User Manual for the

Profile Probe
type PR2

PR2-UM-5.0

Delta-T Devices Ltd

Notices
Copyright
All rights reserved. Under the copyright laws, this manual may
not be copied, in whole or in part, without the written consent of
Delta-T Devices Ltd. Under the law, copying includes translation
into another language.
Copyright © 2016, Delta-T Devices Ltd.

Patent
The Profile Probe is protected by the following patents:
US7944220B2
EP1836483B1
AU2005315407B2
CN101080631(B)

CE conformity
The Profile Probe type PR2 conforms to EC regulations
regarding electromagnetic emissions and susceptibility when
used according to the instructions contained within this user
manual, and is CE marked by Delta-T Devices Ltd.

Design changes
Delta-T Devices Ltd reserves the right to change the designs
and specifications of its products at any time without prior notice.

User Manual Version: PR2-UM-5 Oct 2016

Delta-T Devices Ltd. Tel: +44 1638 742922

130, Low Road Fax: +44 1638 743155
Burwell E-mail: [email protected]
CAMBRIDGE CB25 0EJ Web: www.delta-t.co.uk
UK
Contents
1
Introduction 4
Description 4
Parts list 6
Care and safety instructions 7
Routine maintenance 7
PR2 Cleaning and Chemical Avoidance
Instructions 8
How the Profile Probe works 9

Operation 10
Preparation for reading 10
Insert the Profile Probe 12
Portable monitoring 14
Record readings with a data logger 15
Calibration 21
Conversion to soil moisture 23
Reading accuracy 26

Troubleshooting 28
Problems 28

Technical reference 30
Specifications 30
Performance 31
Definitions 33
References 35

Technical Support 36
Soil-specific calibration 38
Laboratory calibration non-clay soils 39
Laboratory calibration for clay soils 42
Field calibration 45

Index 48
Introduction

Description
The Profile Probe measures soil moisture at different depths
within the soil profile. It consists of a sealed polycarbonate rod,
~25mm diameter, with electronic sensors (seen as pairs of
stainless steel rings) arranged at fixed intervals along its length.
When taking a reading, the probe is inserted into an access
tube. These are specially constructed thin-wall tubes, which
maximise the penetration of the electromagnetic field into the
surrounding soil.
Short and long versions of the PR2 are available, with 4 or 6
sensors along the length. These have either analogue outputs
(types PR2/4 and PR2/6) or a serial SDI-12 output (types PR2/4-
SDI-12 and PR2/6-SDI-12).
This manual is for analogue PR2s. Each sensor gives a voltage
output which is converted into soil moisture using the supplied
general soil calibrations. The probe can also be calibrated for
specific soils.

Advantages
 Can be used for portable readings from many access
tubes or for long-term monitoring of one access tube.
 Fully sealed and robust.
 High accuracy: ±4%.
 Easy installation with minimal soil disturbance.
 Large sampling volume ~ 1.0 litres at each profile depth.
 Simple analogue output, 0 to ~1.0 Volts
 Works reliably even in saline soils.

Sensor Depths
PR2/4 sensors are at 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm
PR2/6 sensors are at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 100 cm
Each sensor has a pair of rings 10 cm apart vertically. The
depths given are from the centre of the lower ring to a black ring
marked near the top of the access tube (see next page).
See also Field Sensitivity on page 31.

4  Introduction Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

 PR2/6 and
PR2/4 in soil
tube

Sensor 1

Pair of
sensor rings

1 metre

Electromagnetic
fields extend into
the soil and detect
soil moisture

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Introduction  5

Parts list
Your consignment may have the following parts:

Part Sales Code Description

Profile Probe PR2/4 PR2/4 with 4 sensors (as
or shown) or PR2/6 with 6
sensors. Both supplied in
PR2/6 protective tube, with spare o-
rings and centring springs

Access tube spacer SPA1 Corrects PR2 depths if

access tube is mounted flush
with soil surface
Spares kit PR2-SP
Cleaning kit AT-CR1 Cleans access tubes.
Bag PR-CB2 Carrying bag for PR2
Access tubes ATS1 Short or long fibreglass
or tubes suitable for PR2/4 or
PR2/6, including cap, bung
ATL1 and collar.

Augering equipment - See Augering Manual

Insertion equipment - See Augering Manual
Extraction equipment - See Augering Manual
Meter HH2 Moisture meter plus
accessories

Data logger GP2, GP2: 12 channel

DL6, DL6: 6 channel
or DL2e DL2e: up to 60 channels
Data loggers optimised for
use with PR2,

Expansion Lid GP2-P2-LID GP2 lid with 2 PR2 sockets,

use with PRC/M12-05 cables
Cables PRC/d-HH2 1.5m to HH2
PRC/M12-05 5m to DL6 or GP2
PRC/w-05 5m to DL2e or other loggers
EXT/8w-05 5m, 10m and 25m extension
EXT/8w -10 cables (PRC/M12-05 and
EXT/M12-10 are identical)
EXT/8w -25

6  Introduction Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

Care and safety instructions
 Keep your PR2 in its protection tube and fit the
connector cap when the probe is not in use. The Profile
Probe should be stored in a dry environment (definitely
non-condensing), and protected from sharp blows

 Earth yourself on the metal connector before touching

the detector rings to avoid any possibility of damage by
electrostatic discharge.

 Don’t lay the PR2 in a puddle because water may creep

under the rings – if you suspect this has happened warm
gently (< 50°C) for 24 hours.

 Lay as much of the cable as possible along the

surface of the soil when taking a reading in order to
minimise any electrical interference with other equipment.

 Twist when inserting the PR2 to ensure the O-ring in the

handle seals properly against the wall of the access tube.

See also the video https://youtu.be/KvZC2-xYDL8

Routine maintenance
 Periodically examine the o-rings and centring springs.
They should be kept clean, and if they show any signs of
damage, replace them. Pay attention particularly to the
lowest centring spring when inserting the PR2 into an
access tube – a gentle twisting action helps.

 The Profile Probe should be periodically recalibrated.

You should run a simple annual check on the calibration
(see the Troubleshooting section) and contact your local
Delta-T representative if there is a problem. Otherwise the
PR2 should be returned for routine re-calibration every 2
years.

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Introduction  7

PR2 Cleaning and Chemical Avoidance
Instructions
The PR2 shaft is made of polycarbonate plastic which is an
exceptionally strong material, and it can withstand bending
forces far in excess of anything likely to be encountered in
practice. However, polycarbonate can develop stress cracking
when exposed to certain chemicals. Such stress cracking greatly
weakens the polycarbonate and may lead to brittle fracture of
the shaft, even at very low stresses.
It is important to follow these guidelines. Failure to observe
these precautions can damage the probe and may invalidate the
warranty.

 Clean the probe in use if necessary by wiping with damp

plain paper towels.

 Use only clean water to damp the paper. Do not use

chemicals or cleaning agents of any sort in the water.

 Never use any chemical solvents or cleaners on the

probe, or near to it. Avoid strong chemical vapours,
especially during probe storage.

 Do not immerse the probe in water. If this happens, allow

the probe to dry in warm air for at least 24 hours.

 Make sure the probe is thoroughly dry before storing it in

the protection tube.

8  Introduction Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

How the Profile Probe works
Before you rush out and hammer your access tubes into the soil,
it will help to understand a little about how the Profile Probe
works:

When power is applied to the Profile Probe...

...it creates a 100MHz signal (similar to FM

radio).

The signal is applied to pairs of stainless steel

rings....

... which transmit an electromagnetic field

extending about 100mm into the soil.
The field passes easily through the access tube
walls, but less easily through any air gaps.

The water content of the soil surrounding the

rings...

...dominates its permittivity.


(A measure of a material’s response to
polarisation in an electromagnetic field. Water
has a permittivity  81, compared to soil  4 and
air  1)

The permittivity of the soil has a strong

influence on the applied field…

Vout …resulting in a stable voltage output that…

Soil Moisture ...acts as a simple, sensitive measure of soil

22 % moisture content.

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Introduction  9

Operation

Preparation for reading

Access tubes
The Profile Probe must be used within an access tube. The
process of Augering holes and installing access tubes is
described in the Augering Manual.

Equipment
You may require the following equipment for a site visit:

PR2 in protective tube

Access tube spacer

Spare
 collars
 caps
 centring If setting up
springs logging:
Data logger (GP2,
DL6 or DL2e) and
cable

For portable
reading: HH2
meter and
cable

Roll of paper
towels

Cleaning rod

10  Operation Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

Install access tube(s)
The accuracy of your results will be critically dependent on how
well the access tubes are installed

Please refer to the following

1. Augering Health and Safety Sheet
2. Augering Kit for PR2 Quick Start
3. Augering Manual

See also the Augering tutorial video at

https://youtu.be/KvZC2-xYDL8

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Operation  11

Insert the Profile Probe
 Remove the tube cap and check for damp
If the access tube has been left empty for several weeks, check
for condensation by threading a paper towel into the slot in the
cleaning rod and pushing this to the bottom of the tube. If any
water is present, dry the tube thoroughly before inserting the
PR2.

 Check the centring springs centring spring

Remove the PR2 from its protective tube.

The Profile Probe is fitted with centring springs so probe
that the probe is correctly centred within an access rod
tube. They must be fitted and working properly for
the probe to take accurate readings. Each centring
spring (coiled spring) sits on top of an O-ring (see o-ring
illustration).

 Fit spacer (if required)

If your access tube has been installed flush with the soil surface,
you will need to fit the access tube spacer (SPA1). Slide the
spacer over the tip of the probe and push all the way up past the
top o-ring.
Note: the access tube is not water proof if this is used

 Insert the Profile Probe

Take care as the first centring spring is pushed into the tube not
to pinch the spring unevenly against the side of the tube.
Use a slight twisting motion to get past the last rubber O-ring
which is just below the handle.

Ensure the Profile Probe is pushed all the way down over this
rubber O-ring in order to seal it into the access tube.

 Align the probe

The probe should be aligned consistently each time it is
inserted, using the alignment marks on the access tube and the
label on probe handle.
To maximise the sampling at each location, take the average of
three readings at each location, with the tube rotated through

12  Operation Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

 120° each time – the three small screw heads can be used for
as markers for this.
Once fully inserted into an access tube and oriented as outlined
above, the PR2 is ready for readings with an HH2 meter or for
attaching to a data logger for long term automatic monitoring.
The use of these instruments is described next.

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Operation  13

Portable monitoring
 Set up the HH2 meter
Connect the Profile Probe to your HH2
using the supplied PRC/d-HH2 cable
Press Esc to turn the meter on, and if
necessary press again until it displays:
Delta-T Devices
TMoisture Meter
Make sure the meter is set to read from a PR2:
 Press Set and scroll down to the Device option.
 Press Set again and scroll down to:
Device:
 PR2
 Press Set to confirm this choice.
If you intend to store readings, you may find it useful to define
each reading by setting a plot label and sample number –
accessed by pressing Set and scrolling to the Data option.
See Calibration section for advice on setting Soil Type and
Soil Set-Up.
For other options, refer to the HH2 User Manual.

 Taking readings
Insert the Profile Probe into an access tube.
Press Read to take a reading - it takes about 3 seconds.
Press the arrow keys to view
PR2 Store?
readings from other depths. You
can choose different units from 22.7%vol 100mm
the Display option.
Press Store to save or Esc to discard the reading.
If you want to maximise the sampling volume, take 2 further
readings with the probe rotated through 120° each time.
Remove the PR2, replace the access tube cap and move on to a
new site….

 Viewing stored readings

If you have saved data, connect the HH2 to your
PC and run HH2Read to retrieve the readings.

14  Operation Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

Record readings with a data logger
The Profile Probe has been designed to make its use with data
loggers straightforward. It is particularly simple to use with the
GP2, DL6 and DL2e data loggers.
Up to 100 m of cable can be used between logger and PR2, but
be aware that the minimum power supply voltage required by
the sensor is 5.5 V. This is OK for a 2 m cable but at the end of
a 100 m the minimum supply voltage needs to be raised to 7.5
V.

Data Logger options for Profile Probes

Logger PR2/4 PR2/6 Notes

DL6 1 1 Profile probe can be instantly
connected via dedicated socket
and cable PRC/M12-05
GP2 3 2 With the GP2-P2-LID option up to
2 PR2s can be instantly
connected to dedicated analogue
input sockets. A third probe can
be connected using screw
terminals.
DL2e 3 to 2 to Basic DL2e logs 3 PR2/4s or 2
15* 10* PR2/6s. More can be connected
via additional LAC1 input cards
* Subject to power switching requirements. Do not exceed 1200mA
in either of the two DL2e relays. The standard analogue PR2/4s
take 80 mA and the PR2/6s take 120 mA.
Note: GP2 loggers can take up to 50 SDI12 PR2/6s or up to 60
SDI12 PR2/4s. (This limitation is imposed by the GP2 logger
program which can process a total of 300 different measurements).

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Operation  15

DL6 connection and configuration
You need a PC running DeltaLINK connected to
a DL6 via the 4-pin M12 connector on the DL6
using cables DL6-RS232 and USB-RS232.
Connect the PR2 to the DL6 via cable PRC/M12-
05.
This 8-way M12-M12 cable connects directly to the DL61.
(If you use this you don’t use the screw terminals and so don’t
need to know the wiring colour codes for the individual sensor
channels.)
Extension cables can be added as required up to 100m.

 Configure the DL6

1 2
In DeltaLINK establish a
connection with the 6

logger.
1) Select Program
3
2) Select Change
3) Right click channel 1
fsfc
4) Select PR2/4 or
PR2/6 from the drop
4
down menu.
5) The default soil type
is mineral. To 3
change this, right click on a
5 5b
channel and, from the drop-
Optional
down menu, either select
5a Organic, or
5b Edit and enter soil-specific
calibrations.
6) Click Apply to send the program to the logger.
7) Select Sensors, Read Now to check the PR2 is
working.

 Start logging 5a
When ready select the Logger window and Start …
…later when you want to collect the data, connect to the DL6
and select the Dataset window from which you can retrieve and
display all stored readings.
See also the DL6 Quick Start Guide.

1 If instead you use to PRC/w-o5 5m PR2 to bare wire cable you will need to know
the wiring colour code - described below for the DL2e Logger.
16  Operation Profile Probe User Manual 5.0
DL2e connection and configuration
The Profile Probe is fitted with a screened 8-way connector.
When used with a DL2e this should be connected using the
PRC/w-05 cable, which provides the following connections.

Cable Depth
Function Notes
Colour mm
Red Power V+ 5-15V DC, PR2/4 80mA, PR2/6 120 mA.
Black Power 0V Power 0V is cable screen.
Green V- 1 100 Common signal output
V- 2 200
V- 3 300
V- 4 400
V- 5 600 Not connected for PR2/4.
V- 6 1000 Not connected for PR2/4
Yellow V+ 1 100 Signal +
Grey V+ 2 200
Brown V+ 3 300
White V+ 4 400
Blue V+ 5 600 Not connected for PR2/4.
Pink V+ 6 1000 Not connected for PR2/4

Notes:
1. The cable screen serves as the power return and is given black
insulation.
2. Do not connect the Power 0V and Signal common at the
logger. This will create reading errors.

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Operation  17

 PR2- DL2e Wiring
blue
white
grey brown
green yellow

- 1 + - 2 + - 3 + - 4 + - 5 +
pink

- 6 + - 7 + - 8 + - 9 + - 10 +
black red

- 61 + - 62 + 63 NO NC 64 NO NC

This diagram shows the connections for a PR2/6 connected to

channels 1 to 6 of a DL2e in differential mode, and powered
through the logger’s internal power supply.
(If using channel 1 be sure to switch off the thermistor)
Further details can be found in your Ls2Win installation. The
DL2 Program Editor contains on-line help and an application
note on each sensor type.

DL2e Sensor Types Codes in Ls2Win

Four DL2e sensor codes are supplied for the PR2:
P2M provides a conversion from mVolts to soil water content (in
m3.m-3) suitable for general mineral soils.
P2O converts to m3.m-3 for general organic soils.
P2C converts to %vol for general mineral soils.
P2D converts to %vol for general organic soils.

Note: All DL2e data in m3.m-3 units is restricted to 0.01 m3.m-3

resolution. The P2C and P2D codes using %vol show much
better resolution, and are preferred.

18  Operation Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

Power supply
Profile Probes types PR2 require 5.5 to 15 VDC power. Power
can be applied continuously, or via a warm-up relay for greater
economy of power consumption.
You can power Profile Probes directly using DL2e, GP2 or DL6
internal batteries. However, if several probes are to be used, or
if the data logger has to supply significant power to other
sensors or accessories, we recommend powering the data
logger and sensors from an external power supply.
The DL2e has two warm-up relay-controlled outputs. Each relay
can typically power up to 12 PR2/4 or 8 PR2/6 Profile Probes.

Note: For best economy the Profile Probe should be powered

up using a 1 second warm-up time.

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Operation  19

GP2 Logger Controller
Please refer to the GP2 Data Logger Controller User Manual
and DeltaLINK Sensor Library Help for wiring and programming
instructions.
The GP2 User Manual also describes use of the GP2-P2-LID.

Other data loggers

The connections and power requirements will usually be the
same as for the DL2e.
If you simply want to log the sensor voltages directly, they can
be treated as differential voltage sources of range 0 – 1.1 V DC,
and the data logger should be configured accordingly.

Warning: we recommend connecting Profile Probes as

differential voltage sensors because they are powered sensors.
You can measure Profile Probes single-ended, but this will
introduce an additional measurement error that depends mainly
on the length of your cable. It may also have undesirable side
effects on the apparent reading from other sensors attached to
the data logger.

You can either convert the data to soil moisture units after
logging, or program your data logger to convert the output
automatically before logging the data, using the information
supplied in the Conversion to Soil Moisture section.

20  Operation Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

 Calibration
The Profile Probe detects soil moisture by responding to the
permittivity () of the damp soil (see illustration on page 9) – or
more accurately to the refractive index of the damp soil, which is
~ equivalent to .
As a result, the performance of the Profile Probe is best
understood if it is split into these two stages:
Soil calibration: soil moisture ( determines 
Profile Probe response:  determines PR2 output (Volts)

Soil calibration
Soil calibration

5
 damp soil

3
Slope (a1)

1
Soil offset (a0)
0
0 0.1
10 0.2
20 0.3
30 0.4
40 0.5
50

(fraction)
Water content of soil (%vol)

This method of detection is very sensitive and accurate, but of

course soils can be enormously different one from another.
The soil offset and the slope of the line in the graph above both
depend slightly on soil type, varying with density, clay content,
organic matter etc.
This can be usefully summed up in a simple equation describing
the relationship between  and the soil water content, , which
Note: in contains two parameters (a0 and a1) that reflect the influence of
equation 1 the the soil:
water content θ
is expressed as a   a0  a1  [1]
volume fraction The accuracy of your Profile Probe readings can be improved if
m3.m-3 not %
you choose appropriate values for a0 and a1. This is usually very
simple…

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Operation  21

Generalised calibrations
Most soils can be characterised simply by choosing one of the
two generalised calibrations we supply, one for mineral soils
(predominantly sand, silt or clay) and one for organic soils (with
a very high organic matter content).

a0 a1
Mineral soils 1.6 8.4
Organic soils 1.3 7.7
These values have been used to generate the slope and offset
conversions and linearisation tables in the Conversion to soil
moisture section.

Soil-specific calibration
If it is important to work to higher accuracy, you may choose to
carry out a soil-specific calibration, but please bear this in mind:
For normal agricultural soils, if you use one of the generalised
calibrations, you can expect typical errors of ~ ±0.06 m3.m-3,
including installation and sampling errors.
If instead you use a soil-specific calibration, you can expect
typical errors of ~ ±0.05 m3.m-3.
As a guideline, we suggest that you only need to do a soil-
specific calibration if one of the following applies:

Your soil is heavy clay, highly organic, or in some respect
“extreme”.
 You are working to high levels of accuracy, or you need a
controlled error figure rather than a “typical” error figure.
and the following do not apply
 Your soil is very stony (insertion errors are likely to outweigh
the calibration errors)
 your soil cracks when it dries (again measurement errors
are likely to be higher than calibration errors)
The procedure for carrying out a soil-specific calibration is
detailed in Appendix A.

22  Operation Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

Profile Probe response
All Profile Probes have the same dielectric performance:

Profile Probe output

7

5 PR2 readings
fitted curve

4


0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
PR2 output (Volts)

This relationship can be fitted very precisely up to ~ 0.5 m3.m-3

by the following polynomial:

  1.125  5.53V  67.17V 2  234.42V 3  413.56V 4  356.68V 5  121.53V 6 [2]

and can be approximated by the following linear relationship:

  0.37  4.43V up to 0.3 m3.m-3 [3]

Conversion to soil moisture

Profile Probes can either be used to give instantaneous readings
of soil moisture using a hand-held meter, or they can be
connected to a data logger to record moisture data over time.
In either case you will probably want to configure the meter or
data logger to convert the Profile Probe output to soil moisture
content. Three data conversion methods can be used:
 polynomial conversion
 linear conversion (slope and offset)
 linearisation table conversion

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Operation  23

Polynomial conversion
Combining the Soil calibration and Profile Probe response steps,
the conversion equation becomes:
[1.125  5.53V  67.17V 2  234.42V 3  413.56V 4  356.68V 5  121.53V 6 ]  a0 m3.m-3
V 
a1

where a0 and a1 are the calibration coefficients above.

For a generalised mineral soil this becomes:

3 -3
 min  0.057  0.66V  8.00V 2  27.91V 3  49.23V 4  42.46V 5  14.47V 6 m .m ,

And for an organic soil:

3 -3
org  0.023 0.72V  8.72V 2  30.44V 3  53.71V 4  46.32V 5  15.78V 6 m .m .

Slope and offset conversion

Combining the Soil calibration and linear Profile Probe response
equations:

V 
0.37  4.43V   a0 m3.m-3, up to 0.3 m3.m-3.
a1
Using the values of a0 and a1 for generalised mineral and
organic soils:
From probe V to: Slope Offset
m3.m-3 / V m3.m-3
m3.m-3, Mineral soil 0.528 -0.146
m3.m-3, Organic soil 0.575 -0.121

To convert data readings from volts, multiply by the slope and

add the offset. This gives readings in m 3.m-3.

24  Operation Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

Linearisation table conversion
The following table of values is used for the DL2e logger sensor
codes P2M, P2O, P2C, P2D.

mineral organic
soil moisture
soil soil
m3.m-3 %vol Volt Volt
0 0 0.257 0.177
0.05 5 0.379 0.280
0.10 10 0.497 0.394
0.15 15 0.595 0.501
0.20 20 0.677 0.590
0.25 25 0.749 0.667
0.30 30 0.810 0.734
0.35 35 0.860 0.793
0.40 40 0.899 0.843
0.45 45 0.930 0.882
0.50 50 0.956 0.914
0.55 55 0.977 0.940
0.60 60 0.995 0.962
0.65 65 1.011 0.981
0.70 70 1.026 0.997
0.75 75 1.038 1.012
0.80 80 1.050 1.025
0.85 85 1.060 1.037
0.90 90 1.070 1.048
0.95 95 1.079 1.057
1.00 100 1.088 1.067

DL2e slope and offset conversion

For DL2e data loggers, you can create sensor codes using slope
and offset, if you cannot use the linearisation table codes above.
These will be accurate only for the restricted range up to
30%vol. The sensor code ‘Conversion Factor’ is the reciprocal of
the ‘Slope’ figures above. Base units are mV and Engineering
units are %vol.

Conversion
Offset
From probe mV to: Factor
%vol
mV/%vol
%volume, Mineral soil 18.96 -14.6
%volume, Organic soil 17.38 -12.1

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Operation  25

Reading accuracy
The Profile Probe is accurate and reliable.
However this doesn’t guarantee that the readings you take with
a PR2 are an accurate measure of the soil moisture. There are
three particular sources of error that you need to consider when
measuring soil moisture with the Profile Probe:
 Installation problems
 Soil type and Sampling errors
 Salinity

Installation problems
An ideal installation would avoid creating either air gaps or soil
compaction around the access tube – and then the soil would
not shrink or swell as it dried out or rewetted. It’s possible to get
remarkably close to this ideal in some deeply cultivated soils,
and close to impossible in some stony soils or hard clay.
We obviously can’t quantify your potential installation errors, but
experience suggests that a loose, gappy, access tube
installation could lead to errors of ± 10% (± 0.1 m 3.m-3), so...
 Take as much care as you can over the installation
 Remember to fit a collar to your access tube.

Soil type and sampling errors

Again, it’s not really possible to quantify the potential errors
associated with soil type, but be aware of the following:
 Almost all measurement problems are worst in heavy clay
soils.
 If your soil cracks badly in dry conditions, the readings from
your Profile Probe may be more indicative of crack size than
soil moisture content!
 The linear relationship in equation [1] is less applicable to
heavy clay soils at low soil moisture levels (< 0.1 m3.m-3).
See ref. [7].
 Soil moisture content may vary significantly even within a
small volume of soil. When you rotate the Profile Probe
within its access tube the reading changes you observe
reflect real soil moisture variability.

Salinity
Changes in soil salinity cause a change in reading, which will
appear as a change in soil moisture. Typical effects on Profile

26  Operation Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

 Probe readings are an apparent change of < 0.005 m3.m-3 soil
moisture for a change of 100 mS.m-1 soil salinity.
In most situations this sensitivity is of little significance because
a change of 100 mS.m-1 is very unlikely - but it may need to be
considered particularly when irrigating with saline irrigation
water.
See Salinity Performance in the Technical Reference section.

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Operation  27

Troubleshooting

Problems
When getting problems from a probe or sensor always try to
identify which part of the measurement system is the source of
the difficulty. For the Profile Probe this may fall into one of the
following areas:

The measurement device

What equipment is being used to read the probe output?
 An HH2 Moisture Meter
 A DL6 logger
 A DL2e logger
 A GP2 logger
Consult the user manuals or the on-line help for these devices,
and their related software.
Try alternative types of equipment if you have them available.
Check that the soil calibration being used is appropriate for your
soil, and that the correct conversion method is being used – see
Calibration section.

The probe itself

Try to isolate the problem into one of the following areas
 The Probe or the connecting cable
Then try to narrow down the area further
 Mechanical problems faults, or damage
 Electrical or electronic problems or faults

Calibration check
We recommend that you check the calibration of your PR2 at
least once a year by taking an air reading and a water reading
as follows:
Air reading
Keep the PR2 in its protection tube and hold it away from any
other objects. Take a reading using an HH2 meter, or other
meter or logger. The reading should be 75 ±20mV.

28  Troubleshooting Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

 Water reading
Insert the PR2 fully into an access tube and immerse them into a
large body of water at 20 to 25°C. The water container should
be sufficiently large so that the PR2 is >100mm from any edge.
Take a reading using an HH2 meter, or other meter or logger.
Although this reading is outside the PR2’s specified accuracy
range, the reading should lie between 1040 and 1100mV.

Centring springs
Check that the centring springs are all fitted, clean and
undamaged. Immediately replace any that do become
damaged.

Installation problems
Augering and access tube insertion
Most PR2 errors are caused by inserting an access tube into the
wrong size of Augered hole.
If the hole is too large, gaps around the tube will result in
generally low readings and poor response to soil moisture
changes – unless the gaps fill with rainwater.
If the Augered hole is too small, the effort necessary to hammer
the access tube into the soil will often result in gaps forming
around the tube at the top and compaction of the soil lower
down the tube.
Refer to the Augering Manual for advice on Augering holes of
the correct size.
See also the video at
https://youtube.com/watch?v=KvZC2-xYDL8

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Troubleshooting  29

Technical reference
Specifications
Technical Specifications for PR2/4 and PR2/6
Measurement Volumetric soil moisture content, V (m3.m-3 or %vol.).
Accuracy specified from 0 to 0.4 m3.m-3,
Range
Full range is from 0.0 to 1.0 m3.m-3
after soil specific
 0.04 m3.m-3, 0 to 40°C calibration
Accuracy
with generalised soil
 0.06 m3.m-3, 0 to 40°C calibration in 'normal' soils
Salinity errors Included in above figures (50 to 400 mS.m-1)
Vertically: ~95% sensitivity within ±50mm of upper ring
Soil sampling of each pair.
volume Horizontally: ~95% sensitivity within a cylinder of radius
100mm.
0 to 40°C for full accuracy specification,
Environment –20 to 60°C full operating range.
IP67 rated
Stabilisation Full accuracy achieved within 1s from power-up.
Minimum: 5.5V DC with 2m cable, 7.0V with 100m.*
Power Maximum: 15V DC
requirement PR2/4 consumption: < 80 mA
PR2/6 consumption: < 120 mA
4 (PR2/4) or 6 (PR2/6) analogue voltage outputs:
Outputs ~0 to 1.0V DC corresponding to 0 - 0.6 m3m-3 (mineral
calibration)
Connector M12 8-way male.
Cabling Up to 100m of cabling may be attached
Construction 25.4mm polycarbonate tube with pairs of stainless steel
material rings
PR2/4 length: 750mm Weight: 0.6kg
Size / weight
PR2/6 length: 1350mm Weight: 0.95kg
*using cables supplied by T

30  Technical reference Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

Performance
Field sensitivity
The signal is applied across each pair of rings, but the
electromagnetic field is strongest around the lower ring. This
field extends a considerable distance into the soil (~100mm), but
it is strongest close to the rings, and so the soil close to the rings
contributes most to the output.

Normalised sensitivity versus sample radius

0.8
Output (V out/Vmax)

Profile Probe

0.6

0.4 Damp Soil

0.2

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Radius of sample cylinder (mm)

Salinity
The Profile Probe output has been tested as follows:

PR2 conductivity response

60.0

50.0

40.0
PR2 output (%vol)

30.0

20.0
PR2 in wet soil
ideal response in wet soil
10.0
PR2 in damp soil
ideal response in damp soil
0.0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Pore Water Conductivity (mS.m-1)

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Technical reference  31

Temperature
The Profile Probe has a very low intrinsic sensitivity to changes
in temperature, as in this example:

PR2 output versus temperature

50

40
PR2 output (%vol)

30

20

10

0
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

Temperature (°C)

This relationship is dependent on soil composition (particularly

clay content) and the soil moisture level, see ref. [7].

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

Europe
The Profile Probe has been assessed for compatibility under the
European Union EMC Directive 89/336/EEC and conforms to
the appropriate standards, provided the probe body and
moisture measuring rings are completely inserted into the
access tube within the soil or other material being measured.
The cable connecting the Profile Probe to its associated
instrumentation should be routed along the surface of the soil.
If the probe is not installed in this way, some interference may
be experienced on nearby radio equipment. Under most
conditions, moving the equipment further from Profile Probe
(typically 1-2 metres) will stop the interference.
Profile Probes installed near to each other will not malfunction
due to interference.
FCC Compliance North America

This device complies with Part 18 of the FCC Rules.

Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
(1) this device may not cause harmful interference, and
(2) this device must accept any interference received, including
interference that may cause undesired operation

32  Technical reference Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

Definitions
Volumetric Soil Moisture Content is defined as
where Vw is the volume of water contained in
V the sample
V  W and Vs is the total volume of the soil sample.
VS
The preferred units for this ratio are m3.m-3,
though %vol is frequently used.
Soil Moisture Content varies from approx. 0.02 m 3.m-3 for sandy
soils at the permanent wilting point, through approx. 0.4 m3.m-3
for clay soils at their field capacity, up to values as high as 0.85
m3.m-3 in saturated peat soils.
Gravimetric Soil Moisture Content is defined as

MW where M W is the mass of water in

G  g.g-1 the sample,
MS and M S is the total mass of the dry
sample.

To convert from volumetric to gravimetric water content, use the

equation
W where W is the density of water (= 1),
 G  V * and  S is the bulk density of the
S
sample ( 
M S ).
VS
Organic and Mineral definitions:
The generalised calibrations have been optimised to cover a
wide range of soil types, based on the following definitions:

optimised bulk use for

use for
around density bulk
Soil type organic
organic range: densities:
contents:
content: (g.cm-3) (g.cm-3)

Mineral ~ 1 %C < 7 %C 1.25 - 1.5 > 1.0

Organic ~ 40 %C > 7 %C 0.2 - 0.7 < 1.0

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Technical reference  33

 Salinity
The preferred SI units for ionic conductivity are mS.m-1 (where S
is Siemens, the unit of electric conductance = ohm-1).
The following conversions apply:
1 mS.m-1 = 0.01 dS.m-1
= 0.01 mS.cm-1
= 0.01 mmho.cm-1
= 10 µS.cm-1
Soil salinity is also partitioned into the following descriptive
categories:

non-saline 0 - 200 mS.m-1

slightly saline 200 - 400 mS.m-1
moderately saline 400 - 800 mS.m-1
strongly saline 800 - 1600 mS.m-1
extremely saline > 1600 mS.m-1

34  Technical reference Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

References
1. Gaskin, G.J. and J.D. Miller, 1996
Measurement of soil water content using a simplified
impedance measuring technique.
J. Agr. Engng Res 63, 153-160

2. Topp, G.C., J. L. Davis and A. P Annan 1980

Electromagnetic determination of soil water content.
Water Resour. Res 16(3) 574-582

3. Whalley, W.R. 1993

Considerations on the use of time-domain reflectometry
(TDR) for measuring soil moisture content.
Journal of Soil Sci. 44, 1-9

4. White, I., J.H. Knight, S.J. Zegelin, and Topp, G.C. 1994
Comments on ‘Considerations on the use of time-domain
reflectometry (TDR) for measuring soil water content’ by W
R Whalley
Journal of Soil Sci. 45, 503-508

5. Roth, C.H., M.A. Malicki, and R. Plagge, 1992

Empirical evaluation of the relationship between soil
dielectric constant and volumetric water content as the
basis for calibrating soil moisture measurements.
Journal of Soil Sci. 43, 1-13

6. Knight, J.H. 1992

Sensitivity of Time Domain Reflectometry measurements to
lateral variations in soil water content.
Water Resour. Res., 28, 2345-2352

7. Or, D. and J.M. Wraith 1999

Temperature effects on soil bulk dielectric permittivity
measured by time domain reflectrometry: A physical
model.
Water Resour Res., 35, 371-383

8. Whalley, W.R., R.E. Cope, C.J. Nicholl, and A.P.Whitmore,

2004
In-field calibration of a dielectric soil moisture meter
designed for use in an access tube.
Soil Use and Management, 20, 203-206

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Technical reference  35

Technical Support
Terms and Conditions of Sale
Our Conditions of Sale (ref: COND: 1/07) set out Delta-T's legal
obligations on these matters. The following paragraphs
summarise Delta T's position but reference should always be
made to the exact terms of our Conditions of Sale, which will
prevail over the following explanation.
Delta-T warrants that the goods will be free from defects arising
out of the materials used or poor workmanship for a period of
twelve months from the date of delivery.
Delta-T shall be under no liability in respect of any defect arising
from fair wear and tear, and the warranty does not cover
damage through misuse or inexpert servicing, or other
circumstances beyond their control.
If the buyer experiences problems with the goods they shall
notify Delta-T (or Delta-T’s local distributor) as soon as they
become aware of such problem.
Delta-T may rectify the problem by replacing faulty parts free of
charge, or by repairing the goods free of charge at Delta-T's
premises in the UK during the warranty period.
If Delta-T requires that goods under warranty be returned to
them from overseas for repair, Delta-T shall not be liable for the
cost of carriage or for customs clearance in respect of such
goods. However, Delta-T requires that such returns are
discussed with them in advance and may at their discretion
waive these charges.
Delta-T shall not be liable to supply products free of charge or
repair any goods where the products or goods in question have
been discontinued or have become obsolete, although Delta-T
will endeavour to remedy the buyer’s problem.
Delta-T shall not be liable to the buyer for any consequential
loss, damage or compensation whatsoever (whether caused by
the negligence of the Delta-T, their employees or distributors or
otherwise) which arise from the supply of the goods and/or
services, or their use or resale by the buyer.
Delta-T shall not be liable to the buyer by reason of any delay or
failure to perform their obligations in relation to the goods and/or
services if the delay or failure was due to any cause beyond the
Delta-T’s reasonable control.

36  Technical Support Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

Service, Repairs and Spares
Users in countries that have a Delta-T distributor or technical
representative should contact them in the first instance.
Spare parts for our own instruments can be supplied and can
normally be despatched within a few working days of receiving
an order.
Spare parts and accessories for products not manufactured by
Delta-T may have to be obtained from our supplier, and a certain
amount of additional delay is inevitable.
No goods or equipment should be returned to Delta-T without
first obtaining the return authorisation from Delta-T or our
distributor.
On receipt of the goods at Delta-T you will be given a reference
number. Always refer to this reference number in any
subsequent correspondence. The goods will be inspected and
you will be informed of the likely cost and delay.
We normally expect to complete repairs within one or two weeks
of receiving the equipment. However, if the equipment has to be
forwarded to our original supplier for specialist repairs or
recalibration, additional delays of a few weeks may be expected.
For contact details see below.

Technical Support
Users in countries that have a Delta-T distributor or technical
representative should contact them in the first instance.
Technical Support is available on Delta-T products and systems.
Your initial enquiry will be acknowledged immediately with a
reference number. Make sure to quote the reference number
subsequently so that we can easily trace any earlier
correspondence.
In your enquiry, always quote instrument serial numbers,
software version numbers, and the approximate date and source
of purchase where these are relevant..

Contact details:
Tech Support Team
Delta-T Devices Ltd
130 Low Road, Burwell, Cambridge CB25 0EJ, U.K.
email: [email protected]
email: [email protected]
web: www.delta-t.co.uk
Tel: +44 (0) 1638 742922
Fax: +44 (0) 1638 743155

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Technical Support  37

Appendix A
Soil-specific calibration

This note provides details of 3 techniques for generating soil-specific

calibrations:
1. Laboratory calibration for substrates* and non-clay soils
2. Laboratory calibration for clay soils
3. Field calibration
* We use the term substrate to refer to any artificial growing medium.

Underlying principle
Soil moisture content () is
proportional to the refractive index
of the soil () as measured by the
ThetaProbe and Profile Probe (see
Calibration section).

The goal of calibration is to

generate two coefficients (a0, a1)
which can be used in a linear
equation to convert probe readings into soil moisture:

  a0  a1  
Using the ThetaProbe to calibrate the Profile Probe
Soil calibrations using the ThetaProbe and Profile Probe are very similar -
because they measure the same fundamental dielectric property () at the
same frequency (100MHz). However both their calibrations are influenced
by their slight sensitivity to conductivity - and they differ in how this
sensitivity changes with water content. The ThetaProbe (and methods 1. or
2. below) can be used effectively for creating soil-specific Profile Probe
calibrations at low water contents and/or low conductivities. At high
conductivity and high water content it is far better to generate Profile Probe
calibrations using the field calibration technique (3.).

38  Soil-specific calibration Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

Appendix A
Laboratory calibration non-clay soils
This is the easiest technique, but it’s not suitable for soils that shrink or
become very hard when dry.
Equipment you will need:
 ML3 and volt meter
 Soil corer (if doing a calibration for a cohesive soil rather than sand
or a substrate)
 Heat-resistant beaker ( 500ml)
 Weighing balance (accurate to < 1g)
 Temperature controlled oven (for mineral soils or substrates)

Process Notes and example

Collect a damp sample of the soil or substrate.
This sample needs to be unchanged from its in-situ
density, to be  500ml, to have the correct
dimensions to fit the beaker, and to be generally
uniform in water content.
For cohesive soils this is most easily done with a
soil-corer.
Sandy soils can be poured into the beaker, but you
should take the subsequent measurements
immediately, as the water will quickly begin to drain
to the bottom of the beaker.
Compressible soils and composts often require
measurement of the in-situ density and then need to
be carefully reconstituted at that density within the
beaker.

Measure the volume occupied by the sample.

Ls = 463.5 ml

Weigh the sample, including the beaker.

Ww = 743.3 g

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Soil-specific calibration  39

Appendix A

Insert ML3 into the sample and record its output in

Volts.
Vw = 0.672 V

Dry the sample thoroughly.

With mineral soils this is usually achieved by
keeping it in the oven at 105°C for several hours or
days (the time required depends on the sample size
and porosity).
For organic soils and composts it’s usual to air-dry
the sample to avoid burning off any volatile factions.

Weigh the dry sample in the beaker.

W0 = 627.2 g

Re-insert the ML3 into the dry sample and record

this reading.
V0 = 0.110 V

Calculate a0 In the dry soil V = V0 = 0.089 Volts

Substitute this into the ML3 equation
√𝜖 = 1.0 + 6.175𝑉 + 6.303𝑉 2 − 73.578𝑉 3
+ 183.44𝑉 4 − 184.78𝑉 5
+ 68.017𝑉 6

gives  0  1.56
Since  0 = 0, this is the value needed for a0
a0 = 1.56

40  Soil-specific calibration Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

Appendix A
Calculate w The water content of the wet soil, w, can be
calculated from the weight of water lost during
drying, (Ww – W0) and its volume, Ls:
 w  Ww  W0  Ls  743.3  627.2 463.5  0.25
w = 0.25

Calculate a1 In the wet soil V = Vw = 0.572 Volts and substituting

gives  w  3.53

Finally

a1   w   0   w   0   3.53  1.56 0.25  0  7.87
a1 = 7.87
Result a0 = 1.56
a1 = 7.87

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Soil-specific calibration  41

Appendix A
Laboratory calibration for clay soils
This technique is adapted to avoid the near-impossibility of inserting the
ThetaProbe into a completely dry clay soil. It requires taking measurements
at 2 significantly different, but still damp, moisture levels.

Equipment you will need:

 ML3 and volt meter
 Soil corer
 Heat-resistant beaker ( 500 ml)
 Weighing balance (accurate to < 1 g)
 Temperature controlled oven

Process Notes and example

Collect a wet sample of the clay soil: 25 to 30%
water content would be ideal.
This sample needs to be unchanged from its in-
situ density, to be  500ml, to have the correct
dimensions to fit the beaker, and to be generally
uniform in water content.
This is most easily done with soil-corer.

Measure the volume occupied by the sample.

Ls = 463.5 ml

Weigh the wet sample, including the beaker.

Ww = 743.3 g

Insert ML3 into the wet sample and record its

output in Volts.
Vw = 0.572 V

42  Soil-specific calibration Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

Appendix A
Dry the sample until still moist, ~15% water
content. Gentle warming can be used to
accelerate the process, but take care not to
over-dry in places, and allow time for the water
content to equilibrate throughout the sample
before taking a reading.

Reweigh.
Wm = 693.2 g

Re-measure with the ML3.

Vm = 0.348 V

Dry the sample thoroughly.

With mineral soils this is usually achieved by
keeping it in the oven at 105°C for several hours
or days (the time required depends on the
sample size and porosity).

Weigh the dry sample in the beaker.

W0 = 627.2 g

Calculations Substituting in the ML2 equation

√𝜖 = 1.0 + 6.175𝑉 + 6.303𝑉 2 − 73.578𝑉 3

+ 183.44𝑉 4 − 184.78𝑉 5
+ 68.017𝑉 6
provides two dielectric values, w and m, at
two known water contents, w and m:

For the wet soil Substituting Vw = 0.572 gives

 w  3.53  a0  a1  w

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Soil-specific calibration  43

Appendix A
for  w  743.3  627.2 463.5  0.25

For the moist soil Substituting Vm = 0.348 gives

 m  2.68  a0  a1  m
For
 m  693.2  627.2 463.5  0.14

Calculate a1 Then a1   w  m   w   m   7.86

a1 = 7.86
Calculate a0 and a0   w  a1  w   1.56

a0 = 1.56
Result a1 = 7.86
a0 = 1.56

In this example this soil is now calibrated.

You can now use these two numbers in place of the standard mineral
or organic calibration factors to convert PR2 readings into volumetric
water content θ using:

  a0  a1 

44  Soil-specific calibration Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

Appendix A
Field calibration
Field calibration is the surest method of calibration. We strongly
recommend it for Profile Probe installations featuring high water content
(usually high-clay-content) and high conductivity, as it is the only technique
likely to give good results. However it is typically far more time consuming
and requires access to considerably more equipment than laboratory
calibration.

General principle
Install access tubes and take Profile Probe measurements (as voltages)
over a period of time when the soil moisture content is changing. Over the
same period, measure the water content at appropriate depths and spacing
around the access tubes either by gravimetric sampling or using a Neutron
Probe or an ML3. These comparison readings can then be used to
construct a calibration for the Profile Probe.
For best results this approach requires comparison readings over a
significant range of soil moisture contents. If the changes in water content
over the measurement period are small, the calibration becomes very
sensitive to any measurement errors. The extreme case of this occurs
when readings are only available at a single soil moisture content. It is still
possible to calibrate the Profile Probe in these cases - by assuming a
default value for the intercept coefficient, a0.

Equipment you will need:

 Installed Profile Probe access tubes, and Profile Probe with either
meter or data logger
 Either installed ML3s, ~150mm from the access tubes at the
appropriate depth
Or Neutron Probe access tubes installed ~300mm from the Profile
Probe tubes
Or gravimetric sampling equipment (see previous methods)
Or a portable ML3 attached to a suitable length extension rod and
a suitable auger for sampling at depth
The gravimetric and portable ML3 methods both require essentially
destructive measurements, which limit their re-use at the same site, so they
may require a number of similar sites. But see below for fixed intercept
calibration.

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Soil-specific calibration  45

Appendix A
Process Notes and example
Take Profile Probe readings (as
voltages) over a period of time as the soil
moisture content changes. Ideally this
would include 3 or more distinct soil
moisture levels covering a change >
0.1m3.m-3.

At the same time, take several

independent soil moisture readings
spaced around the Profile Probe access
tube. These could be taken either with
ML3s or a Neutron Probe or by
gravimetric sampling.
The number of samples required
depends on the uniformity of the soil and
the size of the sampling volume.

If it is difficult to take readings over a

range of moisture levels, it is still
possible to calibrate the Profile Probe
using a single soil moisture comparison
150mm using the fixed intercept method below.

V   Convert the Profile Probe measurements

0.462 2.31 into  using its calibration equation [2].
0.577 2.78

Graph these  readings against the soil

moisture measurements.
(This illustration and the following
procedures are taken from Excel, but the
principles can also be applied within
other graphing or spreadsheet programs)

46  Soil-specific calibration Profile Probe User Manual 5.0

Appendix A
Variable Intercept
Fit a linear trend line to the data, and in
the Options tab choose to display the
equation. You may need to adjust the
number format for the equation to 3
decimal places.
The calibration coefficients can then be
read off directly. In the example shown,
a0 = 1.537 and a1 = 8.656.

Fixed Intercept
Fit a linear trend line as above, but in the
Options also choose “Set intercept =”.
We suggest you use the following default
intercept values:
Organic soil 1.4
Mineral soil 1.6
Heavy clay 1.8
In this example the intercept has been
set to a0 = 1.8, and the calculated value
for a1 = 7.794.

Profile Probe User Manual 5.0 Soil-specific calibration  47

Index

A G
Access tube, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, GP2 Logger, 20
14, 24, 26, 30, 32, 35, 45, 46
bung, 6 H
cap, 6, 7, 12, 14
Accuracy, 26, 30 HH2 meter, 14
Air gaps, 9, 26
I
C Installation, 4, 10, 18, 22, 26
Calibration, 14, 21, 22, 24, 30,
35, 38, 39, 42, 45, 46, 47 M
soil-specific, 22, 38 Moisture content, 4, 9, 23, 26,
Cleaning and Chemical 30, 35, 38, 45, 46
Avoidance Instructions, 8
Connections, 17, 18, 20
Conversion factor, 25
P
Conversions, 20, 22, 23, 25 Power requirement, 30
linearisation table, 22, 23, 25 Power supply, 9, 17, 18, 19, 20,
polynomial, 23 30
slope and offset, 21, 22, 23,
24, 25 R
Range, 30
D References, 35
Data logger, 6, 15, 17, 19, 20,
23, 25, 45 S
DL2e, 6, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25
Salinity, 26, 27, 30, 31, 34
DL6, 6, 15, 16
Sampling
Data Logger options, 15
volume, 4, 14, 30, 46
Definitions, 33
Soil
Dielectric performance, 23, 35,
clay, 21, 22, 26, 32, 33, 38, 39,
38, 43
42, 45, 47
composition, 32
E dry, 26, 39
EMC, 32 mineral, 18, 22, 24, 25, 30, 40,
43
F organic, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 33,
40
FCC, 32 type, 14, 26
Field sensitivity, 31 Specifications, 30

48  Index Profile Probe User Manual 5.0