Topic Study 1: Introduction to ITS and C-ITS

Simon Edwards, University of Newcastle

Tom Zunder, University of Newcastle
Toni Lusikka (ed.), VTT
This topic study is part of the CAPITAL e-learning platform, a project funded by the European
Union to design and deliver a collaborative capacity-building programme, including training
and further education, for public and private sector practitioners in the field of (cooperative)
intelligent transport systems (C-ITS & ITS).

This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and
innovation programme under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation
programme under grant agreement N° 724106.

For more information on the CAPITAL e-learning platform, visit https://its-elearning.eu

Legal Disclaimer
The information in this document is provided “as is”, and no guarantee or warranty is given
that the information is fit for any particular purpose. The above referenced consortium
members shall have no liability for damages of any kind including without limitation direct,
special, indirect, or consequential damages that may result from the use of these materials
subject to any liability which is mandatory due to applicable law. © 2019 by CAPITAL
Consortium.

This document was last updated on May 27th, 2019.

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Abbreviations and Acronyms

Acronym Definition
CAM Cooperative Awareness Message
C-ITS Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems
DSRC Dedicated Short Range Communication
EC European Commission
EEIS Energy Efficient Intersection Service
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FOT Field Operational Test
GLOSA Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
ICT Information Communication Technology
ISA Intelligent Speed Adaptation
ITS Intelligent Transport Systems
MaaS Mobility as a Service
MSc Master of Science
P2W Powered Two-Wheeler
VMS Variable Message Sign
V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle
V2I Vehicle-to-Infrastructure
V2X Vehicle-to-Anything
VRU Vulnerable Road User
WAVE Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment

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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1. Background .................................................................................................................................. 5
1.2. Objective and scope of the study ................................................................................................. 5
2. Intelligent Transport Systems.............................................................................................................. 6
2.1. Definition of ITS ............................................................................................................................ 6
2.2. Underpinning European Legal Framework................................................................................... 6
2.3. Application of ITS ......................................................................................................................... 6
3. Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems ......................................................................................... 8
3.1. Definition of C-ITS ........................................................................................................................ 8
3.2. Communications ........................................................................................................................... 8
3.3. Evolution of C-ITS ........................................................................................................................ 9
3.4. Stakeholders ................................................................................................................................. 9
3.5. Benefits of C-ITS ........................................................................................................................ 10
3.6. Services ...................................................................................................................................... 10
3.7. Service Bundling......................................................................................................................... 12
3.8. Is C-ITS better than ITS? ........................................................................................................... 12
3.9. Preparing a C-ITS Deployment .................................................................................................. 13
4. Examples of C-ITS in the Real World ............................................................................................... 15
4.1. Compass4D ................................................................................................................................ 15
4.2. C-ITS Corridor ............................................................................................................................ 15
4.3. C-MOBILE .................................................................................................................................. 16
4.4. INTERCOR ................................................................................................................................. 17
4.5. C-Roads ..................................................................................................................................... 17
5. Discussion and conclusions .............................................................................................................. 18
6. References ........................................................................................................................................ 19

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1. Introduction
1.1. Background
‘Introduction to ITS and C-ITS’ is a topic study designed for anyone who wants to understand
the fundamentals of ITS and C-ITS, especially beginners in the field and public-sector decision
makers. The aim is to provide an overview of broad aspects of ITS and C-ITS, and to prepare
students for the more detailed future study modules produced by CAPITAL.

In this opening module, students learn about the fundamentals of ITS and C-ITS, including
appropriate definitions, how to differentiate between them, services and applications, and
aspects of the impacts and benefits of C-ITS for anyone considering deployment. This topic
study differentiates from other in the CAPITAL series, as it provides a compact package of
ITS and C-ITS knowledge to the reader to provide background information before more
detailed topic studies and online study modules.

The study draws on existing lecture material, in particular from Newcastle University’s Master
of Science (MSc) courses, along with significant examples of European deployment projects
and platforms in C-ITS, specifically: Compass4D, C-ITS Corridor, C-MOBILE, C-Roads and
InterCor.

1.2. Objective and scope of the study

The objective of this topic study is to introduce the concepts and characteristics of ITS and C-
ITS as follows:
 To recognise core ITS technologies and functions
 To define C-ITS, as distinct from ITS
 To give examples of the latest research and development in ITS / C-ITS
 To demonstrate the implementation of C-ITS through selected best practice case
studies
 To introduce the role of C-ITS within a wider policy context

In this way the topic study prepares the novice for more detailed CAPITAL topic studies. It
also acts as a refresher for students who already have some experience of ITS / C-ITS. Hence,
‘Introduction to ITS and C-ITS’ is a starting point – and prerequisite – for other topic studies.

Chapter 2 gives definition to Intelligent Transport Systems and discusses their main aspects.
Cooperative ITS is represented and discussed in Chapter 3, while real life examples of C-ITS
are described in Chapter 4. The topic study is ended with Chapter 5, where the content is
discussed and concluded.

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2. Intelligent Transport Systems
2.1. Definition of ITS
‘ITS’ is the commonly used abbreviation for Intelligent Transport Systems. Many definitions
of ITS exist, including the following:

ITS are “systems in which information and communication technologies (ICT) are applied in
the field of road transport, including infrastructure, vehicles and users, and in traffic
management and mobility management, as well as for interfaces with other modes of
transport” (European Commission 2010).

Put simply, ITS are the application of computer, communications and other information
technologies to transport, in order to improve efficiency, robustness and safety. ITS make use
of available technologies like wireless, mobile, satellite and ICT.

2.2. Underpinning European Legal Framework

A legal framework (Directive 2010/40/EU) was adopted on 7 July 2010 to accelerate the
coordinated deployment of ITS across Europe. It aims to establish interoperable and seamless
ITS services while leaving member states the freedom to decide which systems to invest in.
Under this Directive, the EC has to adopt specifications (functional, technical, organisational
or service provision) to address the compatibility, interoperability and continuity of ITS
solutions across the EU. The first priorities were traffic and travel information, the eCall
emergency system and intelligent truck parking (European Commission 2018).

The Commission had previously taken a major step towards the deployment and use of ITS
in road transport (and interfaces to other transport modes) on 16 December 2008 by adopting
an Action Plan. The Action Plan suggested a number of targeted measures and included the
proposal for the subsequent Directive. The goal was to create the momentum necessary to
speed up market penetration of mature ITS applications and services in Europe (European
Commission 2018).

2.3. Application of ITS

ITS can significantly contribute to a cleaner, safer and more efficient transport system. ITS
can be applied across many aspects of the transport sector, including (for example) network
management, public transport information and ticketing, driver information (roadside and in-
vehicle), road user charging, parking management, and freight and logistics.

Work has taken place to categorise ITS services, applications and benefits. The iMobility
Forum (2018) defined vehicle-based and infrastructure-based services. Other significant work
in this area has been performed by the US Department of Transport, the 2Decide project and
EuroFOT.

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In CAPITAL, three categories of ITS are identified: infrastructure-based systems, vehicle-
based systems and public transport systems.

Infrastructure-based ITS systems include (for example) road user charging, variable message
signs (VMS) and managed motorways. Infrastructure-based systems use short-range and
long-range ICT, as well as conventional communication technologies, to contribute to goals of
sustainability and accessibility through the provision of the right information at the right time
and in the right place.

Vehicle-based ITS systems include (for example) blind spot monitoring, navigation systems
and eco-driving. Vehicle-based systems use telematics and in-vehicle technologies to
contribute to high level goals of safety and sustainability.

Public transport ITS systems include (for example) journey planning, smart ticketing and smart
cards. Public transport systems use Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
technologies to contribute towards the overall goal of increased awareness and connectivity,
promoting a more reliable and usable service to customers and better fleet and system
operations.

ITS underpin many other systems and services in addition to those listed above. They are also
a prerequisite of broader concepts such as:
 Connected and Automated Driving
o Operation of a vehicle without direct driver input (sometimes referred to as
‘driverless’)
 Smart Cities
o Cities using new technologies (usually ICT) and data capacity to solve
economic, social and environmental challenges across different sectors
 Mobility as a Service (MaaS)
o Multiple transport services / modes are integrated into a single mobility service
accessible on demand, making use of ICT (e.g. Apps)
 Integrated Transport
o Multiple components of a transport system interact in a seamless way (e.g.
modes, ticketing, etc.)

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3. Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems
3.1. Definition of C-ITS
‘C-ITS’ is a commonly used abbreviation for Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems. C-
ITS are ITS that provide real time communication between vehicles, infrastructure and other
road users. Precise definitions of C-ITS include:

“Cooperative ITS is a group of technologies and applications that allow effective data
exchange through wireless technologies among elements and actors of the transport system,
very often between vehicles (vehicle-to-vehicle or V2V) or between vehicles and infrastructure
(vehicle-to-infrastructure or V2I) (but also with) vulnerable road users such as pedestrians,
cyclists or motorcyclists” (European Commission 2016).

“Cooperative ITS (C-ITS) in which the vehicles communicate with each other and/or with the
infrastructure.” (ETSI 2019)

Interestingly, ETSI also defines ITS to:

“… include telematics and all types of communications in vehicles, between vehicles (e.g. car-
to-car), and between vehicles and fixed locations (e.g. car-to-infrastructure).” (ETSI 2019)

This indicates that the distinction between ITS and C-ITS, if one truly exists, is not clear cut.
However, in general, C-ITS can be understood to enhance conventional ITS through the latest
communications standards, enabling provision of tailored services that can provide direct
benefits in terms of customer experience, operational savings, and delivery of traffic
management objectives, whilst contributing to broader policy goals such as road safety and
reduced energy and emissions.

C-ITS involve different types of digital connectivity – or cooperation – between vehicles and
infrastructure:
 Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)
 Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)
 Infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V), and
 Vehicle-to-anything (V2X)

Because vehicles are connected with the world around them, C-ITS is sometimes referred to
as connected vehicle technology.

3.2. Communications
The communications technology for C-ITS is ITS-G5 (sometimes known as 802.11p or
dedicated short range communication (DSRC)). DSRC is a special form of wireless networking
technology (wifi) which operates on a different frequency. The standard has been developed
by the automotive and telecoms industry and has been used extensively in field operational

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tests (FOT) and pilot schemes. The technology behind the short-range communication
standards is Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment (WAVE). An extensive review on
communication technologies for ITS and C-ITS is found in Topic study 4: Communication
technologies for ITS and C-ITS including relevant standards.

3.3. Evolution of C-ITS

C-ITS has developed quickly since the mid-2000s. Much of the development has come
through EU-funded projects which refined the V2V and V2I communications and assessed the
standards necessary for wider uptake. Early pilot studies consolidated the technology and
applied the standards, evolving in the 2010s into large scale FOTs and ultimately real-world
deployments. A key part of this evolution has been understanding C-ITS services and
applications, impacts and benefits, with a particular focus on the needs of stakeholders,
especially cities and road/transport operators.

Examples of early projects include CVIS, COOPERS, SAFESPOT, COMeSAFETY, DRIVE

C2X and FOTSIS. These developed and demonstrated both the supporting technology and
numerous applications for cooperative infrastructure involving two-way communication of data
between vehicles and roadside infrastructure.

The evolution of C-ITS can be summarised in the following four phases:

1. V2V and V2I communications refinement
2. Standards identified and developed for wider uptake
3. Early pilots consolidate the technology and apply the standards
4. Large-scale field operational tests and real-world deployments

3.4. Stakeholders
Stakeholders include cities, government (local, regional and national), passenger transport
operators and service providers (public and private), fleet operators (e.g. emergency vehicles
or commercial vehicle operators) and other road users (including vulnerable road users such
as pedestrians or cyclists). Broadly, C-ITS deployment is policy-driven or user-driven.

Because C-ITS enables communication and sharing of information between vehicles,

infrastructure and other road users, it is an influential tool enabling cities, fleet operators and
other stakeholders to ‘get smarter’. In this way C-ITS is also a key stepping stone towards
longer term transport innovations like platooning (that is, linking two or more vehicles – usually
trucks – in a convoy, using connectivity technology and automated driving support systems).

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 3.5. Benefits of C-ITS
C-ITS can initiate specific actions that provide direct benefits in the form of enhancements to:
 Road network efficiency, for example to enable better implementation of traffic
management policies such as public transport or emergency vehicle priority
 Operational efficiency, for example for freight or public transport, giving greater service
reliability, enhanced customer satisfaction, and operational savings
 Road safety for all users, for example the provision of alerts to drivers notifying them
of a nearby vulnerable road user (VRU) such as a pedestrian or cyclist
 Environmental conditions, for example the provision of in-vehicle speed advice to
encourage eco-driving with fewer brake events and thus reduced emissions.

An extensive review on impacts and benefits of ITS and C-ITS is found in Topic study 5: Impact
assessment of ITS and impacts of selected ITS and C-ITS systems.

3.6. Services
The Amsterdam Group (2019) has defined ‘Day 1’ and ‘Day 1.5’ services. Day 1 services are
those services that are already being deployed or will be deployed very shortly. They use
mature technology and are expected to provide a high level of benefits to society.

Day 1.5 services are those services to be deployed in the next phase. They are considered
mature and highly sought after by the market, but their business cases, standards and
specifications may not yet be complete.

In 2014 the EC inaugurated the C-ITS Deployment Platform as a cooperative framework

including national authorities, stakeholders and the Commission, to develop a shared vision
on the interoperable deployment of C-ITS in the EU. The second phase of the platform (2016-
17) further developed a shared vision towards cooperative, connected and automated mobility
in the EU.

The C-ITS Platform (2016) recommends a number of Day 1 and Day 1.5 services. Day 1
services include:
 Hazardous location notifications: slow or stationary vehicle(s) and traffic ahead
warning, road works warning, weather conditions, emergency brake light, emergency
vehicle approaching, and other hazardous notifications
 Signage applications: in-vehicle signage, in-vehicle speed limits, signal violation /
intersection safety, traffic signal priority request by designated vehicles, Green Light
Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA), probe vehicle data, CAM Aggregation, and
shockwave damping

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Day-1.5 services include:
 Information on fuelling and charging stations for alternative fuel vehicles, VRU
protection, on-street parking management and information, off-street parking
information, Park & Ride information, connected and cooperative navigation in urban
areas (first and last mile, parking, route advice, coordinated traffic lights), traffic
information and smart routing

It is useful to understand these services, as identified by the C-ITS Platform (2016), by type of
communication. Some of the services are vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V). These include:
 Emergency brake light to inform drivers about vehicles ahead which are braking hard
 Emergency Vehicle Approaching to provide an early warning before the driver has
heard the siren or seen flashing lights
 Systems that provide warnings for slow or stationary vehicles; congestion warning;
hazardous location warning

Some of the services are vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) targeted at motorway use. These
include:
 Services in the vehicle such as warnings about road works, and speed advice
 Probe vehicle data, where vehicles provide data to the network manager that can be
used to help manage the road delivering information to VMS or in-vehicle
 Shockwave damping, which helps road managers implement strategies to smooth
traffic flow

Some of the services identified are V2I targeted at urban use. These include:
 Green Light Optimized Speed Advisory (GLOSA)
 Time-to-green information and green priority

These services aim to increase traffic efficiency and reduce vehicle emissions.

Some of the Day 1.5 services identified by the C-ITS Platform (2016) are V2I. These include:
 Parking (including Park & Ride) and refuelling information to drivers (including EV
charging)
 Bespoke information for certain road users such as disabled licence holders
 Optimising routes based on traffic flows, re-routing where required, and intelligent
speed adaptation (ISA)
 Loading Zone Management and Zone Access Control for freight vehicles
 Booking, monitoring and management of urban parking zones for freight vehicles

Some of the services identified by the C-ITS Platform (2016) are vehicle-to-anything (V2X).
Safety is the main objective. These include:
 Protection of vulnerable road users in particular pedestrians or cyclists

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 3.7. Service Bundling
Service bundling is a way of delivering multiple C-ITS services in a modular way, so that it is
easy to ‘plug in’ a new service to a C-ITS platform (2016), as long as it is in a common bundle
(i.e. requires the same infrastructure). Bundling can help make deployment more flexible and
more cost effective because of similar infrastructure requirements.

Examples of bundling services include (for example) those contributing to road network
efficiency, to road safety and to environmental improvements.

Services to improve Efficiency:

 Green priority (selected vehicles); parking (selected vehicles); flexible infrastructure
(e.g. peak hour lanes); in-vehicle signage; mode/trip time advice; probe vehicle data

Services to improve Safety:

 Road hazard warning; red light violation warning; pedestrian warning; powered two-
wheeler (P2W) / cycle detection; blind spot detection; emergency vehicle warning; road
work warning

Services to improve the environment:

 GLOSA; eco-driving; speed advice

3.8. Is C-ITS better than ITS?

While conventional ITS tends towards a number of standalone installations, C-ITS can provide
an integrated, flexible and tailored package of measures, utilising the latest ITS and
communications technologies, that will provide direct benefits to stakeholders and contribute
to broader longer-term policy goals. In the future, C-ITS will enable:
 Fully connected technology for travellers, vehicles and infrastructure
 A rich choice of cooperative services for safety, network efficiency and the environment
 Universal availability for every vehicle and every traveller
 Ubiquitous coverage for every city and every highway
 An open interoperable platform encompassing on-board units, roadside infrastructure
and personal devices

The broad range of benefits to be gained from C-ITS deployment include:

 Improved safety and comfort for public transport passengers and VRUs, enhanced
operational efficiency for service providers, and reduced environmental impact of
transport
 Multiple stakeholder benefits for cities, transport planners, traffic managers, fleet
managers, public transport and taxi operators, road haulage operators and VRUs
 A crucial ingredient in holistic large-scale concepts like MaaS, Smart Cities, vehicle
platooning and automated systems


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 3.9. Preparing a C-ITS Deployment
This section provides a checklist of guidelines and recommendations for stakeholders actively
considering a C-ITS deployment. The checklists are elaborated in greater detail in other topic
studies and online study modules in the CAPITAL programme.

When scoping a possible C-ITS deployment, there are a number of fundamental questions to
be considered:
 Is there a business case?
 What stakeholders should be involved?
 Is there a business case for multiple stakeholders?
 Should vehicle manufacturers who may be developing their own in-vehicle systems be
involved?
 Who pays if there are no government or European funds?

Once these basic questions have been satisfactorily addressed, planning for a deployment
can begin. However, there are some important ground rules which must be undertaken:
 Be clear on the goal of the project
 Plan suitable delays for equipment provision/testing
 Be clear on exact duties and responsibilities of stakeholders when the project is
operational
 Check that the data obtained is accurate and meets requirements (quantity and quality)
 Design an evaluation or impact assessment that is achievable and useful
 Engage early and often with the system end-users (not just with a transport operator,
but with management, drivers, trade unions, etc. within that organisation)

Evaluation, if not done correctly, can be meaningless, or at worst misleading. Some important
recommendations when undertaking evaluation or impact assessment include:
 For a FOT, designing a control group to assess whether any benefits are a result of C-
ITS or some other factor(s)
 Ensuring quantity and quality of data collection
 Understanding the variation in a metric in order to obtain accurate impact assessments
 If possible, producing an ‘expected’ change. This can highlight whether a change will
appear above the variation
 Creating a documented, systematic approach to analysis
 Using micro-simulations to inform and expand real-world results, but not to replace
them

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There are many practical issues that must be clarified when deploying C-ITS. These include:
 Clarity of leadership
 Where possible, ensure the commitment of government
 Clarity of service organisation (who does what)
 Agree a business model and implement it
 Understand public policy and the legal framework
 Ensure data protection legislation is correctly applied
 Ensure an open and interoperable architecture
 Ensure technology is adapted to local customers’ needs
 Choose and implement an appropriate selection (‘bundle’) of user services
 Agree first (‘core’ / ‘Day 1’) user services
 Define a rollout plan for infrastructure, vehicles, etc.
 Work with (and understand the constraints of) procurement systems
 Availability of assistance and guidance

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4. Examples of C-ITS in the Real World
The study module contains a non-exhaustive list of C-ITS deployments and initiatives. The
main focus is on pan-European schemes. In addition, there are many national schemes up
and running, especially in locations such as Helmond, Bordeaux and Newcastle upon Tyne,
as well as good examples internationally, information about which can be accessed through
the resources. In the study module the following projects are introduced:

4.1. Compass4D
An important example of an early C-ITS FOT was the EC-funded Compass4D project, which
ran from 2013 to 2016. The aim of COMPASS4D was to deploy C-ITS in selected real-world
zones of seven European locations (Bordeaux, Copenhagen, Helmond, Newcastle upon
Tyne, Verona, Vigo and Thessaloniki), in order to demonstrate the C-ITS-generated benefits
of safer and cleaner road transport for citizens and drivers.

The services included:

 Road Hazard Warning, with an in-vehicle HMI displaying warnings about road hazards
 Red Light Violation Warning, where the HMI displayed warnings about other vehicles
violating red lights, and
 Energy Efficient Intersection Service (EEIS), comprising three services:
 GLOSA
 Green priority
 Idling support

A key focus for the evaluation was the energy and environmental benefits of C-ITS. The results
showed that:
 Light and heavy vehicles show energy saving (CO2) of up to 10%
 Buses can show large savings (up to 10%) but this is route and site dependent
 Green Priority has a greater impact than GLOSA, with a wider range of working use
cases and vehicle types
 Simulations show that increasing penetration rates (number of equipped vehicles) can
increase benefits
 Whilst deployment in specific urban zones can bring benefits, simulation suggests that
the effect on the overall network may be neutral

4.2. C-ITS Corridor

The C-ITS Corridor involves German, Dutch and Austrian road operators deploying
cooperative systems on a transcontinental road network (Vienna-Frankfurt-Rotterdam) to:
 Improve safety by informing drivers about traffic situations and hazards
 Improve traffic flow through better communication of data from vehicles to traffic control
centres
 Reduce emissions through improved traffic conditions and management

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 4.3. C-MOBILE
Accelerating C-ITS Mobility Innovation and Deployment in Europe, and building on the
Compass4D project, the deployment cities include Barcelona, Bilbao, Bordeaux,
Copenhagen, Newcastle, North Brabant. Thessaloniki and Vigo. The main aims are:
 To promote large-scale deployment of real-world C-ITS in complex urban
environments
 To define operational processes for large-scale deployment of sustainable C-ITS
services
 To achieve interoperability of systems, services and stakeholders
 To develop service bundles and assess their benefits
 To help cities invest in C-ITS
 To engage the general public
 To create a Strategic Research Agenda
 To perform a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and impact assessment

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 4.4. INTERCOR
Interoperable corridors deploying cooperative intelligent transport systems, InterCor links C-
ITS corridor initiatives of the Netherlands, France, the UK and Belgium. It aims to achieve a
sustainable network of corridors providing continuity of C-ITS services and offering a testbed
for beyond Day-1 C-ITS deployment. The deployment locations are:
 Belgium – the site includes motorway sections between France and the Netherlands
via Ghent and Antwerp and connections between Antwerp and Eindhoven, Antwerp
and Brussels and Brussels and just south of Leuven
 France – the site extends the SCOOP@F coverage north from Paris to Lille and
beyond to the Belgian border. An extension has been added from Lille towards Dunkirk
and Calais
 Netherlands – the site is in the south of the Netherlands and consists of the TEN-T
Core Network road section from Europoort Rotterdam to the Belgian border and from
Eindhoven to Venlo
 UK – the site is a linear 100 km connected/digital corridor on A102/A2/M2 comprising
a major urban tunnel, motorway, rural dual carriageways and London urban and link
roads in Kent

4.5. C-Roads
This is not a deployment project but a platform open to all ongoing C-ITS deployment activities
across Europe to promote interoperable C-ITS services. The aim of the C-Roads Platform is
to develop harmonised specifications taking the EU’s C-ITS platform (2016) recommendations
into account, linking all C-ITS deployments and planning intensive cross-testing. The overall
goals include safer roads, more efficient traffic and reduced emissions from transport. The
core member states are Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, the
Netherlands, Slovenia and the UK.

The main goal of C-Roads is to link C-ITS pilot deployment projects in EU member states and
to:
 Develop, share and publish common technical specifications (including common
communication profiles)
 Verify interoperability through cross-site testing
 Develop system tests based on the common communication profiles by focusing on
hybrid combinations of ETSI ITS-G5 and existing cellular networks

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5. Discussion and conclusions
This topic study relates to the ‘Introduction to ITS and C-ITS’ study module of CAPITAL. It is
a concise, introductory topic study designed to prepare students for more detailed, challenging
topic studies later on. The content includes a basic understanding of the concepts of ITS and
C-ITS, terms and definitions, and an overview of key elements, such as benefits, impacts, and
the challenges of developing a business case, evaluation and deployment, which are covered
in detail in dedicated modules.

The target audience is the ITS/ C-ITS novice, or public-sector employees who may have some
experience but require a refresher course. A study module has been developed covering all
the key elements of ITS and C-ITS. Relevant information has been straightforward to obtain
given access to comprehensive and up-to-date materials and close partner involvement in
innovative projects and real-world deployments in C-ITS throughout Europe.

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6. References
C-ITS Platform. (2016). C-ITS Platform Final report. Available:
https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/themes/its/doc/c-its-platform-final-report-
january-2016.pdf [cited 3/1/2018]

ETSI. (2019). ETSI, Automotive Intelligent Transport. Available:

https://www.etsi.org/technologies/automotive-intelligent-transport?jjj=1556892963932 [cited
3/5/2019]

European Commission. (2010). Directive 2010/40/EU. Available: http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32010L0040 [cited 3/1/2018]

European Commission. (2016). COM(2016) 766 final. COMMUNICATION FROM THE

COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS, A
European strategy on Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems, a milestone towards
cooperative, connected and automated mobility, 30th November 2016. Available:
https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/com20160766_en.pdf [cited 3/1/2018]

European Commission. (2018). Action Plan and Directive. Available:

https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/its/road/action_plan_en [cited 3/1/2018]

iMobility Forum. (2018). ERTICO, iMobility Forum. Available:

http://ertico.com/projects/imobility-forum/ [cited 3/1/2018]

The Amsterdam Group. (2019). Amsterdam Group. Available:

https://amsterdamgroup.mett.nl/default.aspx [cited 2/5/2019]

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