International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences ISSN NO : 2249-7455

A Review of Exergy and Energy Analysis of Coal based Combined Thermal Power
Plant
Umesh kumar1, Dr.manoj kumar pal2, Subodh bahirat3

1
Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engg, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg (C.G)
2
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg (C.G)
3
Asst.Professor, Department of Mechanical Engg, Garv Institute of Manag. And Tech., Durg (C.G)
1
[email protected],[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
The energy supply to demand narrowing down day by day around the world, the growing demand of power
has made the power plants of scientific interest, but most of the power plants are designed by the energetic
performance criteria based on first law of thermodynamics only. The real useful energy loss cannot be
justified by the fist law of thermodynamics, because it does not differentiate between the quality and quantity
of energy. The present study deals with the comparison of energy and exergy analyses of thermal power plants
stimulated by coal and gas. This article provides a detailed review of various studies on thermal power plants
over the years. This review would also throw light on the scope for further research and recommendations for
improvement in the existing thermal power plants.

Keyword:- Enegy Analysis, Exergy Analysis, Rankine cycle, co-generation.

1.Introduction
In the current Situation, most of the electricity produced throughout the world is from steam
power plants. Therefore, it is very important to ensure that the plants are working with maximum efficiency.
Thermodynamic analysis of the thermal power plant has been undertaken to enhance the efficiency and
reliability of steam power plants. Most of the power plants are designed by the energetic performance criteria
based on first law of thermodynamics only. The real useful energy loss cannot be justified by the fist law of
thermodynamics, because it does not differentiate between the quality and quantity of energy. The present
work deals with the comparison of energy and exergy analysis of thermal power plant stimulated by coal.
Generally, it is predicted that even a small improvement in any part of the plant will result in a significant
improvement in the plant efficiency. Factors affecting efficiency of the Thermal Power Plant have been
identified and analyzed for improved working of thermal power plant. The objective of this work is to use the
energy analysis and exergy analysis based on the first law of thermodynamics and second law of
thermodynamics respectively. Energy analysis helps designers to find ways to improve the performance of a
system in a many way. The energy losses from individual components in the plant are calculated based on
these operating conditions to determine the true system losses. In this, first law of thermodynamics analysis
was performed to evaluate efficiencies and various energy losses. Exergy analysis has sparked interest within
the scientific community to require a more in-depth check up on the energy conversation devices and to
develop new techniques to rise utilize the prevailing restricted resources. Exergy analysis gives entropy
generation, irreversibility percentage, Exergy loss and second law efficiency. The Exergy loss or irreversibility
is maximum at boiler. Thus to know about actual flow of Exergy in the cycle thermodynamic analysis based
on second law is desirable. In this paper Exergy analysis of operating condition of boiler has been carried out
based on mass and Exergy balance. The present paper investigates the effectiveness of the power plant to
offset the increasing demand of power. Energy and Exergy analysis has been carried out to determine the
efficiency of each component and the overall efficiency of the plant.

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2. A brief Review of the work already done in the field

List of SCI Journal where I read and analysis its methodology to help in my work.

SN Name of Title Year Name of Name of Work Already Done

Journal Author
1 Optimization of pre 2016 Science Saba Efficiency of the power plant was
combustion capture for Direct Valiani, increased by 8%, and the fuel
thermal power plants (elsevier) Nassim consumption was decreased by 23%.
using Pinch Analysis Tahouni
2 Performance degradation 2016 Science Peng Fu, Most components, the endogenous
diagnosis of thermal power Direct Ningling exergy destruction accounts for about
plants: A method based on (elsevier) Wang 80–95% of the total exergy
advanced exergy analysis destruction.
3 Power Generation from 2016 Science Goutam Maximum net cycle efficiency can be
Condenser Waste Heat in Direct Khankari, achieved by 2.58% for the Kalina
Coal-Fired Thermal Power (elsevier) Jagannath cycle.
Plant Using Kalina Cycle Munda
4 Exergy Analysis of Ultra 2013 Science Sandhya This proves to reduce the exergy
Super-Critical Power Plant Direct Hasti,Adiso destruction rate loss in the furnace to
(elsevier) rn Aroon percent of 71%.
5 Thermodynamic analysis of 2013 Science Ankur Calculated correction factor and heat
120 MW thermal power plant Direct Geete,A.I. rate.
with combined effect of (elsevier) Khandwaw
constant inlet pressure al
(124.61 bar) and different
inlet temperatures
6 Energy and exergy analyses 2011 Science S.C. Plant component such as boiler,
of thermal power plants: A Direct Kaushik, V. combustion chamber.
review (elsevier) Siva Reddy there is optimize the irreversibilities.
7 An Approach to Analyse 2010 Scientific Vundela The first law analysis shows major
Energy and Exergy Analysis Research Siva energy loss has been found to occur
of Thermal Power Plants: A Reddy, in condenser.
Review Subhash
8 Energy, exergy and 2010 Science R. Saidur, It has been found that heat exchanger
economic analysis of Direct J.U. and combustor are the main parts that
industrial boilers (elsevier) Ahamed contributed loss of energy.
9 Exergy analysis of a thermal 2010 Science P.Regulaga The maximum exergy destruction is
power plant with measured Direct d, I. Dincer found to occur in the boiler
boiler and turbine losses (elsevier)
10 Energy and Exergy Analysis 2010 Taylor & D. Mitrovi Results show that energy losses have
of a 348.5 MW Steam Power Francis C, D. mainly occurred in the condenser
Plant Group Zivkovic where 421 MW is lost to the
environment while only 105.78 MW
has been lost from the boiler.
11 Thermodynamic analysis of a 2009 Science Nurdil The increase of the excess air causes
FBCC steam power plant Direct Eskin, a decrease of the overall energy
(elsevier) Afsin efficie in plant.

12 Energy and exergy analysis 2009 Science Isam H. The calculated exergy efficiency of
of a steam power plant in Direct Aljundi the power cycle was 25%, which is
Jordan (elsevier) low compared to modern power
plants
13 Effects of operational 2009 Science Nurdil The second law analysis reveals that
parameters on the Direct Eskin, the FBCC has the largest
thermodynamic performance (elsevier) Afsin irreversibility of the total system
of FBCC steam power plant Gungor exergy loss.
14 Understanding energy and 2007 Science Mehmet An understanding of energy and

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International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences ISSN NO : 2249-7455

exergy efficiencies for Direct Kanoglu, exergy efficiencies is analyzing,

improved energy (elsevier) Ibrahim optimizing and improving energy
management in power plants Dincer systems through appropriate energy
policies and strategies.
15 Effect of altering combustion 2007 Wiley Marc A. An efficiency increase of about 5%
air flow on a steam power inter Rosen, can be significant, if it can be
plant: Energy and exergy Science Raymond achieved economically. The results
analysis. Tang could lead to improved designs of
steam power plants.
16 Exergy analysis on 2005 Science Hiroshi The exergy value is shown to have
combustion and energy Direct Taniguchi, the fundamental equations of thermal
conversion processes. (elsevier) Kunihiko energy, heat transfer, throttling
Mouri and combustion.
17 Energy, exergy, and Second 2005 Science Noam Lior, some of the magnitude differences of
Law performance criteria. Direct Na Zhang exergy and Second Law efficiencies
(elsevier) and the errors that can be made if the
equations and systems are
not defined carefully.
18 Exergetic and 2003 Science H.Y. The computer program that was
thermoeconomic analyses of Direct Kwak, D.J. developed which shows that the
power plants (elsevier) Kim exergy and the thermoeconomic
analysis presented here.
19 Combined cycle plant 2002 Science Alessandro This method it seems possible to
efficiency increase based on Direct Franco, reach overall combined cycle
the optimization of the heat (elsevier) Alessandro efficiencies near to 60% on existing
recovery steam generator Russo plants, just by optimizing the heat
operating parameters recover and the steam cycle.

National Journal where I read and analysis its methodology to help in my work.

SN Name Of Title Year Name Of Name Of Work Already Done

Journal Author
20 Energy & Exergy Analysis of 2016 IARJSET Rakesh The boiler has the highest amount of
Thermal Power Plant at Dang, S.K. exergy destruction, so the great
Design and Off Design Load. Mangal attention should be paid towards
boiler in terms of design or technical
change.
21 Thermoexergetic analysis of 2016 IJES Rajat In order to achieve significant
Steam Power Plant. Pardal, B. improvement of energy efficiency the
B. Arora boiler and turbine systems need to be
redesigned.
22 Energy and Exergy Analysis 2016 IJIRTS H Ravi From ultimate analysis of boiler we
of Coal Fired Power Kulkarni, can see that complete combustion
Plant Prof taking place but due to upward
P.P.Revank pressure of air, fuel contains fines
ar which flue gas.
23 Thermal Performance of 2015 IJRMET Milind S About 50% increase in thermal
Reheat, Regenerative, Inter Patil, Datta efficiency is observed at a pressure
Cooled Gas Turbine Cycle B.Pawase ratio of 4 when t decrease from 0.33
to 0.23.
24 Analysis of Efficiency At a 2015 IRJET Anjali T H, The efficiency of components in the
Thermal Power Plant Dr. G power plant is found out by using
Kalivaratha energy and exergy calculation. We
n can see that the efficiency loss in
boiler and turbine is more.

25 Exergy Analysis Of Thermal 2014 IJESR Yamini The use of feed water heater reduces

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International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences ISSN NO : 2249-7455

Power Plant Verma, the amount of heat required to

Kalpit P. generate the superheated steam in the
Kaurase boiler.
26 Second Law Analysis Of Gas 2014 IJSRM M.K.Pal, The analysis made in this paper gives
Based Thermal Power Plant H.Chandr, the idea of impact of the inlet
To Improve Its Performance. A.Arora temperature of the turbine on the
exegetic competence.
27 Review on Waste Energy 2014 IJIRSET M. Dubey, The use of Rankine cycles with low-
Recovery Systems A. Arora, grade thermal sources offers
H. Chandra significant potential for energy
productivity.
28 Exergy Analysis For 120 2014 IJRET Ankur Different seven case studies have
MW Thermal Power Plant Geete ,A. I. been done on 120MW thermal power
With Different Inlet Khandwaw plant to analyze exergy outlet from
Temperature Conditions ala different components.
29 Exergy Analysis of A 2013 AJER Sayed Exergy destruction ratio, ranges from
Combined Gas/ Steam A.Abdel- 31% to 43%, was found for SBCC,
Turbine Cycle with Moneim while values from 43% to 52% were
A Supercharged Boiler obtained for the conventional
combined cycle.
30 Energy and Exergy Analysis 2013 IJMER A.H.Rana, Turbine exergy efficiency is lower
of Extraction cum Back J.R.Mehta than its energy efficiency as
Pressure utilization of heat is at lower
Steam Turbine temperature than inlet.
31 Energy And Exergy Analysis 2013 IJAET Milad In this paper, an enhanced Fortran
Of A Geothermal Power Khorami, code was combined with the EES
Station With Two-Phase Bahram software to develop thermodynamic
Closed Thermosyphon Mehrasa model and exergy analysis
System In An Organic
Rankine Cycle
32 Performance and Exergy 2013 IJSR Krishan In the present work a exergy analysis
Analysis of the Boiler Kumar, of operating condition of boiler has
Dharmendr been carried out based on mass and
a Patel, exergy balance.
33 Energy Analysis of Thermal 2012 IJSER Raviprakas Energy analysis of a thermal power
Power Plant h kurkiya, plant is reported in this paper. It
Sharad provides the basis to understand the
chaudhary performance of a fluidized bed coal
fired boiler, turbine and condenser.
34 Thermodynamic Analysis of 2012 IJEIT M.K.Pal, The worldwide concern about cost,
Power Generating Units Anil Kumar environment and quick availability to
Based On First and Second meet continuous load growth will
Law: A Review continue to enhance the adoption of
gas and steam turbine engines in
power systems.
35 Exergy analysis for 2012 IJEE Zelong The effects of the effectiveness of the
combined regenerative Zhang, regenerator and other parameters on
Brayton and inverse Brayton Lingen the exergy performances of the
cycles Chen combined cycle are analyzed, and the
exergy performances are optimized.

3. Methodology:-
Methodology Case study on thermal power plant, major components of power plant
of are listed, points are selected carefully such that it measure the temperature, mass flow rate, pressure is
noted down at each inlet and outlet of components of the system. At full load condition parameter reading
is noted down. For these points enthalpy and entropy value is noted from the steam table. Individual energy
and exergy analysis is calculated for each components of the system. The Exergy destruction at each point

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International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences ISSN NO : 2249-7455

is calculated and the loss is determined with location and magnitude. The energy and exergy efficiency is
also calculated and to identify the loss occurring in power plant component.

4. Thermodynamic Analysis
Engineers and scientists have been traditionally applying the First law of
thermodynamics to calculate the enthalpy balances for more than a century to quantify the loss of
efficiency in a process due to the loss of energy. The exergy concept has gained considerable interest in the
thermodynamic analysis of thermal processes and plant systems since it has been observed that the First
law analysis has been insufficient from an energy performance standpoint. Energy analysis is based on the
first law of thermodynamics, which is related to the conservation of energy. Second law analysis is a
method that uses the conservation of mass and conservation of energy principles together with the entropy
for the analysis, design and improvement of energy systems. Second law analysis is a useful method to
complement, but not to replace energy analysis.
In an open flow system, there are three types of energy transfer across the control surface, namely
working transfer, heat transfer and energy associated with mass transfer or flow. The temperature from the
heat source and the work developed by the system are used for the analysis of open flow systems and to
analyze plant performance whilst kinetic and potential energy changes are ignored. The energy or first law
efficiency of a system is defined as the ratio of energy output to the energy input to the system.

5. Energy analysis
Exergy is the maximum theoretical useful work attainable from an energy carrier
under the conditions imposed by an environment at given pressure Po and temperature to, and with given
amounts of chemical elements. The purpose of an EA is generally to identify the location, source, and
magnitude of true thermodynamic inefficiencies in process plants such as power plants (Chao and Yan,
2006). Disregarding kinetic and potential energy changes, the specific flow Exergy of a fluid at any cycle
state is given by

e = (h – h0) –T0( s – s0) (1)

The reversible work as a fluid goes from an inlet state to an exit state is given by the Exergy change
between these two states, as follows (Kotas, 1995; Kwak, 2003):

eOUT = eIN –(hOUT -hIN) -T0(sOUT -sIN) (2)

The SPP consists of two major components: one is the heat transfer system and the other is the turbine
system. The chemical energy in the fuel provides the total Exergy for the plant, which is the original
exergy source (Rosen and Dincer, 2003). Part of the exergy from the fuel is lost in the heat transfer system,
including the boiler, the bleeds heat exchangers, the economizer and the condenser. The rest of the exergy
goes into the turbine system as the exergy input for generating power. Some of the exergy input is lost in
running the turbines and pumps. The amounts of these losses are defined by their machine efficiency. Also,
a certain amount of the exergy is lost with the exhausted gas. The remaining exergy gives the shaft work,
which is received by the electrical generators, which become the final exergy sink (Sanjay et al., 2007). the
exergy loss and exergy efficiency for each of the Rankine cycle components can be calculated as follows:

5.1 Boiler
The Exergy loss in the boiler can be calculated as follows (Kotas,1995)

Elboiler= Ein- Eout =∑(me)IN-∑ (me)OUT (3)

EIN is the sum of the fuel Exergy and air Exergy that is input to the boiler. EOUT is Exergy of the
combustion that produces in the boiler.

5.2 Steam turbine

The Exergy loss in the steam turbine is defined as follows (Sanjay et al., 2007)

El TURBINE= ∑(me)IN -∑(me)OUT -WOUT (4)

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Where, WOUT is the actual produced shaft work.The maximum shaft work of the steam turbine is equal to
the difference of the input and output steam enthalpies. Accordingly, the exergetic efficiency of the turbine
is defined as the ratio of the
𝑊 𝑜𝑢𝑡
€ = ∑ 𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 −∑ 𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡

5.3 Heat exchangers

Feed-Water Heaters (FWHs) and condensers are essentially heat exchangers designed to
perform different tasks. An Exergy balance written on the heat exchanger should express the Exergy
destroyed in the system as the difference of Exergies of incoming and outgoing streams, as follows (Chao,
2006

el FWH = E in - Eout = ∑(me)in-∑(me)out (6)

The exergetic efficiency of a heat exchanger (HEX) is defined as the ratio of the increase in the exergy of
the cold fluid to the decrease in the exergy of the hot fluid.

∑ 𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡 −𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚

€=
∑ 𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ℎ 𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
(7)

5.4 Pump
The Exergy loss in the pump can be expressed as follows (Chao, 2006)

elpump = ∑(me)in- ∑(me)out +Win (8)

Win is the actual power consumed in the pump, as shown in Figure 1. The Exergetic efficiency of the pump
can be defined as the ratio of the minimum work input to the actual work input, using
the following equation:

∑ me out −∑ me in
€= Win
(9)

5.5 Rankine cycle

The total exergy loss in the Rankine cycle is simply the sum of exergy losses in the boiler, steam
turbines, heat exchangers, and pump. The overall exergetic efficiency of the cycle can be calculated as
follows (Kwak, 2003)
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
€cycle = (10)
𝐸𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙

Where W net is Net workdone.

WNET = WOUT-WIN (11)

5.6 Pinch analysis (PA)

PA has become a general methodology for the targeting and design of thermal and
chemical processes, and associated utilities. When considering the energy efficiency of a process, pinch-
based approaches target the identification of the possible energy recovery by heat exchange, and define the
Minimum Energy Requirement (MER) of the process. The energy targeting in PA set by the CC and GCC
are only in terms of heat loads. However, to deal with systems involving heat and power, the concepts of
both the CC and the GCC should be extended.

5.7 Combined pinch and exergy analysis (CPEA)

By allowing the comparison of the quality of the different forms
of energy, exergy is a rigorous way of analyzing energy conversion systems such as SPPs. In the context of
process integration analysis, the exergy concept is combined with pinch analysis for reducing the fuel

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requirement and optimizing the Rankine cycle in SPPs. The Exergy Composite Curve (ECC) and Exergy
Grand Composite Curve (EGCC) concepts have been introduced by Feng and Zhu (1997) for this purpose.
For each linear segment in the CC, the heat Exergy delivered (e) by a stream delivering a heat load (Q)
from the inlet temperature (Tin) to the outlet temperature (Tout) is computed by Equation 12 (Feng and
Zhu, 1997):

𝑇0
℮ = Q(1 - ) (12)
𝑇𝑙𝑚

Where, Tlm is the logarithmic mean of temperatures computed by Equation 13 (Polley et al., 1990):
𝑇𝐼𝑁−𝑇𝑂𝑈𝑇
Tlm = 𝑇𝐼𝑁 (13)
𝐼𝑁( )
𝑇𝑂𝑈𝑇

When considering the hot CC, the heat delivered is represented by the T-H diagram; the exergy delivered is
computed by replacing the temperature axis by the Carnot factor, as expressed in Equation 14. It then
corresponds to the area between the CC and the enthalpy axis (Feng and Zhu, 1997). The same procedure
is followed for the cold streams, to define the Exergy required by the cold streams (Kotas, 1995).
𝑇𝑂
Ƞ = 1- 𝑇
(14)

Figure 3 shows how the CC (T-H diagram) for a heat transfer system can be converted into the ECC and
the EGCC. The shaded areas in Figure 3 indicate the Exergy loss associated with the heat transfer process.
The graphical representation of process units involving energy in terms of heat and power has been made
possible with the introduction of a variable referred to as energy level (Ω) defined as follows (Feng and
Zhu, 1997):
𝐸𝑋𝐸𝑅𝐺𝑌
Ω= (15)
𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑅𝐺𝑌

6. Diagram

Dia 1: Different component of Boiler

7. Exergy Analysis:-
The Thermodynamic analysis of any power plant considers the balance of mass,
energy, entropy and exergy [4]. It is important to determine the amount of work potential that can be

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attained from the system. The work potential derived from the system is often referred to as useful work
“Exergy”.

Table1. Exergy destruction rate and exergy efficiency formula used for Exergy analysis

S.N Components Exergy destruction (MW) Exergetic efficiency (%)

1 Boiler System E Feed - E Product + H heat in E Product - E Feed / H heat in
2 Turbine E Feed - E Product - W workout E Product- E Feed / W workout
3 Condenser E Feed - E Product - H heat out E Product- E Feed / H heat out
4 Pump E Feed - E Product + W workout E Product- E Feed / W workout
5 Furnace E Fuel in + E Feed - E Product E Product - E Feed / E Fuel in
6 Heaters E Feed - E Product E Product / E Feed
7 Steam Cycle Sum of all components W Net out / E Fuel in

Table 2. Power plant model validation case analysis

S.N Description Aljundi, 2009[12] SandhyaHasti 2013[4] This Study

1 Net power output MW 56 54.4
2 Thermal efficiency % 26 24.4
3 Net efficiency % - 35.96
4 Fuel consumption rate Kg/s 5.6 5.24
5 Flue gas temperature C 1700 1710

In Table 1, it is seen that the percentage of excess air used in the data [13] is in the range of 18%. If the
percentage of moisture content is high, the net efficiency is low. The reason is that the presence of the
moisture will reduce the amount of energy released during coal combustion. As a result of this, there is a
reduction in the temperature of the combustion products. Increasing the temperature of the air used in the
air pre-heater can increase the net efficiency of the power plant. This external air supplied will raise the
temperature of the coal combustion; As a result, the net efficiency of the system increases. The main steam
temperature was maintained in the range between 600 to 650 0C for the plant operating in the Ultra super
critical condition. An increase in the main steam temperature will increase the enthalpy of the steam used
inside the steam cycle. This will result in the additional work done which enhances the net efficiency of the
power plant.

Table 3. Exergy model validation case analysis [46].

S.N Components Exergy destruction Exergy destruction Exergy efficiency Exergy effici.
(MW) Reference (MW) This model Refer. This model
1 Boiler 120 115 43.8 % 46 %
2 HPT 32 29 73.5 % 77 %
3 IPT 13.5 12 63 % 61 %
4 LPT 15.6 13.5 86 % 87 %
5 Condenser 13.7 11.3 26.5 % 29 %
6 LPHX1 11.21 10.1 45 % 49 %
7 LPHX2 12.15 10.9 54 % 57 %
8 Dearator 9.35 8.2 90.4 % 96 %
9 HPHX1 8.35 7.3 85.3 % 81 %
10 HPHX2 7.41 6.76 80.3 % 75 %
After validation, the developed model was used for simulating the performance of an ultra supercritical
plant under conditions listed in Table 1. The simulation results can be found in Table 3. The distribution of
exergy destruction across the power plant was plotted in. Apparently, furnace is the major source of exergy
losses followed by the turbines.

6. Conclusion:-
Energy analysis of a thermal power plant is reported in this paper. It provides the basis to
understand the performance of fluidized bed coal fired boiler, feed pump, turbine and condenser. The

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energy balance sheet shows that theoretical losses in various component of boiler. It provides information
for selection of the components which has maximum losses so, that optimization techniques could be used
to make it more efficient. The various energy losses of plant, through different components are calculated
which indicates that maximum energy losses occur in turbine.
Following conclusions can be drawn from this study:
1. The coal type affects the first law efficiency of the system considerably.
2. It has been also analyzed that a part of energy loss occurs through flue gases.
3. The presence of moisture has an effect on overall efficiency.
4. If we use the heat recovery system to recover the heat losses through flue gases then it will be more
useful for us.
The efficiency of components in the power plant is found out by using energy and exergy
calculation. From the above table we can see that the efficiency loss in boiler and turbine is more. Hence,
we should improve the efficiency of boiler and turbine by proper maintenance. There are many factors,
which influence the efficiency of the thermal power plant. The fuel used for combustion, type of boiler,
varying load, power plant age, they lose the efficiency. Most of the loss in efficiency due to mechanical
wear on variety of components, resulting heat losses. Therefore, it is necessary to check all the equipments
periodically. Moreover, it is noticed that the overall efficiency of any thermal power plant depends upon
the technical difficulties under unpredictable conditions. So that efficiency of the thermal power plant is
increased by 3 to 5 %.

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International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences ISSN NO : 2249-7455

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