Scilab Textbook Companion for

Engineering Physics
by G. Aruldhas1

Created by
Pankaj Biswas
Modern Physics
Physics
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University
College Teacher
Dr. Vinay Kumar
Cross-Checked by

July 31, 2019

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project”
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description

Title: Engineering Physics

Author: G. Aruldhas

Publisher: Phi Learning Pvt. Ltd.

Edition: 1

Year: 2010

ISBN: 9788120339163

1
 Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)

For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.

2
Contents

List of Scilab Codes 4

1 OSCILLATION AND WAVES 5

2 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY 12

3 INTERFERENCE 15

4 DIFFRACTION 21

5 POLARIZATION 28

6 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 33

7 SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 44

8 SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY 48

9 QUANTUM MECHANICS 58

10 STATISTICAL MECHANICS 62

11 LASERS 65

12 HOLOGRAPHY AND FIBRE OPTICS 70

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13 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 74

14 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 80

15 THERMAL PROPERTIES 86

17 ULTRASONICS 90

18 ACOUSTICS OF BUILDINGS 91

4
List of Scilab Codes

Exa 1.1 Time period of SHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Exa 1.2 Accelertion and maximum velocity in SHM . 5
Exa 1.3 Damped Vibrating System . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exa 1.4 Amplitude and Time Period in SHM . . . . 7
Exa 1.5 Oscillation of a spring mass system . . . . . 8
Exa 1.6 Frequency of visible region . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 1.7 Characteristics of sound wave . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 1.8 Equation of a wave moving along X axis . . 10
Exa 1.9 Wave in the wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 2.1 Peak value of displacement current . . . . . 12
Exa 2.2 Displacement current density in a good con-
ductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 2.4 Poynting vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 2.5 Plane electromagnetic wave in a medium . . 13
Exa 3.1 Wavelength of Light using Young Double Slit
experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 3.2 Fringe shift due to change in wavelength . . 15
Exa 3.3 Refractive index from double slit experiment 16
Exa 3.4 Interference by thin soap film . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 3.5 Interference due to thin air wedge . . . . . . 17
Exa 3.6 Separation between consecutive bright fringes
formed by an air wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exa 3.7 Newton Rings by reflected light . . . . . . . 18
Exa 3.8 Refractive index from Newton Rings arrange-
ment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exa 3.9 Wavelength of light using Michelson Interfer-
ometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5
Exa 3.10 Shift in movable mirror of Michelson Interfer-
ometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exa 4.1 Diffraction at a single slit . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exa 4.2 Diffraction at a circular aperture . . . . . . 22
Exa 4.3 Second order maximum for diffraction grating 23
Exa 4.4 The highest spectral order with diffraction
grating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Exa 4.5 Overlapping spectra with diffraction grating 24
Exa 4.6 Width of first order spectrum . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 4.7 Resolution of wavelengths for grating . . . . 25
Exa 4.8 Angular separation to satisfy Rayleigh crite-
rion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 4.9 Linear separation between two points . . . . 27
Exa 5.1 Polarization by reflection . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Exa 5.2 Percentage transmission of polarized light . 29
Exa 5.3 Thickness of Quarter Wave Plate . . . . . . 29
Exa 5.4 Behaviour of half wave plate for increased wave-
length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 5.5 Phase retardation for quartz . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 5.6 Brewster angle at the boundary between two
materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 6.1 Lattice parameter of NaCl crystal . . . . . . 33
Exa 7.1 Variation of critical magnetic field with tem-
perature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Exa 6.2 Miller indices of the crystal plane . . . . . . 34
Exa 6.3 Indices of lattice plane . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 6.5 Interplanar spacing in cubic crystal . . . . . 35
Exa 6.6 Interplanar spacing in cubic crystal . . . . . 36
Exa 6.7 ngle of reflection by using wavelength of X ray 37
Exa 6.8 Actual volume occupied by the spheres in fcc
structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Exa 6.9 X ray Diffraction by crystal planes . . . . . 38
Exa 6.10 X ray Diffraction by crystal planes . . . . . 39
Exa 6.11 Maximum order of diffraction . . . . . . . . 40
Exa 6.12 Bragg reflection angle for the second order
diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Exa 6.13 Distance between nearest neighbours of NaCl 42
Exa 6.14 Effect of structural change on volume . . . . 42

6
Exa 7.2 Frequency of Josephson current . . . . . . . 44
Exa 7.3 Superconducting energy gap at 0K . . . . . 44
Exa 7.4 Wavelength of photon to break up a Cooper
pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 7.5 Variation of London penetration depth with
temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 7.6 Isotope Effect in mercury . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 8.1 Relativistic length contraction . . . . . . . . 48
Exa 8.2 Time Dilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 8.4 Relativistic velocity addition . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 8.5 Relativistic effects as observed for spaceship 50
Exa 8.6 Time difference and distance between the events 51
Exa 8.7 Speed of unstable particle in the Laboratory
frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Exa 8.8 Relativistic effects applied to mu meson . . 52
Exa 8.9 Speed of moving mass . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 8.10 Rate of decreasing mass of sun . . . . . . . 54
Exa 8.11 Relativistic mass energy relation . . . . . . 54
Exa 8.13 Mass from relativistic energy . . . . . . . . 55
Exa 8.14 Relativistic momentum of high speed probe 56
Exa 8.15 Moving electron subjected to the electric field 56
Exa 9.1 De broglie wavelength of an electron from ac-
celerating potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 9.2 De broglie wavelength of an electron from ki-
netic energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 9.4 Uncertainty principle for position and momen-
tum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Exa 9.5 Uncertainty principle for energy and time . 60
Exa 9.6 Width of spectral line from Uncertainty prin-
ciple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Exa 9.14 Probability of electron moving in 1D box . . 61
Exa 10.1 Ratio of occupancy of two states . . . . . . 62
Exa 10.4 Number density and fermi energy of silver . 62
Exa 10.5 Electronic contribution to the molar heat ca-
pacity of silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Exa 10.6 Fermi energy and mean energy of aluminium 64
Exa 11.1 Ratio of spontaneous and stimulated emission 65
Exa 11.2 Energy of excited state of laser system . . . 66

7
Exa 11.3 Condition of equivalence of stimulated and
spontaneous emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Exa 11.4 Area and intensity of image formed by laser 67
Exa 11.5 Rate of energy released in a pulsed laser . . 68
Exa 11.6 Angular and linear spread of laser beam . . 68
Exa 12.1 Parameters of step index fibre . . . . . . . . 70
Exa 12.2 Parameters of optical fibre . . . . . . . . . . 71
Exa 12.3 Numerical aperture and acceptance angle of
step index fibre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Exa 12.5 Output power in fibre optic communication 72
Exa 13.1 Electronic Polarizability of atom . . . . . . 74
Exa 13.2 Parallel plate capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Exa 13.3 Dielectric displacement of medium . . . . . 75
Exa 13.4 Relative dielectric constant . . . . . . . . . 76
Exa 13.5 Atomic polarizability of sulphur . . . . . . . 77
Exa 13.6 Electronic polarizability from refractive index 77
Exa 13.7 Ratio of electronic polarizability to ionic po-
larizability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Exa 14.1 Spontaneous magnetisation of the substance 80
Exa 14.2 Relative permeability of ferromagnetic mate-
rial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Exa 14.3 Relative permeability from magnetisation . 81
Exa 14.4 Magnetic flux density and magnetisation of
diamagnetic material . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Exa 14.5 Magnetisation Magnetic flux density relative
permeability of diamagnetic material . . . . 83
Exa 14.6 Mean radius of body centered cubic structure 83
Exa 14.7 Susceptibility and magnetisation of paramag-
netic salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Exa 15.1 Debye temperature of aluminium . . . . . . 86
Exa 15.2 Lattice specific heat of carbon . . . . . . . . 86
Exa 15.3 Einstein frequency for Cu . . . . . . . . . . 87
Exa 15.4 Electronic and lattice heat capacities for Cu 87
Exa 15.5 Einstein lattice specific heat . . . . . . . . . 88
Exa 15.6 Molar electronic heat capacity of zinc . . . . 89
Exa 17.1 Thickness of vibrating quartz at resonance . 90
Exa 18.1 Output power of the sound source . . . . . . 91
Exa 18.2 Change in sound level for doubling intensity 92

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Exa 18.3 Total absorption of sound in the hall . . . . 92
Exa 18.4 Average absorption coefficient of the surfaces
of the hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Exa 18.5 Reverbration time for the hall . . . . . . . . 93
Exa 18.6 Gain of resultant sound intensity . . . . . . 94

9
 Chapter 1

OSCILLATION AND WAVES

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Time period of SHM

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 : Page −23 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 A = 4/2; // A m p l i t u d e o f SHM, cm
3 x = 0; // Mean p o s i t i o n o f o s c i l l a t i n g particle ,
cm
4 v = 12; // V e l o c i t y o f t h e p a r t i c l e a t t h e mean
p o s i t i o n , cm/ s
5 // As v = omega ∗ s q r t (Aˆ2 − x ˆ 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r omega
6 omega = v / sqrt ( A ^2 - x ^2) ;
7 printf ( ” \ nThe t i m e p e r i o d o f SHM = %5 . 2 f s ” , (2* %pi )
/ omega ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The t i m e p e r i o d o f SHM = 1.05 s

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Accelertion and maximum velocity in SHM

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 2 : Page −23 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 T = 0.1; // Time p e r i o d o f o s c i l l a t i o n i n SHM, s

10
 3 x = 0.2; // P o s i t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e from i t s
mean p o s i t i o n , cm
4 A = 4; // A m p l i t u d e o f t h e p a r t i c l e e x e c u t i n g SHM
, cm
5 // As T = 2∗ %pi / omega , s o l v i n g f o r omega
6 omega = 2* %pi / T ; // A n g u l a r s p e e d o f p a r t i c l e
e x e c u t i n g SHM, p e r s e c
7 a = omega ^2* x ; // A c c e l e r t i o n o f p a r t i c l e
e x e c u t i n g SHM, cm p e r s e c s q u a r e
8 v_max = omega * A ; // Maximum v e l o c i t y o f t h e
p a r t i c l e i n SHM, cm p e r s e c
9 printf ( ” \ nThe a c c e l e r t i o n o f p a r t i c l e e x e c u t i n g SHM
= %5 . 1 f cm p e r s e c s q u a r e ” , a ) ;
10 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum v e l o c i t y o f t h e p a r t i c l e i n
SHM = %5 . 1 f cm p e r s e c ” , v_max ) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The a c c e l e r t i o n o f p a r t i c l e e x e c u t i n g SHM = 7 8 9 . 6
cm p e r s e c s q u a r e
14 // The maximum v e l o c i t y o f t h e p a r t i c l e i n SHM =
2 5 1 . 3 cm p e r s e c

Scilab code Exa 1.3 Damped Vibrating System

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 3 : Page −24 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 A1 = 40; // F i r s t a m p l i t u d e o f o s c i l l a t i o n , cm
3 An_plus_1 = 4; // A m p l i t u d e a f t e r 100
o s c i l l a t i o n s , cm
4 n = 100; // Number o f o s c i l l a t i o n s
5 T = 2.5; // Time p e r i o d o f o s c i l l a t i o n s , s
6 t = T /4; // Time t a k e n t o r e a c h t h e f i r s t
a m p l i t u d e from t h e mean p o s i t i o n , s
7 // Now A1 = x0 ∗ exp (−lambda ∗ t ) and A n p l u s 1 = x0 ∗ exp
(−lambda ∗ ( t+nT ) )
8 // A1/ A n p l u s 1 = exp ( n∗ lambda ∗T) , s o l v i n g f o r

11
 lambda
9 lambda = log ( A1 / An_plus_1 ) /( n * T ) ; // Damping
constant . per sec
10 printf ( ” \ nDamping c o n s t a n t = %3 . 2 e p e r s e c ” , lambda )
;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // Damping c o n s t a n t = 9 . 2 1 e −003 p e r s e c

Scilab code Exa 1.4 Amplitude and Time Period in SHM

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 4 : Page −24 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 v1 = 16; // V e l o c i t y o f p a r t i c l e e x e c u t i n g SHM a t
p o s i t i o n 3 cm
3 v2 = 12; // V e l o c i t y o f p a r t i c l e e x e c u t i n g SHM a t
p o s i t i o n 4 cm
4 x1 = 3; // F i r s t p o s i t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e , cm
5 x2 = 4; // S e c o n d p o s i t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e , cm
6 // As v = omega ∗ s q r t (Aˆ2 − x ˆ 2 ) s o
7 // ( v1 / v2 ) ˆ2 = (Aˆ2 − x1 ˆ 2 ) / (Aˆ2 − x2 ˆ 2 ) , s o l v i n g
for A
8 A = poly (0 , ’A ’ ) ; // D e c l a r e v a r i a b l e A
9 A = roots (( A ^2 - x1 ^2) * v2 ^2 -( A ^2 - x2 ^2) * v1 ^2) ;
10 printf ( ” \ nThe a m p l i t u d e o f SHM = %1d cm” , A (1) ) ;
11 // v = omega ∗ s q r t (Aˆ2 − x ˆ 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r omega
12 omega = v1 / sqrt ( A (1) ^2 - x1 ^2) ; // A n g u l a r s p e e d
o f the p a r t i c l e , rad per s e c
13 T = 2* %pi / omega ; // Time p e r i o d o f o s c i l l a t i o n ,
sec
14 printf ( ” \ nThe t i m e p e r i o d o f o s c i l l a t i o n = %5 . 3 f s e c
”, T);
15
16 // R e s u l t
17 // The a m p l i t u d e o f SHM = 5 cm
18 // The t i m e p e r i o d o f o s c i l l a t i o n = 1 . 5 7 1 s e c

12
 Scilab code Exa 1.5 Oscillation of a spring mass system

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 5 : Page −25 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 m = 0.3; // Mass a t t a c h e d t o t h e s t r i n g , kg
3 g = 9.8; // A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y , m e t r e
per sec square
4 x = 0.15; // S t r e t c h n e s s p r o d u c e d i n t h e s p r i n g ,
m
5 F = m*g; // R e s t o r i n g f o r c e a c t i n g on t h e mass , N
6 k = F/x; // S p r i n g c o n s t a n t , newton p e r m e t r e
7 A = 0.1; // A m p l i t u d e o f t h e s t r i n g , m
8 omega = sqrt ( k / m ) ; // A n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y o f
o s c i l l a t i o n , rad per s e c
9 v0 = omega * A ; // Maximum v e l o c i t y d u r i n g t h e
o s c i l l a t i o n s , m/ s
10 printf ( ” \ nThe s p r i n g c o n s t a n t = %4 . 1 f newton p e r
metre ”, k);
11 printf ( ” \ nThe a m p l i t u d e o f o s c i l l a t i o n = %2 . 1 f m” , A
);
12 printf ( ” \ nThe maximum v e l o c i t y d u r i n g o s c i l l a t i o n s =
%3 . 2 f m/ s ” , v0 ) ;
13
14 // Result
15 // The s p r i n g c o n s t a n t = 1 9 . 6 newton p e r m e t r e
16 // The a m p l i t u d e o f o s c i l l a t i o n = 0 . 1 m
17 // The maximum v e l o c i t y d u r i n g o s c i l l a t i o n s = 0 . 8 1 m
/s

Scilab code Exa 1.6 Frequency of visible region

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 6 : Page −25 ( 2 0 1 0 )

13
 2 lambda1 = 400 e -09; // Lower l i m i t o f w a v e l e n g t h
of v i s i b l e region , m
3 lambda2 = 700 e -09; // Upper l i m i t o f w a v e l e n g t h
of v i s i b l e region , m
4 c = 3 e +08; // Speed o f l i g h t i n vacuum , m/ s
5 f1 = c / lambda1 ; // Upper l i m i t o f f r e q u e n c y o f
v i s i b l e region , m
6 f2 = c / lambda2 ; // Lower l i m i t o f f r e q u e n c y o f
v i s i b l e region , m
7 printf ( ” \ nThe f r e q u e n c y e q u i v a l e n t o f %3g nm t o %3g
nm i s %3 . 1 e Hz t o %3 . 1 e Hz” , lambda1 /1 e -09 ,
lambda2 /1 e -09 , f1 , f2 ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The f r e q u e n c y e q u i v a l e n t o f 400 nm t o 700 nm i s
7 . 5 e +014 Hz t o 4 . 3 e +014 Hz

Scilab code Exa 1.7 Characteristics of sound wave

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 7 : Page −26 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 // Comparing t h e s t a n d a r d e q u a t i o n
3 // u ( x , t ) = A∗ s i n ( 2 ∗ %pi ( x / lambda−t /T) )
4 // w i t h t h e g i v e n e q u a t i o n , we g e t
5 A = 1.5 e -03; // A m p l i t u d e o f t h e sound wave , m
6 lambda = 8; // Wavelength o f t h e sound wave , m
7 T = 1/40; // Time p e r i o d o f t h e sound wave , s
8 nu = 1/ T ; // F r e q u e n c y o f t h e sound wave , Hz
9 v = nu * lambda ; // V e l o c i t y o f t h e sound wave , m/ s
10 printf ( ” \ nThe a m p l i t u d e o f t h e sound wave = %3 . 1 e m”
, A);
11 printf ( ” \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e sound wave = %1d m” ,
lambda ) ;
12 printf ( ” \ nThe t i m e p e r i o d o f t h e sound wave = %3 . 2 f
s ”, T);
13 printf ( ” \ nThe f r e q u e n c y o f t h e sound wave = %2d Hz” ,

14
 nu ) ;
14 printf ( ” \ nThe v e l o c i t y o f t h e sound wave = %3d m/ s ” ,
v);
15
16
17 // Result
18 // The a m p l i t u d e o f t h e sound wave = 1 . 5 e −003 m
19 // The w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e sound wave = 8 m
20 // The t i m e p e r i o d o f t h e sound wave = 0 . 0 3 s
21 // The f r e q u e n c y o f t h e sound wave = 40 Hz
22 // The v e l o c i t y o f t h e sound wave = 320 m/ s

Scilab code Exa 1.8 Equation of a wave moving along X axis

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 8 : Page −26 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 A = 2; // A m p l i t u d e o f t h e wave , cm
3 T = 0.5; // Time p e r i o d o f t h e wave , s e c
4 v = 200; // Wave v e l o c i t y , cm/ s
5 f = 1/0.5; // F r e q u e n c y o f t h e wave , Hz
6 lambda = v / f ; // Wavelength o f t h e wave , cm
7 printf ( ” \ nThe E q u a t i o n o f t h e wave moving a l o n g X−
a x i s : ”);
8 printf ( ” u = %1d∗ s i n ∗2∗ p i ∗ ( x /%3d−t /%2 . 1 f ) ” , A , lambda
, T);
9
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The E q u a t i o n o f t h e wave moving a l o n g X−a x i s : u =
2∗ s i n ∗2∗ p i ∗ ( x /100 − t / 0 . 5 )

Scilab code Exa 1.9 Wave in the wire

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 9 : Page −27 ( 2 0 1 0 )

15
2 T = 1000; // T e n s i o n i n t h e w i r e , N
3 m = 15/300; // Mass p e r u n i t l e n g t h o f t h e w i r e ,
kg p e r m e t r e
4 lambda = 0.30; // Wavelength o f wave a l o n g w i r e ,
m
5 v = sqrt ( T / m ) ; // V e l o c i t y o f wave t h r o u g h w i r e ,
m/ s
6 nu = v / lambda ; // F r e q u e n c y o f wave t h r o u g h
s t r i n g , Hz
7 printf ( ” \ nThe v e l o c i t y and f r e q u e n c y o f t h e wave
t h r o u g h w i r e a r e %5 . 1 f m/ s and %5 . 1 f Hz
r e s p e c t i v e l y ” , v , nu ) ;
8
9
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The v e l o c i t y and f r e q u e n c y o f t h e wave t h r o u g h
w i r e a r e 1 4 1 . 4 m/ s and 4 7 1 . 4 Hz r e s p e c t i v e l y

16
 Chapter 2

ELECTROMAGNETIC
THEORY

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Peak value of displacement current

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 1 : Page −46 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 function V = f ( t )
3 V = 0.2* sin (120* %pi * t ) ;
4 endfunction
5 t = 0; // Time when peak v a l u e o f c u r r e n t o c c u r s
6 C = 10 e -012; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e c a p a c i t o r ,
farad
7 I = C * derivative (f , t ) ;
8 printf ( ” \ nThe peak v a l u e o f d i s p l a c e m e n t c u r r e n t =
%6 . 4 e A” , I ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The peak v a l u e o f d i s p l a c e m e n t c u r r e n t = 7 . 5 3 9 8 e
−010 A

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Displacement current density in a good conductor

17
 1 // S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 2 : Page −46 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 function E = fn ( t )
3 E = sin (120* %pi * t ) ;
4 endfunction
5 epsilon_r = 1; // R e l a t i v e e l e c t r i c a l
p e r m i t t i v i t y of f r e e space
6 epsilon_0 = 8.854 e -012; // A b s o l u t e e l e c t r i c a l
p e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e space , f a r a d per metre
7 t = 0; // Time when peak v a l u e o f c u r r e n t o c c u r s
8 J2 = epsilon_0 * epsilon_r * derivative ( fn , t ) ;
9 printf ( ” \ nThe peak v a l u e o f d i s p l a c e m e n t c u r r e n t =
%4 . 2 e ampere p e r m e t r e s q u a r e ” , J2 ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The peak v a l u e o f d i s p l a c e m e n t c u r r e n t = 3 . 3 4 e
−009 ampere p e r m e t r e s q u a r e

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Poynting vector

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 4 : Page −47 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 p = 60; // Power r a t i n g o f bulb , w a t t
3 d = 0.5; // D i s t a n c e from t h e blb , m
4 P = p /(4* %pi * d ^2) ; // V a l u e o f P o y n t i n g v e c t o r ,
watt per metre s q u a r e
5 printf ( ” \ nThe v a l u e o f P o y n t i n g v e c t o r = %4 . 1 f w a t t
per metre s q u a r e ”, P);
6
7 // R e s u l t
8 // The v a l u e o f P o y n t i n g v e c t o r = 1 9 . 1 w a t t p e r
metre square

Scilab code Exa 2.5 Plane electromagnetic wave in a medium

18
 1 // S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 5 : Page −47 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 E_peak = 6; // Peak v a l u e o f e l e c t r i c f i e l d
i n t e n s i t y , V/m
3 c = 3 e +08; // Speed o f e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave i n
f r e e s p a c e , m/ s
4 mu_0 = 4* %pi *1 e -07; // A b s o l u t e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
f r e e s p a c e , t e s l a m e t r e p e r ampere
5 epsilon_0 = 8.854 e -012; // A b s o l u t e p e r m i t t i v i t y
o f f r e e s p a c e , f a r a d /m
6 mu_r = 1; // R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f medium
7 epsilon_r = 3; // R e l a t i v e p e r m i t t i v i t y o f t h e
medium
8 v = c / sqrt ( mu_r * epsilon_r ) ; // Wave v e l o c i t y , m/ s
9 eta = sqrt (( mu_0 / epsilon_0 ) *( mu_r / epsilon_r ) ) ; //
I n t r i n s i c i m p e d a n c e o f t h e medium , ohm
10 H_P = E_peak * sqrt (( epsilon_0 * epsilon_r ) /( mu_0 * mu_r ) )
; // Peak v a l u e o f t h e m a g n e t i c i n t e n s i t y ,
ampere p e r m e t r e
11 printf ( ” \ nThe wave v e l o c i t y = %5 . 3 e m/ s ” , v ) ;
12 printf ( ” \ nThe i n t r i n s i c i m p e d a n c e o f t h e medium = %6
. 2 f ohm” , eta ) ;
13 printf ( ” \ nThe peak v a l u e o f t h e m a g n e t i c i n t e n s i t y =
%4 . 2 e A/m” , H_P ) ;
14
15 // R e s u l t
16 // The wave v e l o c i t y = 1 . 7 3 2 e +008 m/ s
17 // The i n t r i n s i c i m p e d a n c e o f t h e medium = 2 1 7 . 5 1
ohm
18 // The peak v a l u e o f t h e m a g n e t i c i n t e n s i t y = 2 . 7 6 e
−002 A/m

19
 Chapter 3

INTERFERENCE

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Wavelength of Light using Young Double Slit experiment

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 1 : Page −71 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 beta = 0.51 e -02; // F r i n g e width , cm
3 d = 2.2 e -02; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e s l i t s , cm
4 D = 2 e +02; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e s l i t s and t h e
s c r e e n , cm
5 // As b e t a = D∗ lambda /d , s o l v i n g f o r lambda
6 lambda = beta * d / D ; // Wavelength o f l i g h t , m
7 printf ( ” \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = %4d a n g s t r o m ” ,
lambda /1 e -010) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = 5 6 1 0 a n g s t r o m

Scilab code Exa 3.2 Fringe shift due to change in wavelength

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 2 : Page −71 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 lambda1 = 4250 e -010; // F i r s t w a v e l e n g t h e m i t t e d
by s o u r c e o f l i g h t , m

20
 3 lambda2 = 5050 e -010; // S e c o n d w a v e l e n g t h e m i t t e d
by s o u r c e o f l i g h t , m
4 D = 1.5; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e s o u r c e and t h e
screen , m
5 d = 0.025 e -03; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e s l i t s ,
m
6 n = 3; // Number o f f r i n g e from t h e c e n t r e
7 x3 = n * lambda1 * D / d ; // P o s i t i o n o f t h i r d b r i g h t
f r i n g e due t o lambda1 , m
8 x3_prime = n * lambda2 * D / d ; // P o s i t i o n o f t h i r d
b r i g h t f r i n g e due t o lambda2 , m
9 printf ( ” \ nThe s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t h i r d b r i g h t
f r i n g e due t o t h e two w a v e l e n g t h s = %4 . 2 f cm” , (
x3_prime - x3 ) /1 e -02) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t h i r d b r i g h t f r i n g e
due t o t h e two w a v e l e n g t h s = 1 . 4 4 cm

Scilab code Exa 3.3 Refractive index from double slit experiment

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 3 : Page −71 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 lambda = 5.5 e -05; // Wavelength e m i t t e d by s o u r c e
o f l i g h t , cm
3 n = 4; // Number o f f r i n g e s s h i f t e d
4 t = 3.9 e -04; // T h i c k n e s s o f t h e t h i n g l a s s s h e e t
, cm
5 mu = n * lambda / t +1; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e
sheet of glass
6 printf ( ” \ nThe r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e s h e e t o f g l a s s
= %6 . 4 f ” , mu ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e s h e e t o f g l a s s =
1.5641

21
 Scilab code Exa 3.4 Interference by thin soap film

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 4 : Page −72 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 lambda = 5893 e -010; // Wavelength o f
m o n o c h r o m a t i c l i h g t used , m
3 n = 1; // Number o f f r i n g e f o r t h e l e a s t
t h i c k n e s s of the f i l m
4 r = 0; // V a l u e o f r e f r a c t i o n a n g l e f o r n o r m a l
incidence , degrees
5 mu = 1.42; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e s o a p f i l m
6 // As f o r c o n s t r u c t i v e i n t e r f e r e n c e ,
7 // 2∗mu∗ t ∗ c o s ( r ) = ( 2 ∗ n −1) ∗ lambda / 2 , s o l v i n g f o r t
8 t = (2* n -1) * lambda /(4* mu * cos ( r ) ) ; // T h i c k n e s s o f
the f i l m that appears bright , m
9 printf ( ” \ nThe t h i c k n e s s o f t h e f i l m t h a t a p p e a r s
b r i g h t = %6 . 1 f a n g s t r o m ” , t /1 e -010) ;
10 // As f o r d e s t r u c t i v e i n t e r f e r e n c e ,
11 // 2∗mu∗ t ∗ c o s ( r ) = n∗ lambda , s o l v i n g f o r t
12 t = n * lambda /(2* mu * cos ( r ) ) ; // T h i c k n e s s o f t h e
film that appears bright , m
13 printf ( ” \ nThe t h i c k n e s s o f t h e f i l m t h a t a p p e a r s
d a r k = %4d a n g s t r o m ” , t /1 e -010) ;
14
15 // R e s u l t
16 // The t h i c k n e s s o f t h e f i l m t h a t a p p e a r s b r i g h t =
1 0 3 7 . 5 angstrom
17 // The t h i c k n e s s o f t h e f i l m t h a t a p p e a r s d a r k =
2075 angstrom

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Interference due to thin air wedge

22
 1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 5 : Page −72 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 lambda = 5893 e -008; // Wavelength o f
m o n o c h r o m a t i c l i h g t used , m
3 n = 10; // Number o f f r i n g e t h a t a r e f o u n d i n t h e
d i s t n a c e o f 1 cm
4 d = 1; // D i s t a n c e o f 10 f r i n g e s , cm
5 beta = d / n ; // F r i n g e width , cm
6 theta = lambda /(2* beta ) ; // A n g l e o f t h e wedge ,
rad
7 printf ( ” \ nThe a n g l e o f t h e wedge = %5 . 3 e r a d ” , theta
);
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The a n g l e o f t h e wedge = 2 . 9 4 6 e −004 r a d

Scilab code Exa 3.6 Separation between consecutive bright fringes formed by an air

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 6 : Page −72 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 lambda = 5900 e -008; // Wavelength o f
m o n o c h r o m a t i c l i h g t used , m
3 t = 0.010 e -01; // S p a c e r t h i c k n e s s , cm
4 l = 10; // Wedge l e n g t h , cm
5 theta = t / l ; // A n g l e o f t h e wedge , r a d
6 beta = lambda /(2* theta ) ; // F r i n g e width , cm
7 printf ( ” \ nThe s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n c o n s e c u t i v e b r i g h t
f r i n g e s = %5 . 3 e cm” , beta ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n c o n s e c u t i v e b r i g h t f r i n g e s
= 2 . 9 5 0 e −001 cm

Scilab code Exa 3.7 Newton Rings by reflected light

23
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 7 : Page −72 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 D4 = 0.4; // D i a m e t e r o f 4 t h d a r k r i n g , cm
3 D12 = 0.7; // D i a m e t e r o f 12 t h d a r k r i n g , cm
4 // We have d n p u l s k ˆ2−Dnˆ2 = 4∗ k ∗R∗ lambda , s o
5 // D12ˆ2−D4ˆ2 = 32∗R∗ lambda and D20ˆ2−D12 ˆ2 = 32∗R∗
lambda f o r k = 8 , s o l v i n g f o r D20
6 D20 = sqrt (2* D12 ^2 - D4 ^2) ; // D i a m e t e r o f 20 t h
d a r k r i n g , cm
7 printf ( ” \ nThe d i a m e t e r o f 20 t h d a r k r i n g = %6 . 4 f cm”
, D20 ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The d i a m e t e r o f 20 t h d a r k r i n g = 0 . 9 0 5 5 cm

Scilab code Exa 3.8 Refractive index from Newton Rings arrangement

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 8 : Page −73 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 Dn = 0.30; // D i a m e t e r o f nth d a r k r i n g w i t h a i r
f i l m , cm
3 dn = 0.25; // D i a m e t e r o f nth d a r k r i n g w i t h
l i q u i d f i l m , cm
4 mu = ( Dn / dn ) ^2; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e l i q u i d
5 printf ( ” \ nThe r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e l i q u i d = %4 . 2 f
” , mu ) ;
6
7 // R e s u l t
8 // The r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e l i q u i d = 1 . 4 4

Scilab code Exa 3.9 Wavelength of light using Michelson Interferometer

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 9 : Page −73 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 x = 0.002945; // D i s t a n c e t h r o u g h which movable
m i r r o r i s s h i f t e d , cm

24
3 N = 100; // Number o f f r i n g e s s h i f t e d
4 lambda = 2* x / N ; // Wavelength o f l i g h t , m
5 printf ( ” \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = %4d a n g s t r o m ” ,
lambda /1 e -008) ;
6
7 // R e s u l t
8 // The w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = 5 8 9 0 a n g s t r o m

Scilab code Exa 3.10 Shift in movable mirror of Michelson Interferometer

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 1 0 : Page −73 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 lambda1 = 5896 e -008; // Wavelength o f D1 l i n e o f
sodium , m
3 lambda2 = 5890 e -008; // Wavelength o f D2 l i n e o f
sodium , m
4 lambda = ( lambda1 + lambda2 ) /2;
5 // As lambda1 − lambda2 = lambda ˆ 2 / ( 2 ∗ x ) , s o l v i n g
for x
6 x = lambda ^2/(2*( lambda1 - lambda2 ) ) ; // S h i f t i n
movable m i r r o r o f M i c h e l s o n I n t e r f e r o m e t e r , cm
7 printf ( ” \ nThe s h i f t i n movable m i r r o r = %5 . 3 f mm” , x
/1 e -001) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The s h i f t i n movable m i r r o r = 0 . 2 8 9 mm

25
 Chapter 4

DIFFRACTION

Scilab code Exa 4.1 Diffraction at a single slit

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex4 . 1 : Page −91 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 D = 50; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s o u r c e and t h e s c r e e n
, cm
3 lambda = 6563 e -008; // Wavelength o f l i g h t o f
p a r a l l e l rays , m
4 d = 0.385 e -01; // Width o f t h e s l i t , cm
5 n = 1; // Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n f o r f i r s t minimum
6 // As s i n ( t h e t a 1 ) = n∗ lambda / d = x1 /D, s o l v i n g f o r
x1
7 x1 = n * lambda * D / d ; // D i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t r e o f
t h e p r i n c i p a l maximum t o t h e f i r s t minimum , cm
8 printf ( ” \ nThe D i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t r e o f t h e
p r i n c i p a l maximum t o t h e f i r s t minimum = %4 . 2 f mm
” , x1 /1 e -001) ;
9 n = 5; // Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n f o r f i f t h minimum
10 x2 = n * lambda * D / d ; // D i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t r e o f
t h e p r i n c i p a l maximum t o t h e f i f t h minimum , cm
11 printf ( ” \ nThe D i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t r e o f t h e
p r i n c i p a l maximum t o t h e f i f t h minimum = %4 . 2 f mm
” , x2 /1 e -001) ;
12

26
13 // R e s u l t
14 // The D i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t r e of the principal
maximum t o t h e f i r s t minimum = 0.85 mm
15 // The D i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t r e of the principal
maximum t o t h e f i f t h minimum = 4.26 mm

Scilab code Exa 4.2 Diffraction at a circular aperture

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex4 . 2 : Page −91 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 D = 0.04; // D i a m e t e r o f c i r c u l a r a p e r t u r e , cm
3 f = 20; // F o c a l l e n g t h o f c o n v e x l e n s , cm
4 lambda = 6000 e -008; // Wavelength o f l i g h t used ,
m
5 // We have s i n ( t h e t a ) = 1 . 2 2 ∗ lambda /D = t h e t a , f o r
small theta , such that
6 // For f i r s t d a r k r i n g
7 theta = 1.22* lambda / D ; // The h a l f a n g u l a r w i d t h
a t c e n t r a l maximum , r a d
8 r1 = theta * f ; // The h a l f w i d t h o f c e n t r a l
maximum f o r f i r s t d a r k r i n g , cm
9 // We have s i n ( t h e t a ) = 5 . 1 3 6 ∗ lambda / ( %pi ∗D) = t h e t a
, f o r small theta , such that
10 // For s e c o n d d a r k r i n g
11 theta = 5.136* lambda /( %pi * D ) ; // The h a l f a n g u l a r
w i d t h a t c e n t r a l maximum , r a d
12 r2 = theta * f ; // The h a l f w i d t h o f c e n t r a l
maximum f o r s e c o n d d a r k r i n g , cm
13 printf ( ” \ nThe r a d i u s o f f i r s t d a r k r i n g = %4 . 2 e cm” ,
r1 ) ;
14 printf ( ” \ nThe r a d i u s o f s e c o n d d a r k r i n g = %4 . 1 e cm”
, r2 ) ;
15
16 // R e s u l t
17 // The r a d i u s o f f i r s t d a r k r i n g = 3 . 6 6 e −002 cm
18 // The r a d i u s o f s e c o n d d a r k r i n g = 4 . 9 0 e −002 cm

27
 Scilab code Exa 4.3 Second order maximum for diffraction grating

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex4 . 3 : Page −91 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 n = 2; // Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n
3 lambda = 650 e -009; // Wavelength o f l i g h t used , m
4 d = 1.2 e -05; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two c o n s e c u t i v e
s l i t s of grating , m
5 // We have s i n ( t h e t a ) = n∗N∗ lambda = n∗ lambda /d ,
solving for theta
6 theta = asind ( n * lambda / d ) ; // A n g l e a t which t h e
650 nm l i g h t p r o d u c e s a s e c o n d o r d e r maximum ,
degrees
7 printf ( ” \ nThe a n g l e a t which t h e 650 nm l i g h t
p r o d u c e s a s e c o n d o r d e r maximum = %4 . 2 f d e g r e e s ” ,
theta ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The a n g l e a t which t h e 650 nm l i g h t p r o d u c e s a
s e c o n d o r d e r maximum = 6 . 2 2 d e g r e e s

Scilab code Exa 4.4 The highest spectral order with diffraction grating

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex4 . 4 : Page −92 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 lambda = 650 e -009; // Wavelength o f l i g h t used , m
3 N = 6000 e +02; // Number o f l i n e s p e r m on g r a t i n g
, per m
4 theta = 90; // A n g l e a t which t h e h i g h e s t
s p e c t r a l order i s obtained , degrees
5 // We have s i n ( t h e t a ) = n∗N∗ lambda , s o l v i n g f o r n
6 n = sind ( theta ) /( N * lambda ) ; // The h i g h e s t o r d e r
o f s p e c t r a with d i f f r a c t i o n g r a t i n g

28
 7 printf ( ” \ nThe h i g h e s t o r d e r o f s p e c t r a o b t a i n e d w i t h
d i f f r a c t i o n g r a t i n g = %1d” , n ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The h i g h e s t o r d e r o f s p e c t r a o b t a i n e d w i t h
diffraction grating = 2

Scilab code Exa 4.5 Overlapping spectra with diffraction grating

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex4 . 5 : Page −92 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 N = 4000 e +02; // Number o f l i n e s p e r m on g r a t i n g
, per m
3 // For B l u e L i n e
4 lambda = 450 e -009; // Wavelength o f b l u e l i g h t , m
5 n = 3; // Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n s p e c t r u m
6 // We have s i n ( t h e t a ) = n∗N∗ lambda , s o l v i n g f o r s i n (
theta )
7 sin_theta_3 = n * N * lambda ; // S i n e o f a n g l e a t
third order d i f f r a c t i o n
8 // For Red L i n e
9 lambda = 700 e -009; // Wavelength o f b l u e l i g h t , m
10 n = 2; // Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n s p e c t r u m
11 // We have s i n ( t h e t a ) = n∗N∗ lambda , s o l v i n g f o r s i n (
theta )
12 sin_theta_2 = n * N * lambda ; // S i n e o f a n g l e a t
second order d i f f r a c t i o n
13 // Check f o r o v e r l a p p i n g
14 if abs ( sin_theta_3 - sin_theta_2 ) < 0.05 then
15 printf ( ” \ nThe two o r d e r s o v e r l a p . ” ) ;
16 else
17 printf ( ” \ nThe two o r d e r s do n o t o v e r l a p . ” ) ;
18 end
19
20 // R e s u l t
21 // The two o r d e r s o v e r l a p .

29
 Scilab code Exa 4.6 Width of first order spectrum

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex4 . 6 : Page −93 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 n = 1; // Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n s p e c t r u m
3 N = 6000 e +02; // Number o f l i n e s p e r m on
d i f f r a c t i o n grating , per m
4 D = 2; // D i s t a n c e o f s c r e e n from t h e s o u r c e , m
5 lambda1 = 400 e -009; // Wavelength o f b l u e l i g h t ,
m
6 // We have s i n ( t h e t a 1 ) = n∗N∗ lambda , s o l v i n g f o r
theta1
7 theta1 = asind ( n * N * lambda1 ) ; // A n g l e a t f i r s t
o r d e r d i f f r a c t i o n f o r Blue l i g h t , d e g r e e s
8 lambda2 = 750 e -009; // Wavelength o f b l u e l i g h t ,
m
9 // We have s i n ( t h e t a 2 ) = n∗N∗ lambda , s o l v i n g f o r
theta2
10 theta2 = asind ( n * N * lambda2 ) ; // A n g l e a t f i r s t
o r d e r d i f f r a c t i o n f o r Red l i g h t , d e g r e e s
11 x1 = D * tand ( theta1 ) ; // H a l f w i d t h p o s i t i o n a t
c e n t r a l maximum f o r b l u e c o l o r , m
12 x2 = D * tand ( theta2 ) ; // H a l f w i d t h p o s i t i o n a t
c e n t r a l maximum f o r r e d c o l o r , m
13
14 printf ( ” \ nThe w i d t h o f f i r s t o r d e r s p e c t r u m on t h e
s c r e e n = %4 . 1 f cm” , ( x2 - x1 ) /1 e -02) ;
15
16 // R e s u l t
17 // The w i d t h o f f i r s t o r d e r s p e c t r u m on t h e s c r e e n =
5 1 . 3 cm

Scilab code Exa 4.7 Resolution of wavelengths for grating

30
 1 // S c i l a b Code Ex4 . 7 : Page −93 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 w = 5; // Width o f t h e g r a t i n g , cm
3 N = 320; // Number o f l i n e s p e r cm on g r a t i n g ,
p e r cm
4 N0 = w * N ; // T o t a l number o f l i n e s on t h e g r a t i n g
5 lambda = 640; // Wavelength o f l i g h t , nm
6 n = 2; // Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n
7 d_lambda = lambda /( n * N0 ) ; // S e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n
w a v e l e n g t h s which t h e g r a t i g n can j u s t r e s o l v e ,
nm
8 printf ( ” \ nThe s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n w a v e l e n g t h s which
t h e g r a t i n g can j u s t r e s o l v e = %3 . 1 f nm” ,
d_lambda ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n w a v e l e n g t h s which t h e
g r a t i n g can j u s t r e s o l v e = 0 . 2 nm

Scilab code Exa 4.8 Angular separation to satisfy Rayleigh criterion

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex4 . 8 : Page −93 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 lambda = 550 e -09; // Wavelength o f l i g h t , m
3 D = 3.2 e -02; // D i a m e t e r o f c i r c u l a r l e n s , m
4 f = 24 e -02; // F o c a l l e n g t h o f t h e l e n s , m
5 theta_min = 1.22* lambda / D ; // Minimum a n g l e o f
r e s o l u t i o n p r o v i d e d by t h e l e n s , r a d
6 // As d e l t a x / f = t h e t a m i n , s o l v i n g f o r d e l t a x
7 delta_x = theta_min * f ; // S e p a r a t i o n o f t h e
c e n t r e s of the images in the f o c a l plane of lens ,
m
8 printf ( ” \ nThe s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e c e n t r e s o f t h e
i m a g e s i n t h e f o c a l p l a n e o f l e n s = %1d micro −
m e t r e ” , delta_x /1 e -06) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t

31
11 // The s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e c e n t r e s o f t h e i m a g e s i n
t h e f o c a l p l a n e o f l e n s = 5 micro −m e t r e

Scilab code Exa 4.9 Linear separation between two points

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex4 . 9 : Page −94 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 lambda = 550 e -09; // Wavelength o f l i g h t , m
3 D = 20 e -02; // D i a m e t e r o f o b j e c t i v e o f t e l e s c o p e
, m
4 d = 6 e +003; // D i s t a n c e o f two p o i n t s from t h e
objective of telescope , m
5 theta = 1.22* lambda / D ; // A n g u l a r s e p a r a t i o n
b e t w e e n two p o i n t s , r a d
6 x = theta * d ; // L i n e a r s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n two
points , m
7 printf ( ” \ nThe l i n e a r s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n two p o i n t s =
%5 . 2 f mm” , x /1 e -03) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The l i n e a r s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n two p o i n t s = 2 0 . 1 3
mm

32
 Chapter 5

POLARIZATION

Scilab code Exa 5.1 Polarization by reflection

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex5 . 1 : P o l a r i z a t i o n by r e f l e c t i o n :
Page −113 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 mu_g = 1.72; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f g l a s s
3 mu_w = 4/3; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f w a t e r
4 // For p o l a r i z a t i o n t o o c c u r on f l i n t g l a s s , t a n ( i )
= mu g /mu w
5 // S o l v i n g f o r i
6 i = atand ( mu_g / mu_w ) ;
7 printf ( ” \ nThe a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e f o r c o m p l e t e
p o l a r i z a t i o n t o o c c u r on f l i n t g l a s s = %4 . 1 f
d e g r e e s ”, i);
8 // For p o l a r i z a t i o n t o o c c u r on water , t a n ( i ) = mu w
/ mu g
9 // S o l v i n g f o r i
10 i = atand ( mu_w / mu_g ) ;
11 printf ( ” \ nThe a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e f o r c o m p l e t e
p o l a r i z a t i o n t o o c c u r on w a t e r = %5 . 2 f d e g r e e s ” ,
i);
12
13 // R e s u l t
14 // The a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e f o r c o m p l e t e p o l a r i z a t i o n

33
 t o o c c u r on f l i n t g l a s s = 5 2 . 2 d e g r e e s
15 // The a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e f o r c o m p l e t e p o l a r i z a t i o n
t o o c c u r on w a t e r = 3 7 . 7 8 d e g r e e s

Scilab code Exa 5.2 Percentage transmission of polarized light

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex5 . 2 : P e r c e n t a g e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f
p o l a r i z e d l i g h t : Page −113 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 I0 = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y , we assume t h e
i n t e n s i t y o f l i g h t f a l l i n g on t h e s e c o n d N i c o l
p r i s m t o be u n i t y , w a t t p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
3 theta = 30; // A n g l e t h r o u g h which t h e c r o s s e d
Nicol i s rotated , degrees
4 I = I0 * cosd (90 - theta ) ^2; // I n t e n s i t y o f t h e
e m e r g i n g l i g h t from s e c o n d N i c o l , w a t t p e r m e t r e
square
5 T = I /(2* I0 ) *100; // P e r c e n t a g e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f
incident light
6 printf ( ” \ nThe p e r c e n t a g e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f i n c i d e n t
l i g h t a f t e r e m e r g i n g t h r o u g h t h e N i c o l p r i s m = %4
. 1 f p e r c e n t ”, T);
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The p e r c e n t a g e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f i n c i d e n t l i g h t
a f t e r emerging through the Nicol prism = 12.5
percent

Scilab code Exa 5.3 Thickness of Quarter Wave Plate

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex5 . 3 : T h i c k n e s s o f Q u a r t e r Wave

P l a t e : Page −113 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 lambda = 6000 e -008; // Wavelength o f i n c i d e n t
l i g h t , cm

34
 3 mu_e = 1.55; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f e x t r a o r d i n a r y
ray
4 mu_o = 1.54; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f o r d i n a r y r a y
5 t = lambda /(4*( mu_e - mu_o ) ) ; // T h i c k n e s s o f
Q u a r t e r Wave p l a t e o f p o s i t i v e c r y s t a l , cm
6 printf ( ” \ nThe t h i c k n e s s o f Q u a r t e r Wave p l a t e = %6 . 4
f cm” , t ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The t h i c k n e s s o f Q u a r t e r Wave p l a t e = 0 . 0 0 1 5 cm

Scilab code Exa 5.4 Behaviour of half wave plate for increased wavelength

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex5 . 4 : B e h a v i o u r o f h a l f wave p l a t e

f o r i n c r e a s e d w a v e l e n g t h : Page −114 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 lambda = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y , w a v e l e n g t h o f
i n c i d e n t l i g h t i s assumed t o be , cm
3 mu_e = 1.55; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f e x t r a o r d i n a r y
ray
4 mu_o = 1.54; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f o r d i n a r y r a y
5 t = lambda /(2*( mu_e - mu_o ) ) ; // T h i c k n e s s o f
H a l f Wave p l a t e f o r g i v e n lambda , cm
6 t_prime = 2* lambda /(2*( mu_e - mu_o ) ) ; // T h i c k n e s s
o f H a l f Wave p l a t e f o r t w i c e lambda , cm
7 printf ( ” \ nThe t h i c k n e s s o f h a l f wave p l a t e i s %2 . 1 f
t i m e s t h a t o f t h e q u a r t e r wave p l a t e . ” , t / t_prime
);
8 printf ( ” \ nThe h a l f wave p l a t e b e h a v e s a s a q u a r t e r
wave p l a t e f o r t w i c e t h e w a v e l e n g t h o f i n c i d e n t
l i g h t . ”);
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The t h i c k n e s s o f h a l f wave p l a t e i s 0 . 5 t i m e s
t h a t o f t h e q u a r t e r wave p l a t e .
12 // The h a l f wave p l a t e b e h a v e s a s a q u a r t e r wave

35
 p l a t e f o r twice the wavelength of i n c i d e n t l i g h t .

Scilab code Exa 5.5 Phase retardation for quartz

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex5 . 5 : Phase r e t a r d a t i o n f o r q u a r t z

: Page −114 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 lambda = 500 e -09; // Wavelength o f i n c i d e n t l i g h t
, m
3 mu_e = 1.5508; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f
e x t r a o r d i n a r y ray
4 mu_o = 1.5418; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f o r d i n a r y
ray
5 t = 0.032 e -03; // T h i c k n e s s o f q u a r t z p l a t e , m
6 dx = ( mu_e - mu_o ) * t ; // Path d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n
E−r a y and O−ray , m
7 dphi = (2* %pi ) / lambda * dx ; // Phase r e t a r d a t i o n
f o r quartz f o r given wavelength , rad
8 printf ( ” \ nThe p h a s e r e t a r d a t i o n f o r q u a r t z f o r g i v e n
w a v e l e n g t h = %5 . 3 f p i r a d ” , dphi / %pi ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The p h a s e r e t a r d a t i o n f o r q u a r t z f o r g i v e n
wavelength = 1 .1 52 pi rad

Scilab code Exa 5.6 Brewster angle at the boundary between two materials

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex5 . 6 : B r e w s t e r a n g l e a t t h e
boundary b e t w e e n two m a t e r i a l s : Page −114 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 C = 52; // C r i t i c a l a n g l e f o r t o t a l i n t e r n a l
r e f l e c t i o n a t a boundary b e t w e e n two m a t e r i a l s ,
degrees
3 // From B r e w s t e r ’ s law , t a n d ( i B ) = 1 mu 2
4 // A l s o s i n d (C) = 1 mu 2 , s o t h a t

36
5 // t a n d ( i B ) = s i n d (C) , s o l v i n g f o r i B
6 i_B = atand ( sind ( C ) ) ; // B r e w s t e r a n g l e a t t h e
boundary , d e g r e e s
7 printf ( ” \ nThe B r e w s t e r a n g l e a t t h e boundary b e t w e e n
two m a t e r i a l s = %2d d e g r e e s ” , i_B ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The B r e w s t e r a n g l e a t t h e boundary b e t w e e n two
m a t e r i a l s = 38 d e g r e e s

37
 Chapter 6

CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

Scilab code Exa 6.1 Lattice parameter of NaCl crystal

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 1 : L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r o f NaCl

c r y s t a l : Page −134 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 M = 23+35.5; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f NaCl , kg
p e r k−mole
3 d = 2.18 e +03; // D e n s i t y o f r o c k s a l t , kg p e r
metre cube
4 n = 4; // No . o f atoms p e r u n i t c e l l f o r an f c c
l a t t i c e o f NaCl c r y s t a l
5 N = 6.023 D +26; // Avogadro ’ s No . , atoms /k−mol
6 // Volume o f t h e u n i t c e l l i s g i v e n by
7 // a ˆ3 = M∗n / (N∗d )
8 // S o l v i n g f o r a
9 a = ( n * M /( d * N ) ) ^(1/3) ; // L a t t i c e c o n s t a n t o f
u n i t c e l l o f NaCl
10 printf ( ” \ n L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r f o r t h e NaCl c r y s t a l =
%4 . 2 f a n g s t r o m ” , a /1 e -010) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r f o r t h e NaCl c r y s t a l = 5 . 6 3
angstrom

38
 Scilab code Exa 7.1 Variation of critical magnetic field with temperature

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex7 . 1 : V a r i a t i o n o f c r i t i c a l
m a g n e t i c f i e l d w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e : Page −152 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 T_c = 3.722; // C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f
superconducting transition , kelvin
3 B_c0 = 0.0306; // C r i t i c a l m a g n e t i c f i e l d t o
destroy superconductivity , tesla
4 T = 2; // T e m p e r a t u r e a t which c r i t i c a l m a g n e t i c
f i e l d i s t o be f o u n d out , k e l v i n
5 B_cT = B_c0 *(1 -( T / T_c ) ^2) ;
6 printf ( ” \ nThe c r i t i c a l m a g n e t i c f i e l d a t %d K = %6 . 4
f T” , T , B_cT ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The c r i t i c a l m a g n e t i c f i e l d a t 2 K = 0 . 0 2 1 8 T s

Scilab code Exa 6.2 Miller indices of the crystal plane

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 2 : M i l l e r i n d i c e s o f t h e c r y s t a l
p l a n e : Page −134 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 m = 3; n = 2; p = 1; // C o e f f i c i e n t s o f i n t e r c e p t s
along three axes
3 m_inv = 1/ m ; // R e c i p r o c a t e t h e f i r s t
coefficient
4 n_inv = 1/ n ; // R e c i p r o c a t e t h e s e c o n d
coefficient
5 p_inv = 1/ p ; // R e c i p r o c a t e t h e t h i r d
coefficient
6 mul_fact = double ( lcm ( int32 ([ m ,n , p ]) ) ) ; // Find l . c .
m. o f m, n and p
7 m1 = m_inv * mul_fact ; // C l e a r t h e f i r s t f r a c t i o n

39
 8 m2 = n_inv * mul_fact ; // C l e a r t h e s e c o n d f r a c t i o n
9 m3 = p_inv * mul_fact ; // C l e a r t h e t h i r d f r a c t i o n
10 printf ( ” \ nThe r e q u i r e d m i l l e r i n d i c e s a r e : (%d %d
%d) ” , m1 , m2 , m3 ) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The r e q u i r e d m i l l e r i n d i c e s a r e : ( 2 3 6 )

Scilab code Exa 6.3 Indices of lattice plane

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 3 : I n d i c e s o f l a t t i c e p l a n e :
Page −135 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 m = 2; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f i n t e r c e p t a l o n g x−a x i s
3 n = %inf ; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f i n t e r c e p t a l o n g y−
axis
4 p = 3/2; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f i n t e r c e p t a l o n g z−a x i s
5 m_inv = 1/ m ; // R e c i p r o c a t e m
6 n_inv = 1/ n ; // R e c i p r o c a t e n
7 p_inv = 1/ p ; // R e c i p r o c a t e p
8 mul_fact = 6; // m u l t i p l i c a t i v e f a c t o r , L . C .M. o f
2 and 3 i . e . 6
9 m1 = m_inv * mul_fact ; // C l e a r t h e f i r s t f r a c t i o n
10 m2 = n_inv * mul_fact ; // C l e a r t h e s e c o n d f r a c t i o n
11 m3 = p_inv * mul_fact ; // C l e a r t h e t h i r d f r a c t i o n
12 printf ( ” \ nThe r e q u i r e d m i l l e r i n d i c e s a r e : %d , %d ,
%d ” , m1 , m2 , m3 ) ;
13
14 // R e s u l t
15 // The r e q u i r e d m i l l e r i n d i c e s a r e : 3 , 0 , 4

Scilab code Exa 6.5 Interplanar spacing in cubic crystal

40
 1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 5 : I n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g i n c u b i c
c r y s t a l : Page −136 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2
3 // For ( 1 1 0 ) p l a n e s
4 h = 1; k = 1; l = 0; // M i l l e r Indices for planes in
a cubic crystal
5 a = 0.43 e -009; // I n t e r a t o m i c s p a c i n g , m
6 d = a /( h ^2+ k ^2+ l ^2) ^(1/2) ; // The i n t e r p l a n a r
spacing for cubic crystals , m
7 printf ( ” \ nThe i n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g b e t w e e n
c o n s e c u t i v e ( 1 1 0 ) p l a n e s = %4 . 2 f a n g s t r o m ” , d /1 e
-010) ;
8
9 // For ( 2 1 2 ) p l a n e s
10 h = 2; k = 1; l = 2; // M i l l e r Indices for planes in
a cubic crystal
11 a = 4.21 D -10; // I n t e r a t o m i c s p a c i n g , m
12 d = a /( h ^2+ k ^2+ l ^2) ^(1/2) ; // The i n t e r p l a n a r
spacing for cubic crystals , m
13 printf ( ” \ nThe i n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g b e t w e e n
c o n s e c u t i v e ( 2 1 2 ) p l a n e s = %4 . 3 f a n g s t r o m ” , d /1 e
-010) ;
14
15 // R e s u l t
16 // The i n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g b e t w e e n c o n s e c u t i v e ( 1 1 0 )
p l a n e s = 3 . 0 4 angstrom
17 // The i n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g b e t w e e n c o n s e c u t i v e ( 2 1 2 )
p l a n e s = 1 . 4 0 3 angstrom

Scilab code Exa 6.6 Interplanar spacing in cubic crystal

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 6 : I n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g i n c u b i c
c r y s t a l : Page −136 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 h = 2; k = 3; l = 1; // M i l l e r I n d i c e s f o r p l a n e s i n
a cubic crystal

41
 3 r = 0.175 e -009; // Atomic r a d i u s o f f c c l a t t i c e ,
m
4 a = 2* sqrt (2) * r ; // I n t e r a t o m i c s p a c i n g o f f c c
lattice , m
5 d = a /( h ^2+ k ^2+ l ^2) ^(1/2) ; // The i n t e r p l a n a r
spacing for cubic crystals , m
6 printf ( ” \ nThe i n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g b e t w e e n
c o n s e c u t i v e ( 2 3 1 ) p l a n e s = %4 . 2 f a n s g t r o m ” , d /1 e
-010) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The i n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g b e t w e e n c o n s e c u t i v e ( 2 3 1 )
p l a n e s = 1 . 3 2 ansgtrom

Scilab code Exa 6.7 ngle of reflection by using wavelength of X ray

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 7 : A n g l e o f r e f l e c t i o n by u s i n g
w a v e l e n g t h o f X−r a y : Page −136 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 lambda = 1.440 e -010; // Wavelength o f X−r a y s , m
3 d = 2.8 e -010; // I n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g o f r o c k s a l t
crystal , m
4 // 2∗ d∗ s i n ( t h e t a ) = n∗ lambda ∗∗ Bragg ’ s law , n i s
the order of d i f f r a c t i o n
5 // S o l v i n g f o r t h e t a , we have
6
7 // For I s t Order d i f f r a c t i o n
8 n = 1;
9 theta = asind ( n * lambda /(2* d ) ) ; // A n g l e o f
diffraction , degrees
10 printf ( ” \ nThe a n g l e o f r e f l e c t i o n f o r f i r s t o r d e r
d i f f r a c t i o n = %4 . 1 f d e g r e e s ” , theta ) ;
11
12 // For I I n d Order d i f f r a c t i o n
13 n = 2;
14 theta = asind ( n * lambda /(2* d ) ) ; // A n g l e o f

42
 diffraction , degrees
15 printf ( ” \ nThe a n g l e o f r e f l e c t i o n f o r f i r s t o r d e r
d i f f r a c t i o n = %4 . 1 f d e g r e e s ” , theta ) ;
16
17 // R e s u l t
18 // The a n g l e o f reflection for f i r s t order
diffraction = 14.9 degrees
19 // The a n g l e o f reflection for f i r s t order
diffraction = 30.9 degrees

Scilab code Exa 6.8 Actual volume occupied by the spheres in fcc structure

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 8 : A c t u a l volume o c c u p i e d by t h e

s p h e r e s i n f c c s t r u c t u r e Page −136 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 N = 8*1/8 + 6*1/2; // t o t a l number o f s p h e r e s i n
a unit c e l l
3 a = 1; // For c o n v e n i e n c e , assume i n t e r a t o m i c
s p a c i n g t o be u n i t y , m
4 r = a /(2* sqrt (2) ) ; // The a t o m i c r a d i u s , m
5 V_atom = N *4/3* %pi * r ^3; // Volume o f atoms , m e t r e
cube
6 V_uc = a ^3; // Volume o f u n i t c e l l , m e t r e c u b e
7 printf ( ” \ nThe p e r c e n t a g e o f a c t u a l volume o c c u p i e d
by t h e s p h e r e s i n f c c s t r u c t u r e = %4 . 2 f p e r c e n t ” ,
V_atom / V_uc *100) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The p e r c e n t a g e o f a c t u a l volume o c c u p i e d by t h e
spheres in fcc structure = 74.05 percent

Scilab code Exa 6.9 X ray Diffraction by crystal planes

43
 1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 9 : X−r a y D i f f r a c t i o n by c r y s t a l
p l a n e s : Page −137 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 // For ( 2 2 1 ) p l a n e s
3 h = 2; k = 2; l = 1; // M i l l e r I n d i c e s f o r p l a n e s i n
a cubic crystal
4 a = 2.68 e -010; // I n t e r a t o m i c s p a c i n g , m
5 n = 1; // F i r s t Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n
6 theta = 8.5; // G l a n c i n g a n g l e a t which Bragg ’ s
r e f l e c t i o n occurs , degrees
7 d = a /( h ^2+ k ^2+ l ^2) ^(1/2) ; // The i n t e r p l a n a r
spacing for cubic crystal , m
8 lambda = 2* d * sind ( theta ) ; // Bragg ’ s Law f o r
w a v e l e n g t h o f X−r a y s , m
9 n = 2; // S e c o n d o r d e r o f d i f f r a c t i o n
10 theta = asind ( n * lambda /(2* d ) ) ; // A n g l e a t which
s e c o n d o r d e r Bragg r e f l e c t i o n o c c u r s , d e g r e e s
11 printf ( ” \ nThe i n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g b e t w e e n
c o n s e c u t i v e ( 2 2 1 ) p l a n e s = %5 . 3 e ” , d ) ;
12 printf ( ” \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f X−r a y s = %5 . 3 f a n g s t r o m ”
, lambda /1 e -010) ;
13 printf ( ” \ nThe a n g l e a t which s e c o n d o r d e r Bragg
r e f l e c t i o n o c c u r s = %4 . 1 f d e g r e e s ” , theta ) ;
14
15 // R e s u l t
16 // The i n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g b e t w e e n c o n s e c u t i v e ( 2 2 1 )
p l a n e s = 8 . 9 3 3 e −011
17 // The w a v e l e n g t h o f X−r a y s = 0 . 2 6 4 a n g s t r o m
18 // The a n g l e a t which s e c o n d o r d e r Bragg r e f l e c t i o n
occurs = 17.2 degrees

Scilab code Exa 6.10 X ray Diffraction by crystal planes

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 1 0 : L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r f o r ( 1 1 0 )
p l a n e s o f c u b i c c r y s t a l : Page −137 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 h = 1; k = 1; l = 0; // M i l l e r I n d i c e s f o r p l a n e s i n

44
 a cubic crystal
3 n = 1; // F i r s t Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n
4 theta = 25; // G l a n c i n g a n g l e a t which Bragg ’ s
r e f l e c t i o n occurs , degrees
5 lambda = 0.7 e -010; // Wavelength o f X−r a y s , m
6 // From Bragg ’ s Law , n∗ lambda = 2∗ d∗ s i n d ( t h e t a ) ,
solving for d
7 d = n * lambda /(2* sind ( theta ) ) ; // I n t e r p l a n a r
spacing of cubic crystal , m
8 a = d *( h ^2+ k ^2+ l ^2) ^(1/2) ; // The l a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r
for cubic crystal , m
9 printf ( ” \ nThe l a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r f o r c u b i c c r y s t a l =
%4 . 2 f a n g s t r o m ” , a /1 e -010) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The l a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r f o r c u b i c c r y s t a l = 1 . 1 7
angstrom

Scilab code Exa 6.11 Maximum order of diffraction

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 1 1 : Maximum o r d e r o f d i f f r a c t i o n

: Page −138 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 d = 0.31 e -009; // I n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g , m
3 n = 1; // F i r s t Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n
4 theta = 9.25; // G l a n c i n g a n g l e a t which Bragg ’ s
r e f l e c t i o n occurs , degrees
5 // From Bragg ’ s Law , n∗ lambda = 2∗ d∗ s i n d ( t h e t a ) ,
s o l v i n g f o r lambda
6 lambda = 2* d * sind ( theta ) / n ; // Wavelength o f X−
r a y s , m ( Bragg ’ s Law )
7 theta_max = 90; // Maximum p o s s i b l e a n g l e a t
which r e f l e c t i o n can o c c u r , d e g r e e s
8 n = 2* d * sind ( theta_max ) / lambda ; // Maximum
possible order of d i f f r a c t i o n
9 printf ( ” \ nThe Maximum p o s s i b l e o r d e r o f d i f f r a c t i o n

45
 = %1d” ,n ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The Maximum p o s s i b l e o r d e r o f d i f f r a c t i o n = 6

Scilab code Exa 6.12 Bragg reflection angle for the second order diffraction

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 1 2 : Bragg r e f l e c t i o n a n g l e f o r

t h e s e c o n d o r d e r d i f f r a c t i o n : Page −138 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 // For ( 1 1 0 ) p l a n e s
3 h = 1 , k = 1 , l = 0; // M i l l e r i n d i c e s f o r ( 1 1 0 )
planes
4 d_110 = 0.195 e -009; // I n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g
between ( 1 1 0 ) planes , m
5 // As d 1 1 0 = a / ( h ˆ2 + k ˆ2 + l ˆ 2 ) ˆ ( 1 / 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r
a
6 a = d_110 *( h ^2 + k ^2 + l ^2) ^(1/2) ; // L a t t i c e
parameter f o r bcc c r y s t a l , m
7 // For ( 2 1 0 ) p l a n e s
8 h = 2 , k = 1 , l = 0; // M i l l e r i n d i c e s f o r ( 1 1 0 )
planes
9 d_210 = a /( h ^2 + k ^2 + l ^2) ^(1/2) ; // I n t e r p l a n a r
s p a c i n g between ( 2 1 0 ) planes , m
10 n = 2; // S e c o n d s Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n
11 lambda = 0.072 e -009; // Wavelength o f X−r a y s , m
12 // From Bragg ’ s Law , n∗ lambda = 2∗ d 2 1 0 ∗ s i n d ( t h e t a ) ,
solving for theta
13 theta = asind ( n * lambda /(2* d_210 ) ) ; // Bragg
r e f l e c t i o n angle f o r the second order d i f f r a c t i o n
, degrees
14 printf ( ” \ nBragg r e f l e c t i o n a n g l e f o r t h e s e c o n d
o r d e r d i f f r a c t i o n = %5 . 2 f d e g r e e s ” , theta ) ;
15
16 // R e s u l t
17 // Bragg r e f l e c t i o n a n g l e f o r t h e s e c o n d o r d e r

46
 d i f f r a c t i o n = 35.72 degrees

Scilab code Exa 6.13 Distance between nearest neighbours of NaCl

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 1 3 : D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n n e a r e s t
n e i g h b o u r s o f NaCl : Page −138 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 M = 23+35.5; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f NaCl , kg
p e r k−mole
3 d = 2.18 e +03; // D e n s i t y o f r o c k s a l t , kg p e r
metre cube
4 n = 4; // No . o f atoms p e r u n i t c e l l f o r an f c c
l a t t i c e o f NaCl c r y s t a l
5 N = 6.023 D +26; // Avogadro ’ s No . , atoms /k−mol
6 // Volume o f t h e u n i t c e l l i s g i v e n by
7 // a ˆ3 = M∗n / (N∗d )
8 // S o l v i n g f o r a
9 a = ( n * M /( d * N ) ) ^(1/3) ; // L a t t i c e c o n s t a n t o f
u n i t c e l l o f NaCl
10 printf ( ” \ nThe d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n n e a r e s t n e i g h b o u r s o f
NaCl s t r u c t u r e = %5 . 3 e ” , a /2) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n n e a r e s t n e i g h b o u r s o f NaCl
s t r u c t u r e = 2 . 8 1 4 e −010

Scilab code Exa 6.14 Effect of structural change on volume

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 1 4 : E f f e c t o f s t r u c t u r a l c h a n g e
on volume : Page −139 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 // For b c c s t r u c t u r e
3 r = 1.258 e -010; // Atomic r a d i u s o f b c c s t r u c t u r e
of iron , m

47
4 a = 4* r / sqrt (3) ; // L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r o f b c c
structure of iron , m
5 V = a ^3; // Volume o f b c c u n i t c e l l , m e t r e c u b e
6 N = 2; // Number o f atoms p e r u n i t c e l l i n b c c
structure
7 V_atom_bcc = V / N ; // Volume o c c u p i e d by one atom ,
metre cube
8 // For f c c s t r u c t u r e
9 r = 1.292 e -010; // Atomic r a d i u s o f f c c s t r u c t u r e
of iron , m
10 a = 2* sqrt (2) * r ; // L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r o f f c c
structure of iron , m
11 V = a ^3; // Volume o f f c c u n i t c e l l , m e t r e c u b e
12 N = 4; // Number o f atoms p e r u n i t c e l l i n f c c
structure
13 V_atom_fcc = V / N ; // Volume o c c u p i e d by one atom ,
metre cube
14 delta_V = ( V_atom_bcc - V_atom_fcc ) / V_atom_bcc *100;
// P e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n volume due t o
s t r u c t u r a l change o f i r o n
15 printf ( ” \ nThe p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n volume o f i r o n =
%4 . 2 f p e r c e n t ” , delta_V ) ;
16
17 // R e s u l t
18 // The p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n volume o f i r o n = 0 . 4 9
percent

48
 Chapter 7

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

Scilab code Exa 7.2 Frequency of Josephson current

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex7 . 2 : F r e q u e n c y o f J o s e p h s o n
c u r r e n t : Page −152 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 V = 1e -06; // DC v o l t a g e a p p l i e d a c r o s s t h e
Josephson junction , v o l t
3 e = 1.6 e -019; // Charge on an e l e c t r o n , C
4 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , J s
5 f = 2* e * V / h ; // F r e q u e n c y o f J o s e p h s o n c u r r e n t ,
Hz
6 printf ( ” \ nThe f r e q u e n c y o f J o s e p h s o n c u r r e n t = %5 . 1 f
MHz” , f /1 e +06) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The f r e q u e n c y o f J o s e p h s o n c u r r e n t = 4 8 2 . 9 MHz

Scilab code Exa 7.3 Superconducting energy gap at 0K

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex7 . 3 : S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g e n e r g y gap a t

0K : Page −152 ( 2 0 1 0 )

49
2 T_c = 0.517; // C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e f o r cadmium ,
K
3 k = 1.38 e -023; // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t , J /K
4 e = 1.6 e -019; // Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
5 E_g = 3.5* k * T_c / e ; // S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g e n e r g y gap
a t a b s o l u t e z e r o , eV
6 printf ( ” \ nThe s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g e n e r g y gap f o r Cd a t
a b s o l u t e z e r o = %4 . 2 e eV” , E_g ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g e n e r g y gap f o r Cd a t a b s o l u t e
z e r o = 1 . 5 6 e −004 eV

Scilab code Exa 7.4 Wavelength of photon to break up a Cooper pair

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex7 . 4 : Wavelength o f p h o t o n t o b r e a k

up a Cooper−p a i r : Page −152 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 e = 1.6 e -019; // Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
3 c = 3 e +08; // Speed o f l i g h t i n f r e e s p a c e , m/ s
4 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , J s
5 E_g = 1.5 e -004; // S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g e n e r g y gap f o r
a m a t e r i a l , eV
6 // As E g = h∗ f = h∗ c / lambda , s o l v i n g f o r lambda
7 lambda = h * c /( E_g * e ) ; // Wavelength o f p h o t o n t o
b r e a k up a Cooper−p a i r , m
8 printf ( ” \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f p h o t o n t o b r e a k up a
Cooper−p a i r = %4 . 2 e m” , lambda ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The w a v e l e n g t h o f p h o t o n t o b r e a k up a Cooper−
p a i r = 8 . 2 8 e −003 m

Scilab code Exa 7.5 Variation of London penetration depth with temperature

50
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex7 . 5 : V a r i a t i o n o f London
p e n e t r a t i o n d e p t h w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e : Page −153
(2010)
2 lambda_0 = 37 e -009; // P e n e t r a t i o n d e p t h o f l e a d
at 0 kelvin , m
3 T_c = 7.193; // C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f
superconducting t r a n s i t i o n f o r lead , k e l v i n
4 T = 5.2; // T e m p e r a t u r e a t which p e n e t r a t i o n
d e p t h f o r l e a d becomes lambda T , k e l v i n
5 lambda_T = lambda_0 *(1 -( T / T_c ) ^4) ^( -1/2) ; //
P e n e t r a t i o n depth o f l e a d at 5 . 2 k e l v i n , m
6 printf ( ” \ nThe p e n e t r a t i o n d e p t h o f l e a d a t %3 . 1 f K =
%4 . 1 f nm” ,T , lambda_T /1 e -009) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The p e n e t r a t i o n d e p t h o f l e a d a t 5 . 2 K = 4 3 . 4 nm

Scilab code Exa 7.6 Isotope Effect in mercury

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex7 . 6 : I s o t o p e E f f e c t i n m e r c u r y :
Page −153 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 M1 = 199; // Mass o f an i s o t o p e o f mercury , amu
3 T_C1 = 4.185; // T r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e
i s o p t o p e o f Hg , K
4 T_C2 = 4.153; // T r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f
a n o t h e r i s o p t o p e o f Hg , K
5 alpha = 0.5; // I s o t o p e c o e f f i c i e n t
6 M2 = M1 *( T_C1 / T_C2 ) ^(1/ alpha ) ; // Mass o f a n o t h e r
i s o t o p e o f mercury , amu
7 printf ( ” \ nThe mass o f a n o t h e r i s o t o p e o f m e r c u r y a t
%5 . 3 f K = %6 . 2 f amu” , T_C2 , M2 ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The mass o f a n o t h e r i s o t o p e o f m e r c u r y a t 4 . 1 5 3 K
= 2 0 2 . 0 8 amu

51
52
 Chapter 8

SPECIAL THEORY OF
RELATIVITY

Scilab code Exa 8.1 Relativistic length contraction

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex8 . 1 : Page −171 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 L_0 = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y , we assume classical
l e n g t h t o be u n i t y , m
3 c = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume s p e e d o f l i g h t t o
be u n i t y , m/ s
4 L = (1 -1/100) * L_0 ; // R e l a t i v i s t i c l e n g t h , m
5 // R e l a t i v i s t i c l e n g t h c o n t r a c t i o n g i v e s
6 // L = L 0 ∗ s q r t (1−v ˆ2/ c ˆ 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r v
7 v = sqrt (1 -( L / L_0 ) ^2) * c ; // Speed a t which
r e l a t i v i s t i c length i s 1 percent of the c l a s s i c a l
l e n g t h , m/ s
8 printf ( ” \ nThe s p e e d a t which r e l a t i v i s t i c l e n g t h i s
1 p e r c e n t o f t h e c l a s s i c a l l e n g t h = %5 . 3 f c ” , v ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The s p e e d a t which r e l a t i v i s t i c l e n g t h i s 1
percent of the c l a s s i c a l length = 0.141 c

53
 Scilab code Exa 8.2 Time Dilation

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex8 . 2 : Page −171 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 c = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume s p e e d o f l i g h t to
be u n i t y , m/ s
3 v = 0.9* c ; // Speed a t which beam o f p a r t i c l e s
t r a v e l , m/ s
4 delta_t = 5e -006; // Mean l i f e t i m e o f p a r t i c l e s
a s o b s e r v e d i n t h e Lab . frame , s
5 delta_tau = delta_t * sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2) ; // P r o p e r
l i f e t i m e o f p a r t i c l e a s p e r Time D i l a t i o n r u l e , s
6 printf ( ” \ nThe p r o p e r l i f e t i m e o f p a r t i c l e = %4 . 2 e s ”
, delta_tau ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The p r o p e r l i f e t i m e o f p a r t i c l e = 2 . 1 8 e −006 s

Scilab code Exa 8.4 Relativistic velocity addition

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex8 . 4 : Page −172 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 c = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume s p e e d o f l i g h t to
be u n i t y , m/ s
3 v = 0.6* c ; // Speed w i t h which t h e r o c k e t l e a v e s
t h e e a r t h , m/ s
4 u_prime = 0.9* c ; // R e l a t i v e s p e e d o f s e c o n d
r o c k e t w . r . t . t h e f i r s t r o c k e t , m/ s
5 u = ( u_prime + v ) /(1+( u_prime * v ) / c ^2) ; // Speed o f
s e c o n d r o c k e t f o r same d i r e c t i o n o f f i r i n g a s p e r
V e l o c i t y A d d i t i o n Rule , m/ s
6 printf ( ” \ nThe s p e e d o f s e c o n d r o c k e t f o r same
d i r e c t i o n o f f i r i n g = %5 . 3 f c ” , u ) ;

54
 7 u = ( - u_prime + v ) /(1 -( u_prime * v ) / c ^2) ; // Speed o f
second rocket f o r opposite d i r e c t i o n of f i r i n g
a s p e r V e l o c i t y A d d i t i o n Rule , m/ s
8 printf ( ” \ nThe s p e e d o f s e c o n d r o c k e t f o r o p p o s i t e
d i r e c t i o n o f f i r i n g = %5 . 3 f c ” , u ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The s p e e d o f s e c o n d r o c k e t f o r same d i r e c t i o n o f
f i r i n g = 0.974 c
12 // The s p e e d o f s e c o n d r o c k e t f o r o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n
o f f i r i n g = −0.652 c

Scilab code Exa 8.5 Relativistic effects as observed for spaceship

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex8 . 5 : Page −172 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 c = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume s p e e d o f l i g h t to
be u n i t y , m/ s
3 L0 = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume l e n g t h i n
s p a c e s h i p ’ s f r a m e t o be u n i t y , m
4 L = 1/2* L0 ; // Length a s o b s e r v e d on e a r t h , m
5 // R e l a t i v i s t i c l e n g t h c o n t r a c t i o n g i v e s
6 // L = L 0 ∗ s q r t (1−v ˆ2/ c ˆ 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r v
7 v = sqrt (1 -( L / L0 ) ^2) * c ; // Speed a t which l e n g t h
o f s p a c e s h i p i s o b s e r v e d a s h a l f from t h e e a r t h
frame , m/ s
8 tau = 1; // U n i t t i m e i n t h e s p a c e s h i p ’ s frame , s
9 t = tau / sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2) ; // Time d i l a t i o n o f t h e
s p a c e s h i p ’ s u n i t time , s
10 printf ( ” \ nThe s p e e d a t which l e n g t h o f s p a c e s h i p i s
o b s e r v e d a s h a l f from t h e e a r t h f r a m e = %5 . 3 f c ” ,
v);
11 printf ( ” \ nThe t i m e d i l a t i o n o f t h e s p a c e s h i p u n i t
t i m e = %1g∗ t a u ” , t ) ;
12
13 // R e s u l t

55
14 // The s p e e d a t which l e n g t h o f s p a c e s h i p i s
o b s e r v e d a s h a l f from t h e e a r t h f r a m e = 0 . 8 6 6 c
15 // The t i m e d i l a t i o n o f t h e s p a c e s h i p u n i t t i m e = 2∗
tau

Scilab code Exa 8.6 Time difference and distance between the events

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex8 . 6 : Page −172 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 c = 3 e +008; // Speed o f l i g h t i n vacuum , m/ s
3 v = 0.6* c ; // V e l o c i t y w i t h which S2 f r a m e moves
r e l a t i v e t o S1 frame , m/ s
4 L_factor = 1/ sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2) ; // L o r e n t z f a c t o r
5 t1 = 2e -007; // Time f o r which f i r s t e v e n t o c c u r s
, s
6 t2 = 3e -007; // Time f o r which s e c o n d e v e n t
occurs , s
7 x1 = 10; // P o s i t i o n a t which f i r s t e v e n t o c c u r s ,
m
8 x2 = 40; // P o s i t i o n a t which s e c o n d e v e n t o c c u r s
, m
9 delta_t = L_factor *( t2 - t1 ) + L_factor * v / c ^2*( x1 - x2
); // Time d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e e v e n t s , s
10 delta_x = L_factor *( x2 - x1 ) - L_factor * v *( t2 - t1 ) ;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e e v e n t s , m
11 printf ( ” \ nThe t i m e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e e v e n t s =
%3 . 1 e s ” , delta_t ) ;
12 printf ( ” \ nThe d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e e v e n t s = %2d m” ,
delta_x ) ;
13
14 // R e s u l t
15 // The t i m e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e e v e n t s = 5 . 0 e −008
s
16 // The d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e e v e n t s = 15 m

56
 Scilab code Exa 8.7 Speed of unstable particle in the Laboratory frame

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex8 . 7 : Page −173 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 c = 3 e +008; // Speed o f l i g h t i n vacuum , m/ s
3 tau = 2.6 e -008; // Mean l i f e t i m e t h e p a r t i c l e in
i t s own frame , s
4 d = 20; // D i s t a n c e which t h e u n s t a b l e p a r t i c l e
t r a v e l s b e f o r e decaying , m
5 // As t = d/ v and a l s o t = t a u / s q r t (1 −( v / c ) ˆ 2 ) , s o
that
6 // d/ v = t a u / s q r t (1 −( v / c ) ˆ 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r v
7 v = sqrt ( d ^2/( tau ^2+( d / c ) ^2) ) ; // Speed o f t h e
u n s t a b l e p a r t i c l e i n Lab . frame , m/ s
8 printf ( ” \ nThe s p e e d o f t h e u n s t a b l e p a r t i c l e i n Lab .
f r a m e = %3 . 1 e m/ s ” , v )
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The s p e e d o f t h e u n s t a b l e p a r t i c l e i n Lab . f r a m e
= 2 . 8 e +008 m/ s

Scilab code Exa 8.8 Relativistic effects applied to mu meson

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex8 . 8 : Page −174 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 c = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume s p e e d o f l i g h t to
be u n i t y , m/ s
3 me = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume mass o f e l e c t r o n
t o be u n i t y , kg
4 tau = 2.3 e -006; // A v e r a g e l i f e t i m e o f mu−meson
i n r e s t frame , s
5 t = 6.9 e -006; // A v e r a g e l i f e t i m e o f mu−meson i n
l a b o r a t o r y frame , s

57
 6 // Fromm Time D i l a t i o n Rule , t a u = t ∗ s q r t (1 −( v / c ) ˆ 2 )
, solving for v
7 v = sqrt (1 -( tau / t ) ^2) * c ; // Speed o f mu−meson i n
t h e l a b o r a t o r y frame , m/ s
8 c
9 m0 = 207* me ; // R e s t mass o f mu−meson , kg
10 m = m0 / sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2) ; // R e l a t i v i s t i c v a r i a t i o n
o f mass w i t h v e l o c i t y , kg
11 me = 9.1 e -031; // Mass o f an e l e c t r o n , kg
12 c = 3 e +008; // Speed o f l i g h t i n vacuum , m/ s
13 e = 1.6 e -019; // Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
14 T = ( m * me * c ^2 - m0 * me * c ^2) / e ; // K i n e t i c e n e r g y
o f mu−meson , J
15 printf ( ” \ nThe s p e e d o f mu−meson i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y
f r a m e = %6 . 4 f c ” , v ) ;
16 printf ( ” \ nThe e f f e c t i v e mass o f mu−meson = %3d me” ,
m);
17 printf ( ” \ nThe k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f mu−meson = %5 . 1 f MeV
” , T /1 e +006) ;
18
19 // R e s u l t
20 // The s p e e d o f mu−meson i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y f r a m e =
0.9428 c
21 // The e f f e c t i v e mass o f mu−meson = 620 me
22 // The k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f mu−meson = 2 1 1 . 9 MeV

Scilab code Exa 8.9 Speed of moving mass

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex8 . 9 : Page −174 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 c = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume s p e e d o f l i g h t to
be u n i t y , m/ s
3 m0 = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume r e s t mass t o be
u n i t y , kg
4 m = (20/100+1) * m0 ; // Mass i n motion , kg
5 // As m = m0/ s q r t (1 −( u / c ) ˆ 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r u

58
6 u = sqrt (1 -( m0 / m ) ^2) * c ; // Speed o f moving mass ,
m/ s
7 printf ( ” \ nThe s p e e d o f moving body , u = %5 . 3 f c ” , u ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The s p e e d o f moving body , u = 0 . 5 5 3 c

Scilab code Exa 8.10 Rate of decreasing mass of sun

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex8 . 1 0 : Page −175 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 c = 3 e +008; // Speed o f l i g h t i n vacuum , m/ s
3 dE = 4 e +026; // Energy r a d i a t e d p e r s e c o n d my t h e
sun , J / s
4 dm = dE / c ^2; // Rate o f d e c r e a s e o f mass o f sun ,
kg / s
5 printf ( ” \ nThe r a t e o f d e c r e a s e o f mass o f sun = %4 . 2
e kg / s ” , dm ) ;
6
7 // R e s u l t
8 // The r a t e o f d e c r e a s e o f mass o f sun = 4 . 4 4 e +009
kg / s

Scilab code Exa 8.11 Relativistic mass energy relation

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex8 . 1 1 : Page −175 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 c = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume s p e e d o f l i g h t to
be u n i t y , m/ s
3 m0 = 9.1 e -031; // Mass o f t h e e l e c t r o n , kg
4 E0 = 0.512; // R e s t e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n , MeV
5 T = 10; // K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n , MeV
6 E = T + E0 ; // T o t a l e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n , MeV
7 // From R e l a t i v i s t i c mass−e n e r g y r e l a t i o n
8 // Eˆ2 = c ˆ2∗ p ˆ2 + m0ˆ2∗ c ˆ 4 , s o l v i n g f o r p

59
 9 p = sqrt ( E ^2 - m0 ^2* c ^4) / c ; // Momentum o f t h e
e l e c t r o n , MeV
10 // As E = E0/ s q r t (1 −( u / c ) ˆ 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r u
11 u = sqrt (1 -( E0 / E ) ^2) * c ; // V e l o c i t y o f t h e
e l e c t r o n , m/ s
12 printf ( ” \ nThe momentum o f t h e e l e c t r o n = %4 . 1 f / c MeV
”, p);
13 printf ( ” \ nThe v e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n = %6 . 4 f c ” , u )
;
14
15 // R e s u l t
16 // The momentum o f t h e e l e c t r o n = 1 0 . 5 / c MeV
17 // The v e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n = 0 . 9 9 8 8 c

Scilab code Exa 8.13 Mass from relativistic energy

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex8 . 1 3 : Page −176 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 c = 3 e +008; // Speed o f l i g h t i n vacuum , m/ s
3 E = 4.5 e +017; // T o t a l e n e r g y o f o b j e c t , J
4 px = 3.8 e +008; // X−component o f momentum , kg−m/ s
5 py = 3 e +008; // Y−component o f momentum , kg−m/ s
6 pz = 3 e +008; // Z−component o f momentum , kg−m/ s
7 p = sqrt ( px ^2+ py ^2+ px ^2) ; // T o t a l momentum o f
t h e o b j e c t , kg−m/ s
8 // From R e l a t i v i s t i c mass−e n e r g y r e l a t i o n
9 // Eˆ2 = c ˆ2∗ p ˆ2 + m0ˆ2∗ c ˆ 4 , s o l v i n g f o r m0
10 m0 = sqrt ( E ^2/ c ^4 - p ^2/ c ^2) ; // R e s t mass o f t h e
body , kg
11 printf ( ” \ nThe r e s t mass o f t h e body = %4 . 2 f kg ” , m0 )
;
12
13 // R e s u l t
14 // The r e s t mass o f t h e body = 4 . 5 6 kg

60
 Scilab code Exa 8.14 Relativistic momentum of high speed probe

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex8 . 1 4 : Page −176 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 c = 3 e +008; // Speed o f l i g h t i n vacuum , m/ s
3 m = 50000; // Mass o f h i g h s p e e d probe , kg
4 u = 0.8* c ; // Speed o f t h e probe , m/ s
5 p = m * u / sqrt (1 -( u / c ) ^2) ; // Momentum o f t h e probe
, kg−m/ s
6 printf ( ” \ nThe momentum o f t h e h i g h s p e e d p r o b e = %1g
kg−m/ s ” , p ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The momentum o f t h e h i g h s p e e d p r o b e = 2 e +013 kg−
m/ s

Scilab code Exa 8.15 Moving electron subjected to the electric field

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex8 . 1 5 : Page −177 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 e = 1.6 e -019; // E l e c t r o n i c c h a r g e , C = Energy
e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
3 m0 = 9.11 e -031; // R e s t mass o f e l e c t r o n , kg
4 c = 3 e +008; // Speed o f l i g h t i n vacuum , m/ s
5 u1 = 0.98* c ; // I n i t a l s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n , m/ s
6 u2 = 0.99* c ; // F i n a l s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n , m/ s
7 m1 = m0 / sqrt (1 -( u1 / c ) ^2) ; // I n i t i a l r e l a t i v i s t i c
mass o f e l e c t r o n , kg
8 m2 = m0 / sqrt (1 -( u2 / c ) ^2) ; // F i n a l r e l a t i v i s t i c
mass o f e l e c t r o n , kg
9 dm = m2 - m1 ; // Change i n r e l a t i v i s t i c mass o f
t h e e l e c t r o n , kg
10 W = dm * c ^2; // Work done on t h e e l e c t r o n t o
change i t s v e l o c i t y , J

61
11 // As W = eV , V = a c c e l e r a t i n g p o t e n t i a l , s o l v i n g
for V
12 V = W/e; // A c c e l e r a t i n g p o t e n t i a l , v o l t
13 printf ( ” \ nThe c h a n g e i n r e l a t i v i s t i c mass o f t h e
e l e c t r o n = %4 . 1 e kg ” , dm ) ;
14 printf ( ” \ nThe work done on t h e e l e c t r o n t o c h a n g e
i t s v e l o c i t y = %4 . 2 f MeV” , W /( e *1 e +006) ) ;
15 printf ( ” \ nThe a c c e l e r a t i n g p o t e n t i a l = %4 . 2 e v o l t ” ,
V);
16
17 // R e s u l t
18 // The c h a n g e i n r e l a t i v i s t i c mass o f t h e e l e c t r o n =
1 . 9 e −030 kg
19 // The work done on t h e e l e c t r o n t o c h a n g e i t s
v e l o c i t y = 1 . 0 6 MeV
20 // The a c c e l e r a t i n g p o t e n t i a l = 1 . 0 6 e +006 v o l t

62
 Chapter 9

QUANTUM MECHANICS

Scilab code Exa 9.1 De broglie wavelength of an electron from accelerating potenti

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 1 : De−b r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f an

e l e c t r o n from a c c e l e r a t i n g p o t e n t i a l : Page −202
(2010)
2 V = 100; // A c c e l e r a t i n g p o t e n t i a l f o r e l e c t r o n ,
volt
3 lambda = sqrt (150/ V ) *1 e -010; // de−B r o g l i e
wavelength of electron , m
4 printf ( ” \ nThe De−B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f e l e c t r o n = %4
. 2 e m” , lambda ) ;
5
6 // R e s u l t
7 // The De−B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f e l e c t r o n = 1 . 2 2 e −010
m

Scilab code Exa 9.2 De broglie wavelength of an electron from kinetic energy

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 2 : De−b r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f an

e l e c t r o n from k i n e t i c e n e r g y : Page −203 ( 2 0 1 0 )

63
2 e = 1.6 e -019; // Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
3 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , J s
4 m = 9.1 e -031; // Mass o f t h e e l e c t r o n , kg
5 Ek = 10; // K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n , eV
6 // Ek = p ˆ 2 / ( 2 ∗m) , s o l v i n g f o r p
7 p = sqrt (2* m * Ek * e ) ; // Momentum o f t h e e l e c t r o n ,
kg−m/ s
8 lambda = h / p ; // de−B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f
e l e c t r o n from De−B r o g l i e r e l a t i o n , m
9 printf ( ” \ nThe de−B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f e l e c t r o n = %4
. 2 e nm” , lambda /1 e -009) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The de−B r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f e l e c t r o n = 3 . 8 8 e −001
nm

Scilab code Exa 9.4 Uncertainty principle for position and momentum

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 4 : U n c e r t a i n t y p r i n c i p l e f o r
p o s i t i o n and momentum : Page −203 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , J s
3 m = 9.1 e -031; // Mass o f t h e e l e c t r o n , kg
4 v = 1.1 e +006; // Speed o f t h e e l e c t r o n , m/ s
5 p = m*v; // Momentum o f t h e e l e c t r o n , kg−m/ s
6 dp = 0.1/100* p ; // U n c e r t a i n t y i n momentum , kg−m/
s
7 h_bar = h /(2* %pi ) ; // Reduced Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t ,
Js
8 // From H e i s e n b e r g u n c e r t a i n t y p r i n c i p l e ,
9 // dx ∗ dp = h b a r / 2 , s o l v i n g f o r dx
10 dx = h_bar /(2* dp ) ; // U n c e r t a i n t y i n p o s i t i o n , m
11 printf ( ” \ nThe u n c e r t a i n t y i n p o s i t i o n o f e l e c t r o n =
%4 . 2 e m” , dx ) ;
12
13 // R e s u l t

64
14 // The u n c e r t a i n t y i n p o s i t i o n o f e l e c t r o n = 5 . 2 7 e
−008 m

Scilab code Exa 9.5 Uncertainty principle for energy and time

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 5 : U n c e r t a i n t y p r i n c i p l e f o r
e n e r g y and t i m e : Page −203 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 e = 1.6 e -019; // Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
3 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , J s
4 dt = 1e -008; // U n c e r t a i n t y i n time , s
5 h_bar = h /(2* %pi ) ; // Reduced Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t ,
Js
6 // From H e i s e n b e r g u n c e r t a i n t y p r i n c i p l e ,
7 // dE∗ d t = h b a r / 2 , s o l v i n g f o r dE
8 dE = h_bar /(2* dt * e ) ; // U n c e r t a i n t y i n e n e r g y o f
the e x c i t e d state , m
9 printf ( ” \ nThe u n c e r t a i n t y i n e n e r g y o f t h e e x c i t e d
s t a t e = %4 . 2 e eV” , dE ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The u n c e r t a i n t y i n e n e r g y o f t h e e x c i t e d s t a t e =
3 . 3 0 e −008 eV

Scilab code Exa 9.6 Width of spectral line from Uncertainty principle

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 6 : Width o f s p e c t r a l l i n e from

U n c e r t a i n t y p r i n c i p l e : Page −204 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 c = 3 e +008; // Speed o f l i g h t , m/ s
3 dt = 1e -008; // A v e r a g e l i f e t i m e , s
4 lambda = 400 e -009; // Wavelength o f s p e c t r a l l i n e
, m
5 // From H e i s e n b e r g u n c e r t a i n t y p r i n c i p l e ,

65
6 // dE = h b a r / ( 2 ∗ d t ) and a l s o dE = h∗ c / lambda ˆ2∗
d lambda , which g i v e
7 // h b a r / ( 2 ∗ d t ) = h∗ c / lambda ˆ2∗ d lambda , s o l v i n g f o r
d lambda
8 d_lambda = lambda ^2/(4* %pi * c * dt ) ; // Width o f
spectral line , m
9 printf ( ” \ nThe w i d t h o f s p e c t r a l l i n e = %4 . 2 e m” ,
d_lambda ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The w i d t h o f s p e c t r a l l i n e = 4 . 2 4 e −015 m

Scilab code Exa 9.14 Probability of electron moving in 1D box

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 1 4 : P r o b a b i l i t y o f e l e c t r o n
moving i n 1D box : Page −207 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 a = 2e -010; // Width o f 1D box , m
3 x1 = 0; // P o s i t i o n o f f i r s t e x t r e m e o f t h e box ,
m
4 x2 = 1e -010; // P o s i t i o n o f s e c o n d e x t r e m e o f t h e
box , m
5 P = integrate ( ’ 2/ a ∗ ( s i n ( 2 ∗ %pi ∗ x / a ) ) ˆ2 ’ , ’ x ’ , x1 , x2 )
; // The p r o b a b i l i t y o f f i n d i n g t h e e l e c t r o n
b e t w e e n x = 0 and x = 1 e −010
6 printf ( ” \ nThe p r o b a b i l i t y o f f i n d i n g t h e e l e c t r o n
b e t w e e n x = 0 and x = 1 e −010 = %3 . 1 f ” , P ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The p r o b a b i l i t y o f f i n d i n g t h e e l e c t r o n b e t w e e n x
= 0 and x = 1 e −010 = 0 . 5

66
 Chapter 10

STATISTICAL MECHANICS

Scilab code Exa 10.1 Ratio of occupancy of two states

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex10 . 1 : Page −222 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 k = 1.38 e -023; // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t , J /K
3 e = 1.6 e -019; // Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
4 g1 = 2; // The d e g e n e r a c y o f g r o u n d s t a t e
5 g2 = 8; // The d e g e n e r a c y o f e x c i t e d s t a t e
6 delta_E = 10.2; // Energy o f e x c i t e d s t a t e a b o v e
t h e g r o u n d s t a t e , eV
7 T = 6000; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s t a t e , K
8 D_ratio = g2 / g1 ; // R a t i o o f d e g e n e r a c y o f s t a t e s
9 N_ratio = D_ratio * exp ( - delta_E /( k * T / e ) ) ; // R a t i o
o f occupancy o f the e x c i t e d to the ground s t a t e
10 printf ( ” \ nThe r a t i o o f o c c u p a n c y o f t h e e x c i t e d t o
t h e g r o u n d s t a t e a t %d K = %4 . 2 e ” , T , N_ratio ) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The r a t i o o f o c c u p a n c y o f t h e e x c i t e d t o t h e
g r o u n d s t a t e a t 6 0 0 0 K = 1 . 1 0 e −008

Scilab code Exa 10.4 Number density and fermi energy of silver

67
 1 // S c i l a b Code Ex10 . 4 : Page −223 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 e = 1.6 e -019; // Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
3 N_A = 6.023 e +023; // Avogadro ’ s number
4 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , J s
5 me = 9.1 e -031; // Mass o f e l e c t r o n , kg
6 rho = 10.5; // D e n s i t y o f s i l v e r , g p e r cm
7 m = 108; // M o l e c u l a r mass o f s i l v e r , g / mol
8 N_D = rho * N_A /( m *1 e -006) ; // Number d e n s i t y o f
c o n d u c t i o n e l e c t r o n s , per metre cube
9 E_F = h ^2/(8* me ) *(3/ %pi * N_D ) ^(2/3) ;
10 printf ( ” \ nThe number d e n s i t y o f c o n d u c t i o n e l e c t r o n s
= %4 . 2 e p e r m e t r e c u b e ” , N_D ) ;
11 printf ( ” \ nThe Fermi e n e r g y o f s i l v e r = %4 . 2 f eV” ,
E_F / e ) ;
12
13 // R e s u l t
14 // The number d e n s i t y o f c o n d u c t i o n e l e c t r o n s = 5 . 8 6
e +028 p e r m e t r e c u b e
15 // The Fermi e n e r g y o f s i l v e r = 5 . 5 1 eV

Scilab code Exa 10.5 Electronic contribution to the molar heat capacity of silver

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex10 . 5 : Page −224 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 N_A = 6.023 e +023; // Avogadro ’ s number
3 k = 1.38 e -023; // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t , J /K
4 T = 293; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f sodium , K
5 E_F = 3.24; // Fermi e n e r g y o f sodium , eV
6 e = 1.6 e -019; // Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
7 C_v = %pi ^2* N_A * k ^2* T /(2* E_F * e ) ; // Molar
s p e c i f i c h e a t o f sodium , J / mole /K
8 printf ( ” \ nThe m o l a r s p e c i f i c h e a t o f sodium = %4 . 2 f
J / mole /K” , C_v ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The m o l a r s p e c i f i c h e a t o f sodium = 0 . 3 2 J / mole /K

68
 Scilab code Exa 10.6 Fermi energy and mean energy of aluminium

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex10 . 6 : Page −224 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 e = 1.6 e -019; // Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
3 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , J s
4 m = 9.1 e -031; // Mass o f t h e e l e c t r o n , kg
5 N_D = 18.1 e +028; // Number d e n s i t y o f c o n d u c t i o n
e l e c t r o n s i n Al , p e r m e t r e c u b e
6 E_F = h ^2/(8* m ) *(3/ %pi * N_D ) ^(2/3) ; // Fermi
e n e r g y o f aluminium , J
7 Em_0 = 3/5* E_F ; // Mean e n e r g y o f the e l e c t r o n
a t 0K, J
8 printf ( ” \ nThe Fermi e n e r g y o f aluminium = %5 . 2 f eV” ,
E_F / e ) ;
9 printf ( ” \ nThe mean e n e r g y o f t h e e l e c t r o n a t 0K =
%4 . 2 f eV” , Em_0 / e ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The Fermi e n e r g y o f aluminium = 1 1 . 7 0 eV
13 // The mean e n e r g y o f t h e e l e c t r o n a t 0K = 7 . 0 2 eV

69
 Chapter 11

LASERS

Scilab code Exa 11.1 Ratio of spontaneous and stimulated emission

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex11 . 1 : Page −249 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , J s
3 c = 3 e +08; // Speed o f l i g h t i n f r e e s p a c e , m/ s
4 k = 1.38 e -023; // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t , J /K
5 T = 300; // T e m p e r a t u r e a t a b s o l u t e s c a l e , K
6 lambda = 5500 e -010; // Wavelength o f v i s i b l e
light , m
7 rate_ratio = exp ( h * c /( lambda * k * T ) ) -1; // R a t i o o f
spontaneous emission to stimulated emission
8 printf ( ” \ nThe r a t i o o f s p o n t a n e o u s e m i s s i o n t o
s t i m u l a t e d e m i s s i o n f o r v i s i b l e r e g i o n = %1 . 0 e ” ,
rate_ratio ) ;
9 lambda = 1e -02; // Wavelength o f microwave , m
10 rate_ratio = exp ( h * c /( lambda * k * T ) ) -1; // R a t i o o f
spontaneous emission to stimulated emission
11 printf ( ” \ nThe r a t i o o f s p o n t a n e o u s e m i s s i o n t o
s t i m u l a t e d e m i s s i o n f o r m i c r o w a v e r e g i o n = %6 . 4 f ”
, rate_ratio ) ;
12
13 // R e s u l t
14 // The r a t i o o f s p o n t a n e o u s e m i s s i o n t o s t i m u l a t e d

70
 e m i s s i o n f o r v i s i b l e r e g i o n = 8 e +037
15 // The r a t i o o f s p o n t a n e o u s e m i s s i o n t o s t i m u l a t e d
e m i s s i o n f o r microwave r e g i o n = 0 . 0 0 4 8

Scilab code Exa 11.2 Energy of excited state of laser system

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex11 . 2 : Page −250 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 e = 1.6 e -019; // Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
3 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , Js
4 c = 3 e +08; // Speed o f l i g h t i n f r e e s p a c e , m/ s
5 lambda = 690 e -009; // Wavelength o f laser light ,
m
6 E_lower = 30.5; // Energy o f l o w e r s t a t e , eV
7 E = h * c /( lambda * e ) ; // Energy o f t h e l a s e r l i g h t ,
eV
8 E_ex = E_lower + E ; // Energy o f e x c i t e d s t a t e o f
l a s e r system , eV
9 printf ( ” \ nThe e n e r g y o f e x c i t e d s t a t e o f l a s e r
s y s t e m = %4 . 1 f eV” , E_ex ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The e n e r g y o f e x c i t e d s t a t e o f l a s e r s y s t e m =
3 2 . 3 eV

Scilab code Exa 11.3 Condition of equivalence of stimulated and spontaneous emissi

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex11 . 3 : Page −250 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , J s
3 k = 1.38 e -023; // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t , J /K
4 // S t i m u l a t e d E m i s s i o n = S p o n t a n e o u s E m i s s i o n <=>
exp ( h∗ f / ( k ∗T) ) −1 = 1 i . e .
5 // f /T = l o g ( 2 ) ∗ k / h = A

71
 6 A = log (2) * k / h ; // F r e q u e n c y p e r u n i t
t e m p e r a t u r e , Hz/K
7 printf ( ” \ nThe s t i m u l a t e d e m i s s i o n e q u a l s s p o n t a n e o u s
e m i s s i o n i f f f /T = %4 . 2 e Hz/K” , A ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The s t i m u l a t e d e m i s s i o n e q u a l s s p o n t a n e o u s
e m i s s i o n i f f f /T = 1 . 4 4 e +010 Hz/K

Scilab code Exa 11.4 Area and intensity of image formed by laser

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex11 . 4 : Page −250 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 lambda = 500 e -009; // Wavelength o f l a s e r l i g h t ,
m
3 f = 15 e -02; // F o c a l l e n g t h o f t h e l e n s , m
4 d = 2e -02; // D i a m e t e r o f t h e a p e r t u r e o f s o u r c e ,
m
5 a = d /2; // R a d i u s o f t h e a p e r t u r e o f s o u r c e , m
6 P = 5e -003; // Power o f t h e l a s e r , W
7 A = %pi * lambda ^2* f ^2/ a ^2; // Area o f t h e s p o t a t
the f o c a l plane , metre square
8 I = P/A; // I n t e n s i t y a t t h e f o c u s , W p e r m e t r e
square
9 printf ( ” \ nThe a r e a o f t h e s p o t a t t h e f o c a l p l a n e =
%4 . 2 e m e t r e s q u a r e ” , A ) ;
10 printf ( ” \ nThe i n t e n s i t y a t t h e f o c u s = %4 . 2 e w a t t
per metre s q u a r e ”, I);
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The a r e a o f t h e s p o t a t t h e f o c a l p l a n e = 1 . 7 7 e
−010 m e t r e s q u a r e
14 // The i n t e n s i t y a t t h e f o c u s = 2 . 8 3 e +007 w a t t p e r
metre square

72
 Scilab code Exa 11.5 Rate of energy released in a pulsed laser

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex11 . 5 : Page −251 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , J s
3 c = 3 e +08; // Speed o f l i g h t i n f r e e s p a c e , m/ s
4 lambda = 1064 e -009; // Wavelength o f l a s e r l i g h t ,
m
5 P = 0.8; // A v e r a g e power o u t p u t p e r l a s e r p u l s e ,
W
6 dt = 25 e -003; // P u l s e w i d t h o f l a s e r , s
7 E = P * dt ; // Energy r e l e a s e d p e r p u l s e , J
8 N = E /( h * c / lambda ) ; // Number o f p h o t o n s i n a
pulse
9 printf ( ” \ nThe e n e r g y r e l e a s e d p e r p u l s e = %2 . 0 e J ” ,
E);
10 printf ( ” \ nThe number o f p h o t o n s i n a p u l s e = %4 . 2 e ” ,
N);
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The e n e r g y r e l e a s e d p e r p u l s e = 2 e −002 J
14 // The number o f p h o t o n s i n a p u l s e = 1 . 0 7 e +017

Scilab code Exa 11.6 Angular and linear spread of laser beam

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex11 . 6 : Page −251 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 lambda = 693 e -009; // Wavelength o f l a s e r beam , m
3 D = 3e -003; // D i a m e t e r o f l a s e r beam , m
4 d_theta = 1.22* lambda / D ; // A n g u l a r s p r e a d o f
l a s e r beam , r a d
5 d = 300 e +003; // H e i g h t o f a s a t e l l i t e a b o v e t h e
s u r f a c e of earth , m

73
 6 a = d_theta * d ; // D i a m e t e r o f t h e beam on t h e
satellite , m
7 printf ( ” \ nThe h e i g h t o f a s a t e l l i t e a b o v e t h e
s u r f a c e o f e a r t h = %4 . 2 e r a d ” , d_theta ) ;
8 printf ( ” \ nThe d i a m e t e r o f t h e beam on t h e s a t e l l i t e
= %4 . 1 f m” , a ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The h e i g h t o f a s a t e l l i t e a b o v e t h e s u r f a c e o f
e a r t h = 2 . 8 2 e −004 r a d
12 // The d i a m e t e r o f t h e beam on t h e s a t e l l i t e = 8 4 . 5
m

74
 Chapter 12

HOLOGRAPHY AND FIBRE

OPTICS

Scilab code Exa 12.1 Parameters of step index fibre

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 1 : P a r a m e t e r s o f s t e p i n d e x
f i b r e : Page −271 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 n1 = 1.43; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f f i b r e c o r e
3 n2 = 1.4; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f f i b r e c l a d d i n g
4 // As s i n ( a l p h a c ) = n2 / n1 , s o l v i n g f o r a l p h a c
5 alpha_c = asind ( n2 / n1 ) ; // C r i t i c a l a n g l e f o r
optical fibre , degrees
6 // AS c o s ( t h e t a c ) = n2 / n1 , s o l v i n g f o r t h e t a c
7 theta_c = acosd ( n2 / n1 ) ; // C r i t i c a l p r o p a g a t i o n
angle for optical fibre , degrees
8 NA = sqrt ( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) ; // N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r
optical fibre
9 printf ( ” \ nThe c r i t i c a l a n g l e f o r o p t i c a l f i b r e = %5
. 2 f d e g r e e s ” , alpha_c ) ;
10 printf ( ” \ nThe c r i t i c a l p r o p a g a t i o n a n g l e f o r o p t i c a l
f i b r e = %5 . 2 f d e g r e e s ” , theta_c ) ;
11 printf ( ” \ n N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r o p t i c a l f i b r e = %4
. 2 f ” , NA ) ;
12

75
13 // R e s u l t
14 // The c r i t i c a l a n g l e f o r o p t i c a l f i b r e = 7 8 . 2 4
degrees
15 // The c r i t i c a l p r o p a g a t i o n a n g l e f o r o p t i c a l f i b r e
= 11.76 degrees
16 // N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r o p t i c a l f i b r e = 0 . 2 9

Scilab code Exa 12.2 Parameters of optical fibre

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 2 : P a r a m e t e r s o f o p t i c a l f i b r e :
Page −271 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 n1 = 1.45; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f f i b r e c o r e
3 n2 = 1.4; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f f i b r e c l a d d i n g
4 NA = sqrt ( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) ; // N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r
optical fibre
5 // As s i n ( t h e t a a ) = s q r t ( n1 ˆ2 − n2 ˆ 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r
theta a
6 theta_a = asind ( sqrt ( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) ) ; // H a l f o f
acceptance angle of optical fibre , degrees
7 theta_accp = 2* theta_a ; // A c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f
optical fibre
8 Delta = ( n1 - n2 ) / n1 ; // R e l a t i v e r e f r a c t i v e
index d i f f e r e n c e
9 printf ( ” \ n N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r o p t i c a l f i b r e = %5
. 3 f ” , NA ) ;
10 printf ( ” \ nThe a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f o p t i c a l f i b r e = %4
. 1 f d e g r e e s ” , theta_accp ) ;
11 printf ( ” \ n R e l a t i v e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x d i f f e r e n c e = %5
. 3 f ” , Delta ) ;
12
13 // R e s u l t
14 // N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r o p t i c a l f i b r e = 0 . 3 7 7
15 // The a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f o p t i c a l f i b r e = 4 4 . 4
degrees
16 // R e l a t i v e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x d i f f e r e n c e = 0 . 0 3 4

76
 Scilab code Exa 12.3 Numerical aperture and acceptance angle of step index fibre

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 3 : N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e and

a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f s t e p i n d e x f i b r e : Page −271
(2010)
2 n1 = 1.55; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f f i b r e c o r e
3 n2 = 1.53; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f f i b r e c l a d d i n g
4 n0 = 1.3; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f medium
5 NA = sqrt ( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) ; // N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r
optical fibre
6 // n0 ∗ s i n ( t h e t a a ) = s q r t ( n1 ˆ2 − n2 ˆ 2 ) = NA, s o l v i n g
for theta a
7 theta_a = asind ( sqrt ( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) / n0 ) ; // H a l f o f
acceptance angle of optical fibre , degrees
8 theta_accp = 2* theta_a ; // A c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f
optical fibre
9 printf ( ” \ n N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r s t e p i n d e x f i b r e =
%5 . 3 f ” , NA ) ;
10 printf ( ” \ nThe a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f s t e p i n d e x f i b r e =
%2d d e g r e e s ” , theta_accp ) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r s t e p i n d e x f i b r e = 0 . 2 4 8
14 // The a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f s t e p i n d e x f i b r e = 22
degrees

Scilab code Exa 12.5 Output power in fibre optic communication

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 5 : Output power i n f i b r e o p t i c

c o m m u n i c a t i o n : Page −272 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 alpha = 2; // Power l o s s t h r o u g h o p t i c a l f i b r e ,
dB/km

77
3 P_in = 500; // Poer i n p u t o f o p t i c a l f i b r e , micro
−w a t t
4 z = 10; // Length o f t h e o p t i c a l f i b r e , km
5 // As a l p h a = 10/ z ∗ l o g 1 0 ( P i n / P o u t ) , s o l v i n g f o r
P out
6 P_out = P_in /10^( alpha * z /10) ; // Output power i n
f i b r e o p t i c communication , W
7 printf ( ” \ nThe o u t p u t power i n f i b r e o p t i c
c o m m u n i c a t i o n = %1d micro −w a t t ” , P_out ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The o u t p u t power i n f i b r e o p t i c c o m m u n i c a t i o n = 5
micro −w a t t

78
 Chapter 13

DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS

Scilab code Exa 13.1 Electronic Polarizability of atom

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex13 . 1 : E l e c t r o n i c P o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f
atom : Page −287 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 epsilon_0 = 8.854 e -012; // A b s o l u t e e l e c t r i c a l
p e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e space , f a r a d per metre
3 R = 0.52 e -010; // R a d i u s o f h y d r o g e n atom ,
angstrom
4 n = 9.7 e +026; // Number d e n s i t y o f hydrogen , p e r
metre cube
5 alpha_e = 4* %pi * epsilon_0 * R ^3; // E l e c t r o n i c
p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f h y d r o g e n atom , f a r a d −m e t r e
square
6 printf ( ” \ nThe e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f h y d r o g e n
atom = %4 . 2 e f a r a d −m e t r e s q u a r e ” , alpha_e ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f h y d r o g e n atom =
1 . 5 6 e −041 f a r a d −m e t r e s q u a r e

79
 Scilab code Exa 13.2 Parallel plate capacitor

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex13 . 2 : P a r a l l e l p l a t e c a p a c i t o r :
Page −287 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 epsilon_0 = 8.854 e -012; // A b s o l u t e e l e c t r i c a l
p e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e space , f a r a d per metre
3 A = 100 e -004; // Area o f a p l a t e o f p a r a l l e l
p l a t e c a p a c i t o r , metre square
4 d = 1e -002; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e p l a t e s o f t h e
capacitor , m
5 V = 100; // P o t e n t i a l a p p l i e d t o t h e p l a t e s o f
the capacitor , v o l t
6 C = epsilon_0 * A / d ; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f p a r a l l e l
plate capacitor , farad
7 Q = C/V; // Charge on t h e p l a t e s o f t h e c a p a c i t o r
, coulomb
8 printf ( ” \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e o f p a r a l l e l p l a t e
c a p a c i t o r = %5 . 3 e F” , C ) ;
9 printf ( ” \ nThe c h a r g e on t h e p l a t e s o f t h e c a p a c i t o r
= %5 . 3 e C” , Q ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The c a p a c i t a n c e o f p a r a l l e l p l a t e c a p a c i t o r =
8 . 8 5 4 e −012 F
13 // The c h a r g e on t h e p l a t e s o f t h e c a p a c i t o r = 8 . 8 5 4
e −014 C

Scilab code Exa 13.3 Dielectric displacement of medium

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex13 . 3 : D i e l e c t r i c d i s p l a c e m e n t o f
medium : Page −288 ( 2 0 1 0 )

80
 2 epsilon_0 = 8.854 e -012; // A b s o l u t e e l e c t r i c a l
p e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e space , f a r a d per metre
3 epsilon_r = 5.0; // D i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f t h e
m a t e r i a l between the p l a t e s o f c a p a c i t o r
4 V = 15; // P o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e a p p l i e d b e t w e e n
the p l a t e s of the capacitor , v o l t
5 d = 1.5 e -003; // S e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e p l a t e s o f
the capacitor , m
6 // E l e c t r i c d i s p l a c e m e n t , D = e p s i l o n 0 ∗ e p s i l o n r ∗E ,
a s E = V/d , s o
7 D = epsilon_0 * epsilon_r * V / d ; // D i e l e c t r i c
d i s p l a c e m e n t , coulomb p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
8 printf ( ” \ nThe d i e l e c t r i c d i s p l a c e m e n t = %5 . 3 e
coulomb p e r m e t r e s q u a r e ” , D ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The d i e l e c t r i c d i s p l a c e m e n t = 4 . 4 2 7 e −007 coulomb
per metre square

Scilab code Exa 13.4 Relative dielectric constant

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex13 . 4 : R e l a t i v e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t
: Page −288 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 epsilon_0 = 8.854 e -012; // A b s o l u t e e l e c t r i c a l
p e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e space , f a r a d per metre
3 N = 3.0 e +028; // Number d e n s i t y o f s o l i d
e l e m e n t a l d i e l e c t r i c , atoms p e r m e t r e c u b e
4 alpha_e = 1e -040; // E l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y ,
f a r a d metre square
5 epsilon_r = 1 + N * alpha_e / epsilon_0 ; // R e l a t i v e
d i e l e c t r i c constant of the material
6 printf ( ” \ nThe R e l a t i v e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f t h e
m a t e r i a l = %5 . 3 f ” , epsilon_r ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t

81
9 // The R e l a t i v e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f t h e m a t e r i a l
= 1.339

Scilab code Exa 13.5 Atomic polarizability of sulphur

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex13 . 5 : Atomic p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f

s u l p h u r : Page −288 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 N_A = 6.023 e +023; // Avogadro ’ s number , p e r mole
3 epsilon_0 = 8.854 e -012; // A b s o l u t e e l e c t r i c a l
p e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e space , f a r a d per metre
4 epsilon_r = 3.75; // R e l a t i v e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t
5 d = 2050; // D e n s i t y o f s u l p h u r , kg p e r m e t r e
cube
6 y = 1/3; // I n t e r n a l f i e l d c o n s t a n t
7 M = 32; // Atomic w e i g h t o f s u l p h u r , g / mol
8 N = N_A *1 e +03* d / M ; // Number d e n s i t y o f atoms o f
sulphur , per metre cube
9 // L o r e n t z r e l a t i o n f o r l o c a l f i e l d s g i v e
10 // E l o c a l = E + P/ ( 3 ∗ e p s i l o n 0 ) which g i v e s
11 // ( e p s i l o n r − 1 ) / ( e p s i l o n r + 2 ) = N∗ a l p h a e / ( 3 ∗
epsilon 0 ) , solving for alpha e
12 alpha_e = ( epsilon_r - 1) /( epsilon_r + 2) *3*
epsilon_0 / N ; // E l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f
sulphur , f a r a d metre square
13 printf ( ” \ nThe e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f s u l p h u r =
%5 . 3 e f a r a d m e t r e s q u a r e ” , alpha_e ) ;
14
15 // R e s u l t
16 // The e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f s u l p h u r = 3 . 2 9 2 e
−040 f a r a d m e t r e s q u a r e

Scilab code Exa 13.6 Electronic polarizability from refractive index

82
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex13 . 6 : E l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y
from r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x : Page −289 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 N = 3 e +028; // Number d e n s i t y o f atoms o f
d i e l e c t r i c m a t e r i a l , per metre cube
3 epsilon_0 = 8.854 e -012; // A b s o l u t e e l e c t r i c a l
p e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e space , f a r a d per metre
4 n = 1.6; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f d i e l e c t r i c
material
5 // As ( n ˆ2 − 1 ) / ( n ˆ2 + 2 ) = N∗ a l p h a e / ( 3 ∗ e p s i l o n 0 ) ,
solving for alpha e
6 alpha_e = ( n ^2 - 1) /( n ^2 + 2) *3* epsilon_0 / N ; //
Electronic p o l a r i z a b i l i t y of d i e l e c t r i c material ,
f a r a d metre square
7 printf ( ” \ nThe e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f
d i e l e c t r i c m a t e r i a l = %4 . 2 e f a r a d m e t r e s q u a r e ” ,
alpha_e ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f d i e l e c t r i c
m a t e r i a l = 3 . 0 3 e −040 f a r a d m e t r e s q u a r e

Scilab code Exa 13.7 Ratio of electronic polarizability to ionic polarizability

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex13 . 7 : R a t i o o f e l e c t r o n i c
p o l a r i z a b i l i t y t o i o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y : Page −289
(2010)
2 epsilon_r = 4.9; // A b s o l u t e r e l a t i v e d i e l e c t r i c
c o n s t a n t o f m a t e r i a l , f a r a d per metre
3 n = 1.6; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f d i e l e c t r i c
material
4 // As ( n ˆ2 − 1 ) / ( n ˆ2 + 2 ) ∗ ( a l p h a e + a l p h a i ) /
a l p h a e = N∗ ( a l p h a e + a l p h a i ) / ( 3 ∗ e p s i l o n 0 ) = (
e p s i l o n r − 1) /( e p s i l o n r + 2) , s o l v i n g f o r
alpha i / alpha e
5 alpha_ratio = (( epsilon_r - 1) /( epsilon_r + 2) *( n ^2

83
 + 2) /( n ^2 - 1) - 1) ^( -1) ; // R a t i o o f
e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y to i o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y
6 printf ( ” \ nThe r a t i o o f e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y t o
i o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y = %4 . 2 f ” , alpha_ratio ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The r a t i o o f e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y to i o n i c
p o l a r i z a b i l i t y = 1.53

84
 Chapter 14

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS

Scilab code Exa 14.1 Spontaneous magnetisation of the substance

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex14 . 1 : S p o n t a n e o u s m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f
t h e s u b s t a n c e : Page −306 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 N = 6.023 e +023; // Avogadro ’ s number . p e r mole
3 A = 56; // Atomic w e i g h t o f t h e s u b s t a n c e , g / mole
4 d = 7.9; // D e n s i t y o f t h e s u b s t a n c e , gram p e r cm
cube
5 m_B = 9.27 e -024; // Bohr ’ s Magneton , j o u l e p e r
tesla
6 m = 2.2* m_B ; // M a g n e t i c moment o f s u b s t a n c e ,
j o u l e per t e s l a
7 n = d * N / A *1 e +006; // Number o f atoms p e r u n i t
volume o f t h e s u b s t a n c e , p e r m e t r e c u b e
8 M = n*m; // S p o n t a n e o u s m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f t h e
s u b s t a n c e , ampere p e r m e t r e
9 printf ( ” \ nThe s p o n t a n e o u s m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f t h e
s u b s t a n c e = %4 . 2 e ampere p e r m e t r e ” , M ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The s p o n t a n e o u s m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f t h e s u b s t a n c e =

85
 1 . 7 3 e +006 ampere p e r m e t r e

Scilab code Exa 14.2 Relative permeability of ferromagnetic material

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex14 . 2 : R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
f e r r o m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l : Page −307 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 H = 200; // F i e l d s t r e n g t h t o which t h e
f e r r o m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l i s s u b j e c t e d , ampere p e r
metre
3 M = 3100; // M a g n e t i s a t i o n o f t h e f e r r o m a g n e t i c
m a t e r i a l , ampere p e r m e t r e
4 chi = M / H ; // M a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
5 mu_r = 1 + chi ; // R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
ferromagnetic material
6 printf ( ” \ nThe r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f f e r r o m a g n e t i c
m a t e r i a l = %4 . 1 f ” , mu_r ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f f e r r o m a g n e t i c
material = 16.5

Scilab code Exa 14.3 Relative permeability from magnetisation

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex14 . 3 : R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y from

m a g n e t i s a t i o n : Page −307 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 H = 300; // F i e l d s t r e n g t h t o which t h e
f e r r o m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l i s s u b j e c t e d , ampere p e r
metre
3 M = 4400; // M a g n e t i s a t i o n o f t h e f e r r o m a g n e t i c
m a t e r i a l , ampere p e r m e t r e
4 chi = M / H ; // M a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
5 mu_r = 1 + chi ; // R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
ferromagnetic material

86
 6 printf ( ” \ nThe r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f f e r r o m a g n e t i c
m a t e r i a l = %5 . 2 f ” , mu_r ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f f e r r o m a g n e t i c
material = 15.67

Scilab code Exa 14.4 Magnetic flux density and magnetisation of diamagnetic materi

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex14 . 4 : M a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y and

m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l : Page −307
(2010)
2 mu_0 = 4* %pi *1 e -07; // M a g n e t i c p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
f r e e s p a c e , t e s l a m e t r e p e r ampere
3 H = 10000; // F i e l d s t r e n g t h t o which t h e
d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l i s s u b j e c t e d , ampere p e r
metre
4 chi = -0.4 e -005; // M a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
5 M = chi * H ; // M a g n e t i s a t i o n o f t h e d i a m a g n e t i c
m a t e r i a l , ampere p e r m e t r e
6 B = mu_0 *( H + M ) ; // M a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y o f
diamagnetic material , T
7 printf ( ” \ nThe m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l
= %4 . 2 f ampere p e r m e t r e ” , M ) ;
8 printf ( ” \ nThe m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y o f d i a m a g n e t i c
m a t e r i a l = %6 . 4 f T” , B ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l = −0.04
ampere p e r m e t r e
12 // The M a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l
= 0.0126 T

87
 Scilab code Exa 14.5 Magnetisation Magnetic flux density relative permeability of

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex14 . 5 : M a g n e t i s a t i o n −M a g n e t i c f l u x
density −r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y of diamagnetic
m a t e r i a l : Page −307 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 mu_0 = 4* %pi *1 e -07; // M a g n e t i c p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
f r e e s p a c e , t e s l a m e t r e p e r ampere
3 H = 1.2 e +005; // F i e l d s t r e n g t h t o which t h e
d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l i s s u b j e c t e d , ampere p e r
metre
4 chi = -4.2 e -006; // M a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
5 M = chi * H ; // M a g n e t i s a t i o n o f t h e d i a m a g n e t i c
m a t e r i a l , ampere p e r m e t r e
6 B = mu_0 *( H + M ) ; // M a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y o f
diamagnetic material , T
7 mu_r = M / H + 1; // The r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
diamagnetic material
8 printf ( ” \ nThe m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l
= %5 . 3 f ampere p e r m e t r e ” , M ) ;
9 printf ( ” \ nThe m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y o f d i a m a g n e t i c
m a t e r i a l = %5 . 3 f T” , B ) ;
10 printf ( ” \ nThe r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f d i a m a g n e t i c
m a t e r i a l = %f T” , mu_r ) ;
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l =
−0.504 ampere p e r m e t r e
13 // The m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l
= 0.151 T
14 // The r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l
= 0.999996 T

Scilab code Exa 14.6 Mean radius of body centered cubic structure

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex14 . 6 : Mean r a d i u s o f body c e n t e r e d

c u b i c s t r u c t u r e : Page −308 ( 2 0 1 0 )

88
 2 chi = 5.6 e -006; // M a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f
diamagnetic material
3 m = 9.1 e -031; // Mass o f an e l e c t r o n , kg
4 mu_0 = 4* %pi *1 e -07; // M a g n e t i c p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
f r e e s p a c e , t e s l a m e t r e p e r ampere
5 Z = 1; // / Atomic number
6 e = 1.6 e -019; // E l e c t r o n i c c h a r g e , C
7 a = 2.53 e -010; // L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r o f b c c
structure , m
8 N = 2/ a ^3; // The number o f e l e c t r o n s p e r u n i t
volume , p e r m e t r e c u b e
9 r = sqrt ( chi *6* m /( mu_0 * Z * e ^2* N ) ) ; // Mean r a d i u s
o f body c e n t e r e d c u b i c s t r u c t u r e a s p e r L a n g e v i n
r e l a t i o n f o r Diamagnetic s u s c e p t i b i l i t y , m
10 printf ( ” \ nThe mean r a d i u s o f body c e n t e r e d c u b i c
s t r u c t u r e = %5 . 3 e a n g s t r o m ” , r /1 e -010) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The mean r a d i u s o f body c e n t e r e d c u b i c s t r u c t u r e
= 8 . 7 7 3 e −001 a n g s t r o m

Scilab code Exa 14.7 Susceptibility and magnetisation of paramagnetic salt

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex14 . 7 : S u s c e p t i b i l i t y and

m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t : Page −308
(2010)
2 mu_0 = 4* %pi *1 e -07; // M a g n e t i c p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
f r e e s p a c e , t e s l a m e t r e p e r ampere
3 N_A = 6.02 e +026; // Avogadro ’ s number , p e r kmol
4 rho = 4370; // D e n s i t y o f p a r a m e g n e t i c s a l t , kg
per metre cube
5 M = 168.5; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f p a r a m a g n e t i c
s a l t , g / mol
6 T = 27+273; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t ,
K

89
 7 H = 2 e +005; // F i e l d s t r e n g t h t o which t h e
p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t i s s u b j e c t e d , ampere p e r m e t r e
8 mu_B = 9.27 e -024; // Bohr ’ s magneton , ampere
metre square
9 p = 2; // Number o f Bohr magnetons p e r m o l e c u l e
10 k = 1.38 e -023; // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t , J /K
11 N = rho * N_A / M ; // T o t a l d e n s i t y o f atoms i n t h e
p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t , p e r metr c u b e
12 chi = mu_0 * N * p ^2* mu_B ^2/(3* k * T ) ; // M a g n e t i c
s u s c e p t i b i l i t y of paramagnetic s a l t
13 M = chi * H ; // M a g n e t i s a t i o n o f p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t ,
ampere p e r m e t r e
14 printf ( ” \ nThe m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f
p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t = %4 . 2 e p e r m e t r e ” , chi ) ;
15 printf ( ” \ nThe m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t =
%4 . 2 e ampere p e r m e t r e ” , M ) ;
16
17 // R e s u l t
18 // The m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t
= 5 . 4 3 e −004 p e r m e t r e
19 // The m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t = 1 . 0 9 e
+002 ampere p e r m e t r e

90
 Chapter 15

THERMAL PROPERTIES

Scilab code Exa 15.1 Debye temperature of aluminium

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex15 . 1 : Page −323 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 k = 1.38 e -023; // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t , J /K
3 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , J s
4 f_D = 64 e +011; // Debye f r e q u e n c y f o r Al , Hz
5 theta_D = h * f_D / k ; // Debye t e m p e r a t u r e , K
6 printf ( ” \ nThe Debye t e m p e r a t u r e o f aluminium = %5 . 1 f
K” , theta_D ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The Debye t e m p e r a t u r e o f aluminium = 3 0 7 . 3 K

Scilab code Exa 15.2 Lattice specific heat of carbon

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex15 . 2 : Page −323 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 N = 6.02 e +026; // Avogadro ’ s number , p e r kmol
3 k = 1.38 e -023; // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t , J /K
4 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , Js
5 f_D = 40.5 e +012; // Debye f r e q u e n c y f o r Al , Hz

91
6 T = 30; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f c a r b o n , Ks
7 theta_D = h * f_D / k ; // Debye t e m p e r a t u r e , K
8 C_l = 12/5* %pi ^4* N * k *( T / theta_D ) ^3; // L a t t i c e
s p e c i f i c h e a t o f c a r b o n , J /k−mol /K
9 printf ( ” \ nThe l a t t i c e s p e c i f i c h e a t o f c a r b o n = %4 . 2
f J /k−mol /K” , C_l ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The l a t t i c e s p e c i f i c h e a t o f c a r b o n = 7 . 1 3 J /k−
mol /K

Scilab code Exa 15.3 Einstein frequency for Cu

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex15 . 3 : Page −323 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 k = 1.38 e -023; // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t , J /K
3 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , J s
4 theta_E = 1990; // E i n s t e i n t e m p e r a t u r e o f Cu , K
5 f_E = k * theta_E / h ; // E i n s t e i n f r e q u e n c y f o r Cu ,
K
6 printf ( ” \ nThe E i n s t e i n f r e q u e n c y f o r Cu = %4 . 2 e Hz” ,
f_E ) ;
7 printf ( ” \ nThe f r e q u e n c y f a l l s i n t h e n e a r i n f r a r e d
r e g i o n ”);
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The E i n s t e i n f r e q u e n c y f o r Cu = 4 . 1 4 e +013 Hz
11 // The f r e q u e n c y f a l l s i n t h e n e a r i n f r a r e d r e g i o n

Scilab code Exa 15.4 Electronic and lattice heat capacities for Cu

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex15 . 4 : Page −323 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 e = 1.6 e -019; // Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
3 N = 6.02 e +023; // Avogadro ’ s number , p e r mol

92
 4 T = 0.05; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f Cu , K
5 E_F = 7; // Fermi e n e r g y o f Cu , eV
6 k = 1.38 e -023; // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t , J /K
7 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , J s
8 theta_D = 348; // Debye t e m p e r a t u r e o f Cu , K
9 C_e = %pi ^2* N * k ^2* T /(2* E_F * e ) ; // E l e c t r o n i c h e a t
c a p a c i t y o f Cu , J / mol /K
10 C_V = 12/5* %pi ^4* N * k *( T / theta_D ) ^3; // L a t t i c e h e a t
c a p a c i t y o f Cu , J / mol /K
11 printf ( ” \ nThe e l e c t r o n i c h e a t c a p a c i t y o f Cu = %4 . 2 e
J / mol /K” , C_e ) ;
12 printf ( ” \ nThe l a t t i c e h e a t c a p a c i t y o f Cu = %4 . 2 e J /
mol /K” , C_V ) ;
13
14 // R e s u l t
15 // The e l e c t r o n i c h e a t c a p a c i t y o f Cu = 2 . 5 3 e −005 J /
mol /K
16 // The l a t t i c e h e a t c a p a c i t y o f Cu = 5 . 7 6 e −009 J / mol
/K

Scilab code Exa 15.5 Einstein lattice specific heat

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex15 . 5 : Page −324 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 T = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume t e m p e r a t u r e t o be
unity , K
3 R = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume m o l a r g a s
c o n s t a n t t o be u n i t y , J / mol /K
4 theta_E = T ; // E i n s t e i n t e m p e r a t u r e , K
5 C_V = 3* R *( theta_E / T ) ^2* exp ( theta_E / T ) /( exp ( theta_E /
T ) -1) ^2; // E i n s t e i n l a t t i c e s p e c i f i c h e a t , J /
mol /K
6 printf ( ” \ nThe E i n s t e i n l a t t i c e s p e c i f i c h e a t , C v =
%4 . 2 f X 3R” , C_V /3) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t

93
 9 // The E i n s t e i n l a t t i c e s p e c i f i c heat , C v = 0 . 9 2 X
3R

Scilab code Exa 15.6 Molar electronic heat capacity of zinc

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex15 . 6 : Page −324 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 e = 1.6 e -019; // Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
3 v = 2; // V a l e n c y o f Zn atom
4 N = v *6.02 e +023; // Avogadro ’ s number , p e r mol
5 T = 300; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f Zn , K
6 E_F = 9.38; // Fermi e n e r g y o f Zn , eV
7 k = 1.38 e -023; // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t , J /K
8 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck ’ s c o n s t a n t , J s
9 C_e = %pi ^2* N * k ^2* T /(2* E_F * e ) ; // E l e c t r o n i c h e a t
c a p a c i t y o f Zn , J / mol /K
10 printf ( ” \ nThe m o l a r e l e c t r o n i c h e a t c a p a c i t y o f z i n c
= %5 . 3 f J / mol /K” , C_e ) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The m o l a r e l e c t r o n i c h e a t c a p a c i t y o f z i n c =
0 . 2 2 6 J / mol /K

94
 Chapter 17

ULTRASONICS

Scilab code Exa 17.1 Thickness of vibrating quartz at resonance

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex17 . 1 : T h i c k n e s s o f v i b r a t i n g q u a r t z
a t r e s o n a n c e : Page −352 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 f = 3 e +006; // Fundamental v i b r a t i o n a l f r e q u e n c y
o f q u a r t z c r y s t a l , MHz
3 Y = 7.9 e +010; // Young ’ s modulus o f q u a r t z ,
newton p e r m e t r e
4 rho = 2650; // D e n s i t y o f q u a r t z , kg p e r m e t r e
cube
5 // We have f o r r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y
6 // f = 1 / ( 2 ∗ l ) ∗ s q r t (Y/ r h o ) , s o l v i n g f o r l
7 l = 1/(2* f ) * sqrt ( Y / rho ) ; // T h i c k n e s s o f
v i b r a t i n g quartz at resonance , m
8 printf ( ” \ nThe t h i c k n e s s o f v i b r a t i n g q u a r t z a t
r e s o n a n c e = %3 . 1 f mm” , l /1 e -003) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The t h i c k n e s s o f v i b r a t i n g q u a r t z a t r e s o n a n c e =
0 . 9 mm

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 Chapter 18

ACOUSTICS OF BUILDINGS

Scilab code Exa 18.1 Output power of the sound source

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex18 . 1 : Output power o f t h e sound

s o u r c e : Page −361 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 r = 200; // D i s t a n c e o f t h e p o i n t o f r e d u c t i o n
from t h e s o u r c e , m
3 I_0 = 1e -012; // F i n a l i n t e n s i t y o f sound , w a t t
per metre square
4 I_f = 60; // I n t e n s i t y g a i n o f sound a t t h e
p o i n t o f r e d u c t i o n , dB
5 // As A I = 10∗ l o g 1 0 ( I / I 0 ) , s o l v i n g f o r I
6 I = I_0 *10^( I_f /10) ; // I n i t i a l I n t e n s i t y o f
sound , w a t t p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
7 P = 4* %pi * r ^2* I ; // Output power o f t h e sound
source , watt
8 printf ( ” \ nThe o u t p u t power o f t h e sound s o u r c e = %3
. 1 f W” , P ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The o u t p u t power o f t h e sound s o u r c e = 0 . 5 W

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 Scilab code Exa 18.2 Change in sound level for doubling intensity

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex18 . 2 : Change i n sound l e v e l f o r

d o u b l i n g i n t e n s i t y : Page −361 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 I1 = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume f i r s t i n t e n s i t y
l e v e l t o be u n i t y , W p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
3 I2 = 2* I1 ; // I n t e n s i t y l e v e l a f t e r d o u b l i n g ,
watt per metre s q u a r e
4 dA_I = 10* log10 ( I2 / I1 ) ; // D i f f e r e n c e i n g a i n
l e v e l , dB
5 printf ( ” \ nThe sound i n t e n s i t y l e v e l i s i n c r e a s e d by
= %1d dB” , dA_I ) ;
6
7 // R e s u l t
8 // The sound i n t e n s i t y l e v e l i s i n c r e a s e d by = 3 dB

Scilab code Exa 18.3 Total absorption of sound in the hall

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex18 . 3 : T o t a l a b s o r p t i o n o f sound i n

t h e h a l l : Page −361 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 V = 8000; // Volume o f t h e h a l l , m e t r e c u b e
3 T = 1.5; // R e v e r b r a t i o n t i m e o f t h e h a l l , s
4 alpha_s = 0.167* V / T ; // S a b i n e Formula g i v i n g
t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n o f sound i n t h e h a l l , OWU
5 printf ( ” \ nThe t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n o f sound i n t h e h a l l
= %5 . 1 f OWU” , alpha_s ) ;
6
7 // R e s u l t
8 // The t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n i n t h e h a l l = 8 9 0 . 7 OWU

Scilab code Exa 18.4 Average absorption coefficient of the surfaces of the hall

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 1 // S c i l a b Code Ex18 . 4 : A v e r a g e a b s o r p t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e s u r f a c e s o f t h e h a l l : Page −362
(2010)
2 V = 25*20*8; // Volume o f t h e h a l l , m e t r e c u b e
3 S = 2*(25*20+25*8+20*8) ; // T o t a l s u r f a c e a r e a o f
the h a l l , metre square
4 T = 4; // R e v e r b r a t i o n t i m e o f t h e h a l l , s
5 alpha = 0.167* V /( T * S ) ; // S a b i n e Formule g i v i n g
t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n i n t h e h a l l , OWU
6 printf ( ” \ nThe t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n i n t h e h a l l = %5 . 3 f
OWU p e r m e t r e s q u a r e ” , alpha ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n i n t h e h a l l = 0 . 0 9 7 OWU p e r
metre square

Scilab code Exa 18.5 Reverbration time for the hall

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex18 . 5 : R e v e r b r a t i o n t i m e f o r t h e
h a l l : Page −362 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 V = 475; // Volume o f t h e h a l l , m e t r e c u b e
3 s = [200 , 100 , 100]; // Area o f w a l l , f l o o r and
c e i l i n g o f the h a l l r e s p . , metre square
4 T = 4; // R e v e r b r a t i o n t i m e o f t h e h a l l , s
5 alpha = [0.025 , 0.02 , 0.55]; // A b s o r p t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t s o f t h e w a l l , c e i l i n g and f l o o r r e s p
. , OWU p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
6 alpha_s = 0;
7 for i =1:1:3
8 alpha_s = alpha_s + alpha ( i ) * s ( i ) ;
9 end
10 T = 0.167* V / alpha_s ; // S a b i n e Formula f o r
r e v e r b r a t i o n time , s
11 printf ( ” \ nThe r e v e r b r a t i o n t i m e f o r t h e h a l l = %4 . 2 f
s ”, T);

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12
13 // R e s u l t
14 // The r e v e r b r a t i o n t i m e f o r t h e h a l l = 1 . 2 8 s

Scilab code Exa 18.6 Gain of resultant sound intensity

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex18 . 6 : Gain o f r e s u l t a n t sound

i n t e n s i t y : Page −362 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 I0 = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume i n i t i a l sound
i n t e n s i t y t o be u n i t y , w a t t p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
3 A_I1 = 80; // F i r s t i n t e n s i t y g a i n o f sound , dB
4 A_I2 = 70; // S e c o n d i n t e n s i t y g a i n o f sound , dB
5 // As A I = 10∗ l o g 1 0 ( I / I 0 ) , s o l v i n g f o r I 1 and I 2
6 I1 = 10^( A_I1 /10) * I0 ; // F i r s t i n t e n s i t y o f sound
, watt per metre s q u a r e
7 I2 = 10^( A_I2 /10) * I0 ; // S e c o n d i n t e n s i t y o f
sound , w a t t p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
8 I = I1 + I2 ; // R e s u l t a n t i n t e n s i t y l e v e l o f
sound , w a t t p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
9 A_I = 10* log10 ( I / I0 ) ; // I n t e n s i t y g a i n o f
r e s u l t a n t sound , dB
10 printf ( ” \ nThe i n t e n s i t y g a i n o f r e s u l t a n t sound = %6
. 3 f dB” , A_I ) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The i n t e n s i t y g a i n o f r e s u l t a n t sound = 8 0 . 4 1 4 dB

99