Mathematic

Form 4
CHAPTER 1: STANDARD FORM AND SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES

Standard Form: a × 10n

1 ≤ a < 10, n is an integer Big number, n is
positive
215000 = 2.15 × 105
Small number, n is
0.000324 = 3.24 × 10 -4
negative

Significant Figure: 1268954 = 1270000 to 3

significant figure

0.003674 = 0.00367 to 3 sig. fig.

CHAPTER 2: QUADRATIC EXPRESSION AND
EQUATIONS

Expansion: (2x – 5)(x + 3) = 2x2 + 6x – 5x – 15

= 2x2 + x – 15

Factorisation: 3x2 - x – 2 = (3x + 2)(x – 1)

Quadratic Equation:

2x2 – 5x – 3 = 0
(2x + 1)(x – 3) = 0
1
2x + 1 = 0, x= −
2
x – 3 = 0, x=3
CHAPTER 3: SET
Symbol
∩ - intersection ∈ - is a member of
∪ - union n(A) –number of element in set A.
⊂ - subset
A’ – complement of set A.
ξ - universal set

φ , - empty set
{ }

The complement of set A

= A'
Operations on Set

(A ∩ B) ∪ C (P ∩ Q) ∩ R’
Clone 2005
The Venn diagram shows the sets K, L and M with the
elements. It is given that the universal set ξ = K ∪ L ∪ M and
n(K’) = n(L ∩ M).

K
n(K’) = 2 + 8 + 2 =
a-3 L
12
2 a-2
n(L ∩ M) = a – 2 + 8
2
8 =a+6
2

M
a + 6 = 12
Find the value of a
a=6
CHAPTER 4: MATHEMATICAL REASONING

(a) Statement
A mathematical sentence which is either true or false but
not both.

3+4=7 A true statement

32 = 6 A false statement

x+5=8 Not a statement because it is not known

whether it is true or false.
(b) Implication
If a, then b
a – antecedent
b – consequent

If x is an even number, then x is divisible by two

Antecedent: x is an even number

Consequent: x is divisible by two.

‘p if and only if q’ can be written in two implications:
1. If p, then q
2. If q, then p

x + 2 = 5 if and only if x = 3

1. If x + 2 = 5, then x = 3

2. If x = 3, then x + 2 = 5
(c) Argument
Three types of argument:
Type I
Premise 1: All A are B
Premise 2 : C is A
Conclusion: C is B
Type II
Premise 1: If A, then B
Premise 2: A is true
Conclusion: B is true.
Type III
Premise 1: If A, then B
Premise 2: Not B is true.
Conclusion: Not A is true.
INDUCTION:
Make a general conclusion by induction for the numerical
sequence:

7 = 6(1)2 + 1
25 = 6(2)2 + 1
55 = 6(3)2 + 1
97 = 6(4)2 + 1
………………….
6(n)2 + 1, n = 1, 2, 3, ….
CHAPTER 5: THE STRAIGHT LINE

(a) Gradient

Gradient of AB = y − y
2 1
m =
x2 − x1

(b) Equation of a straight line

Gradient Form:
y = mx + c
m = gradient
c = y-intercept
Find the equation of the straight line which passes through
the point A(1, 2) and has a gradient of 3.
Solution:
Equation of straight line: y = mx + c
Substitute A(1, 2) and m = 3, 2=3+c
c = -1 ∴ Equation of straight line: y = 3x – 1. Eqn

x y
Intercept Form: Intercept Form: + =1
a b
a = x−intercept
b = y−intercept
y -int ercept b
Gradient = − = −
x-intercept a
Parallel Lines
The gradient of two parallel lines are equal.
m1 = m2

OPQR is a parallelogram. Find

(a) the coordinates of Q
5
(b) the equation of QR
Solution:

(a) Q(4, 7)
2−0 1
(b) Gradient of OP = mOP = = = mQR
4−0 2
1
c = 5, ∴ Eqn of QR: y = x+5
2
CHAPTER 6: STATISTICS

(a) Mean

x=
∑x for ungrouped data. n = number of data
n

=
∑ fx for grouped data. x = mid point
∑f
(b) Mode
Mode is the data with highest frequency.
(d) Class, Modal Class, Class Interval Size, Midpoint,
Cumulative frequency, Ogive
Example :
The table below shows the time taken by 80 students
to type a document. For the class 10 – 14 :
Lower limit = 10 min
Time (min) Frequency Upper limit = 14 min
Lower boundary = 9.5 min
10-14 1 Upper boundary = 14.5 min
15-19 7 Class interval size = Upper
20-24 12 boundary – lower boundary
25-29 21 = 14.5 – 9.5 = 5 min
30-34 19 Modal class = 25 – 29 min
35-39 12
40-44 6 Midpoint of modal class
45-49 2 25+ 29
= = 27
2
Ogive

To draw an ogive, a table of upper boundary and cumulative

frequency has to be constructed.
Time Frequency Upper Cumulative
(min) boundary frequency
5-9 0 9.5 0
10-14 1 14.5 1
15-19 7 19.5 8
20-24 12 24.5 20
25-29 21 29.5 41
30-34 19 34.5 60
35-39 12 39.5 72
40-44 6 44.5 78
45-49 2 49.5 80
From the ogive :
Median = 29.5 min
First quartile = 24. 5
min
Third quartile = 34 min
Interquartile range =
34 – 24. 5 = 9.5 min.
Histogram, Frequency Polygon

(e) Histogram, Frequency Polygon

Example:
The table shows the marks obtained by a group of
students in a test.

Marks Frequency

1 – 10 2
11 – 20 8
21 – 30 16
31 – 40 20
41 – 50 4
CHAPTER 7: PROBABILITY

Definition of Probability n(A)

(a) Probability that event A happen, P (A) =
n(S )
S = sample space

(b) Complementary Event

P(A′ ) = 1 – P(A)

(c) Probability of Combined Events

(i) For mutually exclusive events, A ∩ B = φ
P(A or B) = P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)

(ii) For Independent Events.

P(A and B) = P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B)
CHAPTER 8: CIRCLES III
Circle Theorems
C C C
D
O
y O
y O
9 0
x O

O
A B
x O O

A
B A
B

Angle at the Angles in the

Angle in a semicircle
centre = 2 × angle same segment
∠ ACB = 90o
at the are equal
circumference x=y
x = 2y
 a O

O
b O

O
O a
b
P Q

Sum of opposite The exterior angle of Angle between a

angles of a cyclic a cyclic quadrilateral tangent and a radius =
quadrilateral = 180o is equal to the 90o
a + b = 180o interior opposite
∠ OPQ = 90o
angle.
a=b
 T

y o

O P

xo
S
The angle between a If PT and PS are tangents to a
tangent and a chord is circle,
equal to the angle in the PT = PS
alternate segment. ∠ TPO = ∠ SPO
x=y ∠ TOP = ∠ SOP
CLONE 2004:

CDE is a tangent to the

circle. Find the value of x.
A. 16o B. 18o
C. 20o D. 22o

Solution:
180 o − 48 o
∠ G = 48o ∠GFD = = 66 o
2

x = 66o – 48o = 18o Answer: B

CHAPTER 9: TRIGONOMETRY

Opposite AB
sin θ = =
hypotenuse AC

adjacent BC
cos θ = =
hypotenuse AC
opposite AB
tan θ = =
adjacent BC

“Add Sugar To Coffee”

CLONE 2005:

Find the value of cos θ.

5 5
A. − B. −
12 13
5 5
C. D.
12 13

Solution:
5
cos θ = - cos ∠ EGF = − Ans: B
13
TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS

y = sin x

y = cos x
y = tan x
CHAPTER 10: ANGLE OF ELEVATION AND
DEPRESSION

Angle of Elevation
The angle of elevation is the
angle betweeen the
horizontal line drawn from
the eye of an observer and
the line joining the eye of the
observer to an object which
is higher than the observer.
The angle of elevation of B
from A is ∠ BAC
Angle of Depression

The angle of depression is the

angle between the horizontal line
from the eye of the observer an
the line joining the eye of the
observer to an object which is
lower than the observer.
The angle of depression of B
from A is ∠ BAC.
CHAPTER 11: LINES AND PLANES

Angle Between a Line and a Plane

In the diagram,
BC is the normal line to the
plane PQRS.
AB is the orthogonal projection
of the line AC to the plane
PQRS.
The angle between the line AC
and the plane PQRS is ∠ BAC
Angle Between Two Planes

In the diagram,
The plane PQRS and the plane
TURS intersects at the line RS.
MN and KN are any two lines
drawn on each plane which are
perpendicular to RS and intersect
at the point N.
The angle between the plane
PQRS and the plane TURS is
∠ MNK.
What is the angle between the plane MRS and the
base RSTU?

The angle between the

plane MRS and the
base RSTU is ∠ MNK

Note that ∠ MNK ≠

∠ MRU ≠ ∠ MST
The diagram shows a cuboid with a horizontal base ABCD.

The angle between the planes BQD and ABQP is

A. ∠ PQD C. ∠ PBD

B. ∠ ABD D. ∠ QBD
Clone June 2005 P2

The diagram shows a right prism with a rectangle PQRS as

its horizontal base. The right angled triangle UQR is the
uniform cross section of the prism. The rectangle PQUT is
inclined.
Calculate the angle between the
plane TRQ and the base PQRS.

Solution:
The angle between the plane TRQ
and PQRS is ∠ TRS
8
tan ∠ TRS =
15
8
∠ TRS = tan-1
= 28o 4'
15