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Real Analysis Problems

The document presents several problems involving continuous functions defined on intervals of real numbers and their properties related to integrals and limits. The problems cover topics such as showing a function can be written as the sum of a derivable function, linear function, and absolute value function; limits of Riemann sums; properties of monotonic and bounded functions; and properties of continuous surjective functions.

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Ion popescu
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113 views3 pages

Real Analysis Problems

The document presents several problems involving continuous functions defined on intervals of real numbers and their properties related to integrals and limits. The problems cover topics such as showing a function can be written as the sum of a derivable function, linear function, and absolute value function; limits of Riemann sums; properties of monotonic and bounded functions; and properties of continuous surjective functions.

Uploaded by

Ion popescu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 ℝ, 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑛 ℝ\{𝑥0 }, ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑥0 .

𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔: ℝ → ℝ ,


𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ: ℝ → ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ∈ {−1,0,1} 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑎|ℎ(𝑥)|, ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝐴𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟: 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝐺𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑛

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓: [0, ∞) → ℝ 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 1, 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑛 [0,1]. 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑥𝑛 )𝑛≥0 , 𝑥0 = 0, lim (𝑥𝑛+1 − 𝑥𝑛 ) = 0, 𝑤𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑟(𝑛) = max{𝑘|𝑥𝑘 ≤ 𝑛} .
𝑛→∞
𝑟(𝑛)
1
1
𝑎) 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡: lim ∑(𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑘−1 )𝑓(𝑥𝑘 ) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 0
𝑘=1
𝑛 1
1 𝑓(𝐼𝑛 𝑘)
𝑏) 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎), 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡: lim ∑ = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝑛→∞ 𝐼𝑛 𝑛 𝑘 0
𝑘=1
𝐴𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟: 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡. 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:
𝑎) 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝑏)𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝐴𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟: 𝑀𝑖ℎ𝑎𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑖
1

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓: [0,1] → ℝ 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡: 0 < |∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 | ≤ 1.


0
𝑥2

𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 ∃𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ [0,1] , 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡: ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥1 − 𝑥2 )2002 .


𝑥1
𝐴𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟: 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝐺𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑛

𝑥+1 𝑥

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝐼𝑓 𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡, ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
𝑥 0
𝐴𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟: 𝑀𝑖ℎ𝑎𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑖

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓, 𝑔: [0, ∞) → ℝ, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑. 𝑊𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 (𝑥𝑛 )𝑛∈ℕ 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ lim 𝑥𝑛 = ∞ 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑛→∞
lim 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )𝑔(𝑥𝑛 ) = 1.
𝑛→∞
𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡: lim 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) = 1.
𝑥→∞
𝐴𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟: 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝐺𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑛
𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥(𝑓) ≥ ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡, ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ.
0
1 𝑥
𝑎) 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔: ℝ∗ → ℝ, 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡, 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 (−∞, 0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0, ∞).
𝑥 0
𝑥+1 𝑥
𝑏)𝐼𝑓, 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦, ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡, ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑓 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
𝑥 𝑥−1
𝐴𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟: 𝑀𝑖ℎ𝑎𝑖 𝑃𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑖

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓: [0,1) → (0,1)𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.


𝑎) 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡, ∀ 𝑎 ∈ (0,1), 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎 : (𝑎, 1) → (0,1), 𝑓𝑎 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), ∀ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 1), 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒.
𝑏) 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝐴𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟: 𝐸𝑢𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑎

𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓: [0, ∞) → (0, ∞) 𝑏𝑒 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 lim ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒. 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:
𝑛→∞ 0
𝑥
1
lim ∫ √𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0.
𝑥→∞ √𝑥 0
𝐴𝑢𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑟: 𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑢 𝑀𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑢

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