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Objectives:: Project Report

The document presents the objectives, theory, and process of a vapor compression refrigeration system test rig project. The objectives are to comparatively study various refrigerants and improve the coefficient of performance. The vapor compression cycle and its four processes - compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation - are explained using temperature-entropy and pressure-enthalpy diagrams. The project will involve building a test rig to study the components and performance of the refrigeration system using measurement devices.

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Oxmere Sales
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799 views4 pages

Objectives:: Project Report

The document presents the objectives, theory, and process of a vapor compression refrigeration system test rig project. The objectives are to comparatively study various refrigerants and improve the coefficient of performance. The vapor compression cycle and its four processes - compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation - are explained using temperature-entropy and pressure-enthalpy diagrams. The project will involve building a test rig to study the components and performance of the refrigeration system using measurement devices.

Uploaded by

Oxmere Sales
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Project report

AIM:

OBJECTIVES:
1) Comparative study between various refrigerant & calculate, compare the coefficient of
performance of water cooler.
2) Improve the coefficient of performance of refrigerant.

ABSTRACT:
Appliances such as Air Conditioner, Fridge, Water cooler, etc are the most common appliances
used by us. The common function of these appliances is to produce cooling effect. These
appliances are the practical application of vapour compression cycle and their study is known as
refrigeration. In order to study these appliances, it becomes necessary to study the vapour
compression cycle. To prepare a test rig of appliance means to study its components and check
its performance. Some measurement devices (Temperature- Thermometer, Pressure- Pressure
gauge, etc) are embedded in the actual system for its performance analysis. The performance of
refrigeration equipments is measured in terms of C.O.P i.e. coefficient of performance.

THEORY:
The term ‘refrigeration’ may be defined as the process of removing heat from a substance under
controlled conditions. It also includes the process of reducing and maintaining the temperature of
a body below the general temperature of its surroundings. In other words, the refrigeration means
a continued extraction of heat from a body whose temperature is already below temperature of its
surroundings. In a refrigerator, heat is virtually pumped from a lower temperature to a higher
temperature.
Refrigeration system consists of several equipments like compressor, condenser, evaporator,
expansion devices etc. A refrigerant compressor is a machine used to compress the refrigerant
from the evaporator and to raise its pressure so that the corresponding temperature is higher than
that of the cooling medium. The condenser is an important device used in the high pressure side
of a refrigeration system. Its function is to remove heat of the hot vapour refrigerant discharged
from the compressor. The evaporator is used in the low pressure side of a refrigeration system.
The liquid refrigerant from the expansion device enters into the evaporator where it boils and
changes into vapour. The function of an evaporator is to absorb heat from the surrounding
location or medium which is to be cooled, by means of a refrigerant.
The temperature of the boiling refrigerant in the evaporator must always be less than that of the
surrounding medium so that the heat flows to the refrigerant. The expansion device which is also
known as throttling device, divides the high pressure side and the low pressure side of a
refrigeration system. It is connected between the receiver and the evaporator.

ITM College of engg., Nagpur 1


Project report

SIMPLE VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE


A vapour compression cycle with dry saturated vapour after compression is shown on T-s
diagrams in Figures respectively. At point 1, let T1, p1 and s1 be the temperature, pressure and
entropy of the vapour refrigerant respectively. The four processes of the cycle are as follows :

(a) T-s Diagram (b) p-h Diagram

Figure : Theoretical vapour Compression Cycle with Dry Saturated Vapour after Compression

COMPRESSION PROCESS

The vapour refrigerant at low pressure p1 and temperatureT1 is compressed isentropically to dry
saturated vapour as shown by the vertical line 1-2 on the T-s diagram and by the curve 1-2 on p-
h diagram. The pressure and temperature rise from p1 to p2 and T1 to T2 respectively.
The work done during isentropic compression per kg of refrigerant is given by
w = h2 – h1
where h1 = Enthalpy of vapour refrigerant at temperature T1, i.e. at suction of the compressor,
and
h2 = Enthalpy of the vapour refrigerant at temperature T2. i.e. at discharge of the compressor.

CONDENSING PROCESS

The high pressure and temperature vapour refrigerant from the compressor is passed through the
condenser where it is completely condensed at constant pressure p2 and temperature T2 as shown
by the horizontal line 2-3 on T-s and p-h diagrams. The vapour refrigerant is changed into liquid
refrigerant. The refrigerant, while passing through the condenser, gives its latent heat to the
surrounding condensing medium.

EXPANSION PROCESS

The liquid refrigerant at pressure p3 = p2 and temperature T3 = T2, is expanded by throttling


process through the expansion valve to a low pressure p4 = p1 and Temperature T4 = T1 as
shown by the curve 3-4 on T-s diagram and by the vertical line 3-4 on p-h diagram. Some of the
liquid refrigerant evaporates as it passes through the expansion valve, but the greater portion is
vaporized in the evaporator. We know that during the throttling process, no heat is absorbed or
rejected by the liquid refrigerant.
ITM College of engg., Nagpur 2
Project report

VAPORIZING PROCESS

The liquid-vapour mixture of the refrigerant at pressure p4 = p1 and temperature T4 = T1 is


evaporated and changed into vapour refrigerant at constant pressure and temperature, as shown
by the horizontal line 4-1 on T-s and p-h diagrams. During evaporation, the liquid-vapour
refrigerant absorbs its latent heat of vaporization from the medium (air, water or brine) which, is
to be cooled, This heat which is absorbed by the refrigerant is called refrigerating effect and it is
briefly written as RE. The process of vaporization continues up to point 1 which is the starting
point and thus the cycle is completed.

Fig: Block diagram of test-rig

Properties of various refrigerant & comparison between them:

Refrigerants are used as working substances in a Refrigeration systems. Fluids suitable


for refrigeration purposes can be classified into primary and secondary refrigerants.
Primary refrigerants are those fluids, which are used directly as working fluids, for
example in vapour compression and vapour absorption refrigeration systems. These
fluids provide refrigeration by undergoing a phase change process in the evaporator.
Secondary refrigerants are those liquids, which are used for transporting thermal energy
from one location to other. Secondary refrigerants are also known under the name brines
or antifreezes.

Comparison of refrigerant with respect to ODP & GWP values are given in table 1.

ITM College of engg., Nagpur 3


Project report

ADVANTAGES:

APPLICATIONS:
The Refrigeration has become as essential feature as luxury. The refrigeration has brought much
more laurels and comforts to human beings than any other devices of human comfort.

REFERENCES:
 C. P. Arora, 3rd Edition, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning.
 Rajput R K, Textbook of Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning 2/e PB.
 Alfred F. Bracciano, Andrew D.., Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning.
 www.google.com

ITM College of engg., Nagpur 4

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