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Circular Shaft and Maximum Moment

When a torque is applied to a shaft, it experiences shear stress that varies from zero at the center to a maximum at the outer surface. The shear stress can be calculated using the torque value, distance from the center, and the polar moment of inertia. The polar moment of inertia depends on the shaft's cross-sectional geometry and represents its ability to resist torsion. Formulas are provided to calculate the maximum torque and angular deflection of solid and hollow circular shafts subjected to torsional loads.

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Esra Guler
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231 views3 pages

Circular Shaft and Maximum Moment

When a torque is applied to a shaft, it experiences shear stress that varies from zero at the center to a maximum at the outer surface. The shear stress can be calculated using the torque value, distance from the center, and the polar moment of inertia. The polar moment of inertia depends on the shaft's cross-sectional geometry and represents its ability to resist torsion. Formulas are provided to calculate the maximum torque and angular deflection of solid and hollow circular shafts subjected to torsional loads.

Uploaded by

Esra Guler
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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When a shaft is subjected to a torque or twisting, a shearing stress is produced in the shaft.

The shear
stress varies from zero in the axis to a maximum at the outside surface of the shaft.

The shear stress in a solid circular shaft in a given position can be expressed as:

σ = T r / Ip            (1)

where

σ = shear stress (MPa, psi)

T = twisting moment (Nmm, in lb)

r = distance from center to stressed surface in the given position (mm, in)

Ip = "polar moment of inertia" of cross section (mm 4, in4)

The "polar moment of inertia" is a measure of an object's ability to resist torsion.

Circular Shaft and Maximum Moment

Maximum moment in a circular shaft can be expressed as:

Tmax = σmax Ip / R            (2)

where

Tmax = maximum twisting moment (Nmm, in lb)

σmax = maximum shear stress (MPa, psi)

R = radius of shaft (mm, in)

Combining (2) and (3) for a solid shaft

Tmax = (π/16) σmax D3            (2b)

Combining (2) and (3b) for a hollow shaft

Tmax = (π/16) σmax (D4 - d4) / D             (2c)

Circular Shaft and Polar Moment of Inertia

Polar moment of inertia of a circular solid shaft can be expressed as

Ip = π R4/2 = π D4/32            (3)

where

D = shaft outside diameter (mm, in)

Polar moment of inertia of a circular hollow shaft can be expressed as

Ip = π (D4 - d4) /32             (3b)


where

d = shaft inside diameter            (mm, in)

Diameter of a Solid Shaft

Diameter of a solid shaft can calculated by the formula

D = 1.72 (Tmax/σmax)1/3            (4)

Torsional Deflection of Shaft

The angular deflection of a torsion shaft can be expressed as

θ = L T / Ip G          (5)

where

θ = angular shaft deflection (radians)

L = length of shaft (mm, in)

G = modulus of rigidity  (Mpa, psi)

The angular deflection of a torsion solid shaft can be expressed as

θ = 32 L T / (G π  D4)             (5a) 

The angular deflection of a torsion hollow shaft can be expressed as

θ = 32 L T / (G π  (D4- d4))             (5b)

The angle in degrees can be achieved by multiplying the angle θ in radians with 180/π 

Solid shaft (π replaced)

   θdegrees ≈ 584 L T / (G D4)            (6a) 

Hollow shaft (π  replaced)

   θdegrees  ≈ 584 L T / (G (D4- d4)            (6b) 

Torsion Resisting Moments of Shafts of Various Cross Sections

Maximum Torsional
Shaft Cross Section Resisting Moment
Nomenclature
Area - Tmax -
(Nm, in lb)

Solid Cylinder Shaft ( π/16) σmax D3


Hollow Cylinder Shaft ( π/16) σmax (D4 - d4) / D

h = "height" of shaft
Ellipse Shaft ( π/16) σmax b2 h b = "width" of shaft
h>b

Rectangle Shaft (2/9) σmax b2 h h>b

Square Shaft (2/9) σmax b3

b = length of triangle
Triangle Shaft (1/20) σmax b3
side

b = length of hexagon
Hexagon Shaft (1/1.09) σmax b3
side

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