The Gamma Function
The Gamma Function
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The Gamma Function
Many important functions in applied sciences are defined via improper integrals. Maybe the most famous among them is the Gamma
Function. This is why we thought it would be a good idea to have a page on this function with its basic properties. You may consult any
library for more information on this function.
Historically the search for a function generalizing the factorial expression for the natural numbers was on. In dealing with this problem
one will come upon the wellknown formula
A very quick approach to this problem suggests to replace n by x in the improper integral to generate the function
Clearly this definition requires a close look in order to determine the domain of f(x). The only possible bad points are 0 and . Let us
look at the point 0. Since when , then we have
when . The ptest implies that we have convergence around 0 if and only if x < 1 (or equivalently x >1). On the other hand, it is
quite easy to show that the improper integral is convergent at regardless of the value of x. So the domain of f(x) is . If
we like to have as a domain, we will need to translate the xaxis to get the new function
which explains somehow the awkward term x1 in the power of t. Now the domain of this new function (called the Gamma Function) is
. The above formula is also known as Euler's second integral (if you wonder about Euler's first integral, it is coming a little
later).
Basic Properties of
First, from the remarks above we have
One of the most important formulas satisfied by the Gamma function is
for any x > 0. In order to show this formula from the definition of , we will use the following identity
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(this is just an integration by parts). If we let a goe to 0 and b goe to , we get the desired identity.
In particular, we get
for the negative integers). In particular, it is enough to know on the interval (0,1] to know the function for any x > 0. Note
that since
we get . Combined with the above identity, we get what we expected before :
A careful analysis of the Gamma function (especially if we notice that is a convex function) yields the inequality
or equivalently
Note that this formula identifies the Gamma function in a unique fashion.
Weierstrass identity. A simple algebraic manipulation gives
Knowing that the sequence converges to the constant C, where
is the Euler's constant. We get
or
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The logarithmic derivative of the Gamma function: Since for any x >0, we can take the logarithm of the above
expression to get
If we take the derivative we get
or
The Beta Function
Euler's first integral or the Beta function: In studying the Gamma function, Euler discovered another function, called the Beta
function, which is closely related to . Indeed, consider the function
It is defined for two variables x and y. This is an improper integral of Type I, where the potential bad points are 0 and 1. First we
split the integral and write
When , we have
and when , we have
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So we have convergence if and only if x > 0 and y >0 (this is done via the ptest). Therefore the domain of B(x,y) is x > 0 and y>0.
Note that we have
Let a and b such that , we have (via an integration by parts)
If we let a goe to 0 and b goe to 1, we will get
Using the properties of the Gamma function, we get
or
In particular, if we let x=y = 1/2, we get
Hence we have
or
Using this formula, we can now easily calculate the value of .
Other Important Formulas:
The following formulas are given without detailed proofs. We hope they will be of some interest.
Asymptotic behavior of the Gamma function when x is large: We have
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where
If we take, x=n, we get after multiplying by n
This is a well known result, called Stirling's formula. So for large n, we have
The connection with : For any x > 0, we have
which implies
If we use the Beta function (B(x,y)), we get the following formulas:
This page is inspired by Emil Artin's book on the Gamma Function. The exact reference is: Artin, Emil. The Gamma Function. New
York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1964.
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Mohamed A. Khamsi
Tue Dec 3 17:39:00 MST 1996
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