Name Roy G Biv

WED beginning practice test

Base your answer to the following question on on the photographs and news article below.

Old Man’s Loss Felt in New Hampshire

 
FRANCONIA, N.H. — Crowds of visitors were drawn to Franconia Notch on Sunday to
mourn the loss of New Hampshire’s well-known symbol — the Old Man of the Mountain
granite profile.
The 700-ton natural formation was just a pile of rocks after breaking loose from its
1,200-foot-high mountainside perch. It was unclear when the outcropping fell because
clouds had obscured the area Thursday and Friday; a state park trail crew discovered the
collapse Saturday morning.
The famous mountain’s history dates millions of years. Over time, nature carved out a
40-foot-tall profile resembling an old man’s face, and it eventually became New Hampshire’s
most recognizable symbol.
The Buffalo News,
May 5, 2003

1 Which agent of erosion is most likely responsible

for the collapse of the granite profile?

1) running water 2) glacial ice

3) wave action 4) mass movement

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Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the effect that
average yearly precipitation and temperature have on the type of weathering that will occur
in a particular region.

2 Which type of weathering is most common where 3 In the cartoon below, Lucy gives Linus incorrect
the average yearly temperature is 5°C and the information about pebbles.
average yearly precipitation is 45 cm?

1) moderate chemical weathering

2) very slight weathering
3) moderate chemical weathering with frost
action
4) slight frost action If Lucy wanted to give Linus correct information
about pebbles, which statement would be most
accurate?

1) Pebbles can become cemented together to

form a rock called gabbro.
2) Pebble is the name given to the smallest-size
sediment.
3) Any large rock that weathers could
become a pebble.
4) Magma is composed of pebbles.

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4 Which property of water makes frost action a Base your answer to the following question on
common and effective form of weathering? The diagram below represents a sedimentary
rock outcrop.
1) Water dissolves many earth materials.
2) Water expands when it freezes.
3) Water cools the surroundings when it
evaporates.
4) Water loses 334 Joules of heat per gram
when it freezes.

5 The diagram below represents a naturally

occurring geologic process.

8 Which rock layer is the most resistant to

weathering?

1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4

9 As a particle of sediment in a stream breaks into

Which process is best illustrated by the several smaller pieces, the rate of weathering of
diagram? the sediment will

1) cementation 2) erosion 1) decrease due to a decrease in surface area

3) metamorphism 4) weathering 2) decrease due to an increase in surface area

6 Which geologic feature is caused primarily by 3) increase due to a decrease in surface area
chemical weathering? 4) increase due to an increase in surface
area
1) large caves in limestone bedrock
2) a pattern of parallel cracks in a granite
mountain
3) blocks of basalt at the base of a steep slope
4) the smooth, polished surface of a rock in a
dry, sandy area

7 Chemical weathering will occur most rapidly when

rocks are exposed to the

1) hydrosphere and lithosphere

2) mesosphere and thermosphere
3) hydrosphere and atmosphere
4) lithosphere and atmosphere

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10 Lichens are usually the first organisms that

appear in barren, rocky areas. They use rootlike
structures to split bedrock into small
fragments. Lichens also secrete acidic solutions
that help break down rock. The cross sections
below represent an area when lichens first
appeared (time 1) and that same area hundreds
of years later, after it was changed by lichens
and exposed to air and water (time 2).

The soil shown in time 2 was formed mainly by

1) compaction and cementing

2) weathering and biological activity
3) faulting and tilting of rock strata
4) mass movement and deposition of particles

Base your answer to the following question on

the diagram below, which represents the landscape features associated with a meandering
river. Letters W, X, Y, and Z represent locations on the floodplain.

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11 During transport by this river, a sediment 16 Which quartz sample has probably undergone
particle will most likely become abrasion in a stream for the longest period of
time?
1) more rounded 2) more dense
3) heavier 4) larger 1) 2)

12 Unsorted, angular, rough-surfaced cobbles and

3) 4)
boulders are found at the base of a cliff. What
most likely transported these cobbles and
boulders?
17 Trees growing on the edge of a river's meander
1) running water 2) wind are most likely to fall into the river due to
3) gravity 4) ocean currents
1) deposition on the inside of the meander
13 A landslide is an example of 2) deposition on the outside of the meander
1) river deposition 3) erosion on the inside of the meander
2) glacial scouring 4) erosion on the outside of the meander
3) mass movement 18 A river’s current carries sediments into the
4) chemical weathering ocean. Which sediment size will most likely be
deposited in deeper water farthest from the
14 What change will a pebble usually undergo when
shore?
it is transported a great distance by streams?
1) pebble 2) sand
1) It will become jagged and its mass will
decrease. 3) silt 4) clay

2) It will become jagged and its volume will

increase.
3) It will become rounded and its mass will
increase.
4) It will become rounded and its volume will
decrease.

15 A sediment particle transported by a stream

over a long period of time will most likely show

1) a decrease in mass and number of angular

edges
2) a decrease in density and size
3) an increase in weight and hardness
4) an increase in volume and number of
cleavage planes

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19 The map below shows a meandering stream as it 21 The map below shows the bend of a large
enters a lake. The arrow shows the direction of meandering stream. The arrows show the
stream flow. Points A through D represent direction of stream flow, Letters A, B, and C
locations on the surface of the stream. are positions on the streambed where erosion
and deposition data were collected.

Which table best represents the locations

where erosion and deposition are dominant and
The greatest stream velocities are found where an equilibrium exists between the two
closest to points processes? [A check mark represents the
dominant process for each lettered location.]
1) A and B 2) B and C
3) C and D 4) D and A 1)

20 Which graph best represents the relationship

between the discharge of a stream and the
velocity of stream flow?

1) 2) 2)

3)

3) 4)

4)

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22 The diagram below shows a section of a 24 Dynamic equilibrium between erosion and
meander in a stream. The arrows show the deposition in a river exists when the amount of
direction of stream flow. deposition is

1) less than the amount of erosion

2) greater than the amount of erosion
3) the same as the amount of erosion

25 The graph below shows the general pattern of

erosion and deposition for a small tributary
stream. Points A, B, C, and D represent
locations along the stream.

The streambank on the outside of this meander

is steeper than the streambank on the inside of
this meander because the water on the outside
of this meander is moving

1) slower, causing deposition

2) faster, causing deposition
3) slower, causing erosion
4) faster, causing erosion

23 The diagrams below represent four different

At which location is the erosional-depositional
examples of one process that transports
system of the stream in dynamic equilibrium?
sediments.
1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D

Which process is shown in these diagrams?

1) chemical weathering
2) wind action
3) mass movement
4) rock abrasion

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26 The block diagram below shows a landscape 27 The block diagram below shows a region that
region. has undergone faulting.

Which stream drainage pattern would most

Which map shows the stream drainage pattern
likely develop at the surface of this region?
that would most likely develop on the surface of
1) this region?

1)

2) 2)

3)
3)

4)

4)

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Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows the drainage
basin of the Mississippi River system. Several rivers that flow into the Mississippi River are
labeled. The arrow at location X shows where the Mississippi River enters the Gulf of
Mexico.

28 The entire land area drained by the Mississippi

River system is referred to as a

1) levee 2) watershed
3) meander belt 4) floodplain

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Base your answers to questions 29 through 33 on

the information and diagrams below.

A mixture of colloids, clay, silt, sand, pebbles, and cobbles is put into stream I at point A.
The water velocity at point A is 400 centimeters per second. A similar mixture of particles
is put into stream II at point A. The water velocity in stream II at point A is 80
centimeters per second.

29 Which statement best describes what happens 31 If a sudden rainstorm occurs at both streams
when the particles are placed in the streams? above point A, the erosion rate will

1) Stream I will move all particles that are 1) increase for stream I, but not for stream
added at point A . II
2) Stream II will move all particles that are 2) increase for stream II, but not for stream
added at point A. I
3) Stream I cannot move sand. 3) increase for both streams
4) Stream II cannot move sand. 4) not change for either stream

30 Which statement is the most accurate 32 What will most likely occur when the
description of conditions in both streams? transported sediment reaches lake II?

1) The greatest deposition occurs at point B. 1) Clay particles will settle first.
2) Particles are carried in suspension and by 2) The largest particles will be carried
bouncing along the bottom. farthest into the lake.
3) The particles will have a greater velocity 3) The sediment will become more angular
than the water in the stream. because of abrasion.
4) The velocity of the stream is the same at 4) The particles will be deposited in sorted
point B as at point C. layers.

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33 In lake I, as the stream water moves from point 36 A plane traveling in a straight line from
C to point D, its velocity Watertown to Utica would fly over which
landscape region?
1) decreases 2) increases
3) remains the same 1) Tug Hill Plateau
2) Adirondack Mountains
34 Which two cities are located in the Interior 3) St. Lawrence Lowlands
Lowlands? 4) Champlain Lowlands
1) Elmira and Binghamton 37 In New York State, both the Delaware River
2) Riverhead and New York City and the Susquehanna River flow over landscapes
3) Massena and Old Forge classified as
4) Buffalo and Watertown 1) mountain regions 2) coastal plains
35 The longest portion of the Genesee River in 3) lowlands 4) plateaus
New York State flows through which landscape
region?

1) Erie-Ontario Lowlands
2) Tug Hill Plateau
3) Allegheny Plateau
4) St. Lawrence Lowlands

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Base your answers to questions 38 through 42 on the passage and map below. The map
shows the generalized landscape regions of Vermont.

Landscape Regions of Vermont

Most of Vermont’s landscape regions consist of ancient, weathered mountains that

were covered by several ice sheets during the last ice age. When the ice melted, sand,
cobbles, and boulders were deposited throughout the state, Vermont is divided into six
landscape regions.

(1) The Vermont Lowlands region has a mild climate, with Lake Champlain
moderating its temperature.
(2) The Green Mountains run the length of Vermont and were formed over 400
million years ago. Most of the bedrock is metamorphic and the region is known
for its deposits of talc and asbestos.
(3) The Taconic Mountains extend into New York State. Slate and marble are
commonly mined in this region.
(4) The Valley of Vermont is a narrow valley between two mountain ranges. Most
of the bedrock in the region is limestone and marble.
(5) The Vermont Piedmont covers the largest area of the state. This region
consists of rolling hills and valleys. Granite mining is an important industry.
(6) The Northeast Highlands is a mountainous region composed of granite
bedrock.

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38 Some of the bedrock in the Green Mountains is 43 The sequence of bedrock cross sections below
actually green in color because of the presence represents the same landscape region over a
of the mineral chlorite. Which other mineral period of geologic time.
can cause rocks to appear green?

1) sulfur 2) magnetite
3) olivine 4) halite

39 Which processes formed the granite that is

mined in Vermont?

1) compaction and cementation of sediments

2) cooling and solidification of magma
This sequence best represents
3) uplift and weathering of bedrock
1) an arid region that experienced mostly
4) application of heat and pressure to shale
uplifting forces
40 The classification of landscape regions is 2) an arid region that experienced mostly
primarily based on which factors? erosional forces
1) climate, vegetation, and surface features 3) a humid region that experienced mostly
2) bedrock type, structure, and elevation uplifting forces
3) state boundaries, streams, and rivers 4) a humid region that experienced mostly
4) nearness to mountains, lakes, and oceans erosional forces

41 Which Vermont landscape region is a 44 The graph below shows the average change in
continuation of New York State’s Champlain the elevation of a mountain range over time.
Lowlands landscape?

1) Vermont Lowlands
2) Valley of Vermont
3) Taconic Mountains
4) Green Mountains

42 During which geologic period did a major

orogeny form the Taconic Mountains?

1) Cretaceous 2) Permian
3) Devonian 4) Ordovician

According to the graph, the rate of uplifting

was greater than the rate of erosion during
which geologic time period?

1) Silurian 2) Devonian
3) Carboniferous 4) Permian

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45 Which Earth process most likely formed the 47 The maps below represent four different
depression now occupied by the lake shown in stream drainage patterns.
the diagram below?

Which factor most likely caused the

differences in these patterns?
1) glaciation 2) climate changes 1) time
3) erosion 4) faulting 2) climate
46 The diagram below represents a cross section 3) human activities
of the bedrock and land surface in part of 4) bedrock structure
Tennessee. The dotted lines indicate missing
48 The diagram below shows a geologic cross
rock layers.
section of the rock layers in the vicinity of
Niagara Falls in western New York State.

Which statement is best supported by the

diagram?

1) Rocks are weathered and eroded evenly.

2) Folded rocks are more easily weathered
and eroded.
3) Deposits of sediments provide evidence of
Which statement best explains the irregular
erosion.
shape of the rock face behind the falls?
4) Climate differences affect the amount of
erosion. 1) The Lockport dolostone is an evaporite.
2) The Clinton limestone and shale contain
many fossils.
3) The Thorold sandstone and the whirlpool
sandstone dissolve easily in water.
4) The Rochester and Queenston shale and
the Albion sandstone and shale are less
resistant to erosion than the other rock
layers.

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49 The diagram below represents a cross section 50 One characteristic used to classify landscape
of a series of horizontal sedimentary rock regions as plains, plateaus, or mountains is
layers.
1) type of soil
2) amount of stream discharge
3) weathering rate
4) underlying bedrock structure

51 Which landscape region probably resulted from

the erosion of folded rock layers?

1)
The variation in the steepness of the eroded
hillslopes in the diagram is most likely due to
2)
the

1) resistance of the rock layers

2) thickness of the rock layers 3)
3) tilt of the rock layers
4) age of the rock layers 4)

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Base your answers to questions 52 and 53 on

the map below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The map shows part of the North
American coastline. The present coastline is shown as a solid line. The symbols on the key
below indicate the inferred coastline 18,000 years ago and an inferred future coastline if
global warming continues.

52 The inferred position of the future coastline is 53 Which statement best explains why 18,000
based on the assumption that the years ago the coastline was at a different
location than it is today?
1) total amount of global precipitation will
decrease 1) The climate of Earth was extremely hot and
2) thickness of the ozone layer will decrease dry.
3) concentration of carbon dioxide in 2) A large amount of Earth's water was
Earth’s atmosphere will increase stored in large continental ice sheets.
4) rate of uplift of the North American 3) The east coast of North America was being
continent will increase subducted under the Eurasian Plate.
4) North America had just separated from
Africa, and the Atlantic Ocean was forming.

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54 An environmental scientist needs to prepare a 57 The process of developing and implementing

report on the potential effects that a proposed environmental conservation programs is most
surface mine in New York State will have on the dependent on
watershed where the mine will be located. In
1) the availability of the most advanced
which reference materials will the scientist
technology
find the most useful data with which to
2) the Earth's ability to restore itself
determine the watershed’s boundaries?
3) public awareness and cooperation
1) topographic maps
4) stricter environmental laws
2) geologic time scales
58 Humans can cause rapid changes in the
3) tectonic plate maps
environment, which may produce catastrophic
4) planetary wind maps
events. Which statement below is the best
55 In recent years, the trees in large areas of example of this concept?
tropical rain forests have been cleared. As a
1) Mountainside highway construction causes
result of this activity, the soil of these areas
a landslide.
will
2) Lightning causes a forest fire.
1) become richer and deeper 3) Shifting crustal plates cause an earthquake.
2) become residual 4) Changing seasonal winds cause flooding in an
3) develop more horizons area.
4) be eroded
59 Some scientists believe that high-flying
56 The diagram below shows a highway road cut. airplanes and the discharge of fluorocarbons
from spray cans are affecting the atmosphere.
Which characteristic of the atmosphere do
they believe is affected?

1) composition of the ozone layer of the

stratosphere
2) wind velocity of the tropopause
3) location of continental polar highs
4) air movement in the doldrums
The water well has probably gone dry because 60 Wind moves from regions of
1) crustal uplift has altered the landscape 1) high temperature toward regions of low
2) human activities have altered the temperature
landscape 2) high pressure toward regions of low
3) the climate has become more humid pressure
4) the bedrock porosity has changed 3) high precipitation toward regions of low
precipitation
4) high humidity toward regions of low
humidity

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61 A sedimentary deposit produced by wind erosion 64 The picture below shows a geological feature in
is most likely composed of the Kalahari Desert of southwestern Africa.

1) sorted fine-grained particles in

cross-bedded layers
2) a range of particle sizes from 1.0 to 10.0 cm
in diameter in thick layers
3) flat, angular boulders in unsorted piles
4) shells of varying size, shape, and
composition in isolated mounds

62 Which landscape features are primarily the

result of wind erosion and deposition?

1) U-shaped valleys containing unsorted layers Which process most likely produced the
of sediment present appearance of this feature?
2) V-shaped valleys containing well-sorted
1) wind erosion
layers of sediment
2) volcanic eruption
3) terraces of gravel containing unsorted
layers of sediment 3) earthquake vibrations

4) cross-bedded sand deposits containing 4) plate tectonics

finely sorted layers of sediment

63 How could a local landscape be changed most in

the shortest amount of time?

1) activities of humans
2) wind erosion
3) physical weathering
4) a changing climate

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Base your answers to questions 65 and 66 on 65 Explain why the stream meanders on the
the diagram below, which shows several floodplain, but not in the mountains.
different landscape features. Points X and Y
indicate locations on the streambank.

66 Identify which point, X or Y, has more stream

erosion and explain why the amounts of erosion
are different.

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Base your answers to questions 67 through 69 on block diagram below, which shows the
landscape features of an area of Earth’s crust. Two sedimentary rock layers, A and B, are
labeled in the diagram. The rock symbol for layer B has been omitted.

67 The graph below shows the particle sizes that 68 Describe how the caverns formed in rock layer
compose the clastic sedimentary rock in layer B. A.

69 Identify the most abundant mineral in rock

layer A.

In the area below, draw the map symbol that

represents rock layer B.

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Base your answer to the following question on the map below, which shows a meandering
stream as it enters a lake. Points A through D represent locations in the stream.

70 Draw a cross-sectional view of the general

shape of the stream bottom between points A
and B. The water surface line has already been
drawn.

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Base your answers to questions 71 through 73 72 Describe the change in temperature and
on the diagram below, which shows igneous rock moisture conditions that would cause an
that has undergone mainly physical weathering increase in the rate of chemical weathering into
into sand and mainly chemical weathering into clay.
clay.

73 Compare the particle size of the physically

weathered fragments to the particle size of
the chemically weathered fragments.

71 If the igneous rock is a layer of vesicular

andesite, identify three types of mineral grains
that could be found in the sand.

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Base your answers to questions 74 and 75 on

the map below and on your knowledge of Earth Science. The map shows the location of
Sandy Creek, west of Rochester, New York. X and Y represent points on the banks of the
stream.

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74 The symbols representing four sediment

particles are shown in the key below. These
particles are being transported by Sandy Creek
into Lake Ontario. On the cross section below,
draw the symbols on the bottom of Lake
Ontario to show the relative position where
each sediment particle is most likely deposited.

75 Draw a line represent the shape of the stream

bottom from point X to point Y.

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Base your answer to the following question on the block diagrams below, which show three
types of streams with equal volumes.

76 Explain how the differences between the type 1

and type 3 stream channels indicate that the
average velocities of the streams are different.

77 New York States Adirondacks are classified as

a mountain landscape region. Describe one
bedrock characteristic and one land surface
characteristic that were used to classify the
Adirondacks as a mountain landscape region.

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Base your answers to questions 78 and 79 on the data table below, which shows the
percent and uses of different types of salt in the United States.

78 Shaded areas on the map above represent some 79 On the pie graph provided, complete the graph
counties in New York State where salt is mined. to show the percent of each salt usage. (The
State the name of one New York State percent of salt used in industry has been drawn
landscape region in which all or part of these and labeled.) Label each section of the pie
counties are located. graph to indicate the salt usage.

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Base your answers to questions 80 and 81 on the passage and the cross section below. The
passage describes the geologic history of the Pine Bush region near Albany, New York. The
cross section shows th bedrock and overlying sediment along a southwest to northeast
diagonal line through a portion of this are Location A shows an ancient buried stream
channel and location B shows a large sand dune.

The Pine Bush Region

The Pine Bush region, just northwest of Albany, New York, is a 40-square
mile area of sand dunes and wetlands covered by pitch pine trees and scrub
oak bushes. During the Ordovician Period, this area was covered by a large
sea. Layers of mud and sand deposited in this sea were compressed into shale
and sandstone bedrock.
During most of the Cenozoic Era, running water eroded stream channels
into the bedrock. One of these buried channels is shown at location A in
the cross section. Over the last one million years of the Cenozoic Era, this
area was affected by glaciation. During the last major advance of glacial
ice, soil and bedrock were eroded and later deposited as till (a mixture of
boulders, pebbles, sand, and clay).
About 20,000 years ago, the last glacier in New York State began
to melt. The meltwater deposited pebbles and sand, forming the
stratified drift. During the 5000 years it took to melt this glacier, the
entire Pine Bush area became submerged under a large 350-foot-deep
glacial lake called Lake Albany. Delta deposits of cobbles, pebbles, and
sand formed along the lake shorelines, and beds of silt and clay were
deposited farther into the lake.
Lake Albany drained about 12,000 years ago, exposing the lake
bottom. Wind erosion created the sand dunes that cover much of
the Pine Bush area today.

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80 How does the shape of the sand dune at

location B provide evidence that the prevailing
winds that formed this dune are blowing from
the southwest?

81 What evidence shown at location A suggests

that the channel in the bedrock was eroded by
running water?

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 Answer Key
beginning WED practice test.

1 4 32 4 63 1 71 plagioclase feldspar –
biotite – amphibole –
2 4 33 1 64 1 quartz or pyroxene
3 3 34 4 65 — The stream began 72 – Moisture and
to flow over a nearly temperature should
4 2 35 3 flat landscape. — both increase.
5 4 36 1 Stream velocity
decreased. — 73 – The physically
6 1 37 4 weathered sediments
Gradient decreases
are larger in particle
from the mountains to
7 3 38 3 size than the
the floodplain. — The
chemically weathered
8 3 39 2 stream flows more
particles. – The sand
slowly on the
9 4 40 2 floodplain.— The fragments are larger
than clay fragments. –
10 2 41 1 floodplain is
The sand fragments
composed of loose
11 1 42 4 range from 0.006 cm
sediment.
to 0.2 cm in diameter
12 3 43 2 66 — Point X is on the and the clay
outside of a meander fragments are less
13 3 44 3 curve. — Stream than 0.0004 cm in
14 4 45 4 velocity is greater at diameter.
point X. — More
15 1 46 2 deposition occurs at 74
16 1 47 4 Y.

17 4 48 4 67

18 4 49 1
75
19 2 50 4
20 2 51 3 68 Examples: —
Limestone reacts with
21 4 52 3 acids in groundwater. 76 Responses include,
22 4 53 2 — Acids in water but are not limited to:
cause limestone to The type 3 stream
23 3 54 1 dissolve. — meanders more; The
Chemical weathering type 3 stream
24 3 55 4
of limestone — occupies a wider
25 3 56 2 Water flowing floodplain; The type 1
through cracks stream has a straighter
26 1 57 3 course.
removes limestone.
27 3 58 1 69 Examples: – calcite –
28 2 59 1 CaCO3

29 1 60 2 70

30 2 61 1
31 3 62 4

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 Answer Key
beginning WED practice test.

77 Bedrock
characteristics: – The
Adirondacks have
faulted, folded, and
deformed bedrock. –
The Adirondacks
have intensely
metamorphosed
bedrock. – The oldest
bedrock is near the
center of the
Adirondacks.
Land surface
characteristics: – The
Adirondacks have
high elevations. – The
Adirondacks have
steep slopes. – The
Adirondacks are a
partially eroded dome.
78 Credit for
Erie-Ontario
Lowlands or
Allegheny Plateau or
Appalachian Plateau.
79

80 – The gentle slope of

the dune is on the
southwest side. – The
windward side has a
less steep slope. – The
steeper side is
leeward.
81 Examples: –The
channel at A has a
V-shape. –Running
water produces
V-shaped channels.

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