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Wind Power Plant:Operation

Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. The blades turn a rotor connected to a generator, which transforms the mechanical energy to electricity. Modern turbines can generate over 3 MW of power and operate at wind speeds between 14-90 km/h. The electricity is stepped up via a transformer and fed into the distribution network. While sound from a single turbine spreads in all directions, doubling the number of turbines only increases the volume by 3 dB at 1 km distance.

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Khim Begosa
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67 views4 pages

Wind Power Plant:Operation

Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. The blades turn a rotor connected to a generator, which transforms the mechanical energy to electricity. Modern turbines can generate over 3 MW of power and operate at wind speeds between 14-90 km/h. The electricity is stepped up via a transformer and fed into the distribution network. While sound from a single turbine spreads in all directions, doubling the number of turbines only increases the volume by 3 dB at 1 km distance.

Uploaded by

Khim Begosa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Wind Power Plant:Operation

In line with windmills, wind turbines, (also called wind generators) use the power of the
wind which they turn into electricity. The speed of the wind turns the blades of a rotor
(between 10 and 25 turns per minute), a source of mechanical energy. The rotor then turns a
generator which transforms the mechanical energy into electricity. An electric motor orientates
the nacelle so that its rotor is positioned facing into the wind. Each turbine is made up of a mast
of between 20 and 100 m according to the power of the machines. The mast supports the
rotor, usually equipped with three blades, and the nacelle which contains the generator and
electrical and mechanical back-up.

The power of modern turbines is over 3 MW on land. Wind turbines are designed for
wind speeds of between 14 and 90 km/h. Above that, a braking mechanism automatically stops
the turbine for the safety of the equipment and to minimise wear and tear. Modern wind
turbines supply their nominal power at around 50 km/h.

Wind turbines are connected to the electricity network via a transformer located at the base
of the mast. The electricity produced is generally stepped up to the voltage of the network
(20 kV), then it passes through a delivery substation before being fed into the distribution or
electrical transport network.
Sound emitted by a turbine spreads in every direction. Topography, cloud cover or the
nature of the air masses, may play a part in its spread. ENGIE applies the acoustic standards
applicable to onshore wind power plants, within the framework of the system for installations
classified for environmental protection (ICPE).

Doubling the number of wind turbines does not double the volume of sound. From a
distance of one kilometre, it only adds 3 dB. The total sound level of a wind farm is limited to 70
dB(A) during the day and 60 dB(A) at night over a distance of 200 metres).
Gas Turbine: Operation

Parts of a Gas Turbine

Definition:

*The gas turbine has three main section that is highlighted above.

 The compressor, which draws air into the engine, pressurizes it, and feeds it to the
combustion chamber at speeds of hundreds of miles per hour.

 The combustion system, typically made up of a ring of fuel injectors that inject a steady
stream of fuel into combustion chambers where it mixes with the air. The mixture is burned
at temperatures of more than 2000 degrees F. The combustion produces a high
temperature, high pressure gas stream that enters and expands through the turbine section.

 The turbine is an intricate array of alternate stationary and rotating aerofoil-section blades.
As hot combustion gas expands through the turbine, it spins the rotating blades. The
rotating blades perform a dual function: they drive the compressor to draw more
pressurized air into the combustion section, and they spin a generator to produce electricity.
Land based gas turbines are of two types: (1) heavy frame engines and (2) aeroderivative
engines. Heavy frame engines are characterized by lower pressure ratios (typically below 20)
and tend to be physically large. Pressure ratio is the ratio of the compressor discharge pressure
and the inlet air pressure. Aeroderivative engines are derived from jet engines, as the name
implies, and operate at very high compression ratios (typically in excess of 30). Aeroderivative
engines tend to be very compact and are useful where smaller power outputs are needed. As
large frame turbines have higher power outputs, they can produce larger amounts of emissions,
and must be designed to achieve low emissions of pollutants, such as NOx.

One key to a turbine's fuel-to-power efficiency is the temperature at which it operates.


Higher temperatures generally mean higher efficiencies, which in turn, can lead to more
economical operation. Gas flowing through a typical power plant turbine can be as hot as 2300
degrees F, but some of the critical metals in the turbine can withstand temperatures only as hot
as 1500 to 1700 degrees F. Therefore, air from the compressor might be used for cooling key
turbine components, reducing ultimate thermal efficiency.

A simple cycle gas turbine can achieve energy conversion efficiencies ranging between 20
and 35 percent. With the higher temperatures achieved in the Department of Energy's turbine
program, future hydrogen and syngas fired gas turbine combined cycle plants are likely to
achieve efficiencies of 60 percent or more. When waste heat is captured from these systems for
heating or industrial purposes, the overall energy cycle efficiency could approach 80 percent.

One of the major achievements of the Department of Energy's advanced turbine program
was to break through previous limitations on turbine temperatures, using a combination of
innovative cooling technologies and advanced materials. The advanced turbines that emerged
from the Department's research program were able to boost turbine inlet temperatures to as
high as 2600 degrees F - nearly 300 degrees hotter than in previous turbines, and achieve
efficiencies as high as 60 percent.

Another way to boost efficiency is to install a recuperator or heat recovery steam generator
(HRSG) to recover energy from the turbine's exhaust. A recuperator captures waste heat in the
turbine exhaust system to preheat the compressor discharge air before it enters the
combustion chamber. A HRSG generates steam by capturing heat from the turbine exhaust.
These boilers are also known as heat recovery steam generators. High-pressure steam from
these boilers can be used to generate additional electric power with steam turbines, a
configuration called a combined cycle.

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