Geometry Study Material

GEOMETRY

INTRODUCTION
Line: A line has length. It has neither width PROPERTIES
nor thickness. It can be extended indefinitely Three or more points are said to be
in both directions. collinear if they lie on a line, otherwise
they are said to be non-collinear.
Two or more lines are said to be coplanar
Ray: A line with one end point is called a if they lie in the same plane, otherwise
ray. The end point is called the origin. they are said to be non-coplanar.
Origin • A line, which intersects two or more given
Line segment: A line with two end points is coplanar lines in distinct points, is called a
called a segment. transversal of the given lines.
• • A line which is perpendicular to a line
segment, i.e. intersect at 900 and passes
Parallel lines: Two lines, which lie in a
through the midpoint of die segment is
plane and do not intersect, are called parallel called the perpendicular bisector of the
lines. The distance between two parallel segment
lines is constant. Every point on the perpendicular bisector
P Q of a segment is equidistant from the two
A B endpoints of the segment.
We denote it by PQ||AB. If two lines are perpendicular to the same
line, they are parallel to each other.
Perpendicular lines: Two lines, which lie
Lines which are parallel to the same line
in a plane and intesect each other at right are parallel to each other.
angles are called perpendicular lines.
l
Angles: An angle is the union of two non-
collinear rays with a common origin. The
m common origin is called the vertex and the
We denote it by l m. two rays are the sides of the angle.
A

∠ABC with
vertex B

B C

Congruent angles: Two angles are said to

be congruent, denoted by ≅if it divides the
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interior of the angle into two angles of equal Linear Pair: Two angles are said to
measure. form a linear pair if they have
common side and their other two
TYPES OFANGLE sides are opposite rays. The sum of
1. A right angle is an angle of 90° as the measures of the angles is 180°.
shown in [fig. (a)]. N
2. An angle less than 90° is called an
acute angle [fig. (b)]. An angle
greater than 90° but less than 180° is
called an obtuse angle (fig (c)]. A M` B
3. An angle of 180° is a straight line ∠AMN + ∠BMN =180°
[fig. (d)].
4. An angle greater than 180° but less Complementary angles: Two
than 360° is called a reflex angle angles whose sum is 90°, are
[fig.(e)]. complementary, each one is the
(a) complement of the other.

A P

60° 30°
B N Q R
(a) (b)
∠ABC + ∠PQR = 90°
(c)

Supplementary angles: Two angles

Fig (d) Fig (e)
whose sum is 180° are
PAIRS OF ANGLES
Adjacent angles; Two angles are supplementary, each one is the
called adjacent angles if they have a supplement of the other.
Common side and their interiors are i X
disjoint
Q R
60° 120°
M N Y
C
P S ∠LMN+∠XYZ = 60°+ 120°-180°
∠QPR is adjacent to ∠RPS Vertically Opposite angles: Two
angles are called vertically opposite
angles if their sides form two pairs of
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opposite rays. Vertically opposite The pairs of alternate angles thus

angles are congruent formed are congruent, i.e.
A o D ∠3- ∠3 and∠2 = ∠8

Interior angles: In the above figure,

C B ∠2 and ∠5, ∠3 and ∠8 are interior
∠AOD - ∠COB and ∠AOC - ∠BOD angles.
When two lines are intersected by a
Corresponding angles: Here, transversal, they form two pairs of
PQ||LM and n is transversal. interior angles.
Then, ∠1 and ∠5, ∠2 and ∠6, ∠3 and The pairs of interior angles thus
∠7 and ∠4 and ∠8 are corresponding formed are
angles. supplementary. i.e. ∠2+∠5-∠3 + ∠8
When two lines are intersected by a = 180°
transversal, they form four pairs of
corresponding angles. Example 1:
The pairs of corresponding angles In figure given below, lines PQ and
thus formed are congruent. RS intersect each other at point O. If
i.e. ∠1 = ∠5; ∠2 = ∠6; ∠4 = ∠POR; ∠ROQ = 5:7, find all the
∠8; ∠3 = ∠7 angles.
Solution:
n ∠POR+∠ROQ = 180° (Linear pair of
angles)
4 1 But ∠POR: ∠ROQ = 5:7 (Given)
P 3 2
P S
Q

O
8 5 R Q
L 5
∠POR = 12 × 180° = 75°
M 7
7 6 Similarly, ∠ROQ = 12 × 180° =
105°
Now, ∠POS = ∠ROQ = 105°
Alternate angles: In the above
(Vertically opposite angles)
figure, ∠3 and ∠3, ∠2 and ∠8 are
and ∠SOQ=∠POR = 75° (Vertically
Alternative angles.
opposite angles)
When two lines are itnersected by a
transversal, they form two pairs of
Example 2:
alternate angles.
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In fig. if PQ||RS, ∠MXQ = 135° Solution:

and∠MYR - 40°, find ∠XMY. If die complement is x, the angle =
2x
P X Q 2x + x = 90°
⇒ 3x = 90° ⇒ x = 30°
M 135° The angle is 2 × 30°-60°
40°
R Y S Example 4:
Solution: The supplement of an angle is one-
Here, we need to draw a line AB fifth of itself Determine the angle
parallel to line PQ, through point M and its supplement.
as shown in figure. P X Solution:
Q Let the measure of the angle be x°.
135° Then the measure of its
A M B supplementary angle is 180° - x°,
It is given that
R Y S ⇒ 5 (180° - x) = x
Now, AB||PQ and PQ||RS ⇒AB||RS ⇒ 900 – 5x = x ⇒ 900 = 5x +x
Now, ∠QXM+∠XMB =180° 900
⇒ 900 = 6x ⇒ 6x = 900 ⇒ x = =
6
(∴ AB||PQ, interior angles on the
150
same side of the is equal to die ratio Supplementary angle is 180°-150° =
of the transversal) 30°
But ∠QXM- 135° = 135° + ∠XMB =
180° Example 5:
∴∠XMB = 45° In figure, ∠POR and ∠QOPform a
… (i) linear pair. If a- b =80°, find the
Now, ∠BMY = ∠MYR (∴ AB||RS, values of a and b.
alternate angles)
∠BMY = 40° R
… (ii) a b
Adding (i) and (ii) we get P Q
∠XMB + ∠BMY = 45° + 40° Solution:
i.e. ∠XMY = 85° ∵∠𝑃𝑂𝑅 and ∠𝑄𝑂𝑅 for a linear pair
∴∠𝑃𝑂𝑅 + ∠𝑄𝑂𝑅 = 180°
or a+ b = 180°
Example 3: … (i)
An angle is twice its complement But a – b = 80°
Find the angle. … (ii) [Given]
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Adding eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Solution:

260 PA, QB, RC and SD are
2a = 260° ∴𝑎 = = 130°
2
perpendicular to AD. Hence, they are
Substituting the value of a in (1) we
parallel. So the intercepts are
get
proportional.
130° + b = 180°
𝐴𝐵 𝑃𝑄 60 𝑥
B = 180° - 130° = 50° ∴ = ⇒ =
𝐵𝐷 𝑄𝑆 210 360 − 𝑥
2 𝑥 720
PROPORTIONALITY THEOREM ⇒ = ⇒𝑥= = 80
7 360 − 𝑥 9
The ratio of intercepts made by three
∴ PQ = 80
parallel lines on a transversal is equal to the
So, QS = 360 – 80 = 280
corresponding intercepts made on any other 𝐵𝐶 𝑄𝑅
𝑃𝑅 𝑄𝑆 Again, 𝐶𝐷 = 𝑅𝑆
transversal 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑆𝑈
90 𝑦 3 𝑦
l m ∴ = ⇒ =
120 280 − 𝑦 4 280 − 𝑦
P Q a ⇒ 𝑦 = 120
∴ QR = 120 and SR = 280 – 120 =
160
R S b
Example 7:
In figure if l||m, n||p and ∠1 = 85°
T U c find ∠2.
n p

m
Example 6: 1 3
In the figure, if PS = 360, find PQ, 2
QR and RS. l
P X QY R S
Solution:
∴n||p and m is transversal
∴∠1 - ∠ 3 - 85° (Corresponding
angles)
Also, m||l & p is transversal
∠2 + ∠3 = 180° (∴ Consecutive
A B C D interior angles)
60 90 ⇒∠2 + 85° = 180°
120
⇒ ∠2 = 180° - 85°
⇒∠2 = 95°
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=180 - 70 - 70 = 40°
Example 8: ⇒∠BDC-∠ABD = 40°(alternate
From the adjoining diagrams, angles)
calculate ∠x,∠y,∠z and ∠w. ∠y = 40°
x y
70° TRIANGLES
z w The plane figure bounded by the union of
Solution: three lines, which Join three non-collinear
∠y = 70° points. Is called a triangle. A triangle la
∠x+70- 180° denoted by the symbol ∆.
..... (vertical opp. angle) The three non-collinear points, are called the
∴∠x = 180 – 70 = 110° vertices of the triangle.
.... (adjacent angles on a st line or In ΔABC, A, B and C are the vertices of the
linear pair) triangle; AB, BC, CA are the three sides,
∠z = 70° (corresponding and ∠A, ∠B, ∠C are the three angles.
angles)
∠z+∠w = 180° (adjacent angles on a
st. line or liner pair)
∴70 + ∠w = 180° A
∴∠w = 180° - 170° = 110°
Example 9:
From the adjoining diagram
Find(l)∠x (2)∠y
E B C
70° 70▪
D C Sum of interior angles: The sum of the
y y three Interior angles of a triangle is 180°.
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°

A B Exterior angles and interior angles

< CBA = 90°
Solution: Z
∠x = ∠EDC= 70° A
(corresponding angles)
Now, ∠ADB = x = 70°
[AD = DB]
In ΔABD, B Y
∠ABD = 180 - ∠x-∠x C
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X Equilateral triangle: A triangle in which all

the three sides are equal is called an
equilateral triangle. In an equilateral
(i) The measure of an exterior angle is triangle, all the angles are congruent and
equal to the sum of the measures of equal to 60°.
the two interior opposite angles of
the triangle. Based on angles:
∴∠ACY=∠ABC+∠BAC Right triangle: If any of a triangle is a right
∠CBX = ∠BAC + ∠BCA and angle i.e., 90° then the triangle is a right-
∠BAZ=∠ABC+∠ACB angled triangle.
(ii) The sum of an interior angle and Acute triangle: If all the three angles of a
adjacent exterior angle is 180°. triangles are acute, i.e., less than 90°, then
i.e. ∠ACB+∠ACY = 180° die triangle is an acute angled triangle.
∠ABC+∠CBX = 180° and Obtuse triangle: If any one angle of a
∠BAC+∠BAZ = 180° triangle is obtuse, i.e., greater than 90°, then
the triangle is an obtuse-angled triangle.
Example 10:
If the ratio of three angles of a SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS
triangle is 1:2:3, find the angles. 1. Altitude (height) of a triangle: The
Solution: perpendicular drawn from the vertex
Ratio of the three angles of a Δ = of a triangle to the opposite side is
1:2:3 called an altitude of the triangle.
Let the angles be x, 2x and 3x. 2. Median of a triangle: The line
∴ x+2x+3x=180° drawn from a vertex of a triangle to
∴ 6x = 180° the opposite side such that it bisects
Hence the first angle = x = 30° the side, is called the median of the
The second angle = 2x = 60° triangle.A median bisects the area of
The third angle = 3x = 90° the triangle.
3. Orthocentre: The point of
CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES intersection of the three altitudesof a
triangle is called the orthocentre. The
Based on sides: angle made by any side at the
Scalene triangle: A triangle in which none orthocentre = 180°- the opposite
of the three sides is equal is called a scalene angle to the side.
triangle. 4. Centroid: The point of intersection
Isosceles triangle: A triangle in which at of the three medians of a triangle is
least two sides are equal is called an called the centroid. The centroid
isosceles triangle. divides each median in the ratio 2:1.
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5. Circumcentre: The point of (v) RHS Congruence role: If in two

intersection of the perpendicular right triangles, the hypotenuse and
bisectors of the sides of a triangle is one side of the triangle are equal to
called the circumcentre. the hypotenuse and one side of the
6. Incentre: The point of intersection other triangle, then the two triangles
of the angle bisectors of a triangle is are congruent
called the incentre. SIMILARITY OF TRIANGLES
(i) Angle bisector divides the For a given correspondence between two
opposite sides in the ratio of triangles, if the corresponding angles are
remaining sides congruent and their corresponding sides are
𝐵𝐷 𝐴𝐵 𝑐 in proportion, then the two triangles are said
Example:𝐷𝐶 = =𝑏
𝐴𝐶
to be similar.
(ii) Incentre divides the angle
Similarity is denoted by ~.
bisectors in the ratio (b+ c):a, (c +
(i) AAA Similarlity: For a given
a):band(a + b):c
correspondence between two
CONGRUENCY OF TRIANGLES
triangles, if the two angles of one
Two triangles are congruent if the sides and
triangle are congruent to the
angles of one triangle are equal to the
corresponding two angles of the
corresponding sides and angles of the other
other triangle, then the two triangle
triangle.
are similar.
(i) SAS Congruence rule: Two
(ii) SSS Similarlity: If the
triangles are congruent if twosides
corresponding sides of two triangles
and the Included angle of one
are proportional, their corresponding
triangle are equal to the sides and tile
angles are equal and hence the
included angle of the other triangle.
triangles are similar.
(ii) ASA Congruence rule: Two
(iii) SAS Similarlity: If one angle of a
triangles are congruent if twoangles
triangle is equal to one angle of the
and the included side of one triangle
other and the sides including these
are equal to two angles and the
angles are proportional, the triangles
included side of other triangle.
are similar.
(iii) AAS Congruence rule: Two
triangles are congruent if any two
PROPERTIES OF SIMILAR
pairs of angles and one pair of
TRIANGLES
corresponding sides are equal.
1. If two triangles are similar,
(iv) SSS Congruence rule: If three sides
Ratio of sides = Ratio of height =
of one triangle are equal to the three
ratio of Median = Ratio of angle
sides of another triangle, then the
bisectors = Ratio of in radii = Ratio
two triangles are congruent.
of circumradii
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 Geometry Study Material

If ΔABC ~ ΔPQR two sides are divided in the same

𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐷 𝐵𝐸 ratio.
= = 𝑄𝑇 P
𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑆
A If ∆ABC in which a line parallel to BC
intersects AB to D and AC at E. Then,
E A
T AD
By BPT, DB =
AE
EC

D
B D C Q
E
S R
The ratio of the areas of two similar
B
triangles is equal to the ratio of the
C
squares of the corresponding sides.
If ΔABC ~ ΔPQR, then
MID-POINTTHEOREM
𝐴𝑟 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 2 𝐵𝐶 2
= = The line segment joining the mid-points of
𝐴𝑟 ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 𝑃𝑄 2 𝑄𝑅 2
two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third
𝐴𝐶 2
= side and half of it.
𝑃𝑅 2
In ∆ABC, if P and Q are the mid-points of
1
AB and AC then PQ || BC and PQ = 2BC
PYTHACORAS THEOREM
In a right triangle, the square of the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the A
squares of the other two sides. P
C Q

B
B A C
If a right triangle ABC right angled at B.
Then, INEQUALITIES INATRIANGLE
By Pythagoras theorem, AC2 = AB2+ BC2 (i) If two sides of a triangle are
unequals, the angle oppositeto the
BASIC PROPORTION THEOREM longer side is larger. Conversely,
(BPT) In any triangle, the side opposite to
If aline is drawn parallel to one side the larger angle is longer.
of a triangle to intersect the other A
two sides in distinct points, the other

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B C A
If AB > AC then ∠C >∠B E 12cm
80° E
(ii) The sum of any two side of a triangle
F
is greater than the third aide.
3.8cm 3 3𝑐𝑚P

P 6 3𝑐𝑚
60°
7.6cm
B C
Q R 6cm D
PQ+PR> QR; PQ+QR> PR and
Solution:
QR+PR> PQ
In triangles ABC and DEF, we have
AB 3.8 1
Example10: = 7.6 = 2
DF
The interior and its adjacent exterior 𝐵𝐶 6 1 𝐴𝐶
Similarly, = 12 = 2 and =
𝐹𝐸 𝐷𝐸
angle of a triangle are in the ratio 1:2. 3 3 1
What is the sum of the other two angles = 2, i.e.
6 3
of the triangle? in the two triangles, sides are
proportional.
Solution ∴∆ ABC ~∆DEF (by SSS Similarly)
If the Interior angle is x exterior angle is 2x. ∴∠B = ∠F (Corresponding angles are
equal) But ∠B = 60° (Given)
P ∴∠F = 60°

Example 12:
x 2x In the given figure, find ∠BAC and
Q ∠XAY.
∵x+2x = 180° A
⇒3x = 180°
⇒x = 60°
∴ Exterior angle = 120°
Hence sum of the other two angles of
30° 40° 40°
triangle = 120° (Exterior angle is the X
sum of two opposite interior angles) B CY B C Y

Example 11: Solution:

In figure, find ∠F. ∠AXB =∠XAB - 30° (∵BX = BA)
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∠ABC = 30° + 30°= 60° (Exterior

angle) Example 15:
∠CYA=∠YAC = 40° (∵ CY=CA) In figure, ∠DBA = 132° and ∠EAC
∠ACB = 40° +40° = 80° (Exterior = 120°. Show that AB>AC.
angle)
∠BAC = 180° - (60° + 80°) = 40°
(Sum of all angles of a triangle Is 180°.
∠XAY = 180-(30+40) =110°

Example 13:
In the fig., PQ || BC, AQ = 4 cm, PQ
= 6 cm and BC = 9cm. Find QC
Solution:
A As DBC is a straight line,
132°+∠ABC = 180°
= ∠ABC =180°-132°=48°
For ∆ ABC,
P Q ∠EAC is an exterior angle
120° = ∠ABC+∠BCA
B C (ext. ∠= sum of two opp. interior ∠
Solution: s)
AQ PQ
By BPT, QC = ⇒120° = 48°+ ∠ BCA
BC
4 6 ⇒∠BCA=120°-48°=72°
= 9⇒QC=6 cm
𝑄𝐶 Thus, we find that ∠BCA>∠ABC
⇒ AB > AC (side opposite to greater
Example 14: angle is greater)
Of the triangles with sides 11, 5, 9 or
with sides 6, 10, 8; which is a right Example 16:
triangle? From the adjoining diagram,
Solution: calculate
(Longest side)2= 112 - 121; (i) AB (ii)AP (iii)ar∆APC: ar∆ABC
52+92=25 + 81 = 106 Solution:
∴ 112≠ 52 + 92 In ∆APC and ∆ABC
So, it is not a right triangle ∠ACP = ∠ABC
Again,(longest side)2 = (10)2 = 100; ∠A = ∠A
62 + 82 = 36 + 64= 100 ⇒ ∆ACP ~ ∆ABC
102 = 62 + 82
∴It is a right triangle.
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1. Parallelogram: A quadrilateral
whose opposite sides are parallel is
called parallelogram.

D
AP PC AC C
⇒ AC = BC = AB
AP 8 6
∴ = 10 = 𝐴𝐵
6
8
⇒ AP = 6×10 = 4.8 and AB =
A B
60
= 7.5
8
⇒ AP = 4.8 cm and AB = 7.5 cm Properties:
∆ACP CP 2 82 (i) Opposite sides are parallel and
= BC 2 = 10 2 = 0.64
∆ABC equal.
(ii) Opposite angles are equal.
QUADRILATERALS (iii) Diagonals bisect each other.
A figure formed by joining four points is (iv) Sum of any two adjacent angles
called a quadrilateral. is 180°.
A quadrilateral has four sides, four angles (v) Each diagonal divides the
and four vertices. S parallelogram into two triangles of equal
area.
2. Rectangle: A parallelogram, in
P R which each angle is a right angle,
i.e., 90° is called a rectangle.

A
Q B
In quadrilateral PQRS, PQ, QR, RS and SP
are the four sides; P, Q, R and S are four
vertices and ∠P + ∠Q + ∠R and ∠S are
four angles The sum of the angles of a
quadrilateral is 360▪ ‫ﮮ‬P + ‫ ﮮ‬Q
+∠R+∠S = 360▪ D
C

TYPES OF QUADRILATERALS: Properties:

(i) Opposite sides are parallel and
equal.
(ii) Each angle is equal to 90°
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(iii) Diagonals are equal and bisect

each other.
3. Rhombus: A parallelogram in which
all sides are congruent (or equal) is
called a rhombus.
Properties:
(i) The segment joining the mid-
points of the non-parallel sides is
called the median of the trapezium.
𝟏
Median = × sum of the parallel
𝟐
sides

Example 17:
Properties: The angle of quadrilateral are in the
(i) Opposite sides are parallel. ratio 3: 5: 9: 13. Find all the angles
(ii) All sides are equal. of the quadrilateral.
(iii) Opposite angles are equal. Solution:
(iv) Diagonals bisect each other at Let the angles of quadrilateral are 3x,
right angle. 5x, 9x, 13x.
4. Square: A rectangle in which all ∴ 3x + 5x + 9x + 13x = 360°
sides are equal is called a square. (Sum of the angles of quadrilateral)
⇒ 30x = 360°
⇒ x = 12°
Hence angles of quadrilateral are:
3x = 3×12° = 36°
5x = 5× 12° = 60°
9x = 9× 12° = 108°
Properties: 13x = 13× 12° = 156°
(i) All sides are equal and opposite
sides are parallel. Example 18:
(ii) All angles are 90° ABCD is a parallelogram. E is the
(iii) The diagonals are equal and mid point of the diagonal DB. DQ =
bisect each other at right angle. 10cm, DB = 16cm. Find PQ.
5. Trapezium: A quadrilateral is called Solution:
a trapezium if two of the opposite ∠EDQ = ∠EBP (Alternate angles)
sides are parallel but the other two
sides are not parallel.

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A P B Example 20:
In the adjoining kite, diagonals
intersect at O. If ∠ABO = 32° and
E ∠OCD = 40°, find
(i) ∠ABC
(ii) ∠ADC
(iii) ∠BAD
D Q C
∴∠DEQ = ∠BEP (opposite angles)
∴ ∆DEQ ≅ ∆BEP (By ASA
congruency) D
∴ PE = EQ
(EQ)2 = (DQ)2 – (DE)2
= 102 – 82 = 100 – 64 = 36
40°,
∴ EQ = 6 cm and PQ = 12 cm. A C
0
Example 19: 32°
Use the information given in figure
to calculate the value of x.

B
D C

80° Solution:
X Given, ABCD is a kite.
(i) As diagonal BD bisects ∠ABC,
73° 150° ∠ABC = 2 ∠ABO = 2 × 32° = 64°
(ii) ∠DOC = 90°
E A B
[diagonals intersect at right angles]
Solution:
∠ODC + 40° + 90° = 180°
Since, EAB is a straight line
[Sum of angles in OCD]
∴∠DAE + ∠DAB = 180°
⇒∠ODC = 180° - 40° - 90° = 50°
⇒ 73° + ∠DAB = 180°
As diagonal BD bisects ∠ADC,
i.e., ∠DAB = 180° - 73° = 107°
∠ADC = 2 ∠ODC = 2× 50° = 100°
Since, the sum of the angles of
(iii) As diagonal BD bisects ∠ABC
quadrilateral ABCD is 360°
∠OBC = ∠ABO = 32°
⇒ 292° + x = 360°
∠BOC = 90° [diagonals intersect at
and, x =360° - 292° = 68°
right angles]

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∠OCB + 90° + 32° = 180° [sum of

angles in ∆ OBC] Example 21:
⇒∠OCB = 180° - 90° - 32° = 58° The sum of the measures of the
∠BCD = ∠OCD + ∠OCB = 40° + angles of regular polygon is 2160°.
58° = 98° How many sides does it have?
∴∠BAD = ∠BCD = 98° [In kite Solution:
ABCD, ∠A = ∠C) Sum of all angles = 90° (2n - 4)
POLYGON ⇒ 2160 = 90 (2n – 4)
A plane figure formed by three or more non- 2n = 24 + 4
collinear points joined by line segments is ∴ n = 14
called a polygon. Hence the polygon has 14 sides.
A polygon with 3 sides is called a
triangle.
A polygon with 4 sides is called a
quadrilateral. CIRCLE:
A polygon with 5 sides is called a The collection of all points in a plane, which
pentagon. are at a fixed distance from a fixed point in
A polygon with 6 sides is called a the plane, is called a circle.
hexagon. The fixed point is called the centre of the
A polygon with 7 sides is called a circle and the fixed distance is called the
heptagon. radius r.
A polygon with 8 sides is called an Chord: A chord is a segment whose
octagon. endpoints lie on the circle, AB is a chord in
A polygon with 9 sides is called a the figure.
nonagon.
A polygon with 10 sides is called a
decagon.
Regular polygon: A polygon in which all
its sides and angles are equal, is called a
regular polygon.
Sum of all interior angles of a regular
polygon of side n is given by (2n – 4) 90°.
Hence, angle of a regular polygon =
2n−4 90°
n
Sum of an interior angle and its adjacent
exterior angle is 180° Diameter: The chord, which passes through
Sum of all exterior angles of a polygon the centre of the circle, is called the diameter
taken in order is 360°.
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 Geometry Study Material

(d) of the circle. The length of the diameter c = 2πr

of a circle is twice the radius of the circle.
Segment: The region between a chord and
d = 2r
either of its arcs is called a segment.
Secant: A secant is a line, which intersects
the circle in two distinct points. Major
Major
Segment sector
Tangent: Tangent is a line in the plane of a
circle and having one and only one point
common with the circle. The common point Minor segment Minor
is called the point of contact. segment
Q Sector: The region between an arc and the
two radii, joining the centre to the endpoints
P o of the arc is called a sector.

p q is a secant REMEMBER
M T N

 Equal chords of a circle subtend

MN is a tangent. T is the point of contact. equal angles at the centre.
Semicircle: Half of a circle cut off by a  The perpendicular from the centre of
diameter is called the semicircle. The a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
measure of a semicircle is 180°.  Equal chords of a circle are
Are: A piece of a circle between two points equidistant from the centre.
is called an arc. A minor are is an arc less  The angle subtended by an arc at the
than the semicircle and a major arc is an arc centre is double the angle subtended
greater than a semicircle. by it at any point on the remaining
P part of the circle.
 Angles in the same segment of a
circle are equal.
 Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
A B  The tangent at any point of a circle is
Q B perpendicular to the radius through
Q the point of contact.
AQB is a minor arc and APB is a  The length of tangents drawn from
an external point to a circle are
major arc.
equal.
Circumference: The length of the complete
circle is called its circumference (C).
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 Geometry Study Material

CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL In ∆ABC, ∠BAC + ∠ACB + ∠ABC

If all the four vertices of a quadrilateral lies = 180° [Sum of the ∠ s of ∆ is 180°]
on a circle then the quadrilateral is said to be ⇒∠BAC + 90° + 70° = 180°
cyclic quadrilateral. ⇒∠BAC = (180° - 160°) = 20°
 The sum of either pair of the Now, ABCD being a cyclic
opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral, we have
quadrilateral is 180°. ∠ABC + ∠ADC = 180°
i.e. ∠A + ∠C = 180° (Opposite ∠s of a cyclic quad. are
∠B + ∠D = 180° supplementary]
D ⇒ 70° +∠ADC = 180°
C ⇒∠ADC = (180° - 70°) = 110°
Now, in ∆ ADC, we have
∠CAD + ∠ADC + ∠ACD = 180°
B (Sum of the ∠s of a ∆ is 180°)
A ⇒ 30° + 110° + CD = 180°
 Conversely, if the sum of any pair of ⇒∠ACD = (180° - 140°) =40°
opposite angles of quadrilateral is Hence, ∠BAC = 20° and ∠ACD =
180°, then the quadrilateral must be 40°
cyclic.
Example 23:
Example 22: With the vertices of ∆ABC as
In the adjoining figure, C and D are centres, three circles are described,
point on a semi-circle described on AB each touching the order two
as diameter. If ∠ABC = 70° and ∠CAD = externally. If the sides of the triangle
30°, calculate ∠BAC and ∠ACD. are 9 cm, 7 cm and 6 cm, find the
radii off\ the circles.

Y xA
zxxx
B y cx
30°
70°

A O B
Solution:
Let AB = 9 cm, BC = 7 cm and CA
Solution:
= 6 cm
∠ACB = 90° [Angle in a semi-circle]
Let x, y, z be the radii of circle with
centres A, B, C respectively.
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 Geometry Study Material

Then, x + y = 9, y + z = 7 and z + x The radius of the circle, centre X, is

=6 11 cm.
Adding, we get 2 (x + y + z) = 22 The radius of the circle, centre Y, is
⇒ x + y + z = 11 5 cm.
∴ x = [(x + y + z) – (y + z)] = (11 – The radius of the circle, centre Z, is 4
7) cm = 4cm. cm.
Similarly, y = (11 – 6) cm = 5 cm
and z = (11 – 9) cm = 2cm. SOME IMPORTANTTHEOREMS
Hence, the radii of circles with 1. If two chords of a circle intersect
centres A, B, C are 4 cm, 5 cm, and 2 inside or outside the circle, then the
cm respectively. rectangle formed by the two parts of
one chord is equal in area to the
Example 24: rectangle formed by the two parts of
In the adjoining figure, 2 circles with the other.
centres Y and Z touch each other
externally at point A. B
X
D
B
P A
y A z A P
C
B C C
Another circle, with centre X, D
touches the other 2 circles internally 2. Two chords AB and CD of a circle
at Band C. IfXY=6cm, YZ such that they interest each other at a
=9cmandZX =7cm, then find the point P lying inside (fig. (i)) or
radii of the circles. outside (fig. (ii)) the circle.
Solution: PA.PB = PC.PD
Let X, Y, Z be the radii of the circle,
centres X, V, Z respectively YAZ,
XYB, XZC are straight lines
(Contact of circles)
XY=X-Y-=6 ..... (1)
XZ=X-Z=7 ..... (2)
YZ=Y+Z=9 ..... (3)
⇒ (1) + (2) + (3)
2X = 22 ⇒X = 11, Y = 5, Z = 4

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 Geometry Study Material

3. If PAB is a secant to a circle (A) Length of direct common tangent

intersecting it at A and B, and PTis a L1 = C1 C2 2 − R1 R 2 2
Tangent, then PA.PB = PT2

T R1 R2
C1
O C2

where C1C2= Distance between the

P A
centres
B
(B) Length Of transverse common
4. Alternate segment theorem:
tangent
If a line touches a circle and from the
point of contact a chord is drawn, the L12 = C1 C2 2 − R1 + R 2 2 ;
angle which this chord makes with where C1C2= Distance between the
the given line are equal respectively centres, and
to the angles formed in the R1 and R2 be the radii of the two
corresponding alternate segments. circles.

C B

O R1 R2
C1 C2
S D
P A Q
PQ is a tangent to a circle with centre
O at a point A, A B chord andC,D
Example 25:
are points in the two segments of the
Find the angle marked as x in each of
circle formed by the chord AB.
the following figures where O is the
Then,
centre of the circle.
∠BAQ = ∠ACB
∠BAP = ∠ADB

COMMON TANGENTS FORA PAIR

OFCIRCLE

Solution:

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 Geometry Study Material

We know that the angle subtended Solution:

by an arc at the centre is double the 1
MB = 2 × AB = 8cm (perpendicular
angle subtended by it at any point on
from the centre of the circle bisects
the remaining part of the circle.
1
the chord)
(a) x = 2 × 25° = 50° (b) x = × OB2 = OM2 + MB2
2
110° = 55° ⇒ OB2 = 62 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 100
1
(c) x = 2 ×70° = 35° ⇒ OB = 10 cm
OB = OD = 10cm (Radii)
OD2 = ON2 + ND2
Example 26:
In the figure, RS = 12 cm and radius 102 = ON2 +62
of the circle is 10 cm. Find PB. ∴ON2 = 100- 36 = 64
Hence ON = 8 cm

Example 28:
A In figure, ABCD is a cyclic
R S quadrilateral in which AC and BD
P are its diagonals. If ∠DBC = 55° and
∠BAC = 45° find ∠BCD
O D

A
B
Solution:
RP = PS = 6cm B
OS2 = PO2 + PS2 C
102 = PO2+ 62 Solution:
PO2 = 100 – 36 = 64 ∠CAD = ∠DBC = 55° (Angles in the
PO = 8cm same segment)
∴ PB = PO + OB = 8 + 10 = 18 cm ∴∠DAB = ∠CAD + ∠BAC = 55°
Example 27: +45° = 100°
In the figure, AB = 16 cm, CD = But ∠DAB + ∠BCD = 180°
12cm and OM = 6 cm. Find ON. (Opposite angles of a cyclic
D quadrilateral)
N ⇒ BCD = 180° - 100 = 80°
C
O Example 29:
In figure, ∠ABC = 69°, ∠ACB =
A M
B 31°, find ∠BDC.

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 Geometry Study Material

⇒52 = AB2+32
A D ⇒ 25 = AB2+9
⇒AB2=25-9=16
∴ AB = 4
69° 31° Hence, length of the tangent is 4 cm
B C .

COORDINATE GEOMETRY
The Cartesian Co-ordinate System:
Solution: LetX′OX and YOY′ betwo perpendicular
In ∆ABC, ∠ABC + ∠ACB + ∠BAC straight lines meeting at fixed point O then
= 180° X′OX is called X axis Y′OY is called the
⇒ 69° + 31° +∠BAC = 180° axis of y or y axis point ‘O’is called the
⇒∠BAC = 180° - 100° origin. X axis is known as abscissa and y -
∴∠BAC = 80° axis is known as ordinate.
But ∠BAC = ∠BDC
(Angles in the same segment of a Distance Formula: The distance between
circle are equal) two points whoseco-ordinates are given:
Hence ∠BDC = 80° x2 + x1 2 + y2 + y1 2

Distance from origin:

Example 30: 2 2
x−0 + y−0
Find the length of the tangent from a
point which is at a distance of 5cm Y
from the centre of the circle of radius 2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant
3 cm. X′ X
Solution: O
Let AB be the tangent ∆ABO is a 3rd Quadrant 4thmQuadrant
1 x 2 +m 2 x 1
right triangle at B. Y′ =
Section Formula:x m 1 +m 2
m 1 y 2 +m 2 y 1
(Internally division) y = m 1 +m 2
These points divide's the line
O segment in the ratio m1: m2.
5CM 3CM
TRIANGLE
Suppose ABC be a triangle such that
A B the coordinates of its vertices are
A(x1, y2), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y2).
By Pythagoras theorem,
Then, area of the triangle
OA2 = AB2+BO3
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 Geometry Study Material

1 Let the coordinates of the vertices be

= 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑦3 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 − 𝑦1
2 1 2 A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x1,y2).
+ 𝑥3 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 Then, we have
Centroid of triangle: The x1 + x2 = 2, x2 + x = 8, x3 + x1 = 4
coordinates ofthe centroid are and, y1 + y2 = 2, y2 + y3 = 2, y3 + y1
𝑥 1 +𝑥 2 +𝑥 3 𝑦 1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3
, =6
3 3
From the above equations, we have
Example 31: x1 + x2 + x3= 7 and y1 + y2 + y3= 5
Find the distance between the Solving together, we have x1 =-1, x2
point = 3, x3
P (a cos α, a sin α) and Q(a cos β, a sin β) =5 and y1 = 3, y2 = -1, y3 = 3
. Therefore the coordinates of the
vertices are (- 1,3), (3, -l) and (5,3).
Solution:
Hence, the centroid is
d2 = a cos α − a cos β 2
−1+3+5 3−1+3 7 5
+ a sin α − a sin β 2 , 3 i.e. ,
3 3 3
2 2
= 𝑎 cos α − cos β +
𝑎 sin α − sin β 2
2
Example 33:
2
α+β β−α If distance between the point (x, 2)
a2 2 sin 2 sin 2 +
and (3,4) is 2, then the value of x =
2 α+β β−α 2
a 2 cos sin Solution:
2 2
2= x−3 2 + 2−4 2
22 α−β α+β
= 4a sin 2 sin2 + cos2
2
2 2 α−β α−β ⇒2= x−3 2+4
= 4a sin ⇒ d = 2a sin
2 2 Squaring both sides
4 = (x – 3)2 + 4 ⇒ x – 3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3
Example 32:
The coordinates of mid-points of the Example 34:
sides of a triangle are (1, 1), (2, 3) Find the coordinates of a point which
and (4,1). Find the coordinates of the divides the line segment joining each
centroid. of the following points in the given
ratio:
(X1, Y1) A (2,3) (X3, Y3)
(a) (2,3) and (7,8) in the ratio 2:3
C
internally
(b) (-1,4) and (0, -3) in the ratio 1:4
(1,1) (4,1) internally.
Solution:
B(X2, Y2) (a) Let A(2, 3) and B(7, 8) be the
Solution: given points.
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 Geometry Study Material

Let P(x, y) divide AB in the ratio 2:3 Solution:

internally. Let other the end point be A(x, y)
Using section formula, we have, It is given that C(2, 3) is the mid
2×7+3×2 20 point
x= = =4
2+3 5 𝑥+6 𝑦+5
2×8+3×3 25 ∴ We can write, 2 = and 3 =
and y = = =5 2 2
2+3 5
or 4 = x + 6 or 6 = y + 5
∴ P (4, 5) divides AB in the ratio 2:3
or x = -2 or y = 1
internally.(b) Let A (-1, 4) and B (0,
∴ A (-2, 1) be the co-ordinates of the
-3) be the given points. Let P(x, y)
other end point.
divide AB in the ratio l: 4 internally
Using section formula, we have
1 × 0 + 4 × (−1) 4 Example 37:
x= =− The area of a triangle is 5. Two of its
1+4 5
1×(−3)+4×4 13 vertices are (2, 1) and (3, -2). The third
and y = = 5
1+4 vertex lines on y = x + 3. Find the
4 13
∴P − 5 , divides AB in the ratio third vertex.
5
1:4 internally. Solution:
Let the third vertex be 𝑥3 , 𝑦3 , area
Example 35: of triangle
1
Find the mid-point of the line- = x1 (y2 − y3 + x2 y3 − y1 +
2
segment joining two point (3, 4) and x3(y1−y2)
(5, 12). As x1 = 2, yz = 1, x2 = 3, y2 = −2,
Solution: Area of ∆ = 5
Let A(3, 4) and B(5, 12) be the give 1
⟹ 5 = 2 −2 − y3 +
points. 2

Let C(x, y) be the mid-point of AB. 3y3−1+x3(1+2)

3+5 ⟹ 10 = 3x3 + y3 − 7 ⟹ 3x3 +
Using mid-point formula, we have, x = 2 y3 − 7 = ±10
4+12
=4y= =8 Taking positive sign
2
∴ C(4, 8) are the co-ordinates of the 3x3 + y3 − 7 = 10 ⟹3x3 + y3 = 17
mid-point of the line segment joining ….(i)
two points (3, 4) and (5, 12). Taking negative sign
3x3 + y3 − 7 = -10 ⟹3x3 + y3 =
Example 36: −3 ...(ii)
The co-ordinates of the mid-point of Given that x3 , −y3 lies on y = x +
a line segment are (2, 3). If co-ordinates of 3
one of the end points of the line segment are So, -x3 + y3 = 3
(6, 5), find the co-ordiants of the other end ….(iii)
point.
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 Geometry Study Material

Solving Esq. (i) and (iii), x3 =

7 13
, y3 =
2 2
Solving Esq. (ii) and (iii), x3 =
−3 3
, y3 = 2.
2
7 13
So the third vertex are , or
2 2
−3 3
,2
2

Solution:
Example 38: In the ∆ ABC, ∠A + ∠B + ∠ACB =
Find the area of quadrilateral whose 180°
vertices, taken in order, are A(-3, 2),
⟹ 25° + 35° + ∠ACB = 180°
B(5, 4), C(7, -6) and D(-5, -4).
⟹∠ACB = 120°
Solution:
Now, ∠ACB + ∠ACD = 180° (linear
Area of quadrilateral = Area of
pair)
∆ABC + Area of ∆ACD
or 120° +∠ACD = 180°
D (-5,-4) C (7,-6)
or ∠ACD = 60° = ∠ECD
Again in the ∆CDE, CE is produced
to A.
Hence, ∠AED = ∠ECD + ∠EDC
⟹ x = 60° + 60° = 120°.

A (-3,2) B (5,4)
Example 40:
1 Find the equation of the circle whose
So, Area of ∆ABC = −3 4 +
2 diameter is the line joining the points
6+5−6−2+7 2−4 (-4, 3) and (12, 1). Find the intercept
So area 08 ∆ ACD 1 -30-40-141 made by it on the y-axis.
1
=2 −3 −6 + 4 + 7 −4 − 2 + Solution:
−5(2+=121−841=42 squnits 6) The equation of the required circle is
(x + 4) (x – 12) + (y -3) (y + 1) = 0
On the y-axis, x = 0
1 1 ⟹ - 48 + y 2 - 2y -3 = 0 ⟹y 2 - 2y -
= +6 − 42 − 40 = 2 −76 = 38
2 51 = 0
sq. units
⟹ y = 1 ± 52
So, Area of quadrilateral ABCD = 42
Hence the intercept on the y-axis
+ 38 = 80 sq. units.
Example 39: = 2 52 = 4 13
In the figure, find the value of x ° .
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 Geometry Study Material

Solution:
Example 41: (a) The triangle PQR is isosceles
In figure, if l||m, then find the value ⇒ MN || QR by converse of
of x. Proportionally theorem
Solution: (b) Again by converse of
proportionally theorem, MN || OR
l
D 60°
1 m
C
P
25° 2 X°

M N
A B

As l||m and DC is
transversal Q R
∴∠D + ∠1 = 180°
60° + ∠1 = 180°
∠1 = 120° Example 43:
Here, ∠2 = ∠1 = 120° The point A divides the join the
(vertically opposite angles) points (-5, 1) and (3, 5) in the ratio k: l and
In the ∆ABC coordinates of points B and C are (1, 5) and
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° (7, -2) respectively. If the area of ∆ ABC be
25° + x° + 120° = 180° 2 units, then find the value (s) of k.
or x = 35° Solution:
3k−5 5k+1
A≡ , , Area of ∆ ABC =
k+1 k+1
Example 42:
2 units
M and N are points on the sides PQ 1 3k−5 5k+1
and PR respectively of a ∆PQR. For ⇒2 5 + 2 + 1 −2 − +
k+1 k+1
each of the following cases state whether 75k+1k+1−5= ±2
MN is parallel to QR:
⇒ 14k – 66 = ± 4 (k + 1) ⇒ k = 7 or
(a) PM = 4, QM = 4.5, PN = 4, NR =
31/9
4.5
(b) PQ = 1.28, PR = 2.53, PM =
0.16, PN = 0.32

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