National Institute of Technology Warangal

Electronics & Communication Engineering Department

Digital Logic Design Lab (EC238)

Lab exercise # 1

Title: Study of logic gates with verification and interpretation of their truth tables.

Objective: The objective of this lab exercise is to study various logic functions (AND, OR,
NOT, NAND and NOR) and verify their truth tables. Students will be able to understand how
TTL ICs can be made to work for performing various logic functions.

Components and equipments: Bread Board, ICs, Wires, LEDs, DVM as Voltmeter (0-5 V),
Resistor, power supply and standard experimental setup.

Theory: Logic gates are electronic circuits which perform logical functions on one or more
inputs to produce one output. The truth tables and output of Boolean functions for the various
gates are given below. Using the given information, implement the circuits on breadboard. For
standard inputs (A & B), obtain the corresponding output (Y) and verify the truth tables for
these logic gates.

a. AND gate: AND gate produces an output as 1, when all its inputs are 1; otherwise the
output is 0. This gate can have minimum 2 inputs but output is always one. Its output
is 0 when any input is 0. The truth table and the output expression for a two input AND
gate are given below:

A B Y
0 0 0 Y=A.B
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

b. OR gate: OR gate produces an output as 1, when any or all its inputs are 1; otherwise
the output is 0. This gate can have minimum 2 inputs but output is always one. Its output
is 0 when all inputs are 0. The truth table and the output expression for a two input OR
gate are given below:

A B Y
0 0 0 Y=A+B
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

Lab exercise # 1 Page 1

 c. NOT gate: NOT gate produces the complement if its input. This gate is also called an
INVERTER. It always have one input and one output. Its output is 0 when input is 1
and output is 1 when input is 0. The truth table and the output expression for a NOT
gate (inverter) are given below:

A Y
0 1 Y = 𝐴̅
1 0

d. NAND gate: NAND gate is actually a series of AND gate with NOT gate. If we connect
the output of an AND gate to the input of a NOT gate, this combination will work as
NOT-AND or NAND gate. Its output is 1 when any or all inputs are 0, otherwise output
is 0. The truth table and the output expression for a two input NAND gate are given
below:

A B Y
0 0 1 𝑌 = ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴. 𝐵
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

e. NOR gate: NOR gate is actually a series of OR gate with NOT gate. If we connect the
output of an OR gate to the input of a NOT gate, this combination will work as NOT-
OR or NOR gate. Its output is 0 when any or all inputs are 1, otherwise output is 1. The
truth table and the output expression for a two input NOR gate are given below:

A B Y
0 0 1 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑌=𝐴 +𝐵
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

Lab exercise # 1 Page 2

 AND gate (74LS08) OR gate (74LS32)

NOT gate (74LS04) NAND gate (74LS00)

Lab exercise # 1 Page 3

 NOR gate (74LS02)

Fig. 1: Pin diagrams of various ICs

Procedure:
1. Fix the I.C. on the bread board/ IC Trainer kit.
2. Make connections using the pin details of the gates.
3. For logic 1, connect input to positive terminal of power supply (Typical value of Vcc
is 5 V). (Vcc,min = 4.75 V, Vcc max = 5.25 V).
4. For logic 0, connect input to ground terminal of power supply.
5. Apply various input combinations and observe output for each one.
6. Verify the truth table for each input/output combination.
7. Repeat the process for all other logic gates.

Observations:
Inverter (NOT gate) → 74LS04
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6
A Output
(Volts) (Volts) (Volts) (Volts) (Volts) (Volts)
0 1
1 0

2-Input AND gate → 74LS08

Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4
A B Output
(Volts) (Volts) (Volts) (Volts)
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

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 2-Input OR gate → 74LS32
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4
A B Output
(Volts) (Volts) (Volts) (Volts)
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

2-Input NAND gate → 74LS00

Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4
A B Output
(Volts) (Volts) (Volts) (Volts)
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

2-Input NOR gate → 74LS02

Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4
A B Output
(Volts) (Volts) (Volts) (Volts)
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

Result: At the end of this lab exercise, one should be able to verify the truth table of various
logic functions using their respective ICs.

Precautions:
1. Supply should not exceed 5 V.
2. Connections should be tight and easy to inspect.
3. Use LED with proper sign convention and check it before connecting in circuit.

Lab exercise # 1 Page 5