Fluid Mechanics: Presented By: Engr. Franz D. Santos
Fluid Mechanics: Presented By: Engr. Franz D. Santos
Fluid Mechanics: Presented By: Engr. Franz D. Santos
FLUID MECHANICS
Presented by:
Engr. Franz D. Santos
Overview
1 Course Requirements
2 Introduction
3 Historical Development
4 Fluid Classification
MECHANICS OF FLUID (FLDMEOH)
Ideal Real
Fluids Fluids
Newtonian Non
Fluids Newtonian
Fluids
Pseudoplastic Bingham
Fluids Fluids
Delatant
Fluids
Types of Fluid
( 𝑻 − 𝟒 )𝟐
𝜸𝑯𝟐𝑶 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 −
𝟏𝟖
=
dV / dy
Unit Conversion
Force (Weight) 1 lbf = 4.448 N
1 lbf = 444,800
dynes
Mass 1 slug = 14.59 kg
Dynamic 1 lb-sec/ft2 =
viscosity 478.78 poise
Kinematic 1 ft2/sec = 929
viscosity Stoke
Fluid Properties
𝐸𝐵
• 𝑐= 𝐸𝐵 𝐷 for non-rigid pipes
𝜌 [1+ ]
𝐸𝑡
Fluid Properties
Mach Number
–Alternatively, it can be expressed with
the density an the bulk modulus of
elasticity as
ρ
𝑀=𝑉
𝐸𝐵
Fluid Properties
EB
• Where V = flow velocity (m/s); ρ = density and EB = bulk
modulus of elasticity (Pa)
• Cauchy Number (C) = M2
Fluid Properties
Surface Tension
• Surface tension is a force within the surface layer of a
liquid that causes the layer to behave as an elastic sheet.
• The force in dynes required to break a film of length 1
cm.
𝐹𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝜎= =
𝐿 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
• Surface tension will form a drop of liquid to a sphere
since the sphere offers the smallest area for a definite
volume.
• Surface tension (𝜎) is in units of dyne/cm or N/m
• 1 dyne/cm = 0.001 N/m = 1 erg/cm2
• Water at 20℃ has a surface tension of 72.8 dynes/cm
Surface Tension
Fluid Properties
Surface Tension
• Contact-angle effects at liquid-gas-solid
interface. If ϴ < 90°, the liquid “wets” the
solid; if ϴ > 90°, the liquid is nonwetting.
Fluid Properties
Capillarity (Capillary Action)
• The ability of a narrow tube to draw a liquid upward
against the force of gravity.
• The height of a liquid in a tube due to capillarity can be
expressed as
2𝜎 cos 𝜃
• ℎ=
𝜌𝑔 𝑟
• Where: h = height of liquid; 𝜎 = surface tension; ϴ =
angle of contact; ρ= density; g = acceleration due to
gravity and r = radius of tube.
Fluid Properties
Capillarity (Capillary Action)
• Three main variables that determine whether a liquid
possesses capillarity:
– Cohesive force - It is the intermolecular bonding of a
substance where its mutual attractiveness forces them to
maintain a certain shape of the liquid.
– Adhesive force – forces of attraction between unlike
molecules occur.
– Surface tension – formation of impenetrable surface on
the body of water due to cohesive forces.
• Decreased surface tension increases capillary action
Fluid Properties
Capillarity
• The capillary height
increases inversely with
tube radius R and is
positive if ϴ < 90°
(wetting liquid) and
negative (capillary
depression) if ϴ > 90°.
Fluid Properties
Streamline, pathline, streakline, timeline and streamtubes
• Fluid mechanics is a highly visual subject. The patterns of
flow can be visualized in numerous ways.
• Four basic types of line patterns are used to visualize
flow:
1) Streamline – is a line everywhere tangent to the velocity
vector at a given instant.
2) Pathline – is the actual path traversed by a given fluid
particle. This is generated by injecting a dye into the
fluid and following its path by photography or other
means
Fluid Properties
Streamline, pathline, streakline, timeline and streamtubes
3) Streakline - is the locus of particles which have
earlier passed through a prescribed point.
- concentrates on fluid particles that have gone
through a fixed station or point. At some instant of time
the position of all these particles are marked and a line
is drawn through them.
4) Timeline - is a set of fluid particles that form a line at
a given instant.
- is generated by drawing a line through adjacent
particles in flow at any instant of time
Streamlines and streamtubes
Pathlines and Streaklines
Sample Problems
1. Oil has a total mass of 870 kg and a volume of 1.04
m3. Compute the (a) Density of oil (b) Unit weight of
oil (c) specific gravity of oil and (d) the oil’s specific
volume.
2. A liquid which is compressed in a cylinder has a
volume of 1 liter at 1 MPa and a volume of 995 cm3
at 2 MPa. What is its bulk modulus? Compute also
the compressibility value of liquid?
3. The kinematic viscosity and relative density of a
certain liquid are 4.22 x 10-5 m2/s and 1.3
respectively. Calculate the viscosity of this liquid.
Sample Problems
4. If the velocity of flow in a 500 mm diameter cast
iron non-rigid pipe with modulus of elasticity of
8.30 GPa be changed in 0.3 second from 0.5 m/s to
0 m/s by closing a valve 300 m from a reservoir,
what probable sonic velocity is expected if the pipe
has a thickness of 15 mm and bulk modulus of
elasticity of water is 2.10 GPa?
5. A clean tube has an internal diameter 3 mm is
immersed in Mercury with a surface tension of 0.48
N/m. The angle of contact of the liquid can assumed
to be 130°. What would be the level of the liquid in
the tube relative to the free surface of the liquid
outside the tube.
Sample Problems
6. If a force of P = 2 N causes the 30-mm diameter shaft
to slide along the lubricated bearing with a constant
speed of 0.5 m/s, determine the viscosity of the
lubricant and the constant speed of the shaft when the
force P = 8 N. Assume the velocity distribution is linear
and that the gap between the bearing and the shaft is 1
mm.
Seatwork
The 0.15 m wide plates passes between two layers of
oil A and B, having viscosities 0.03 Pa-sec for oil A and
0.01 Pa-sec for oil B. Determine the force P required to
move the plate at a constant speed of 6 mm/s. Neglect
any friction at the end supports assuming the velocity
profile to be linear.
PRINCIPLES OF HYDROSTATICS:
FLUID PRESSURE
Pressure – force per unit of area exerted by a liquid of gas on a body
or surface.
𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞, 𝑭
𝐏=
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚, 𝑨
Common Units:
Pascal, psi (lb/sq.in), psf (lb/sq.f), atmosphere (atm), kg/sq.cm etc.
𝑷𝟐 − 𝑷𝟏 = 𝜸𝒉
𝑷 = 𝜸𝒉
FLUID PRESSURE
Pressure Below Layers of Different Fluids
𝑷𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒕𝒐𝒎 = 𝑷𝑨 + 𝜸𝟏 𝒉𝟏 + 𝜸𝟐 𝒉𝟐 + 𝜸𝟑 𝒉𝟑
𝑷
𝒉=
𝜸
Head conversions
To convert the pressure head (height) of any liquid to another liquid, the
following can be used:
𝑺𝑨 𝜸𝑨
𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨 or 𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨 𝝆𝝆𝑨 or 𝒉𝑩 = 𝒉𝑨
𝑺𝑩 𝑩 𝜸𝑩
FLUID PRESSURE
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
SEATWORK
SIGN CONVENTION:
Upward – negative (-)
Downward – positive (+)