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Tutorial 4

This document contains tutorial problems on solving second order linear differential equations. Some of the key problems covered include: 1) Finding the general solution of differential equations given one particular solution. 2) Using the method of undetermined coefficients to find particular solutions. 3) Transforming differential equations into constant coefficient form by changing variables. 4) Showing conditions for the general solution of a differential equation to approach 0 as the independent variable approaches infinity.

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Aditya Jabade
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36 views

Tutorial 4

This document contains tutorial problems on solving second order linear differential equations. Some of the key problems covered include: 1) Finding the general solution of differential equations given one particular solution. 2) Using the method of undetermined coefficients to find particular solutions. 3) Transforming differential equations into constant coefficient form by changing variables. 4) Showing conditions for the general solution of a differential equation to approach 0 as the independent variable approaches infinity.

Uploaded by

Aditya Jabade
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE PILANI - KK BIRLA

GOA CAMPUS
FIRST SEMESTER 2019-2020

MATHEMATICS - III
Tutorial–4

Remark: For the equation y 00 + P (x)y 0 + Q(x)y = 0

I y = x is a solution if P + xQ = 0.
I y = ex is a solution if 1 + P + q = 0.
I y = e−x is a solution if 1 − P + Q = 0.
I y = emx is a solution if m2 + mP + Q = 0.
I y = xm is a solution if m(m − 1) + mxP + x2 Q = 0.

1. By inspection (may use above remark), find one solution of the given differential equation
and hence, find the general solution

(a) xy 00 − (x + n)y 0 + ny = 0, where n is a positive integer.


(b) y 00 − f (x)y 0 + (f (x) − 1)y = 0.
(c) (x − 2)y 00 − (4x − 7)y 0 + (4x − 6)y = 0.
(d) x2 y 00 − 2xy 0 + 2y = 0.

2. Find the general solution of the following differential equations, when one of the solution
y1 (x) is known
00 0
(i) x2 y + xy − 4y = 0, y1 (x) = x2 .
00 0
(ii) x2 y + xy + (x2 − 1/4)y = 0, y1 (x) = x−1/2 sin x.
00 0
(iii) x2 y − x(x + 2)y + (x + 2)y = 0, y1 (x) = x.
00 0
(iv) xy − (2x + 1)y + (x + 1)y = 0, y1 (x) = ex .
(v) (1 − x2 )y 00 − 2xy 0 + 2y = 0, y1 (x) = x.

3. Find the general solution of the following differential equations


00 0 00 0
(i) y + y − 6y = 0, (ii) y − 9y + 20y = 0,
00 0 00 0
(iii) y + y = 0, (iv) y + 8y − 9y = 0,
000 00 0
(v) y iv − y = 0, (vi) y − 3y + 4y − 2y = 0.

1
4. Find the general solution of the following initial value problem
√
(i) y 00 + 4y 0 + 2y = 0, y(0) − 1, y 0 (0) = 2 + 3 2.
(ii) y 00 + 8y 0 − 9y = 0, y(1) = 2, y 0 (1) = 0.

5. Find the general solution of the following equations by reducing them to constant coeffi-
cient equation
00 0
(i) x2 y + pxy + qy = 0, p and q are constants, x > 0.
00 0
(ii) x2 y + 2xy − 12y = 0, x > 0.
00 0
(iii) x2 y − 3xy + 4y = 0, x > 0.
(iv) (3x + 2)2 y 00 + 3(3x + 2)y 0 − 36y = 0, x > −2/3.

6. Show that the general solution of y 00 +py 0 +qy = 0, where p and q are constants, approaches
0 as x → ∞ if and only if p and q are both positive.
7. Consider the general homogeneous equation

y 00 + P (x)y 0 + Q(x)y = 0 (1)

and change the independent variable from x to z = z(x), where z(x) is an unspecified
function of x. Show that equation (1) can be transformed in this way into an equation
0
Q + 2P Q
with constant coefficients if and only if is constant.
Q3/2
8. Using result from Question 7, solve the following differential equation

xy 00 + (x2 − 1)y 0 + x3 y = 0.

9. Use Method of Undetermined Coefficients to find the particular solution of the following
differential equations
00 0 00 0
(i) y − 2y + 2y = ex sin x, (ii) y − 3y + 2y = 2xex + 3 sin x,
00 000 00 0
(iii) y + y = sin3 x, (iv) y (4) − 2y + 2y − 2y + y = sin x,
(v) y 00 − 2y 0 − 3y = 4x − 5 + 6xe2x , (vi) 4y 00 + 16y 0 + 17y = e−2x sin(x/2) + 6x cos(x/2).

10. If y1 (x) and y2 (x) are solutions of y 00 +P (x)y 0 +Q(x)y = R1 (x) and y 00 +P (x)y 0 +Q(x)y =
R2 (x) respectively. Then show that y(x) = y1 (x) + y2 (x) is a solution of

y 00 + P (x)y 0 + Q(x)y = R1 (x) + R2 (x).

Use this to find the general solution of

y 00 + 4y = 4 cos 2x + 6 cos x + 8x2 − 4.

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