G.D.

GOENKA PUBLIC SCHOOLSEC- 48, GURGAON

Minimum Learning Program: Class XI
TERM 1 (2018-2019)
Subject: MATHEMATICS
Chapter 1 (Sets)

Set – A well defined collection of objects is called set. Example :

N : the set of all natural numbers
Z : the set of all integers
Q : the set of all rational numbers
R : the set of real numbers
Z+ : the set of positive integers
Usually sets are denoted by capital letters A, B, C, X, Y, Z, etc.
And their elements are represented by small letters a, b, c, x, y, z, etc.
Let consider as set A = {a,b,c,d}
Here a is an element of a set A, We will write a ∈ A, and read as “a is belongs to A” .
And ‘e’ is not an element of a set A, we write e ∉ A and read as “e does not belong to A”.
REPRESENTATION OF A SET:
(i) Roster or tabular form
In roster form, all the elements of a set are listed in braces { } and separated by commas. Order of
elements doesn’t matter.
For example,
Set of all odd positive integers less than 9 can be written as in roaster form as {1, 3, 5, 7} or {7, 3,5,1 }
(ii) Set Builder Form
In set-builder form, all the elements of a set should have a single common property which is not possessed
by any element outside the set.
EXAMPLE:
Set of all odd positive integers less than 9 can be written as in set-builder form
{x:x is an odd natural number , 0<x<9 } or {x:x is an odd natural number between 0 and 9 }.
TYPES OF SETS
EMPTY SET

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If a set does not contain any element, it is called the empty set or the null set or the void set. The empty
set is represented by the symbol φ or { }.
EXAMPLES: {x : x is a number more than 7 and less than 6 }
FINITE AND INFINITE SETS
If a set is empty or consists of a definite number of elements, it will call finite set else it will call
infinite set.
EXAMPLE A= {x:x is a positive even number less than 10} is a finite set because it will have fixed
number of element {2,4,6 ,8}.
B = {x:x is a positive prime number} is a infinite set because it don’t have fixed number of
elements.
EQUAL SETS
If two sets A and B are have exactly the same elements, they will call equal set and we will write A
= B. Otherwise, the sets will said to be unequal and we will write A ≠ B
EXAMPLES:
(i) Let A = {1, 5, 3, 4} and B = {3, 1, 4, 5}. Then A = B.
(ii) Let C = {1, 4, 3, 5} and D = {3, 9, 4, 2}. Then C ≠ D.

SINGLETON SET.
If a set A has only one element, we call it a singleton set. Example A= { 1 } is a singleton set.

SUBSETS
A set A is said to be a subset of a set B if every element of A is also an element of B.
Symbolically , we will write A ⊂ B
Note :1. φ is a subset of every set. And every set is subset of itself.
2. Number of subset of a set is always 2n where n is number of elements in set.
3. Let A and B be two sets. If A ⊂ B and A ≠ B , then A is called a proper subset of B and B is
called superset of A. For example, A = {1, 2, 3} is a proper subset of B = {1, 2, 3, 4}.

POWER SET
The collection of all subsets of a set A is called the power set of A. It is denoted by P(A).

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EXAMPLE, if A = { 1, 2 }, then P( A ) = { φ,{ 1 }, { 2 }, { 1,2 }}
Number of elements in power set, n [ P (A) ] = 4 = 22
If a set has n number of elements, number of elements in power set =2n.

UNIVERSAL SET
A set said to be a universal set if it contains all objects including itself. Universal set
isrepresented by “U”.

INTERVALS AS SUBSETS OF R
OPEN INTERVAL :
If a, b ∈ R and a < b, the set of real numbers { y : a < y < b} is called an open interval and is
denoted by (a, b). All the points between a and b belong to the open interval (a, b) but a, b do not
belong to this interval.
Infinity ( – ∞, ∞ ) always written in open interval.

Open interval

CLOSE INTERVAL
If a, b ∈ R and a < b, the set of real numbers {x : a ≤ x ≤ b} is called closed interval and is denoted by [
a, b ]
All the points between and including a and b belong to the close interval [a, b].

Close interval

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INTERVALS CLOSED AT ONE END AND OPEN AT THE OTHER
[ a, b ) = {x : a ≤ x < b} is an open interval from a to b, including a but excluding b.

Close and open interval

( a, b ] = { x : a < x ≤ b } is an open interval from a to b including b but excluding a.

Open and close interval

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VENN DIAGRAMS
When the relationships between sets represented by means of diagrams, it is known
as Venn diagrams. Usually a rectangle is used for universal set and circles for sub
set.

UNION OF SETS if A and B be any two sets, the union of A and B consists of all the
elements of A and all the elements of B, the common elements written only once. The
symbol ‘∪’ is used to denote the union. Symbolically, we write A ∪ B and read it as ‘A
union B’.
Or
The union of two sets A and B is the set C which consists of all those elements which
are either in A or in B (including those which are in both). In symbols, we write. A ∪ B
= { x : x ∈A or x ∈B }

union of A and B

EXAMPLE Let A = { 1, 2, 3, 4} and B = { 3, 4, 10, 12} Then A ∪ B will { 1, 2, 4, 3,

10, 12}.

INTERSECTION OF SETS if A and B be any two sets, the Intersection of A and B

consists of all common elements of A and all the elements of B, the common
elements written only once. The symbol ‘∩’ is used to denote the Intersection.
Symbolically, we write A ∩ B and read it as ‘A Intersection B’.
Or
The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements which belong to
both A and B.

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In symbols, we write. A ∩ B = { x : x ∈A and x ∈B }

Intersection of A and B

EXAMPLE Let A = { 1, 4, 6, 8} and B = { 6, 8, 10, 12} Then A ∩ B will { 6, 8 }.

DISJOINT SETS
If A and B are two sets such that A ∩ B = φ, then A and B are called disjoint sets.

DIFFERENCE OF SETS
The difference of the sets A and B is the set of elements in which element belong to
A but not to B or set of Element of set A which don’t belongs to set B
Symbolically, we write A – B and read as “ A minus B”.
EXAMPLE Let A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B = { 2, 4, 6, 8 }.
A – B = set of elements of set A which don’t not belongs to set B = { 1, 3, 5 }
B – A = set of elements of set B which don’t not belongs to set A = { 8 }.
COMPLEMENT OF A SET
Let U be the universal set and A a subset of U. Then the complement of A is the set
of all elements of U which are not the elements of A. ( A′ )′ = A.
Complement of set A is represented by A′ . Thus, A′ = {x : x ∈ U and x ∉ A }. Or A′ = U
– A.
DE MORGAN’S LAWS:
The complement of the union of two sets is the intersection of their
complements. (A ∪ B)´ = A′ ∩ B′ and
The complement of the intersection of two sets is the union of their
complements. (A ∩ B )′ = A′ ∪ B′
SOME PROPERTIES OF COMPLEMENT SETS

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 1. Complement laws: (i) A ∪ A′ = U (ii) A ∩ A′ = φ
2. De Morgan’s law: (i) (A ∪ B)´ = A′ ∩ B′ (ii) (A ∩ B )′ = A′ ∪ B′
3. Law of double complementation : (A′ )′ = A
4. Laws of empty set and universal set φ′ = U and U′ = φ.
FORMULAS FOR NUMBER OF ELEMENTS:-
1.n ( A ∪ B ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) – n ( A ∩ B )
2. If A ∩ B = φ, then
n(A∪B)=n(A)+n(B)
3. n ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) + n ( C ) – n ( A ∩ B ) – n ( B ∩ C) – n ( A ∩ C ) +
n(A∩B∩C)

Chapter 2 Relations and Functions

• Definition of Cartesian Product of sets
• Definition of Relations
• Definition of Functions
• The graphs of some important functions
• Algebra of real functions
All questions of the exercises 2.1-2.3 and Misc. Exercise are to be solved.
Students will be able to:
• identify an ordered pair
• identify the equality of two ordered pairs
• identify a cartesian product of two non empty sets.
• identify the two sets given their cartesian product.
• find the union and intersection on cartesian products.
• find ordered triplets (R R R).
• identify the number of elements in the cartesian product of two finite sets
• number of elements in the Cartesian product of two finite sets.
• understand relation of two sets as a subset of their cartesian product.
• pictorial representation of a relation between two sets.

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• identify domain, co-domain and range of a relation.
• identify function as a special kind of relation from one set to another.
• determine when a relation is a function.
• describe and write functional relationships for given problem situations.
• understand that f⊂ R⊂ A X A.
• represent functions using graphs.
• to understand that every graph does not represent a function.
• identify domain, co-domain and range of a function.
• finding domain and range of a given function.
• Real valued functions, domain and range of the functions: constant, identity, linear& quadratic
polynomial, rational, modulus, signum and greatest integer functions with their graphs.
• Sum, difference, product and quotients of functions
Questions from R.D. Sharma to be attempted for practice.

Chapter 3 Trigonometric Functions

KEY POINTS

Radian is an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc whose length is equal to the radius
of the circle. We denote 1 radian by 1c.
Reaction between Degree and radian

𝛑
𝐑= 𝐃
𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎
Relation between angle, arc and radius

𝐚𝐫𝐜
𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 = 𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐬

Sign conversion Rule

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 Quad I II III IV

t- functions whichAll sin x tan x cos x

are positive cosec x cot x sec x

Note: 1. 00 , 1800 , 3600 related no change .

2. 900 , 2700 related change
𝒔𝒊𝒏 ↔ 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝒕𝒂𝒏 ↔ 𝒄𝒐𝒕
𝒔𝒆𝒄 ↔ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄

Some Standard formulas

sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 ∓ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 ± 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
tan(𝐴 ± 𝐵) =
1 ∓ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴𝐶𝑜𝑡𝐵 ∓ 1
cot(𝐴 ± 𝐵) =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐵 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴

2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 cos 𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)

2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 sin 𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos(A + B) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 sin 𝐵 = −cos(A + B) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
sin 𝐶 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐷 = 2 sin cos
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
sin 𝐶 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐷 = 2 cos sin
2 2

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 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
cos 𝐶 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐷 = 2 cos cos
2 2
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
cos 𝐶 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐷 = −2 sin sin
2 2

2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
sin 2𝐴 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 =
1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴

= 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 − 1
= 1 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴
= 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴

2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴
tan 2𝐴 =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴

𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝐴 = 3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝐴

𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝐴 = 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝐴 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝐴
𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝐴 =
1 − 3𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴

𝑥 1 − cos 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 = ±√
2 2

𝑥 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 = ±√
2 2

𝑥 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 = ±√
2 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

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General Solution of Trigonometric Equations

1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 then 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + (−1)𝑛 𝛼

2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 then 𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 𝛼
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 then 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + 𝛼
4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 then 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 ± 𝛼
5. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 then 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 ± 𝛼
6. 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 then 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 ± 𝛼

• Questions of the exercises 3.1- 3.4 and Misc. Exercise solved in class.
• Solve R.D. Sharma & NCERT Example for practice.
• Worksheet uploaded to school website and discussed in class.

Students will be able to

• Define the positive and negative angles in degree and radian as a measure.
• Conversion radian to degree and degree to radian.
• Understand the Sign conversion rule of trigonometry
• Establish the formula for multiple and sub multiple of angles.
• Find the general solution of trigonometric equation.
Chapter 4 (Principle of Mathematical Induction)
To prove if a Mathematical Statement is true by PMI we do the following:
(i) Show P(1) is true
(ii) Assume P(k) is true
(iii) Prove P(k+1) is true whenever P(k) is true
The example questions should give a fair idea as to how one should prove the questions.
All the questions of the Exercise have been solved in class.
Homework 1: Q 10, 11
Homework 2: 14, 15, 16, 17

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Questions from R.D. Sharma to be attempted for practice.
Contents and Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to
4.1 Process of proof by induction: apply the principle of mathematical induction to establish the validity
of a general result involving natural numbers.
4.2 Principle of mathematical induction and its applications: application of the principle of mathematical
induction in solving problems
Chapter 6 Linear inequalities
• Algebraic solutions of linear inequalities in one variable and their representation on the number
line.
• Graphical solution of linear inequality in two variables.
• Graphical solution of system of linear inequalities in two variables.
• Practical problems on linear inequality.
Questions of the exercises 6.1- 6.3 and Misc. Exercise.

Chapter 7Permutation and Combination

Multiplication Principle (Fundamental Principle of Counting) : If an event can occur in m different

ways, following which another event can occur in n different ways, then the total no. of different ways
of occurrence of the two events in order is m × n.

Fundamental Principle of Addition: If there are two events such that they can occur independently
in m and n ways respectively, then either of the two events can occur in (m + n) ways.

Factorial: Factorial of a natural number n, denoted by n! is the continued product of first n natural
numbers.

n ! = n × (n – 1) × (n – 2) × ... × 3 × 2 × 1

Permutation: A permutation is an arrangement in a definite order of a number of objects taken some

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 or all at a time.

The number of permutation of n different objects taken r at a time where

0 ≤ r ≤ n and the objects do not repeat is denoted by nPr or P(n, r)
𝑛
𝑟 𝑃 = n!/(n-r)!

The number of permutations of n objects, taken r at a time, when repetition of objects is

allowed is nr.

The number of permutations of n objects of which p1, are of one kind, p 2 are of second kind, ..
pk are of kth kind and the rest if any, are of
n! Different kind, is p1 ! p 2 ! ... pk ! .
Combination : Each of the different selections made by choosing some or all of a number of objects,
without considering their order is called a combination. The number of combination of n object taken r at
a time
nC 𝑛!
r=
(𝑛−𝑟)!𝑟!

Some important result:

0! = 1

nC = nCn = 1
0

nC = nCn–r where 0 r n, and r are positive integer

r

nP = r! nCr where 0 r n, n and r are positive integers.

r

nC + nCr–1 = n+1Cr where r n, n, r N

r

nC = nCb if either a + b = n or a = b
a

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 • All questions of the exercises 7.1-7.4 and Misc. Exercise are to be solved.
• Solve all examples from NCERT & R.D. Sharma for practice.
• Worksheet uploaded to school website.

Students will be able to

• Find that in how many different ways given objects can be arranged.
• Apply the fundamental principle of counting.
• Define and find value of n!
• Explain the permutation as number of arrangements.
• Explain the combination as number of selections.

Chapter 8Binomial Theorem

1. (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 =nC0 𝑎𝑛 + nC1 𝑎𝑛 𝑏+ nC2 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 2 +……………………+ nCn𝑏 𝑛

2. (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑛 =nC0 𝑎𝑛 - nC1 𝑎𝑛 𝑏+ nC2 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 2 -…………………(−1)𝑛 nCn𝑏 𝑛

3. General term of the Binomial Theorem 𝑇𝑟+1 = nCr 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏 𝑟

4. Total no of term in the expansion of the Binomial Theorem = n+1
5. Middle term of Binomial Expansion
(i) N is even number then middle term 𝑇𝑛+1
2

(ii) N is odd Number then middle term 𝑇𝑛−1+1 and 𝑇𝑛+1+1

2 2

6. Independent term or constant term when the power of varable is zero .

7. Some properties of Binomial coefficients :

nC + nC1 + nC2 + ... + nCn = 2n

0

nC
0 – nC1 + nC2 – nC3 + ... + (–1)n nCn = 0

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 nC
0 – nC2 + nC4 + ... = nC1 + nC3 + nC5 + ... = 2n–1

• All questions of the exercises 8.1-8.2 and Misc. Exercise are to be solved.
• Solve all examples from NCERT & R.D. Sharma for practice.
• Worksheet uploaded to school website.

Students will be able to

• How to find expansion of Binomial theorem

• How to find general term and middle term, independent term
• How to use binomial theorem to solve the value.
• Application of binomial theorem .

Chapter 10Straight lines

One Point passing line equation (𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )

(𝑦 −𝑦 )
Two Point passing line equation (𝑦 − 𝑦1 ) = (𝑥2−𝑥1 ) (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
2 1

Slope – intercept form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑥 𝑦
Intercept form + 𝑏 =1
𝑎

Normal form 𝑥 cos 𝛼 + 𝑦 sin 𝛼 = 𝑝

2 𝑚 −𝑚1
Angle Between two lines tan 𝜃 = |1+𝑚 |
2 𝑚1

𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐
Perpendicular distance of line from a point 𝑝 = | √𝑎2 +𝑏 2
|

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Read summary of chapter -23 From R. D. Sharma (Page No. 23.135 to page No. 23.137)

Students will be able to

• To find the distance between two points and Area of Triangles.

• To find the equation of line passing through one and two points.
• To find the angle between two lines and condition of perpendicularity and parallelism of
lines.
• Find the equation of line under the certain conditions.
• To convert general form of line to Slope – intercept, Intercepts, Normal form.
• To find the point of intersection of two lines.
• Find the perpendicular distance of a point from a line and distance between two parallel
lines.
• To find the equation of parallel line and perpendicular line to given line.
For practice
• All questions of the Exercises 10.1 – 10.3 & Miscellaneous are to be solved.
• Solve all examples from NCERT
• Worksheet uploaded to school website.
• All formulas and concepts study thoroughly from class note book.

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