Electromechanical

Energy Conversion
Lab Manual

Compiled Version II 7/16/19 EEE2003

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

 SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (SELECT)
B.Tech. (Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
EEE2003 / Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion
Contents
List of Experiments:

Sl. No. Title Page No.

1 Speed control of DC shunt motor and predetermination of performance

characteristics of DC shunt machine
2
Performance characteristics of DC traction motor

3
Performance characteristics of DC motor used for rolling mills

4
Magnetization and Load characteristics of DC shunt generator

5
Open circuit and short circuit test on a single phase transformer

6 Equivalent circuit and Performance evaluation of 3 phase industrial

pump motor
7
Load test on 3 phase motor used for lift applications

8
Load test on single phase fan motor

9 Voltage Regulation of a three phase induction generator

10 V and inverted V curves of 3 phase synchronous motor

11 Synchronization of a 3 phase alternator to the busbar

12 Performance test and connection assessment of a 3 phase transformer

13 Parallel operation of transformers

Predetermination of Voltage Regulation in 3 phase alternator by EMF
14 and MMF method

Lab Manual
 SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (SELECT)
B.Tech. (Electrical and Electronics Engineering)
EEE2003 / Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Sl. No. Title

I Cycle Experiments
1 Speed control of DC shunt motor and predetermination of performance
characteristics of DC shunt machine
2
Performance characteristics of DC traction motor

3
Performance characteristics of DC motor used for rolling mills

4
Magnetization and Load characteristics of DC shunt generator

5
Open circuit and short circuit test on a single phase transformer

6
Load test on 3 phase motor used for lift applications

7
Load test on single phase fan motor

II Cycle Experiments

8 Equivalent circuit and Performance evaluation of 3 phase industrial

pump motor

9 Voltage Regulation of a three phase induction generator

10 V and inverted V curves of 3 phase synchronous motor

11 Synchronization of a 3 phase alternator to the busbar

12 Performance test and connection assessment of a 3 phase transformer

13 Parallel operation of transformers

Predetermination of Voltage Regulation in 3 phase alternator by EMF
14 and MMF method

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Follow the rules and regulations of the laboratory

Wear Lab coat and shoes while entering the laboratory

Maintain discipline inside the laboratory

Keep the o bse rvati o n note bo o ks ready while coming to the laboratory

Keep the observation / record note book neatly. Draw the required diagrams with

the aid of scale and pencil.

Use pro-circles to draw measuring instruments

Bring the required graph sheets and stationaries

Prepare well for answering viva questions

Don’t switch on the power supply in the absence of Faculty / Staff

Take care while doing experiments on high voltage supplies

Get the readings verified by the Faculty before disconnecting the circuit

components

Get the observation / record signed by the Faculty within three days after

completing the experiment

Submit the record before coming for next week’s lab class

Use appropriate meters for measurements: Moving Iron (MI) type for AC; Moving coil

(MC) type for DC measurements.

While using multi-meter, ensure correct measuring parameter is selected using

selector knob. Also check the probes.

Lab Manual
 Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor and Predetermination
Exp. No:1
of Performance Characteristics of DC Shunt Machine
Date:
(a) Speed Control of Constant Speed DC Motor

AIM:
The objective of the experiment is
1. To understand the concept of controlling the speed of dc shunt motor
2. To control the speed of the given DC Shunt motor by the following methods:
i. Armature control method
ii. Field control method

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Voltmeter MC 1

MC 1
Ammeter
2. MC 1
1
3. Rheostat
1
Connecting As
4.
wires required

Theory of Speed Control of DC motor:

The back emf of the dc shunt motor is expressed as

Where
Va – Supply Voltage (V)
Ia – Armature Current (A)
Ra – Armature Resistance (Ω)

Also,

Where
Kb – back emf constant

Ф – Flux/pole of the machine in wb

ω m – Me chanical s pee d o f the mo to r in r ad/s

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

 N – Spe e d of the motor in rpm compute d as

F ro m t h e ab o v e e qu at i on s , s p e e d o f t h e d c mo t o r c an b e e x p re s se d as

It is clear from the speed equation that the speed of the dc motor is dependent on the
following:
a. Armature voltage
b. Armature resistance
c. Field flux

By varying any of the three parameters listed above, the speed of the dc motor can be
controlled to the desired value.
a. By adjusting the armature voltage:
In this method, the voltage applied to the armature is varied, while other parameters
are maintained constant. The armature voltage can be varied till rated value.
Increasing the voltage beyond the rated value leads to the insulation failure in the
armature. As a consequence, the coils will be short-circuited leading to excessive
temperature rise and damage of armature coils. The speed of the motor increases
when the armature voltage is increased and vice-versa. Hence the speed of dc motor
is directly proportional to the armature voltage. The range of speed control is limited
till the rated speed as the armature voltage is limited to rated value.

b. By varying armature resistance:

In this method, the armature circuit resistance is varied by connecting an external
variable resistance (rheostat) in series. The increase in resistance results in
decreased speed of the motor and vice-versa. This method is a lossy method, since
the armature current flowing through the external resistance resulting in heat
generation (due to I2R losses). Hence this method is not preferred in practice. The
speed of the dc motor is inversely proportional to the external resistance. The speed
control range is from zero to rated speed.

c. By varying the flux:

The flux of the dc motor is directly proportional to current flowing through the field
winding. The flux is controlled by varying the field current by inserting a rheostat in
series to the field circuit. The speed of the motor is inversely proportional to the
flux(field current). The field control is carried out at constant armature voltage. The
reduction in field current increases the speed of the motor. Since the maximum
armature voltage is the rated voltage, field weakening results in speeds above rated
speed. Also the torque developed by the dc motor under field weakening is less than
at the rated torque or the net torques is reduced.
It is observed that the speed of the dc motor will be maintained constant if all the
parameters are constant for a given load. If the load on the dc motor increases, then
armature current increases resulting in increased I aRa drop. This will reduce the speed of
the motor to some extent which is negligible in most cases. Hence DC shunt motor is
referred as a constant speed motor. The speed of the motors is expressed in revolutions per
minute (rpm) or radians per second.

Lab Manual
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Keep the field rheostat in minimum resistance position
2. Keep the armature rheostat in maximum resistance position
3. Don’t open field circuit
PROCEDURE:
(B) Armature Control Method
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. DPST Switch is closed to apply DC supply to the circuit.
3. Motor is started using 3 point starter.
4. The field current is kept constant at a particular value by adjusting the field
rheostat connected in the field circuit.
5. Vary the rheostat connected in the armature circuit is varied and the
corresponding armature voltage and motor speed are observed.
6. Steps 5, 6 are repeated and the readings are tabulated.
7. The rheostats are brought to the initial conditions.
(C) Field Control Method
1. The armature voltage is set at a desired value by adjusting the armature
rheostat.
2. The field current is reduced in steps by adjusting field rheostat.
3. The corresponding values of field current and motor speed are noted in each
step.
4. Steps 2 & 3 are repeated for different values of armature voltage.
5. The rheostat positions are restored to the initial conditions and the supply is
switched off by opening the DPST/MCB.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fuse Calculation:
For no-load test the required fuse is 25% of the rated current.

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

TABULATION:

(A) ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD

Field Current Field Current

Sl.No If1 = (A) If2 = (A)
. Armature Voltage Speed Armature Voltage Speed
Va (V) N (rpm) Va (V) N (rpm)

(B) FIELD CONTROL METHOD

Armature Voltage Armature Voltage

Va1 = (V) Va2 = (V)
S.No.
Field Current Speed Field Current Speed
If (A) N (rpm) If (A) N (rpm)

Lab Manual
MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
The speed of DC Shunt motor is controlled by armature and field controlled methods and the
curves are drawn.

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

 (b) PREDETERMINATION OF PERFROMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MACHINE

AIM:
To predetermine the performance characteristics of the DC machine when it works as a
generator and motor by conducting Swinburne’s Test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sl. No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter MC 1
2. Voltmeter MC 1
Wire
3. Rheostats 1
Wound
4. Tachometer Digital 1
5. Connecting wires - As required

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The field rheostat should be in the minimum resistance position

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the minimum position of field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and
starting resistance is gradually removed.
3. By adjusting the field rheostat, the machine is brought to its rated speed.
4. The armature current, field current and voltage readings are noted at no load.
5. The field rheostat is then brought to its minimum position and DPST switch is
opened.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Lab Manual
OBSERVATION:

No-load supply voltage No-load current Field Current No-load

Vo (V) Io (A) If (A) speed (rpm)

Circuit Diagram for Measuring Armature Resistance:

Armature voltage Armature current

Armature resistance
Va (V) Ia (A)

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

FORMULA USED:

Hot Resistance Ra = 1.2 X Ra Ω

Constant losses = VIo – Iao2 Ra W
Where Iao = (Io – If) A
As MOTOR:
Load Current IL = _____ A (Assume 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% of rated current)
Armature current Ia = IL – If A
Copper loss = Ia2 Ra W
Total losses = Copper loss + Constant losses
Input Power = VIL W
Output Power = Input Power – Total losses
Output power
Efficiency % = ---------------------- X 100%
Input Power

As GENERATOR:

Load Current IL = _____ A (Assume 15%, 25%, 50%, 75% of rated current)
Armature current Ia = IL + If A
Copper loss = Ia2 Ra W
Total losses = Copper loss + Constant losses
Output Power = V IL W
Input Power = Output Power +Total losses
Output power
Efficiency % = ----------------------- X 100%
Input Power
TABULATION:

(A) Efficiency when working as a DC Motor:

Constant Losses= …… W
Total Output Input
Sl. V IL Ia Ia2Ra Efficiency
Losses Power Power
No (V) (A) (A) (W) (% )
(W) (W) (W)
1
2
3
4
5

Lab Manual
 (B) Efficiency when working as a DC Generator:

Constant Losses= …… W
Total Output Input
Sl. V IL Ia Ia2Ra Efficiency
Losses Power Power
No (V) (A) (A) (W) (% )
(W) (W) (W)
1
2
3
4
5
6

MODEL GRAPH:

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thus the efficiency of the DC machine is predetermined by conducting Swinburne’s test

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Ex No: LOAD TEST ON DC TRACTION MOTOR
Date
AIM:
To obtain the performance characteristics of a DC series motor by conducting load test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Ammeter 1

2. Voltmeter 1

3. Tachometer 1

4. Connecting Wires As required

DC Series Motor:
In DC series motor, the field and windings are connected in series and the field and
armature currents are same. The field winding is characterized by few turns of thick copper
wire with low resistance and higher inductance. This will minimize the losses in the motor
as the line, load and field currents are same. The torque of the motor is proportional to
square of the armature current. This characteristic of high torque at starting finds its
application in traction, crane applications. At the time of starting, the field flux will be very
low, so that the motor attains dangerously high speeds. Hence DC series motor is started
with always some load applied on its shaft.
The armature torque of the dc motor is given by

( )

Also, from the speed equation of the dc motor,

At the time of starting, and hence N attains infinity (ideally).

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor should be started and stopped with mechanical load applied on the brake
drum.
2. Brake drum should be cooled with water when the motor is loaded.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the load condition, DPST switch is closed.
3. The motor is started using two point starter.
4. The mechanical load is increased gradually in steps and the Voltmeter, Ammeter,
speed and spring balance readings are observed for each step.
5. After bringing the mechanical load to initial position (with certain load), DPST switch
is opened.

Lab Manual
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Name Plate Details:

Rated Voltage:
Rated Current:
Rated Speed:
Rated Power:

Fuse Calculations:
The test is conducted under loaded condition and hence 125% of the rated current value
must be chosen.

FORMULA USED:

(i)

(ii) Torque ( )

(iii) Input Power

(iv) W

(v) Efficiency (η) in percentage

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

 Tabular Column:

Spring Balance Output Input

Voltage Current Readings Speed Torque
Power Power Efficiency
S.No. V I N T
S1 S2 (S1 S2) Pm Pi (% )
(V) (A) (rpm) (N-m)
(Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (W) (W)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

MODEL GRAPHS:

RESULT: Thus load test on DC series traction motor is conducted and its performance
characteristics are drawn.

Lab Manual
Ex. No :3 Performance characteristics of DC motor used for rolling mills
Date

AIM:
To determine the performance characteristics by conducting load test on DC compound
motor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S. No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter 1

2 Voltmeter 1

3 Rheostat 1

4 Tachometer 1

5 Connecting Wires As required

PRECAUTIONS:
1. DC compound motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.
2. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position.
3. Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the no load condition, and minimum field rheostat position, DPST switch
is closed and starter resistance is gradually removed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
4. Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted under no
load condition.
5. The load is added to the motor gradually and for each load, voltmeter, ammeter, spring
balance readings and speed of the motor are noted.
6. The motor is then brought to no load condition and field rheostat to minimum position,
then DPST switch is opened.
FORMULA USED:

(i)

(ii) Torque ( )
(iii) Input Power
(iv) W

(v) Efficiency (η) in percentage

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TABULATION:

Spring Balance Output Input

Voltage Current Readings Speed Torque
Power Power Efficiency
S.No. V I N T
S1 S2 (S1 S2) Pm Pi (%)
(V) (A) (rpm) (N-m)
(Kg) (Kg) (Kg) (W) (W)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Lab Manual
MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
Thus load test on DC compound motor is conducted and its efficiency is determined.

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Ex. No: 4 Magnetization and Load characteristics of DC shunt generator
Date:

AIM:
To understand the characteristics of self-excited DC generator by conducting open circuit
test and load test and to draw the following characteristic curves:
A. Open Circuit Characteristics (or) Magnetization Characteristics
B. Internal Characteristics
C. External Characteristics Load characteristics

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1. Voltmeter MC 2

MC 1
2. Ammeter MC 1
MC 1
Wire-
3. Rheostat 2
wound

4. Connecting wires - - As required

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The motor field rheostat must be kept in the minimum resistance position.
2. The generator field rheostat must be kept in the maximum resistance position.
3. At the time of starting, the load on the generator should be kept open.

PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The circuit is energized with 230 V DC supply by closing the DPST Switch.
3. The DC motor is started using 3-point starter.
4. The field rheostat of the motor (i.e. excitation) is adjusted to make the motor to run
at rated speed of the generator.
5. Initially an emf will be induced due to residual flux of the generator.
6. The field rheostat of the generator is adjusted in steps to increase the field current.
7. EMF generated in the DC generator is noted for various field currents of the
generator. Readings are taken up to 125% of the rated voltage.

Lab Manual
 Note: When the adjustment of the field rheostat is varied in reverse direction, the
previous reading (forward adjustment) and the current reading should not be same
due to residual magnetism. Hence, the adjustment of field rheostat should be done
in one direction.
8. Tabulate the corresponding field current (I f) & generated voltage (Eg).
9. The open circuit characteristic curve is drawn from the tabulated values.
LOAD TEST:
1. Fix the armature voltage to the rated value by varying the field rheostat of the
generator.
2. DPST Switch of single-phase resistive load is closed.
3. The load of the generator is varied up to rated current of the generator in steps.
4. Terminal voltage, field current and armature current are noted down for each load
step.
5. While taking each set of readings the field current is maintained constant (Because
due to heating, shunt field resistance is increased).
6. Load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to its original position and
supply is switched off.
TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE (Ra):
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. By closing DPST Switch, 230V DC Supply is given.
3. Rheostat is varied and the corresponding values of voltage and current are noted
down.
4. DC armature resistance Rdc is calculated and it is multiplied by 1.3 to get hot
armature resistance.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

TO FIND THE ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

FORMULA USED:
1. Eg = Vt + IaRa V
Where Eg = Generated voltage (V)
Vt = Terminal Voltage (V)
Ia = Armature Current (A)
Ra= Armature resistance (Ω)
MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION:
Open Circuit Characteristics
Field
Current
If (A)
Generated
EMF
Eg (V)

Lab Manual
Load Characteristics
S. No. Terminal Load Field Current Armature Generated
Voltage Current Current Voltage
If (A)
Vt (V) IL (A) Ia (A) Eg (V)

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Open circuit and load test on a self-excited DC generator are conducted and the
characteristics are drawn.

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Ex. No: Open Circuit and Short Circuit Characteristics of a Single Phase
Transformer
Date:

AIM :
To conduct open circuit and short circuit test on a single phase transformer and to

i. Determine the equivalent circuit parameters

ii. Predetermine the percentage efficiency and the regulation at any desired load.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
MI 1
1. Voltmeter
MI 1

MI 1
2. Ammeter
MI 1
UPF 1
3. Wattmeter
LPF 1
4. Auto transformer 1

FORMULA USED:
I. To determine the equivalent circuit parameters:
No load power factor Coso = Wo/VoIo
Vo = Open circuit voltage (V)
Io = Open circuit current (A)
Wo = No load power in Watts (Iron loss)
Working component of no load current I w = IoCoso
Magnetizing component of no load current I  = IoSino
Ro = Vo/Iw
Xo = Vo/ I
Equivalent impedance of transformer w.r.t HV side Z02=Vsc/Isc
Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t HV side R02 = Wsc/Isc2

Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t HV side X02 = Zo22- Ro22

Transformation ratio K = V2/V1
Equivalent resistance of transformer w.r.t LV side R01 = R02/K2
Equivalent reactance of transformer w.r.t LV side X01 = X02/K2

II. To Predetermine Percentage Efficiency:

Q = kVA of the given transformer
x = Fraction of load (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1)
Total losses = x2*Wsc + Wo

Lab Manual
Output = x*Q*cosφ
Input = Output+ Losses
Percentage Efficiency = (Output/Input)*100

III. To Calculate Percentage Regulation:

For lagging power factor,
Percentage Regulation = (x*Isc/Vo2)*(Ro2 Cosφ + Xo2 Sinφ) * 100
For leading power factor,
Percentage Regulation = (x*Isc/Vo2)*(Ro2 Cosφ- Xo2 Sinφ) * 100

MODEL GRAPH:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Open Circuit Test:

Fuse rating: 10% of the rated current

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Short Circuit Test:

Fuse rating: 100% of the rated current.

PROCEDURE

Open circuit test:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To conduct no load test, high voltage windings must be open circuited and the rated
voltage should be applied to the low voltage winding.
3. By closing the DPST switch, 230V, 1, 50Hz, AC supply is given to the auto
transformer.
4. By adjusting the auto transformer, the rated voltage across the primary windings is
applied and the corresponding readings from ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are
noted.
5. Autotransformer is brought to its minimum position.
6. From the noted values, the exciting branch parameters (R0 & X0) of the equivalent
circuit are calculated.

Short Circuit Test:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. To conduct short circuit test, low voltage windings must be short-circuited.
3. By closing DPST switch, 230 V, 1, 50 HZ AC supply is given to the
autotransformer.
4. By adjusting auto transformer, rated current is supplied to the primary windings
and the corresponding readings from ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter are noted.
5. Autotransformer is brought to its minimum position.
6. From the noted values, the exciting branch parameters (R 01 & X01) of the equivalent
circuit are calculated.
Predetermination of Efficiency and Regulation:
1. From the calculated values of equivalent circuit parameters, the regulation is
calculated for various values of assumed power factor.
2. For various values of assumed power factor the efficiency is calculated and the
graph is plotted.

Lab Manual
Tabular Column:

Open Circuit Test

No-load Voltage No-Load Current Wattmeter Reading

Vo (V) Io (A) Wo (W)

Short Circuit Test

Short circuit Voltage Short circuit Wattmeter Reading

Current
Vsc (V) Wsc (W)
Isc (A)

Determination of Percentage Regulation

Sinφ = Percentage Regulation

Cosφ
1-Cos2φ Lagging (+) Leading (-)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1

Predetermination of Efficiency For power factors of 0.8 and 1.0

Output Input
Power Power=
Fraction Copper Loss Total Loss
S. No Efficiency
of Load Po Wcu=x 2Wsc Wc=Wo+x 2Wsc Output+
(x Q cosφ) losses

x W W W W %

1 0.25

2 0.5

3 0.75

4 1

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Model Calculation:

Result:
Thus the open circuit test and short circuit test is conducted on a single-phase transformer
and, the equivalent circuit parameters are found out.
i. The equivalent circuit parameters of the given transformer are
Ro = Xo=

R01= R02=

ii. The performance curves of the transformer are drawn for various loads and
power factors.

Lab Manual
Ex No: Load Test on 3φ Induction Motor used for Lift Applications
DATE:

Aim:
To determine the performance parameters of three phase slip-ring induction motor by
conducting direct load test.

Apparatus Required:
S. No Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MI 1
2 Voltmeter MI 1
3 Watt meter Deflection type 2
Rotor resistance 1
4
starter
5 Connecting Wires Multi-strand As required
Theory:
The main difference in a slip ring induction motor is on the rotor construction and usage.
Some changes in the stator may be encountered when a slip ring motor is used in a
cascaded system, as the supply for the slave motor is controlled by the supply from the
rotor of the other slip ring motor with external resistance mounted on its rotor.
The slip ring induction motors usually have a “Phase-Wound" rotor. This type of rotor is
provided with a 3-phase, double-layer, distributed winding consisting of coils used in
alternators. The rotor core is made up of steel laminations which have slots to
accommodate formed 3-single phase windings. These windings are placed 120 degrees
electrically apart.
The rotor is wound for as many poles as the number in the stator and is always 3-phase,
even though the stator is wound for 2-phase. These three windings are “starred" internally
and the other end of these three windings are brought out and connected to three insulated
slip-rings mounted on the rotor shaft itself. The three terminal ends touch these three slip
rings with the help of carbon brushes which are held against the rings with the help of a
spring assembly.
These three carbon brushes are further connected externally to a 3-phase start connected
rheostat. The slip ring and external rheostat makes it possible to add external resistance to
the rotor circuit, enabling them to have a higher resistance during starting and thus higher
starting torque.
When running under normal conditions, the slip rings are automatically short-circuited by
means of a metal collar, which is pushed along the shaft, thus making the three rings touch
each other. Also, the brushes are automatically lifted from the slip-rings to avoid frictional
losses, wear and tear. Under normal running conditions, the wound rotor acts the same as
the squirrel cage rotor.
What happens when external resistance is added?
In the case of a squirrel cage induction motor, the rotor resistance is very low so that the
current in the rotor is high, which makes its starting torque poor. But adding external
resistance, as in the case of a slip ring induction motor, makes the rotor resistance high
when starting, thus the rotor current is low and the starting torque is maximum. Also the

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

slip necessary to generate maximum torque is directly proportional to the rotor resistance.
In slip ring motors, the rotor resistance is increased by adding external resistance, so the
slip is increased. Since the rotor resistance is high, the slip is more, thus it's possible to
achieve “pull-out" torque even at low speeds. As the motor reaches its base speed (full rated
speed), after the removal of external resistance and under normal running conditions, it
behaves in the same way as a squirrel cage induction motor.
Thus these motors are best suited for very high inertia loads, which require a pull-out
torque at almost zero speed and acceleration to full speed with minimum current drawn in
a very short time period.

Circuit Diagram:

Name Plate Details:

Fuse Rating:

Lab Manual
Precautions
1. The 3-Φ ac power supply should be in off position.
2. There should not be any load on the motor.
3. The rotor resistance arm should be at maximum resistance (Initially at 1) position.

Procedure
1. The circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. The supply is switched on at no load condition.
3. The motor is started with the help of a rotor resistance starter and made to run
at rated speed.
4. The readings of ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter spring balance readings and the
speed are noted at no load.
5. The induction motor is gradually loaded and the readings of ammeter, voltmeter,
spring balance and the speed are taken for each load.
6. This procedure is repeated up to the rated current.
7. After the readings are taken at rated current. The mechanical load is gradually
removed and the supply is switched OFF.
Tabular Column:

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Input Input Speed W1 W1 W2 W2 S1 S2 Torque Input Output % Power % Slip
Voltage Current (rpm) (obser (W) (obser (W) kg kg N-m Power Power Efficien factor
(V) (A) ved) ved) (W) cy
Actual Actual (W)

Lab Manual
Formula Used:

(i)

(ii) Torque ( )

(iii) Input Power

(iv) W

(v) Efficiency (η) in percentage

(vi) Input power factor ( )

(vii) % Slip (s) =

Model Graph:

Result:

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Ex No: Load Test on Single Phase Fan Motor
DATE:

Aim:
To conduct load test on single phase induction motor and hence to determine its
performance characteristics
Apparatus Required:
S. No Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MI 1
2 Voltmeter MI 1
3 Starter Auto-transformer 1
4 Wattmeter UPF 1
5 Connecting Wires Multi-strand As required
Theory:
When a single-phase A.C. supply is applied to the main winding of the 1φ induction motor,
an alternating flux is produced. Due to that, the rotor tries to rotate in one direction for one
half cycles and in the opposite direction for negative half cycle. This will occur 50 times with
in a second for 50Hz system. Therefore the rotor is standstill. Hence the single-phase
induction motor is not a self-starting one.

To start the single-phase induction motor, a built in auxiliary winding and an external
capacitor is introduced. In this method the capacitor is connected in series with the
auxiliary winding. This series combination is connected in parallel with the main
winding. The capacitor leads the current through the auxiliary winding (running winding).
This winding produces another flux and this flux is positive when the main flux is negative.
Due to this and the inertia of the rotor, the rotor starts to rotate in one direction
continuously.

Precautions:

Before switching ‘on’ the power supply,

1. The MCB should be in off position.

2. The single phase auto-transformer should be in minimum potential position.

3. There should not be any load on the motor.

Formula Used:

(i)

(ii) Torque ( )

(iii) Input Power

(iv) W

(v) Efficiency (η) in percentage

Lab Manual
(vi) Input power factor

(vii) % Slip (s) =

Procedure:

1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The supply is given by closing the DC side MCB.

3. The motor is started by gradually varying the auto transformer and brought to its rated
speed.

4. The voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, speed and spring balance readings are noted for no
load.

5. The load is increased step by step up to rated current of the motor. For various loads,
voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, speed and spring balance readings are noted down.

6. The mechanical load is gradually removed, the auto transformer is brought to initial
condition and the supply is switched OFF.

Circuit Diagram:

Name Plate Details:

Rated Power: Rated Voltage:

Rated Current: Frequency:

Rated Speed: No. of Poles:

Fuse Rating Calculations:

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Tabular Column:

Spring Input Input

Output Effici
Load Load Speed balance Torque Power Power
Power Power ency
S.No Voltage Current % slip
factor
VL (V) IL (A) N(rpm) N-m (W) (W)
S1 S2 (W) %
observed Actual
(Kg)

Model Graph:

Result:

Lab Manual
Ex No: Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters of 3φ Industrial
Pump Motor
Date:
Aim:
1. To perform no-load and blocked rotor test on a 3 squirrel cage induction motor.
2. To determine the equivalent circuit parameters (x1, x2, r1, r2) of three phase
industrial pump.
Apparatus Required:
S. No Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1
1 Ammeter MI
1
1
2 Voltmeter MI
1
2
3 Watt meter Deflection type
2
4 3φ Auto-transformer 1
5 Connecting Wires Multi-strand As required
Theory:
Induction motor is a well-known device which works on the principle of transformer. So it is
also called the rotating transformer. That is, when an EMF is supplied to its stator, then as
a result of electromagnetic induction, a voltage is induced in its rotor. So an induction
motor is said to be a transformer with rotating secondary. Here, primary of transformer
resembles stator winding of an induction motor and secondary resembles rotor.

The induction motor always runs below the synchronous or full load speed and the relative
difference between the synchronous speed and speed of rotation is known as slip which is
denoted by s.

Where, Ns is synchronous speed of rotation which is given by

Where, f is the frequency of the supply voltage.

P is the number of poles of the machine.
The equivalent circuit of any machine shows the various parameter of the machine such as
its Ohmic losses and also other losses. The losses are modeled just by inductor and
resistor. The copper losses are occurred in the windings so the winding resistance is taken
into account. Also, the winding has inductance for which there is a voltage drop due to
inductive reactance and also a term called power factor comes into the picture. There are
two types of equivalent circuits in case of a three-phase induction motor-

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Exact Equivalent Circuit

Here, R1 is the winding resistance of the stator.

X1 is the inductance of the stator winding.
Rc is the core loss component.
XM is the magnetizing reactance of the winding.
R2/s is the power of the rotor, which includes output mechanical power and copper loss of
rotor.

If we draw the circuit with referred to the stator then the circuit will look like-

Here all the other parameters are same except-

R2’ is the rotor winding resistance with referred to stator winding.

Lab Manual
X2’ is the rotor winding inductance with referred to stator winding.
R2(1 - s) / s is the resistance which shows the power which is converted to mechanical
power output or useful power. The power dissipated in that resistor is the useful power
output or shaft power.
Approximate Equivalent Circuit
The approximate equivalent circuit is drawn just to simplify our calculation by deleting one
node. The shunt branch is shifted towards the primary side. This has been done as the
voltage drop between the stator resistance and inductance is less and there is not much
difference between the supply voltage and the induced voltage. However, this is not
appropriate due to following reasons-
1. The magnetic circuit of induction motor has an air gap so exciting current is larger
compared to transformer so exact equivalent circuit should be used.
2. The rotor and stator inductance is larger in induction motor.
3. In induction motor, we use distributed windings.
This model can be used if approximate analysis has to be done for large motors. For smaller
motors, we cannot use this.
To determine the equivalent circuit parameters diagram of a 3-phase induction motor,
following data is essential.
1. No load current, I0 and its power factor angle Ф0.
2. Short – circuiting current, Isc corresponding to rated voltage and its power factor
angle Фsc
Circuit Diagram:
No-Load Test:

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Precautions:
Before switching ‘on’ the power supply,
1. The three-phase ac mains should be in off position.
2. The 3Ф auto-transformer should be in minimum potential position.
3. There should not be any load on the motor while performing the no load test.
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.
2. By observing the precautions, 3Ф ac power supply is switched on.
3. The voltage is increased gradually till the rated voltage of the motor by adjusting
the 3Ф auto-transformer and the motor runs at rated speed under no load.
4. The readings of all the meters connected in the circuit are recorded.
5. 3Ф ac power supply is switched off after re-adjusting the 3Ф auto transformer to
minimum potential position.
Tabular Column:
No- No- Wattmeter Wattmeter Wattmeter Wattmeter
load load Reading Reading Reading Reading No-load
Voltage current Power (W)
W1 (W) W1 (W) W2 (W) W2 (W)
(V) (A)
W0 = W1 + W2
observed Actual observed Actual
V0L I0L

Blocked Rotor Test:

Circuit Diagram:

Lab Manual
Procedure:
1. Connections are basically the same for block-rotor test except that the meters are
replaced with proper ranges suggested.
2. The rotor is blocked by tightening the belt around the brake drum.
3. 3φ ac power supply is switched on and the applied voltage is increased gradually with
the help of 3φ auto-transformer until the ammeter reads the rated current of the
motor.
4. The readings of all the meters connected in the circuit are recorded.
5. 3Ф ac power supply is switched off after re-adjusting the 3Ф auto transformer to
minimum potential position.
Tabular Column:
Short Wattmeter Wattmeter Wattmeter Wattmeter
Stator
circuit Reading Reading Reading Reading
Voltage Power (W)
current
(V) W1 (W) W1 (W) W2 (W) W2 (W)
(A) W0 = W1 + W2
Vsc observed Actual observed Actual
Isc

Equivalent Circuit Parameters:

No load test:

in delta connection
√

in delta connection

Short circuit test:

( )

in delta connection
√

in delta connection

( )
( )

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

 √

( )
Equivalent Circuit:

Result:

Lab Manual
Ex No: Voltage Regulation of 3φ Induction Generator
DATE:

Aim:
To conduct load test on 3 phase induction generator and hence determine its regulation
characteristics
Apparatus Required:
S. No Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MI 1
2 Voltmeter MI 1
3φ – Resistive load 1
3
bank
4 Capacitor bank 1
5 Connecting Wires Multi-strand As required
Theory:
An induction generator or asynchronous generator is a type of alternating current (AC)
electrical generator that uses the principles of induction motors to produce power.
Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotors faster than synchronous
speed. A regular AC asynchronous motor usually can be used as a generator, without any
internal modifications. Induction generators are useful in applications such as mini hydro
power plants, wind turbines, or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure,
because they can recover energy with relatively simple controls.
An induction generator usually draws its excitation power from an electrical grid;
sometimes, however, they are self-excited by using phase-correcting capacitors. Because of
this, induction generators cannot usually "black start" a de-energized distribution system.
An induction generator produces electrical power when its rotor is turned faster than the
synchronous speed. For a typical four-pole motor (two pairs of poles on stator) operating on
a 50 Hz electrical grid, the synchronous speed is 1500 rotations per minute (rpm). The
motor normally turns slightly slower than the synchronous speed; the difference between
synchronous and operating speed is called "slip" and is usually expressed as per cent of the
synchronous speed. For example, a motor operating at 1450 RPM that has a synchronous
speed of 1500 RPM is running at a slip of +3.3%.
In normal motor operation, the stator flux rotation is faster than the rotor rotation. This
causes the stator flux to induce rotor currents, which create a rotor flux with magnetic
polarity opposite to stator. In this way, the rotor is dragged along behind stator flux, with
the currents in the rotor induced at the slip frequency.
In generator operation, a prime mover (turbine or engine) drives the rotor above the
synchronous speed (negative slip). The stator flux still induces currents in the rotor, but
since the opposing rotor flux is now cutting the stator coils, an active current is produced in
stator coils and the motor now operates as a generator, sending power back to the electrical
grid.
Excitation
An induction machine requires externally supplied armature current. Because the rotor
field always lags behind the stator field, the induction machine always "consumes" reactive
power, regardless of whether it is operating as a generator or a motor.

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

A source of excitation current for magnetizing flux (reactive power) for the stator is still
required, to induce rotor current. This can be supplied from the electrical grid or, once it
starts producing power, from the generator itself.
An induction machine can be started by charging the capacitors, with a DC source, while
the generator is turning typically at or above generating speeds. Once the DC source is
removed the capacitors will provide the magnetization current required to begin producing
voltage.
An induction machine that has recently been operating may also spontaneously produce
voltage and current due to residual magnetism left in the core.

Active power
Active power delivered to the line is proportional to slip above the synchronous speed. Full
rated power of the generator is reached at very small slip values (motor dependent, typically
3%). At synchronous speed of 1800 rpm, generator will produce no power. When the driving
speed is increased to 1860 rpm (typical example), full output power is produced. If the
prime mover is unable to produce enough power to fully drive the generator, speed will
remain somewhere between 1800 and 1860 rpm range.

Required capacitance
A capacitor bank must supply reactive power to the motor when used in stand-alone mode.
The reactive power supplied should be equal or greater than the reactive power that the
machine normally draws when operating as a motor.

Limitations of induction generators

An induction generator connected to a capacitor system can generate sufficient reactive
power to operate on its own. When the load current exceeds the capability of the generator
to supply both magnetization reactive power and load power the generator will immediately
cease to produce power. The load must be removed and the induction generator restarted
with either a DC source, or if present, residual magnetism in the core.

Use of induction generators

Induction generators are often used in wind turbines and some micro hydro installations
due to their ability to produce useful power at varying rotor speeds. Induction generators
are mechanically and electrically simpler than other generator types. They are also more
rugged, requiring no brushes or commutators.
Induction generators are particularly suitable for wind generating stations as in this case
speed is always a variable factor. Unlike synchronous motors, induction generators are
load-dependent and cannot be used alone for grid frequency control.

Precautions:
1. The motor should be stopped or started only on no load.
2. The 3 phase resistive load and capacitor bank has to be switched off before
switching off the supply.

Lab Manual
Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. The DC motor is started with the help of a three point starter.
2. The speed of the motor is above its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat of
the dc motor.
3. The capacitor bank is switched on and is varied until the generator reads the
rated line voltage.
4. The induction generator is loaded step by step using 3 phase loading rheostat till
the ammeter reads the rated current. The values of terminal voltage and load
current are noted at each step.
Tabular Column:
Terminal Voltage
S.No Load Current (A) % Regulation
(V)

Model Graph:

Result:
Thus the regulation characteristic of the 3 phase induction generator is investigated.

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Ex No: V and Inverted V- curves of Synchronous Motor

DATE:

Aim:
1. To plot V and inverted V- curves of a three phase synchronous motor.
2. To understand the relation between power factor, line current and excitation current
on the operation of synchronous motor.
Apparatus Required:
S. No Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MI 1
2 Ammeter MC 1
3 Voltmeter MI 1
4 Watt meter Deflection type 2
Rotor resistance 1
5
starter
6 Connecting Wires Multi-strand As required

Theory:
The synchronous motor is the one type of three A.C. motors which operators at a constant
speed from no load to full load. It is similar in construction to three phase A.C. generator in
that it has a revolving field, which must be separately excited from a D.C. source. By
charging the D.C. field excitation current, the power factor of this type of motor can be
varied over a wide range of lagging and leading values. This motor used in many individual
applications because of its fixed speed from no load to full load, its high efficiency and low
initial cost . It is also used to improve the power factor of three phase industrial power
circuits. It runs either at synchronous speed or not at all. It is not inherently self-starting. It
has to be run up to synchronous speed or near synchronous speed by some means before it
can be synchronized to the supply. The synchronous motors have the following fields of
application,
1. Power houses and substation - to improve the power factor
2. Factories, mills - to improve the power factor
3. Constant speed equipment such as fans, blowers, MG sets etc.

V – Curves of a Synchronous Motor

When the field current (i.e. excitation current) of a synchronous motor is reduced, a lagging
armature current I is produced which exceeds the minimum current at unity power or at
normal excitation. Similarly, when the motor is over excited, the armature current also
rises and exceeds the current required at normal excitation to develop the necessary torque,
at any given load. By applying a given constant load to the shaft of a synchronous motor
and varying the field current from under excitation to over excitation, recording the
armature current at each step, the ‘V’ curves are obtained. The A.C. armature current is
plotted against the D.C. field current for no load, half load and full load values respectively.
The wattmeter connections will also yield the power factor for each value of armature and
field current at any given load condition. The power factor as determined from the

Lab Manual
wattmeter readings is plotted against the field current for various given loads. It is worth
noting that both curves show that a slightly increased field current is required to produce
normal excitation as the load is increased.
At no-load, the armature current at unity power factor (normal excitation) is not zero but
some small value of A.C. armature current per phase, necessary to produce torque to
counter balance rotational losses. As load is applied (neglecting armature reaction) not only
does the armature current rise but it is also to increase the excitation to bring the armature
current back in phase with the bus phase voltage. Each of the curves in the family therefore
will have a shift to the right as the load is increased, to provide the excitation required to
obtain the same power factor (0.8 lagging, unity and 0.8 leading) at an increased load. Thus
the ‘V’ curves represent the phasor diagrams, and vice-versa for various conditions of load
and power factor.
Circuit Diagram:

Precautions:
Before switching ‘on’ the power supply,
1. The DPSTS (DC mains) and TPSTS (AC mains) should be in off position.
2. The field regulator should be in minimum position.
3. There should not be any load on the alternator
Procedure:
1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.
2. The 3-phase AC power supply is switched on.
3. The motor i s s t a r t e d by pressing the start button (red button) in synchronous
motor control panel.
4. Now the synchronous motor is running in normal speed in specified direction. If
not the supply terminals to be interchanged (any two). (RY or YB or BR )
5. The DC main supply is switched on by closing DPSTS and the field winding is
closed.
6. The field regulator of alternator should be varied from minimum potential
to maximum potential position and the corresponding meter readings are tabulated
in the tabular column.

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

 7. The above steps are repeated for different load conditions.
8. After taking all the readings, all the setting of synchronous motor a re
r e adj u s te d to their initial positions and DC and AC main supply are switched off to
stop the motor.
9. Graphs are plotted between Ia Vs If and P.f Vs If i e ‘V’ curves and inverted
‘V’ curves.
Tabular Column:
Armature
Line Voltage Field Current Current Power Power
Sl. No.
V (V) If (A) I (A) W (W) Factor (cos φ)
No load

½ of full
load

¾ of full
load

Model Graph:

Result:

Lab Manual
Ex No: Synchronization of Alternator with Bus-bar
DATE:

Aim:
1. To synchronize the three phase alternator to the three phase ac bus bar.
2. To study the effect of changing the mechanical input and excitation on alternator.
Apparatus Required:
S. No Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Ammeter MI 1
2 Ammeter MC 1
3 Voltmeter MI 1
4 Watt meter Deflection type 2
Rotor resistance 1
5
starter
6 Connecting Wires Multi-strand As required

Theory:
A large generating station normally consists of several ac generators to supply the total load
on the station. During light load on the station, only a few generators are operated to
supply the demand. When the load on the station increases heavily, other ac generators are
also to be operated to run in parallel with the existing generator, in order to cope up with
the increased load on the generating station.

Synchronizing of ac generators is the process of switching on an incoming alternator to the

bus bar, so that it can operate in parallel with other alternators already connected to the
bus bar to share the load on the generating station. Before an incoming alternator, can be
synchronized to the bus bars, the following conditions must be satisfied.

1. The voltage generated by the incoming alternator is equal to the bus bar voltage.

2. The phase sequence of the generated voltage of incoming alternator is the same as that
of bus bar voltage.

3. The frequency of the two system bus to be equal.

Precautions:
Before starting and after completion
1. The DPSTS or dc mains should be in off position.
2. The motor field rheostat should be in minimum resistance position and
armature field rheostat should be in maximum resistance position.
3. The field rheostat of the alternator should be in minimum potential position.
4. The TPST switch in the synchronizing panel should be in off position.

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.

2. Precautions are observed and dc main is switched on. Now the motor will start to
run with speed less than synchronous speed.
3. The speed of the motor is adjusted till its rated speed and hence the alternator at its
rated value (synchronous speed) as per the line frequency.
4. The terminal voltage of the alternator is adjusted to rated value by adjusting the
excitation i.e. by varying the potential divider of alternator rheostat.
5. The voltage and frequency are checked with the meters.
6. The phase sequence is observed and if it is not proper, terminals to be interchanged
(any two).
7. The speed and voltage of alternator is adjusted till they are equal to their bus
voltage. The synchroscope will rotate at a speed proportional to difference between
the two frequencies.
8. When the synchroscope pointer is at null position, the TPST switch is closed.
9. By keeping the DC motor input current constant, the alternator excitation is varied
and for various excitations the armature current is noted down.
10. Similarly the alternator field current is kept constant and DC motor input current is
varied and V, I are tabulated for various motor input currents.
11. After taking all the readings the setting of their initial positions are readjusted and
supply is switched off.

Lab Manual
 TABULAR COLUMN

Synchronization of 3- alternator with infinite bus-bar – Effect of change in

excitation with constant mechanical input

VL VDC IF IL PF P Q
S.No. kVA
(V) (V) (A) (A) (W) (W)

Synchronization of 3- alternator with infinite bus-bar – Effect of change in

mechanical input with constant excitation

VL VDC IF IL P
S.No. PF Q
(V) (V) (A) (A) (W) kVA
( Watts )

Inference:

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Ex No: Performance Test and Connection Assessment of a 3 Phase Transformer
Date
Aim:
1. To assess the performance of a three phase transformer by conducting direct loading
test and to find its efficiency and regulation.
2. To study the voltage relations in a three-phase transformer under various winding
combination.
Apparatus Required:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 Three Phase Auto 1
Transformer
2 Three Phase 1
Transformer
3 Ammeters MI 2
4 Voltmeters MI 2
5 Watt meters Electrodynamometer 4
5 TPST Switch
6 Resistive Load

Precautions:
1. The three phase autotransformer should be kept in the minimum position at the time of
starting the load test.
2. The electrical load should be switched off at the time of starting.

Procedure:
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The main TPST switch is closed. Three phase auto transformer is adjusted to set the
rated primary voltage.
3. No-load ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter readings are noted down on both primary
and secondary sides.
4. The TPST switch is closed on the secondary side so that the three phase resistive load is
connected to the transformer.
5. The load is increased in steps from no load to full load till the rated line current is
reached. The readings of voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter on both in the primary and
secondary are noted.
6. The load is removed gradually and the autotransformer is readjusted to minimum
position and three phase AC supply is switched off.

Lab Manual
Circuit Diagram:

Formula Used:
Input Power Supplied to the three phase transformer=W1+W2 W
Ouput Power Absorbed by the Electrical load =W3+W4 W
%Efficiency =Output Power /Input Power *100
%Voltage Regulation = V(No load)- V(Full Load)/V(Full load) *100

Model Graphs:

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Primar Primar W1 W1 W2 W2 Total Secon Secon W3 W3 W4 W4 Total %
y y (obser (W) (observ (W) Input dary dary (observ (W) (observe (W) Output Efficien
Voltage current ved) ed) power Volta curre ed) d) power (W) cy
(V) Actual Actua (W) ge (V) nt Actual Actual
(A) l
(A)

Lab Manual
Result :
Thus the load test on three phase transformer is conducted and its performance curves are
drawn.

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

 b) THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

i) Theory:

Transformer is a static device that transforms power from one circuit to the other circuit at
the same frequency. The basic principle involved is mutual induction.

There are various methods available for transforming three phase voltages to higher or
lower three phase voltages, i-e for handling considerable amount of power. The most
common connections are Star – Star (Y – Y); Star – Delta (Y – Δ); Delta – Delta (Δ – Δ);Delta –
Star (Δ – Y).

Star – Star (Y – Y) Connections:

This connection is most economical for small and high voltage transformers, because the
number of turns per phase and the amount of insulation required is minimum. Fig 1 shows
a bank of three transformers connected in star on both the primary and secondary sides.
The ratio of line voltages on the primary and secondary sides is the same as the
transformation ratio of each transformer. However there is a phase shift of 30 0 between the
phase voltages and line voltages both on the primary and the secondary sides. And also
these two voltages are in phase with each other. This connection works satisfactorily only if
the load is balanced. With the unbalanced load to the neutral, the neutral point shifts
thereby making the three line to neutral voltages unequal. The advantage of this connection
is that two voltages can be obtained for the load, since neutral is available.

Star – Delta (Y – Δ) Connections:

The main use of this connection is at the sub-station end of the transmission line where the
voltage is to be stepped down. The primary winding is star connected with ground and
neutral as shown in the Fig. 2. The ratio between secondary and primary line voltage is
1/3 times the transformation ratio of each transformer. There is a 30 0 shift between the
primary and secondary voltages which means that the star – delta transformer bank
cannot be paralleled with either star – star or delta – delta bank.

Delta – Delta (Δ – Δ) Connections:

This connection is economical for large, low voltage transformers in which the insulation
problem is not so urgent, because it increases the number of turns per phase. Fig. 3 shows
the transformer connections. The ratio of transformation between primary and secondary
voltages is exactly the same that of each transformer. This connection has the following
advantages:

No difficulty is experienced from unbalanced loading as was the case in star – star
connection. The three phase voltages remain practically constant regardless of the load
imbalance.

An added advantage of this connection is that if one transformer becomes disable, the
system can continue to operate in open delta with reduced available capacity.

Lab Manual
Delta – Star (Δ – Y) Connections:

This connection is generally employed where it is necessary to step-up the voltage at the
beginning of high tension transmission system. Fig. 4 shows the circuit connections. The
neutral of the secondary is grounded for providing three phase, four wire service. This
connection has gained considerable popularity because, it can be used to serve both the
three phase power equipment and single phase lighting loads.

Circuit Diagram:

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

PROCEDURE:

1. Star – Star (Y – Y) Connections:

1. Both the primary and the secondary are star connected as shown in the
circuit diagram.
2. Supply is switched ON
3. By closing the TPST switch, the voltmeter readings are noted down.

2. Star – Delta (Y – Δ) Connections:

1. The primary of the transformer is star connected and the secondary of the
transformer is delta connected as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Supply is switched ON.
3. By closing the TPST switch, the voltmeter readings are noted down.

3. Delta – Delta (Δ – Δ) Connections:

1. Here the three phase transformers are connected in delta on both primary
and secondary sides.
2. Supply is switched ON.

3. By closing the TPST switch, the voltmeter readings are noted down.

4. Delta – Star (Δ – Y) Connections:

1. The primary of the transformer is delta connected and the secondary of the
transformer is star connected.
2. Supply is switched ON.

Lab Manual
 3. By closing the TPST switch, the voltmeter readings are noted down.

TABULATION:

Primary line Secondary line

Sl.No Type of connection voltage voltage
in Volts in Volts

1 Star – Star

2 Star – Delta

3 Delta – Delta

4 Delta – Star

INFERENCE:

RESULT:

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion

Ex No: Parallel Operation of Single Phase Transformers
DATE:

Aim:
To realize the load sharing in two similar transformers operating in parallel
Apparatus Required:
S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE/RATING QUANTITY
Two similar Single phase
1 transformers of identical 1kVA 2
ratings
2 Voltmeters MI 2
3 Ammeters MI 2
4 SPST Switch
Autotransformer Single
5 1
Phase

Theory
The parallel operations of transformers are indicated that the two or more transformers are
connected to the same supply bus bars on the primary side and to a common bus bar/load
on the secondary side. Such requirement is frequently encountered in practice. The reasons
that necessitate parallel operation are as follows.
2. Non-availability of a single large transformer to meet the total load requirement.
3. The power demand might have increased over a time necessitating augmentation of
the capacity. More transformers connected in parallel will then be pressed into
service.
4. To ensure improved reliability. Even if one of the transformers gets into a fault or is
taken out for maintenance/repair the load can continued to be serviced.
Conditions for Parallel Operation:
Certain conditions have to be met before two or more transformers are connected in
parallel and share a common load satisfactorily. They are,
1. The voltage ratio must be the same.
2. The per unit impedance of each machine on its own base must be the same.
3. The polarity must be the same, so that there is no circulating current between the
transformers.
4. The phase sequence must be the same and no phase difference must exist between
the voltages of the two transformers.

Lab Manual
Circuit Diagram:

Precautions:
1. The loads on the secondary of transformers should be fully switched off.
2. The single phase autotransformer should be kept in the minimum voltage position.

Procedure:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. The autotransformer is adjusted to read the rated primary voltage.
3. When the secondary windings are connected with correct polarity the voltmeter V 3
reads zero.
4. The SPST switch S1 is closed if the voltmeter V3 reads zero. Otherwise the terminals
of the secondary windings are interchanged with supply switched off.
5. The DPST (Double Pole Single Throw switch) switch on the secondary is closed and
electrical load is increased in steps.
6. The readings of the load current and currents shared by both the transformers are
noted down.
7. The current sharing of the transformers is verified according to the current division
rule.

Tabular Column:

S.NO V1 (V) V2 (V) I1 (A) I2 (A) I (A)

Result:
Thus the load sharing on transformers operating in parallel were verified by
conducting a suitable experiment.

EEE2003 - Electro Mechanical Energy Conversion