Grassland Birds

Wintering Grassland Bird Densities in
Chihuahuan Desert Grassland Priority

Conservation Areas, 2007-2011

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory
PO Box 1232
Brighton, CO 80601
303.659.4348
www.rmbo.org
Tech. Report # I-NEOTROP-MXPLAT-10-2

Mission: To conserve birds and their habitats
Vision: Native bird populations are sustained in healthy ecosystems
Core Values: (Our goals for achieving our mission)

1. Science provides the foundation for effective bird conservation.
2. Education is critical to the success of bird conservation.
3. Stewardship of birds and their habitats is a shared responsibility.
RMBO accomplishes its mission by:

 Monitoring long-term bird population trends to provide a scientific foundation for
conservation action.
 Researching bird ecology and population response to anthropogenic and natural processes to
evaluate and adjust management and conservation strategies using the best available science.
 Educating people of all ages through active, experiential programs that create an awareness
and appreciation for birds.
 Fostering good stewardship on private and public lands through voluntary, cooperative
partnerships that create win-win situations for wildlife and people.
 Partnering with state and federal natural resource agencies, private citizens, schools,
universities, and other non-governmental organizations to build synergy and consensus for
bird conservation.
 Sharing the latest information on bird populations, land management and conservation
practices to create informed publics.
 Delivering bird conservation at biologically relevant scales by working across political and
jurisdictional boundaries in western North America.
Suggested Citation:
Macias-Duarte, A., A. O. Panjabi, D. Pool, Erin Youngberg and Greg Levandoski. 2011.
Wintering Grassland Bird Density in Chihuahuan Desert Grassland Priority Conservation Areas,
2007-2011. Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory, Brighton, CO, RMBO Technical Report I-
NEOTROP-MXPLAT-10-2. 164 pp.
Cover Photo: Chihuahuan Desert grasslands near Tosesihua mountain (municipality of Coyame)
in the Valles Centrales Grassland Priority Conservation Area in central Chihuahua. Photo by
Alberto Macías-Duarte.
Contact Information:
Alberto Macías-Duarte [email protected]
Arvind Panjabi [email protected]
Gregory Levandoski [email protected]
PO Box 1232
Brighton, CO 80601
303-659-4348
Wintering Bird Densities in Chihuahuan Desert Grassland Priority Conservation Areas
Acknowledgements

This project was made possible through financial support provided by the US Fish and
Wildlife Service (USFWS) through the Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act, the
USDA Forest Service International Programs, The National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
(NFWF), The Nature Conservancy (TNC), the Commission for Environmental Cooperation
(CEC), the USDA Rio Grande Research Center at Sul Ross State University, the Sonoran
Joint Venture (SJV), Texas Parks and Wildlife Department State Wildlife Grant T8, and the
Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The content and opinions expressed herein are those
of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the position or the policy of the USFWS,
USDA, NFWF, TNC, CEC, TPWD, BLM or the SJV, and no official endorsement should
be inferred.
Implementation of this project was made possible by the Facultad de Ciencias of the
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), which assembled field crews, conducted
many of the surveys, and handled logistics in Mexico. We thank the City of Fort Collins,
Colorado for providing matching funds in support of 4 major NMBCA awards given to this
project. We are grateful to TNC for the generous use of their field station at the Reserva
Ecológica “El Uno” near Janos, Chihuahua for our field training and operations. We are
also thankful for the support and participation of partner organizations in implementing
field surveys, including UANL, the Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Profauna
Coahuila, TNC, Pronatura Noreste, Pronatura Noroeste, Profauna Chihuahua,
Biodiversidad y Desarrollo Armónico (BIDA) and Naturalia, the latter of whom also
provided logistical support in Sonora.
The authors are especially grateful to José Ignacio González Rojas and Irene
Ruvalcaba Ortega for their invaluable assistance in coordinating and implementing this
effort. We thank Antonio Esquer, Nélida Barajas and the staff at the Reserva Ecológica El
Uno for their generous hospitality and use of their facilities which provide an ideal situation
for field training. We also thank Eduardo López Saavedra and Daniel Toyos for their
hospitality, assistance with navigation and contacting landowners, and use of the Rancho
Los Fresnos as a home base while working in Sonora. We thank Bonnie Warnock for her
assistance in securing funding for this work in west Texas and with securing access to
private lands in the region. We thank Jennifer Blakesley and David Hanni for their help in
designing this project. We thank Chandman Sambuu and Michael Smith for development
and improvement of the data entry website. We thank Valer Austin, Carol Beardmore,
David Black, Lisa Brooke McDonough, Jim Chu, Steve Dobrott, Cori Dolan, Daylan Figgs,
Guy Foulks, Jim Garrett, Andrea Grosse, Mary Gustafson, Tom Hammond, Paul Juergens,
Christina Kakoyannis, Linda Kennedy, Raymond Lister, Carol Lively, Brian Locke, Brian
Martin, Bob McCready, Timothy Male, David Mehlman, Robert Mesta, Angel Montoya,
Daniel Petit, Karen Richardson, Mike Rizo, Doug Ryan, Karen Simms, John Stokes,
Sheridan Stone, Cindy Tolle, Carly Vynne, Tom Wadell, Geoff Walsh, Bonnie Warnock
and Rawles Williams for their support of this project. We thank Jurgen Hoth for helping to
generate interest among Mexican partners for this effort. We thank the many members of
our field crews: Adriana Núñez Gonzalí, Aixa Bujduj León, Alicia Zarate Martinez,
Andrew Tillinghast, Angel Medina Lira, Armando Jimenez Camacho, Brady Wallace
Surver, Carly Lapin, Chris Pipes, Ciel A. Evans, Cole Wild, Daniel Sierra Franco, Daniel
Toyos, David Pavlik, Edhy Francisco Alvarez Garcia, Eduardo Sígala Chávez, Emily
Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory i

Conserving birds and their habitats
Strelow, Enrique Carreon Hernández, Fernando Solis Carlos, Gabriel Valencia Ortega,
Garrett MacDonald, Greg J. Levandoski, Gustavo Fernandez de los Santos, Hugo Enrique
Elizondo, Irene Ruvalcaba Ortega, Jamie Hogberg, Juan Manuel Cardenas Villanueva,
Javier Lombard Romero, Javier Saúl Garcia, Jesus Salazar Ortiz, Jorge Allen Bobadilla,
Jorge Carranza, Jose Hugo Martinez Guerrero, Jose Juan Butrón Rodriguez, Jose Juan
Flores Maldonado, Jose Luis Garcia, Jose Roberto Rodriguez Salazar, Juan Francisco
Maciel Nájera, Lucas J. Foerster, Mario Alberto Guerrero Madriles, Mario de Jesus Castillo
Varela, Martin Emilio Pereda Solis, Miguel Angel Grageda, Nancy Hernández Rodriguez,
Nereyda Cruz Maldonado, Pedro Angel Calderon Dominguez, Quick Yeates-Burghart,
Rafael Humberto Cardenas Olivier, Ricardo Guzman Olachea, Silvia Alejandra Chavarría
Rocha, Simón Octavio Valdez and Teresita de Jesus Lasso Lopez. Finally, we extend our
gratitude to the many landowners in Mexico and the U.S. who generously allowed access to
their lands for field surveys and shared local knowledge that increased logistical efficiency.
.
Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory ii

Executive Summary
Many North American grassland bird species are undergoing steep, widespread and long-
term population declines, likely due to the continued habitat loss and degradation over
much of their range. More than 80% of grassland bird species breeding in western North
America overwinter in the Chihuahuan Desert grasslands of the southwestern United States
and northern Mexico. These grasslands are increasingly being lost and degraded through
agricultural conversion, desertification, and shrub encroachment, especially in Mexico. The
role of threats during the wintering period in these documented population declines,
although hypothesized to be important, remains unknown. In this regard, it is imperative to
obtain information on wintering grassland bird distribution, abundance, habitat use and
their spatiotemporal patterns to guide strategic habitat conservation in the region.
In 2007, Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory (RMBO), together with Universidad
Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, initiated a first-ever, region-wide pilot survey to inventory,
research, and monitor wintering birds at 468 randomly-selected grassland sites in 7
Chihuahuan Desert Grassland Priority Conservation Areas (GPCAs) in northern Mexico.
We have expanded this effort every year since then to eventually include 1,159 sampling
locations in 16 GPCAs in northern Mexico, southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico
and west Texas in 2011.
We surveyed birds at each sampling location using 1-km line transects with distance
sampling to estimate bird density. We also characterized habitat structure using ocular
estimates. These surveys generated data on habitat conditions and abundance of 50
grassland obligate or facultative species in the 16 GPCAs, including 29 priority species of
high regional or continental conservation interest. We used Bayesian hierarchical models to
obtain reasonably precise annual estimates of population density for 29 species, including
18 priority species.
Wintering grassland bird communities throughout the Chihuahuan Desert are highly
variable in species abundance and composition from winter to winter. Bird densities may
change in orders of magnitude at the GPCA level and bird species may reach their
maximum density at different GPCAs in different years. Chihuahuan Desert grassland
winter avifaunal densities are characterized by the dominance of a few species including
Chestnut-collared Longspur, Lark Bunting, Vesper Sparrow, Horned Lark, Brewer
Sparrow, and Savannah Sparrow. In addition, a cluster analysis of GPCAs based on bird
species composition shows geographically consistent groups of GPCAs suggesting a
regionalization or geographic units of grassland bird species' occurrence within the
Chihuahuan Desert. Analysis of biodiversity measures, mainly species richness and the
Shannon-Weaver diversity index suggest that Cuchillas de la Zarca, Janos, and Malpaís
harbor highly diverse grassland bird communities and should be effectively protected.
Information on bird abundance and distribution generated by this project is
providing valuable information to generate demographic projections and habitat models
during the winter season. These tools will inform agencies and land managers on the
conditions necessary to achieve target population levels of grassland bird species to ensure
their long-term conservation.
Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory iii

Resumen Ejecutivo
Muchas especies de aves de pastizal de Norteamérica están sufriendo fuertes descensos

poblacionales, probablemente debido a la pérdida y la degradación de sus hábitats en la
mayor parte de su área de distribución. Más del 80% de las especies de aves de pastizal en
el oeste de Norteamérica pasan el invierno en los pastizales del Desierto Chihuahuense del
suroeste de Estados Unidos y el norte de México. Estos pastizales se pierden y se deterioran
día a día por su conversión a tierras de cultivo, la desertificación y la invasión de
arbustivas. El papel de las amenazas que enfrentan las aves de pastizal durante el invierno
en estas disminuciones poblacionales, aunque se cree importante, sigue siendo
desconocido. En este sentido, es imprescindible obtener información sobre la distribución,
abundancia, uso de hábitat de las aves de pastizal y sus patrones espacio-temporales durante
el invierno para guiar la conservación estratégica de hábitats en la región.
Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory (RMBO), junto con la Universidad Autónoma de
Nuevo León, inició en 2007 el primer estudio piloto regional para el inventario, la
investigación y el monitoreo de aves durante el invierno en 468 sitios de pastizal
seleccionados aleatoriamente en 7 Áreas Prioritarias para la Conservación de los Pastizales
(APCP) del Desierto Chihuahuense en el norte de México. Hemos expandido este esfuerzo
cada año desde entonces para incluir finalmente 1,159 puntos de muestreo en 16 APCPs en
el norte de México, sureste de Arizona, sur de Nuevo México y el oeste de Texas en 2011.
Realizamos conteos de aves a través de transectos lineales de 1 km en cada uno de
los sitios de muestreo con muestreo de distancia para estimar la densidad de aves. También
caracterizamos la estructura del hábitat utilizando estimaciones oculares. Estos transectos
generaron datos sobre las condiciones del hábitat y la abundancia de 50 especies de pastizal
obligadas y facultativas en las 16 APCPs, incluyendo 29 especies prioritarias de interés de
conservación regional y continental. Utilizamos modelos jerárquicos bayesianos para
obtener estimaciones anuales razonablemente precisas de la densidad poblacional de 29
especies, incluyendo 18 especies prioritarias.
Las comunidades de aves de pastizal en el invierno en el Desierto Chihuahuense son
muy variables en abundancia y composición de especies de invierno a invierno. La
densidad de aves puede cambiar en varios órdenes de magnitud a nivel de APCP y las
especies de aves pueden alcanzar su máxima densidad en APCPs diferentes en años
diferentes. La avifauna de invierno en los pastizales del Desierto Chihuahuense se
caracteriza por el predominio de algunas especies como el Escribano de Collar Castaño, el
Gorrión Ala Blanca, el Gorrión Ala Blanca, la Alondra Cornuda, y el Gorrión de Brewer.
Además, un análisis de conglomerados de APCPs basado en la composición de especies
muestra a grupos de APCPs geográficamente coherentes lo que sugiere una regionalización
o la existencia de unidades geográficas de ocurrencia de especies de aves de pastizal en el
Desierto Chihuahuense. Un análisis de la riqueza de especies y del índice de diversidad de
Shannon-Weaver sugiere que Cuchillas de la Zarca, Janos y Malpaís mantienen una
comunidad de aves muy diversa y que deben ser protegidas con eficacia.
La información sobre la abundancia y de distribución de aves generada por este
proyecto está proporcionando información valiosa para generar proyecciones demográficas
y modelos de hábitat durante la temporada de invierno. Estas herramientas permitirán a las
agencias y administradores de la tierra alcanzar niveles poblacionales objetivo de especies
de aves de pastizal para asegurar su conservación a largo plazo.
Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory iv

Table of Contents
Page
Acknowledgements i
Executive Summary iii
Resumen Ejecutivo iv
Introduction 1
Methods 2
Study area 2
Study species 2
Sampling design 4
Bird surveys 4
Grassland habitat characterization 4
Statistical analyses 5
Results and discussion 7
Survey effort 7
Biogeographic regions 7
Overall bird density and distribution 10
Abundance and species diversity at Grassland Priority Conservation Areas 13
Armendaris 13
Cuatro Ciénegas 13
Cuchillas de la Zarca 16
Janos 16
Lagunas del Este 19
Llano Las Amapolas 19
Malpaís 22
Mapimí 22
Marfa 25
New Mexico Bootheel 25
Otero Mesa 28
Sonoita 28
Sulphur Springs 31
El Tokio 31
Valle Colombia 34
Valles Centrales 34
Concluding remarks 38
Literature cited 39

Appendix A. Numbers of bird species observed in each GPCA from 2007-2011 26 pp.
Appendix B. Estimates of density for 29 grassland-associated bird species and
4 species groups in 16 Grassland Priority Conservation Areas from 2007-2011 101 pp.
Introduction
Grasslands are one of the most threatened ecosystems on Earth. Nowhere in the world have
grasslands been decimated as in North America, where less than 4% of tallgrass prairie
remain after 2 centuries of colonization (Samson and Knopf 1994). Even in the remaining
tracts of native prairies, breeding populations of many grassland bird species, including 29
species of continental or regional importance for Partners in Flight (PIF) and/or the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), are undergoing steep, widespread and long-term
population declines (Sauer et al. 2008). Reasons for these recent documented declines are
still poorly understood, but likely relate to the on-going habitat loss and degradation of the
remaining grasslands. In this regard, threats to native grasslands are accelerating in many
regions due to expanding agriculture, urbanization, oil exploration, desertification and
invasive species. However, the potential role of threats during the winter in these
population declines, although hypothesized to be important, remains unknown.
The western Great Plains, from southern Alberta and Saskatchewan to southern
New Mexico and western Texas, have the most extensive and intact native grasslands
remaining in North America and support the most important breeding areas for the greatest
number of grassland bird species. Ninety percent of grassland-associated (obligate and
facultative) bird species breeding in the western Great Plains are migratory, and more than
80% of these overwinter in the Chihuahuan Desert of northern Mexico and the
southwestern United States, making this a continentally-important region for grassland
birds. This strong dependence to Chihuahuan Desert grasslands of northern Mexico make
North American grassland birds highly vulnerable to anthropogenic changes in the region
considering the relatively limited extent of these grasslands. Native grasslands in the
Chihuahuan Desert are restricted in distribution, and while the current GIS (INEGI 2003)
suggest that grasslands occupy roughly 15% of the Chihuahuan Desert (Bird Conservation
Region 35) in Mexico, resolution among grassland condition is poor, and the actual extent
of open, relatively shrub-free grasslands that are required by most grassland-obligate bird
species is much less than 15% and probably closer to around 5%.
In spite of the importance of Chihuahuan Desert grasslands for North American

grassland bird conservation, little information exists to guide their conservation in the
region. Information on the regional distribution, abundance, habitat use and spatio-temporal
patterns of wintering grassland birds and on trends in grassland extent and condition is
urgently needed to advance strategic conservation actions for priority species while
opportunities still exist. The goal of this project is to provide regional winter population
density estimates of grassland bird species throughout the Chihuahuan Desert through a
random-sampling design. This goal was outlined as one of the research priorities identified
at the 3rd International Symposium on Grasslands that took place in Chihuahua City in
August of 2006. Since then, RMBO has conducted avian surveys throughout the
Chihuahuan Desert grassland every winter. Our focus is to estimate abundance of grassland
birds in Grassland Priority Conservation Areas (GPCAs), emphasizing priority species as
identified by the federal governments of Canada, the U.S. or Mexico, or by major bird
conservation initiatives such as Partners in Flight, The U.S. Shorebird Conservation Plan
and The Nature Conservancy. Preliminary results have released crucial information on
Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 1

wintering grassland birds through a series of technical reports (Panjabi et al. 2007,
Levandoski et al. 2009, and Panjabi et al. 2010a and 2010b). This current report updates the
information on grassland bird abundance and distribution through the winter of 2011 and
uses a new analytical approach. Information on grassland bird abundance and distribution
among GPCAs will allow the prioritization of areas for species- and ecosystem-focused
conservation efforts, and provide insights into species-specific habitat requirements and
management recommendations. Furthermore, this information will also enable evaluation
of impacts from continuing grassland loss and climate change, as well as conservation
actions, in the Chihuahuan Desert.
Methods
Study area
We conducted avian and habitat surveys in up to 16 Grassland Priority Conservation Areas
(CEC and TNC 2005, Pool and Panjabi 2010) in northern Mexico, southern Arizona,
southern New Mexico and western Texas in the winters of 2007 through 2011 (Levandoski
et al. 2009, Panjabi et al. 2010). GPCAs included in this study are Armendaris, Cuatro
Ciénegas, Cuchillas de la Zarca, Janos, Lagunas del Este, Llano Las Amapolas, Malpaís,
Mapimí, Marfa, New Mexico Bootheel, Otero Mesa, Sonoita, Sulphur Springs, El Tokio,
Valles Centrales, and Valle Colombia (Figure 1).
Focal species
We used the classification of grassland obligate and facultative bird species by Vickery et
al. (1999) as a starting point to determine “grassland-associated” status among bird species
detected on our surveys, but with some modifications. We did not include in our
“grassland-associated species” designation any waterfowl, herons or cowbirds considered
“facultative”, and we considered Bald Eagle, Golden Eagle and White-tailed Kite as
facultative grassland species whereas Vickery et al. (1999) did not include these on either
list (scientific names are given in Appendix A). Our reasoning is that waterfowl do not
inhabit arid Chihuahuan grasslands in winter, the only heron to be expected is Cattle Egret
(an exotic species), and cowbirds rarely are found in arid grasslands, unless there are trees
or tall shrubs present. In addition, Bald Eagles can be expected in more northerly desert
grasslands in winter, especially around prairie dog towns, and Golden Eagles are a regular
inhabitant of arid grasslands year-round and especially in winter. White-tailed Kites also
readily utilize arid grasslands. We also made a few changes to obligate and facultative
designations as assigned by Vickery et al. (1999). We did not consider American Pipit as a
grassland obligate species, but rather as a facultative species, given that it is only rarely
encountered in Chihuahuan Desert grasslands in winter and is more likely to occur around
water bodies and barren agricultural fields. We also include Brewer’s Sparrow as a
grassland facultative species, as it is one of the most abundant bird species in Chihuahuan
Desert grasslands (Desmond et al. 2005, Manzano-Fischer et al. 2006, Macias-Duarte et al.
2009), and its winter abundance is positively correlated with grass cover (Panjabi et al.
2010a). Finally, we consider Worthen’s Sparrow to be a grassland obligate species,
although it nests in shrubs and seems to require a scrubland edge, it is not found away from
grasslands.


Fig. 1. Grassland Priority Conservation Areas in the Chihuahuan Desert (CEC and TNC
2005, Pool and Panjabi 2010) and wintering grassland bird sampling blocks surveyed in
2011. Green shading shows the extent of desert grasslands.

Sampling design
We overlaid a grid of roughly 18 x 18 km2 cell blocks across the Chihuahuan Desert and
Sierra Madre Oriental Bird Conservation Regions to create a sampling frame for desert
grasslands within GPCAs (Fig. 1). Eligible cells for sampling were those that intersected
with GPCAs and had at least 5 km of road access to grasslands as identified in the GIS
(INEGI 2003). Due to poor correspondence between some GPCA boundaries and actual
locations of grassland in the vicinity of these GPCAs, we added additional cell blocks to
the sampling pool that met the aforementioned criteria, but were outside the original GPCA
boundaries. This sampling design is described in detail by Panjabi et al. (2007), with
modifications by Levandoski et al. (2009). We added additional GPCAs to the sampling
frame each year. In each sampling block we established randomly numbered points at 500
m intervals along roads intersecting grasslands, and established 6 paired 1-km line transects
in each block, starting at the 3 lowest numbered points that met habitat requirements for
native grasslands with <25% shrub cover.
Bird surveys
We used distance sampling Buckland et al (2001) on line transects to estimate annual
winter bird density in all GPCAs. We initiated surveys in early January and completed
surveys by early March. Each pair of 1-kilometer line transects started from a randomly
selected point along a road and headed in opposite directions perpendicular to the road. In a
few instances where available grasslands were limited within the survey block, we split
paired transects to start from different random points. Each pair of technicians surveyed the
6 transects in each block starting at sunrise and continuing until completion (usually before
13:00). Sometimes, due to weather, road conditions, and variability in the time needed to
complete both bird and vegetation surveys, finishing all transects within 6 hours was not
possible. We did not conduct surveys during winds higher than category 4 in the Beaufort
scale (20-28 kph) or during any precipitation greater than a drizzle.
From each starting point, technicians used Garmin E-trex Vista GPS units to
establish the end point of the transect 1000 m away and maintain their position on the line
while conducting the survey. Observers used a compass to select a point on the horizon that
corresponded with the direction of the transect end point, and used this bearing to visualize
the transect line in front of them. Observers recorded all birds detected during each survey
and used both laser rangefinders and ocular estimates to obtain lateral distances from the
transect line to each bird or bird cluster detected. We trained field technicians to obtain
reasonably accurate ocular estimates of lateral distance from transects before the start of
each field season. Bird clusters were defined as groups of 2 or more individuals of the same
species occurring within 25 m of the first individual detected. For each detection, we
recorded the cluster size. If observers encountered a major obstacle (such as an
international border, cliff or other impassable terrain) or if the transect would otherwise
bisect a large area (>250 m) of non-grassland habitat, they turned the transect 90° in a
randomly chosen direction to avoid the obstacle.
Grassland habitat characterization

We sampled vegetation structure along bird transects to characterize bird habitat
requirements from 2009 to 2011. We sampled ground and shrub cover parameters using
ocular estimates in 2009 and 2010. In order to minimize potential bias and calibrate
observers’ estimation skills, we trained observers in estimating vegetation cover on plots

where all parameters had been either measured directly or estimated through quantitative
sampling. An analysis of grass cover estimates from 2011 obtained through point-grid
sampling of ground cover photos vs. ocular estimates on the same plots showed a strong
correlation between the two approaches (r=0.92)). Another comparison of ocular vs.
quantitative sampling methods for the same ground and shrub cover parameters in
shortgrass prairie in Colorado found that ocular sampling provides similar results (i.e.,
within 2%) as quantitative sampling for grass and shrub cover, whereas ocular estimates of
bare ground were 2-5% higher than quantitative estimates and ocular estimates of ‘other’
cover were 6-7% lower than quantitatively sampled estimates (Panjabi in prep.). These
results suggest that ocular sampling of vegetation cover parameters provide a reasonably
accurate assessment of grassland vegetation conditions.
We estimated vegetation parameters at 10 sub-sampling stations at 100 m intervals
along each 1-km bird transect. These surveys were conducted immediately following each
bird survey. At each sub-sampling station we made ocular estimates of ground cover within
5-m radius circular plots. To estimate ground cover, technicians looked directly down to the
ground out to 2 meters in 4 cardinal directions, estimated the percent cover in each
direction, averaged these, and then extrapolated the estimate out to 5 m, adjusting it for
obvious variances. Ground cover estimates were broken down into 5 categories: woody
shrubs/trees, bare ground, grass, herbaceous, and ‘other’ cover types (combined). Up to 3
‘other’ ground cover types were identified and listed in rank-order of dominance. ‘Other’
cover categories were: loose vegetation, cactus, woody vegetation, rock, yucca, animal
excrement, and cryptobiotic crust. Average height was recorded for grass and herbaceous
cover, with assistance of 30 cm rulers. Shrub cover was also estimated within 50 m of each
sampling station using a similar approach. The habitat assessment also included
characterizations of landscape-level site attributes including general topography (flatland,
rolling hills, foothills, montane valleys, desert valleys, steep slopes and mesa top), adjacent
habitats, landownership, and dominant grassland type. Grassland types followed the
classification by the Instituto Nacional de Estadistica Geografia e Informatica (2005) which
includes ‘natural’, halophytic, gypsophytic, induced or exotic grasslands. Gypsophytic and
halophytic grasslands are defined by soil characteristics, whereas ‘natural’ grasslands
include all other native grasslands apart from halophytic and gypsophytic grasslands.
Statistical analysis
We used hierarchical modeling approach (Royle and Dorazio 2008) to distance sampling
(Buckland et al. 2001) to estimate parameters for bird density models for 29 grassland
species (Appendix B) that account for both imperfect detection and random spatial and
annual variation within and between GPCAs. We used the Bayesian estimation paradigm to
compute model parameters. In this regard, density (D, number of individuals per unit of
area) for line transects may be estimated from the equation (Buckland et al. 2001):
E(n) f (0) E(s)

D
2L
where E(n) is the mean number of groups detected, E(s) is the mean number of individuals
per detection (cluster size), L is the total transect length and f (0) is the probability density
function of perpendicular distances evaluated at zero distance. This equation links the state

process (factors driving density) to the observation process (detections at transects) and
explicitly provides their components that can be modeled as a function of covariates of
interest. Our sampling units for this study were transects and therefore the random variables
E(n) and L in Eq(1) are indexed over all transects surveyed (i = 1, 2, …, n). We used a half-
normal detection function to model the distribution of perpendicular detection distances,
whose probability density function f (y) is given by
1
f (y)  1  2  2 ey
2
2 2
where y is the perpendicular distance of detection and  is a model parameter. To improve

our estimation of parameter , we used right-truncated distance data (Buckland et al. 2001),
with truncation determined for optimum maximum likelihood estimates using program
Distance 6.0, as described in Panjabi et al (2010).
We assumed that the random variable number of detections for the i-th transect (ni)
followed a Poisson distribution with parameter E(ni). Therefore, the Poisson parameter
E(ni) relates to density, our unobserved variable of interest, by
2  Li  Di
E(ni ) 
E(s)  fˆ (0)
where Li and Di are the length of and the density at the i-transect. We modeled density as a
function of random GPCA-by-year effects nested within the levels of random GPCA
effects. Then, bird density at the i-th transect in the j-th GPCA and the k-th year (Dj(ik))
becomes:
 jGPCAk j GPCAYEAR
D j(ik )  e
 j ~ N (,  )
k ~ N(,  )
j
where each  is a regression parameter, and , , , and  are hyperparameters for GPCA
and GPCAYEAR random effects. We set prior distributions for all  ~ N(0,1).
We used BUGS language (Spiegelhalter et al. 1996) to construct the likelihood
function for each of study species and to specify a prior distribution for each parameter in
the model. We implemented the BUGS language using WinBUGS 1.4 (Lunn et al. 2000)
through program R (R Development Core Team 2009) with package R2WinBUGS (Sturtz
et al. 2005). Markov Chain Monte Carlo runs consisted of 3 chains with a burn-in of 50,
000 samples, and a posterior distribution based on 50,000 samples for each chain. It is
important to note that this report represents a major shift in the statistical paradigm used to
analyze our datasets. Therefore, some discrepancies are expected in densities reported in
other reports on the same dataset (Levandoski et al. 2009, Panjabi et al. 2010a, Panjabi et
al. 2010b). In general, density estimates from our current Bayesian approach tend to be
higher than estimates from maximum likelihood estimates presented in previous reports.
In addition, we conducted a hierarchical cluster analysis (Everitt et al. 2011) to
investigate the geographic patterns in species composition throughout Chihuahuan Desert

grasslands at GPCAs and as well as associations among species. We used Euclidean

distances on species’ standardized log-transformed density data (average 2007-2011) as
measure of dissimilarity and implemented the complete linkage clustering method through
program R (R Development Core Team 2009). We thereby performed both R-type
classification of GPCAs and Q-type classification of bird species. Finally, we calculated the
total number of bird species detected on transects and the Shannon-Weaver index (Shannon
and Weaver 1949) on counts to assess bird biodiversity at each GPCA and evaluate their
relative importance in the conservation of grassland birds. Shannon's diversity index
measures both species numbers and the equitability or evenness of allotment of individuals
among species (Krebs 2009) and provides a convenient standard of comparisons among
GPCAs.
Results and discussion
Survey effort
We have steadily increased our area of coverage since the onset of this study, from 211
transects in 75 blocks in 7 GPCAs in 2007 to 1,159 transects in 193 blocks in 15 GPCAs in
2011 (Table 1). We increased our coverage considerably in 2011 when we added 5 new
GPCAs to our monitoring effort: Armendaris, Sonoita (U.S. side), New Mexico Bootheel,
Otero Mesa, and Sulphur Springs. We also expanded our sampling efforts in the Janos,
Valles Centrales and El Tokio GPCAs in 2011, due to boundary expansions for these
GPCAs as described by Pool and Panjabi (2011). We stopped sampling in Cuatro Ciénegas
in 2011 due to low bird numbers. In 2011, we also split the Llano Las Amapolas GPCA
from the Lagunas del Este GPCA, with which it was previously lumped; both were
sampled.
Biogeographic regions
Cluster analysis of GPCAs (R-type classification) based on bird species composition shows
geographically consistent groups suggesting a regionalization or the existence geographic
units of grassland bird species' occurrence within the Chihuahuan Desert (Fig. 2). Six
regions can be recognized: 1) Southern Sierra Madre Occidental Foothills, with Cuchillas
de la Zarca and Malpaís; 2) Eastern, with Cuatro Ciénegas and El Tokio; 3) Central, with
Lagunas del Este, Mapimí and Janos; 4) Northern, with Armendaris, Otero Mesa and Llano
Las Amapolas; 5) Sky Island Borderlands, with Sonoita, Sulphur Springs, New Mexico
Bootheel, and Valles Centrales; and 6) Trans-Rio Grande, with Marfa and Valle Colombia.
The affinity of Janos to the Central region and the affinity of Valles Centrales to the Sky
Island Borderlands region, is intriguing. Given that most bird abundance in winter
grassland bird communities is distributed among a few species (Manzano-Fischer et al.
1999, Macias-Duarte et al. 2009, Panjabi et al. 2010b), the grouping of GPCAs in this
analysis is mainly driven by similarities in these few species.
Biogeographic guilds
Cluster analysis of species (Q-type classification) based on their relative abundances on
GPCAs suggests 4 ecological guilds within grassland bird guild that show similar
preferential use of GPCAs (Fig. 3). The most obvious guild comprises large-bodied birds

(most of them raptors) including Ferruginous Hawk, Burrowing Owl, Northern Harrier, and
Long-billed Curlew. Another apparent guild group comprises strict grassland sparrows,
such as Lark Bunting, Grasshopper Sparrow, and Horned Lark, except for the Chipping
Sparrow. Two other groups show no evidence of common traits, such as the group formed
by Baird's Sparrow, Clay-colored Sparrow, Mourning Dove, and Eastern Meadowlark.

Marfa
Valle Colombia
New Mexico Bootheel
Sulphur Springs
Sonoita
Valles Centrales
Cuchillas de la Zarca
Malpais
Mapimi
Janos
Lagunas del Este
Llano Las Amapolas
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Cuatro Cienegas
El Tokio
Fig. 2. Hierarchical cluster analysis that groups Grassland Priority Conservation areas
based on average species density from 2007-2011.
Chipping Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow
Savannah Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Brewer's Sparrow
Eastern Meadowlark
Mourning Dove
Chestnut-collared Longspur
Horned Lark
Baird's Sparrow
Clay-colored Sparrow
Cassin's Sparrow
Scaled Quail
Sprague's Pipit
Loggerhead Shrike
Say's Phoebe
Mountain Bluebird
Western Meadowlark
Chihuahuan Raven
American Kestrel
Northern Harrier
Red-tailed Hawk
Long-billed Curlew
Short-eared Owl
Ferruginous Hawk
White-tailed Kite
Burrowing Owl
Mountain Plover
Fig. 3. Hierarchical cluster analysis that groups wintering grassland species based on
average species density at Grassland Priority Conservation Areas from 2007-2011.

Overall bird density and distribution

We recorded 69,657 birds of 178 species in 2011, including 50 grassland associated
species, and 31 priority species. Average number of species per GPCA is 63.4 ± 7.8 and
average Shannon-Weaver index per GPCA is 4.01 ± 0.17. We provide total species counts
per GPCA and year in Appendix A. The number of birds detected per transect decreased
10.4% in 2011 (60.1 birds per transect) compared to that of 2010 (67.1 birds per transect)
but this annual decrease may be masked by an increase in precision as the number of
transects increased by 57%. As in previous years, the most abundant species observed was
Chestnut-collared Longspur (n = 19,042), with 27.3% of the total bird counts, followed by
Brewer's Sparrow (11.8%), Lark Bunting (9.4%), Vesper Sparrow (7.8%), and Horned Lark
(7.1%). These 5 species alone constitute >60% of the total counts during 2011. We
estimated annual densities from 2007 to 2011 for 29 grassland bird species (including 18
priority species) and 4 species groups (Ammodramus spp., Ammodramus-Passerculus,
Corvus spp., and Sturnella spp.) in all 16 GPCAs (Appendix B). In this section, we present
and discuss average annual species’ densities in each GPCA during this 5-year period to
provide a long-term view of the relative importance of each GPCA for the conservation of
various grassland bird species in winter. We also examine gross changes in grassland bird
densities and community structure in each GPCA across years.
Table 1. Annual survey effort in each Chihuahuan Grassland Priority Conservation Area.
Grassland Priority 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Conservation Area Blocks Transects Blocks Transects Blocks Transects Blocks Transects Blocks Transects
Armendaris 6 36
Cuatro Ciénegas 3 18 3 18 3 18 3 18
Cuchillas de la Zarca 16 24 16 96 16 96 17 102 17 102
Janos 13 73 13 78 13 78 14 84 22 132
Lagunas del Este 13 76 13 76 12 72
Llano Las Amapolas 1 6
Malpaís 6 36 6 36
Mapimí 12 23 12 71 13 76 14 78 13 75
Marfa 14 78 13 77 13 78
New Mexico Bootheel 25 146
Otero Mesa 6 36
Sonoita 2 12 5 36 5 36 13 78
Sulphur Springs 11 78
El Tokio 9 9 7 60 8 62 8 60 11 62
Valles Centrales 21 58 21 126 21 126 22 132 31 186
Valle Colombia 1 6 6 36 6 36 6 36 6 36
All GPCAs 75 211 80 497 112 682 121 735 193 1159

Total grassland bird density (all 29 species analyzed combined) was similar across
years, except with substantially higher densities in 2009 across the Chihuahuan Desert
GPCAs (Fig. 4). This temporal pattern is present in Mapimí, Valle Colombia, Valles
Centrales, Lagunas del Este, Llano Las Amapolas, and Marfa, although the latter 3 GPCAs
have only been surveyed since 2009. The rest of the GPCAs show either different trends or
lack of sufficient years to visualize any trend. Densities at Cuchillas de la Zarca have
steadily increased since 2007 (except for 2011), and there appear to be decreasing trends in
Janos and Sonoita (see GPCA accounts below). Given that summer precipitation has been
shown to be strongly correlated with grassland bird densities in the Chihuahuan Desert
(Dunning and Brown 1982, Macias-Duarte et al. 2009), changes in grassland bird densities
throughout the Chihuahuan Desert may correspond to changes in the distribution of
precipitation and therefore, changes in the distribution of food resources. This hypothesis
will be further evaluated in future reports and publications.
Average total wintering grassland bird density in the region was roughly 700 birds
km-2 across all GPCAs and years (Fig. 4). However, the 5-year average wintering grassland
bird density in each GPCA differed among GPCAs (Fig. 5). In decreasing order, Cuchillas
de la Zarca, Otero Mesa, Lagunas del Este, Malpaís, Mapimí, New Mexico Bootheel and
Janos had the highest average grassland bird densities. Combined grassland bird density
was significantly lower in Cuatro Ciénegas than in other GPCAs. In most GPCAs, the
combined grassland bird density was mostly driven by variation in a few dominant species
(see GPCA accounts).
1200
1000
Posterior mean density (birds km2)
800
600
400
200
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Fig. 4. Mean density of wintering grassland birds (29 species combined) across all
Grassland Priority Conservation Areas from 2007-2011.

1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Lagunas del Este
Mapimi
Malpais
New Mexico Bootheel

Otero Mesa
Janos
Valles Centrales
Marfa
Llano Las Amapolas
Sonoita
Sulphur Springs
Valle Colombia
El Tokio
Armendaris
Cuatro Cienegas
Fig. 5. Five-year average (2007-2011) wintering grassland bird density (29 spp. combined)
in each Grassland Priority Conservation Area.

Abundance and species diversity at Grassland Priority Conservation Areas

In this section, we describe total annual grassland bird abundance and composition at each
GPCA. These GPCA accounts allow a quick assessment the relative importance of each
GPCA in the conservation of each grassland bird species. Total annual densities are
calculated as the sum of species' mean posterior density and annual mean densities per
species is computed as the average of mean annual posterior density (see Appendix B).
Detailed descriptions for habitat characteristics and land ownership for each GPCA are
provided in Panjabi et al. (2010a), and Pool and Panjabi (2011). Note that species lacking
data in bar graphs indicates no detections.
Armendaris
We surveyed Armendaris only in 2011 and therefore caution should be taken when making
comparisons to average statistics with other GPCAs. Average bird density is one of the
lowest (276.9 birds km-2) among all GPCA. Species richness (21 species) and species
diversity (H = 3.36) in Armendaris is low and ranking in the 14th and 13th place among
GPCAs, respectively. Chestnut-collared Longspur is the most abundant species with 43.1%
of the total average abundance. Together with Lark Bunting, Horned Lark, Brewer's
Sparrow, and Clay-colored Sparrow, these 5 species account for 97.7% of the total average
density in this GPCA. No grassland species reaches its maximum density in Armendaris. A
large portion of wintering grassland species (62%) are absent in this GPCA, including
Savannah Sparrow, Vesper Sparrow, and Western Meadowlark among others.
Bird species composition in Armendaris shows affinity with its neighboring GPCA
Otero Mesa, and more surprisingly with GPCA Llano Las Amapolas in eastern Chihuahua.
Cuatro Ciénegas
Cuatro Ciénegas has the lowest density of grassland birds among all GPCAs (Fig. 5) with
132.2 birds km-2. Average annual density increased dramatically from 2007 to 2009
followed by a decrease in 2010 (Fig. 8). Low grassland bird abundance and variability in
grassland bird presence and abundance over time underscores the need for long-term
studies to fully assess grassland bird community structure this GPCA.
Species richness (41 species) and species diversity (H = 3.84) in Cuatro Ciénegas
are relatively low and ranking in 13th and 10th place among GPCAs, respectively. The
most abundant species is Horned Lark, which outnumbers all other bird species, and
comprises 76.5% of the total average density, followed by Lark Bunting, Eastern
Meadowlark, and Brewer's Sparrow (Fig. 9). Chihuahuan Raven attains its highest density
in Cuatro Ciénegas. Sandhill Crane, Long-billed Curlew, Loggerhead Shrike, Mountain
Bluebird and Sprague’s Pipit can also be found regularly in Cuatro Ciénegas.
Cuatro Ciénegas shows a closer affinity in species composition to its neighboring
GPCA El Tokio, mainly driven by the high representation of Horned Larks in both GPCAs.
This affinity may be related to proximity and not in similarities in grassland habitat because
all bird transects in Cuatro Ciénegas were located in natural grasslands whereas most bird
transects in El Tokio were located in gypsophylic grasslands (Panjabi et al. 2010b). This
affinity may therefore be driven by regional dispersal of Horned Larks, an abundant species
throughout the eastern Chihuahuan Desert grasslands.

Armendaris
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Fig. 6. Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in Armendaris Grassland
Priority Conservation Area.
2
Posterior mean density (birds km )
0 20 40 60 80 100
Lark Bunting
Horned Lark
Brewer's Sparrow
Eastern Meadowlark
Mourning Dove
Loggerhead Shrike
Chihuahuan Raven
Northern Harrier
Red-tailed Hawk
Baird's Sparrow
Sprague's Pipit
Grasshopper Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow
American Kestrel
Burrowing Owl
Cassin's Sparrow
Chipping Sparrow
Ferruginous Hawk
Long-billed Curlew
Mountain Bluebird
Mountain Plover
Say's Phoebe
Savannah Sparrow
Scaled Quail
Short-eared Owl
Western Meadowlark
White-tailed Kite
Fig. 7. Average density of wintering grassland bird species in Armendaris GPCA (2011)

Cuatro Cienegas

250


200

150

100

50
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year

Fig. 8. Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in Cuatro Ciénegas
Grassland Priority Conservation Area.
0 20 40 60 80 100
Horned Lark
Lark Bunting
Eastern Meadowlark
Brewer's Sparrow
Chihuahuan Raven
Loggerhead Shrike
Mourning Dove
Mountain Bluebird
Sprague's Pipit
Long-billed Curlew
Savannah Sparrow
Say's Phoebe
Vesper Sparrow
American Kestrel
Western Meadowlark
Red-tailed Hawk
Northern Harrier
Baird's Sparrow
Burrowing Owl
Cassin's Sparrow
Chipping Sparrow
Ferruginous Hawk
Grasshopper Sparrow
Mountain Plover
Scaled Quail
Short-eared Owl
White-tailed Kite
Fig. 9. Four-year average density of wintering grassland bird species in Cuatro Ciénegas
GPCA (2007-2010)

Cuchillas de la Zarca support the highest density of grassland birds among all GPCAs, with
an average of 1147.3 birds km-2 (Fig. 5). In 2010, the grasslands in Cuchillas de la Zarca
supported nearly 1291 birds km-2 (Figure 10), more than any other GPCA in Mexico.
Grassland bird density increased steadily from 2007 to 2010, but decreased in 2011.
Cuchillas de la Zarca has the most diverse avifauna among GPCAs. Cuchillas de la
Zarca harbors 123 bird species, ranking first in species richness, and has a diversity of H =
4.85, ranking third. Chipping Sparrow is the most abundant species with 28.7% of the total
density (Fig. 11), followed by Vesper Sparrow, Brewer's Sparrow, Grasshopper Sparrow,
and Savannah Sparrow. These species comprise 74.9% percent of the total abundance.
Baird’s Sparrow, Chipping Sparrow, and Mourning Dove are more abundant in Cuchillas
de la Zarca than in any other GPCA, thus making this the most important GPCA for the
conservation of these species in winter. Burrowing Owl, Mountain Plover, and Short-eared
Owl were absent on our transects in Cuchillas de la Zarca.
Cuchillas de la Zarca shows similar composition to its southern GPCA neighbor
Malpaís. Both GPCAs have the same ranking in relative density down to the 4th species
(Fig. 11 and Fig. 19). This result suggest that ecological conditions may remain similar
throughout the Sierra Madre Occidental foothills in Durango.
Janos
Janos supports the only known population of black-tailed prairie dogs in Mexico, which
was once recognized as the largest in the world (55,000 ha) and has been reduced by 73%
since 1988 (Ceballos et al. 2010) by conversion of grassland to cropland, shrub
encroachment and excessive grazing pressure. Average annual density in Janos ranks 7th
(Fig. 5) with 890.69 birds km-2. Total grassland bird density was highest in 2007 and 2009
and lowest in 2010 (Figure 12); the data suggest a decreasing overall trend.
Janos supports one of the highest diversity of birds in the Chihuahuan Desert (H =
4.86). Species richness (102 species) ranks second among GPCAs only after Cuchillas de la
Zarca. Chestnut-collared Longspur is the most abundant species in the area (Figure 13) with
29.9% of the total density. Other common grassland bird species in the area include, in
decreasing order, Vesper Sparrow, Lark Bunting , Savannah Sparrow, and Brewer's
Sparrow. These 5 sparrow species comprise 72% of the total bird abundance in Janos. In
addition, Janos supports large winter populations of Eastern Meadowlarks, Long-billed
Curlews and Mourning Doves relative to the rest of the GPCAs (Appendix B). Golden and
Bald Eagles both occur in Janos in winter, with Golden Eagles also nesting locally. In early
2010, Aplomado Falcons, likely birds dispersed from reintroduction sites in New Mexico,
were also present in the area.
The presence of prairie dogs in Janos creates a suite of ecological conditions that
promote the abundance of threatened grassland birds. Janos is one of only 2 GPCAs that
currently support Mountain Plover populations. The prairie dog complex in Janos also
supports significant numbers of Ferruginous Hawk, Long-billed Curlew, Burrowing Owl
and McCown’s Longspur, among other species.
Janos show affinities in bird species composition to Mapimí and Lagunas del Este.
These 3 GPCAs have a large proportion of natural grasslands and are important
representations of halophytic grasslands. However, it would be expected that the presence
of prairie dogs in both Janos and El Tokio GPCAs would generate similar bird species

1500
1000
500
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Fig. 10. Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in Cuchillas de la Zarca
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Chipping Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow
Brewer's Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Savannah Sparrow
Mourning Dove
Baird's Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Eastern Meadowlark
Scaled Quail
Say's Phoebe
Cassin's Sparrow
Sprague's Pipit
Loggerhead Shrike
Horned Lark
Western Meadowlark
Mountain Bluebird
Chihuahuan Raven
American Kestrel
Northern Harrier
Red-tailed Hawk
Long-billed Curlew
Ferruginous Hawk
White-tailed Kite
Burrowing Owl
Mountain Plover
Short-eared Owl
Fig. 11. Five-year average density of wintering grassland bird species in Cuchillas de la
Zarca (2007-2011)

Janos
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Fig. 12. Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in Janos Grassland
0 50 100 150 200 250
Vesper Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Brewer's Sparrow
Horned Lark
Savannah Sparrow
Mourning Dove
Chipping Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Eastern Meadowlark
Scaled Quail
Baird's Sparrow
Cassin's Sparrow
Loggerhead Shrike
Sprague's Pipit
Western Meadowlark
Chihuahuan Raven
Mountain Bluebird
Long-billed Curlew
Northern Harrier
Burrowing Owl
Short-eared Owl
Say's Phoebe
American Kestrel
Red-tailed Hawk
Mountain Plover
Ferruginous Hawk
White-tailed Kite
Fig. 13. Five-year average density of wintering grassland bird species in Janos GPCA
(2001-2011)

composition in these 2 GPCAs and our cluster analysis would group them together.
However, prairie dog habitat is highly localized in Janos GPCA and relative few randomly-
set transects fell in this habitat type. In addition, most grasslands in Janos are natural
whereas most grasslands in El Tokio are gypsophylic.
Lagunas del Este

Lagunas del Este holds one of the highest densities of wintering grassland birds, with an
annual average of 1,041 birds km-2, ranking third after Cuchillas de la Zarca and Otero
Mesa (Fig. 5). However, bird density has varied significantly from year to year (Fig. 14).
Bird density reached its maximum in 2009 (1910 birds km-2).
Lagunas del Este has intermediate levels of wintering bird diversity relative to other
GPCAs. Species richness (63 species) and species diversity (H = 4.28) rank in 7th and 8th
place among all GPCAs. Chestnut-collared Longspur is the most abundant grassland bird
(average annual density = 306 birds km-2) comprising 29.4% of the total bird abundance,
followed by Vesper Sparrow, Clay-colored Sparrow, Lark Bunting, and Grasshopper
Sparrow (Fig. 15). These 5 species comprise 75.4% of the total bird abundance. Lagunas
del Este is an area of importance for the conservation of Cassin's Sparrow, Clay-colored
Sparrow, Vesper Sparrow, and Mourning Dove, which apparently find suitable conditions
for winter survival and reach their maximum density in this GPCA (Appendix B).
Sprague’s Pipit also occurs in moderate relative abundance. Other birds of interest found in
Lagunas del Este in low to moderate numbers include Ferruginous Hawk, Long-billed
Curlew, Short-eared Owl, Burrowing Owl, Loggerhead Shrike and Mountain Bluebird.
Mountain Plover is the only priority species absent from this GPCA.
Lagunas del Este show its closest affinity in species composition to Janos, although
no prairie dogs exists in Lagunas del Este. This group identified by our hierarchical
clustering analysis is largely the result of sharing the most abundant species: Chestnut-
collared Longspur, Vesper Sparrow and Lark Bunting.
Llano Las Amapolas

We only surveyed 6 transects in a single sampling block in Llano Las Amapolas from 2009
and 2011, due to its relatively small size compared to other GPCAs (Fig 1). Therefore, our
bird density estimates tend to be less precise (show wider 95% credible intervals, Appendix
B) than estimates from other GPCAs with larger sample sizes. Llano Las Amapolas shows
an annual mean density of wintering grassland birds (791.3 birds km-2) similar to the annual
average across GPCAs (Fig. 5). Like other GPCAs, Llano Las Amapolas shows a
maximum annual bird density during 2009 followed by a significant decrease in 2010 (Fig.
16).
Species richness (18 species) and species diversity (H = 3.03) in Llano Las
Amapolas is one of the lowest and ranks 15th for both parameters among GPCAs,
respectively. However, this relative density may be an artifact of low sample size.
Chestnut-collared Longspur is the dominant species accounting for 75.2% of the total bird
density. The next 4 most abundant species are Horned Lark, Brewer's Sparrow, Lark
Bunting, and Vesper Sparrows, accounting for another 18.5% of the total bird density (Fig.
17). Species that show their maximum annual or relatively high density in Llano Las
Amapolas are Horned Lark, Baird's Sparrow and Chestnut-collared Longspur (reaching
1,290 birds km-2 in 2009). This GPCA shows affinity in species composition to Armendaris
and Otero Mesa.

Lagunas del Este
1500
1000
500
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Fig. 14. Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in Lagunas del Este
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Vesper Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Grasshopper Sparrow
Brewer's Sparrow
Chipping Sparrow
Mourning Dove
Horned Lark
Savannah Sparrow
Cassin's Sparrow
Scaled Quail
Eastern Meadowlark
Say's Phoebe
Baird's Sparrow
Western Meadowlark
Loggerhead Shrike
Sprague's Pipit
Northern Harrier
Chihuahuan Raven
American Kestrel
Red-tailed Hawk
Mountain Bluebird
Short-eared Owl
Long-billed Curlew
Burrowing Owl
White-tailed Kite
Ferruginous Hawk
Mountain Plover
Fig. 15. Three-year average density of wintering grassland bird species in Lagunas del Este
GPCA (2009-2011)

Llano Las Amapolas
1500
1000
500
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Fig. 16. Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in Llano Las Amapolas
0 100 200 300 400 500
Horned Lark
Brewer's Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Vesper Sparrow
Baird's Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Savannah Sparrow
Loggerhead Shrike
Sprague's Pipit
Eastern Meadowlark
American Kestrel
Northern Harrier
Chihuahuan Raven
Western Meadowlark
Burrowing Owl
Cassin's Sparrow
Chipping Sparrow
Ferruginous Hawk
Long-billed Curlew
Mountain Bluebird
Mourning Dove
Mountain Plover
Red-tailed Hawk
Say's Phoebe
Scaled Quail
Short-eared Owl
White-tailed Kite
Fig. 17. Three-year average density of wintering grassland bird species in Llano Las
Amapolas GPCA (2007-2011).

Malpaís
Malpaís has only been surveyed twice (2010 and 2011) and overall average estimates for
this GPCA may not be representative of long-term conditions. Nevertheless, we have
documented one of the largest densities of grassland birds in this GPCA, with an average
winter density of 1,040 birds km-2, ranking 4th for bird density (Fig 5). Bird density
remained high in both years surveyed with 1152 and 927 birds km-2, respectively (Fig. 18).
Malpaís attains a high biodiversity with 99 bird species (36 above the average
across GPCAs) and a species diversity of H=5.01, ranking first among GPCAs in the latter.
Chipping sparrow is the most abundant species in this GPCA, accounting for 28% of the
relative density, followed by Vesper Sparrow, Brewer's Sparrow, Grasshopper Sparrow and
Clay-colored Sparrow (Fig. 19). These 5 species account for 83.7% of the relative density.
Malpaís harbors maximum or near maximum densities for Chipping Sparrow, Grasshopper
Sparrow, Loggerhead Shrike and Red-tailed Hawk and should be considered an area of
conservation importance for these species. Chestnut-collared Longspur, Burrowing Owl,
Long-billed Curlew, Mountain Plover, and Short-eared Owl have not been recorded in
Malpaís during 2 years of winter surveys.
Malpaís shows a close affinity in species composition to Cuchillas de la Zarca,
constituting the Southern Sierra Madre Occidental Foothills cluster. Both GPCAs share the
same species' abundance ranking in the first 4 species.
Mapimí
Grassland bird density at Mapimí in 2009 was the highest ever recorded among all GPCAs
with 2,190 birds km-2, 6.6 times higher than the lowest density recorded in 2011 (Fig. 20).
Average annual density in Mapimí was 1,004 birds km-2, ranking 5th among all GPCAs
(Fig. 5).
Mapimí has an intermediate level of diversity in its wintering bird community
among GPCAs. Species richness (75 species) and species diversity (H = 4.32) rank 6th and
7th among all GPCAs. Lark Bunting was the dominant species, accounting for 30.5% of the
total relative density, followed by Brewer's Sparrow, Vesper Sparrow, and Grasshopper
Sparrow (Fig. 21). These 5 species account for 81.6% of the total relative abundance.
Mapimí is an area of conservation importance for several species that occur at
maximum or near maximum densities, such as Brewer's Sparrow, Grasshopper Sparrow,
Vesper Sparrow, Lark Bunting, Mountain Bluebird, Scaled Quail, Long-billed Curlew,
Short-eared Owl, Loggerhead Shrike and Say's Phoebe. Among the 29 grassland bird
species analyzed in this report, Mountain Plover is the only species that has not been
sighted on our transects in Mapimí.
Mapimí shows affinity with the avifauna of Janos and Valles Centrales. Grasslands
in these 3 GPCAs are mainly natural and halophytic grasslands. After Cuatro Ciénegas,
these 3 GPCAs have the largest proportion of halophytic grasslands among all GPCAs.
These results suggest a close correspondence between habitat and species guilds and
highlight the importance of preserving halophytic grasslands.

Malpais
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Fig. 18. Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in Malpaís Grassland
0 50 100 150 200 250
Chipping Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow
Brewer's Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Savannah Sparrow
Mourning Dove
Baird's Sparrow
Loggerhead Shrike
Say's Phoebe
Eastern Meadowlark
Scaled Quail
Cassin's Sparrow
Sprague's Pipit
Horned Lark
American Kestrel
Mountain Bluebird
Red-tailed Hawk
Chihuahuan Raven
Northern Harrier
Western Meadowlark
Ferruginous Hawk
White-tailed Kite
Burrowing Owl
Long-billed Curlew
Mountain Plover
Short-eared Owl
Fig. 19. Five-year average density of wintering grassland bird species in Malpaís GPCA
(2007-2011).

Mapimi
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Fig. 20. Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in Mapimí Grassland
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Lark Bunting
Brewer's Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Mourning Dove
Savannah Sparrow
Chipping Sparrow
Horned Lark
Say's Phoebe
Scaled Quail
Eastern Meadowlark
Mountain Bluebird
Loggerhead Shrike
Short-eared Owl
Baird's Sparrow
Western Meadowlark
Long-billed Curlew
Northern Harrier
American Kestrel
Burrowing Owl
Sprague's Pipit
Cassin's Sparrow
Red-tailed Hawk
Chihuahuan Raven
White-tailed Kite
Ferruginous Hawk
Mountain Plover
Fig. 21. Five-year average density of wintering grassland bird species in Mapimí GPCA
(2007-2011).

Marfa
Marfa showed a maximum bird density in 2009 similar to other GPCAs, with 978.2 birds
km-2, followed by a dramatic decrease in 2010 and 2011 (Fig. 22). However, this area
shows a relatively low average annual density, with 518.8 birds km-2 (Fig. 5). Marfa has
intermediate levels of diversity in its wintering bird community among GPCAs. Species
richness (60 species) and species diversity (H = 4.49) rank 8th and 7th among all GPCAs.
Chestnut-collared Longspur is the most abundant species, accounting for 46.4% of the
annual bird abundance, followed by Vesper Sparrow, Horned Lark, Savannah Sparrow and
Grasshopper Sparrow. Marfa is an area of conservation importance to Western
Meadowlark, which attained its maximum recorded annual density in this GPCA (10.1
birds km-2, Appendix B). Marfa, along with Valle Colombia and Lagunas del Este, is an
area of conservation importance for Cassin's Sparrows, whose average annual density is 6.8
birds km-2. Species that have not been observed in this GPCA are Mountain Plover, Short-
eared Owl, and White-tailed Kite.
Marfa's avifauna show affinities to Valle Colombia's avifauna and form the Trans-
Rio Grande region (Fig. 2). Interestingly, Marfa and Valle Colombia have the largest
proportion of private ownership, with 95 and 100% of the GPCA's transects being located
in private lands, respectively (Panjabi et al. 2010b).
New Mexico Bootheel

New Mexico Bootheel was incorporated in our study in 2011 and therefore we have data
for only one year and no temporal trends can be identified for this GPCA. Mean annual
density in the New Mexico Bootheel is 976.9 birds km-2, ranking 6th in bird density among
GPCAs (Fig. 5).
New Mexico Bootheel attained a relatively low level of diversity in its wintering
bird community among GPCAs, with a species richness of 45 species (18 species below the
average) and species diversity rank (H = 3.63) of 12th and 11th place among all GPCAs.
Again, this low diversity may be an artifact of low sample size from only a single year.
Chestnut-collared Longspur is the most abundant grassland bird species, accounting for
35.4% of the relative density, followed by Brewer's Sparrow, Horned Lark, Lark Bunting
and Vesper Sparrow (Fig. 25). These 5 species account for 89.8% of the total density. New
Mexico Bootheel is an area of conservation importance for Horned Lark and Brewer's
Sparrow that attained one of the largest densities among GPCAs. Grassland species that
have not been recorded in our transects are Burrowing, Long-billed Curlew, Mountain
Bluebird, Mountain Plover, Short-eared Owl and White-tailed Kite.
New Mexico Bootheel avifauna shows affinity with that of its neighboring GPCA
Sulphur Springs in southeastern Arizona. This cluster suggest that New Mexico Bootheel
and Sulphur Springs, by virtue of their proximity, share ecological conditions that lead to
similar avifauna and could be managed as one GPCA.

Marfa
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Fig. 22. Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in Marfa Grassland
2
0 50 100 150 200
Vesper Sparrow
Horned Lark
Savannah Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Chipping Sparrow
Brewer's Sparrow
Western Meadowlark
Mourning Dove
Eastern Meadowlark
Cassin's Sparrow
Scaled Quail
Sprague's Pipit
Baird's Sparrow
Loggerhead Shrike
Northern Harrier
Mountain Bluebird
Chihuahuan Raven
Say's Phoebe
American Kestrel
Long-billed Curlew
Red-tailed Hawk
Burrowing Owl
Ferruginous Hawk
Mountain Plover
Short-eared Owl
White-tailed Kite
Fig. 23. Three-year average density of wintering grassland bird species in Marfa GPCA
(2007-2011).

New Mexico Bootheel
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Fig. 24. Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in Malpaís Grassland
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Brewer's Sparrow
Horned Lark
Lark Bunting
Vesper Sparrow
Savannah Sparrow
Chipping Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Eastern Meadowlark
Mourning Dove
Scaled Quail
Baird's Sparrow
Cassin's Sparrow
Western Meadowlark
Chihuahuan Raven
Loggerhead Shrike
Sprague's Pipit
Red-tailed Hawk
Northern Harrier
Say's Phoebe
American Kestrel
Ferruginous Hawk
Burrowing Owl
Long-billed Curlew
Mountain Bluebird
Mountain Plover
Short-eared Owl
White-tailed Kite
Fig. 25. Average density of wintering grassland bird species in New Mexico Bootheel
GPCA (2011).

Otero Mesa
Otero Mesa was incorporated in 2011 into our large-scale monitoring effort throughout the
Chihuahuan Desert, and therefore with only one year of abundance data, we cannot fully
characterize species presence, abundance and composition. Otero Mesa appears to be an
area of conservation importance for grassland birds, ranking second in annual bird
abundance after Cuchillas de la Zarca, with 1082.4 birds km-2 (Figs. 5 and 26). The large
density of grassland birds observed in this area does not correspond to a relatively large
diversity. Species richness (21 species) and species diversity (H = 2.69) in Otero Mesa is
among the lowest, ranking 15th and 16th among GPCAs, respectively. Most of the species
abundance reflects Chestnut-collared Longspur, which represents 74.6% of the relative
density, followed by Horned Lark (9.8%), Brewer's Sparrow (4.9%), Chipping Sparrow
(4.2%) and Lark Bunting (2.2%, Fig. 27). In addition, 13 out of the 29 grassland bird focal
species were not observed in our line transects in Otero Mesa, including Sprague's Pipit,
Burrowing Owl, Cassin's Sparrow, Say's Phoebe, and Scaled Quail. Nevertheless, Otero
Mesa is an area of conservation importance to Chestnut-collared Longspurs, which attained
its maximum annual density in this GPCA. Otero Mesa shows affinity in species
composition to Armendaris to form the Northern region. This affinity is mainly due to the
dominance of Chestnut-collared Longspur in both areas.
Sonoita
Sonoita shows a relatively low abundance of grassland birds, with a mean annual density of
526.3 birds km-2 ranking only above Armendaris, Cuatro Ciénegas, Marfa and El Tokio
(Fig. 5). Sonoita did not show the recurrent pattern of maximum bird abundance in 2009 as
other GPCAs (Fig. 4), but rather shows a declining trend since 2008 when monitoring of
this GPCA started (Fig. 28). However, sampling on the U.S. side of this binational GPCA
began only in 2011, thus estimates for this area should be interpreted with caution.
Sonoita harbors intermediate levels of diversity in its wintering bird community
among GPCAs, with a species richness of 87 species (24 species above the average) and
species diversity of H = 4.67, ranking 5th among all GPCAs in both parameters.
Dominance in species abundance is shared by Vesper Sparrow and Chestnut-collared
Longspur, both accounting for the 40.1% of the total density, although their densities here
are considerably lower than in some other GPCAs (Fig. 29). Other grassland birds
wintering in the area in significant numbers include Northern Harrier and Eastern
Meadowlark which occur in their highest density here relative to other GPCAs (Appendix
B). Other grassland birds of interest include six Aplomado Falcons observed here in early
2010, likely wandering birds from adjacent states, as none are known to nest here. Absent
species from our survey transects include Burrowing Owl, Ferruginous Hawk, Mountain
Bluebird and Short-eared Owl.
Sonoita has a closer affinity in species composition to Valles Centrales and not to its
neighboring GPCAs Sulphur Springs and New Mexico Bootheel. This affinity may be
mainly due to the relative importance of both Vesper Sparrow and Chestnut-collared
Longspur in their winter avifauna.

Otero Mesa
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Fig. 26 Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in Malpaís Grassland
0 200 400 600 800
Horned Lark
Brewer's Sparrow
Chipping Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Grasshopper Sparrow
Savannah Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow
Eastern Meadowlark
Baird's Sparrow
Mourning Dove
Western Meadowlark
Short-eared Owl
Northern Harrier
Red-tailed Hawk
Ferruginous Hawk
American Kestrel
Burrowing Owl
Cassin's Sparrow
Chihuahuan Raven
Loggerhead Shrike
Long-billed Curlew
Mountain Bluebird
Mountain Plover
Say's Phoebe
Scaled Quail
Sprague's Pipit
White-tailed Kite
Fig. 27. Average density of wintering grassland bird species in Otero Mesa GPCA (2011).

Sonoita
800
600
400
200
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Fig. 28 Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in Sonoita Grassland
0 20 40 60 80 100
Vesper Sparrow
Horned Lark
Savannah Sparrow
Chipping Sparrow
Brewer's Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Grasshopper Sparrow
Eastern Meadowlark
Mourning Dove
Baird's Sparrow
Scaled Quail
Say's Phoebe
Sprague's Pipit
Northern Harrier
Cassin's Sparrow
Loggerhead Shrike
Chihuahuan Raven
American Kestrel
Red-tailed Hawk
Western Meadowlark
White-tailed Kite
Burrowing Owl
Ferruginous Hawk
Long-billed Curlew
Mountain Bluebird
Mountain Plover
Short-eared Owl
Fig. 29. Four-year average density of wintering grassland bird species in Sonoita GPCA
(2008-2011).

Sulphur Springs
Sulphur Springs is among the GPCAs added in 2011. Again, we have not fully
characterized species presence, abundance and composition with only one year of
sampling. Sulphur Springs harbors winter bird densities near the average density across
GPCAs, with 715.1 birds km-2 (Figs. 5 and 30).
Sulphur Springs has intermediate levels of diversity in its wintering bird community
among GPCAs with a species richness of 55 species (8 species below the average) and
species diversity of H = 4.15, ranking 10th and 9th among all GPCAs, respectively. Vesper
Sparrow and Brewer's Sparrows are co-dominant species in this GPCA, both accounting for
52.3% of the species abundance, followed by Lark Bunting, Savannah Sparrow and
Chipping Sparrow (Fig. 31). These five sparrow species account for 77.7% of the total bird
density. Sulphur Springs (and its neighboring GPCA New Mexico Bootheel) is apparently
an area of conservation importance for Brewer's Sparrow where the species attains a
relatively large density. Grassland species undetected in our bird surveys include Baird's
Sparrow, Sprague's Pipit, Burrowing Owl, Mountain Bluebird, Short-eared Owl and White-
tailed Kite. As mentioned before, Sulphur Springs species composition is more similar to
that of New Mexico Bootheel, it’s neighboring GPCA.
El Tokio
El Tokio GPCA is one of the largest Chihuahuan Desert GPCAs, encompassing nearly
9,364 km2 of Chihuahuan Desert shrubland, grasslands, woodlands and croplands in the
borderlands region of southern Coahuila, southwestern Nuevo Leon, northeastern Zacatecas
and northern San Luis Potosí (Figure 1). El Tokio grasslands are well-known for being the
only home of the Mexican prairie dog (Cynomys mexicanus), which in turn supports a large
assemblage of wintering prairie dog associated species, including Long-billed Curlew,
Mountain Plover and Burrowing Owl. Threats to grasslands in El Tokio include conversion
to cropland and excessive grazing pressure. El Tokio grasslands are primarily gypsophytic
grasslands (80%), which tend to be short-statured and sparsely vegetated. El Tokio shows
one of the lowest grassland bird densities among GPCAs, with an average annual density of
399.7 bird km-2 (Figs. 5), only higher than that of Armendaris and Cuatro Ciénegas. No
trend in grassland bird density is apparent from our annual density estimates, although the
minimum density was observed in 2011 (Fig. 32), when the region underwent a severe
drought. With an average density of 301.3 birds km-2, Horned Larks comprise 75.8% of all
grassland birds in El Tokio. Although species richness is at intermediate level in this GPCA
(60 species) ranking 9th, the large dominance of Horned Larks reduces species diversity (H
= 3.31) and ranks El Tokio 14th in this latter parameter. Savannah Sparrow, Lark Bunting,
Vesper Sparrow and Sprague's Pipit are the next most abundant species, accounting for
only an additional 10.7% of the relative density (Fig. 33). Despite its low species diversity,
El Tokio is an area of particular conservation importance to Sprague’s Pipit, Ferruginous
Hawk and Mountain Plover, which occur in their maximum densities (Appendix B). In
addition, El Tokio harbors the endemic Worthen’s Sparrow, with 179 birds observed by
field crews as part of this project. Baird's Sparrow, Short-eared Owl, and White-tailed Kite
were not recorded in our surveys at this GPCA.
El Tokio and Cuatro Ciénegas show the greatest affinity in bird species composition
among all groups of GPCAs, mainly due to the fact that Horned Larks are the dominant
species at both GPCAs.

Sulphur Springs
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Fig. 30. Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in Sulphur Springs
0 50 100 150
Vesper Sparrow
Brewer's Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Savannah Sparrow
Chipping Sparrow
Horned Lark
Grasshopper Sparrow
Mourning Dove
Eastern Meadowlark
Scaled Quail
Cassin's Sparrow
Loggerhead Shrike
Say's Phoebe
Chihuahuan Raven
Western Meadowlark
Northern Harrier
Red-tailed Hawk
American Kestrel
Ferruginous Hawk
Baird's Sparrow
Burrowing Owl
Long-billed Curlew
Mountain Bluebird
Mountain Plover
Short-eared Owl
Sprague's Pipit
White-tailed Kite
Fig. 31. Average density of wintering grassland bird species in Sulphur Springs GPCA
(2011).

El Tokio
500
400
300
200
100
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Fig. 32. Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in El Tokio Grassland
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Horned Lark
Savannah Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Vesper Sparrow
Sprague's Pipit
Chipping Sparrow
Mourning Dove
Grasshopper Sparrow
Brewer's Sparrow
Mountain Plover
Say's Phoebe
Mountain Bluebird
Eastern Meadowlark
Scaled Quail
o o
Western Meadowlark
Loggerhead Shrike
Burrowing Owl
American Kestrel
Chihuahuan Raven
Ferruginous Hawk
Cassin's Sparrow
Long-billed Curlew
Red-tailed Hawk
Northern Harrier
Baird's Sparrow
Short-eared Owl
White-tailed Kite
Fig. 33. Five-year average density of wintering grassland bird species in El Tokio GPCA
(2007-2011).

Valle Colombia
Valle Colombia harbors a near-average density of wintering grassland bird populations,
with an average annual density of 601.8 birds km-2 (Fig. 5). Valle Colombia shows the
typical annual trend in bird abundance, with a peak for the winter of 2009 (1492.8 birds km-
2
) and low densities otherwise (Figs. 4 and 34). Valle Colombia has a relatively low species
diversity (54 species, 9 species below the average) and low diversity index (H = 3.52).
Savannah Sparrow and Vesper Sparrow are co-dominant species, accounting for 67.7% of
the relative density, followed by Grasshopper Sparrow, Chestnut-collared Longspur, and
Lark Bunting. These 5 species account for 84.7% of the total relative density in Valle
Colombia. Valle Colombia has supported the highest average densities of Savannah
Sparrows among any GPCA, with 615.1 birds km-2 in 2009. Vesper and Grasshopper
Sparrow densities have also been exceptionally high in Valle Colombia. Despite its
northerly location, Chestnut-collared Longspur densities have been relatively low (Fig. 35).
Other grasslands species found in high abundance in this GPCA include American Kestrel,
Cassin's Sparrow, Sprague's Pipit, Mountain Bluebird and Eastern Meadowlark. Species
absent from our bird surveys in Valle Colombia include Long-billed Curlew, Mountain
Plover, Burrowing Owl and White-tailed Kite. Because only 1 sampling block with 6 km of
transect was retained from 2007, little weight should be given to results from that year.
Valle Colombia winter avifauna show its closest affinity to Marfa GPCA in West Texas
(Fig. 2).
Valles Centrales
Valles Centrales is the largest GPCA in Mexico, encompassing 10,316 km2 of Chihuahuan
Desert shrubland, grassland, woodland and cropland in central Chihuahua (Figure 1).
Clearing of native grassland for new croplands is expanding rapidly in Valles Centrales and
threatens to greatly reduce habitat available to a large number of grassland species (Macias-
Duarte et al. 2009, Panjabi et al. 2010b). In addition, Valles Centrales harbors the last
known native populations of desert-dwelling Aplomado Falcons in North America
(Montoya et al. 1997, Macias-Duarte et al. 2004), which is threatened with imminent
extirpation due to the agricultural expansion within the Valles Centrales.
Valles Centrales has a diverse winter avifauna with 91 species recorded in transects
(28 species above the GPCA average) ranking 4th among all GPCAs. Valles Centrales
harbors wintering grassland birds at densities similar to the average density across GPCAs
(Fig. 5) with an average annual density of 673.4 birds km-2. Bird density reached its
maximum in 2007 at 1026.1 birds km-2, dropped 75% in 2008, and then continued
increasing to reach 824.3 birds km-2 in 2011 (Fig. 36). These densities are comparable to
those reported by Macias-Duarte et al. (2009) in the area, although density increased to
nearly 7 times this level of bird density in the winter of 2005 (not covered in our study),
which was preceded by a year of extraordinarily high summer precipitation. This result
shows that Valles Centrales, as well as other GPCAs can hold even larger densities of
grassland birds than the estimates reported here. Therefore, large inter-annual variation in
bird species abundance in Valles Centrales suggest the need for long-term studies to
accurately characterize grassland bird use in any given area.
Species diversity (91 species recorded) and Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H =
4.35) are at intermediate levels in Valles Centrales. On average, Chestnut-collared
Longspur is the most abundant species in Valles Centrales, accounting for 36.9% of the
total density, followed by Vesper Sparrow, Brewer's Sparrow, Savannah Sparrow and

Horned Lark (Fig. 37). Macias-Duarte et al. (2009) reported a larger representation of Lark
Bunting and Horned Lark in the area. No grassland bird species reached its maximum
density in this GPCA. Other birds of note found here in significant numbers include
Northern Harrier, Prairie Falcon, Merlin, Golden Eagle, Short-eared Owl, Burrowing Owl,
Sandhill Crane, Loggerhead Shrike, Cassin’s Sparrow, Clay-colored Sparrow and
McCown’s Longspur. Mountain Plover is the only grassland species absent from our
transects in Valles Centrales.
Valles Centrales shows a closer affinity in species composition to Sonoita rather
than to neighboring GPCAs. The presence of Aplomado Falcons, a strict grassland-obligate
species (Macias-Duarte et al. 2004), in both Sonoita and Valles Centrales supports that the
grouping identified by our cluster analysis corresponds to convergence in ecological
conditions.

Valle Colombia
1500
1000
500
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Fig. 34 Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in Sulphur Springs
2
0 50 100 150 200
Savannah Sparrow
Vesper Sparrow
Grasshopper Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Chipping Sparrow
Mourning Dove
Eastern Meadowlark
Brewer's Sparrow
Horned Lark
Baird's Sparrow
Sprague's Pipit
Cassin's Sparrow
Scaled Quail
Western Meadowlark
Loggerhead Shrike
Mountain Bluebird
Say's Phoebe
American Kestrel
Chihuahuan Raven
Northern Harrier
Red-tailed Hawk
Short-eared Owl
Ferruginous Hawk
Burrowing Owl
Long-billed Curlew
Mountain Plover
White-tailed Kite
Fig. 35. Five-year average density of wintering grassland bird species in Valle Colombia
GPCA (2007-2011).

Valles Centrales
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Fig. 36. Annual posterior mean bird density and standard deviation in Valles Centrales
0 50 100 150 200
Vesper Sparrow
Brewer's Sparrow
Savannah Sparrow
Horned Lark
Grasshopper Sparrow
Lark Bunting
Chipping Sparrow
Mourning Dove
Baird's Sparrow
Valles Centrales
Eastern Meadowlark
Scaled Quail
Cassin's Sparrow
Sprague's Pipit
Loggerhead Shrike
Say's Phoebe
Short-eared Owl
Northern Harrier
Chihuahuan Raven
Western Meadowlark
Red-tailed Hawk
American Kestrel
Mountain Bluebird
Burrowing Owl
Long-billed Curlew
White-tailed Kite
Ferruginous Hawk
Mountain Plover
Fig. 37. Five-year average density of wintering grassland bird species in Valles Centrales
GPCA (2007-2011).

Concluding remarks
Winter grassland bird communities throughout the Chihuahuan Desert are highly variable
in abundance and composition from winter to winter. Bird densities may change in orders
of magnitude at the GPCA level and bird species may reach their maxima at different
GPCAs in different years. These results suggest that migratory grassland birds have low
site fidelity in the wintering grounds and their movement may be largely governed by
annual changes in the distribution of resources required for winter survival. Food limitation
has been hypothesized to be the primary factor driving bird distribution in Chihuahuan
Desert grasslands during the winter (Dunning and Brown 1982, Macias-Duarte et al. 2009),
which in turn may be largely governed by summer precipitation. In this regard, this project
is providing valuable information that will enable us to further explore, among other topics,
the influence of climate, particularly precipitation, in the abundance and distribution of
grassland birds in winter and the consequences of climate change for the persistence of
grassland birds in North America. However, large annual variability in species distribution
throughout the Chihuahuan Desert poses a challenge to the conservation of grassland birds
since no subset of GPCAs may suffice to protect all species.
In spite of the large annual variability in grassland bird abundance, some patterns
are evident. Most of the species abundance (>50%) resides in less than 5 species for all
GPCAs, a recurrent pattern that has been identified in other studies (Manzano-Fischer et al.
1999, Macias-Duarte et al. 2009). Dominant species at GPCAs include Chestnut-collared
Longspur, Lark Bunting, Vesper Sparrow, Horned Lark, Brewer Sparrow, and Savannah
Sparrow. All these species have significant declining trends in their breeding grounds
according to the North American Breeding Bird Survey. Analysis of biodiversity measures,
mainly species richness and Shannon's diversity index show that in order to optimize
biodiversity conservation, Cuchillas de la Zarca, Janos, and Malpaís should be effectively
protected. These 3 GPCAs have the highest species richness and since they belong to
different clusters of GPCAs (as identified by our hierarchical cluster analysis, Fig. 2),
protection of different grassland bird guilds can be achieved. Furthermore, protection of El
Tokio and Valles Centrales must also be sought since these GPCAs harbor important
populations of federally-recognized threatened and endangered birds and other wildlife in
Mexico, including Aplomado Falcon, Mountain Plover, Mexican prairie dog, Pronghorn
and others (SEMARNAT 2010).
This research has also demonstrated that there is a strong relationship between
vegetation structure and bird species abundance in Chihuahuan Desert grasslands (Panjabi
et al. 2010a). These relationships have allowed us to develop species' habitat models to
predict bird abundance in relation to changes in grassland conditions. Information
generated by this project on five priority bird species’ habitat needs will soon be available
to land managers and ranchers interested in improving range conditions for grassland bird
conservation through Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory (rmbo.org) and Rio Grande Joint
Venture (rgjv.org). Incorporating new data (from 2012 and beyond) and further refining our
modeling approaches will enable us to set guidelines for habitat management to achieve
target population levels.

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Grassland Birds in the State of Chihuahua, Mexico. Auk 126:896-905.
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Appendix A. Numbers of bird species observed in each GPCA from 2007-2011
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
Common Name Scientific Name Year Total
100km
Black-bellied
Dendrocygna autumnalis 2009 2 2 0.02
Whistling-Duck
Greater White- 2009 5192 5192 39.67

Anser albifrons
fronted Goose 78
2011 78 0.57
2008 2036 193 2229 39.29
2009 2985 1 105 3091 23.62

Snow Goose Chen caerulescens
2010 817 6 823 8.62
2011 4786 4786 34.94
2010 14 14 0.15
Ross's Goose Chen rossii
2011 6 6 0.04
2007 55 55 1.43
2008 4 4 0.07
Gadwall Anas strepera 2009 17 17 0.13
2010 23 23 0.24
2011 13 11 24 0.18
2008 7 7 0.12
American Wigeon Anas americana 2009 6 1 7 0.05
2010 2 2 0.02
2007 4 21 25 0.65
2008 1 1 0.02
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 2009 2 3 5 0.04
2010 7 10 17 0.18
2011 6 13 11 30 0.22
Blue-winged Teal Anas discors 2007 2 2 0.05
Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera 2011 6 6 0.04

A-1
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2007 130 130 3.39
2008 35 3 38 0.67
Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata 2009 41 353 394 3.01
2010 2 30 7 2 41 0.43
2011 58 55 8 121 0.88
2007 3 3 0.08
2008 2 2 0.04
Northern Pintail Anas acuta 2009 23 23 0.18
2010 9 2 11 0.12
2011 19 19 0.14
2007 18 18 0.47
2008 35 35 0.62
Green-winged Teal Anas crecca 2009 71 17 88 0.67
2010 22 31 53 0.56
2011 54 2 110 8 174 1.27
2007 1 1 2 0.05
Anas sp. 2009 2 1 3 0.02
2010 1 1 2 0.02
Redhead Aythya americana 2011 24 24 0.18
2008 1 1 0.02
Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris 2009 23 23 0.18
2011 11 11 0.08
2007 15 15 0.39
Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis
2008 1 1 0.02
2007 1 20 21 0.55
2008 40 40 0.71
Bufflehead Bucephala albeola
2009 15 15 0.11
2010 4 3 7 0.07

A-2
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2011 14 27 41 0.30
2009 5 5 0.04
Common
Mergus merganser 2010 1 1 0.01
Merganser
2011 3 3 0.02
2009 2 2 0.02
Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis
2010 5 5 0.05
2007 2 1 3 0.08
Unidentified Duck 2008 1 1 2 0.04

Anatidae
2009 1 1 0.01
2007 22 54 9 25 110 2.87
2008 186 95 65 2 5 450 803 14.15
Scaled Quail Callipepla squamata 2009 126 58 42 44 42 14 1 61 10 398 3.04
2010 98 53 45 1 10 27 234 2.45
2011 37 79 28 26 10 51 8 18 8 19 25 309 2.26
2007 8 8 0.21
2008 26 1 27 0.48
Gambel's Quail Callipepla gambelii 2009 25 25 0.19
2010 11 11 0.12
2011 2 5 2 1 10 0.07
2009 4 4 0.03
Montezuma Quail Cyrtonyx montezumae 2010 14 11 25 0.26
2011 9 9 0.07
Aechmophorus
Western Grebe 2009 31 1 32 0.24
occidentalis
Black Storm-Petrel Oceanodroma melania 2011 8 5 13 0.09
2009 1 1 0.01
Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias 2010 3 3 6 0.06
2011 1 2 3 0.02

A-3
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2009 1 1 2 0.02
Great Egret Ardea alba 2010 1 1 0.01
2011 4 4 0.03
Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 2010 1 1 0.01
Black-crowned 2010 4 4 0.04

Nycticorax nycticorax
Night-Heron 1
2011 1 0.01
2008 7 7 0.12
Black Vulture Coragyps atratus 2010 4 4 0.04
2011 1 1 0.01
2007 57 3 13 1 74 1.93
2008 135 11 47 1 14 208 3.67
Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura 2009 51 5 4 56 4 18 1 139 1.06
2010 67 15 21 39 2 2 37 183 1.92
2011 55 8 29 15 2 10 119 0.87
2007 2 3 3 8 0.21
2008 11 6 2 19 0.33
White-tailed Kite Elanus leucurus 2009 5 4 1 10 0.08
2010 2 1 3 1 7 0.07
2011 1 4 5 0.04
2010 1 1 0.01
Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus
2011 2 1 1 4 0.03
2007 3 34 9 34 80 2.08
2008 1 12 76 22 13 5 60 1 190 3.35
Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus 2009 17 44 42 32 30 14 7 39 17 242 1.85
2010 26 10 21 11 36 9 13 2 24 4 156 1.63
2011 1 26 18 18 2 6 9 9 1 19 15 2 29 6 161 1.18
Sharp-shinned 2007 1 1 0.03

Accipiter striatus
Hawk 1 1
2008 2 0.04

A-4
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2009 1 1 0.01
2010 1 1 2 1 5 0.05
2011 2 1 3 0.02
2007 1 1 0.03
2008 2 1 1 4 0.07
Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii 2009 3 1 4 8 0.06
2010 3 2 5 0.05
2011 1 1 1 1 4 0.03
2007 5 2 1 8 0.21
2008 5 15 1 21 0.37
Harris's Hawk Parabuteo unicinctus 2009 3 2 2 7 0.05
2010 2 3 3 1 9 0.09
2011 1 3 4 0.03
2007 2 2 0.05
2008 1 1 2 0.04
Unidentified Hawk
2009 1 3 1 5 0.04
2011 1 1 2 0.01
White-tailed Hawk Buteo albicaudatus 2010 2 2 0.02
2007 1 6 14 2 23 1 47 1.22
2008 1 32 22 13 4 6 34 2 114 2.01
Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis 2009 13 10 14 10 9 8 7 18 4 93 0.71
2010 15 9 10 17 12 6 9 2 13 1 94 0.98
2011 1 8 14 8 9 1 2 10 1 4 9 4 16 87 0.64
2007 1 1 1 3 0.08
2008 2 7 12 21 0.37
Ferruginous Hawk Buteo regalis 2009 6 3 1 25 2 1 38 0.29
2010 6 2 2 1 2 16 2 31 0.32
2011 6 1 1 2 1 2 1 9 5 3 31 0.23

A-5
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2008 2 1 1 1 1 6 0.11
Buteo sp. 2009 2 1 1 1 5 0.04
2010 1 1 2 4 0.04
2008 2 2 4 0.07
2009 1 2 3 3 9 0.07
Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
2010 1 1 1 2 5 0.05
2011 4 3 1 5 2 2 1 18 0.13
2009 3 3 0.02
Crested Caracara Caracara cheriway
2010 4 4 0.04
2007 8 16 5 2 15 46 1.20
2008 2 37 23 10 3 17 16 10 118 2.08
American Kestrel Falco sparverius 2009 1 46 15 17 33 17 6 18 15 28 196 1.50
2010 35 7 8 15 21 1 22 11 13 133 1.39
2011 28 11 5 1 12 5 3 2 11 3 13 15 5 114 0.83
2007 6 4 2 12 0.31
2008 5 1 6 0.11
Merlin Falco columbarius 2009 4 2 1 7 0.05
2010 2 1 2 1 6 0.06
2011 1 4 1 1 2 1 1 11 0.08
2008 3 3 0.05
2009 2 2 0.02
Aplomado Falcon Falco femoralis
2010 6 3 9 0.09
2011 1 2 3 0.02
2009 1 2 1 4 0.03
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus
2011 1 1 0.01
2007 1 1 2 4 0.10
Prairie Falcon Falco mexicanus 2008 2 3 3 3 11 0.19
2009 1 7 1 1 10 0.08

A-6
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2010 2 2 1 2 7 0.07
2011 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 15 0.11
2008 4 4 0.07
2009 15 15 0.11
American Coot Fulica americana
2010 86 86 0.90
2011 229 1 230 1.68
2007 163 3 186 352 9.17
2008 431 416 1 848 14.95
Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis 2009 69 306 13 388 2.96
2010 81 69 895 280 896 2221 23.26
2011 32 4 70 1431 123 7 7 156 1830 13.36
2007 1 1 0.03
2008 10 2 2 14 0.25
Killdeer Charadrius vociferus 2009 1 18 2 2 1 24 0.18
2010 5 5 4 4 18 0.19
2011 14 4 46 10 5 79 0.58
2007 8 8 0.21
2008 23 33 56 0.99
Mountain Plover Charadrius montanus 2009 9 9 0.07
2010 41 41 0.43
2011 15 15 0.11
Black-necked Stilt Himantopus mexicanus 2010 4 4 0.04
American Avocet Recurvirostra americana 2007 10 10 0.26
Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularius 2008 12 12 0.21
2008 5 7 12 0.21
Greater
Tringa melanoleuca 2009 1 1 0.01
Yellowlegs
2010 4 2 6 0.06
Long-billed Numenius americanus 2007 12 24 2 1 39 1.02

A-7
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
Curlew 21 57 13 5
2008 96 1.69
2009 7 147 2 1 4 161 1.23
2010 14 60 32 12 20 138 1.45
2011 5 5 21 17 48 0.35
Western Sandpiper Calidris mauri 2009 17 17 0.13
2009 13 33 46 0.35
Least Sandpiper Calidris minutilla 2010 3 3 0.03
2011 2 2 0.01
2007 1 1 0.03
Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus
2011 6 6 0.04
Long-billed Limnodromus 2010 7 5 12 0.13

Dowitcher scolopaceus 7 4
2011 11 0.08
2010 1 1 0.01
Wilson's Snipe Gallinago delicata
2011 1 1 0.01
2010 1 1 0.01
Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis
2011 1 1 0.01
2007 7 7 0.18
2008 9 9 0.16
Eurasian Collared-
Streptopelia decaocto 2009 2 8 10 0.08
Dove
2010 6 1 7 0.07
2011 8 8 0.06
2007 10 1 1 12 0.31
2008 33 1 34 0.60
White-winged
Zenaida asiatica 2009 57 2 1 19 79 0.60
Dove
2010 56 1 15 72 0.75
2011 38 1 34 1 74 0.54
2007 5 68 797 62 7 774 1 1714 44.65

Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura
2008 561 378 34 1 72 48 10 1104 19.46

A-8
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2009 452 294 690 219 61 58 14 279 43 2110 16.12
2010 529 279 80 42 62 3 30 34 89 21 1169 12.24
2011 2 406 315 33 74 36 6 35 3 44 30 80 9 1073 7.83
2008 15 15 0.26
Inca Dove Columbina inca
2010 6 27 33 0.35
2007 10 1 3 14 0.36
2008 4 3 1 3 1 6 18 0.32
Greater
Geococcyx californianus 2009 1 3 9 1 1 15 0.11
Roadrunner
2010 1 1 3 2 1 8 0.08
2011 1 1 2 0.01
2007 1 1 0.03
Barn Owl Tyto alba 2008 2 2 0.04
2011 1 1 0.01
2008 2 2 0.04
2009 2 2 0.02
Great Horned Owl Bubo virginianus
2010 1 3 5 9 0.09
2011 1 1 2 0.01
2007 12 4 6 1 23 0.60
2008 31 2 2 9 44 0.78
Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia 2009 6 2 3 3 5 2 21 0.16
2010 5 4 7 16 0.17
2011 2 5 1 2 10 0.07
2007 1 1 0.03
Long-eared Owl Asio otus
2010 1 1 0.01
2007 5 2 6 13 0.34
2008 5 2 6 1 14 0.25
Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus
2009 2 6 5 13 0.10
2010 1 1 15 1 18 0.19

A-9
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2011 2 3 1 1 7 0.05
White-throated
Aeronautes saxatalis 2010 1 1 0.01
Swift
2007 1 1 2 0.05
2008 1 1 0.02
Acorn
Melanerpes formicivorus 2009 1 2 3 0.02
Woodpecker
2010 4 4 0.04
2011 2 2 3 7 0.05
2008 3 3 0.05
Gila Woodpecker Melanerpes uropygialis 2009 2 2 0.02
2011 1 1 0.01
2008 2 2 0.04
Golden-fronted
Melanerpes aurifrons 2010 1 1 2 0.02
Woodpecker
2011 1 3 4 0.03
Williamson's
Sphyrapicus thyroideus 2009 2 2 0.02
Sapsucker
Yellow-bellied 2007 1 1 0.03

Sphyrapicus varius
Sapsucker 2
2010 2 0.02
2007 1 10 1 12 0.31
2008 7 7 4 3 21 0.37
Ladder-backed
Picoides scalaris 2009 1 7 14 2 6 2 5 37 0.28
Woodpecker
2010 11 24 3 9 2 1 5 2 4 4 65 0.68
2011 9 23 15 1 1 5 7 9 2 5 1 78 0.57
Arizona
Picoides arizonae 2010 1 1 0.01
Woodpecker
2007 17 17 0.44
2008 3 25 2 8 3 1 42 0.74
Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus 2009 2 4 5 4 2 17 0.13
2010 5 13 3 1 4 7 3 2 9 47 0.49
2011 8 1 10 1 1 3 4 1 11 40 0.29

A-10
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2007 13 13 0.34
2008 3 19 1 7 3 1 34 0.60
Picoides sp. 2009 2 4 5 4 2 17 0.13
2010 4 14 4 1 3 6 2 1 7 42 0.44
2011 1 1 0.01
2009 12 12 0.09
Gray Flycatcher Empidonax wrightii 2010 15 20 1 36 0.38
2011 40 27 67 0.49
2010 1 1 0.01
Dusky Flycatcher Empidonax oberholseri
2011 1 1 0.01
Cordilleran
Empidonax occidentalis 2010 1 1 0.01
Flycatcher
2007 3 3 0.08
2008 2 2 0.04
Empidonax sp.
2009 1 1 0.01
2010 1 1 0.01
2008 3 2 5 0.09
2009 5 5 0.04
Black Phoebe Sayornis nigricans
2010 2 2 0.02
2011 2 1 3 0.02
2007 1 1 0.03
2008 3 3 0.05
Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe 2009 2 2 0.02
2010 2 2 0.02
2011 1 1 0.01
2007 2 3 8 20 3 19 2 57 1.48
Say's Phoebe Sayornis saya 2008 2 59 8 28 6 17 17 4 141 2.49
2009 1 68 4 81 109 8 10 25 12 4 322 2.46

A-11
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2010 2 64 10 35 23 83 3 6 25 17 4 272 2.85
2011 62 18 34 21 38 1 3 10 8 18 31 6 250 1.82
2007 1 1 0.03
2008 1 11 12 0.21
Vermilion
Pyrocephalus rubinus 2009 9 1 3 1 1 15 0.11
Flycatcher
2010 8 9 17 0.18
2011 1 1 2 0.01
Ash-throated
Myiarchus cinerascens 2010 1 1 0.01
Flycatcher
2007 1 1 0.03
2008 2 2 0.04
Cassin's Kingbird Tyrannus vociferans
2009 1 1 2 0.02
2010 3 3 0.03
Western Kingbird Tyrannus verticalis 2007 1 1 0.03
2008 1 1 0.02
Tyrannus sp.
2009 1 1 0.01
2007 3 8 32 10 3 16 72 1.88
2008 7 78 51 63 2 14 23 12 250 4.41
Loggerhead Shrike Lanius ludovicianus 2009 9 74 46 47 48 20 12 24 49 37 366 2.80
2010 6 58 25 48 34 71 14 6 25 55 16 358 3.75
2011 4 65 33 25 5 32 52 11 28 9 14 15 66 10 369 2.69
Hutton's Vireo Vireo huttoni 2010 1 1 0.01
Western Scrub-Jay Aphelocoma californica 2011 1 1 0.01
2007 1 13 14 0.36
2008 10 7 17 0.30
Mexican Jay Aphelocoma ultramarina 2009 6 6 0.05
2010 16 7 23 0.24
2011 12 10 12 1 35 0.26

A-12
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2007 5 9 38 6 27 1 86 2.24
2008 6 55 19 8 3 11 7 15 124 2.19
Chihuahuan Raven Corvus cryptoleucus 2009 37 36 73 25 10 48 18 34 4 285 2.18
2010 3 18 39 17 1 10 12 2 18 2 122 1.28
2011 1 34 28 47 9 58 45 13 3 14 1 253 1.85
2007 2 18 2 1 5 28 0.73
2008 16 59 5 29 1 10 120 2.12
Common Raven Corvus corax 2009 2 46 9 5 6 30 8 13 119 0.91
2010 14 4 16 2 2 17 6 57 17 3 13 151 1.58
2011 2 20 9 1 1 2 1 43 6 28 8 12 15 1 149 1.09
2007 9 9 0.23
2008 1 36 1 2 6 46 0.81
Corvus sp.
2009 1 14 1 2 3 5 2 28 0.21
2010 7 1 8 0.08
2007 7 199 138 126 470 12.24
2008 127 146 1068 99 35 922 1194 41 3632 64.02
Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris 2009 91 6 485 165 35 108 131 2187 398 24 3630 27.74
2010 107 242 694 615 668 139 317 1717 2120 103 6722 70.40
2011 115 35 417 156 5 16 25 314 1568 176 248 92 732 1066 15 4980 36.35
2007 1 1 0.03
2008 31 1 32 0.56
Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor 2009 16 6 14 5 92 133 1.02
2010 15 16 2 1 6 40 0.42
2011 1 30 3 7 38 79 0.58
Violet-green
Tachycineta thalassina 2009 2 2 0.02
Swallow
2007 4 2 6 0.16
Bridled Titmouse Baeolophus wollweberi 2008 7 7 0.12
2009 4 14 18 0.14

A-13
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2011 1 4 5 0.04
Black-crested 2010 5 5 0.05

Baeolophus atricristatus
Titmouse 1
2011 1 0.01
2007 3 3 6 0.16
2008 2 5 1 8 0.14
Verdin Auriparus flaviceps 2009 1 1 2 0.02
2010 5 8 2 6 2 1 24 0.25
2011 9 3 6 6 3 2 2 31 0.23
2007 5 5 10 0.26
2008 10 10 0.18
Bushtit Psaltriparus minimus 2009 6 2 6 19 33 0.25
2010 30 1 31 0.32
2011 29 4 1 34 0.25
White-breasted
Sitta carolinensis 2011 1 1 0.01
Nuthatch
Brown Creeper Certhia americana 2011 1 1 0.01
2007 1 15 45 1 4 4 70 1.82
2008 3 77 55 18 3 3 5 5 169 2.98

Campylorhynchus
Cactus Wren 2009 1 66 80 10 4 12 2 13 12 9 209 1.60
brunneicapillus
2010 6 71 58 14 35 5 19 1 17 16 6 248 2.60
2011 52 49 7 42 2 14 12 2 15 18 29 5 247 1.80
2007 1 4 5 0.13
2008 5 1 1 7 0.12
Rock Wren Salpinctes obsoletus 2009 4 3 1 8 0.06
2010 1 6 2 1 7 17 0.18
2011 4 6 1 6 2 1 1 4 25 0.18
2007 2 2 4 0.10
Canyon Wren Catherpes mexicanus 2008 5 5 0.09
2009 2 2 0.02

A-14
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2010 1 1 1 3 0.03
2007 11 2 13 0.34
2008 5 1 6 0.11
Bewick's Wren Thryomanes bewickii 2009 6 7 13 0.10
2010 6 6 2 7 1 1 23 0.24
2011 11 1 17 1 1 1 1 1 34 0.25
2007 1 1 0.03
House Wren Troglodytes aedon 2010 2 2 0.02
2011 5 1 6 0.04
2009 1 1 0.01
Marsh Wren Cistothorus palustris
2010 1 1 0.01
Unidentified Wren 2008 1 1 0.02
2007 14 2 16 0.42
2008 7 2 9 0.16
Ruby-crowned
Regulus calendula 2009 2 1 3 6 0.05
Kinglet
2010 13 1 2 16 0.17
2011 6 1 1 1 1 4 1 15 0.11
2007 3 1 4 0.10
2008 1 1 0.02
Blue-gray
Polioptila caerulea 2009 6 3 1 1 2 13 0.10
Gnatcatcher
2010 1 10 1 1 3 1 17 0.18
2011 2 2 3 2 9 0.07
2007 1 2 3 6 0.16
2008 1 1 37 4 43 0.76
Black-tailed
Polioptila melanura 2009 8 12 2 3 25 0.19
Gnatcatcher
2010 3 2 2 13 1 1 3 25 0.26
2011 15 1 2 3 9 5 11 46 0.34
Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis 2007 2 2 0.05

A-15
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2009 2 2 0.02
2010 4 17 9 30 0.31
2011 12 12 0.09
2007 2 2 0.05
2008 9 7 27 43 0.76
Western Bluebird Sialia mexicana 2009 12 11 23 0.18
2010 2 6 4 11 23 0.24
2011 3 51 6 60 0.44
2007 19 21 21 125 1 8 14 209 5.44
Mountain Bluebird Sialia currucoides 2009 42 3 1 10 2 34 6 98 0.75
2010 149 43 3 31 1 80 307 3.22
2007 3 3 0.08
Sialis sp.
2010 20 20 0.21
2007 1 1 0.03
2008 1 1 2 0.04
American Robin Turdus migratorius
2010 2 1 3 0.03
2011 2 2 0.01
2007 3 3 5 1 1 13 0.34
2008 9 22 2 9 1 43 0.76
Northern
Mimus polyglottos 2009 5 16 7 14 1 3 3 49 0.37
Mockingbird
2010 6 3 6 6 3 1 25 0.26
2011 1 3 5 14 7 1 1 2 1 35 0.26
2007 1 1 4 6 0.16
2009 1 3 7 2 1 14 0.11
Sage Thrasher Oreoscoptes montanus
2010 1 8 2 1 12 0.13
2011 1 1 2 2 6 0.04
Curve-billed 2007 8 35 2 3 1 49 1.28

Toxostoma curvirostre
Thrasher 1 30 20 21 6 8 5 4
2008 95 1.67

A-16
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2009 3 35 47 4 13 6 1 16 3 9 137 1.05
2010 38 26 13 32 15 8 1 23 6 3 165 1.73
2011 3 30 12 4 27 6 6 2 2 6 12 3 1 114 0.83
2007 1 1 2 0.05
2008 2 2 0.04
Crissal Thrasher Toxostoma crissale 2009 2 1 3 0.02
2010 5 5 0.05
2011 11 9 1 7 28 0.20
Toxostoma sp. 2010 1 1 0.01
2007 1 1 0.03
European Starling Sturnus vulgaris 2008 6 6 0.11
2009 3 3 0.02
2007 2 1 435 438 11.41
2008 1 56 1 58 1.02
American Pipit Anthus rubescens 2009 51 5 428 484 3.70
2010 21 45 369 435 4.56
2011 10 93 103 0.75
2007 2 11 7 7 27 0.70
2008 1 31 10 17 26 3 88 1.55
Sprague's Pipit Anthus spragueii 2009 36 12 2 5 2 12 28 3 18 118 0.90
2010 2 23 5 6 3 6 8 1 20 7 9 90 0.94
2011 16 4 10 3 6 1 12 1 18 20 15 106 0.77
2007 1 2 3 0.08
2008 2 2 0.04
Anthus sp.
2009 1 1 0.01
2010 1 1 0.01
Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum 2008 1 1 0.02
Phainopepla Phainopepla nitens 2007 56 3 3 62 1.62

A-17
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2008 1 6 2 9 0.16
2009 5 2 7 0.05
2010 3 5 8 0.08
2011 10 2 1 1 14 0.10
2008 1 1 0.02
Orange-crowned
Vermivora celata 2009 1 1 2 0.02
Warbler
2011 3 3 0.02
2007 14 14 0.36
2008 12 5 17 0.30
Yellow-rumped
Dendroica coronata 2009 6 2 8 0.06
Warbler
2010 16 1 1 18 0.19
2011 1 2 12 15 0.11
Black-throated 2010 1 1 2 0.02

Dendroica nigrescens
Gray Warbler 1
2011 1 0.01
Townsend's
Dendroica townsendi 2010 3 3 0.03
Warbler
Hepatic Tanager Piranga flava 2010 3 3 0.03
2010 3 3 0.03
Summer Tanager Piranga rubra
2011 6 8 14 0.10
2007 4 23 27 0.70
2008 1 6 8 1 16 0.28
Green-tailed
Pipilo chlorurus 2009 4 10 3 4 1 9 31 0.24
Towhee
2010 16 1 1 6 5 1 1 31 0.32
2011 8 19 10 1 4 6 17 3 3 71 0.52
2007 3 3 0.08
2008 1 2 3 0.05
Spotted Towhee Pipilo maculatus
2010 1 2 3 0.03
2011 1 1 0.01
Canyon Towhee Pipilo fuscus 2007 12 8 4 1 25 0.65

A-18
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2008 75 8 5 4 12 104 1.83
2009 49 13 28 2 12 4 12 4 124 0.95
2010 43 32 20 56 5 6 5 2 169 1.77
2011 67 4 20 85 9 18 3 12 18 13 2 251 1.83
2007 4 8 5 17 0.44
2008 2 5 1 1 9 0.16
Cassin's Sparrow Aimophila cassinii 2009 7 3 1 2 25 1 2 20 61 0.47
2010 20 2 4 2 1 1 11 3 44 0.46
2011 14 7 37 9 5 3 2 1 15 93 0.68
2007 8 8 0.21
2008 1 1 0.02
Botteri's Sparrow Aimophila botterii 2009 1 1 0.01
2010 1 1 2 0.02
2011 1 1 0.01
2007 4 1 1 6 0.16
2008 15 1 4 1 21 0.37
Rufous-crowned
Aimophila ruficeps 2009 7 13 1 22 43 0.33
Sparrow
2010 5 10 9 5 29 0.30
2011 4 2 4 3 1 1 1 2 18 0.13
2008 1 1 3 5 0.09
2009 1 1 2 0.02
Aimophila sp.
2010 1 2 3 0.03
2011 1 3 18 1 1 3 3 30 0.22
2007 157 192 17 43 409 10.65
2008 1392 22 29 75 59 51 1628 28.70
Chipping Sparrow Spizella passerina 2009 1861 193 386 12 224 32 35 59 67 2869 21.92
2010 3203 12 162 524 47 9 101 65 99 1 4223 44.23
2011 1512 178 200 415 10 85 103 72 157 185 4 519 30 3470 25.33

A-19
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2007 237 127 259 7 55 1 686 17.87
2008 212 26 178 34 450 7.93

Clay-colored
Spizella pallida 2009 148 1300 230 156 125 3 1962 14.99
Sparrow
2010 99 219 186 205 76 24 809 8.47
2011 1 51 32 31 84 4 5 4 2 1 113 11 339 2.47
2007 40 184 34 1 130 389 10.13
2008 1124 237 636 16 98 2111 37.21
Brewer's Sparrow Spizella breweri 2009 692 320 49 1319 54 3 322 31 2790 21.32
2010 18 1336 27 230 513 1394 42 1 10 728 4 4303 45.07
2011 37 1022 1377 726 52 92 291 110 1872 68 140 541 1978 21 8327 60.79
Field Sparrow Spizella pusilla 2010 1 1 0.01
2008 7 7 0.12
2009 5 5 0.04
Worthen's Sparrow Spizella wortheni
2010 30 30 0.31
2011 137 137 1.00
2007 6 6 0.16
Black-chinned
Spizella atrogularis 2010 3 3 0.03
Sparrow
2011 4 4 0.03
2007 1 43 1 1 46 1.20
2008 12 12 47 3 74 1.30
Spizella sp. 2009 11 11 13 22 7 3 1 68 0.52
2010 1 17 3 10 2 1 3 37 0.39
2011 11 4 175 32 9 34 13 45 6 6 39 1 62 3 440 3.21
2007 1 28 780 107 7 776 31 1730 45.07
2008 908 252 217 246 15 297 148 2083 36.72
Vesper Sparrow Pooecetes gramineus 2009 1607 442 947 916 253 142 8 836 965 6116 46.73
2010 1683 94 82 332 494 1 66 4 571 244 3571 37.40
2011 1288 727 337 333 55 50 259 6 267 487 17 1032 596 5454 39.81

A-20
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2007 66 1 1 8 76 1.98
2008 17 9 6 32 0.56
Lark Sparrow Chondestes grammacus 2009 326 1 5 1 1 334 2.55
2010 197 1 31 229 2.40
2011 95 1 25 121 0.88
2007 70 143 53 1 30 297 7.74
2008 1 213 53 437 22 8 32 20 786 13.85

Black-throated
Amphispiza bilineata 2009 1 119 103 151 229 157 14 9 130 14 927 7.08
Sparrow
2010 12 205 178 206 21 150 64 21 9 154 69 1089 11.41
2011 15 130 172 173 4 8 80 161 234 23 69 156 7 260 21 1513 11.04
2008 10 2 12 0.21
2009 27 3 30 0.23
Sage Sparrow Amphispiza belli
2010 13 9 26 10 58 0.61
2011 3 4 7 8 39 6 6 73 0.53
2007 22 206 1 17 246 6.41
2008 43 51 19 7 1 121 2.13

Unidentified
2009 33 147 2 47 19 5 3 256 1.96
Sparrow
2010 9 2 5 1 17 0.18
2011 22 71 6 12 3 380 22 71 64 1 21 9 682 4.98
2007 2556 230 127 2913 75.88
2008 64 245 242 827 53 118 35 1584 27.92
Lark Bunting Calamospiza melanocorys 2009 3 248 1022 6035 120 271 33 53 7785 59.49
2010 329 92 39 48 2279 107 1328 440 6 4668 48.89
2011 65 611 2553 438 93 185 92 954 10 70 608 70 800 7 6556 47.86
2007 30 516 91 25 366 4 1032 26.88
Passerculus 2008 135 46 4 27 45 32 94 383 6.75

Savannah Sparrow
sandwichensis 1 417 427 48 117 213 137 22 162 1042
2009 2586 19.76
2010 652 42 31 58 83 4 96 813 1779 18.63

A-21
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2011 298 69 59 58 15 3 120 6 173 95 18 391 402 1707 12.46
2007 44 86 45 19 2 196 5.11
2008 58 5 7 3 2 16 1 92 1.62
Grasshopper Ammodramus
2009 80 21 202 98 49 13 8 71 117 659 5.04
Sparrow savannarum
2010 165 19 6 48 50 5 20 50 2 365 3.82
2011 104 13 27 49 7 19 25 6 35 27 4 49 2 367 2.68
2007 3 1 4 1 9 0.23
2008 37 3 4 44 0.78
Baird's Sparrow Ammodramus bairdii 2009 49 6 12 1 5 30 4 107 0.82
2010 72 3 3 2 1 1 20 15 2 119 1.25
2011 74 12 6 2 8 2 1 2 1 3 17 1 129 0.94
2008 23 21 2 1 1 3 51 0.90
2009 74 6 3 16 6 1 21 16 143 1.09

Savannah + Ammodramus sp
2010 78 13 1 17 6 2 10 127 1.33
2011 20 13 3 3 1 30 18 6 13 6 113 0.82
2007 1 29 52 6 88 2.29
2008 12 6 1 3 1 4 27 0.48
Ammodramus sp. 2009 54 46 14 10 1 28 1 53 21 228 1.74
2010 25 20 8 9 7 6 3 1 26 11 116 1.21
2011 2 72 7 8 1 10 3 4 20 52 20 12 23 6 240 1.75
2007 4 4 0.10
Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia
2008 1 1 2 0.04
2007 5 10 2 17 0.44
2009 9 5 5 1 7 27 0.21
Lincoln's Sparrow Melospiza lincolnii
2010 3 2 1 6 0.06
2011 8 5 1 3 13 30 0.22
Melospiza sp. 2008 1 1 0.02
White-throated Zonotrichia albicollis 2008 10 10 0.18

A-22
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
Sparrow 2
2009 2 0.02
2007 42 2 18 62 1.62
2008 1 22 83 4 11 71 20 212 3.74

White-crowned
Zonotrichia leucophrys 2009 2 22 2 8 5 19 77 135 1.03
Sparrow
2010 9 119 36 18 54 23 2 261 2.73
2011 9 131 4 39 40 4 132 20 379 2.77
2007 1 24 25 0.65
2008 5 5 0.09
Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis 2009 2 2 0.02
2010 4 1 5 0.05
2011 1 1 0.01
2007 7 16 23 0.60
2008 169 3 172 3.03

McCown's
Calcarius mccownii 2009 60 1 2 63 0.48
Longspur
2010 4 4 0.04
2011 4 3 7 0.05
2007 1403 23 1111 12 2549 66.40
2008 1514 1661 6 19 3 517 3720 65.57

Chestnut-collared
Calcarius ornatus 2009 936 1262 5578 564 1707 291 4749 159 15246 116.50
Longspur
2010 2344 660 456 631 63 239 3399 419 8211 86.00
2011 151 1144 1684 1726 39 216 688 2037 771 806 110 9665 29 19066 139.18
2007 3 7 10 0.26
2008 1 1 0.02
Calcarius sp.
2009 1 1 1 3 0.02
2010 1 1 1 3 0.03
2009 2 2 0.02
Northern Cardinal Cardinalis cardinalis 2010 1 1 1 3 0.03
2011 1 3 2 3 1 10 0.07

A-23
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2007 2 3 2 7 0.18
2008 1 14 12 1 28 0.49
Pyrrhuloxia Cardinalis sinuatus 2009 4 1 13 4 7 1 30 0.23
2010 2 35 2 2 8 4 5 58 0.61
2011 33 10 1 20 4 1 1 4 74 0.54
Red-winged
Agelaius phoeniceus 2011 1 1 0.01
Blackbird
2007 9 72 21 102 2.66
2008 204 115 1 27 2 51 8 408 7.19

Eastern
Sturnella magna 2009 17 149 184 2 95 9 89 26 79 49 699 5.34
Meadowlark
2010 3 318 207 47 15 146 3 83 3 144 66 1035 10.84
2011 3 190 52 86 40 111 110 60 18 112 60 23 93 29 987 7.20
2007 1 11 12 55 11 2 92 2.40
2008 24 18 15 22 79 1.39
Western
Sturnella neglecta 2009 22 8 173 32 272 1 22 8 42 580 4.43
Meadowlark
2010 35 39 7 1 11 41 1 35 2 2 174 1.82
2011 10 43 11 17 2 5 20 1 109 0.80
2008 16 26 42 0.74
2009 40 33 2 11 12 4 23 7 132 1.01

Sturnella sp.
2010 2 10 13 5 10 21 8 18 87 0.91
2011 4 12 44 1 11 72 25 40 10 98 13 330 2.41
Yellow-headed Xanthocephalus 2009 2 2 0.02

Blackbird xanthocephalus 2 7
2011 9 0.07
2008 272 17 289 5.09
2009 464 13 8 24 509 3.89

Brewer's Blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus
2010 1771 52 74 4 20 15 60 1996 20.90
2011 87 86 4 81 258 1.88
Unidentified 2008 1 1 0.02

A-24
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
Blackbird 1
2009 1 0.01
2010 1 1 0.01
2011 430 430 3.14
2007 1 1 0.03
Great-tailed 2009 1 361 1 363 2.77

Quiscalus mexicanus
Grackle 8 65 18 3
2010 94 0.98
2011 6 1 7 0.05
2007 62 20 82 2.14
2008 19 19 0.33
Brown-headed
Molothrus ater 2009 42 1 39 82 0.63
Cowbird
2010 18 20 17 55 0.58
2011 12 74 86 0.63
Unidentified
2008 1 1 0.02
Cowbird
2007 45 75 120 3.13
2008 6 3 7 1 31 48 0.85
House Finch Carpodacus mexicanus 2009 11 7 8 2 7 4 39 0.30
2010 1 15 6 2 1 10 42 42 30 16 165 1.73
2011 2 25 23 18 11 25 8 7 50 106 2 277 2.02
2008 3 3 0.05
Pine Siskin Carduelis pinus
2011 1 1 0.01
2007 49 49 1.28
2008 6 6 0.11
Lesser Goldfinch Carduelis psaltria 2009 3 1 4 0.03
2010 1 1 1 3 0.03
2011 1 69 70 0.51
2007 6 6 0.16
House Sparrow Passer domesticus 2009 3 10 13 0.10
2010 4 4 0.04

A-25
NM Bootheel
Cuchillas de
Lagunas del
Armendaris
Otero Mesa
Amapolas
Colombia
Centrales
Ciénegas
El Tokio
la Zarca
Sulphur
Malpaís
Mapimí
Springs
Sonoita
Cuatro
Marfa
Valles
Llano
Janos
Valle
Este
birds/
100km
2011 2 2 0.01
2007 4 4 0.10
2008 1 10 38 2 2 53 0.93
Unidentified Bird 2009 17 3 1 21 0.16
2010 5 4 2 1 1 2 15 0.16
2011 40 194 7 3 76 17 14 26 1 21 3 402 2.93
2007 129 1417 9585 1604 775 4217 85 17812 463.99
2008 973 10554 6103 3304 739 1570 3371 476 27090 477.51
All Birds
2009 773 16596 5766 11159 10907 3732 1737 3400 8011 3062 65143 497.76
(combined)
2010 2117 13754 4175 2495 2785 6793 726 1343 4158 9321 2045 49712 520.64
2011 490 13232 8982 4331 113 2196 2758 1940 8368 1264 2699 3398 1436 17279 1318 69804 509.56
All
All Birds Total 490 8093 97284 58063 31635 113 7756 47454 10815 8341 1237 10151 3388 21025 84048 12529 402422 6.86
years

A-26
Appendix B - Wintering Bird Densities in Chihuahuan Desert Grassland Priority Conservation Areas
Appendix B – Estimates of density for 29 grassland-associated

bird species and 4 species groups in 16 Grassland Priority
Conservation Areas from 2007–2011
Species tables
Tables in this appendix list 5 statistics (mean, standard deviation, and the 2.5th, 25th, 50th,
75th, and 97.5th percentiles) of the posterior distribution for 29 species’ density (in birds
km-2) for all GPCAs and years, as estimated by Bayesian hierarchical distance model.
Species panel boxplots

Panel boxplots show the percentiles of each posterior distribution of density contained in
the main tables. As an example, we show the panel boxplot for Lark Bunting in GPCA
Mapimí. The posterior distribution of density in 2009 is show as a box that comprises the
interquantile range and whiskers show the 2.5 and 97.5th percentiles or the 95% credible
interval. The median (or 50th percentile) is shown as a dot within the box.
GPCA Parameter 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Average

Mapimí Mean 137.62 114.91 835.35 362.69 84.28 306.97
SD 42.75 22.03 60.20 37.14 18.66 18.68
2.5% 70.80 76.42 723.20 294.70 51.85 272.24
25.0% 105.70 99.36 794.00 337.00 70.49 294.22
50.0% 131.60 113.70 833.20 360.70 82.95 306.44
75.0% 164.70 129.20 875.30 386.60 96.68 319.10
97.5% 235.00 160.50 956.20 441.00 123.90 345.06
97.5th percentile
75th
Density (birds km-2)
50th percentile percentile

25th percentile
2.5th percentile
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory B-1

Species maps
Species maps show posterior mean density (in birds per km-2) across years in all GPCAs as
filled blue circles, whose area is proportional to the value of density. Concentric black
circles show the 95% credible interval, where the smallest and largest concentric circles
correspond to the 2.5th and the 97.5th percentiles, respectively (see gray shading in the
corresponding table). As an example, we show the species map for the Burrowing Owl in
El Tokio GPCA. This graph shows the relative importance of each GPCA for wintering
bird conservation and also shows the precision associated to bird density estimates.

El Tokio Mean 3.71 0.70 0.97 1.57 0.64 1.52
SD 1.88 0.35 0.39 0.51 0.27 0.44
2.5% 0.96 0.21 0.41 0.81 0.27 0.81
25.0% 2.31 0.45 0.68 1.18 0.44 1.19
50.0% 3.44 0.66 0.88 1.50 0.59 1.47
75.0% 4.85 0.88 1.17 1.89 0.78 1.79
97.5% 8.00 1.54 1.98 2.72 1.36 2.50
2.5th
percentile
Mean
density
97.5th
percentile

American Kestrel (n = 586)

Armendaris Mean 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
Cuatro Ciénegas Mean 0.00 0.57 0.46 0.00 0.26
SD 0.00 0.25 0.25 0.00 0.10
2.5% 0.00 0.22 0.13 0.00 0.10
25.0% 0.00 0.38 0.28 0.00 0.17
50.0% 0.00 0.54 0.40 0.00 0.25
75.0% 0.00 0.71 0.57 0.00 0.32
97.5% 0.00 1.14 1.07 0.00 0.48
Cuchillas de la Zarca Mean 1.29 1.79 2.19 1.54 1.32 1.63
SD 0.43 0.27 0.33 0.25 0.24 0.16
2.5% 0.61 1.30 1.58 1.10 0.93 1.35
25.0% 0.97 1.60 1.96 1.37 1.15 1.52
50.0% 1.23 1.77 2.17 1.52 1.30 1.62
75.0% 1.55 1.96 2.41 1.69 1.47 1.73
97.5% 2.26 2.34 2.90 2.08 1.85 1.95
El Tokio Mean 1.04 1.28 1.22 1.59 0.94 1.22
SD 0.43 0.30 0.28 0.32 0.25 0.17
2.5% 0.38 0.78 0.72 1.02 0.53 0.89
25.0% 0.71 1.06 1.02 1.37 0.76 1.10
50.0% 0.98 1.26 1.20 1.57 0.92 1.21
75.0% 1.31 1.47 1.39 1.80 1.11 1.32
97.5% 2.01 1.92 1.82 2.27 1.49 1.58
Janos Mean 0.92 1.15 0.87 0.42 0.47 0.77
SD 0.23 0.25 0.21 0.14 0.13 0.10
2.5% 0.50 0.73 0.46 0.21 0.25 0.58
25.0% 0.74 0.96 0.72 0.32 0.38 0.69
50.0% 0.90 1.13 0.86 0.41 0.46 0.76
75.0% 1.07 1.31 1.00 0.49 0.55 0.83
97.5% 1.40 1.68 1.31 0.77 0.77 0.97
Lagunas del Este Mean 0.98 0.47 0.41 0.62
SD 0.23 0.15 0.13 0.12
2.5% 0.58 0.25 0.19 0.41
25.0% 0.80 0.36 0.31 0.53
50.0% 0.96 0.45 0.40 0.61
75.0% 1.12 0.55 0.49 0.70
97.5% 1.48 0.85 0.70 0.87
Llano Las Amapolas Mean 0.92 0.86 0.77 0.85
SD 0.59 0.51 0.43 0.35
2.5% 0.28 0.21 0.14 0.29
25.0% 0.49 0.47 0.45 0.58
50.0% 0.74 0.75 0.70 0.80
75.0% 1.18 1.09 1.03 1.07
97.5% 2.45 2.15 1.80 1.64
Malpaís Mean 1.85 1.47 1.66
SD 0.44 0.38 0.32
2.5% 1.10 0.83 1.14
25.0% 1.55 1.19 1.44
50.0% 1.81 1.43 1.63
75.0% 2.11 1.71 1.85
97.5% 2.87 2.33 2.38


Mapimí Mean 0.87 0.73 1.83 1.20 0.49 1.02
SD 0.31 0.21 0.35 0.25 0.14 0.13
2.5% 0.45 0.35 1.22 0.73 0.26 0.80
25.0% 0.65 0.59 1.59 1.02 0.38 0.93
50.0% 0.82 0.73 1.80 1.19 0.47 1.02
75.0% 1.02 0.87 2.04 1.36 0.57 1.11
97.5% 1.60 1.17 2.60 1.74 0.84 1.29
Marfa Mean 0.92 0.19 0.30 0.47
SD 0.23 0.09 0.10 0.10
2.5% 0.56 0.06 0.13 0.31
25.0% 0.76 0.13 0.22 0.40
50.0% 0.89 0.19 0.28 0.46
75.0% 1.05 0.25 0.35 0.53
97.5% 1.45 0.39 0.52 0.68
New Mexico Bootheel Mean 0.14 0.14
SD 0.06 0.06
2.5% 0.05 0.05
25.0% 0.10 0.10
50.0% 0.13 0.13
75.0% 0.18 0.18
97.5% 0.28 0.28
Otero Mesa Mean 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
Sonoita Mean 0.90 0.81 0.00 0.70 0.60
SD 0.58 0.28 0.00 0.19 0.18
2.5% 0.26 0.39 0.00 0.38 0.34
25.0% 0.52 0.61 0.00 0.56 0.47
50.0% 0.74 0.78 0.00 0.68 0.57
75.0% 1.06 0.97 0.00 0.81 0.69
97.5% 2.53 1.49 0.00 1.12 1.05
Sulphur Springs Mean 0.30 0.30
SD 0.13 0.13
2.5% 0.08 0.08
25.0% 0.21 0.21
50.0% 0.28 0.28
75.0% 0.37 0.37
97.5% 0.59 0.59
Valle Colombia Mean 0 1.27 3.29 1.73 0.86 1.43
SD 0 0.33 0.61 0.43 0.28 0.19
2.5% 0 0.73 2.20 1.01 0.40 1.08
25.0% 0 1.02 2.89 1.43 0.66 1.30
50.0% 0 1.24 3.24 1.70 0.84 1.42
75.0% 0 1.48 3.66 2.00 1.02 1.55
97.5% 0 2.01 4.59 2.65 1.49 1.86
Valles Centrales Mean 1.07 0.60 0.53 0.48 0.42 0.62
SD 0.25 0.13 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08
2.5% 0.64 0.38 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.49
25.0% 0.88 0.51 0.43 0.40 0.35 0.56
50.0% 1.04 0.59 0.51 0.47 0.41 0.61
75.0% 1.24 0.69 0.61 0.55 0.48 0.67
97.5% 1.58 0.92 0.85 0.75 0.62 0.78


Baird’s Sparrow (n = 384)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5%% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5%% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 8.01 5.84 7.08 7.48 8.55 3.75
2.5% 6.37 23.88 34.83 50.56 54.15 40.20
25.0% 12.67 30.74 42.94 59.02 63.99 44.40
50.0% 16.43 34.65 47.30 63.87 69.66 46.89
75.0% 23.12 38.81 52.24 69.12 75.44 49.51
97.5%% 37.53 46.53 62.68 79.85 87.80 54.74
El Tokio Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5%% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Janos Mean 3.88 3.63 6.97 3.87 6.16 4.90
SD 2.03 1.50 2.24 1.72 1.87 1.06
2.5% 1.35 1.37 3.12 1.24 3.05 3.01
25.0% 2.38 2.51 5.54 2.64 4.86 4.13
50.0% 3.42 3.46 6.71 3.62 5.92 4.85
75.0% 4.81 4.46 8.20 4.77 7.12 5.58
97.5%% 9.60 7.23 12.20 8.17 10.71 7.16
SD 2.61 2.29 2.74 1.64
2.5% 4.30 1.83 1.99 3.91
25.0% 7.03 3.20 3.79 5.26
50.0% 8.61 4.29 5.32 6.42
75.0% 10.29 6.10 7.21 7.51
97.5%% 14.88 10.43 12.66 10.23
SD 21.81 0.00 17.41 10.95
2.5% 11.78 0.00 4.25 6.47
25.0% 26.34 0.00 9.92 13.83
50.0% 37.44 0.00 17.80 18.86
75.0% 51.76 0.00 29.67 26.11
97.5%% 96.64 0.00 61.56 51.34
Malpaís Mean 7.80 18.45 13.12
SD 4.25 6.14 3.94
2.5% 2.01 8.62 6.72
25.0% 4.63 13.90 10.27
50.0% 7.01 17.64 12.63
75.0% 10.15 22.21 15.49
97.5%% 17.78 32.72 22.14


Mapimí Mean 0.00 3.72 0.00 2.50 3.31 1.91
SD 0.00 2.15 0.00 1.30 1.54 0.69
2.5% 0.00 0.77 0.00 0.58 1.07 0.69
25.0% 0.00 2.12 0.00 1.58 2.17 1.43
50.0% 0.00 3.31 0.00 2.31 3.05 1.87
75.0% 0.00 4.91 0.00 3.14 4.13 2.31
97.5%% 0.00 8.94 0.00 5.77 7.14 3.48
Marfa Mean 1.90 1.58 2.10 1.86
SD 1.21 0.86 1.19 0.69
2.5% 0.48 0.39 0.50 0.73
25.0% 1.06 0.97 1.22 1.38
50.0% 1.60 1.46 1.90 1.83
75.0% 2.34 1.97 2.80 2.26
97.5%% 5.43 3.87 4.72 3.29
SD 1.04 1.04
2.5% 0.42 0.42
25.0% 1.22 1.22
50.0% 1.81 1.81
75.0% 2.52 2.52
97.5%% 4.18 4.18
SD 2.00 2.00
2.5% 0.79 0.79
25.0% 1.89 1.89
50.0% 2.78 2.78
75.0% 4.36 4.36
97.5% 8.61 8.61
Sonoita Mean 0.00 7.17 37.69 5.33 12.55
SD 0.00 3.62 9.13 2.11 2.71
2.5% 0.00 2.31 21.18 1.50 7.52
25.0% 0.00 4.54 31.53 3.77 10.62
50.0% 0.00 6.40 37.08 5.17 12.48
75.0% 0.00 8.94 43.27 6.73 14.35
97.5% 0.00 16.35 56.95 9.73 17.99
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
Valle Colombia Mean 12.13 0.00 9.79 6.80 4.60 6.66
SD 6.79 0.00 4.33 3.15 2.39 2.04
2.5% 4.00 0.00 3.43 2.22 1.23 3.42
25.0% 6.93 0.00 6.60 4.43 2.87 5.29
50.0% 10.52 0.00 9.24 6.38 4.32 6.45
75.0% 15.88 0.00 12.15 8.73 5.74 7.68
97.5% 29.56 0.00 20.21 13.92 10.89 11.71
SD 3.61 0.00 3.84 2.91 2.06 1.30
2.5% 3.01 0.00 12.61 6.43 5.56 7.36
25.0% 6.08 0.00 16.66 9.14 7.89 8.88
50.0% 8.13 0.00 19.26 10.87 9.21 9.71
75.0% 10.86 0.00 21.96 13.11 10.63 10.58
97.5% 17.14 0.00 27.65 17.83 13.64 12.46


Brewer’s Sparrow (n = 2,870)

SD 10.90 10.90
2.5% 16.77 16.77
25.0% 25.29 25.29
50.0% 32.69 32.69
75.0% 40.59 40.59
97.5% 58.23 58.23
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.43 2.36
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.25 1.06
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.64 2.16
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 13.71 3.43
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 21.38 5.34
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.45 9.61
SD 12.68 15.83 13.83 17.28 15.69 7.19
2.5% 20.58 167.30 129.70 219.90 170.30 155.64
25.0% 32.66 187.40 145.80 240.30 188.90 164.55
50.0% 39.79 197.60 154.90 251.50 199.50 169.32
75.0% 48.89 208.20 164.90 263.40 210.50 174.19
97.5% 71.38 230.80 183.30 287.50 231.30 183.94
El Tokio Mean 15.98 0.00 0.00 4.31 0.00 4.06
SD 9.40 0.00 0.00 2.17 0.00 2.05
2.5% 4.61 0.00 0.00 1.51 0.00 1.55
25.0% 9.41 0.00 0.00 2.80 0.00 2.61
50.0% 13.90 0.00 0.00 3.86 0.00 3.61
75.0% 19.80 0.00 0.00 5.34 0.00 4.95
97.5% 42.46 0.00 0.00 9.93 0.00 9.69
Janos Mean 45.54 70.33 105.89 18.05 197.33 87.43
SD 8.02 10.20 12.89 4.53 13.64 4.88
2.5% 31.04 52.24 81.48 9.55 171.30 77.98
25.0% 40.00 63.17 97.04 14.89 188.00 84.13
50.0% 44.99 69.64 105.60 17.77 196.90 87.33
75.0% 50.57 76.91 114.30 20.85 206.40 90.69
97.5% 62.57 92.26 132.30 27.85 225.00 97.16
SD 7.28 10.39 15.39 6.58
2.5% 18.96 42.30 108.40 63.60
25.0% 25.98 53.93 125.20 71.53
50.0% 30.39 59.85 135.70 75.94
75.0% 35.74 66.98 146.20 80.47
97.5% 47.16 84.19 168.10 89.35
SD 0.00 0.00 46.06 15.35
2.5% 0.00 0.00 29.46 9.82
25.0% 0.00 0.00 65.68 21.89
50.0% 0.00 0.00 96.98 32.33
75.0% 0.00 0.00 130.50 43.50
97.5% 0.00 0.00 203.40 67.80
Malpaís Mean 281.70 96.19 188.94
SD 30.58 17.44 18.05
2.5% 225.00 65.09 155.24
25.0% 260.60 84.41 176.65
50.0% 280.20 95.12 188.40
75.0% 301.50 106.50 200.75
97.5% 345.10 134.40 225.41


Mapimí Mean 33.81 149.84 585.75 372.71 85.21 245.46
SD 12.34 15.95 31.76 24.56 11.92 9.58
2.5% 15.31 120.20 525.00 326.20 63.14 227.00
25.0% 24.49 139.00 564.20 356.00 76.80 238.92
50.0% 31.63 149.30 584.90 371.90 84.76 245.31
75.0% 41.78 160.10 606.70 389.00 93.09 251.88
97.5% 61.50 182.90 650.30 421.90 109.80 264.42
Marfa Mean 19.59 9.80 27.72 19.03
SD 5.49 3.48 6.73 3.18
2.5% 10.44 4.57 16.50 13.33
25.0% 15.81 7.25 22.67 16.78
50.0% 18.82 9.35 27.11 18.87
75.0% 22.78 11.79 32.27 21.13
97.5% 32.06 18.06 41.84 25.74
SD 13.72 13.72
2.5% 187.70 187.70
25.0% 204.00 204.00
50.0% 213.00 213.00
75.0% 222.50 222.50
97.5% 241.70 241.70
SD 12.20 12.20
2.5% 30.48 30.48
25.0% 44.03 44.03
50.0% 52.30 52.30
75.0% 60.46 60.46
97.5% 78.19 78.19
Sonoita Mean 83.48 10.45 6.95 59.59 40.12
SD 26.90 5.67 4.01 9.15 7.57
2.5% 40.02 2.72 2.25 43.17 27.93
25.0% 65.48 6.13 4.12 53.14 34.66
50.0% 80.38 9.25 5.80 58.99 39.40
75.0% 97.27 13.77 8.58 65.44 44.50
97.5% 145.80 23.92 17.10 78.95 56.65
SD 18.16 18.16
2.5% 148.70 148.70
25.0% 169.70 169.70
50.0% 181.60 181.60
75.0% 194.50 194.50
97.5% 219.50 219.50
SD 0.00 0.00 6.82 4.75 4.58 2.10
2.5% 0.00 0.00 9.72 2.89 3.61 4.03
25.0% 0.00 0.00 15.06 6.58 7.34 6.71
50.0% 0.00 0.00 18.88 8.91 10.25 8.07
75.0% 0.00 0.00 23.49 12.51 13.54 9.46
97.5% 0.00 0.00 36.08 21.10 21.18 12.33
SD 10.47 4.80 6.01 7.05 8.69 3.50
2.5% 37.73 17.03 27.59 43.06 95.17 50.78
25.0% 48.49 22.41 33.67 51.08 105.00 55.01
50.0% 55.85 25.46 37.71 55.72 110.70 57.33
75.0% 63.02 28.88 41.93 60.59 116.80 59.70
97.5% 77.40 35.82 50.99 70.77 129.00 64.58


Burrowing Owl (n = 86)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
El Tokio Mean 3.71 0.70 0.97 1.57 0.64 1.52
SD 1.88 0.35 0.39 0.51 0.27 0.44
2.5% 0.96 0.21 0.41 0.81 0.27 0.81
25.0% 2.31 0.45 0.68 1.18 0.44 1.19
50.0% 3.44 0.66 0.88 1.50 0.59 1.47
75.0% 4.85 0.88 1.17 1.89 0.78 1.79
97.5% 8.00 1.54 1.98 2.72 1.36 2.50
Janos Mean 2.02 1.56 1.01 0.83 0.49 1.18
SD 0.56 0.49 0.35 0.29 0.16 0.21
2.5% 1.09 0.76 0.47 0.35 0.21 0.82
25.0% 1.61 1.20 0.76 0.62 0.38 1.03
50.0% 1.97 1.50 0.95 0.80 0.48 1.17
75.0% 2.35 1.86 1.21 1.01 0.59 1.32
97.5% 3.21 2.66 1.82 1.46 0.86 1.61
SD 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.08
2.5% 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.09
25.0% 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.15
50.0% 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.20
75.0% 0.77 0.00 0.00 0.26
97.5% 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.41
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00


Mapimí Mean 1.57 0.60 0.75 0.77 0.96 0.93
SD 0.74 0.26 0.30 0.32 0.37 0.21
2.5% 0.54 0.23 0.34 0.31 0.36 0.58
25.0% 0.97 0.40 0.54 0.55 0.68 0.78
50.0% 1.46 0.57 0.69 0.70 0.91 0.91
75.0% 1.98 0.74 0.89 0.94 1.22 1.05
97.5% 3.30 1.27 1.48 1.54 1.71 1.38
Marfa Mean 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.22
SD 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.09
2.5% 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.09
25.0% 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.15
50.0% 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.20
75.0% 0.78 0.00 0.00 0.26
97.5% 1.37 0.00 0.00 0.46
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
Sonoita Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.23 0.23 0.16 0.00 0.12 0.10
2.5% 0.16 0.22 0.06 0.00 0.11 0.18
25.0% 0.32 0.43 0.21 0.00 0.19 0.27
50.0% 0.47 0.55 0.33 0.00 0.27 0.34
75.0% 0.66 0.71 0.44 0.00 0.36 0.40
97.5% 1.00 1.17 0.68 0.00 0.56 0.56


Cassin’s Sparrow (n = 214)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 1.85 0.95 1.30 2.26 1.97 0.80
2.5% 0.77 0.36 1.39 5.56 3.72 3.60
25.0% 2.26 0.62 2.48 7.67 5.82 4.40
50.0% 3.37 1.25 3.22 9.07 7.07 4.95
75.0% 4.57 2.03 4.06 10.79 8.38 5.53
97.5% 7.90 3.71 6.54 14.26 11.54 6.64
El Tokio Mean 0.00 1.47 0.00 0.00 1.15 0.52
SD 0.00 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.27
2.5% 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.19
25.0% 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.00 0.58 0.34
50.0% 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.93 0.47
75.0% 0.00 1.96 0.00 0.00 1.56 0.64
97.5% 0.00 4.09 0.00 0.00 2.98 1.26
Janos Mean 5.78 3.37 2.20 1.79 2.61 3.15
SD 2.00 1.44 1.13 0.83 0.91 0.59
2.5% 2.69 1.35 0.30 0.64 1.27 2.11
25.0% 4.23 2.26 1.42 1.17 1.94 2.73
50.0% 5.58 3.10 2.09 1.62 2.46 3.11
75.0% 6.99 4.36 2.87 2.25 3.08 3.53
97.5% 10.34 6.45 4.83 3.81 4.81 4.39
SD 1.24 0.00 4.31 1.45
2.5% 0.53 0.00 17.25 6.49
25.0% 1.25 0.00 21.70 7.97
50.0% 1.86 0.00 24.71 8.92
75.0% 2.88 0.00 27.68 9.95
97.5% 5.08 0.00 34.03 12.10
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 2.69 0.00 1.34
2.5% 2.70 0.00 1.35
25.0% 4.25 0.00 2.12
50.0% 5.73 0.00 2.86
75.0% 7.68 0.00 3.84
97.5% 13.04 0.00 6.52


Mapimí Mean 0.00 0.00 1.67 1.88 0.00 0.71
SD 0.00 0.00 1.18 1.02 0.00 0.32
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.44 0.51 0.00 0.21
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.83 1.20 0.00 0.49
50.0% 0.00 0.00 1.33 1.70 0.00 0.66
75.0% 0.00 0.00 2.12 2.33 0.00 0.88
97.5% 0.00 0.00 4.83 4.67 0.00 1.44
Marfa Mean 12.81 1.34 6.14 6.77
SD 2.87 1.11 2.25 1.28
2.5% 7.50 0.15 2.84 4.40
25.0% 10.89 0.55 4.55 5.89
50.0% 12.71 1.03 5.73 6.70
75.0% 14.64 1.80 7.34 7.59
97.5% 18.76 4.29 11.70 9.50
SD 0.76 0.76
2.5% 0.76 0.76
25.0% 1.40 1.40
50.0% 1.78 1.78
75.0% 2.32 2.32
97.5% 3.77 3.77
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
Sonoita Mean 0.00 1.89 2.08 2.14 1.53
SD 0.00 1.08 1.58 1.17 0.64
2.5% 0.00 0.56 0.44 0.34 0.72
25.0% 0.00 1.12 1.02 1.36 1.09
50.0% 0.00 1.61 1.67 1.94 1.41
75.0% 0.00 2.44 2.61 2.80 1.75
97.5% 0.00 4.88 6.12 4.96 3.42
SD 1.23 1.23
2.5% 0.88 0.88
25.0% 1.62 1.62
50.0% 2.18 2.18
75.0% 3.08 3.08
97.5% 5.75 5.75
SD 0.00 0.00 5.63 2.62 0.00 1.24
2.5% 0.00 0.00 14.61 1.46 0.00 3.64
25.0% 0.00 0.00 20.07 2.62 0.00 4.84
50.0% 0.00 0.00 23.49 3.86 0.00 5.62
75.0% 0.00 0.00 27.65 5.78 0.00 6.51
97.5% 0.00 0.00 36.52 11.41 0.00 8.49
SD 1.56 0.58 0.56 1.22 1.14 0.45
2.5% 0.88 0.11 0.39 2.51 2.22 1.90
25.0% 2.04 0.31 0.74 3.50 3.33 2.42
50.0% 2.98 0.67 1.02 4.21 4.02 2.71
75.0% 4.22 1.12 1.39 5.05 4.87 3.03
97.5% 6.66 2.23 2.65 7.20 6.62 3.65


Chestnut-collared Longspur (n = 2,481)

SD 28.47 28.47
2.5% 73.01 73.01
25.0% 98.76 98.76
50.0% 116.20 116.20
75.0% 136.50 136.50
97.5% 181.90 181.90
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 10.46 8.09 15.72 11.59 4.98
2.5% 0.00 35.15 18.00 83.03 39.59 42.25
25.0% 0.00 45.85 27.04 101.10 50.71 47.99
50.0% 0.00 52.30 32.04 111.80 58.29 51.20
75.0% 0.00 59.55 37.50 122.40 66.44 54.72
97.5% 0.00 76.11 50.24 144.80 83.77 61.66
El Tokio Mean 0.00 7.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.48
SD 0.00 4.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00
2.5% 0.00 1.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39
25.0% 0.00 3.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.71
50.0% 0.00 5.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.19
75.0% 0.00 10.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.03
97.5% 0.00 20.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.11
Janos Mean 361.53 283.71 241.51 243.80 200.63 266.23
SD 35.98 29.39 26.72 26.33 19.10 12.68
2.5% 295.70 230.60 190.40 194.10 164.40 241.74
25.0% 336.20 263.20 223.40 226.00 187.50 257.54
50.0% 359.90 282.00 241.10 243.00 200.10 266.02
75.0% 385.20 302.80 258.90 260.80 213.30 274.70
97.5% 436.40 346.00 296.30 2.98 239.70 291.42
SD 43.12 19.20 27.56 18.85
2.5% 481.30 87.91 181.20 270.13
25.0% 534.40 108.30 213.50 293.03
50.0% 562.10 120.10 231.80 305.43
75.0% 592.60 133.90 251.10 318.69
97.5% 650.60 163.70 288.60 344.13
SD 220.68 99.97 84.38 85.39
2.5% 929.70 119.60 85.92 443.27
25.0% 1127.00 211.00 152.00 534.90
50.0% 1268.00 265.70 205.00 589.13
75.0% 1423.00 335.50 261.00 649.87
97.5% 1800.00 518.10 414.80 780.93
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00


Mapimí Mean 45.86 18.30 56.80 98.07 58.42 55.49
SD 17.39 6.79 12.00 17.75 12.81 6.62
2.5% 22.68 7.62 36.86 67.56 36.19 43.78
25.0% 33.18 13.37 48.52 85.26 49.28 50.71
50.0% 41.71 17.27 55.85 97.01 57.43 55.15
75.0% 54.64 22.55 63.51 109.50 66.72 59.75
97.5% 89.31 33.57 84.50 134.50 85.13 69.41
Marfa Mean 472.41 37.17 212.78 240.79
SD 38.62 9.82 25.39 15.94
2.5% 399.60 19.58 165.20 210.23
25.0% 445.70 30.11 195.20 229.95
50.0% 471.70 36.29 212.10 240.45
75.0% 498.00 43.75 229.70 251.44
97.5% 550.60 57.66 264.40 272.57
SD 23.59 23.59
2.5% 301.10 301.10
25.0% 329.60 329.60
50.0% 345.20 345.20
75.0% 361.20 361.20
97.5% 393.20 393.20
SD 71.25 71.25
2.5% 675.00 675.00
25.0% 757.80 757.80
50.0% 805.20 805.20
75.0% 854.20 854.20
97.5% 953.20 953.20
Sonoita Mean 74.11 77.09 157.32 95.53 101.01
SD 36.66 22.91 29.89 16.62 14.35
2.5% 22.82 40.68 105.30 65.40 75.25
25.0% 44.07 60.64 136.90 84.16 90.98
50.0% 68.30 74.24 155.10 94.81 100.30
75.0% 96.41 90.23 175.50 105.70 110.44
97.5% 157.60 128.20 221.20 130.40 130.83
SD 11.04 11.04
2.5% 15.32 15.32
25.0% 25.10 25.10
50.0% 32.47 32.47
75.0% 40.17 40.17
97.5% 57.83 57.83
SD 43.80 0.00 14.01 13.10 12.45 10.24
2.5% 15.25 0.00 16.41 10.82 17.09 20.46
25.0% 36.15 0.00 27.71 22.70 27.55 27.77
50.0% 58.13 0.00 36.29 30.63 35.19 33.19
75.0% 85.39 0.00 46.10 40.12 44.48 39.46
97.5% 197.10 0.00 70.64 61.94 65.89 61.98
SD 30.23 8.45 24.67 20.93 22.36 10.47
2.5% 171.60 31.76 285.70 217.30 340.50 228.41
25.0% 205.50 40.63 313.40 240.30 367.80 241.11
50.0% 224.70 45.95 329.40 254.40 382.70 248.20
75.0% 246.10 51.23 346.90 269.10 397.90 255.30
97.5% 290.80 64.96 381.50 298.10 427.90 269.32


Clay-colored Sparrow (n = 839)

SD 2.17 2.17
2.5% 0.68 0.68
25.0% 2.12 2.12
50.0% 3.33 3.33
75.0% 4.82 4.82
97.5% 9.24 9.24
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 20.09 3.78 3.17 4.37 3.53 4.37
2.5% 78.87 11.86 5.47 18.31 7.50 28.91
25.0% 101.70 15.27 9.02 22.81 10.53 33.85
50.0% 114.90 17.58 10.98 25.64 12.80 36.65
75.0% 128.50 20.28 13.26 28.73 15.46 39.58
97.5% 157.90 26.74 17.75 34.97 20.80 46.14
El Tokio Mean 27.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.52
SD 12.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.55
2.5% 10.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.02
25.0% 19.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.83
50.0% 25.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5.01
75.0% 33.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.61
97.5% 60.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.12
Janos Mean 22.05 7.52 0.00 0.00 9.46 7.81
SD 5.04 2.54 0.00 0.00 2.38 1.29
2.5% 13.14 3.45 0.00 0.00 5.48 5.46
25.0% 18.53 5.59 0.00 0.00 7.87 6.89
50.0% 21.74 7.19 0.00 0.00 9.18 7.75
75.0% 25.23 9.24 0.00 0.00 10.87 8.62
97.5% 32.85 13.13 0.00 0.00 14.87 10.55
SD 20.63 7.85 4.26 7.74
2.5% 258.40 39.63 9.25 107.71
25.0% 283.00 48.67 13.53 117.26
50.0% 296.90 53.67 15.91 122.43
75.0% 311.40 59.21 18.55 127.77
97.5% 338.20 70.08 26.39 138.03
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Malpaís Mean 94.60 47.82 71.21
SD 14.02 10.52 8.89
2.5% 69.11 29.96 55.11
25.0% 84.81 40.52 65.15
50.0% 93.80 46.70 70.60
75.0% 103.40 54.00 76.64
97.5% 124.90 71.56 90.50


Mapimí Mean 87.87 37.13 81.13 51.20 4.15 52.29
SD 17.76 6.76 9.52 7.48 1.94 4.71
2.5% 57.10 24.50 63.68 37.31 1.19 43.76
25.0% 74.85 32.42 74.44 45.83 2.69 49.07
50.0% 86.63 36.98 80.69 51.00 3.77 52.05
75.0% 99.57 41.59 87.47 56.36 5.36 55.24
97.5% 125.70 50.92 100.70 65.87 8.51 62.37
Marfa Mean 39.69 27.46 3.16 23.44
SD 6.64 5.57 1.84 3.02
2.5% 27.79 17.49 0.85 17.84
25.0% 35.00 23.54 1.75 21.33
50.0% 39.24 27.08 2.65 23.31
75.0% 44.02 31.04 4.26 25.43
97.5% 53.58 39.52 7.58 29.55
SD 0.80 0.80
2.5% 0.56 0.56
25.0% 0.96 0.96
50.0% 1.31 1.31
75.0% 1.89 1.89
97.5% 3.56 3.56
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
Sonoita Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.03 0.51
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.63 0.41
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.06
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.18
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.67 0.42
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.76 0.69
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.17 1.54
SD 1.78 1.78
2.5% 0.29 0.29
25.0% 1.18 1.18
50.0% 2.09 2.09
75.0% 3.54 3.54
97.5% 6.78 6.78
SD 8.54 0.00 3.09 0.00 2.47 2.02
2.5% 1.76 0.00 1.24 0.00 1.12 1.36
25.0% 4.35 0.00 2.48 0.00 2.28 2.45
50.0% 9.77 0.00 3.96 0.00 3.24 3.72
75.0% 17.22 0.00 5.80 0.00 4.89 5.29
97.5% 32.39 0.00 13.86 0.00 10.27 8.80
SD 5.01 2.25 2.61 1.75 2.17 1.36
2.5% 8.54 4.30 6.54 1.90 6.59 7.86
25.0% 13.53 6.50 9.45 3.31 9.07 9.42
50.0% 16.68 7.81 11.12 4.48 10.47 10.27
75.0% 20.38 9.37 12.92 5.70 11.85 11.14
97.5% 27.74 13.09 16.89 8.65 15.22 13.26


Chihuahuan Raven (n = 473)

SD 0.20 0.20
2.5% 0.19 0.19
25.0% 0.34 0.34
50.0% 0.47 0.47
75.0% 0.63 0.63
97.5% 0.96 0.96
SD 0.49 0.72 1.75 0.54 0.53
2.5% 0.80 0.65 4.55 0.45 2.01
25.0% 1.17 1.23 6.32 0.84 2.66
50.0% 1.44 1.66 7.50 1.16 3.01
75.0% 1.78 2.09 8.77 1.60 3.38
97.5% 2.76 3.48 11.28 2.39 4.09
SD 0.56 0.45 0.34 0.26 0.28 0.19
2.5% 0.78 1.92 1.15 0.53 0.81 1.37
25.0% 1.30 2.37 1.57 0.83 1.14 1.58
50.0% 1.64 2.64 1.79 0.99 1.33 1.70
75.0% 2.05 2.95 2.01 1.17 1.54 1.83
97.5% 3.00 3.70 2.53 1.55 1.91 2.11
El Tokio Mean 2.04 0.91 1.53 0.50 0.47 1.09
SD 0.99 0.30 0.38 0.20 0.20 0.25
2.5% 0.75 0.45 0.86 0.21 0.18 0.65
25.0% 1.27 0.68 1.26 0.35 0.32 0.91
50.0% 1.79 0.87 1.51 0.46 0.45 1.06
75.0% 2.67 1.09 1.77 0.62 0.60 1.25
97.5% 4.33 1.57 2.34 0.96 0.90 1.66
Janos Mean 2.32 1.37 1.64 2.04 1.14 1.70
SD 0.46 0.30 0.38 0.42 0.24 0.18
2.5% 1.50 0.84 0.98 1.31 0.70 1.35
25.0% 2.00 1.16 1.37 1.74 0.97 1.59
50.0% 2.30 1.36 1.59 2.00 1.12 1.70
75.0% 2.63 1.57 1.86 2.31 1.29 1.82
97.5% 3.29 1.99 2.50 2.94 1.66 2.07
SD 0.32 0.21 0.25 0.15
2.5% 0.65 0.25 0.57 0.67
25.0% 0.99 0.46 0.81 0.83
50.0% 1.20 0.57 0.96 0.93
75.0% 1.40 0.72 1.14 1.03
97.5% 1.96 1.13 1.55 1.27
SD 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.32
2.5% 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.19
25.0% 0.00 1.07 0.00 0.36
50.0% 0.00 1.56 0.00 0.52
75.0% 0.00 2.31 0.00 0.77
97.5% 0.00 4.11 0.00 1.37
SD 0.28 0.39 0.25
2.5% 0.19 0.55 0.47
25.0% 0.36 0.86 0.67
50.0% 0.49 1.09 0.81
75.0% 0.69 1.37 0.99
97.5% 1.31 2.08 1.43


Mapimí Mean 0.00 0.64 0.50 0.63 0.00 0.35
SD 0.00 0.20 0.18 0.22 0.00 0.07
2.5% 0.00 0.31 0.24 0.29 0.00 0.22
25.0% 0.00 0.50 0.37 0.47 0.00 0.30
50.0% 0.00 0.61 0.48 0.59 0.00 0.35
75.0% 0.00 0.76 0.61 0.75 0.00 0.40
97.5% 0.00 1.10 0.91 1.15 0.00 0.52
Marfa Mean 1.10 0.00 0.82 0.64
SD 0.28 0.00 0.22 0.13
2.5% 0.63 0.00 0.47 0.41
25.0% 0.90 0.00 0.65 0.55
50.0% 1.06 0.00 0.79 0.63
75.0% 1.26 0.00 0.96 0.72
97.5% 1.73 0.00 1.31 0.92
SD 0.25 0.25
2.5% 0.85 0.85
25.0% 1.12 1.12
50.0% 1.28 1.28
75.0% 1.47 1.47
97.5% 1.82 1.82
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
Sonoita Mean 1.79 0.00 0.00 1.58 0.84
SD 0.90 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.25
2.5% 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.98 0.49
25.0% 1.15 0.00 0.00 1.33 0.67
50.0% 1.53 0.00 0.00 1.54 0.79
75.0% 2.16 0.00 0.00 1.80 0.97
97.5% 4.19 0.00 0.00 2.40 1.48
SD 0.26 0.26
2.5% 0.40 0.40
25.0% 0.66 0.66
50.0% 0.83 0.83
75.0% 1.00 1.00
97.5% 1.41 1.41
SD 0.70 0.43 0.29 0.26 0.23 0.21
2.5% 0.32 0.53 0.24 0.14 0.16 0.45
25.0% 0.70 0.94 0.50 0.33 0.28 0.68
50.0% 1.05 1.20 0.65 0.45 0.43 0.82
75.0% 1.52 1.51 0.85 0.60 0.62 0.95
97.5% 2.90 2.19 1.33 1.21 1.02 1.30
SD 0.37 0.13 0.24 0.20 0.11 0.11
2.5% 0.70 0.18 0.69 0.44 0.20 0.58
25.0% 0.99 0.31 0.94 0.65 0.31 0.72
50.0% 1.22 0.38 1.11 0.77 0.38 0.79
75.0% 1.48 0.48 1.27 0.91 0.46 0.86
97.5% 2.16 0.70 1.61 1.21 0.63 1.03


Chipping Sparrow (n = 1,357)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 32.07 22.76 26.78 33.37 26.37 13.80
2.5% 89.66 212.50 300.20 484.00 295.10 303.04
25.0% 123.30 238.90 332.90 525.90 327.80 319.92
50.0% 143.70 254.00 350.80 548.10 345.80 329.20
75.0% 166.60 269.90 368.90 571.00 363.70 338.50
97.5% 213.60 301.70 405.10 615.40 397.80 356.88
El Tokio Mean 0.00 12.96 11.42 6.93 7.58 7.78
SD 0.00 5.63 4.82 3.19 3.81 1.98
2.5% 0.00 4.68 3.21 2.20 2.28 4.21
25.0% 0.00 8.45 7.97 4.57 4.87 6.37
50.0% 0.00 12.11 10.95 6.30 6.95 7.71
75.0% 0.00 16.79 14.07 8.80 9.37 9.05
97.5% 0.00 24.94 23.56 14.56 17.67 11.99
Janos Mean 47.45 21.56 65.76 19.94 51.13 41.17
SD 10.37 6.81 12.19 5.90 8.02 4.27
2.5% 29.66 11.56 42.44 10.11 36.75 33.10
25.0% 40.03 16.55 57.07 15.72 45.54 38.26
50.0% 46.57 20.59 65.58 19.28 50.77 40.95
75.0% 54.22 25.20 74.26 23.55 56.37 43.94
97.5% 69.43 37.84 88.98 33.50 67.92 50.01
SD 14.53 11.09 10.30 7.38
2.5% 51.97 32.17 25.41 44.26
25.0% 67.62 44.30 36.10 52.77
50.0% 77.31 51.42 42.71 57.45
75.0% 87.19 58.81 49.85 62.31
97.5% 107.70 75.86 66.03 73.73
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Malpaís Mean 277.24 306.10 291.67
SD 37.68 37.70 27.83
2.5% 206.30 237.50 239.85
25.0% 251.90 279.70 272.60
50.0% 275.90 303.60 290.65
75.0% 302.00 330.90 309.70
97.5% 353.40 384.30 349.05


Mapimí Mean 35.94 12.57 14.70 25.63 13.00 20.37
SD 13.75 4.80 5.33 6.99 5.33 3.99
2.5% 16.19 4.11 6.19 13.62 5.03 13.51
25.0% 25.98 9.33 10.75 20.47 9.41 17.69
50.0% 33.90 11.89 14.10 25.17 12.18 19.96
75.0% 42.91 15.18 17.93 30.08 15.44 22.70
97.5% 68.08 23.81 26.89 40.74 26.75 28.97
Marfa Mean 49.83 14.62 12.14 25.53
SD 10.99 5.32 4.56 4.42
2.5% 30.32 7.01 4.99 17.94
25.0% 42.09 10.86 9.02 22.34
50.0% 48.92 13.74 11.58 25.15
75.0% 56.85 17.26 14.56 28.33
97.5% 73.43 27.20 23.80 35.29
SD 4.63 4.63
2.5% 9.05 9.05
25.0% 14.51 14.51
50.0% 17.45 17.45
75.0% 20.69 20.69
97.5% 27.09 27.09
SD 14.77 14.77
2.5% 21.94 21.94
25.0% 35.09 35.09
50.0% 44.83 44.83
75.0% 54.54 54.54
97.5% 80.64 80.64
Sonoita Mean 87.28 22.94 30.16 42.84 45.80
SD 35.04 9.58 11.08 8.90 10.42
2.5% 32.71 9.97 12.82 26.62 27.98
25.0% 61.63 16.05 22.17 36.55 38.13
50.0% 82.56 20.89 28.64 42.24 44.56
75.0% 106.90 28.03 36.33 48.50 52.79
97.5% 168.90 45.98 55.65 61.71 67.99
SD 11.86 11.86
2.5% 26.33 26.33
25.0% 39.04 39.04
50.0% 46.37 46.37
75.0% 54.67 54.67
97.5% 72.49 72.49
SD 0.00 0.00 13.80 5.73 8.51 3.61
2.5% 0.00 0.00 25.13 4.13 6.12 9.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 37.44 8.61 11.17 12.89
50.0% 0.00 0.00 46.71 12.19 14.87 15.54
75.0% 0.00 0.00 57.38 16.50 21.31 18.07
97.5% 0.00 0.00 77.41 26.32 37.32 22.88
SD 5.65 3.15 4.20 5.60 7.84 2.74
2.5% 6.39 4.99 6.29 15.22 43.80 19.58
25.0% 11.63 8.12 10.47 22.20 53.03 22.82
50.0% 14.58 10.06 12.89 25.71 58.19 24.58
75.0% 18.12 12.13 15.67 29.39 63.51 26.33
97.5% 28.86 17.14 23.36 37.77 74.77 30.44


Eastern Meadowlark (n = 1,668)

SD 1.19 1.19
2.5% 0.70 0.70
25.0% 1.55 1.55
50.0% 2.16 2.16
75.0% 2.97 2.97
97.5% 5.34 5.34
SD 0.00 0.00 4.09 2.21 1.15
2.5% 0.00 0.00 10.17 1.35 3.32
25.0% 0.00 0.00 13.85 2.48 4.47
50.0% 0.00 0.00 16.33 3.77 5.17
75.0% 0.00 0.00 19.40 5.56 5.98
97.5% 0.00 0.00 25.99 9.50 7.92
SD 2.29 1.65 1.91 2.11 1.92 0.93
2.5% 2.88 10.37 13.90 17.62 13.01 13.33
25.0% 5.18 12.12 16.26 19.95 15.20 14.48
50.0% 6.66 13.25 17.53 21.37 16.45 15.09
75.0% 8.02 14.44 18.83 22.85 17.75 15.73
97.5% 11.61 16.65 21.38 25.79 20.56 16.99
El Tokio Mean 0.00 0.91 6.71 1.40 4.12 2.63
SD 0.00 0.52 1.42 0.60 1.16 0.39
2.5% 0.00 0.26 4.21 0.55 2.30 1.92
25.0% 0.00 0.52 5.68 0.96 3.23 2.36
50.0% 0.00 0.76 6.61 1.27 3.99 2.62
75.0% 0.00 1.20 7.65 1.73 4.85 2.88
97.5% 0.00 2.19 9.70 2.84 6.77 3.43
Janos Mean 12.50 11.30 28.41 17.06 6.25 15.10
SD 1.77 1.75 2.79 2.02 0.97 0.91
2.5% 9.21 8.33 23.33 13.49 4.47 13.39
25.0% 11.22 9.99 26.48 15.62 5.58 14.47
50.0% 12.49 11.16 28.25 16.94 6.22 15.08
75.0% 13.71 12.46 30.20 18.38 6.89 15.70
97.5% 16.05 14.98 34.29 21.33 8.24 16.97
SD 0.50 1.39 1.97 0.84
2.5% 0.41 4.73 9.10 5.43
25.0% 0.68 6.35 11.21 6.38
50.0% 0.96 7.21 12.50 6.94
75.0% 1.27 8.13 13.83 7.52
97.5% 2.43 10.29 16.79 8.71
SD 0.00 2.80 0.00 0.93
2.5% 0.00 1.05 0.00 0.35
25.0% 0.00 2.98 0.00 0.99
50.0% 0.00 4.47 0.00 1.49
75.0% 0.00 6.57 0.00 2.19
97.5% 0.00 12.00 0.00 4.00
SD 1.74 2.00 1.27
2.5% 2.58 2.92 3.46
25.0% 4.00 4.55 4.81
50.0% 5.18 5.88 5.65
75.0% 6.49 7.38 6.53
97.5% 9.16 10.63 8.45


Mapimí Mean 0.00 1.05 9.36 17.86 7.03 7.06
SD 0.00 0.38 1.67 2.19 1.33 0.62
2.5% 0.00 0.46 6.38 13.92 4.54 5.91
25.0% 0.00 0.75 8.20 16.33 6.13 6.63
50.0% 0.00 1.02 9.22 17.72 6.97 7.03
75.0% 0.00 1.31 10.46 19.26 7.85 7.46
97.5% 0.00 1.88 12.82 22.55 9.92 8.39
Marfa Mean 2.67 1.21 21.89 8.59
SD 0.82 0.52 2.51 0.88
2.5% 1.20 0.43 17.20 6.93
25.0% 2.11 0.83 20.19 8.00
50.0% 2.60 1.09 21.81 8.57
75.0% 3.20 1.50 23.50 9.16
97.5% 4.41 2.49 27.07 10.37
SD 0.99 0.99
2.5% 5.42 5.42
25.0% 6.62 6.62
50.0% 7.26 7.26
75.0% 7.96 7.96
97.5% 9.34 9.34
SD 1.67 1.67
2.5% 2.34 2.34
25.0% 3.72 3.72
50.0% 4.87 4.87
75.0% 6.10 6.10
97.5% 8.48 8.48
Sonoita Mean 13.61 30.04 21.19 10.31 18.79
SD 4.26 4.13 3.26 1.64 1.83
2.5% 7.02 22.22 15.37 7.56 15.49
25.0% 10.55 27.30 18.95 9.12 17.52
50.0% 13.14 29.88 20.99 10.17 18.69
75.0% 15.91 32.70 23.23 11.34 19.91
97.5% 24.18 38.69 28.23 13.94 22.74
SD 1.90 1.90
2.5% 7.57 7.57
25.0% 9.90 9.90
50.0% 11.11 11.11
75.0% 12.39 12.39
97.5% 15.12 15.12
SD 0.00 1.40 3.07 3.47 2.61 1.10
2.5% 0.00 2.32 12.26 15.76 7.13 9.13
25.0% 0.00 3.28 15.83 20.07 9.70 10.50
50.0% 0.00 4.25 17.73 22.26 11.14 11.22
75.0% 0.00 5.35 19.79 24.63 12.98 11.96
97.5% 0.00 7.52 24.54 29.79 17.75 13.50
SD 1.14 0.93 1.24 1.56 0.99 0.55
2.5% 2.68 4.08 7.42 11.88 6.22 7.54
25.0% 3.77 5.04 8.77 13.76 7.46 8.19
50.0% 4.48 5.63 9.61 14.77 8.11 8.55
75.0% 5.22 6.30 10.49 15.84 8.81 8.94
97.5% 6.98 7.62 12.24 17.98 10.12 9.71


Ferruginous Hawk (n = 122)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01
2.5% 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01
25.0% 0.00 0.05 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.03
50.0% 0.00 0.07 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.03
75.0% 0.00 0.10 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.04
97.5% 0.00 0.17 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.07
El Tokio Mean 0.57 0.55 0.86 0.67 0.50 0.63
SD 0.19 0.13 0.19 0.14 0.13 0.09
2.5% 0.24 0.32 0.56 0.42 0.28 0.47
25.0% 0.44 0.45 0.72 0.56 0.41 0.56
50.0% 0.55 0.54 0.84 0.66 0.49 0.62
75.0% 0.67 0.64 0.98 0.75 0.58 0.69
97.5% 1.01 0.82 1.30 0.97 0.78 0.82
Janos Mean 0.11 0.17 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.13
SD 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03
2.5% 0.06 0.09 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.08
25.0% 0.09 0.13 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.11
50.0% 0.11 0.15 0.11 0.13 0.12 0.13
75.0% 0.13 0.19 0.14 0.16 0.14 0.15
97.5% 0.19 0.34 0.20 0.24 0.22 0.19
SD 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.02
2.5% 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01
25.0% 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.02
50.0% 0.00 0.06 0.05 0.04
75.0% 0.00 0.08 0.07 0.05
97.5% 0.00 0.14 0.11 0.08
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.08 0.00 0.04
2.5% 0.04 0.00 0.02
25.0% 0.07 0.00 0.04
50.0% 0.12 0.00 0.06
75.0% 0.18 0.00 0.09
97.5% 0.35 0.00 0.17


Mapimí Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.02
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.01
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.01
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.02
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.05 0.02
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.11 0.04
Marfa Mean 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07
SD 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
2.5% 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03
25.0% 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05
50.0% 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.06
75.0% 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.08
97.5% 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.13
SD 0.02 0.02
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.02 0.02
50.0% 0.03 0.03
75.0% 0.04 0.04
97.5% 0.07 0.07
SD 0.06 0.06
2.5% 0.03 0.03
25.0% 0.08 0.08
50.0% 0.12 0.12
75.0% 0.16 0.16
97.5% 0.26 0.26
Sonoita Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.04 0.04
2.5% 0.02 0.02
25.0% 0.04 0.04
50.0% 0.06 0.06
75.0% 0.09 0.09
97.5% 0.19 0.19
SD 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.04
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.06
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.08
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.20 0.21 0.11
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.27 0.32 0.37 0.18
SD 0.03 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.01
2.5% 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.02
25.0% 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.04 0.03
50.0% 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.06 0.03
75.0% 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.07 0.04
97.5% 0.13 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.11 0.07


Grasshopper Sparrow (n = 1,489)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 18.04 6.01 7.45 10.72 8.59 5.21
2.5% 61.04 30.64 52.81 109.80 71.29 74.09
25.0% 82.33 37.22 61.37 122.90 81.63 80.60
50.0% 94.11 41.43 66.24 129.80 87.15 84.09
75.0% 107.20 45.70 71.33 137.10 93.07 87.65
97.5% 131.20 53.70 82.06 151.80 105.10 94.44
El Tokio Mean 0.00 4.74 10.37 0.00 7.38 4.50
SD 0.00 2.05 3.37 0.00 3.26 1.09
2.5% 0.00 1.93 5.14 0.00 1.86 2.62
25.0% 0.00 3.24 7.88 0.00 5.01 3.72
50.0% 0.00 4.29 10.03 0.00 6.96 4.39
75.0% 0.00 5.82 12.42 0.00 9.36 5.16
97.5% 0.00 9.91 18.12 0.00 14.60 6.87
Janos Mean 82.48 6.27 21.55 18.09 8.97 27.47
SD 9.73 2.83 4.42 4.18 2.28 2.57
2.5% 64.38 2.24 13.74 11.01 5.16 22.60
25.0% 75.78 4.05 18.43 15.05 7.40 25.69
50.0% 82.00 5.86 21.30 17.77 8.67 27.43
75.0% 88.75 8.11 24.26 20.70 10.29 29.20
97.5% 103.10 12.60 31.13 27.25 14.17 32.60
SD 15.59 2.76 6.02 5.78
2.5% 158.90 3.44 22.26 65.47
25.0% 178.00 6.04 28.36 72.51
50.0% 188.00 8.06 32.25 76.35
75.0% 198.80 10.14 36.62 80.36
97.5% 220.10 13.74 45.47 87.96
SD 18.92 0.00 0.00 6.31
2.5% 11.99 0.00 0.00 4.00
25.0% 25.22 0.00 0.00 8.41
50.0% 36.39 0.00 0.00 12.13
75.0% 49.52 0.00 0.00 16.51
97.5% 85.08 0.00 0.00 28.36
Malpaís Mean 103.28 110.95 107.11
SD 15.72 16.36 11.53
2.5% 74.26 80.13 84.80
25.0% 92.09 100.00 99.30
50.0% 102.60 110.50 106.92
75.0% 113.50 121.20 114.60
97.5% 136.30 145.40 130.25


Mapimí Mean 140.84 7.97 101.21 53.51 6.87 62.08
SD 22.82 2.95 10.91 7.57 2.94 5.37
2.5% 98.65 3.26 81.16 39.52 2.67 52.07
25.0% 125.00 5.80 93.70 48.22 4.50 58.32
50.0% 139.40 7.67 100.80 53.07 6.55 61.86
75.0% 155.50 9.82 108.20 58.54 8.62 65.64
97.5% 188.60 14.70 124.00 69.14 13.72 73.02
Marfa Mean 51.99 6.58 21.39 26.65
SD 7.47 2.99 5.03 3.12
2.5% 38.59 1.92 12.50 20.82
25.0% 46.74 4.50 17.65 24.48
50.0% 51.54 6.19 21.02 26.57
75.0% 56.75 8.15 24.76 28.61
97.5% 67.90 13.85 31.85 33.16
SD 2.82 2.82
2.5% 9.97 9.97
25.0% 12.95 12.95
50.0% 14.85 14.85
75.0% 16.78 16.78
97.5% 20.94 20.94
SD 5.62 5.62
2.5% 5.70 5.70
25.0% 10.37 10.37
50.0% 14.22 14.22
75.0% 18.12 18.12
97.5% 26.73 26.73
Sonoita Mean 21.16 26.40 25.95 34.12 26.91
SD 9.96 7.47 7.30 6.01 3.98
2.5% 7.04 14.60 13.89 23.05 19.96
25.0% 12.91 21.23 20.56 29.93 24.01
50.0% 19.50 25.54 25.39 34.00 26.59
75.0% 27.61 30.42 30.71 38.06 29.69
97.5% 44.15 44.24 41.52 46.37 35.09
SD 6.58 6.58
2.5% 22.37 22.37
25.0% 28.35 28.35
50.0% 32.61 32.61
75.0% 37.22 37.22
97.5% 47.91 47.91
SD 22.89 2.48 22.05 4.11 3.55 6.32
2.5% 7.45 1.47 159.80 1.72 2.25 40.68
25.0% 21.74 3.11 185.20 4.19 4.32 47.02
50.0% 31.63 4.34 199.80 6.62 6.29 50.99
75.0% 49.51 6.01 215.40 9.83 8.66 55.54
97.5% 91.51 11.37 245.50 16.93 15.71 65.34
SD 5.60 2.34 5.25 4.61 3.23 2.08
2.5% 11.41 5.59 27.18 26.10 16.14 21.29
25.0% 18.63 8.08 33.01 31.39 19.66 23.58
50.0% 22.20 9.56 36.40 34.40 21.78 24.95
75.0% 25.88 11.26 40.10 37.67 24.02 26.40
97.5% 33.87 14.73 47.58 44.13 28.67 29.46


Horned Lark (n = 4,058)

SD 8.80 8.80
2.5% 35.32 35.32
25.0% 46.38 46.38
50.0% 52.10 52.10
75.0% 57.98 57.98
97.5% 70.80 70.80
SD 6.11 10.67 24.51 18.89 8.44
2.5% 7.84 28.04 160.40 99.69 85.28
25.0% 13.34 39.58 188.60 120.90 95.46
50.0% 17.61 46.26 204.90 133.00 100.96
75.0% 21.88 53.83 221.50 146.50 106.55
97.5% 31.28 69.94 256.10 173.90 118.64
SD 0.00 1.47 0.99 1.41 0.92 0.51
2.5% 0.00 2.70 0.81 2.13 0.72 1.91
25.0% 0.00 4.10 1.56 3.35 1.33 2.41
50.0% 0.00 5.01 2.13 4.26 1.83 2.71
75.0% 0.00 5.98 2.81 5.32 2.54 3.08
97.5% 0.00 8.48 4.55 7.50 4.15 3.89
El Tokio Mean 353.96 202.42 432.13 406.53 111.74 301.36
SD 45.16 13.29 19.99 19.12 9.39 11.46
2.5% 274.20 176.60 394.30 370.10 94.50 280.22
25.0% 321.50 193.30 418.50 393.40 105.20 293.42
50.0% 351.00 202.30 431.80 406.30 111.40 300.96
75.0% 383.70 211.40 445.20 419.30 117.90 308.86
97.5% 450.70 228.50 472.60 444.70 130.80 324.90
Janos Mean 48.21 96.11 132.50 60.86 32.64 74.06
SD 5.73 8.31 9.52 6.14 3.69 3.20
2.5% 37.54 80.34 114.30 49.43 25.74 67.91
25.0% 44.27 90.45 126.00 56.55 30.11 71.87
50.0% 47.96 95.83 132.30 60.65 32.53 74.04
75.0% 51.88 101.50 138.80 64.96 35.04 76.20
97.5% 60.14 113.10 151.80 73.34 40.35 80.38
SD 1.84 4.22 3.91 2.07
2.5% 2.18 17.92 13.29 13.25
25.0% 4.20 22.20 18.05 15.70
50.0% 5.36 24.90 20.63 17.06
75.0% 6.63 27.84 23.43 18.50
97.5% 9.49 34.59 28.28 21.38
SD 28.62 18.24 16.22 12.89
2.5% 70.93 23.20 9.44 43.97
25.0% 99.44 35.92 17.90 57.60
50.0% 117.40 45.28 28.55 66.09
75.0% 137.50 59.03 41.65 75.02
97.5% 180.90 93.17 67.99 92.95
SD 0.00 2.70 1.35
2.5% 0.00 0.93 0.46
25.0% 0.00 2.35 1.17
50.0% 0.00 3.92 1.96
75.0% 0.00 5.58 2.79
97.5% 0.00 11.04 5.52


Mapimí Mean 0.00 9.74 11.04 28.32 5.65 10.95
SD 0.00 2.55 2.56 4.34 2.33 1.23
2.5% 0.00 5.68 6.59 20.56 2.22 8.68
25.0% 0.00 7.85 9.19 25.34 3.84 10.10
50.0% 0.00 9.48 10.85 27.90 5.31 10.90
75.0% 0.00 11.33 12.70 30.92 7.15 11.75
97.5% 0.00 15.49 16.39 37.94 10.99 13.54
Marfa Mean 35.41 28.23 48.93 37.52
SD 4.88 4.03 5.73 2.94
2.5% 26.37 20.58 38.34 32.04
25.0% 31.98 25.42 44.91 35.45
50.0% 35.12 28.21 48.72 37.45
75.0% 38.56 30.82 52.70 39.49
97.5% 45.59 36.54 60.56 43.49
SD 8.57 8.57
2.5% 178.80 178.80
25.0% 189.60 189.60
50.0% 195.30 195.30
75.0% 201.10 201.10
97.5% 212.50 212.50
SD 13.08 13.08
2.5% 83.31 83.31
25.0% 97.61 97.61
50.0% 105.90 105.90
75.0% 115.30 115.30
97.5% 134.10 134.10
Sonoita Mean 53.81 87.25 55.19 55.62 62.96
SD 13.61 11.08 8.25 5.95 5.36
2.5% 29.54 67.77 39.93 44.97 53.00
25.0% 44.06 79.41 49.47 51.42 59.29
50.0% 53.13 86.44 54.97 55.30 62.80
75.0% 62.35 94.48 60.69 59.35 66.47
97.5% 82.68 110.80 71.81 68.38 73.86
SD 5.85 5.85
2.5% 34.13 34.13
25.0% 40.89 40.89
50.0% 44.77 44.77
75.0% 48.71 48.71
97.5% 57.31 57.31
SD 0.00 2.20 3.54 3.28 3.22 1.38
2.5% 0.00 1.68 6.50 6.48 4.61 5.24
25.0% 0.00 3.90 9.32 9.17 7.46 6.70
50.0% 0.00 5.15 11.53 11.16 9.30 7.63
75.0% 0.00 6.62 13.89 13.50 11.34 8.62
97.5% 0.00 10.34 20.31 19.44 17.46 10.54
SD 5.03 3.54 5.54 5.38 3.73 2.15
2.5% 22.47 22.43 56.83 62.37 42.72 45.81
25.0% 27.69 26.41 63.42 69.02 47.16 48.46
50.0% 30.87 28.64 66.96 72.65 49.59 49.91
75.0% 34.38 31.11 70.89 76.30 52.11 51.38
97.5% 42.09 36.38 78.30 83.38 57.54 54.23


Lark Bunting (n = 856)

SD 20.13 20.13
2.5% 26.27 26.27
25.0% 46.86 46.86
50.0% 59.21 59.21
75.0% 74.87 74.87
97.5% 103.80 103.80
SD 0.00 20.12 0.00 0.00 5.03
2.5% 0.00 3.29 0.00 0.00 0.82
25.0% 0.00 9.61 0.00 0.00 2.40
50.0% 0.00 20.08 0.00 0.00 5.02
75.0% 0.00 32.99 0.00 0.00 8.25
97.5% 0.00 82.30 0.00 0.00 20.57
SD 0.00 9.02 4.99 13.89 16.97 4.79
2.5% 0.00 13.60 4.00 42.08 62.25 30.20
25.0% 0.00 20.90 6.85 55.87 79.08 35.77
50.0% 0.00 26.62 9.56 64.49 90.90 38.98
75.0% 0.00 32.77 13.46 74.31 103.00 42.32
97.5% 0.00 48.61 22.68 96.51 127.10 48.97
El Tokio Mean 0.00 0.00 12.74 25.62 12.69 10.21
SD 0.00 0.00 6.25 9.79 6.19 2.88
2.5% 0.00 0.00 4.11 11.65 2.82 5.78
25.0% 0.00 0.00 7.97 18.41 8.15 8.14
50.0% 0.00 0.00 11.61 23.62 12.50 9.78
75.0% 0.00 0.00 16.16 31.12 16.33 11.84
97.5% 0.00 0.00 26.98 48.01 26.81 16.98
Janos Mean 191.42 41.76 46.73 21.03 150.45 90.28
SD 27.46 12.15 11.98 7.18 19.22 8.02
2.5% 141.60 20.85 26.91 8.99 116.00 75.21
25.0% 172.30 33.06 37.87 15.83 137.00 84.70
50.0% 190.10 40.13 45.23 20.78 149.40 90.02
75.0% 209.50 49.98 54.53 25.53 163.10 95.58
97.5% 249.30 68.11 71.82 35.85 190.40 106.64
SD 29.98 8.02 16.82 11.98
2.5% 163.50 8.58 40.58 82.21
25.0% 197.70 15.38 62.79 96.39
50.0% 217.20 20.76 73.59 104.37
75.0% 237.60 26.84 84.32 112.52
97.5% 281.10 39.34 107.20 128.70
SD 45.65 0.00 0.00 15.22
2.5% 17.34 0.00 0.00 5.78
25.0% 38.71 0.00 0.00 12.90
50.0% 59.96 0.00 0.00 19.99
75.0% 87.42 0.00 0.00 29.14
97.5% 191.20 0.00 0.00 63.73
Malpaís Mean 74.43 57.78 66.11
SD 23.68 18.44 15.15
2.5% 40.21 28.18 39.83
25.0% 56.20 44.53 55.41
50.0% 70.71 55.15 65.05
75.0% 88.15 68.35 75.28
97.5% 130.80 99.00 100.19


Mapimí Mean 137.62 114.91 835.35 362.69 84.28 306.97
SD 42.75 22.03 60.20 37.14 18.66 18.68
2.5% 70.80 76.42 723.20 294.70 51.85 272.24
25.0% 105.70 99.36 794.00 337.00 70.49 294.22
50.0% 131.60 113.70 833.20 360.70 82.95 306.44
75.0% 164.70 129.20 875.30 386.60 96.68 319.10
97.5% 235.00 160.50 956.20 441.00 123.90 345.06
Marfa Mean 33.67 18.13 25.53 25.78
SD 10.59 5.72 9.55 5.39
2.5% 17.01 8.80 8.96 16.67
25.0% 26.16 13.97 19.25 22.04
50.0% 32.38 17.51 24.18 25.25
75.0% 39.46 21.70 30.58 28.82
97.5% 58.07 31.20 47.49 38.23
SD 11.31 11.31
2.5% 40.19 40.19
25.0% 53.70 53.70
50.0% 61.16 61.16
75.0% 68.73 68.73
97.5% 85.34 85.34
SD 12.64 12.64
2.5% 5.62 5.62
25.0% 15.66 15.66
50.0% 21.67 21.67
75.0% 29.82 29.82
97.5% 56.32 56.32
Sonoita Mean 103.11 0.00 0.00 11.62 28.68
SD 46.59 0.00 0.00 6.19 12.03
2.5% 23.52 0.00 0.00 3.14 7.31
25.0% 73.97 0.00 0.00 6.57 21.29
50.0% 97.5%6 0.00 0.00 10.43 27.25
75.0% 126.80 0.00 0.00 15.71 34.55
97.5% 216.40 0.00 0.00 25.34 58.28
SD 19.59 19.59
2.5% 48.30 48.30
25.0% 72.58 72.58
50.0% 84.26 84.26
75.0% 98.31 98.31
97.5% 125.80 125.80
SD 0.00 12.78 10.09 9.35 9.30 4.98
2.5% 0.00 11.06 4.28 3.62 2.15 8.03
25.0% 0.00 21.43 12.02 8.01 7.54 11.82
50.0% 0.00 28.81 17.18 12.66 12.41 15.38
75.0% 0.00 38.05 23.98 18.72 20.10 19.24
97.5% 0.00 59.46 45.94 40.35 36.97 25.94
SD 12.80 6.62 3.44 5.59 6.81 3.75
2.5% 25.53 11.13 2.01 8.63 18.89 18.25
25.0% 36.74 16.84 4.88 13.58 25.76 22.20
50.0% 45.69 20.92 7.16 17.14 30.33 24.65
75.0% 55.38 25.98 9.65 21.48 35.35 27.39
97.5% 73.42 36.40 15.08 29.46 44.93 32.69


Long-billed Curlew (n = 68)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 1.10 2.38 0.73
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.42 1.08 0.42
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.82 2.43 0.92
50.0% 0.00 0.00 1.27 3.78 1.34
75.0% 0.00 0.00 1.99 5.32 1.80
97.5% 0.00 0.00 4.68 9.90 3.15
SD 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.09
2.5% 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.09
25.0% 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.17
50.0% 0.00 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.47 0.23
75.0% 0.00 0.84 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.29
97.5% 0.00 1.44 0.00 0.00 1.13 0.44
El Tokio Mean 1.31 0.61 0.00 0.61 0.00 0.51
SD 1.14 0.38 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.30
2.5% 0.14 0.16 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.11
25.0% 0.57 0.36 0.00 0.32 0.00 0.30
50.0% 1.03 0.51 0.00 0.53 0.00 0.44
75.0% 1.69 0.79 0.00 0.78 0.00 0.65
97.5% 4.80 1.43 0.00 1.71 0.00 1.32
Janos Mean 1.30 2.68 2.14 0.91 0.64 1.53
SD 0.53 0.97 0.78 0.54 0.31 0.35
2.5% 0.41 1.17 1.02 0.24 0.22 0.99
25.0% 0.92 2.00 1.62 0.51 0.39 1.29
50.0% 1.23 2.55 2.00 0.81 0.57 1.49
75.0% 1.65 3.14 2.50 1.18 0.83 1.72
97.5% 2.48 5.17 4.23 2.21 1.38 2.38
SD 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.15
2.5% 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.08
25.0% 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.14
50.0% 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.22
75.0% 1.06 0.00 0.00 0.35
97.5% 1.79 0.00 0.00 0.60
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00


Mapimí Mean 1.58 1.32 0.78 1.92 1.29 1.38
SD 0.92 0.58 0.34 0.63 0.52 0.32
2.5% 0.38 0.48 0.27 1.02 0.43 0.82
25.0% 0.88 0.88 0.52 1.45 0.89 1.14
50.0% 1.42 1.22 0.73 1.82 1.24 1.36
75.0% 2.09 1.70 0.99 2.28 1.62 1.60
97.5% 3.78 2.62 1.57 3.43 2.44 2.03
Marfa Mean 0.40 0.76 0.00 0.39
SD 0.20 0.44 0.00 0.19
2.5% 0.11 0.18 0.00 0.11
25.0% 0.25 0.45 0.00 0.25
50.0% 0.35 0.66 0.00 0.35
75.0% 0.51 0.97 0.00 0.49
97.5% 0.89 1.92 0.00 0.86
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
Sonoita Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.07
2.5% 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.08
25.0% 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.14
50.0% 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.43 0.18
75.0% 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.59 0.23
97.5% 1.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.99 0.35


Loggerhead Shrike (n = 1,340)

SD 0.37 0.37
2.5% 0.37 0.37
25.0% 0.68 0.68
50.0% 0.89 0.89
75.0% 1.17 1.17
97.5% 1.80 1.80
SD 0.54 0.52 0.72 0.61 0.41
2.5% 0.97 1.14 1.31 1.19 1.41
25.0% 1.44 1.59 1.90 1.70 1.80
50.0% 1.77 1.92 2.31 2.10 2.07
75.0% 2.15 2.26 2.81 2.51 2.35
97.5% 3.02 3.18 4.11 3.57 2.98
SD 0.65 0.54 0.49 0.48 0.48 0.28
2.5% 1.89 3.54 3.35 2.90 3.14 3.39
25.0% 2.54 4.13 3.88 3.46 3.67 3.72
50.0% 2.93 4.48 4.20 3.78 3.98 3.90
75.0% 3.40 4.88 4.55 4.12 4.33 4.09
97.5% 4.45 5.65 5.24 4.80 5.01 4.47
El Tokio Mean 2.18 1.76 2.34 2.47 1.81 2.11
SD 0.64 0.35 0.42 0.43 0.37 0.25
2.5% 1.13 1.15 1.60 1.71 1.16 1.65
25.0% 1.74 1.51 2.05 2.17 1.54 1.94
50.0% 2.10 1.74 2.30 2.44 1.78 2.10
75.0% 2.55 1.99 2.59 2.74 2.05 2.27
97.5% 3.65 2.52 3.27 3.39 2.62 2.64
Janos Mean 2.81 3.76 3.47 2.23 1.77 2.81
SD 0.45 0.54 0.49 0.40 0.28 0.22
2.5% 2.02 2.81 2.59 1.56 1.26 2.40
25.0% 2.50 3.39 3.11 1.94 1.58 2.65
50.0% 2.78 3.73 3.46 2.21 1.77 2.80
75.0% 3.10 4.10 3.80 2.49 1.95 2.96
97.5% 3.77 4.92 4.49 3.09 2.35 3.26
SD 0.58 0.59 0.45 0.35
2.5% 2.81 2.86 1.85 2.82
25.0% 3.44 3.53 2.27 3.21
50.0% 3.82 3.88 2.57 3.44
75.0% 4.20 4.25 2.89 3.67
97.5% 5.12 5.21 3.57 4.20
SD 0.98 0.90 1.23 0.76
2.5% 1.25 1.08 1.56 1.57
25.0% 1.92 1.96 2.42 2.27
50.0% 2.41 2.54 2.94 2.71
75.0% 3.12 3.19 3.64 3.20
97.5% 5.10 4.63 6.39 4.67
SD 0.99 0.97 0.75
2.5% 4.13 4.08 4.50
25.0% 5.25 5.10 5.33
50.0% 5.89 5.72 5.84
75.0% 6.60 6.44 6.36
97.5% 7.99 7.79 7.40


Mapimí Mean 3.56 5.63 4.21 5.74 4.52 4.73
SD 0.81 0.68 0.59 0.66 0.59 0.35
2.5% 2.22 4.40 3.12 4.51 3.46 4.07
25.0% 2.96 5.16 3.78 5.30 4.11 4.49
50.0% 3.50 5.59 4.18 5.72 4.49 4.73
75.0% 4.05 6.05 4.61 6.16 4.92 4.97
97.5% 5.38 7.10 5.42 7.12 5.76 5.42
Marfa Mean 1.47 1.13 1.11 1.24
SD 0.31 0.25 0.27 0.20
2.5% 0.97 0.68 0.65 0.89
25.0% 1.24 0.95 0.93 1.11
50.0% 1.45 1.12 1.09 1.22
75.0% 1.66 1.28 1.27 1.36
97.5% 2.18 1.68 1.72 1.66
SD 0.22 0.22
2.5% 0.88 0.88
25.0% 1.12 1.12
50.0% 1.26 1.26
75.0% 1.41 1.41
97.5% 1.74 1.74
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
Sonoita Mean 1.38 1.75 1.28 1.07 1.37
SD 0.39 0.48 0.34 0.25 0.26
2.5% 0.71 0.97 0.72 0.62 0.92
25.0% 1.09 1.40 1.03 0.90 1.18
50.0% 1.34 1.69 1.23 1.06 1.36
75.0% 1.63 2.04 1.47 1.23 1.54
97.5% 2.23 2.80 2.09 1.64 1.90
SD 0.35 0.35
2.5% 0.83 0.83
25.0% 1.17 1.17
50.0% 1.38 1.38
75.0% 1.63 1.63
97.5% 2.19 2.19
SD 0.00 0.53 0.81 0.64 0.53 0.30
2.5% 0.00 1.68 2.84 1.85 1.38 1.88
25.0% 0.00 2.21 3.66 2.50 1.91 2.20
50.0% 0.00 2.53 4.20 2.91 2.23 2.40
75.0% 0.00 2.90 4.75 3.36 2.60 2.61
97.5% 0.00 3.76 5.99 4.36 3.47 3.02
SD 0.37 0.24 0.32 0.35 0.27 0.16
2.5% 1.24 0.94 1.70 1.98 1.83 1.81
25.0% 1.63 1.22 2.08 2.36 2.12 1.99
50.0% 1.89 1.38 2.28 2.58 2.29 2.09
75.0% 2.15 1.55 2.50 2.82 2.48 2.20
97.5% 2.67 1.88 2.97 3.34 2.89 2.43


Mountain Bluebird (n = 115)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 2.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73
2.5% 2.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.68
25.0% 4.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.17
50.0% 6.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.56
75.0% 8.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.05
97.5% 14.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.52
SD 1.48 0.00 0.97 0.87 0.00 0.42
2.5% 0.43 0.00 1.75 1.36 0.00 0.97
25.0% 1.28 0.00 2.69 2.18 0.00 1.43
50.0% 2.24 0.00 3.27 2.73 0.00 1.71
75.0% 3.22 0.00 3.92 3.31 0.00 1.99
97.5% 5.96 0.00 5.67 4.80 0.00 2.64
El Tokio Mean 5.48 0.00 8.43 1.71 0.00 3.12
SD 3.27 0.00 2.17 1.04 0.00 0.90
2.5% 1.48 0.00 4.89 0.32 0.00 1.73
25.0% 2.97 0.00 6.84 0.97 0.00 2.49
50.0% 4.64 0.00 8.19 1.56 0.00 3.00
75.0% 7.14 0.00 9.74 2.14 0.00 3.58
97.5% 13.90 0.00 13.22 4.47 0.00 5.29
Janos Mean 4.06 0.00 1.13 2.57 0.00 1.55
SD 1.39 0.00 0.77 0.90 0.00 0.39
2.5% 1.86 0.00 0.30 1.23 0.00 0.87
25.0% 3.06 0.00 0.60 1.95 0.00 1.29
50.0% 3.86 0.00 0.86 2.43 0.00 1.52
75.0% 4.88 0.00 1.44 3.00 0.00 1.78
97.5% 7.41 0.00 3.30 4.75 0.00 2.40
SD 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.19
2.5% 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.11
25.0% 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.19
50.0% 0.83 0.00 0.00 0.28
75.0% 1.22 0.00 0.00 0.41
97.5% 2.50 0.00 0.00 0.83
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 1.41 0.00 0.70
2.5% 0.69 0.00 0.35
25.0% 1.67 0.00 0.84
50.0% 2.48 0.00 1.24
75.0% 3.45 0.00 1.72
97.5% 6.06 0.00 3.03


Mapimí Mean 24.51 0.00 2.98 1.93 0.00 5.88
SD 5.65 0.00 1.01 0.86 0.00 1.21
2.5% 14.94 0.00 1.40 0.68 0.00 3.85
25.0% 20.57 0.00 2.25 1.26 0.00 5.02
50.0% 24.10 0.00 2.83 1.79 0.00 5.78
75.0% 27.88 0.00 3.60 2.48 0.00 6.60
97.5% 37.09 0.00 5.20 3.85 0.00 8.55
Marfa Mean 1.29 0.89 0.00 0.73
SD 0.63 0.44 0.00 0.25
2.5% 0.36 0.19 0.00 0.32
25.0% 0.82 0.56 0.00 0.54
50.0% 1.19 0.83 0.00 0.70
75.0% 1.63 1.17 0.00 0.88
97.5% 2.81 1.89 0.00 1.29
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
Sonoita Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 5.09 0.00 0.94 0.00 0.00 1.07
2.5% 2.25 0.00 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.59
25.0% 5.10 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.00 1.25
50.0% 7.85 0.00 1.05 0.00 0.00 1.83
75.0% 11.54 0.00 1.53 0.00 0.00 2.55
97.5% 22.54 0.00 3.69 0.00 0.00 4.83
SD 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19
2.5% 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10
25.0% 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26
50.0% 1.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37
75.0% 2.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.49
97.5% 4.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.84


Mourning Dove (n = 1,424)

SD 1.27 1.27
2.5% 0.54 0.54
25.0% 1.06 1.06
50.0% 1.65 1.65
75.0% 2.59 2.59
97.5% 5.41 5.41
SD 4.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.05
2.5% 2.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50
25.0% 4.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.11
50.0% 6.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.63
75.0% 8.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.22
97.5% 19.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.97
SD 12.26 6.14 7.09 5.11 5.60 3.52
2.5% 43.53 49.19 71.43 36.91 39.82 54.95
25.0% 55.68 56.65 79.71 43.06 46.83 59.00
50.0% 63.49 60.60 84.27 46.45 50.59 61.30
75.0% 72.26 64.72 89.25 49.93 54.36 63.74
97.5% 91.29 73.65 99.04 57.11 62.06 68.72
El Tokio Mean 8.31 13.00 6.65 4.75 0.00 6.54
SD 5.18 3.95 2.14 1.92 0.00 1.54
2.5% 2.06 6.52 2.52 1.61 0.00 4.22
25.0% 4.51 10.11 5.19 3.24 0.00 5.48
50.0% 7.08 12.53 6.51 4.65 0.00 6.31
75.0% 10.61 15.39 7.96 6.04 0.00 7.32
97.5% 22.49 21.96 11.37 8.87 0.00 10.53
Janos Mean 77.83 54.36 65.77 49.51 20.32 53.56
SD 7.92 6.53 6.91 5.78 3.11 2.93
2.5% 63.64 42.22 53.11 38.59 14.81 47.94
25.0% 72.23 49.93 60.96 45.58 18.23 51.57
50.0% 77.38 54.12 65.44 49.39 20.14 53.50
75.0% 82.96 58.59 70.30 53.29 22.12 55.48
97.5% 94.31 67.84 80.27 61.41 27.26 59.48
SD 8.09 4.06 3.97 3.40
2.5% 59.90 14.21 11.63 32.13
25.0% 69.01 18.84 16.28 35.98
50.0% 74.36 21.39 18.69 38.31
75.0% 79.96 24.16 21.49 40.69
97.5% 91.35 30.10 27.33 45.28
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Malpaís Mean 17.02 26.19 21.61
SD 4.99 5.76 4.09
2.5% 9.13 16.26 14.27
25.0% 13.21 22.10 18.71
50.0% 16.47 25.73 21.41
75.0% 20.23 29.70 24.16
97.5% 27.82 38.89 30.36


Mapimí Mean 48.37 10.87 50.96 21.80 12.79 28.96
SD 9.36 2.93 6.11 4.12 3.06 2.66
2.5% 31.69 5.66 39.48 14.76 7.60 24.04
25.0% 41.99 8.81 46.67 18.92 10.55 27.12
50.0% 47.70 10.68 50.91 21.44 12.48 28.86
75.0% 54.04 12.73 54.97 24.30 14.81 30.66
97.5% 68.36 17.15 63.21 31.02 19.39 34.43
Marfa Mean 19.74 2.31 3.76 8.60
SD 4.02 1.37 1.52 1.49
2.5% 12.87 0.53 1.60 5.97
25.0% 16.96 1.20 2.65 7.59
50.0% 19.38 2.10 3.51 8.46
75.0% 22.21 3.06 4.56 9.55
97.5% 28.85 5.59 7.56 11.80
SD 1.50 1.50
2.5% 3.94 3.94
25.0% 5.42 5.42
50.0% 6.39 6.39
75.0% 7.52 7.52
97.5% 9.73 9.73
SD 1.60 1.60
2.5% 0.74 0.74
25.0% 1.78 1.78
50.0% 2.56 2.56
75.0% 3.81 3.81
97.5% 7.04 7.04
Sonoita Mean 8.44 17.93 16.78 13.31 14.12
SD 4.23 5.28 4.48 2.95 2.35
2.5% 1.55 8.73 9.50 8.09 9.81
25.0% 5.62 14.15 13.58 11.31 12.50
50.0% 7.94 17.71 16.28 13.10 13.97
75.0% 10.66 21.30 19.41 15.03 15.60
97.5% 18.15 28.90 27.05 20.04 19.11
SD 4.24 4.24
2.5% 12.60 12.60
25.0% 17.08 17.08
50.0% 19.67 19.67
75.0% 22.61 22.61
97.5% 29.24 29.24
SD 4.74 3.99 6.62 2.34 2.44 2.17
2.5% 2.05 3.61 13.70 1.23 2.89 7.54
25.0% 5.68 6.91 20.87 3.30 5.10 9.66
50.0% 8.12 9.43 24.73 4.88 6.69 11.11
75.0% 11.46 12.61 29.62 6.49 8.51 12.70
97.5% 21.03 18.65 39.47 10.03 12.27 15.82
SD 7.65 1.37 1.97 1.43 1.37 1.68
2.5% 46.75 2.14 4.98 2.96 3.49 13.66
25.0% 54.88 3.03 6.97 4.15 4.67 15.55
50.0% 59.99 3.84 8.18 5.01 5.51 16.65
75.0% 65.33 4.90 9.64 6.07 6.48 17.82
97.5% 76.41 7.36 12.67 8.47 9.00 20.32


Mountain Plover (n = 31)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
El Tokio Mean 9.14 3.67 1.02 4.24 1.53 3.92
SD 4.67 1.37 0.59 1.39 0.75 1.12
2.5% 2.69 1.53 0.20 2.19 0.45 2.16
25.0% 5.78 2.71 0.58 3.24 1.01 3.14
50.0% 8.32 3.43 0.94 4.01 1.38 3.76
75.0% 11.47 4.48 1.37 5.02 1.93 4.53
97.5% 21.07 6.78 2.47 7.61 3.36 6.59
Janos Mean 0.00 1.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22
SD 0.00 0.79 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16
2.5% 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04
25.0% 0.00 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11
50.0% 0.00 0.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19
75.0% 0.00 1.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28
97.5% 0.00 3.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.66
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00


Mapimí Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Marfa Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
Sonoita Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00


Northern Harrier (n = 782)

SD 0.17 0.17
2.5% 0.06 0.06
25.0% 0.16 0.16
50.0% 0.26 0.26
75.0% 0.39 0.39
97.5% 0.72 0.72
SD 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.05
2.5% 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.01
25.0% 0.00 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.04
50.0% 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.07
75.0% 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.10
97.5% 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.19
SD 0.29 0.13 0.13 0.17 0.18 0.09
2.5% 0.25 0.29 0.35 0.58 0.55 0.53
25.0% 0.41 0.40 0.48 0.76 0.72 0.61
50.0% 0.55 0.47 0.56 0.87 0.83 0.67
75.0% 0.79 0.56 0.65 0.98 0.95 0.74
97.5% 1.34 0.77 0.87 1.23 1.23 0.89
El Tokio Mean 0.00 0.28 0.39 0.22 0.22 0.22
SD 0.00 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.05
2.5% 0.00 0.12 0.19 0.09 0.09 0.14
25.0% 0.00 0.20 0.31 0.15 0.15 0.19
50.0% 0.00 0.27 0.38 0.20 0.21 0.22
75.0% 0.00 0.36 0.46 0.28 0.26 0.25
97.5% 0.00 0.54 0.66 0.47 0.42 0.34
Janos Mean 1.61 2.85 1.91 0.53 0.58 1.50
SD 0.28 0.38 0.32 0.15 0.13 0.13
2.5% 1.11 2.17 1.34 0.27 0.35 1.26
25.0% 1.41 2.58 1.69 0.43 0.49 1.41
50.0% 1.60 2.83 1.89 0.51 0.57 1.49
75.0% 1.80 3.10 2.11 0.62 0.66 1.58
97.5% 2.21 3.65 2.60 0.84 0.85 1.75
SD 0.31 0.21 0.20 0.16
2.5% 1.42 0.63 0.59 1.02
25.0% 1.74 0.86 0.81 1.20
50.0% 1.95 1.00 0.94 1.31
75.0% 2.17 1.15 1.08 1.41
97.5% 2.64 1.45 1.40 1.62
SD 0.62 0.39 0.00 0.27
2.5% 0.29 0.22 0.00 0.23
25.0% 0.70 0.40 0.00 0.40
50.0% 1.00 0.60 0.00 0.56
75.0% 1.43 0.88 0.00 0.74
97.5% 2.78 1.78 0.00 1.29
SD 0.30 0.15 0.17
2.5% 0.43 0.10 0.34
25.0% 0.68 0.21 0.48
50.0% 0.84 0.31 0.59
75.0% 1.06 0.41 0.71
97.5% 1.58 0.67 0.97


Mapimí Mean 1.36 1.01 1.47 1.64 0.40 1.17
SD 0.43 0.21 0.26 0.27 0.12 0.13
2.5% 0.70 0.65 1.00 1.14 0.22 0.93
25.0% 1.03 0.87 1.28 1.46 0.31 1.08
50.0% 1.29 0.99 1.46 1.63 0.38 1.17
75.0% 1.65 1.13 1.64 1.81 0.47 1.26
97.5% 2.27 1.46 2.00 2.18 0.66 1.45
Marfa Mean 1.30 0.44 0.52 0.75
SD 0.28 0.12 0.16 0.12
2.5% 0.79 0.24 0.25 0.53
25.0% 1.10 0.35 0.42 0.68
50.0% 1.29 0.42 0.52 0.75
75.0% 1.48 0.52 0.61 0.83
97.5% 1.89 0.72 0.86 0.99
SD 0.08 0.08
2.5% 0.13 0.13
25.0% 0.20 0.20
50.0% 0.25 0.25
75.0% 0.31 0.31
97.5% 0.45 0.45
SD 0.16 0.16
2.5% 0.10 0.10
25.0% 0.19 0.19
50.0% 0.27 0.27
75.0% 0.39 0.39
97.5% 0.69 0.69
Sonoita Mean 3.17 1.31 1.32 0.89 1.67
SD 0.81 0.35 0.35 0.20 0.26
2.5% 1.81 0.74 0.74 0.53 1.21
25.0% 2.60 1.05 1.07 0.75 1.48
50.0% 3.07 1.27 1.29 0.88 1.65
75.0% 3.67 1.50 1.51 1.02 1.84
97.5% 4.96 2.09 2.13 1.30 2.23
SD 0.16 0.16
2.5% 0.38 0.38
25.0% 0.55 0.55
50.0% 0.65 0.65
75.0% 0.76 0.76
97.5% 1.02 1.02
SD 0.00 0.11 0.36 0.22 0.22 0.12
2.5% 0.00 0.12 0.87 0.23 0.32 0.40
25.0% 0.00 0.19 1.22 0.39 0.49 0.51
50.0% 0.00 0.26 1.46 0.51 0.62 0.58
75.0% 0.00 0.35 1.72 0.67 0.79 0.67
97.5% 0.00 0.53 2.26 1.07 1.16 0.84
SD 0.37 0.21 0.17 0.14 0.11 0.11
2.5% 1.40 1.16 0.79 0.50 0.40 1.01
25.0% 1.81 1.39 0.98 0.65 0.53 1.13
50.0% 2.04 1.53 1.09 0.74 0.60 1.20
75.0% 2.29 1.67 1.20 0.83 0.68 1.28
97.5% 2.84 1.96 1.46 1.06 0.83 1.43


Red-tailed Hawk (n = 409)

SD 0.12 0.12
2.5% 0.09 0.09
25.0% 0.17 0.17
50.0% 0.24 0.24
75.0% 0.33 0.33
97.5% 0.56 0.56
SD 0.16 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.06
2.5% 0.08 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.06
25.0% 0.21 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.11
50.0% 0.29 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.15
75.0% 0.39 0.38 0.00 0.00 0.19
97.5% 0.73 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.30
SD 0.22 0.19 0.12 0.13 0.10 0.08
2.5% 0.35 0.64 0.25 0.30 0.20 0.45
25.0% 0.51 0.83 0.37 0.43 0.29 0.54
50.0% 0.64 0.95 0.45 0.52 0.36 0.59
75.0% 0.80 1.08 0.53 0.61 0.43 0.65
97.5% 1.19 1.37 0.73 0.82 0.58 0.78
El Tokio Mean 0.00 0.36 0.37 0.23 0.28 0.25
SD 0.00 0.12 0.13 0.09 0.10 0.05
2.5% 0.00 0.17 0.17 0.10 0.13 0.15
25.0% 0.00 0.28 0.28 0.17 0.21 0.21
50.0% 0.00 0.34 0.36 0.22 0.28 0.25
75.0% 0.00 0.43 0.46 0.28 0.34 0.29
97.5% 0.00 0.62 0.67 0.44 0.49 0.36
Janos Mean 0.58 0.86 0.50 0.46 0.40 0.56
SD 0.14 0.18 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.07
2.5% 0.34 0.54 0.30 0.26 0.21 0.43
25.0% 0.48 0.73 0.41 0.37 0.33 0.51
50.0% 0.57 0.85 0.49 0.44 0.39 0.56
75.0% 0.68 0.98 0.58 0.52 0.46 0.61
97.5% 0.90 1.21 0.78 0.74 0.61 0.71
SD 0.17 0.14 0.11 0.09
2.5% 0.39 0.31 0.22 0.37
25.0% 0.54 0.45 0.33 0.47
50.0% 0.64 0.53 0.40 0.53
75.0% 0.76 0.62 0.47 0.59
97.5% 1.04 0.85 0.64 0.75
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.31 0.24 0.21
2.5% 0.71 0.42 0.66
25.0% 1.01 0.63 0.87
50.0% 1.21 0.78 1.00
75.0% 1.42 0.95 1.16
97.5% 1.92 1.35 1.45


Mapimí Mean 0.41 0.56 0.46 0.53 0.20 0.43
SD 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.14 0.08 0.07
2.5% 0.17 0.34 0.27 0.29 0.08 0.31
25.0% 0.29 0.45 0.38 0.43 0.15 0.38
50.0% 0.39 0.54 0.44 0.52 0.19 0.43
75.0% 0.50 0.64 0.52 0.62 0.25 0.48
97.5% 0.80 0.85 0.76 0.83 0.38 0.59
Marfa Mean 0.32 0.21 0.18 0.24
SD 0.12 0.08 0.07 0.06
2.5% 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.14
25.0% 0.23 0.16 0.14 0.19
50.0% 0.30 0.20 0.17 0.23
75.0% 0.38 0.26 0.21 0.27
97.5% 0.59 0.40 0.34 0.36
SD 0.08 0.08
2.5% 0.14 0.14
25.0% 0.22 0.22
50.0% 0.27 0.27
75.0% 0.33 0.33
97.5% 0.45 0.45
SD 0.10 0.10
2.5% 0.08 0.08
25.0% 0.15 0.15
50.0% 0.21 0.21
75.0% 0.28 0.28
97.5% 0.44 0.44
Sonoita Mean 0.69 0.69 0.70 0.30 0.60
SD 0.29 0.24 0.22 0.10 0.12
2.5% 0.32 0.34 0.35 0.15 0.39
25.0% 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.23 0.51
50.0% 0.63 0.64 0.67 0.29 0.58
75.0% 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.36 0.66
97.5% 1.56 1.32 1.20 0.54 0.89
SD 0.15 0.15
2.5% 0.26 0.26
25.0% 0.42 0.42
50.0% 0.52 0.52
75.0% 0.62 0.62
97.5% 0.84 0.84
SD 0.18 0.10 0.15 0.09 0.00 0.07
2.5% 0.16 0.12 0.15 0.09 0.00 0.12
25.0% 0.25 0.20 0.26 0.16 0.00 0.19
50.0% 0.32 0.26 0.33 0.21 0.00 0.24
75.0% 0.44 0.34 0.44 0.29 0.00 0.30
97.5% 0.88 0.52 0.73 0.45 0.00 0.41
SD 0.23 0.15 0.12 0.11 0.08 0.07
2.5% 0.63 0.61 0.32 0.31 0.18 0.51
25.0% 0.86 0.76 0.45 0.40 0.27 0.59
50.0% 1.00 0.86 0.52 0.47 0.32 0.64
75.0% 1.16 0.97 0.61 0.54 0.37 0.70
97.5% 1.55 1.20 0.78 0.74 0.48 0.80


Say’s Phoebe (n = 996)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.49 0.39 0.40 0.45 0.31
2.5% 0.37 0.38 0.37 0.41 0.53
25.0% 0.72 0.65 0.63 0.72 0.77
50.0% 0.95 0.86 0.84 0.94 0.92
75.0% 1.23 1.15 1.11 1.24 1.12
97.5% 2.39 1.89 1.88 2.23 1.83
SD 0.87 0.75 0.78 0.74 0.74 0.38
2.5% 1.18 4.40 4.89 4.48 4.18 4.51
25.0% 1.96 5.26 5.76 5.30 5.07 4.95
50.0% 2.50 5.74 6.26 5.78 5.56 5.21
75.0% 3.11 6.27 6.79 6.29 6.06 5.46
97.5% 4.65 7.31 7.99 7.40 7.09 5.97
El Tokio Mean 3.43 2.89 3.61 3.60 2.96 3.30
SD 1.19 0.60 0.71 0.65 0.65 0.42
2.5% 1.48 1.77 2.39 2.48 1.81 2.54
25.0% 2.54 2.48 3.11 3.15 2.50 3.01
50.0% 3.30 2.86 3.55 3.53 2.90 3.27
75.0% 4.17 3.27 4.08 3.98 3.37 3.56
97.5% 6.01 4.11 5.08 5.06 4.37 4.18
Janos Mean 1.05 1.04 0.78 1.09 1.20 1.03
SD 0.33 0.32 0.25 0.32 0.28 0.16
2.5% 0.47 0.53 0.35 0.60 0.74 0.74
25.0% 0.82 0.81 0.60 0.84 1.00 0.91
50.0% 1.02 1.00 0.75 1.05 1.17 1.03
75.0% 1.25 1.21 0.94 1.28 1.37 1.14
97.5% 1.81 1.76 1.32 1.81 1.82 1.38
SD 1.22 0.76 0.85 0.58
2.5% 8.13 3.60 3.57 5.68
25.0% 9.48 4.43 4.42 6.38
50.0% 10.25 4.93 4.95 6.76
75.0% 11.09 5.45 5.58 7.16
97.5% 12.95 6.56 6.90 7.96
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 1.26 1.11 0.83
2.5% 3.83 3.40 4.26
25.0% 5.17 4.66 5.16
50.0% 5.93 5.35 5.69
75.0% 6.83 6.11 6.26
97.5% 8.81 7.85 7.48


Mapimí Mean 7.28 4.21 13.10 10.30 5.45 8.07
SD 1.43 0.70 1.35 1.13 0.84 0.56
2.5% 4.67 2.95 10.65 8.22 3.92 7.00
25.0% 6.30 3.73 12.16 9.49 4.89 7.68
50.0% 7.17 4.17 13.02 10.25 5.38 8.05
75.0% 8.16 4.65 13.97 11.06 5.97 8.45
97.5% 10.40 5.78 15.95 12.61 7.24 9.21
Marfa Mean 0.71 0.47 0.35 0.51
SD 0.28 0.17 0.14 0.15
2.5% 0.31 0.20 0.15 0.27
25.0% 0.51 0.34 0.24 0.40
50.0% 0.67 0.45 0.32 0.50
75.0% 0.86 0.57 0.43 0.59
97.5% 1.42 0.86 0.71 0.85
SD 0.11 0.11
2.5% 0.07 0.07
25.0% 0.16 0.16
50.0% 0.23 0.23
75.0% 0.31 0.31
97.5% 0.49 0.49
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
Sonoita Mean 2.86 2.36 1.55 1.49 2.07
SD 0.95 0.63 0.57 0.37 0.37
2.5% 1.31 1.32 0.70 0.85 1.39
25.0% 2.15 1.91 1.14 1.23 1.80
50.0% 2.76 2.31 1.47 1.46 2.04
75.0% 3.46 2.74 1.89 1.74 2.32
97.5% 4.94 3.74 2.88 2.29 2.85
SD 0.40 0.40
2.5% 0.54 0.54
25.0% 0.92 0.92
50.0% 1.19 1.19
75.0% 1.49 1.49
97.5% 2.05 2.05
SD 0.85 0.37 0.39 0.41 0.52 0.34
2.5% 0.76 0.65 0.65 0.64 0.71 0.87
25.0% 1.35 0.96 1.01 0.98 1.18 1.22
50.0% 1.79 1.18 1.23 1.22 1.49 1.43
75.0% 2.40 1.45 1.52 1.52 1.81 1.66
97.5% 4.10 2.10 2.18 2.23 2.78 2.24
SD 0.64 0.24 0.21 0.28 0.28 0.19
2.5% 1.68 0.76 0.66 0.80 1.10 1.23
25.0% 2.19 1.01 0.89 1.11 1.39 1.42
50.0% 2.56 1.15 1.03 1.30 1.56 1.54
75.0% 3.04 1.33 1.18 1.49 1.76 1.67
97.5% 4.17 1.69 1.50 1.90 2.18 1.95


Savannah Sparrow (n = 2,606)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 4.02 0.00 1.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.10
25.0% 0.00 0.00 2.25 0.00 0.56
50.0% 0.00 0.00 4.32 0.00 1.08
75.0% 0.00 0.00 7.33 0.00 1.83
97.5% 0.00 0.00 15.15 0.00 3.79
SD 10.77 4.85 6.72 8.66 5.67 3.48
2.5% 31.57 33.38 60.69 101.90 43.81 61.11
25.0% 42.53 38.67 68.54 112.50 50.19 65.28
50.0% 49.87 42.05 72.93 118.20 53.90 67.56
75.0% 58.15 45.50 77.54 124.10 57.83 70.02
97.5% 71.94 51.82 87.26 135.90 65.86 74.68
El Tokio Mean 16.49 24.01 13.75 2.97 12.73 13.99
SD 10.75 4.88 3.89 1.66 3.67 2.65
2.5% 4.56 15.74 7.37 0.64 6.21 9.66
25.0% 8.15 20.72 10.94 1.75 10.00 12.09
50.0% 13.10 23.59 13.37 2.70 12.45 13.73
75.0% 22.12 26.83 16.04 3.73 15.34 15.52
97.5% 43.39 34.68 22.34 7.28 20.19 20.03
Janos Mean 100.91 18.86 181.13 8.94 19.74 65.92
SD 9.47 3.59 12.25 2.33 3.14 3.35
2.5% 83.50 12.17 157.60 5.01 14.29 59.54
25.0% 94.29 16.41 172.70 7.28 17.46 63.62
50.0% 100.40 18.61 181.00 8.74 19.56 65.83
75.0% 107.10 21.03 189.30 10.30 21.81 68.13
97.5% 120.80 26.58 205.90 14.25 26.45 72.75
SD 4.56 0.00 4.27 2.09
2.5% 13.31 0.00 15.38 10.87
25.0% 17.67 0.00 19.70 13.13
50.0% 20.60 0.00 22.54 14.49
75.0% 23.80 0.00 25.61 15.92
97.5% 30.91 0.00 31.91 18.99
SD 10.54 0.00 0.00 3.51
2.5% 2.25 0.00 0.00 0.75
25.0% 8.60 0.00 0.00 2.87
50.0% 14.10 0.00 0.00 4.70
75.0% 21.15 0.00 0.00 7.05
97.5% 39.27 0.00 0.00 13.09
Malpaís Mean 29.16 33.50 31.33
SD 7.01 7.59 5.01
2.5% 17.16 20.32 21.52
25.0% 24.25 27.98 28.11
50.0% 28.53 33.05 31.24
75.0% 33.61 38.35 34.38
97.5% 44.17 49.90 41.77


Mapimí Mean 41.87 3.92 45.48 28.87 7.62 25.55
SD 9.47 1.88 5.95 4.68 2.44 2.64
2.5% 25.19 0.87 34.78 20.16 3.29 20.66
25.0% 35.32 2.68 41.31 25.55 5.86 23.67
50.0% 41.12 3.71 45.20 28.67 7.48 25.48
75.0% 48.05 4.91 49.25 31.99 9.21 27.32
97.5% 61.71 8.55 58.06 38.55 12.57 30.94
Marfa Mean 81.60 0.00 3.04 28.21
SD 7.62 0.00 1.50 2.59
2.5% 67.14 0.00 0.43 23.24
25.0% 76.39 0.00 1.94 26.45
50.0% 81.42 0.00 2.87 28.15
75.0% 86.59 0.00 4.07 29.89
97.5% 97.17 0.00 6.11 33.48
SD 4.04 4.04
2.5% 31.92 31.92
25.0% 36.55 36.55
50.0% 39.23 39.23
75.0% 42.04 42.04
97.5% 47.65 47.65
SD 3.59 3.59
2.5% 3.57 3.57
25.0% 5.96 5.96
50.0% 7.87 7.87
75.0% 10.42 10.42
97.5% 16.97 16.97
Sonoita Mean 33.64 76.44 22.14 64.73 49.24
SD 11.89 10.74 5.82 7.01 4.85
2.5% 13.53 57.92 11.60 51.98 40.43
25.0% 24.98 68.73 18.06 59.84 45.83
50.0% 32.68 75.79 21.99 64.45 48.98
75.0% 41.38 83.09 25.86 69.18 52.37
97.5% 58.80 99.86 34.47 79.40 59.34
SD 6.66 6.66
2.5% 37.28 37.28
25.0% 44.76 44.76
50.0% 49.08 49.08
75.0% 54.03 54.03
97.5% 63.09 63.09
SD 20.84 10.19 33.23 17.69 16.39 9.98
2.5% 16.21 43.75 552.20 155.30 128.40 196.88
25.0% 40.95 54.82 592.50 176.60 147.20 209.32
50.0% 53.51 61.38 614.40 188.60 157.90 215.92
75.0% 68.42 68.84 636.90 200.50 169.10 222.65
97.5% 103.10 83.07 682.50 224.70 192.10 236.29
SD 13.54 2.11 3.51 2.60 3.24 3.02
2.5% 141.70 5.51 20.06 9.55 26.16 44.20
25.0% 158.70 7.51 24.30 12.45 29.95 47.95
50.0% 167.90 8.77 26.58 14.20 32.14 49.98
75.0% 176.90 10.20 29.06 15.87 34.40 52.02
97.5% 195.00 13.51 33.79 19.85 38.77 56.06


Scaled Quail (n = 185)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 3.38 2.88 2.64 2.74 1.75 1.39
2.5% 2.35 4.64 4.81 4.23 1.81 5.41
25.0% 5.09 7.02 7.46 7.02 3.22 6.85
50.0% 6.89 8.59 8.87 8.57 4.18 7.74
75.0% 9.07 10.77 10.76 10.53 5.42 8.62
97.5% 15.81 15.76 15.46 15.23 8.82 10.90
El Tokio Mean 0.00 4.23 4.37 4.18 0.00 2.56
SD 0.00 2.18 1.76 2.00 0.00 0.84
2.5% 0.00 0.89 1.71 1.09 0.00 0.91
25.0% 0.00 2.73 3.07 2.63 0.00 1.97
50.0% 0.00 3.95 4.17 3.86 0.00 2.53
75.0% 0.00 5.25 5.31 5.40 0.00 3.16
97.5% 0.00 9.93 8.58 8.80 0.00 4.19
Janos Mean 12.68 15.76 9.04 8.88 11.84 11.64
SD 4.05 4.41 3.02 2.84 3.33 1.92
2.5% 6.22 8.64 4.39 4.12 6.32 8.27
25.0% 9.75 12.50 6.78 6.99 9.44 10.29
50.0% 12.21 15.19 8.60 8.51 11.43 11.49
75.0% 15.10 18.59 10.85 10.39 13.92 12.81
97.5% 21.94 25.57 16.12 15.56 19.62 15.83
SD 2.85 3.30 2.84 1.97
2.5% 3.70 5.02 2.68 5.45
25.0% 6.10 8.19 6.04 7.48
50.0% 7.87 10.06 7.81 8.77
75.0% 9.82 12.28 9.81 10.17
97.5% 15.00 18.34 14.07 13.16
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Malpaís Mean 0.00 10.52 5.26
SD 0.00 4.57 2.29
2.5% 0.00 4.60 2.30
25.0% 0.00 7.38 3.69
50.0% 0.00 9.36 4.68
75.0% 0.00 12.71 6.36
97.5% 0.00 22.59 11.29


Mapimí Mean 9.79 13.26 7.74 4.17 4.85 7.96
SD 4.88 3.85 2.59 1.96 1.78 1.50
2.5% 4.09 7.06 3.67 1.42 2.21 5.22
25.0% 6.50 10.41 5.91 2.69 3.47 6.93
50.0% 8.57 12.82 7.41 3.78 4.64 7.86
75.0% 11.55 15.70 9.26 5.26 5.99 8.90
97.5% 24.18 21.98 13.45 9.06 8.74 11.22
Marfa Mean 6.03 0.00 6.43 4.15
SD 2.25 0.00 2.56 1.22
2.5% 2.25 0.00 2.35 2.13
25.0% 4.33 0.00 4.66 3.28
50.0% 5.89 0.00 6.07 4.02
75.0% 7.43 0.00 7.85 4.89
97.5% 11.08 0.00 12.72 6.87
SD 1.26 1.26
2.5% 1.12 1.12
25.0% 2.15 2.15
50.0% 3.00 3.00
75.0% 3.88 3.88
97.5% 5.97 5.97
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
Sonoita Mean 6.43 5.22 0.00 5.94 4.40
SD 2.81 3.10 0.00 2.36 1.42
2.5% 1.87 1.66 0.00 2.27 2.00
25.0% 4.39 3.11 0.00 4.08 3.32
50.0% 6.21 4.32 0.00 5.67 4.31
75.0% 7.99 6.73 0.00 7.52 5.34
97.5% 12.80 13.70 0.00 10.90 7.48
SD 2.32 2.32
2.5% 1.63 1.63
25.0% 3.33 3.33
50.0% 4.88 4.88
75.0% 6.35 6.35
97.5% 10.40 10.40
SD 0.00 0.00 4.05 0.00 3.59 1.25
2.5% 0.00 0.00 3.81 0.00 3.33 1.92
25.0% 0.00 0.00 7.31 0.00 6.15 2.82
50.0% 0.00 0.00 9.52 0.00 7.99 3.59
75.0% 0.00 0.00 12.20 0.00 10.54 4.41
97.5% 0.00 0.00 19.66 0.00 17.29 6.84
SD 3.25 4.10 2.00 1.80 1.37 1.34
2.5% 3.28 11.73 2.94 2.80 1.96 6.08
25.0% 5.35 15.96 4.55 4.21 3.08 7.47
50.0% 7.06 18.48 5.67 5.25 4.00 8.35
75.0% 9.23 21.59 7.16 6.56 4.96 9.31
97.5% 16.21 27.78 10.50 9.72 7.09 11.41


Short-eared Owl (n = 60)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
El Tokio Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Janos Mean 1.05 1.79 1.18 0.82 0.74 1.12
SD 0.47 0.74 0.61 0.41 0.30 0.28
2.5% 0.38 0.69 0.36 0.33 0.30 0.62
25.0% 0.67 1.26 0.74 0.52 0.50 0.91
50.0% 0.97 1.67 1.09 0.71 0.68 1.11
75.0% 1.35 2.15 1.50 1.01 0.92 1.29
97.5% 2.08 3.72 2.57 1.86 1.42 1.70
SD 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.14
2.5% 0.00 0.21 0.00 0.07
25.0% 0.00 0.49 0.00 0.16
50.0% 0.00 0.71 0.00 0.24
75.0% 0.00 1.03 0.00 0.34
97.5% 0.00 1.77 0.00 0.59
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00


Mapimí Mean 2.88 0.73 1.93 4.90 1.41 2.37
SD 1.78 0.40 0.82 1.46 0.76 0.54
2.5% 0.71 0.28 0.58 2.62 0.48 1.48
25.0% 1.60 0.44 1.34 3.83 0.85 1.99
50.0% 2.42 0.63 1.84 4.76 1.23 2.31
75.0% 3.84 0.91 2.39 5.78 1.78 2.69
97.5% 7.00 1.80 3.75 8.24 3.30 3.60
Marfa Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.88 0.88
2.5% 0.13 0.13
25.0% 0.39 0.39
50.0% 0.66 0.66
75.0% 1.09 1.09
97.5% 3.44 3.44
Sonoita Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13
2.5% 0.00 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06
25.0% 0.00 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12
50.0% 0.00 0.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18
75.0% 0.00 1.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.27
97.5% 0.00 2.71 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.54
SD 1.02 0.55 0.51 0.32 0.28 0.29
2.5% 0.93 0.58 0.44 0.14 0.09 0.82
25.0% 2.02 1.08 0.80 0.33 0.28 1.08
50.0% 2.62 1.44 1.09 0.51 0.44 1.25
75.0% 3.31 1.81 1.48 0.71 0.65 1.45
97.5% 4.92 2.79 2.39 1.39 1.13 1.96


Sprague’s Pipit (n = 393)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.93 1.11 0.00 1.33 0.63
2.5% 0.90 0.56 0.00 0.89 0.81
25.0% 1.51 1.20 0.00 1.52 1.20
50.0% 2.01 1.71 0.00 2.15 1.55
75.0% 2.65 2.50 0.00 3.12 2.01
97.5% 4.57 4.88 0.00 6.03 3.16
SD 0.00 1.17 1.24 1.07 0.87 0.49
2.5% 0.00 3.09 4.96 3.37 2.12 3.36
25.0% 0.00 4.62 6.16 4.47 3.09 3.94
50.0% 0.00 5.38 6.93 5.11 3.62 4.24
75.0% 0.00 6.11 7.83 5.85 4.24 4.58
97.5% 0.00 7.91 9.77 7.52 5.57 5.28
El Tokio Mean 12.01 6.65 10.18 7.07 7.35 8.65
SD 4.76 1.53 1.87 1.50 1.63 1.29
2.5% 4.50 3.95 6.87 4.38 4.66 6.32
25.0% 8.42 5.60 8.81 6.03 6.16 7.74
50.0% 11.50 6.52 10.14 6.99 7.21 8.62
75.0% 14.91 7.55 11.39 8.02 8.39 9.49
97.5% 22.23 10.01 14.16 10.16 10.75 11.29
Janos Mean 3.09 2.31 3.26 1.91 1.29 2.37
SD 0.81 0.72 0.91 0.62 0.38 0.38
2.5% 1.75 1.14 1.73 0.97 0.71 1.67
25.0% 2.50 1.78 2.65 1.46 1.00 2.10
50.0% 2.99 2.22 3.17 1.81 1.24 2.35
75.0% 3.60 2.74 3.78 2.27 1.55 2.63
97.5% 4.85 4.00 5.31 3.37 2.12 3.18
SD 0.54 0.72 0.92 0.52
2.5% 0.52 0.92 1.45 1.19
25.0% 1.00 1.56 2.25 1.77
50.0% 1.33 2.03 2.79 2.07
75.0% 1.68 2.52 3.48 2.45
97.5% 2.61 3.75 5.13 3.26
SD 0.00 0.00 4.03 1.34
2.5% 0.00 0.00 2.95 0.98
25.0% 0.00 0.00 4.97 1.66
50.0% 0.00 0.00 6.97 2.32
75.0% 0.00 0.00 9.46 3.15
97.5% 0.00 0.00 18.99 6.33
SD 1.03 1.14 0.85
2.5% 0.99 0.93 1.21
25.0% 1.83 1.67 1.97
50.0% 2.48 2.41 2.47
75.0% 3.13 3.21 3.01
97.5% 4.92 5.41 4.73


Mapimí Mean 0.00 0.00 1.46 1.73 1.03 0.84
SD 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.60 0.48 0.21
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.63 0.81 0.40 0.49
25.0% 0.00 0.00 1.08 1.28 0.67 0.69
50.0% 0.00 0.00 1.38 1.62 0.92 0.81
75.0% 0.00 0.00 1.79 2.09 1.30 0.98
97.5% 0.00 0.00 2.65 3.12 2.19 1.31
Marfa Mean 1.27 2.45 3.29 2.34
SD 0.55 0.79 0.86 0.52
2.5% 0.44 1.23 1.93 1.51
25.0% 0.90 1.88 2.65 1.96
50.0% 1.17 2.34 3.19 2.28
75.0% 1.54 2.94 3.83 2.65
97.5% 2.46 4.31 5.22 3.54
SD 0.21 0.21
2.5% 0.15 0.15
25.0% 0.30 0.30
50.0% 0.42 0.42
75.0% 0.56 0.56
97.5% 0.99 0.99
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
Sonoita Mean 0.00 5.38 2.23 0.00 1.90
SD 0.00 1.64 1.12 0.00 0.56
2.5% 0.00 2.70 0.49 0.00 1.04
25.0% 0.00 4.20 1.39 0.00 1.49
50.0% 0.00 5.19 2.08 0.00 1.84
75.0% 0.00 6.34 2.85 0.00 2.23
97.5% 0.00 9.24 4.94 0.00 3.21
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 1.56 2.63 1.89 2.23 0.98
2.5% 0.00 1.63 5.94 3.16 5.47 4.22
25.0% 0.00 2.58 9.09 5.01 7.48 5.37
50.0% 0.00 3.42 10.73 6.34 8.88 6.00
75.0% 0.00 4.64 12.55 7.76 10.37 6.64
97.5% 0.00 7.45 16.58 10.25 14.11 8.12
SD 0.83 0.89 0.41 0.46 0.61 0.34
2.5% 1.38 2.52 0.53 0.82 1.59 1.81
25.0% 2.13 3.38 0.80 1.22 2.23 2.19
50.0% 2.67 3.96 1.08 1.56 2.60 2.41
75.0% 3.29 4.59 1.40 1.88 3.00 2.65
97.5% 4.52 5.90 2.03 2.55 3.99 3.15


Vesper Sparrow (n = 7,442)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 3.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.87
2.5% 0.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06
25.0% 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30
50.0% 2.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.67
75.0% 5.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.37
97.5% 12.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.21
SD 7.31 10.18 11.88 12.93 12.12 5.26
2.5% 13.95 163.60 229.80 284.20 247.20 198.31
25.0% 22.12 176.20 244.20 299.80 261.80 204.78
50.0% 26.85 183.00 252.10 308.50 269.90 208.27
75.0% 32.19 190.00 260.30 317.50 278.20 211.85
97.5% 42.05 203.60 276.40 334.80 294.50 218.94
El Tokio Mean 17.04 11.10 5.69 1.73 13.68 9.85
SD 9.99 3.15 2.24 0.90 3.36 2.33
2.5% 3.89 5.75 2.54 0.54 8.00 6.26
25.0% 11.20 8.74 4.21 1.04 11.22 8.24
50.0% 14.99 10.96 5.22 1.52 13.45 9.52
75.0% 20.35 13.18 6.69 2.28 15.77 11.06
97.5% 47.33 17.49 11.31 3.88 21.16 15.60
Janos Mean 178.32 63.40 175.85 17.63 182.55 123.55
SD 11.83 6.39 10.84 3.29 8.96 4.05
2.5% 156.20 51.80 155.10 11.96 165.50 115.74
25.0% 170.10 58.86 168.40 15.31 176.40 120.79
50.0% 178.00 63.15 175.60 17.39 182.40 123.53
75.0% 186.20 67.59 183.10 19.71 188.50 126.26
97.5% 202.40 76.77 197.70 24.63 200.60 131.53
SD 17.36 3.58 10.29 6.95
2.5% 345.30 11.68 112.90 162.93
25.0% 366.30 15.45 124.90 171.33
50.0% 377.80 17.92 131.80 175.92
75.0% 389.70 20.30 138.70 180.70
97.5% 413.50 25.59 153.10 190.05
SD 18.92 7.37 0.00 7.46
2.5% 22.81 2.39 0.00 9.85
25.0% 41.30 8.14 0.00 17.10
50.0% 53.14 12.04 0.00 22.21
75.0% 64.95 17.04 0.00 27.22
97.5% 97.20 31.83 0.00 38.42
Malpaís Mean 233.24 191.56 212.40
SD 18.80 17.18 12.72
2.5% 198.20 159.60 188.60
25.0% 220.30 179.70 203.65
50.0% 232.80 191.10 211.95
75.0% 245.60 202.70 220.80
97.5% 271.50 227.10 238.50


Mapimí Mean 101.20 75.21 358.26 188.25 23.62 149.31
SD 15.64 7.63 16.19 11.40 4.30 5.40
2.5% 73.28 61.36 327.40 166.60 15.64 139.06
25.0% 90.22 69.86 347.00 180.30 20.61 145.60
50.0% 99.96 74.80 358.00 188.10 23.35 149.16
75.0% 111.20 80.17 369.10 195.90 26.40 152.92
97.5% 134.60 91.36 390.60 211.10 32.58 160.20
Marfa Mean 116.95 1.59 14.15 44.23
SD 9.02 1.07 3.02 3.15
2.5% 100.00 0.14 9.28 38.29
25.0% 110.60 0.78 11.95 42.02
50.0% 116.70 1.36 13.78 44.19
75.0% 123.10 2.17 16.04 46.37
97.5% 135.10 4.14 20.76 50.50
SD 4.66 4.66
2.5% 52.30 52.30
25.0% 58.06 58.06
50.0% 61.17 61.17
75.0% 64.34 64.34
97.5% 70.45 70.45
SD 3.21 3.21
2.5% 3.59 3.59
25.0% 6.11 6.11
50.0% 8.01 8.01
75.0% 10.44 10.44
97.5% 16.06 16.06
Sonoita Mean 228.18 99.64 26.88 86.61 110.33
SD 33.00 12.42 5.97 7.76 9.35
2.5% 165.00 76.70 15.83 72.04 92.51
25.0% 205.10 91.11 22.77 81.25 103.86
50.0% 227.70 99.34 26.61 86.40 110.30
75.0% 249.90 107.90 30.81 91.71 116.59
97.5% 295.20 124.70 39.00 102.50 128.84
SD 12.36 12.36
2.5% 168.30 168.30
25.0% 183.40 183.40
50.0% 191.50 191.50
75.0% 199.70 199.70
97.5% 216.90 216.90
SD 38.53 11.76 25.54 11.08 18.75 10.68
2.5% 54.54 71.13 367.00 60.82 214.70 171.98
25.0% 91.45 83.87 397.80 73.40 237.50 184.21
50.0% 115.00 91.97 414.70 80.45 250.10 191.23
75.0% 143.80 100.40 432.10 88.39 263.10 198.61
97.5% 203.80 116.40 466.80 104.10 287.80 213.71
SD 17.84 5.35 6.35 3.94 5.09 4.23
2.5% 304.10 53.43 84.41 30.46 74.89 116.03
25.0% 325.80 60.11 92.15 35.14 81.21 121.22
50.0% 337.80 63.54 96.36 37.67 84.58 124.08
75.0% 350.00 67.16 100.70 40.43 87.92 126.96
97.5% 373.60 74.54 109.20 45.97 94.84 132.69


Western Meadowlark (n = 601)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14
2.5% 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03
25.0% 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06
50.0% 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12
75.0% 0.95 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.24
97.5% 2.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.55
SD 0.89 0.36 0.46 0.57 0.28 0.27
2.5% 1.02 0.64 1.00 1.71 0.53 1.34
25.0% 1.73 1.04 1.39 2.25 0.80 1.61
50.0% 2.23 1.27 1.68 2.60 0.98 1.78
75.0% 2.84 1.49 2.01 2.98 1.18 1.97
97.5% 4.55 2.04 2.73 3.93 1.62 2.40
El Tokio Mean 0.00 1.87 2.71 6.44 0.00 2.20
SD 0.00 0.58 0.70 1.07 0.00 0.29
2.5% 0.00 0.99 1.65 4.52 0.00 1.66
25.0% 0.00 1.42 2.21 5.67 0.00 2.00
50.0% 0.00 1.77 2.63 6.40 0.00 2.20
75.0% 0.00 2.24 3.10 7.16 0.00 2.40
97.5% 0.00 3.19 4.30 8.61 0.00 2.78
Janos Mean 1.22 1.43 1.25 3.92 1.40 1.84
SD 0.39 0.43 0.39 0.67 0.33 0.22
2.5% 0.62 0.70 0.63 2.71 0.83 1.44
25.0% 0.93 1.12 0.95 3.44 1.16 1.70
50.0% 1.15 1.41 1.22 3.89 1.38 1.83
75.0% 1.46 1.70 1.51 4.38 1.61 1.97
97.5% 2.08 2.36 2.08 5.27 2.10 2.32
SD 1.31 0.36 0.00 0.46
2.5% 7.84 0.30 0.00 2.87
25.0% 9.30 0.61 0.00 3.38
50.0% 10.13 0.88 0.00 3.68
75.0% 11.06 1.13 0.00 3.99
97.5% 12.98 1.62 0.00 4.65
SD 1.55 0.00 0.00 0.52
2.5% 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.09
25.0% 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.23
50.0% 1.25 0.00 0.00 0.42
75.0% 1.89 0.00 0.00 0.63
97.5% 7.05 0.00 0.00 2.35
SD 0.23 0.00 0.11
2.5% 0.09 0.00 0.04
25.0% 0.19 0.00 0.09
50.0% 0.27 0.00 0.13
75.0% 0.42 0.00 0.21
97.5% 0.98 0.00 0.49


Mapimí Mean 5.78 0.67 1.46 1.11 0.00 1.81
SD 1.68 0.26 0.51 0.38 0.00 0.37
2.5% 3.01 0.24 0.58 0.38 0.00 1.15
25.0% 4.62 0.49 1.10 0.85 0.00 1.56
50.0% 5.63 0.66 1.43 1.11 0.00 1.78
75.0% 6.69 0.83 1.78 1.35 0.00 2.03
97.5% 9.80 1.24 2.54 1.94 0.00 2.59
Marfa Mean 24.38 4.12 1.76 10.09
SD 2.02 0.80 0.49 0.77
2.5% 20.53 2.69 0.97 8.64
25.0% 23.00 3.56 1.40 9.56
50.0% 24.34 4.07 1.71 10.06
75.0% 25.71 4.63 2.05 10.60
97.5% 28.53 5.75 2.86 11.67
SD 0.32 0.32
2.5% 0.75 0.75
25.0% 1.11 1.11
50.0% 1.32 1.32
75.0% 1.55 1.55
97.5% 2.03 2.03
SD 0.52 0.52
2.5% 0.23 0.23
25.0% 0.53 0.53
50.0% 0.78 0.78
75.0% 1.17 1.17
97.5% 2.25 2.25
Sonoita Mean 0.00 0.46 0.41 0.32 0.30
SD 0.00 0.30 0.36 0.18 0.13
2.5% 0.00 0.14 0.04 0.08 0.12
25.0% 0.00 0.24 0.17 0.19 0.20
50.0% 0.00 0.38 0.29 0.29 0.28
75.0% 0.00 0.59 0.55 0.42 0.37
97.5% 0.00 1.22 1.40 0.74 0.60
SD 0.32 0.32
2.5% 0.30 0.30
25.0% 0.61 0.61
50.0% 0.80 0.80
75.0% 1.03 1.03
97.5% 1.51 1.51
SD 1.67 0.00 1.67 0.43 0.42 0.46
2.5% 0.43 0.00 6.25 0.21 0.16 1.75
25.0% 0.87 0.00 7.91 0.41 0.34 2.22
50.0% 1.61 0.00 8.99 0.68 0.57 2.51
75.0% 3.00 0.00 10.20 0.97 0.88 2.83
97.5% 6.48 0.00 12.70 1.80 1.73 3.55
SD 0.56 0.00 0.23 0.14 0.25 0.13
2.5% 0.74 0.00 0.30 0.09 0.56 0.48
25.0% 1.25 0.00 0.49 0.16 0.81 0.63
50.0% 1.65 0.00 0.65 0.24 0.97 0.71
75.0% 2.04 0.00 0.83 0.35 1.14 0.80
97.5% 2.84 0.00 1.14 0.59 1.53 1.00


White-tailed Kite (n = 45)

SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
2.5% 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
25.0% 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01
50.0% 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02
75.0% 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03
97.5% 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06
El Tokio Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Janos Mean 0.21 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10
SD 0.08 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03
2.5% 0.08 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05
25.0% 0.15 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08
50.0% 0.20 0.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10
75.0% 0.25 0.36 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12
97.5% 0.39 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16
SD 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04
2.5% 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05
25.0% 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.08
50.0% 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.11
75.0% 0.15 0.13 0.13 0.14
97.5% 0.22 0.18 0.22 0.19
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.06 0.00 0.03
2.5% 0.03 0.00 0.02
25.0% 0.07 0.00 0.03
50.0% 0.10 0.00 0.05
75.0% 0.16 0.00 0.08
97.5% 0.26 0.00 0.13


Mapimí Mean 0.00 0.19 0.16 0.16 0.00 0.10
SD 0.00 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.00 0.03
2.5% 0.00 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.00 0.05
25.0% 0.00 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.00 0.08
50.0% 0.00 0.17 0.15 0.15 0.00 0.10
75.0% 0.00 0.24 0.19 0.19 0.00 0.12
97.5% 0.00 0.35 0.28 0.29 0.00 0.16
Marfa Mean 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
Sonoita Mean 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.11 0.06
SD 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.05 0.03
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.05 0.02
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.08 0.04
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.10 0.05
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.13 0.07
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.23 0.13
SD 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00
SD 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
25.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
50.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
75.0% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
97.5% 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
SD 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.02
2.5% 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.02
25.0% 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.03
50.0% 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.04
75.0% 0.10 0.08 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.05
97.5% 0.18 0.14 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.08

White-tailed Kite
Sonoita Sulphur Springs Valle Colombia Valles Centrales

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Mapimi Marfa New Mexico Bootheel Otero Mesa
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
Density (birds km2)
0.2
0.1
0.0
Janos Lagunas del Este Llano Las Amapolas Malpais
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
Armendaris Cuatro Cienegas Cuchillas de la Zarca El Tokio
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year

Ammodramus-Passerculus (n = 5,609)
SD 12.85 12.85
2.5% 72.18 72.18
25.0% 86.23 86.23
50.0% 94.30 94.30
75.0% 103.40 103.40
97.5% 121.70 121.70
SD 6.35 8.96 10.28 8.37 4.43
2.5% 72.47 149.50 208.80 141.30 150.70
25.0% 79.82 161.00 221.40 151.50 156.25
50.0% 84.13 167.00 228.20 157.10 159.20
75.0% 88.50 172.90 235.30 162.80 162.22
97.5% 97.13 184.80 248.90 174.20 167.94
SD 9.18 4.25 10.36 4.21 3.07 3.15
2.5% 117.80 24.89 158.00 27.20 23.34 75.88
25.0% 129.10 29.90 170.50 31.73 26.89 79.76
50.0% 135.20 32.75 177.50 34.44 28.88 81.88
75.0% 141.40 35.64 184.60 37.35 31.04 83.99
97.5% 154.10 41.65 198.50 43.45 35.35 88.27
El Tokio Mean 27.24 177.42 12.33 73.98 45.01 67.20
SD 4.32 11.80 2.01 5.06 3.87 2.85
2.5% 19.61 154.90 8.66 64.56 37.67 61.80
25.0% 24.27 169.30 10.91 70.49 42.34 65.20
50.0% 26.92 177.20 12.23 73.78 44.97 67.12
75.0% 29.86 185.20 13.65 77.30 47.63 69.11
97.5% 36.78 201.40 16.54 84.36 52.69 72.92
Janos Mean 128.48 12.40 42.56 55.54 18.55 51.50
SD 9.21 2.96 5.41 17.72 9.59 4.99
2.5% 111.00 7.50 32.50 28.43 6.93 42.78
25.0% 122.20 10.28 38.78 42.40 12.10 47.91
50.0% 128.40 12.05 42.45 53.48 15.97 51.16
75.0% 134.60 14.22 46.12 65.56 22.19 54.71
97.5% 146.90 18.95 53.72 97.44 45.45 62.35
SD 9.44 11.41 11.36 6.28
2.5% 4.97 89.51 87.32 66.87
25.0% 9.14 103.10 100.30 74.11
50.0% 13.97 110.70 107.70 78.18
75.0% 20.66 118.70 115.60 82.61
97.5% 41.65 133.80 131.30 91.57
SD 0.00 14.56 2.17 4.94
2.5% 0.00 80.86 5.19 29.78
25.0% 0.00 98.26 7.51 35.75
50.0% 0.00 108.30 9.13 39.05
75.0% 0.00 118.20 10.54 42.50
97.5% 0.00 137.50 13.53 49.05
Malpaís Mean 101.06 56.78 78.92
SD 7.58 5.53 4.74
2.5% 86.91 46.19 69.97
25.0% 95.85 53.02 75.62
50.0% 100.80 56.66 78.80
75.0% 106.00 60.47 82.10
97.5% 116.80 67.87 88.51


Mapimí Mean 13.62 87.57 8.01 16.02 43.30 33.70
SD 3.01 6.95 2.18 3.12 3.55 1.85
2.5% 8.26 74.62 4.30 10.24 36.80 30.11
25.0% 11.52 82.85 6.45 13.91 40.84 32.46
50.0% 13.47 87.33 7.90 15.87 43.15 33.70
75.0% 15.53 91.98 9.30 17.97 45.64 34.91
97.5% 19.97 102.10 12.81 22.75 50.59 37.41
Marfa Mean 36.06 39.90 114.43 63.46
SD 6.24 12.25 11.37 5.86
2.5% 24.51 18.27 93.19 52.80
25.0% 31.79 31.38 106.60 59.40
50.0% 35.72 39.23 114.10 63.15
75.0% 40.12 47.38 121.90 67.17
97.5% 49.02 66.55 137.80 75.78
SD 7.72 7.72
2.5% 39.11 39.11
25.0% 47.79 47.79
50.0% 52.60 52.60
75.0% 58.04 58.04
97.5% 69.81 69.81
SD 8.00 8.00
2.5% 94.40 94.40
25.0% 104.20 104.20
50.0% 109.60 109.60
75.0% 115.10 115.10
97.5% 125.40 125.40
Sonoita Mean 77.42 13.88 21.43 17.20 32.48
SD 7.27 6.91 3.86 3.49 2.78
2.5% 64.49 2.75 14.27 10.99 27.45
25.0% 72.37 8.58 18.83 14.73 30.58
50.0% 77.02 13.29 21.25 17.00 32.34
75.0% 81.99 18.23 23.76 19.47 34.21
97.5% 92.84 29.16 29.83 24.72 38.50
SD 1.42 1.42
2.5% 1.14 1.14
25.0% 2.20 2.20
50.0% 2.94 2.94
75.0% 3.97 3.97
97.5% 6.76 6.76
SD 13.63 4.92 5.99 9.09 7.75 5.03
2.5% 112.60 0.50 0.42 13.93 4.47 29.48
25.0% 129.30 0.91 1.27 21.60 9.15 35.25
50.0% 138.30 5.14 5.72 27.75 15.53 39.18
75.0% 147.70 7.48 10.78 34.27 21.57 42.67
97.5% 165.70 19.41 19.80 49.10 31.16 48.62
SD 3.42 29.83 8.95 27.44 14.66 9.17
2.5% 40.37 66.06 45.06 558.00 142.80 184.58
25.0% 44.65 96.11 54.62 591.30 160.20 194.82
50.0% 46.90 116.20 60.47 609.70 169.70 200.84
75.0% 49.19 136.80 66.94 628.50 179.90 207.15
97.5% 53.92 183.30 79.86 665.70 200.20 220.31

Ammodramus-Passerculus
600
400
200
0
600
400
200
0
600
400
200
0
600
400
200
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year

Ammodramus spp. (n = 2,582)

SD 13.65 13.65
2.5% 181.10 181.10
25.0% 198.40 198.40
50.0% 207.40 207.40
75.0% 216.60 216.60
97.5% 234.70 234.70
SD 11.75 3.87 9.60 6.35 4.20
2.5% 95.87 10.05 59.60 30.75 55.27
25.0% 109.30 13.95 70.60 37.35 60.43
50.0% 116.80 16.56 76.74 41.54 63.22
75.0% 124.90 19.09 83.24 46.22 66.03
97.5% 141.50 24.64 97.65 55.18 71.93
SD 3.35 15.95 4.52 7.61 32.67 7.41
2.5% 13.62 181.30 14.83 36.17 37.09 65.25
25.0% 17.35 200.80 18.84 44.05 58.56 72.14
50.0% 19.50 211.20 21.67 49.00 79.76 76.38
75.0% 21.78 222.10 24.84 54.46 101.30 81.52
97.5% 26.79 244.00 32.15 65.94 162.40 94.89
El Tokio Mean 40.40 127.11 15.84 259.52 38.40 96.25
SD 4.37 48.03 6.39 25.28 10.06 11.13
2.5% 32.48 56.72 5.83 211.30 22.56 77.10
25.0% 37.31 89.59 11.16 242.10 30.93 88.22
50.0% 40.21 117.80 14.95 259.00 37.18 95.22
75.0% 43.19 158.60 19.28 276.50 44.39 103.50
97.5% 49.50 232.70 31.38 310.20 60.37 120.10
Janos Mean 29.72 38.45 129.33 154.53 140.77 98.56
SD 21.10 23.41 17.38 19.76 21.62 9.52
2.5% 5.55 7.60 97.73 117.20 102.20 81.43
25.0% 15.30 21.53 117.60 141.10 126.10 92.11
50.0% 24.36 33.15 128.20 153.70 138.80 98.03
75.0% 39.01 49.62 140.10 167.20 154.30 104.48
97.5% 85.77 96.76 166.40 195.80 187.90 118.72
SD 3.64 11.29 8.39 4.78
2.5% 5.27 90.72 45.95 52.48
25.0% 8.58 104.40 55.29 58.23
50.0% 10.86 111.70 61.11 61.45
75.0% 13.56 119.40 66.93 64.75
97.5% 19.20 135.60 78.50 71.20
SD 0.00 3.97 7.79 2.84
2.5% 0.00 7.37 38.80 17.12
25.0% 0.00 10.98 47.75 20.41
50.0% 0.00 13.43 52.67 22.12
75.0% 0.00 16.18 57.91 24.01
97.5% 0.00 22.81 69.30 28.19
Malpaís Mean 14.99 26.45 20.72
SD 4.24 5.35 3.36
2.5% 7.96 16.93 14.49
25.0% 11.80 22.69 18.40
50.0% 14.70 26.13 20.64
75.0% 17.72 29.81 22.91
97.5% 24.10 37.87 27.75


Mapimí Mean 27.24 57.36 31.34 93.39 73.56 56.58
SD 4.15 11.33 14.92 14.14 13.16 5.10
2.5% 20.01 37.04 9.92 68.41 50.22 46.94
25.0% 24.26 49.29 20.86 83.43 64.40 53.11
50.0% 27.02 56.85 29.55 92.56 72.66 56.48
75.0% 29.90 65.01 39.05 102.70 81.60 59.88
97.5% 35.97 80.46 68.44 122.30 102.60 67.20
Marfa Mean 93.22 55.57 8.96 52.58
SD 10.46 8.25 3.43 4.73
2.5% 73.37 40.63 3.94 43.58
25.0% 86.07 49.66 6.47 49.32
50.0% 92.86 55.10 8.43 52.46
75.0% 100.10 61.01 10.77 55.77
97.5% 114.60 72.70 17.54 62.14
SD 3.47 3.47
2.5% 4.29 4.29
25.0% 8.36 8.36
50.0% 10.56 10.56
75.0% 12.90 12.90
97.5% 18.41 18.41
SD 1.89 1.89
2.5% 1.00 1.00
25.0% 2.19 2.19
50.0% 3.24 3.24
75.0% 4.63 4.63
97.5% 8.29 8.29
Sonoita Mean 23.55 101.51 11.24 89.26 56.39
SD 6.12 12.15 2.65 7.95 3.96
2.5% 13.67 79.15 6.86 74.19 48.81
25.0% 19.16 93.14 9.31 83.79 53.67
50.0% 22.69 101.00 11.01 88.95 56.34
75.0% 27.05 109.70 12.82 94.53 59.08
97.5% 37.58 126.20 17.27 105.50 64.24
SD 6.62 6.62
2.5% 52.17 52.17
25.0% 59.80 59.80
50.0% 64.13 64.13
75.0% 68.51 68.51
97.5% 78.24 78.24
SD 11.24 13.46 5.28 4.48 5.67 6.44
2.5% 5.41 6.97 4.67 3.29 3.16 6.16
25.0% 8.51 12.62 6.68 5.02 4.38 7.91
50.0% 12.34 17.05 9.61 6.84 6.68 12.14
75.0% 20.09 33.67 15.01 9.96 11.85 17.90
97.5% 46.35 53.35 23.90 19.62 23.17 27.46
SD 7.45 6.46 35.46 11.01 19.39 12.60
2.5% 11.26 1.35 11.19 4.00 2.91 8.68
25.0% 17.94 3.59 15.59 6.27 7.86 12.04
50.0% 22.80 8.38 51.62 8.73 25.07 25.15
75.0% 28.08 12.56 75.87 16.91 42.51 34.07
97.5% 40.80 25.06 129.10 40.45 67.07 50.22

Ammodramus spp.
300
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300
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100
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300
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100
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300
200
100
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year

Sturnella spp. (n = 2,849)

SD 1.22 1.22
2.5% 1.77 1.77
25.0% 2.84 2.84
50.0% 3.68 3.68
75.0% 4.49 4.49
97.5% 6.43 6.43
SD 1.84 2.29 3.02 2.28 1.31
2.5% 1.84 3.21 7.19 3.19 5.47
25.0% 3.29 4.88 10.64 5.24 6.78
50.0% 4.57 6.20 12.46 6.64 7.59
75.0% 5.94 7.88 14.61 8.25 8.52
97.5% 8.72 12.01 19.07 12.04 10.71
SD 2.33 1.69 2.06 1.95 1.57 0.92
2.5% 6.13 14.25 19.62 19.72 13.49 16.42
25.0% 8.47 16.12 22.08 22.08 15.39 17.54
50.0% 9.96 17.27 23.51 23.40 16.44 18.16
75.0% 11.67 18.47 24.94 24.71 17.52 18.80
97.5% 14.98 20.77 27.55 27.40 19.60 20.03
El Tokio Mean 10.98 8.35 10.84 16.01 6.78 10.59
SD 3.51 1.41 1.74 2.20 1.35 1.03
2.5% 5.48 5.87 7.72 12.05 4.38 8.76
25.0% 8.53 7.35 9.64 14.50 5.82 9.87
50.0% 10.44 8.28 10.75 15.91 6.67 10.55
75.0% 12.97 9.20 11.91 17.40 7.65 11.25
97.5% 19.44 11.45 14.57 20.69 9.63 12.76
Janos Mean 19.06 16.42 32.08 22.03 10.40 20.00
SD 2.09 1.82 2.55 2.11 1.18 0.94
2.5% 15.25 13.04 27.30 18.02 8.24 18.20
25.0% 17.61 15.14 30.33 20.59 9.56 19.35
50.0% 18.94 16.39 32.01 21.97 10.35 19.97
75.0% 20.39 17.66 33.75 23.40 11.17 20.62
97.5% 23.48 20.11 37.29 26.38 12.84 21.88
SD 1.93 1.39 1.63 1.00
2.5% 12.41 6.44 8.24 10.17
25.0% 14.66 8.00 10.08 11.36
50.0% 15.94 8.90 11.11 12.02
75.0% 17.25 9.86 12.24 12.71
97.5% 20.09 11.89 14.63 14.13
SD 0.00 3.61 2.70 1.70
2.5% 0.00 1.36 2.47 1.54
25.0% 0.00 3.97 4.58 3.08
50.0% 0.00 5.61 5.94 4.06
75.0% 0.00 8.09 7.72 5.20
97.5% 0.00 16.21 13.36 8.52
SD 1.52 1.48 1.13
2.5% 2.67 3.25 3.37
25.0% 3.93 4.60 4.58
50.0% 4.85 5.55 5.28
75.0% 6.04 6.63 6.11
97.5% 8.48 9.03 7.79


Mapimí Mean 9.17 3.58 12.29 18.27 6.42 9.95
SD 2.36 0.75 1.61 1.94 1.18 0.76
2.5% 5.12 2.29 9.41 14.71 4.37 8.47
25.0% 7.46 3.03 11.14 16.90 5.61 9.42
50.0% 8.95 3.53 12.19 18.18 6.31 9.93
75.0% 10.64 4.06 13.35 19.52 7.15 10.46
97.5% 14.42 5.17 15.61 22.37 8.99 11.48
Marfa Mean 37.10 8.03 22.50 22.54
SD 2.87 1.35 2.24 1.31
2.5% 31.64 5.62 18.43 20.08
25.0% 35.15 7.10 20.92 21.65
50.0% 37.02 7.93 22.38 22.52
75.0% 39.01 8.86 23.99 23.40
97.5% 42.94 11.00 27.10 25.22
SD 1.29 1.29
2.5% 11.39 11.39
25.0% 12.91 12.91
50.0% 13.78 13.78
75.0% 14.68 14.68
97.5% 16.45 16.45
SD 2.34 2.34
2.5% 7.97 7.97
25.0% 10.37 10.37
50.0% 11.86 11.86
75.0% 13.53 13.53
97.5% 17.15 17.15
Sonoita Mean 13.32 30.37 17.98 13.47 18.78
SD 3.87 3.44 2.77 1.70 1.63
2.5% 6.40 23.88 13.05 10.46 15.77
25.0% 10.65 27.94 15.98 12.26 17.65
50.0% 13.02 30.34 17.79 13.38 18.73
75.0% 15.40 32.68 19.81 14.59 19.82
97.5% 22.69 37.24 23.85 16.98 22.22
SD 1.80 1.80
2.5% 10.64 10.64
25.0% 12.56 12.56
50.0% 13.74 13.74
75.0% 14.98 14.98
97.5% 17.67 17.67
SD 4.68 2.98 3.85 3.55 2.75 1.70
2.5% 6.82 11.56 23.72 20.99 11.16 17.87
25.0% 10.36 14.51 28.19 24.99 14.34 19.80
50.0% 13.09 16.48 30.61 27.31 16.06 20.90
75.0% 16.12 18.66 33.22 29.72 17.87 22.06
97.5% 24.75 23.20 38.91 34.87 22.23 24.56
SD 1.90 0.95 1.27 1.40 0.88 0.63
2.5% 10.47 5.30 10.05 11.58 7.78 10.19
25.0% 12.64 6.38 11.46 13.22 8.82 10.97
50.0% 13.86 7.01 12.29 14.12 9.39 11.38
75.0% 15.17 7.68 13.18 15.07 10.00 11.80
97.5% 17.90 8.96 15.02 17.06 11.25 12.66

Sturnella spp.

50
40
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year

Corvus spp. (n = 990)

SD 0.66 0.66
2.5% 0.49 0.49
25.0% 1.02 1.02
50.0% 1.40 1.40
75.0% 1.81 1.81
97.5% 2.95 2.95
SD 1.77 1.85 2.86 1.93 1.14
2.5% 2.22 2.36 8.74 4.41 5.82
25.0% 3.37 4.06 11.35 6.16 6.97
50.0% 4.39 5.22 13.25 7.29 7.71
75.0% 5.85 6.58 15.48 8.69 8.53
97.5% 8.79 9.37 19.43 11.79 10.24
SD 1.05 0.80 0.59 0.48 0.47 0.36
2.5% 2.04 4.04 1.95 1.30 1.55 2.68
25.0% 2.85 4.92 2.63 1.80 2.05 3.08
50.0% 3.42 5.42 3.02 2.09 2.32 3.30
75.0% 4.19 5.96 3.42 2.42 2.63 3.53
97.5% 6.00 7.18 4.25 3.19 3.45 4.12
El Tokio Mean 4.50 3.05 4.59 3.31 3.02 3.69
SD 1.57 0.72 0.94 0.74 0.68 0.50
2.5% 2.09 1.89 2.98 2.12 1.79 2.79
25.0% 3.35 2.54 3.94 2.75 2.55 3.33
50.0% 4.18 2.96 4.51 3.23 2.97 3.66
75.0% 5.48 3.48 5.14 3.79 3.44 4.03
97.5% 8.17 4.67 6.57 4.91 4.49 4.74
Janos Mean 8.41 13.09 10.60 6.76 3.30 8.43
SD 1.14 1.48 1.25 1.02 0.49 0.57
2.5% 6.46 10.32 8.29 4.88 2.36 7.36
25.0% 7.61 12.06 9.76 6.04 2.96 8.04
50.0% 8.31 13.04 10.54 6.73 3.29 8.41
75.0% 9.11 14.02 11.38 7.45 3.63 8.80
97.5% 10.91 16.16 13.24 8.83 4.28 9.61
SD 0.67 0.49 0.59 0.36
2.5% 1.84 0.72 1.56 1.65
25.0% 2.40 1.11 2.10 2.04
50.0% 2.79 1.40 2.48 2.28
75.0% 3.30 1.77 2.91 2.53
97.5% 4.41 2.58 3.87 3.06
SD 0.00 1.62 1.38 0.83
2.5% 0.00 1.28 0.91 0.94
25.0% 0.00 2.16 1.83 1.45
50.0% 0.00 3.00 2.75 1.95
75.0% 0.00 4.17 3.80 2.59
97.5% 0.00 7.58 6.01 4.05
SD 0.58 0.65 0.47
2.5% 0.43 1.28 1.11
25.0% 0.97 1.96 1.57
50.0% 1.28 2.35 1.86
75.0% 1.71 2.83 2.19
97.5% 2.72 3.77 2.93


Mapimí Mean 1.38 1.65 1.61 2.09 0.76 1.50
SD 0.58 0.39 0.42 0.52 0.28 0.25
2.5% 0.55 0.99 0.93 1.26 0.34 1.06
25.0% 0.95 1.37 1.31 1.72 0.54 1.32
50.0% 1.25 1.62 1.56 2.03 0.72 1.48
75.0% 1.68 1.92 1.87 2.38 0.92 1.66
97.5% 2.84 2.46 2.54 3.28 1.40 2.04
Marfa Mean 2.38 1.11 1.52 1.67
SD 0.54 0.36 0.40 0.28
2.5% 1.45 0.59 0.87 1.16
25.0% 2.00 0.86 1.25 1.48
50.0% 2.33 1.05 1.49 1.65
75.0% 2.72 1.29 1.76 1.85
97.5% 3.55 1.99 2.43 2.25
SD 0.78 0.78
2.5% 5.00 5.00
25.0% 5.87 5.87
50.0% 6.39 6.39
75.0% 6.92 6.92
97.5% 8.02 8.02
SD 0.59 0.59
2.5% 0.36 0.36
25.0% 0.77 0.77
50.0% 1.12 1.12
75.0% 1.59 1.59
97.5% 2.54 2.54
Sonoita Mean 15.30 9.03 8.72 6.04 9.77
SD 3.35 1.57 1.62 0.95 1.11
2.5% 9.76 6.35 5.84 4.32 7.82
25.0% 12.83 7.86 7.58 5.36 8.98
50.0% 14.99 8.92 8.62 5.99 9.70
75.0% 17.45 10.06 9.76 6.64 10.49
97.5% 22.67 12.42 12.12 8.05 12.09
SD 0.70 0.70
2.5% 1.77 1.77
25.0% 2.45 2.45
50.0% 2.91 2.91
75.0% 3.40 3.40
97.5% 4.50 4.50
SD 1.18 0.75 0.59 0.78 0.55 0.43
2.5% 0.77 1.17 0.91 1.64 0.57 1.41
25.0% 1.75 1.78 1.42 2.45 1.03 1.96
50.0% 2.47 2.27 1.76 2.93 1.35 2.23
75.0% 3.30 2.82 2.21 3.44 1.75 2.51
97.5% 5.39 4.03 3.17 4.74 2.72 3.14
SD 0.64 0.27 0.51 0.34 0.26 0.22
2.5% 1.61 0.70 1.99 1.06 0.85 1.53
25.0% 2.20 1.02 2.48 1.42 1.11 1.77
50.0% 2.58 1.18 2.82 1.65 1.27 1.92
75.0% 3.06 1.36 3.18 1.89 1.45 2.08
97.5% 4.08 1.78 3.95 2.39 1.90 2.39

Corvus spp.

30
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30
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30
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year


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Wintering Grassland Bird Densities in

Chihuahuan Desert Grassland Priority

Vision: Native bird populations are sustained in healthy ecosystems

Core Values: (Our goals for achieving our mission)

RMBO accomplishes its mission by:

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory i

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory ii

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory iii

Muchas especies de aves de pastizal de Norteamérica están sufriendo fuertes descensos

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory iv

In spite of the importance of Chihuahuan Desert grasslands for North American

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 1

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 2

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 3

Grassland habitat characterization

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 4

E(n) f (0) E(s)

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 5

where y is the perpendicular distance of detection and  is a model parameter. To improve

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 6

grasslands at GPCAs and as well as associations among species. We used Euclidean

Results and discussion

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 7

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 8

New Mexico Bootheel

Lagunas del Este

Llano Las Amapolas

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 9

Overall bird density and distribution

Grassland Priority 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 10

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 11

Lagunas del Este

New Mexico Bootheel

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 12

Abundance and species diversity at Grassland Priority Conservation Areas

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 13

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 14

Posterior mean density (birds km2)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 15

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 16

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 17

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Posterior mean density (birds km2)

0 50 100 150 200 250

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 18

Lagunas del Este

Llano Las Amapolas

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 19

Lagunas del Este

Posterior mean density (birds km2)

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory 20