B.E.

(Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering

DNYANSHREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering Department
Laboratory Experiment List
Name of Subject: RF & Microwave Engineering
Class: B.E. (E&TC) Sem: VII Year: 2019-20

Expt.
Title of Experiment
No.
1 Study of Microwave Test Bench.

2 Study of Characteristics of reflex klystron

3 Study of V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode

4 Study of Characteristics of directional coupler

5 Study of Measurement of VSWR by using slotted line method

6 Study of Measurement of wavelength by using slotted line method

7 Study of characteristics of E plane Tee

8 Study of characteristics of H plane Tee

9 Study of character tics of magic Tee

10 Simulation using RF Measurement test bench

Name & Sign Name & Sign

Subject Teacher HOD
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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering

Experiment No. 1

Title: Introduction to Microwave Laboratory, Components and Test Bench

Aim: To Study Microwave Components and Instruments.

Objective: To become familiar with microwave components and instruments available in the
Laboratory.

Equipments: Klystron power Supply, Gunn power Supply, VSWR Meter, Power Meter,
Slotted Section Frequency /Wave Meter.

Components : Attenuator, Circulator, Isolator, Waveguide twist, Bend, Magic Tee, E-Plane tee,
H-plane Tee ,Directional Coupler, Matched Termination, PIN Modulator, Crystal detector, Reflex
Klystron tube, Gunn Diode, Different types of antennas available.

Procedure:
 Note relevant Technical specifications of Instruments.
  Study position and function of the front panel of the Equipment’s

  Know basic principles of operation and functional block diagram of instruments

 Facilitates provided and limitations of the Equipment if any.

 Know initial settings of controls of Equipment if any.
 Precautions to be taken while carrying out measurements.

Observations:
 Identify the components /Devices
 Study basic principle of operation of devices and components
 Know typical application of each component
 Identify the E field and H field Mode Patterns in these devices


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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering

Experiment 2
Aim: Study of Characteristics of reflex klystron

Objective: To study the characteristics of the Reflex Klystron Tube and to determine its
electronic tuning range.

Apparatus required:

 Klystron Power Supply

 Klystron tube with Klystron mounts
 Isolator
 Frequency meter
 Variable attenuator
 Detector mount, Wave guide stand
 SWR meter and oscilloscope
 BNC cable
Theory:
The Reflex Klystron makes the use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous
electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated
& passed through the positive resonator towards negative reflector, which retards and
finally, reflects the electrons and the electrons turn back through the resonator. Suppose
an rf-field exists between the resonators the electrons traveling forward will be
accelerated or retarded, as the voltage at the resonator changes in amplitude.

Figure 1 Schematics Diagram of Klystron 2K25

The accelerated electrons leave the resonator at an increased velocity and the retarded
electrons leave at the reduced velocity. The electronsro leaving the resonator will need
different time to return, due to change in velocities. As a result, returning electrons group
together in bunches, as the electron bunches pass through resonator, they interact with

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering
voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid at such a time that the electrons
are slowed down by the voltage then energy will be delivered to the
Resonator; and Klystron will oscillate. Fig. 2 shows the relationship between output
power, frequency and reflector voltages.

Figure 2 Square Wave modulation of the Klystron

The frequency is primarily determined by the dimensions of resonant cavity. Hence, by
changing the volume of resonator, mechanical tuning of klystron is possible. Also, a
small frequency change can be obtained by adjusting the reflector voltage. This is called
Electronic Tuning
The same result can be obtained, if the modulation voltage is applied on the reflector
voltage as shown in the fig.
Procedure:
Carrier Wave Operation:

1. Connect the components and equipment’s as shown in figure

2. Set the Variable Attenuator at no attenuation position.

3. Set the mode switch of klystron power supply to CW position, beam voltage control
knob to full anti-clock wise and reflector voltage control knob to fully clock wise
and the meter select to Beam position.
4. Keep SWR meter at 50dB attenuation and coarse and fine potentiometers on mid
position and crystal impedance at 200ohm.
5. Keep SWR/dB switch at dB position.
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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering

6. Set the multi-meter in DC microampere range.

7. Switch 'On' the klystron power supply & cooling fan for klystron tube.
8. Now in K.P.S set Mode select switch to AM- MODE position. Beam voltage control
knob to fully anticlockwise position. Reflector voltage control knob to the maximum
clockwise position
9. Change the reflector voltage slowly and observe the reading on the SWR meter. Set
the voltage for maximum reading in the meter. If no reading is obtained, change the
plunger position of klystron mount and detector mount. Select the appropriate range
on SWR Meter. Now replace SWR meter to multi-meter.
10. Tune the plunger of klystron mount for the maximum output.
11. Rotate the knob of frequency meter slowly and stop at that position, when there is
less output current on multi-meter. Read directly the frequency between two
horizontal line and vertical line markers. If micro meter type frequency meter is used,
read micrometre frequency and find the frequency from its calibration chart.
Square Wave Operation:
1. Connect the equipment’s and components as shown in the figure.

2. Set Micrometre of variable attenuator for no attenuation.

3. Set the range switch of SWR meter at appropriate position, crystal selector switch to
200ohm impedance position, mode select to normal position.
4. Now in KPS set Mode select switch to AM- MOD position. Beam voltage control
knob to fully anticlockwise position. Reflector voltage control knob to the maximum
clockwise position.
5. Switch ‘On’ the Klystron Power Supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
6. Change the beam voltage knob clockwise up to 300V.
7. Keep the AM amplitude knob and AM frequency knob at the mid-position.
8. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get reading in SWR meter.
9. Rotate the AM amplitude knob to get the maximum output in SWR meter.
10. Maximize the reading by adjusting the frequency control knob of AM.
11. If necessary, change the range switch of SWR meter if the Reading in SWR meter is
greater than 0.0db or less than -10dB in normal Mode respectively. Further the

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering
output can also be reduced by Variable Attenuator for setting the output for any
particular position.
12. Connect oscilloscope in place of SWR Meter and observe the square wave across
detector mount.
Mode Study on Oscilloscope:
1. Set up the components and equipment’s as shown in figure 7.
2. Set Mode selector switch to FM-Mode position with FM amplitude and FM
frequency knob at mid position. Keep beam voltage control knob fully anticlockwise
and reflector voltage knob to fully clockwise.

3. Keep the time/division scale of Oscilloscope around 100Hz frequency

measurement and volt/ div to lower scale.
4. Switch ‘On’ the klystron power supply and oscilloscope.
5. Set beam voltage to 300V by beam voltage control knob.
6. Keep amplitude knob of FM modulator to maximum position and rotate the
reflector voltage anti-clockwise to get modes as shown in figure 8 on the
oscilloscope. The horizontal axis represents reflector voltage axis, and vertical axis
represents output power.
7. By changing the reflector voltage and amplitude of FM modulation, any mode of
Klystron tube can be seen on an Oscilloscope.

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OBSERVATIONS

Sr. No. Repeller voltage Output Voltage Frequency meter

(Volts) (Volts) (GHz)

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering
Experiment 3
Aim: Study of V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode

Objective: To study V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode

Apparatus required:

 Gunn oscillator
 Gun power supply
 PIN modulator
 Isolator
 Frequency meter
 Variable attenuator
 Detector mount
 Wave guide stands
 SWR Meter
Theory:
The Gunn Oscillator is based on negative differential conductivity effect in bulk
semiconductors, which has two conduction bands minima separated by an energy gap
(greater than thermal agitation energies). A disturbance at the cathode gives rise to high
field region, which travels towards the anode. When this high field domain reaches the
anode, it disappears and another domain is formed at the cathode and starts moving
towards anode and so on. The time required for domain to travel from cathode to anode
(transit time) gives oscillation frequency. In a Gunn Oscillator, the Gunn diode is placed
in a resonant cavity. In this case the Oscillation frequency is determined by cavity
dimension than by diode itself. Although Gunn oscillator can be amplitude modulated
with the bias voltage. We have used separate PIN modulator through PIN diode for
square wave modulation. A measure of the square wave modulation capability is the
modulation depth i.e. the output ratio between, 'ON and 'OFF state.
Procedure:
1. Set the components and equipment as shown in the fig.
2. Initially set the variable attenuator for no attenuation.
3. Keep the control knob of Gunn Power Supply as shown:
 Gunn bias knob : fully anti- clockwise
 PIN bias knob : fully anti- clockwise
 PIN Mod frequency : mid position
 Mode switch : CW Mode

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Fig 1: Setup for Study of V-I characteristics of Gunn Diode

4. Keep the control knob of SWR meter as shown:

Range : 50dB position
Crystal : 200ohm
Mode switch : Normal position
Gain (coarse & fine) : mid position
SWR/dB switch : dB position
5. Set the micrometre of Gunn Oscillator at 10 mm position.
6. Switch ON the Gunn power supply SWR Meter and cooling fan
7. Measure the Gunn diode current corresponding to the various voltage controlled by
Gunn bias knob through the panel do not exceed the bias voltage above 10.5 volts.
Result and Analysis:
8. Plot the voltage and current reading on the graph as shown in fig.
9. Measure the threshold voltage which, corresponds to maximum current.

Fig 2: I-V Characteristics of GUNN Oscillator

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering
OBSERVATIONS
Sr. No. V (v) I (mA)
1
2
3
4
5

Conclusion

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering
Experiment 4

Aim: Study of Characteristics of directional coupler

Objective:

Study the function of multi-hole directional coupler by measuring the following

parameters:
1. To Measure main-line and auxiliary-line VSWR.
2. To Measure the coupling factor and directivity
Equipment Required:
 Microwave source (Klystron or Gunn Diode type)
 Isolator
 PIN modulator
 Frequency meter
 Variable attenuator
 Slotted line
 Tunable Probe
 Detector mount
 Matched Terminator
 MHD coupler
 Wave guide stand
 Cables & accessories
 VSWR meter

Theory:
A directional coupler is a four –port waveguide junction. It consists of a primary waveguide
1-2 & a secondary waveguide 3-4. When all ports are terminated in their characteristic impedances‟,
there is free transmission of power, without reflection. Between port 1& 2 and there is no
transmission of power between port 1 & 3 or between 2 & 4 because no coupling exists between
their two pairs of ports. The degree of coupling between port 1 & 4 between port 2 & 3 depends on
the structure of the coupler. The characteristics of a directional coupler can be expressed in terms of
its coupling factor & its directivity. Assume that the wave is propagating from port 1 to port 2 in the
primary line; the coupling factor & the directivity are defined,

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Where, P1= Power input to port 1, P3= Power output from port 3, P4= Power output from
port 4

Fig 1:-Setup for measurement of VSWR of MHD Coupler

Procedure:-

1. Main Line SWR Measurement

a. Set up the equipment’s as shown in the fig.
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as
described. (procedures given in the operation of klystron and Gunn
oscillator)
c. Follow the procedure as described for SWR measurement experiment (Low
and medium SWR measurement).

d. Repeat the same for other frequency.

2. Auxiliary Line SWR Measurement
a. Set up the components and equipment’s as shown in the fig.
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as
described operation of Klystron and Gunn Oscillator
c. Follow the procedure as described for SWR measurement experiment
(Low and medium SWR measurement).
d. Repeat the same for other frequencies.
3. Measurement of Coupling Factor, Insertion Loss

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering
a. Set up the equipment’s as shown in the fig.
b. Energize the microwave source for particular frequency operation as
described operation of Klystron and Gunn Oscillator.
c. Remove the multi-hole directional coupler and connect the detector mount
to the slotted line.
d. Set any reference level of power on SWR meter with the help of variable
attenuator, gain control knob of SWR meter, and note down the reading.
(Reference level let it be X)
e. Insert the directional coupler as shown in second fig. with detector to the
auxiliary port 3 and matched termination to port 2, without changing the
position of variable attenuator and gain control knob of SWR meter.
f. Note down the reading on SWR meter on the scale with the help of range-
db switch if required. (Let it be Y)
g. Calculate coupling factor, which will be X-Y in dB.
h. Now carefully disconnect the detector from the auxiliary port 3 and match
termination from port 2 without disturbing the set-up.
i. Connect the matched termination to the auxiliary port 3 and detector to
port 2 and measure the reading on SWR meter. Suppose it is Z.
Result and Analysis:
Calculate the coupling factor, which will be X-Y in db
Compute insertion loss X-Z db
Compute the isolation Z-Y.
Now Directivity = Isolation - Coupling

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering
Experiment 5
Aim: Study of Measurement of VSWR by using slotted line method

Objective:

To determine the Standing Wave-Ratio and Reflection Coefficient

Apparatus required:

 Klystron/Gunn power supply

 Klystron mount/Gunn oscillator
 SWR meter
 Isolator
 Frequency meter
 Slotted line
 Tunable probe
 S-S tuner
 Matched termination
Theory:
It is a ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage along a transmission line is called
VSWR, as ratio of maximum to minimum current. SWR is measure of mismatch
between load and line.
The electromagnetic field at any point of transmission line may be considered as the sum
of two traveling waves: the 'Incident Wave' propagates from generator and the reflected
wave propagates towards the generator. The reflected wave is set up by reflection of
incident wave from a discontinuity on the line or from the load impedance. The
magnitude and phase of reflected wave depends upon amplitude and phase of .the
reflecting impedance. The superposition of two traveling waves, gives rise to standing
wave along with the line.

The maximum field strength is found where two waves are in phase and minimum where
the line adds in opposite phase. The distance between two successive minimum (or
maximum) is half the guide wavelength on the line. The ratio of electrical field strength
of reflected and incident wave is called reflection between maximum and minimum field
strength along the line.

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering

Double Minima Method

Hence VSWR denoted by S is

Emax
S=
Emin

EI  Er

EI  E
r
Where
EI = Incident Voltage
Er = Reflected Voltage
Reflection Coefficient, ρ is
E Z  Z0
  r 
EI
Z  Z0
Where
Z is the impedance at a point on line, Zo
is characteristic Impedance.
The above equation gives following equation

  S 1
S 1

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering
Procedure:
1. Set up the equipment as shown in the fig.
2. Keep variable attenuator at no attenuation position.
3. Connect the S.S tuner & matched termination after slotted line.
4. Keep the control knobs of Gunn power supply as shown:
 Gunn bias knob : fully anti- clockwise
 PIN bias knob : fully anti- clockwise
 PIN Mod freq. : mid position
 Mode switch : Int. mode position
5. Keep the control knob of SWR as shown:
 Range : 40dB/50dBposition
 Crystal : 200 ohm
 Mode switch : Normal
 Gain (coarse & fine) : mid position
 SWR/dB switch : dB position
6. Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator at 10mm position.
7. Switch ON the Gunn power supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.
8. Observe the Gunn diode current corresponding to the various voltages controlled
by Gunn bias knob through the LCD meter, do not exceed bias voltage above
10.5 volts.
9. If necessary change the range db-switch, variable attenuator position and gain
control knob to get deflection in the scale of SWR meter.
10. Move the probe along with slotted line, the reading will change.
11. For low SWR set the S.S tuner probe for no penetration position.
a. Measurement of low and medium VSWR
i. Move the probe along with slotted line to maximum deflection in SWR
meter in dB.
ii. Adjust the SWR Meter gain control knob or variable attenuator until the
meter indicates 0.0 dB on normal mode SWR for 0.0 dB is 1.0 by keeping
switches at SWR we can read it directly.
iii. Keep all the Control knobs as it is, move the probe to next minimum
position. Keep SWR /dB switches at SWR position.

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering

iv. Repeat the above step for change of S.S. Tuner probe path & record the
corresponding SWR. Read SWR from display & record it.
v. If the SWR is greater than 10, follow the instructions that follow.
b. Measurement of High SWR (Double Minimum Method)
i. Set the depth of S.S tuner slightly more for maximum SWR.
ii. Move the probe along with slotted line until a minimum is indicated.
iii. Adjust the SWR meter gain control knob and variable attenuator to obtain
a reading of 3 dB (or any other reference).at SWR meter.
iv. Move the probe to the left on slotted line until maximum reading is obtained
i.e. 0 db on scale. Note and record the probe position on slotted line. Let it
be d1. (Or power should be increased by 3 db).
v. Move the probe right along with slotted line until maximum reading is
obtained on 0 db scale. Let it be d2.
vi. Replace the S.S tuner and terminator by movable short.
Result and analysis:

vii. Measure the distance between two successive minima position or probe.
Twice this distance is waveguide length.

λg = 2(d1-d2)

viii. Now calculate SWR using following equation

SWR= g/Π (d1-d2)

ix. For different SWR, calculate the refection coefficient.

|ρ| = S-1
S-2

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering
Experiment 6
Aim: Study of Measurement of wavelength by using slotted line method

Objective:
To determine the frequency & wavelength in a rectangular waveguide working on
TE10 mode
Apparatus required:
 Gunn power supply
 Gunn Oscillator
 Isolator
 PIN modulator
 Frequency meter
 Slotted section
 Tunable probe
 Wave guide stand
 SWR meter
 Matched termination.
Theory:
Mode represents in wave guides as either
TE m, n/ TM m, n
Where
TE – Transverse electric,
TM – Transverse magnetic
m – Number of half wave length variation in broader direction.
n – Number of half wave length variation in shorter direction.
λG
(d1 d2 )
2
Where d1 and d2 are the distance between two successive minima/maxima. It is having
highest cut off frequency hence dominant mode. For dominant TE10 mode in rectangular
wave guide o, g and c are related as below.
Where
λ is free space wave length
λg is guide wave length

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF and microwave Engineering

c is cutoff wave length

For TE10 mode,

Where m = 1 in TE10 mode and ‘a' is broad dimension of waveguide.

Procedure:
1. Set up the components and equipments as shown in fig.
2. Set the variable attenuator at no attenuation position.
3. First connect the matched termination after slotted section.
4. Keep the control knob of Gunn power supply as shown.
 Gunn bias knob : fully anti- clockwise direction
 PIN bias knob : fully anti- clockwise direction
 PIN Mod frequency : mid position
 Mode switch : Int. mode
5. Keep the control knob of SWR meter as shown.
 Range dB : 50 dB
 Crystal : 200 ohm
 Mode switch : Normal mode
 Gain (coarse & fine) : mid position
 SWR/dB : dB position
6. Set the micrometer of Gunn oscillator at 10 cm position.

Setup for study of frequency & wave length measurement

7. Switch on the Gunn power supply, SWR meter and cooling fan.

8. Observe the Gunn diode current corresponding to the various voltages controlled
by the Gunn bias knob through the LCD, don’t exceed the bias voltage above
10.5 volts.

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9. Turn the meter switch of power supply to beam voltage position and set beam
voltage at 300V with help of beam voltage knob, current around 15 to 20mA.
10. Tune the probe for maximum deflection in SWR meter.
11. Tune the frequency meter to get a 'dip' minimum reading on SWR LCD display
and note down the frequency directly from frequency meter. Now you can detune
the DRF meter.
12. Move the tunable probe along with the slotted line to get the maximum reading
in SWR meter. Move the tunable probe to a minimum gain position record the
probe position i.e. d1.
13. Move the probe to next minimum position and record the probe position again
i.e. d2.
Result and Analysis:
14. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two successive
minimum positions obtained as above.
λg = 2(d1-d2)
15. Measure the wave-guide inner broad dimension 'a' which will be around 22.86
mm for X band.
λc = 2a
16. Calculate the frequency by following equation:
c
f  c 1  1
λ 0 λ2 λ2
g c
Where
c =3 x 108 meter/sec. i.e. velocity of light.
17. Verify with frequency obtained by frequency meter.
18. Above experiment can be verified at different frequencies.

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF & Microwave Engineering

Experiment 7
Title: Study of characteristics of E plane Tee

Objective: Performance analysis of E plane Tee

Equipment:
1. Microwave power supply
2. Microwave source
1. Isolator
2. Variable attenuator,
3. Frequency meter ,
4. E- plane
5. Matched termination,
6. Waveguide stand ,
7. Detector mount,
8. VSWR meter and Accessories.

Theory:
E-plane tee (series tee):-

An E-plane tee is a waveguide tee in which the axis of its side arm is parallel to the E field of
the main guide. If the collinear arms are symmetric about the side arm, there are two different
transmission characteristics. if the E-plane tee is perfectly matched with the aid of screw tuners of
inductive or capacitive windows at the junction, the diagonal components of the scattering matrix ,
S11,S22 and S33,are zero because there will be no reflection. The waves appearing at port 1 and port
2 of the collinear arm will be opposite phase and in the same magnitude.

i.e. S13 = - S23 --- (1)

It should be noted that the equation does not mean that the S13 is always positive and S23 is always
negative. In general, when an E-plane tee is constructed of an empty waveguide, it is poorly matched
at the tee junction. Hence Sij # 0 if i = j. However, since the collinear arm is usually symmetric about
the side arm, | S13 | = | S23 | and S11=S22. Then the S matrix can be simplified to,
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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF & Microwave Engineering

S11 S12 S13

S= S12 S11 -S13

S13 - S13 S33

Experiment setup:-

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Procedure:
1. Connect the components & equipment as show in fig.
2. Set the variable Attenuator at the maximum position (A zero micrometer reading).
3. Set the range switch of VSWR meter at 40dB position, input selector switch to crystal
impedance position, meter switch to normal position.
4. Set the mode selector switch to AM-MOD position with amplitude and AM frequency knob
at mid position. Keep beam voltage control knob to full anti-clock wise & reflector voltage
control ,knob to fully clock wise & the meter switch to Switch „ON‟ the Klystron power supply,
VSWR meter & cooling fan
5. Put the meter switch to beam voltage position & rotate beam voltage knob clockwise
slowly up to 300V reading.
6. Keep the AM-MOD amplitude knob & AM-FREQ knob at themed position.
7. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in the VSWR meter.
8. Rotate the AM-MOD amplitude knob to get the maximum output in the VSWR meter.
9. Maximize the deflection with & frequency control knob of AM-MOD.
10. If necessary, change he range switch of VSWR meter 50 dB to 30dB if the deflection in
VSWR meter is out of scale or less than normal scale respectively.
11. Find the oscillations by frequency by the frequency meter.
12. Connect the Oscilloscope in place at VSWR & see square wave across detector mount.
Measure the amplitude of square wave.
13. Replace detector mount by E-plane tee. Give input to E-arm, observe output at both collinear
arms.

Observation:

1) Input given E-Plane i.e to port 3

V13=___V
V23=___V

Conclusion:

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF & Microwave Engineering

Experiment 8

Title: Study of characteristics of H plane Tee

Objective: Performance analysis of H plane Tee

Equipment:
1. Microwave power supply
2 Microwave source
3 Isolator
4 Variable attenuator,
5. Frequency meter,
6. E- plane
7. Matched termination,
8. Waveguide stand,
9. Detector mount,
10. VSWR meter and Accessories.

Theory:
An H-plane tee is a waveguide tee in which the axis of its side arm is “shunting “the E field
or parallel to the H field of the main guide. It can be seen that if two input waves are fed into port 1
and port 2 of the collinear arm, the output wave at port 3 will be in phase and additive. On the other
hand, if the input is fed into port 3, the wave will split equally into port 1 and port 2 in phase and in
the same magnitude.

i.e. S13 = S23

S11 S12 S13

S= S12 S11 S13

S13 S13 S33

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF & Microwave Engineering

Experiment setup:-

Procedure:
1. Connect the components & equipment as show in fig.
Set the variable Attenuator at the maximum position (A zero micrometer reading).

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF & Microwave Engineering

2. Set the range switch of VSWR meter at 40dB position, input selector switch to crystal
impedance position, meter switch to normal position.
3. Set the mode selector switch to AM-MOD position with amplitude and AM frequency knob
at mid position. Keep beam voltage control knob to full anti-clock wise & reflector voltage
control, knob to fully clock wise & the meter switch to„OFF „ position.
4. Switch „ON‟ the Klystron power supply, VSWR meter & cooling fan
5. Put the meter switch to beam voltage position & rotate beam voltage knob clockwise
slowly up to 300V reading.
6. Keep the AM-MOD amplitude knob & AM-FREQ knob at themed position.
7. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in the VSWR meter.
8. Rotate the AM-MOD amplitude knob to get the maximum output in the VSWR meter.
9. Maximize the deflection with & frequency control knob of AM-MOD.
10. If necessary, change he range switch of VSWR meter 50 dB to 30dB if the deflection in
VSWR meter is out of scale or less than normal scale respectively.
11. Find the oscillations by frequency by the frequency meter.
12. Connect the Oscilloscope in place at VSWR & see square wave across detector mount.
Measure the amplitude of square wave.
12. Replace detector mount by H-plane tee. Give input to H-arm, observe output at both
collinear arms.

Observation: H-Plane Tee

1) Input given H-Plane i.e to port 3

V13=___mV

V23=___mV

Conclusion:

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF & Microwave Engineering

Experiment 9

Title: Study of characteristics of magic Tee

Objective: Performance analysis of magic Tee

Equipment:
2. Microwave power supply
3. Microwave source
1. Isolator
2. Variable attenuator,
3. Frequency meter ,
4. Magic- Tee
5. Matched termination,
6. Waveguide stand ,
7. Detector mount,
8. VSWR meter and Accessories.

Theory:
A magic tee is a combination of the E-plane tee and H-plane tee. The magic tee has several
characteristics:- If two waves of equal magnitude and the same phase are fed into port 1 and port 2,
the output will be zero at port 3 and additive at port 4. If a wave is fed into port 4 (the H arm ), it will
be divided equally between port 1 and port 2 of the collinear arms and will not appear at port 3 (the
E arm ). If a wave is fed into port 3 (the E arm (, it will produce and output of equal magnitude and
opposite phase at port 1 and port 2. The output at port 4 is zero. That is, S43 = S34 = 0. If a wave is
fed into one of the collinear arms at port 1 or port 2, it will not appear in the other collinear arm at
port 2 or port 1 because the E arm causes a phase delay while the H arm causes a phase advance. That
is, S12 = S21= 0.

Dnyanshree Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sajjangad Road, Satara.

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF & Microwave Engineering

Experiment setup:-

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF & Microwave Engineering

Procedure:
1. Connect the components & equipment as show in fig.
Set the variable Attenuator at the maximum position (A zero micrometer reading).
2. Set the range switch of VSWR meter at 40dB position, input selector switch to crystal
impedance position, meter switch to normal position.
3. Set the mode selector switch to AM-MOD position with amplitude and AM frequency knob
at mid position. Keep beam voltage control knob to full anti-clock wise & reflector voltage
control, knob to fully clock wise & the meter switch to„OFF „ position.
4. Switch „ON‟ the Klystron power supply, VSWR meter & cooling fan
5. Put the meter switch to beam voltage position & rotate beam voltage knob clockwise
slowly up to 300V reading.
6. Keep the AM-MOD amplitude knob & AM-FREQ knob at themed position.
7. Rotate the reflector voltage knob to get deflection in the VSWR meter.
8. Rotate the AM-MOD amplitude knob to get the maximum output in the VSWR meter.
9. Maximize the deflection with & frequency control knob of AM-MOD.
10. If necessary, change he range switch of VSWR meter 50 dB to 30dB if the deflection in
VSWR meter is out of scale or less than normal scale respectively.
11. Find the oscillations by frequency by the frequency meter.
12. Connect the Oscilloscope in place at VSWR & see square wave across detector mount.
Measure the amplitude of square wave.
13. Connect Magic tee. Give input to E or H-arm; observe output at remaining ports.
.

Observation:

Magic Tee

Magic Tee
a) H-Plane :
Input given H-Plane i.e to port 3
V14=___mV

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B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering) RF & Microwave Engineering

V24=___mV
b) E-Plane:
Input given E-Plane i.e. to port 3
V14=___V
V24=___V
c) Input given port 1
V12=___mV

Conclusion:

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