery of the fluid following the vena contracta. Therefore, they
tend to cavitate and choke at smaller pressure drops than globe valves.
 For the most part, globe valves have better FL factors and are able to
handle severe services when compared to rotary valves.
 Valve Sizing Selection Criteria

10. Liquid Critical-Pressure Ratio Factor

The liquid critical-pressure ratio factor FF is important to liquid
sizing because it predicts the theoretical pressure at the vena
contracta, when the maximum effective pressure drop (or in
other words, the choked pressure drop) occurs across the
valve.
 Valve Sizing Selection Criteria
11. Choked Flow
 the presence of cavitation or flashing expands the specific volume of the
fluid.
 The volume increases at a faster rate than if the flow increased due to the
pressure differential.
 At this point, the valve cannot pass any additional flow, even if the
downstream pressure is lowered.
 With gas and vapor services, choked flow occurs when the velocity of the
fluid achieves sonic levels (Mach 1 or greater).
 as the pressure decreases in the valve to pass through restrictions, velocity
increases inversely. As the pressure lowers, the specific volume of the fluid
increases to the point where a sonic velocity is achieved.
 Because of the velocity limitation [Mach 1 for gases and 50 ft/s (12.7 m/s)
for liquids], the flow rate is limited to that which is permitted by the sonic
velocity through the vena contracta or the downstream piping.
 Valve Sizing Selection Criteria
12. Velocity
As a general rule, smaller valve sizes are better equipped to
handle higher velocities than larger-sized valves.
For liquid services, the general guideline for maximum velocity
at the valve outlet is 50 ft/s (12.7 m/s), while gas services are
generally restricted to Mach 1.0.
When cavitation or flashing is present, creating a higher
velocity associated with the liquid–gas mixture, the maximum
velocity is usually restricted to 500 ft/s (127 m/s).
In services where temperatures are close to saturation point,
the velocity must be less—approximately 30 ft/s (7.6 m/s). This
lower velocity prevents the fluid from dropping below the
vapor pressure, which will lead to the formation of vapor
bubbles.
Valve Sizing Selection Criteria
13. Reynolds-Number Factor
Some processes are characterized by nonturbulent flow
conditions in which laminar flow exists (such as oils).
Laminar fluids have high viscosity, operate in lower
velocities, or require a flow capacity requirement that is
extremely small.
The Reynolds-number factor FR is used to correct the Cv
equation for these flow factors.
In most cases, if the viscosity is fairly low (for example, less
than SAE 10 motor oil), the Reynolds-number factor is
insignificant.
Valve Sizing Selection Criteria
14. Piping-Geometry Factor
The flow capacity of a valve may be affected by
nonstandard piping configurations, such as the use of
increasers or reducers, which must be corrected in the Cv
equation using the piping-geometry factor FP.
Standardized Cv testing is conducted by the valve
manufacturer with straight piping that is the same line as
the valve.
The use of piping that is larger or smaller than the valve, or
the close proximity of piping elbows, can decrease these
values and must be considered during sizing.
Valve Sizing Selection Criteria

15. Expansion Factor

With gas services, the specific weight of the fluid varies as
the gas moves from the upstream piping and through the
valve to the vena contracta.
The expansion factor Y is used to compensate for the
effects of this change in the specific weight of the gas.
The expansion factor is important in that it takes into
account the changes in the cross-sectional area of the vena
contracta as the pressure drop changes in that region.
Valve Sizing Selection Criteria
16. Ratio of Specific Heats Factor
Because the Cv equation for gases is based upon air, some
adjustment must be made for other gases.
The ratio of specific heats factor FK is used to adjust the Cv
equation to the individual characteristics of these gases.
17. Terminal Pressure-Drop Ratio
With gases, the point where the valve is choked (which
means that increasing the pressure drop though lowering the
downstream pressure cannot increase the flow of the valve)
is predicted by the terminal pressure-drop ratio xT.
is affected by the geometry of the valve’s body and varies
according to valve style and individual size.
Valve Sizing Selection Criteria

18. Compressibility Factor

Because the density of gases varies according to the
temperature and pressure of the fluid, the fluid’s
compressibility must be included in the Cv
equation.
Therefore the compressibility factor Z is included in
the equation and is a function of the temperature
and pressure.
Liquid Sizing Example

Consider the following service conditions:

Determine the appropriate valve size.

 Liquid Sizing Example
1. Find the actual pressure drop.

2. Find ΔPchoked:
I. Find FL from Table 7.4

Globe, flow-to-open

II. Calculate FF
Liquid Sizing Example
2. Find ΔPchoked:

III. Calculate ΔPchoked

Since P< ΔPchoked , no choked flow occurs.

3. Find ΔPcavitation :

This determine at what pressure drop the

cavitation begins.
 Liquid Sizing Example
4. Calculate Cv, at given SG & assuming Fp =1.0

5. Check the body valve using Table 7.2 (at the

calculated Cv):

2-in valve body would be the smallest size to pass the

required Cv (which is 33.4)
Liquid Sizing Example

6. Calculate Re Number:

Re> 40000, indicates the turbulent flow.

Liquid Sizing Example
 Liquid Sizing Example
7. Find Fp from Table 7.5:
I. Calculate d/D
II. Calculate Cv/d2

Fp = 0.97
Liquid Sizing Example
8. Find new Cv:

9. Calculate the velocity through the valve:

I. Find Av using Table 7.9

Velocity of 51ft/s exceed the limit

Of 50 ft/s for liquids.

Since the service is cavitating,

Damage will most likely occur to
Valve body.

Option: Lower the velocity by

Choosing the next larger valve
size, a 3-in body, with Av = 7.07
QUESTIONS

Any Questions???