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6-Lines and Cables

This document provides an overview of transmission and distribution lines and underground cables. It discusses overhead transmission lines, including conductors, earth wires, insulators, and parameters like resistance and inductance. It also covers underground cables and their insulation and protective sheathing. Key topics include overhead line components, conductor materials, bundle conductors, corona effects, and transmission line modeling using pi or T representations.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
160 views54 pages

6-Lines and Cables

This document provides an overview of transmission and distribution lines and underground cables. It discusses overhead transmission lines, including conductors, earth wires, insulators, and parameters like resistance and inductance. It also covers underground cables and their insulation and protective sheathing. Key topics include overhead line components, conductor materials, bundle conductors, corona effects, and transmission line modeling using pi or T representations.

Uploaded by

Carib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELEC 1104

Lecture 6:

Overhead
O h d li
lines andd
underground cables
Power System
y Layout
y
Transmission lines
Distribution lines
Transmission and Distribution Lines

ƒ Transmission lines are hung from steel


towers through insulator strings, and they
ay be ssingle
may g e ccircuit
cu t oor doub
doublee ccircuit
cu t lines.
es.
ƒ There are usually one or two earthed wires
at the top of tower for lightning protection.
protection
ƒ Distribution lines are usually supported on
i l t pins
insulator i mountt on wooden d or concrete t
poles.
Sagg and Span
p

Earth wire

Sag
Conductor
tower
Minimum
clearance

S
Span
Earth Wires

ƒ Overhead lines are Earth wire

usually protected from


lightning by installing
one or two overhead
earth wires positioned to
Line
give suitable shielding conductor Shield
angle
over the line conductors.
ƒ These earth wires are
electrically connected to
the earthed towers.
Insulators
Overhead lines

ƒ Bare conductors stranded of several wires


for greater flexibility and mechanical
st e gt .
strength.
ƒ Standard number of strands are in either
one of the series:
(a) 1, 7, 19 ……..
(b) 3, 12, 27 …….
Overhead lines
Conductors
Material Hard drawn Hard drawn Heat treated
C
Copper wire
i Al i i
Aluminium Al i i
Aluminium
wire alloy
Specific gravity 8.89 2.7 2.70
Breaking stress 23-30 10-12 19.2
(tons/sq in)
Conductivity at 20oC 97.4 61 53.5
(% of ICAS)
Resistivity at 20oC 1.774 2.826 3.22
(Ω-m x 10-8)
Coefficient of linear 0.000017 0.000023 0.000023
expansion (oC-1)
Resistivity of International Annealed Copper Standard
(IACS) at 20oC = 1.7241 x 10-8 ohm-meter.
Copper
pp vs Aluminium

ƒ Aluminium is lighter
g but its conductivityy is lower.
ƒ For equal conductivity, aluminium conductor has
1.64 times the cross section of copper, but its
weight is only about half of that of the copper
conductor.
ƒ Aluminium has low tensile strength and high
coefficient of expansion.
ƒ Cost of aluminium is lower and more stable.
ASCR

ƒ Aluminium conductors are often reinforced byy


steel for greater mechanical strength and are
known as ACSR (Aluminium Conductor, Steel
Reinforced).
ƒ In ACSR the central strands of the conductor are
made
d off galvanized
l i d steell for
f strengthh whereas
h the
h
peripheral strands are made of aluminium for
electrical conductivity.
conductivity
6 aluminium 6 aluminium
1 steel 7 steel
Bundle conductors

ƒ Bundle conductors composed of two, three


or four stranded conductors are used for
very
ve y high
g vo
voltages.
tages.
ƒ Lower voltage gradient at conductor surface
ƒ Better
B tt heat
h t dissipation
di i ti andd hence
h better
b tt
current rating.

A bundle of 2 A bundle of 3 A bundle of 4


Corona

ƒ A corona is a luminous ppartial electrical discharge


g
due to ionization of the air surrounding a
conductor.
ƒ The breakdown stress, i.e. the critical field
intensity, of air would depend on the atmospheric
conditions.
di i
ƒ For a given voltage, the maximum field intensity
occurs att th
the conductor
d t surface
f and
d decreases
d as
the conductor radius is increased.
Corona
Corona

ƒ There is a certain definite loss associated with


corona.
ƒ The ionization current associated with corona
flows in pulses only during the voltage peaks
and is therefore rich in harmonics.
ƒ Ozone is produced in corona and would cause
deterioration to any organic materials nearby.
ƒ Audible noise is produced in corona and hence
is a source of noise pollution.
Electrical Parameters

ƒ These are distributed parameters by nature:


» Series resistance r Ωm
» Series inductance l H/m
» Shunt capacitance c F/m
» Shunt conductance g S/m

For overhead lines


lines, shunt conductance represents
leakage through insulators or corona loss and is
usuallyy ignored.
g
Transmission Line Model
Transmission line as a two-port
p

ƒ VS = sending end voltage


ƒ IS = sending end current
ƒ VR = receiving
i i endd voltage
lt
ƒ IR = receiving end current
IS IR

VS Line VR
Transmission parameters
p

VS = AVR + BIR
IS = CVR + DIR

IS IR

VS A, B, C, D VR
Line Model

ƒ Nominal π representation (Medium line)


Z = R + jX
IS I IR

VS YC/2 YC/2 VR
Line Model
I = IR + VRY/2
VS = VR + ZI
= ((1+ZY/2)V
) R + ZIR
IS = I + VSY/2
= Y(1+ZY/4)VR + (1+ZY/2)IR
Hence
A = D = (1+ZY/2), B = Z,
(
C = Y(1+ZY/4) )
Line Model

ƒ Nominal T representation (Medium line)


(R + jX)/2 (R + jX)/2
IS V IR

VS YC VR
Line Model

V = VR + IR Z/2
I = YV = YVR + IR YZ/2
IS = IR + I = YVR + (1+YZ/2)IR
VS = V + ISZ/2
= (1+YZ/2)VR + Z(1+YZ/4)IR
Hence
A = D = (1+ZY/2),
B = Y(1+ZY/4)
Y(1+ZY/4), C=YY.
Line Model

ƒ Series impedance (Short line)


» VS = VR + ZIR; IS = IR

R + jX
IS IR

VS VR
Example
p

ƒ Given a 33-phase,
phase, 132 kV line 350 km long
with parameters
r = 0.108
0 108 ohm/km; l = 1.37
1 37 mH/km;
g = 0 siemens/km; c = 0.0085 μF/km.
ƒ Load: 50 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging.

ƒ To determine sending-end voltage, current


and p
power factor.
Example
p

ƒ Z = ((0.108+j2π×50×1.37×10
j -3) × 350

=155.27∠75.91o Ω
ƒ Y = (j2π 50 0.0085 10-6) × 350
(j2π×50×0.0085×10
= 934.6 ×10-6∠90o Siemens

ƒ VR = 132/√3 = 76.21 kV (phase)


ƒ IR = 50×10
50 103/√3×132
/√3 132 = 218
218.7
7A
ƒ θ = cos-1 0.8 = 36.87o (lagging)
Example
p

Using short line representation


ƒ IS = IR = 218.7∠-36.87o A
ƒ VS = VR + ZIR
= 76.21+155.27∠75.91o × 0.2187∠-36.87o kV
= 76.21+33.96 ∠39.04o = 104.8 ∠11.78o kV
ƒ Input power factor
= cos (11.78o + 36.87o ) = 0.66 (lagging)
Example
p

Using nominal π representation


nominal-π
ƒ A = D =1+YZ/2
0 0726∠165 91o
= 1 + 0.0726∠165.91
= 0.9297+j0.0176 = 0.9298 ∠1.08o
ƒ 155 27∠75 91o Ω
B = Z = 155.27∠75.91
ƒ C = Y(1+YZ/4)
934 6 ×10-6(1 + 0.0263∠165.91
= j 934.6 0 0263∠165 91o)
= 910.8 ×10-6 ∠90.38o
Example
p
ƒ VS = AVR + BIR
= 0.9298 ∠1.08o × 76.21 ∠0o +
155.27∠75.91o × 0.2187∠-36.87o kV
99 95 ∠13.15
= 99.95 ∠13 15o kV
ƒ IS = CVR + DIR
910 8 ×10
= 910.8 10-66 ∠90.38
∠90 38o × 76210 ∠0o +
0.9298 ∠1.08o × 218.7∠-36.87o
171 78∠ 16 75o A
= 171.78∠-16.75
ƒ Input power factor
(13 1 o + 16.75
= cos (13.15 16 o ) = 00.867
86 (lagging)
(l i )
Underground
g Cables

ƒ Cables contain one or more conductors


within a protective sheath.
ƒ The conductors are separated from each
other and from the sheath by solid
insulating material
material.
ƒ The protective sheath is an impervious
covering
i over insulation
i l ti andd is i usually
ll off
lead. Its main function is to prevent the
ingress of moist
moisture
re to the insulation.
ins lation
Underground
g Cables

ƒ They may be single-core


single core cables with one
cable per phase or three-core cables with
oonee common
co o lead
ead sheath.
s eat .
ƒ In single-core cables the stranded conductor
is always of round cross-section
cross-section.
ƒ In multi-core cables so-called sector shaped
strands
t d are alsol usedd to
t better
b tt utilize
tili the
th
space within the sheath.
Cable Insulations

Common insulating materials used in cables


are:
ƒ Oil-impregnated paper
ƒ Vulcanised rubber
ƒ synthetic polymeric dielectrics such as
» polyethylene (PE),
» propylene (PP),
» polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Solid Cables

Single Core Three core

Hessian fillers
servings
g Lead sheaths

Paper
insulation

Stranded
Fabraic conductors Belt
tapes insulation
Solid Cables

ƒ Single Conductor, paper


paper-insulated
insulated power
cable.
Solid Cables

ƒ Three
Three-conductor,
conductor, belted, compact
compact-sector,
sector,
paper-insulated cable.
Solid Cables

ƒ Three
Three-conductor,
conductor, shielded (H
(H-type),
type),
compact-sector , paper-insulated cable.
Solid Cables

ƒ Three
Three-conductor
conductor solid-type
solid type cable with
protective steel armour.
Cable Parameters

ƒ Cables have the same distributed electrical


parameters as the overhead lines but
» Capacitance is much higher due to closer
proximity of the conductors.
»SShunt
u loss
oss iss no
o longer
o ge negligible.
eg g b e. thee sshunt
u
loss in the dielectric include
– leakage
– dielectric hysteresis
Dielectric loss angle
g

ƒ The dielectric loss is usually measured by


the dielectric power factor
I
p f = cos φ
dielectric p.f.
ƒ The dielectric loss angle is
δ = 90 – power factor
f l φ
angle δ
φ
ƒ Since δ is small
V
δ ≈ sin δ = cos φ = dielectric p.f.
Cable Ratings
g

ƒ The current rating of a cable is limited by


the maximum permissible temperature of its
su at o s.
insulations.
ƒ Depending on the expected loading, we
have the following ratings:
» Continuous rating
» Short time rating
» Cyclic rating
Cable Rating
g

The steady loading that results in a final


temperature equal to the maximum permissible
value
va ue iss known
ow as tthee co
continuous
t uous rating.
at g.
temp Tmax
current
T

Continuous rating
I

time
Cable Rating
g

If the loading is applied for a short duration


only, say 1 hour, then the loading without the
a
maximum u temperature
te pe atu e being
be g exceeded
e ceeded iss
known as the (1 hour) short-time rating.
temp Tmax
current
Short-time
rating I
T

time
Cable Rating
g

For a given cyclic pattern, the maximum load


that can be supplied without the maximum
temperature
te pe atu e being
be g exceeded
e ceeded iss known
ow as the
t e
cyclic rating.
temp Tmax
current
T
cyclic rating
I

time
Thermal equation
q

ƒ Heat Balance Equation


Heat generated = heat dissipated
+ heat
h t absorbed.
b b d
Heat generated depends on power loss P in the
bl (I2R lloss and
cable d dielectric
di l t i loss)
l )
Heat dissipated depends on the surface area,
method of cooling and temperature difference.
difference
Heat absorbed results in temperature increase
depending on the specific heat.
heat
Thermal equation
q

Let
P = power loss in cable
λ = emissivity (watt/m2/oC)
A = surface area for heat dissipation (m2)
θ = temperature rise above ambient (oC)
M = mass (kg)
Cp = specific heat (joule/kg/ oC)
Thermal equation
q

Then with temperature rise dθ in the time


period dt,
Heat generated = P dt
Heat dissipated = λAθ dt
Heat absorbed = MCp dθ
Hence
MCp dθ + λAθ dt = P dt
Thermal equation
q
This can be written in the form
τ(dθ/dt) + θ = θ∞
where
τ = MCp/λA is the heating time constant.
θ∞ = P/λA is the steady state temperature rise.
rise

The solution is
θ(t) = θ∞ - (θ∞ - θ0)e -t/ τ
where θ0 is the initial temperature rise above ambient
at t = 0.
Example
p

ƒ Heat run test of a transformer from cold


» Temperature rise after 1 hr – 15o C
» Temperature rise after 2 hr – 27o C

ƒ Determine
D t i
» Final temperature rise if run continuously
» Heating time constant of transformer
Example
p

From thermal heating equation


θ∞(1 – e-1/τ) = 15 (1)
θ∞(1 – e-2/τ
2/τ) = 27 (2)
Dividing (2) by (1)
(1 + e-1/τ) = 27/15 = 1.8
e-1/τ = 1.8 – 1 = 0.8
∴ θ∞ = 15/(1 – e-1/τ) = 75
τ = -1/ln(0.8)
1/l (0 8) = 4.48
4 48
Overhead line vs Underground
g cables

ƒ Cost
» Underground cables cost, on average, 8~15
times more than overhead lines.

ƒ Operation
» Charging current for underground cables is
much higher than that of overhead lines and can
use up a lot
l t off the
th currentt carrying
i capacity.
it
The situation gets worse as the voltage
increases.
increases
Overhead line vs Underground
g cables

ƒ Reliability
» Overhead lines have more outages than
underground
g cables pper unit length,
g , but the
outages are usually shorter in duration.

ƒ Flexibility
Fl ibilit
» Overhead lines can be upgraded to higher
voltages
lt if necessary. Underground
U d d cables
bl
cannot be easily upgraded.
Overhead line vs Underground
g cables

ƒ Safety
» Underground cables are more safe and are
always
y used in denselyy populated
p p areas for this
reason alone.
ƒ Environment
v o e
» Overhead Line Towers (aesthetic problem)
» EM Field under overhead lines (effect on
human beings)
» Corona (radio interference, noise pollution etc)

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