Chapter 2 Drill String Design The main components of a drill string include: Kelly Drilipipe Drill collars Accessories, including heavy-wall drillpipe, jars, stabi- lisers, reamers, shock subs and bit subs Drill bit In this chapter, only the first four components will be discussed. Discussion of the drill bit will be given in Chapter 4 KELLY Figure 2.1 shows the main components of the drill string, including the position of the kelly within the assembly A Kelly is used to transmit rotation and weight to the drill bit via drillpipe and drill collars. Weight on bit and rotation are the principal factors in breaking the rock and making hole, The kelly also carries the total weight of the drill string-and is, therefore, the most heavily loaded item, Kellys are manufactured either from bars with an as-forged drive section or from bars with fully machined drive sections, Kellys are manufactured from high grades of chrome molybdenum steel and heat treated by one of two processes: (1) the full length quenched and tem- pered:* or (2) the drive section normalised and tem- pered and the ends quenched and tempered. Kellys that are treated by process (1) show greater impact strength and are suitable for use on drill ships subjected to stresses from pitch and roll of the ship. Most kellys have a Brinell hardness ranging from 285 to 341 Rotary box Sse! eradton 9 Fotary bor Saul gem I connection ~ Sport Elen em Rotary box i ote 1H ste ay cock —piemember —[optinal) ——_Rotorypin mowiin g seen ~ iy exnracion EL. etary box rotor box alae Teoliont oxmember Rotary pin — conmetonl A [1 Crossover sub ET nue - neg Sle “reap i hens : IMconngctions ‘a “) (*] Sone ata oekH % tomes neon ene saa rary br fatyeceecr Sameeton 67) sere ratte i eee serie [es robber Ponds me Ob Se meee Fm ‘connection ~[7 cercren (5 Fig, 2.1. Typical drill-stem assembly*. (Courtesy of API) Two different shapes of kelly are also available: square and hexagonal. The drive section of a hexa- gonal kelly is stronger than the drive section of the square kelly when the appropriate kelly is selected for a given casing size’. Kellys are manufactured in two lengths: 40 ft (122m) and $4 ft (165m). Kellys are also manu-TABLE 2.1 Outside diameters of kellys (inches) Square Hexagonal 25 3 3 35 3h 4b aL 5h 5E 6 6 factured in various sizes, as shown in Table 2.1. Further detail on kelly dimensions can be found in References 3 and 4. Rotation of the kelly (and, in turn, the drill string) is, derived from the rotary table by means of a kelly drive bushing and a master bushing, The master bushing (Figure 2.2) fits in a recess in the rotary table. It serves two purposes: (1) it provides engagement of the kelly drive bushing with the rotary table; and (2) it provides a tapered seating for the slips which hold drillpipe in the rotary table (see Chapter 1), The kelly drive bushing (Figure 2.3) engages with the master bushing by either (a) drive pins fitted on the bottom of the kelly bushing which fit into holes bored into the master bushing or (b) a square section on the bottom of the kelly bushing which fits into a square recess in the master bushing. As the table turns, the kelly drive bushing turns with it to drive the kelly®, At the same time as the kelly works down, the rollers in the kelly bushing allow the kelly free movement and keep it centred in the rotary bore. Kelly accessories include: Kelly saver sub — a small sub connected to the bottom of the kelly to protect its threads from ex- cessive wear as successive joints of drillpipe are made up and broken out during tripping and drilling operations. Kelly cock — a small sub installed on top of the kelly, or below the kelly saver sub. When used above the Kelly, it acts as a back-pressure valve, protecting equipment above the kelly (e.g. swivel and rotary hose) from the high surging pressures coming from below. When installed below the kelly, a kelly cock can be used to shut off drillpipe pressure, as in kick situations. Figure 2.4 shows typical positions where a kelly cock is normally installed and a section through a kelly cock. DRILLPIPE As shown in Figure 2.1, the main function of drillpipe is to transmit rotary motion and drilling mud under high pressure to the drill bit. The drillpipe is subjected to several types of loading, including axial loading due @) (bh Fig, 2.2. Types of master bushing?: (a) pin drive; (b) square drive. (Courtesy of Varco Oil Tools)la) io) KELLY BushiNG. SAFETY GUARO aa FLoaTiNG nine mastes BUSHING ELLY (Hex) 18 9.182 my SEERA em Roragy te KELLY BUSHING IN POSITION Fig. 2.3. Kelly drive bushing: (a) pin drive roller; (b) square drive roller; (c) bushing in position. (Courtesy of Varco Oil Tools) to weight carried and its own weight, radial forces due to well-bore pressure, torque due to rotation, and cyclic stress reversals when the drillpipe is bent, as in dog-legged holes. The drillpipe must therefore be capable of withstanding all types of imposed loading and must have a reasonably long service life. The drillpipe is manufactured as a seamless pipe, with an external, internal or external and internal upset. The term ‘upset’ refers to the manufacturing process, involving increasing the metal thickness near the pipe end where a coupling is attached in order to increase the pipe strength at that position. According to the type of upset, drillpipe can be described as internal upset (TU), external upset (EU) or internal-external upset (IEU) Drillpipe is manufactured in three ranges: Range One, 18-22 ft; Range Two, 27-30 fi; and Range Three, 38-45 ft. Five grades of drill pipe are also available, toCc LLL | Gy, 3 — Ey Coen {eel ll PY i i LJ ih awe! Sleeve ‘CUTAWAY OF KELLYGUARD VALVE IN ‘CLOSED POSTION : es wave ELAVGUARO VALVE Lv coc. DAU Pipe SAVER SAFETY VALVE Fig. 2.4. Kelly cock. (Courtesy of Hydril) suit different hole depths and loading requirements. API? specifies these grades as D, E, X95, G105 and $135. The five grades are also manufactured in differ- ent sizes, ranging from 2.375 in (60.3 mm) to 6.625 in (168.3 mm) OD. Each grade and size is specified by: (a) nominal weight per foot (or metre); (b) internal diameter; (c) collapse resistance; (d) internal yield pressure; and (e).pipe body yield strength. These factors will be discussed in some detail in Chapter 10. Properties (a)-(e) of drillpipe change with time, owing to the severe stresses to which the drillpipe is subjected during drilling, coring, etc. These stresses (or forces) result from the combined weight of drillpipe and drill collars, bending stresses due to rotation, shock loading during the arresting of drillpipe in the slips and cyclic fatigue stresses. During drilling oper- ations, these stresses result in pipe wear and, in turn, in a reduction in the strength properties of new drillpipe. For this reason, API? classifies drillpipe according to degree of wear, as follows: Class One: New drillpipe Premium: Pipe having a uniform wear and a minimum wall thickness of 80%In practice, once drillpipe has been in hole, it is downgraded to premium. Class Two: Pipe having a minimum wall thick- ness of 65% with all wear on one side provided that the cross-sectional area is the same as that of the pre- mium class Pipe having a minimum wall thick- ness of 35% with all wear on one side Class Three: The minimum properties of the five grades and four classes of drillpipe are given in Tables 2.2-2.5 These properties will be used in drill string design (see page 37). Tool joints Tool joints, or couplings, are short, eylindrical pieces attached to each end of a drillpipe joint. The tool joints are attached to the ends of drillpipe by a flash weld or inertia weld process (Figure 2.5). Tool joints are threaded either externally or internally. The ex- ‘eal conse LSB oop ] y 3 Fig. 2.5. Drillpipe and tool joints: (a) a drillpipe single: (b) welded drillpipe tool joint; (c) shrink-ft threaded drill pipe tool joint. TABLE 2.2(a) New drillpipe torsional and tensile data. (Courtesy of API*) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Size Nominal Torsional data Tensile data based on minimum values 0D weight torsional yield strength (ft-lb)* load at the minimum yield strength (Ib) (in) thds and couplings = E X95 2105 $135 E X95 @105 8135 (ib) 23 4.85 4760 6030 6870 8570 97820 123900 © 136940176 070 665 6250 7920 8750 11250 © 138220 175080 193500 248 790 2] 6.85 8080 10240 «11.320 ©1450 195900172 140 180260 244 620 1040 11550-14640 «= 16180 © 20800214340 271500 300080 385 620 3b 950 14150 17920 19800 25460 194270 246070 271970 349 680 1330 18550-23500 25970 33390271570 343.990 980190 488 620 1550 21090-26710 «29520 37950 922780 © «408850 451.890 581000 4 11.85 19470-24670 «27 260 © 35050 230750 202290 323050 415 350 14.00 23290-29500 «32800 © 41920 285350 961460 399500513 650 1570 25810 © 92.690 «36 130 48.480 324120 410650 453770 583.420 44 1375 «25910-32820 96270 © 46630 270030 342.040 378.040 486 050 1660 30810 «39.020 © 43130 © 55.450 390580 418700462780 595.000 20.00 36900 46740 «= 81680 © 86420 412.960 22320 577300 742 240 2282 © 40910-1820 57280 © 73640471240 © 596900 659740 848. 230 5 1625 35040 © 44300-49060 © 63080328070 415560 459900 590 530 19.50 41170 «= 62140 =— $7600 © 74100 © 395600 601090 553830712070 25.60 6226066 19073160 = 94.060 $30 150671520 742200 954 260 5} 192044070 55830 © 61700 © 79330372180 471430 521050 869 920 2190 80710 «64230» 7098091280 437120 553680 611960 786.810 2470 © 88570 «71660 © 79200» 101830497220 629810 696 110895 000 63 25.20 70580 89400 98810 127050 489470 619900 685250 881040 * Based on the shear strength equal to 57.7% of minimum yleld strength and nominal wall thickness.TABLE 2.2(b) New drillpipe collapse and internal pressure data. (Courtesy of API*) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Size Nominal Collapse pressure based an Internal pressure at 0D weight ‘minimum values (psi) minimum yield strength (psi) (in) thds and couplings = E XS @105 8135 E x95 G105 S135 (lb) 23 485 11040 13980-18460 «= 19070 10500-13300» 14700 «= 18.900 685 1560019760 «21840 «= 28.080 © 15470 += 196002186027 850 2% 685 1047012930 14010 17.060 9910 12550 1387017830 1040 16510-20910 23110-29720» 16530 © 20830 23 14029750 34 950 10040 12080» 13050 «15780 9520 12070 «1334017 150 1330 14110-17880 19760 © 25400 13.800» 17480 «= 1932024840 1550 16770-21250 23.480 30190 16.840 «= 2133023870 © 30310 4 11.85 8410 9960 1070012650 8600 10890» 12040 «= 15.480 1400 11350-14980» -15900 = 20170» 1083013720» 15160 19.490 15.70 12900-16340 18050-23210 «= 12470 «18790 = 17.460 «22.440 ay 13.75 7200 8400 8950 10310 7900 10010-11070 14.290 1660 10390-12750 13.820 © 16 800 9830 12450 «13.760 «17690 2000 © 12960» 16420 18150-2330 12540-15800 17560 22.580 2282 © 14810-18770» 20740 2667014580 © 18470 © 20.420» 26280 5 16.25 6970 8090 38610 9860 7770 9840 10880 13.990 19.50 10000» 12010» 12980-15700 9500 12040 1390017 110 2560 13500-17100» 18900-24300» 13120» 16620 18380 = 23.620 5} 19.20 6070 6930 7300 8120 7250 9180 10160 13.060 21.90 8440 © 10000» 1074012710 8610 © 10910-12080 «15510 2470 10460» 12820 © 1400017050 990012540 «= 13.860 = 17830 ef 25.20 4810 5310 5490 6040 6540 8280 915011770 ternally threaded end of the drillpipe tool joint is described as the ‘pin’ and the internally threaded end is described as the ‘box’. Individual drillpipes are joined by stabbing the pin of one joint into the box of another and torquing with power tongs. API? specifies that all drill-stem tool joints should be of the weld-on type and have the following mechan- ical properties when new: minimum yield strength psi; and minimum elongation percentage = 13. Figure 2.6 gives a section through a tool joint connection, together with the dimensional description required to define a tool joint. Table 2.6 gives the dimensional data of tool joints suitable for use with Grades E, X, G and $ diillpipe. Dimensions of tool joints are required for the calculation of the approx- imate weight of the drillpipe and tool joint assembly. = 120000 psi; minimum tensile strength = 140000 L L Lp | act set "WE te te MLD Ore gOPF Rotary shouldered Sanath te ect Square shoulder Fig. 2.6. Tool joint, taper shoulder and square shoulder? (see Table 2.6). (Courtesy of API)Thread forms The threads on the pins and boxes of drill string members may be distinguished by the following: width of thread crest, radius of thread root, angle between the flanks of adjacent threads and number of threads per inch. API? adopted the format V-numerical num- ber to distinguish various oil field threads. The num- ber following the V refers to either the width of the crest flat or the radius of the root. The letter R follows the number referring to root radius. Figure 2.7 gives the current thread forms used on rotary shouldered connections of drill stem members. Rotary shouldered connections The term ‘rotary shouldered connection’ refers to the threads of the pin or box of drillpipe or drill collars. The threads of the pin of one joint engage with the threads of the box of another joint during make-up. The actual seal is provided by metal contact of the shoulders of the tool joints. The engaging threads are not made to provide a seal and open channels between the threads exist, even when the joint is torqued. Besides thread form and number of threads per inch, a connection can also be distinguished by dimen- sional data relating to the small and large diameters of pin, box bore, length of pin and box, etc. Figure 2.8 gives the API* nomenclature for rotary shouldered connections. ‘APT? suggests the use of the term ‘number connec- tion’ (NC) to distinguish the various sizes and styles of rotary connections. The NC refers to the pitch dia- meter of the pin thread at gauge point (defined as C in Figure 2.8) when rounded to units and tenths of inches. Thus, if C is 1.063 in, the first two figures are used, ie. 10, to provide a description of the connection as NC10. Table 2.7 gives dimensional data of all oil field rotary connections (refer to Figure 2.8 for symbols) TABLE 2.3(a) Used drillpipe torsional and tensile data API Premium Class. (Courtesy of API*) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10 Size New wt. Torsional yield strength based on Tensile data based on uniform wear 0D nom. wt uniform wear (t-Ib)*+ load at minimum yield strangth (Ibjt (in) thds and — couplings = E X95 @105 S135 E X95 @105 S135 re) 23 4.85 3730 4720 5220 6710 © 76880 ©9738 107640138 380 6.85 4810 6090 6730 8680 107620 136330 150680 193730 23 685 6330 8020 e860 = 11400 108950135470 149730 192.510 10.40 8850 «11220» 12400 «15940 166500 210900233100 299700 3} 850 11090 14050-15830 © 19970153000 193800 214200 275 400 1330 14380 «18 19020100 25.850 212250 268850 207150 382.050 1550 16140 © 20450-22600: 29080 260500 317300 350700 450900 4 1185 «= 18310 = 19300-21430 «27560 © 182020 230560 254840 927 640 1400 18200 © 23050-25470 «32750224 180 283960 313850 403.520 1570 20070-25420 «28090 © «36 120253880 321580 955.430 456 980 44 1375 20400 «««25840 © 28.560 © 36730 © 213.220 270080 298510 383. 800 1660 24130 «30570 93790 © 43.450 260100 929460 964 140 468 180 20.00 28680 © 36.330 «40150 «51630 © 322.950 © 409070 452130 81310 2282 31590 40010 44220 «= 56.860 967570 485.590 514590 661 620 5 1625 27610 «34970 ©8650 = 49.690 259120 328.220 362780 465 420 1950 32290 © 40800-45200 58110 311540 394600 436150 560760 25.60 40540 «5136056760 «72980 © 414690 525270 580570 746.440 5h 21.90 39860 50490-85810 «71750 «844780 436.720 482.690 620600 24.70 44320 «56140-62050 «79780 ©=— «391280 495630 847 800704310 * Based on the shear strength equal to 67.7% of minimum yield strength. {Torsional data based on 20% uniform wear on outside diameter and tensile data based on 20% uniform wear on outside diameter.TABLE 2.3(b) Used drillpipe collapse and internal pressure data AP! Premium Class. (Courtesy of API*) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Size Nominal Collapse pressure based on Internal pressure at 0D weight minimum values (psi)* minimum yield strength (psij* (in) thds and couplings = E X95 @105 $135 & X95 G105 $135 (itt) 2h 485 8550 10150-10900 12920 9600 12160 © 1344017280 665 13380 1695018730 «= 24080 = 14150 17920 1981025 470 2 6.85 7670 9000 962011210 9060 11470 12.680 «16.300 10.40 14220 18020» 1991025600 15110 18 140 21150-27200 3} 9.50 7100 8270 8800 © 10120 e710 11080-12190 15.680 1330 12020 18220 16820-21630» 12620» 18980 «= 17680 «22710 1550 14470 = 1833020260 26050 © 15390 © 19500-21850 27710 4 11.85 8730 6490 6820 7470 7860 9960 11000 14 180 14.00 9040 10780-11610 13.870 9900 12540 «13860-17820 15.70 10910-13820 «15480 = 18630» 11400 14.440 «= 15960 © 20520 43 18.75 4710 5170 5340 5910 7280 9150 10120-12010 16.60 7550 8850 9460 10990 2090 1138012580 +16 180 20.00 10980-13900 15340 «= 18840-11470 14520 © 16050 © 20.840. 2282 12660» 16040» 17720 «22790 © 18330-16890» 18670 24 000 5 16.25 4510 4920 5060 5670 7100 9000 9950 12790 19.50 7070 8230 8760 10050 8690 11000 1216015640 25.60 11460-14510 16040 «20540 «= 12000» 15200 16800 «21.600 5} 19.20 3760 4140 4340 4720 6630 8400 9290 11940 21.90 5760 6530 6860 7520 7880 9980 1103014180 24.70 7670 ‘9000 9620 11.200 9050 11470 «1268016 300 6§ 25.20 2930 3250 3350 3430 5980 7570 8370-10760 * Data are based on minimum wall of 80% nominal wall. Collapse pressures are based on uniform OD wear. Internal pressures are based on uniform wear and nominal OD. Approximate weight of tool joint and drillpipe assembly The drillpipe weight given in Tables 2.2-25 is de- scribed as nominal weight and is used mainly for the purpose of identification when ordering. The exact weight of drillpipe is difficult to determine and, in- stead, an approximate weight is usually calculated. The calculation of the approximate weight of a drillpipe and tool joint assembly involves the deter- mination of adjusted weights of drillpipe and tool joint (reference should be made to Figure 2.6 and Tables 2.2-2.5). (a) Approximate adjusted weight of drillpipe upset weight 4 (b) Approximate adjusted weight of tool joint = 0.222 x L(D? — d?) + 0.167(D? — D3,) —0,501d?(D — Dye) plain end weight + where: L= combined length of pin and box (in); D = outside diameter of pin (in); d = inside diameter of pin (in); Dy, = diameter of box at elevator upset (in). (©) Approximate weight of tool joint and drillpipe assembly approx. adjusted wt drillpipe x 29.4 ft + approx. wt tool j 29.4 + tool joint adjusted length where tool joint adjusted length = EA 2254 — Pro) ft Example 2.1 Calculate the approximate weight of tool joint and drillpipe assembly for 5 in OD, 19.5 Ibm/ft Grade E drillpipe having a 63 in OD/34 in ID, NCSO tool joint. Assume the pipe to be internally-externally upset (IEU) and weight increase due to upsetting to be 86 Ib.Fig. 2.7. 2 in TPF; on diameter 4 TPI, (c) V-0.038R: 3 in TPF on Solution Referring to Table 2.6, NC5O, 6 in OD/34 in ID tool joint for a 19.5lbm/ft nominal weight drillpipe is available in Grade X95 only (see columns 4, 5 and 6 of Table 2.6). Thus, L=17 in, Dyp = 54 in, D = 6¢in, d=34in. Approximate adjusted weight of tool joint Oilfield thread forms*: (a) V-0.040: 8 in taper par foot (TPF) on diameter; 5 threads per inch (TPI). (b) V-0.038R: in TPF on diameter, 4 TPI. (d) V-0.050: 2 in TPF on diameter, 4 TPI. (e) V-0.050: meter; 4 TPI. (1) H-90: 2 in TPF on diameter; 34. TPI. (g) H-90: 3 in TPF on diameter: 34 TPI. (Courtesy of Drilco) = 0.222 x 17((6§)? — (34)") +0.167((63) —(54)°) — 0.501 x (34)°(63— 54) = 107.15 + 20.79 — 7.67 = 120.27 IbThis detail stondard for drill collars, optional with MER forall cher sril-stem Extent of bevel on pin lements(@imensionDugand__and box starting thread (0062 rods pin basa) isopfional with MFR bec 172 max! os25— Z Fig. 2.8. Rotary shouldered connections® (see Table 2.7). (Courtesy of API) TABLE 2.4(a) Used drillpipe torsional and tensile data API Class 2. (Courtesy of API*) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Size New wt Torsional yield strength based on Tensile data based on uniform wear ‘0D nom. wt! eccentric wear (ft-Ib)** load at minimum yield strength (Io}t (in) thds and — oO couplings = E X85 @105 E x85 @105 $135 (ibitt) 23 4.85 3150 3900 4410 5670 76880 «97.380 107640 «138.380 6.65 4150 5260 5810 7470 107620 136330 150680 © 193730 2i 6.85 5340 6770 7480 9620 106950 135470 149730192510 10.40 7680 9720 10750 «13820» 166500 210800233100 298 700 3b 9.50 9350 11840 13090 16830 153000 193800 214200 +275 400 1330 12310» 15580 © 17230 © 22160212250 288.850 © 297 180 382050 1550 14010 »«17750 «19620-25220 250500 317300 360700 450900 4 11.85 12860» 16280» 18000 «23140182020 230560 254840 927 640 1400 15410 19520-21580 27740 «224180283960 319850 409.520 1570 17110-21670 = 23950-30790 253880321580 355.490 456 980 44 1375 17080-21650 «23.930 80760 © 213220 © 270080 298510 © 383.800 16.60 20370-25800 28.520 36660 © 260100 329460 © 364140468 180 20.00 24460 «= 30980-34240 = 44030» 322.950 409070 452190 581310 22.82 26590 © 34400-38020 48 880367570 465590 514590651620 5 16.25 23110-29280 32380 © 41600259120 328220 © 382780 486.420 1950 27210 += 34.480 © 38090 © «48970311540 394600436 150 560 780 25.60 34650 «= 43900 48520 © 62380 «414690 © 525270 580570 746.440 5h 2190 33480 42410» 4687060260 344780 ©4386 720 482690 620600 24.70 g7410 47380 «52370 «G7 330-391 280495630 547800 704.310 * Based on the shear strength equal to 57.7% of minimum yield strength Torsional data based on 35% eccentric wear on outside diameter and tensile data based on 20% uniform wear on outside diameter.TABLE 2.4(b) Used drillpipe collapse and internal pressure data API Class 2. (Courtesy of API*) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Size Nominal Collapse pressure based on Internal pressure at OD weight minimum values (psi)* minimum yield strength (psi)* (in) thds and — couplings E X95 G105 $135 E X95 G105 $135 (ott) 2B 4.85 6020 6870 7240 8030 7800 9880 © 10920-14040 665 «= «11480 14540 «= 16.080 «2063011490» 14560 = 16090-20690 23 6.85 5270 5900 6150 6610 7360 9320 1030013250 10.40 12250 16520 17160 += 22060» 12280 «15550 17190-22100 34 9.50 4790 5270 5450 6010 7080 8960 9910 12.740 1330 10250 12.420 ««13.450 «16310 «= 10250 12990 14360 18.450 15.50 12480 15810 += 17480 «22.470 «= 12510 «= 15840 17510 22.510 4 11.85 3620 4020 4210 4550 6390 8090 940 11500 14.00 6440 7410 7850 8840 8040 = 10190-11260 14.480 15.70 9560 10150 10910 12.930 9260 11730-12970 16 670 4g 13.75 2960 3290 3400 3480 5870 740 8220 © 10.570 16.60 5170 8770 6010 6490 7300 9250 10220 18.140 20.00 8660 © 1028011050 13.120 9320 11800 = 1304018770 22.82 10830 13720 14950 «© 18320 10880» 1872015170 = 19500 5 16.25 2860 3150 3240 3300 5770 7310 9080 = 10.390 19.50 4760 5230 5410 5970 7060 3940 988012710 25.60 942011270 «12160 14590 9750 12350 «13650 «17850 5h 19.20 2440 2610 2650 2650 5390 6830 7540 9700 21.90 3640 4040 4230 4580 6400 8110 996011820 24,70 5260 5890 6140 6610 7360 9320 10300 13.250 65 25.20 1870 1900 1900 1900 oe we a * Data are based on minimum wall of 65% nominal wall. Collapse pressures are based on uniform OD wear. Internal pressures are based on uniform wear and nominal OD. Approximate adjusted weight of drillpipe Hence, approximate weight of tool joint and drillpipe = plain-end weight + upset weight 29.4 1 ? — 4.2767) x x 489. (5 x gq % 489.5 + = 17.93 + 0.293 = 18.22 Ibm/ft Adjusted length of tool joint _ L+2253(D — Dre) _ 17-4 2.253663 in — 54 in) 12 12 = 1.651 ft 6 29.4 assembly 18.22 x 29.4 + 120.26 1.651 + 294 = 21.12 lbm/ft (Note: Figure 2.9 shows the various types of upsets and Table 2.8 gives the calculated nominal weight for various types of upsets and sizes of drillpipe. Column 6, Table 2.8 gives the weight of upset.) DRILL COLLARS: Drill collars are used to provide weight on bit and to keep drillpipe in tension. Drillpipe has a compara- tively low stiffness, which makes it susceptible to buckling when under compression. Repeated buckling will eventually lead to drillpipe failure (see Chapter 8, page 167.)Fig. 2.9. Upset drillpipe for weld-on tool joints®: (a) inter- ‘nal upset; (b) external upset; (c) internal-external upset. (see Table 2.8). (Courtesy of API) Since clastic members can only buckle in com- pression, fatigue failure of drillpipe can be eliminated by keeping it in constant tension. In practice, 85% of the buoyant weight of drill collars (giving a safety factor of 1.15) is used as weight-on-bit, to ensure that the drillpipe is kept in tension. This practice also places the neutral point (point of zero tension and zero compression) in the drill collars. Table 29 lists the sizes and weight per foot of available drill collars. From this table, the reader can observe that the inside diameter of drill collars is quite small, eg, for a Sin OD drill collar, the ID varies from 1} to 24in. The reduced diameter of a drill collar results in a high pressure loss during the circulation of drilling mud and, for this reason, drilling engineers often select the largest available bore to limit pressure losses. Pressure losses will be discussed in Chapters 5 and 7. Drill collars are normally manufactured in an average length of 31 ft. Owing to the large thickness of pipe body, drill collars are not provided with tool joints and, instead, pins and boxes are cut from the pipe body. The drill collar connection has a tapered, threaded jack screw’ that forces the shoulders of individual drill collar joints together to form a metal seal (as shown in Figure 2.10) at the shoulders. The drill collar threads are normally strengthened by cold-working the thread roots, Cold-working involves the prestressing of the thread root with a roller driven by a hydraulic ram. This results in a TABLE 2.5(a) Used drillpipe torsional and tensile data API Class 3. (Courtesy of API*) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Size New wt. Torsional yield strength based on Tensile data based on uniform wear OD nom. wt/ eccentric wear (ft-Ib)*+ load at minimum yield strength (Ib}t (in) thds and — - couplings E X96 G105 $135 E x95 105 $195 lbvtt 4.85 2690 3400 3760 4630 69140-74910 © 82 800-106 460 6.65 3540 4480 4960 6370 82.050 103.930 114870 =~ 147 690 6.85 4550 8770 6380 8200-82580 104600115610 148.640 10.40 6550 8290 9170 11780 = 126600160360 «177240 © 227 880 3h 9.50 7970 © 1008011150 14340 = 118050 149530 185270 212.490 13.30 10490 13290-14690» 18890 162.220 205.480 © 2271202920000 15.50 11950 15140-16730 «21510 = 190500241300 © 266700 342900 4 11.85 30950 13880 15340 «= 19720 140630178 130 196880253 130 14.00 13140 16640 «= 18390-23650 172580 © 218600 241600 310.840 15.70 14580 18470 © 20420» 26250 195000 247000 += -273000 351000 44 13.75 14560 18440-20380 «© -26210 = 164330 © 208 150 230060 295 790 16.60 17360 21990-24300» 31240 = 200180 253.560 280240 © 360.320 20.00 20850 26410 © 2919037530 «247720 «313780 © 346.820 445.900 22.82 23 16029330 © 32.420 «41880 © 280720 355580 393000 505 280 5 16.25 19690 24940 27570 = 35.440 200180 253.560 280250 360.320 19.50 23180-29370 © 32.460 «41730 © 240300 304380 © 996 420-432. 540 2560 2955037420 41360 «83.180 «317550 402230444570 571590 5h 21.90 28530-36130 39940 = 51350 © 266.480 337540 373070 479.660 24.70 31880 © 40380» 44630 «57380 © 301420» 381800 422000 42 580 *The torsional yield strength is based on a shear strength of 57.7% of the minimum yield strength (following the maximum shear strain energy theory of yielding} Torsional data based on 45% eccentric wear on outside outside diameter. diameter. Tensile data based on 374% uniform wear onTABLE 2.5(b) Used drillpipe collapse and pressure data AP! Class 3. (Courtesy of API*) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Size Nominal Collapse pressure based on Internal pressure at ‘OD weight minimum vatues (psi)* minimum yield strength (psil* (in) thds and couplings = E X95 G05 8135 E X95 G105 $135 (bitty 4.85 4260 4590 4810 5350 6600 8360 9240 11880 665 10030» 12050» 13.040 «= 18760 9730 12820» «13620 «17510 6.85 3600 4010 4190 4530 6230 7890 8720 11.210 040 10800 «13680 «14880 © 18230 10990 13 160 14840 18700 ab 9.50 3230 9650 3790 4000 5990 7580 8380 10780 13.30 8040 9480 © 1016011980 8670 «10990-12140 15610 1550 11010 13950 15410 18960-10580 13.410 1482019050 4 11.85 2570 2790 2840 2850 5400 6840 7560 9720 14.00 4630 5070 5280 5810 6810 9620 9530 12.250 15.70 6490 7480 7920 8940 7840 9930 1097014110 44 13.75 2080 2170 2170 2170 4970 6290 6960 8940 16.60 3520 3930 ano 4420 6180 7830 965011120 20.00 6580 7590 8040 9100 7880 e990 1104014 190 22.82 9140 1090011750 14.040 9170 «11610-12830» 16.500 5 16.25 1990 2050 2050 2050 4880 6190 6840 8790 19.50 3210 3630 3770 3960 5970 7570 8360 10750 25.60 7250 3480 9020 10410 8250 1045011550 14.850 5} 19.20 1640 1640 1640 1640 5100 6460 7140 9180 21.90 2580 2810 2860 2870 5420 6860 7580 9750 2470 3600 4900 4190 4520 6230 7890 6720-11210 6§ 25.20 1170 1170 1170 1170 4110 5210 5750 7400 * Data are based on minimum wall of 55% nominal wall. Collapse pressures are based on uniform OD wear. Internal pressures are based on uniform wear and nominal OD. thread surface with a greater resistance to cyclic stress reversals. Drill collar features Drill collars possess the following features®. Fishing necks Large-sized drill collars with OD in excess of 8 in are manufactured with reduced diameters near the pin and box ends (Figure 2.1 1a). This feature is introduced to allow drill collars to be fitted with smaller connec- tions which can be properly torqued with the available rig tongs and line pulls. ‘As outlined by Wilson®, the name ‘fishing neck” ‘comes from the original use, which was to receive an overshot and grapple in case of joint failure in hole which demanded a fishing job. Stepped-bore drill collars In small and medium-sized drill collars where large bores are required, to reduce pressure losses, the pin strength can be increased by stepping its bore as shown in Figure 2.11(b). For example, in a 6} in OD drill collar with a 243 in bore, the pin bore is reduced to 24 in, to increase its strength. Slip and elevator recesses Slip and elevator recesses are introduced to allow drill collars to be handled like drillpipe by simply changing the drillpipe elevators and slips. Figure 2.11(¢) shows a Grill collar with slip and elevator recesses. Spiral grooving Differential sticking is more prevalent with drill col- lars than with drillpipe. A drill collar with spiralTABLE 2.6 Tool joint dimensions for Grade E, X, G and S drilipipe (all dimensions in inches). (Courtesy of API?) 1 2 3 ‘ 5 6 7 e 2 10 " B 8 " Toot Orit pipe Too! joint Tor jot — — sion designation’ Size and Nom. Grade Outside inside —«sBevel_~—‘Total Pin Box Com- a. Dia rat style wt? ia dia, dia. of length. = tong. «tong bined of pin. of box. pi (vba) opin ofpin’, —pinand too! space, space, length atele- —atele- ~— to and +164 box joint +t 41 ofpin valor = vator. i box, 182 shoulder, in, and upset, upset, pp a2 +164 +2 box, max. max a +t 2 a o, be 4 4 L One Ow Nezsaiiry — 23EU 665 ETS. We 3 10 7 8 15 2% 1:10 X95 nie ail 10 7 8 15 2s 087 6105 1 ail 10 7 8 15 2% 079 Nest@jiF) — afeu 1040 E75 104 7 9 16 3% 1.08 x05 104 7 9 16 6 090 G105 10 7 ° 16 3% 082 8135 40} 7 9 16 38 08 Nosst ate 950 evs nie 8 104 184 3 ost Neas(ayiF) HEU 1330 E75 7 8 104 18} 3 086 x05, 2 8 10} 18} i 087 Gt0s 2 8 10} 13} i 086 8135 2 8 10} 18 3 80 1650 E75 rs 8 10} 18 3 os? x95, 2 8 10} 134 3 08 Gr05 2 8 10} 18} 3h 0.90 NcAo”FH) SL EU 1550 8135 ny 7 10 7 3h 087 au 14.00 E75 Hae 1h 7 10 7 4k 01 x95, ai Sak wb 7 10 1 an 086 6105 2b Bek 11h 7 10 a 4 oss 8135 2 5a 11} 7 10 7 4h oa NoseaIF) — 4EU 1400 E75 aye 5 1h 7 10 7 4 149 x95, ait sil ny 7 10 7 at 113 105 ait a nt 7 10 7 at 102 8135 3 5H 1 7 10 7 4h ose atu 1378 E75 3} oH 1h 7 10 7 a 120 4yieu 1660 ETS, ait aH ny 7 10 7 a 109 x95, 3 5H ny 7 10 7 au 4101 105 3 sil uh 7 10 7 aul ast 8195 at 58 1 7 10 7 au ost 4}IEU 2000 E75 l* sR 14 7 10 7 ag 107 xe git at 5H ny 7 10 7 ai 096 Gms eit 58 nh 7 10 7 ay 0.96 En ar 5H ut 7 10 7 all ostagFHe apieu 4}ieu NCSO(4HIF) 44 EU peu 4yEU SIEU SEU S}FH SIEU BIEU spieu SHED * Denotes standard OD or standard 1D, ** Obeolescent connection ‘The tool joint designation (Col. 1) Indicates the size and style of the applicable connection. See special note. ?Nominal weights, threads and couplings, (Col. 3) are shown for the purpose of identification in ordering. 18.80 13.75 16.60 19.50 25.60 1950 25.60 21.90 2470 E75 X96 G10 8195 E75, x95 105 75 75 x95, 105 8135 E75, x95, @10s $135 E75 x95, 105 8138, 75 x95 G10s E76 105 8135 E75 G10s 8135 75 x95 @105 8135 E78 x95 G105 3135 si oii th " 1" 1" 11 "1 " " 11h 11} 1h nb at at at att 1h 1h ary ut ny 1 11h 4 13 13 13 3 13 3 13 3 3 0 13 3 8 3 13 13 The inside diameter (Col. 6) does not apply to box members, which are optional with the manufacturer. “Length of pin thread reduced to 3} in:(f in short) to accommodate 3 in ID. 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 0 w 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 ” 7 7 7 v 7 7 ” w w 7 7 v 18 18 8 8 8 18 8 8 8 8 18 18 18 18 18 18 & PPASPIGPMGPMLPMYHPMMH HOMO HRRELES PLLLLLPPPLQHRMAAH UT AHD LLLP BEEEZRER oat oat ost Special Note: IF denotes internal flush design in which the pin bore is approximately equal to the internal diameter of the non-upset section of drillpipe. This type is used externally upset drillpipe. FH denotes full hale design in which the pin bore is equal to the internal diameter of the internal upset section of the drilipipe.are tentative. All dimension: BLE 2.7 Product dimensions of rotary shouldered connections (see Figure 2.8). Italicised connections 's in inches. (Courtesy of API*) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 W Conn. Thread Threads Taper ‘Pitch + Large Dia. of Small Length Depth? —_ Box number form per (inte dia. of — dia. of flat dia. of ofpin, of box, —_counter- or inch ondia.) thread ~— pin. onpin', pin +0 +4 bore, size at gauge té - -0 thd point c 2, Dr bre boc a Number (NC) style 6 Yo 4.063 1490.02 By 1.204+ 6 y 1.265 1.392 1.173 y a 1.406¢ 6 yt 1.391 1.518 1.299 a 2 1.532t 6 4 1.609 1.736 . 1.517 R 2 1.751¢ 4 2 2.35500 2.563 2.437 2.063 3 se 25 4 2 266800 2876 2.750 2376 3 33 2 4 2 3.18300 3.391 3.266 2.808 3 2 3; 4 2 3.53100 3.739 3.625 3.114 3z 4 3 4 2 3.80800 4.016 3891 3.349 4 4 4& 4 2 4.07200 4.280 4156 3530 44 si alt 4 2 441700 4.625 4.499 3.875 4 5} 4 4 2 4.62600 4.834 4.709 4.084 4b + 4 4 2 5.04170 5.250 5135 4500 4} 8 4 3 5.61600 5.876 5.703 4.626 5 55 5h 4 3 6.17800 6.438 6.266 5.063 5} 6} 6} 4 3 7.05300 7313 7.141 5819 6 6 7 4 3 7.74100 8.000 7.828 6.376 6 a Bik Regular (Reg.) style 2jREG V-0.040 5 3 2.36537 2.625 2.515 1.875 3 3 2u 2gREG —V-0.040 5 3 2.74037 3.000 2.890 = 2.125 3 44 3s 3}REG V-0.040 5 3 3.23987 © 3.500 3.390 2.562 3; 4a 3% 4IREG — V-0.040 5 3 4.36487 4625 «4515 3.562 4} 4 4a S}REG -V-0.050 4 3 5.23402 5.520 5.410 4.333 4h SB 58h GREG —-V-0.050 4 2 5.75780 5.992 5.882 5.159 5 5 6g 7§REG —V-0.050 4 3 6.71453 7.000 6.890 5688 5} 5s 7 8REG —-V-0.050 4 3 7.66658 7.952 7.840 6.608 53 6 Ba Full-hole (FH) style S3FH —V-0.050 4 2 5.59100 5.825 4.992 5 5 58 “The number of the connection in the number style is the to units and tenths of inches. pitch diameter of the pin thread at the gauge point, rounded Connections in the number (NC) style are interchangeable with connections having the same pitch diameter in the FH and IF styles. +Box counterbore (Q,) tolerance is +0.005 in on Connections NC10, NC12, NC13 and NC16. ‘Dimension D,r and the 0.062 in radius at the pin base are standard for drill collars and optional with the manufacturer for other drill stem elements, 2The length of perfect threads in the box shall not be less than the maximum pin length (Lpc) plus $ in. grooving has a much reduced contact area; this greatly reduces the magnitude of the differential sticking force, as outlined in Chapter 12. Spiral grooving only reduces the weight of the drill collar joint by 4% (Figure 2.114). Square drill collars Squared-section drill collars are used for special dril- Jing purposes such as reducing deviation in crooked hole formation and to maintain the existing hole direction in directional drillingTABLE 2.8 Upset drillpipe for weld-on tool joints. (Courtesy of API*) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1" R 13 Pipe Nominal ~— Wall__~—sinside Calculated weight Upset dimensions (in)* size: w.' thickness diameter —____ outside (Ib/MY) (in) (in) Plain Upset* Outside ‘Inside Length ot | Length Length _—Lengthof_—Length ia. end (ib) diameter’, diameter internal of of external end of pip. (in) (bin) +4, | atendof upset, _— internal external_— taper to taper may pipe’, +15 taper, upset = ——_fadeout, +i -3 min. ‘min. min. max. max. D t a Wer 6 Dow yy Le My bes Mo Laat Mey Internal upset drillpipe 2] 1040 0.362 2.181 972 320 © 2875 1 2 4h al 9.50 0.254 2.992 881 440 -3.500 2k a si 18300368 = 2.764 = 1231 4.403.500. 18 as ih 315.50 0.449 2.602 14.83 3.403.500 18 2 rs @ 1185 «= 0.262 8.476 «= 10.46 = 4.20 4.0002 rr 4 1400 0330 «= 3340) 1293 4.60 «4.000 ae oF 2 aye 13.75, 0.271 3.958 12.24 5.20 4.500 3h cr s* 16.25 0.296 4408 1487 = 6.605.000 3i 3 External upset drillpipe 23 665 0.280 1.815 626 © 180.656 1.815 4 4 4 2 10.40 0.362 2.151 972 240 3.219 2.451 4 4 4 at 9.50 0.254 2.992 881 260 3.824 2.992 a - 44 14 4 3} 13.30 0.368 2764 1231 4.003.824 2.602 2h 2 4 it 4 3) 15.50 0.449 2602 «1463 2.803.824 2.602 o n 4 4 411.85 0.262 3476 © 1048 5.004.600 3.476 a 4 4 4 14.00 0.330 3340 © 1293« 5.004.500 3.340 4 a 4 aye 18.75 0.271 3958 1224 = 5.605.000 3.958 14 ab 4 4) 16.60 0.337 3826 ©1498 «= 5.605.000 3.826 14 4h 4 4} 2000 0.430 3640 1869 5.60 5.000 3.640 4 4 4 Internal-external upset drillpipe 4) 16.60 0.337 3.826 1498 «= 810 4.656 ad 2} - 44 1 4h 4} 20.00 0.430 3640 1863 ©9860 4.781 3 2h 2 a 1 44 e 5 19.50 0.362 4276 «1793 B60 5.188 SHE 2b 2 a 1 5 25.60 0500 4.000 © 2403780 5188 Brg ab 2 a 1 4 sl 21.90 0.361 4778 «1981 «1060 5.563 4 2b 2 4 1 4 5} 2470415 4670 2254 = 9.00 5.634 2} 2 4 1 4h ‘Nominal weights (Col. 2), are shown for the purpose of identification in ordering. 2 The ends of internal upset drillpipe shall not be smaller in outside diameter than the values shown in Col. 7, including the minus tolerance. They may furnished with slight external upset, within the tolerance specified. 3 Maximum taper on inside diameter of internal upset and internal-external upset is | in/ft on diameter Weight gain or loss due to end finishing. S The specified upset dimensions do not necessarily agree with the bore and OD dimensions of finished weld-on assemblies. Upset dimensions were chose! accommodate the various bores of tool joints and to maintain a satisfactory cross-section in the weld zone after final machining of the assembly. "These sizes and weights are tentative.TABLE 2.9 Drill collar weight (steel: Ib/tt). (Courtesy of API) 1 2 39 4 5 6 7 8 9 wm 1 8a Drilt Driti collar 10 (in) collar — - oD 7 n nt R 2 at 2 a 3 3b H H 4 (in) 3 9 8 16 3 2 2B SE 22 3} 26 4 22 3 30 a7 3} 353332 4 40 99 7 85 ww 4400430 418785 8D 4400 46 4485 461 80 48a 4a S452 Tag 5 | 5h 6 65 Sw st 7% 73 70 67 64 60 5b e280 «78 7572s 6 so 88 = 85H 6t 98 968 84 BC KD 6 107 105102 wKsC(itié Ss 6 600 114111 108105 100g 7 5 1230 120011711007, 10388 gw 7 134182180127 a9 18S 112,08 103g 7 1440 142 199137133129 128122148102 a W412 1507144189136 192128128 HD 8 165 16360187154 150147143188 183Sstze ah W174 71 188165180 158154 149144133 8} yer 185182179 176-—= 172169 165160155150 8 210 208-206. «S203 200 195182 t8BSCnaASt78 178 at 234-232-230 22724220216 «212208208188 af 2480-24543 24D 287282 eB 22522216 10 261-259-257 284251245243 239285280225 1 317 315-313-310 307 30229820521 288 28t 12 3797787471 888884361357 352 a7 «a K-Monel drill collars K-Monel drill collars are manufactured from non- magnetic steel alloys, and are used to shield direc- tional survey instruments from the magnetic effects of normal steel drill collars, DRILL STRING ACCESSORIES Heavy-wall drillpipe (HWDP) Field experience? has shown that fatigue failure of drillpipe can be greatly reduced when the section modulus ratio at the interface of two different-sized drill stem members (i. at drillpipe/drill collar inter- face) is limited to 5.5 or below. The section modulus is defined as the ratio of the moment of inertia (I) to the external radius of the pipe. In a drill string consisting of drill collars and standard drillpipe the ratio of section modulus of drill collar to section modulus of drillpipe at the interface is much larger than 5.5. Thus, to limit the ratio to 5.5 or less, a heavy-walled drilipipe section is inserted between the drill collars and drillpipe. The HWDP has the same OD as standard drillpipe but a much reduced ID, and has an extra-long tool joint. The use of HWDP between standard drillpipe and drill collarsjo saieres Wy |r 1 on INS Fig. 2.10. Drill collar connection. results in a much reduced section modulus at the interfaces. HWDP is manufactured in four sizes, from 34in OD to Sin OD, and in lengths of 30.5 ft (9.3 m)}. HWDP can be distinguished by an integral centre wear pad which acts as a stabiliser, thereby increasing the overall stiffness of the drill string. Figure 2.12 gives a schematic view of an HWDP. The HWDP is also used to ensure that the drillpipe is kept in constant tension (to avoid buckling) by having the neutral point of zero tension and zero compression in the length of HWDP. The HWDP can be safely run in compression, owing to its high stiffness compared with that of drillpipe. In directional wells HWDP is also used to provide weight-on-bit in addition to the weight supplied by drill collars. The number of joints usually run varies from 30 to 70. Drilling jar A drilling jar may be defined’ as a mandrel which slides within a sleeve, as shown in Figure 2.13. The free end of the mandrel is shaped in the form of a hammer, to provide a striking action against the face of the anvil. Jarring action is required during operations to free stuck pipe when an upward or downward pull is required to free the pipe. Within the drill string, the mandrel end of the jar is connected to one end of the string, while the sleeve is connected to the other end®. Referring to Figure 2.13, upward movement of the mandrel causes the hammer to strike (or jar) against the anvil, producing an upward force on the drill string portion below the jar. A downward force may be obtained by reversing the position of the jar within the drill string. Jars are recommended {o run in tension such that they are placed above the neutral point. Jars run in com- pression may trip while drilling if too much weight is accidentally applied on the bit®. In general, there are three types of jar: mechanical; hydraulic; and mixed, or hydromechanical Stabilisers Stabilisers are tools placed above the bit and along the bottom hole assembly in order to control hole devi- ation, minimise dog-leg severity and prevent dif- ferential sticking. They achieve these functions by centralising and providing extra stiffness to the bottom hole assembly. Stabilisation also allows the bit to rotate perpendicular to the hole bottom and con- sequently improves its performance. There are two basic types of stabiliser. Rotating stabilisers Rotating stabilisers include the integral blade stabi- liser (Figure 2.14a), the sleeve stabiliser (Figures 2.14b and c) and the welded blade stabiliser (Figure 2.14d). Integral blade stabilisers are machined from a solid piece of high-strength steel alloy. The blade faces are dressed with sintered tungsten carbide inserts. Integral blade stabilisers are available with either straight or spiral blades (Figure 2.14a). A sleeve stabiliser comprises a body and a replace- able sleeve. Two different designs of sleeve stabilisers are available. In the first design the sleeve is screwed onto a one-piece body and made up with rotary tongs (Figure 2.146). In the second design the sleeve is shrunk-fit to the main body (Figure 2.140). The welded blade stabiliser is particularly useful in soft formations where balling up of the mud and cuttings on the drill collar string may be a problem. The blades are welded to the body of the stabiliser and hard-faced with tungsten carbide to resist chipping and lengthen blade life (Figure 2.14d). The blades have(b) ) @) Fig. 2.11. Special features available on drill collars: (a) fishing neck; (b) stepped bore; (c) slip and elevator recesses: (4) spiral grooving. (Courtesy of Christensen Drilling Products) Extra long joints 1 tore boring oreo (ere enh or Heavy wal tube ‘ondeamaximum Hordfocing on onde ong |-— Centre upset a intra porto be (8) Restone near on canter of wee “ee te _-Extrolong joints (3) More bearing ree reces weor (or More enghfor ett omections Fig. 2.12. Features of heavy walled drillpipe', (Courtesy of Drilcoy bevelled edges to allow the stabiliser easy movement through casing and key seats, Non-rotating stabilisers A non-rotating stabiliser comprises a rubber sleeve and a mandrel (Figure 2.14e). The sleeve is designed to remain stationary while the mandrel and the drill string are rotating. This type is used to prevent reaming of the hole wall during drilling operations and to protect the drill collar from wall contact wear. Reamers Rotary reamers are provided with tungsten carbide rollers set vertically in the body of the reamer. Reamers can have three or six reaming cutters, as shown in Figure 2.15, Reamers are usually run im- mediately behind the bit to provide a gauge hole when drilling hard and abrasive rocks. Shock subs A shock sub, or vibration dampener, is a tool placed between the bit and drill collars. It is used to absorbDrill pipe Drill collar or heavy weight rill pipe above jor Anvil var Hammer Fish Fig. 2.13. Put simply, a drilling jar consists of a mandrel that slides within a sleeve. Upward motion of the mandrel causes its hammer to jar against the anvil, producing an upward force on the drill string below. Downward mandrel motion produces the opposite etc. (Courtesy of World oir) vibrations and impact loads caused by the movement of the drill string. Shock subs employ steel or rubber springs designed to absorb torsional and vertical vib- ration. Vibration occurs as the drill bit bounces off the formations during drilling, or when the drill string is rotating at its critical speedis). Downhole vibration can result in drill collar failure, reduced bit life and limitation on the amount of weight or rotary speed that can be used!, A shock sub is used to eliminate these vibrations and increase drill string life, A shock sub is normally placed directly above the bit, to act as a large shock absorber. However, certain stabilisation requirements dictate the placement of a shock sub at 30 or 60 ft above the bit (see Chapter 8). DRILL STRING DESIGN Drill string design involves the determination of the lengths, weights and grades of drillpipe which can be used during drilling, coring or any other operation. Drill string design depends on several factors®, includ ing: hole depth and hole size; mud weight; desired safety factor in tension and/or margin of overpull; Tength and weight of drill collars; and desired drillpipe sizes and inspection class. The following design criteria will be used to select a suitable drill string: (a) tension; (b) collapse; (c) shock loading: (d) torsion. Tension Prior to deriving any equation, it should be observed that only submerged weights are considered, since all immersed bodies suffer from lifting or buoyancy forces. Buoyancy force reduces the total weight of the body and its magnitude is dependent on fluid density. Buoyancy effects will also be discussed in Chapter 10. Referring to Figure 2.16, the total weight, P, carried by the top joint of drillpipe at JJ is given by P= (weight of drillpipe in mud) + (weight of drill collars in mud) (Note: Weight of drill bit and other accessories is normally included within the weight of the drill collars.) P=[(Lap X Wap + Lac X Wao)]X BF (2.1) where Lg, =length of drillpipe; Wi) = weight of drill- pipe per unit length; Ly. =length of drill collars; Wy. = weight of drill collars per unit length; and BF = buoyancy factor. The buoyancy factor is given by r= (1-22) = (1-2) Ps Vs where ym = specific gravity of mud; py =density of mud; j,=specific gravily of steel=7.85, and p, = density of steel = 489.5 lb/ft? (7850 kg/m’), (Note: The BF relationship will be derived in Chapter 10.) As can be seen from Tables 2,2-2.5, drillpipe strength is expressed in terms of yield strength. This is defined as the load at which deformation occurs. Under all conditions of loading, steel elongates initi- ally linearly in relation to the applied load until the clastic limit is reached. Up to this limit, removal of applied load results in the steel pipe recovering its original dimensions. Loading a steel pipe beyond the elastic limit induces deformation which cannot be recovered, even after the load is removed. This defor- mation is described as yield and results in a reduction in pipe strength. In practice, the condition of pipe and its service life are taken into account when a drill string is designed.(a) (b) (ce) Fig. 2.14, Stabilisers: (a) integral blade stabiliser (open spiral on left, tight spiral on right); (b) and (c) sleeve stabilisers (steel body on left and replaceable sleeve on right of (b) and hydro-string components on left and hydro-string stabiliser on right of (c); (d) welded stabiliser; (e) rubber sleeve stabiliser. (Courtesy of Christensen Drilling Products) API has tabulated the strength properties of drillpipe according to its condition; new, premium, Class ? or Class 3. Tables 2.2-2.5 give the strength properties of various classes drillpipe. Moreover, drill string design is never based on the tabulated yield strength value but, instead, on 90% of the yield strength, to provide an added safety in the resulting design. Thus, max- imum tensile design load, P,.= theoretical yield strength (taken from API Tables 2.2-2.5) x 90% or P= P,x09 2) where P, is drillpipe yield strength, The difference between Equations (2.2) and (2.1) gives the margin of overpull, MOP. MOP = —P (2.3) The design values of MOP normally range from 50 000-100 000 Ib. The ratio between Equation (2.2) and Equation (2.1) gives the actual safety factor: sre? P.x09 = i 24) P (Lay X Wap + Lac X Wa.) BF The choice of an appropriate value of safety factor is dependent on overall drilling conditions, including hole drag and the likelihood of pipe becoming stuck Dynamic loading, which arises from arresting the drillpipe by slips, must also be considered. Simplifying Equation (2.4) further gives P,x09 SF x Wi, « BF Wee Wag (2.5) Lap Equation (2.5) can also be expressed in terms of MOP instead of the SF term by combining Equation (2.1) with Equation (2.3), to obtain(a) (b) (c) Fig. 2.15. Roller reamers. (a) Three-point reamer. (b) Six- point reamer. (c) Types of cutter: bottom, soft formation; middle, hard formation; top, hard-abrasive formation. Drill pipe. Lap Drill collars Lee Fig. 2.16. Drilipipe design _P.x0.9-MOP _ Wa ~ (2.6) 0 Wag X BF Way ee) Ls x Las The term Ly, is sometimes expressed a Linas 10 refer to the maximum length of a given grade of drillpipe which can be selected for a given loading situation. Equations (2.5) and (2.6) can also be used to design a tapered string, consisting of different grades and sizes of drillpipe. In this case the lightest available grade is first considered and the maximum useable Iength selected as a bottom section. Successive heavy grades are then considered in turn to determine the usable length from each grade along the hole depth. Example 2.6 illustrates the design of a tapered string. Collapse Collapse pressure may be defined as the external pressure required to cause yielding of drillpipe or casing. In normal drilling operations the mud columns inside and outside the drillpipe are both equal in height and are of the same density. This results in zero differential pressure across the pipe body and, in turn, zero collapse pressure on the drillpipe. in some cases, as in drill stem testing (DST), the drillpipe is run partially full, to reduce the hydrostatic pressure exerted against the formation. This is done to en- courage formation fluids to flow into the well bore, which is the object of the test. Once the well flows, the collapsing effects are small, as the drillpipe is now full of fluids. Thus, maximum differential pressure, Ap, across the drillpipe exists prior to the opening of the DST tool, and can be calculated as follows’ Lo _(L~Y) xp OP Tea 144 where Y=depth to fluid inside drillpipe (see Figure 2.17), L=total depth of well (f); p; =fluid density outside the drillpipe (Pef); p2 = fluid density inside the drillpipe (pet) When densities are expressed in ppg, Equation (2.7) becomes (2.7) (L~Y)p2 19.251 = ?= 19.251 Other variations of Equation (2.7) include the following: (2.8) (a) Drillpipe is completely empty, ¥ = 0, p: Lp OP 44 (2.9)Fig. 2.17. Collapse considerations in drill string design. (b) Fluid density inside drillpipe is the same as that outside drillpipe, ie. py =p) =p, and Equation (2.7) becomes Yp 144 where p = density of mud (pef) Once the collapsing pressure, Ap, is calculated, it can then be compared with the theoretical collapse resistance of the pipe as determined by the manu- facturer (see Tables 2.2-2.5). A safety factor in collapse Ap= (2.10) can be determined as follows: = collapse resistance = Collapse pressure (Ap) @1) An SF of 1} is normally used. It should be observed that the collapse resistance reported in API or manufacturers’ tables is that value under zero load. Normally, drillpipe is under tension resulting from its own weight and the weight of drill collars. The combined loading of tension and collapse is described as biaxial loading. During biaxial loading, the drillpipe stretches and its collapse re- sistance decreases, The corrected collapse resistance of Grillpipe can be determined as follows (1) Determine tensile stress at joint under consider- ation by dividing the tensile load by the pipe cross- sectional area. (2) Determine the ratio between tensile stress and the average yield strength. (3) Using Figure 2.18, determine the percentage reduction in collapse resistance corresponding to the ratio calculated in Step 2. Shock loading Shock loading arises whenever slips are set on moving drillpipe and can contribute to parting of pipe in marginal designs. Itcan be shown that the additional tensile force, F., Axial stress~percent of yield stress =109 80-60-40 -20 9 20 4060 90 090 120 tof £ oF ixr 2 r 5 sor} : 8 cot 3 Es ° = eof Miler ord Edwards Dota ce prance took + Tension stretch * Compresion-collopse 110F- + 20) Longitudinal compression Longitudinal tension Fig. 2.18. Ellipse of biaxial yield stress or maximum shear-strain energy diagrams. (Courtesy of API)generated by shock loading is calculated from F, =3200M%y where Wa, = weight of drill pipe per unit length. The derivation of Equation (2.12) is given in Chapter 10 (2.12) Torsion It can be shown that the drill pipe torsional yield strength when subjected to pure torsion is given by 0.096 167J ¥,, a where Q=minimum torsional yield strength (Ib-ft); (2.13) Y,=minimum unit yield strength (psi), J = polar moment of inertia =11/32(D*—d*) for tubes = 0.098 175(D* — d*);, D=outside diameter (in); inside diameter (in). When drillpipe is subjected to both torsion and tension, as is the case during drilling operations, Equation (2.13) becomes 0.096 1677 Pe * D A where Q,= minimum torsional yield strength under tension (Ib-ft); J = polar moment of inertia = 11/32(D* —d*) for tubes = 0.098 175(D* — d*): outside diameter (in); d le diameter (in); Y,, = minimum unit yield strength (psi); P = total load in tension (Ib); A= cross-sectional area (in*). It should be noted that Equations (2.13) and (2.14) can be used to calculate the maximum allowable make-up torque before the minimum torsional yield strength of the drill pipe body is exceeded. 2.14) Examples In the following examples the nominal weight of drillpipe is used in order to reduce the length of calculations. For actual designs, the engineer is advised to use the method presented in Example 2.1 for calculating the approximate weight of the drillpipe and joint assembly, and use this figure in the calculations, Example 2.2 A drill string consists of 600 ft of 84 in x 242 in drill collars and the rest is a Sin, 19.5 Ibm/ft Grade X95 drillpipe. If the required MOP is 100 000 Ib and mud weight is 75 pcf(10 ppg), calculate the maximum depth of hole that can be drilled when (a) using new drillpipe and (b) using Class 2 drillpipe having a yield strength (P,) of 394 600 Ib. Solution (a) Weight of drill collar per foot is AX 1A py = H((B4)? — QHD?) x 1 x 489.5 x ia = 160.6 tbm/ft where p, = density of steel = 489.5 Ibm/ft; A = cross- sectional area (in). (Note: From Table 2.9 weight of drill collar = 161 Ibm/ft.) From Equation (2.6), P,x0.9-MOP — Wie Lap = eS BF TW, ag X BF Way From Table 2.2, P, = 501 090 Ib (for Grade X95 new pipe) m= (-8)-(-a) 0.847 and MOP = 100 000 Ib Therefore, 501 090 x 0.9 — 100 000 160.6 = 19.5 x 0.847 ~ (Bs) x00 = 16309 Therefore, maximum hole depth that can be drilled with a new drillpipe of Grade X95 under the given loading condition is 16 309 + 600 = 16 909 ft. ap 19.5 x 0.847 600) (b) Now P, = 394 600 Ib; 160.6 ("ss = 10506 ft _ 394.600 x 0,9 — 100 000 Max. hole depth = 10 506 + 600 = 11 106 ft. Example 2.3 If 10.000 ft of the drillpipe in Example 2.1 is used, determine the maximum collapse pressure that can be encountered and the resulting safety factor. The mud density is 75 pef (10 ppg). If the fluid level inside the drillpipe drops to 6000ft below the rotary table, determine the new safety factor in collapse. Solution (a) Maximum collapse pressure, Ap, occurs when the drillpipe is 100% empty. Thus, _ Lx Pm _ 10000 x 75 iar tag = 5208 si ApFrom Table 2.2, collapse resistance of new pipe of Grade X95 is 12 010 psi. Hence, 12010 SF = og = 23 (b) When the mud level drops to 6000 ft below the surface, Equation (2.7) or (2.10) can be used. Thus, 6000 x 75 a7 ag = 3125 psi 12010 =r = 3 ais 38 (Note: In this example the safety factor in collapse is calculated for the bottom joint only, which suffers no biaxial loading, since it carries no load (see Example 2.4), Example 2.4 A drill string consists of 10 000 fi of drillpipe and a length of drill collars weighing 80 000 Ib. The drillpipe is Sin OD, 19.5 Ib, Grade $135, premium class. (a) Determine the actual collapse resistance of the bottom joint of drillpipe (b) Determine the safety factor in collapse. (Assume collapse resistance = 10050 psi and mud weight = 75 pef) Solution For a Sin OD new drillpipe, the nominal ID is 4.276 in (ie. thickness = 0,376 in), For a premium drill- pipe, only 80% of the pipe thickness remains. Thus, reduced wall thickness for premium pipe = 0.8 x 0.362 .2896 in and reduced OD for premium pipe = nominal ID + 2 x (premium thickness) = 4.276 + (0.2896) x 2 .8552 in Cross-sectional area (CSA) of premium pipe = (op? — 1D? 7 (OD? - 1D?) = F1(4855 27 — 4.276) = 4.153 8 in? Tensile stress at bottom joint of drillpipe tensile load (= weight of drill collars) CSA 80.000 Ib 4.1538 in? The average yield strength of Grade $135 is 145 000 psi = 19 259 psi 19 260 5.000, tensile stress average yield strength = 0.1328 = 133% From Figure 2.18 of biaxial loading, a tensile ratio of 13.3% reduces the nominal collapse resistance to B%, (a) Thus, collapse resistance of bottom joint of drill- pipe = 0.93 x collapse resistance under zero load =0.93 x 10050 = 9347 psi (b) Tensile ratio = collapse resistance ~ collapse pressure For worst conditions, assume drillpipe to be 100% empty. Hence, 75 x 10000 144 = 5208 psi _ 9347 _ ~ 5208 ~ collapse pressure = SF 18 Example 2.5 Assuming that 10000 ft of Grade X95 has been selected from Example 2.2, determine: (a) the safety factor during drilling; (b) the magnitude of shock loading; and (c) the safety factor when shock loading is included. Solution (a) Total weight carried by drillpipe = (Lay X Wap + Lac Wac) x BF = (10.000 x 19.5 + 600 x 160.4) x 0.847 = 246 680 Ib___ yield strength x 0.9 “Toad carried by top joint 501.090 x 0.9 = ase > 1.83 SF (b) Force due to shock loading = 3200 x My = 3200 x 19.5 = 62.400 Ib (©) Total load at top joint = 246 680 + 62 400 = 309 080 Ib 501.050 x 0.9 SF = Sop o89 7 46 Example 2.6 An exploration rig has the following grades of drill- pipe to be run in a 15.000 ft deep well: Grade E: 5/4.276 in; 19.5 lbm/ft; yield strength = 395 600 Ib (1760 kN) Grade G: 5/4.276 in; 19.5 Ibmy/ft; yield strength = 553 830 Ib (2464 KN) If the total length and weight of drill collars plus heavy-wall drillpipe is 984 ft (300m) and 157374 Ib (700 KN), respectively, calculate: (a) the maximum length that can be used from each grade of drillpipe if, an MOP of 50 000 Ib is to be maintained for the lower grade; and (b) the MOP of the heavier grade. The maximum expected mud weight at 15 000 ft is 100 pef (134 ppg, or 1.6 ke/l). Solution P,x0.9—MOP /W,. bay ar (g) The lightest grade (Grade E) should be used for the bottom part of the hole, while the highest grade should be used at the topmost section. Thus, Grade E will carry the weight of drill collars and heavy-wall drillpipe and the term W,, should incinde the com- bined weight of these two items. Hence, W,,La, = weight of drill collars + weight of heavy-wall drillpipe = 187 374 1b 395 600 x 0.950000 157374 “ 19.5 x 0.796 19.5 = 11 646 ft Accumulated length of drill string will consist of: drill collar and heavy-wall drillpipe= 984 ft Grade E drillpipe 1 646 ft Total = 12 630 ft The top part of the well will consist of Grade G of length 15 000 — 12 630 = 2370 ft. Check Grade G for suitability: This grade will carry a combined weight of Grade E (11 646 ft) + drill collars and heavy-wall drillpipe = 11 646 x 19.5 + 157 374 = 384471 lb and Hence, under the existing loading conditions, 9175 ft of Grade G can be used as a top section. In our example only 2370 ft are required. (b) MOP = P, x 0.9 -P P= buoyant weight carried by top joint = weight of drillpipe of Grades E and G and weight of drill collars and heavy-wall drillpipe = (2370 x 19.5 + 11 646 x 19.5 + 157 374) x BF = 430 686 x 0.796 = 342 826 lb MOP = 553 830 x 0.9 — 342 826. = 155 621 IbExample 2.7 The following data refer to a drill string stuck at the drill collars drillpipe: 10 000 ft, $/4.276 in, Grade E 19.5 lbm/f, Class 2 drill collars: 600 ft, total weight 80.000 Ib make-up torque for drillpipe tool joints = 20 000 Ib-ft 100% free point = 9900 ft Determine the maximum torque that can be applied at the surface without exceeding the minimum torsional yield strength of drillpipe. Solution Using Equation (2.14), 0.096 167) > 0, = 206 IT [yz Fe Since drillpipe is 100% free at 9900 ft, the total tensile load (P) = 9900 x 19.5 = 193 050 Ib. (Note: Nominal weight of drillpipe is used.) =F ips — at) = Est i yy O* a8) = E154 — (4.276)*) = 28.5383 in* A Fora) = ie = (4.276)*) = 5.27 in? Tensile strength = 311 540 Ib (from Table 2.4). Minimum unit yield strength (Y,,) _ 311540 _ 311540 “A 527 = 59 116 psi 096 167 x 28.5383 [0 . (193 050)? Qr ——_ (59 116) Ean = 25 468 Ib-ft (maximum allowable torque for pipe body). Since the make-up torque for the drillpipe tool joint is 20.000 ft-lb, the maximum allowable torque should be based on tool joint torque and not pipe body torque. Note that this information will be required in back-off operations, as will be discussed in Chapter 12. STRETCH OF DRILLPIPE Drillpipe stretches under the action of the weight of drill collars and its own weight. Stretch due to weight carried Assume that changes in drillpipe diameter are very small, such that drillpipe extension is only significant in the axial direction, If the weight of drill collars is P, (Figure 2.19) then, using Hookes’ Law, we obtain P/A ek (2.15) where E= Young's modulus of steel = 30 x 10° psi (210 x 10° N/m?); e, = extension of drillpipe; and A \lain-end area of drillpipe. Rearranging Equation (2.15) gives Ph “AE PL Flop? =ID4)x E (2.16) e Equation (2.16) can be simplified by replacing E by its numerical value and plain-end area by weight per unit length, Wy Wp = (plain-end area) x 1 ft x density of steel _= (OD? 1D’) a 144 where OD = outside diameter of drillpipe (in); ID = inside diameter of drillpipe (in). Therefore, x 1 ft x 489.5 Way = 3.3993 x FtOD? -ID*) (2.17) Substituting the values of E and W,, in Equation (2.16) gives: PxL (2.18) a= 10° 33993 * 30% Fig. 2.19. Drillpipe stretch due to weight carried.Normally, drillpipe extension is expressed in inches and Equation (2.18) simplifies to 12x PXL PxL = asaaam,™ (2.19) a x 30 x 10° 3.3993 where L is in ft, P is in Ib and Wa, is in Ibmy/ft In metric units Equation (2.16) becomes: PL ) Wap, where P = weight in N; L = drillpipe length in metres, and W4, = weight per metre in kg/m. e, =3738 x o-( (2.20) Stretch due to own weight Drillpipe also stretches under its own weight when fully suspended in mud. API? gives the following formula for calculating drillpipe extension in inches, due to its own weight: a = = (489.5 — 1.44, 62 F197 1895 — 44pm) where py, isin Tbmy/ft?, o L = oe rn (65.44 — 1.44 y * = 9695 x 107 Pm;) (2.21) where pq, is in Ib/gal, L = drillpipe length (ft) In metric units, the equivalent of Equation (2.20) is 2 = 2.346 x 107 *17(7.85 — 1.44 P,,) (2.20a) where L is in m and Pm is in kg/l Example 2.8 A 34 in drillpipe, 13.3 Ibmyft, Grade $135 premium class, is used to run a 44 in OD liner to 21 000 ft. Ifthe length of drillpipe is 17 500 ft, the mud weight is 120 pef and the total weight of the liner is 50 000 1b, calculate the total stretch in the drillpipe. Solution e, =stretch due to weight carried 50 000 x 17 500 735 444 x 13.3 e, = stretch due to suspended weight of drillpipe B PxL “735 44aih, =895in 72x 107 48 5—1.44p,,) “2x ct ve (489.5 ~ 1.44 x 120) = 134.7 in Total stretch =e, +e = 89,54 134.7 = 224.2 in = 18.7 ft CRITICAL ROTARY SPEEDS The component of the drill string can vibrate in three different modes: (1) axial or longitudinal; (2) torsional; and (3) transverse or lateral. According to Dareing®, axial vibrations can be recognized at the surface by the kelly bounce and whipping of the drilling line. Torsional vibrations cannot be seen, since the rotary table tends to control the angular motion at the surface. Transverse motion is only possible with the drillpipe, as drill collars are only free to move axially and torsionally. Vibration of the drill string occurs when the fre- quency of the applied force equals the natural free vibration frequency of the drill stem, This condition is normally described as ‘resonance’. Hence, the drill bit must be rotated at a speed (or rpm) which is different from the natural frequency of the drill string. Rotation of the drill string at its natural resonant frequency results in excessive wear, fatigue failure and rapid deterioration of drillpipe. Two different methods for the calculation of critical rotary speeds exist in the literature. The first relies on total drill string length and drillpipe dimensions for calculating critical rotary speeds. The second uses the length of drill collars only for estimating critical rotary speed. Calculation of critical rotary speeds based on total drill string length and drillpipe dimensions API? recommends that critical longitudinal speeds be calculated using Equation (2.22), Thus, ze 000 (longitudinal vibration) (2.22) where L = total length of drill string (f). Secondary and higher harmonic vibrations will occur at 4,9, 16,25, 36, ete, times the rpm of EquationThe critical transverse speed is calculated using the following equation: 4.760 000 ‘ = aa ee +d?) (transverse vibration) (2.23) where I= length of one drillpipe joint (in); D = OD of drillpipe (in); and d= ID of drillpipe (in) Example 2.9 Determine the critical rotary speeds for a 10000 ft drill string consisting of 5 in OD/4.276 in ID drillpipe and 800 ft 8 in OD/3 in ID drill collars. Solution 258 000 Li it i" = = 25. ongitudinal rpm =~ 5.8 = 4760 000 2 21/2 Transverse rpm = Gar (5? + 4.276%) =242 where | (from Equation 2.23) = 30 x 12 in. Drill collar length According to Dareing®, critical rotary speeds should be based on the length of drill collars only. The drill collars are assumed to be fixed at the drill bit and free at the drill collar/drillpipe interface. Data collected over 25 years showed® that drill bit displacement frequencies are consistently three cycles for every bit revolution for three-cone bits. Thus, frequency, f, of vibration at the bit is given by f=3Nx ( i) cycles/s (2.24) where N= rotary speed of drill bit. Equation (2.24) is applicable to three-cone bits only, Simplifying Equation (2.24) gives the critical rotary speed, V: N=20xfrpm (2.25) Drill collars are assumed to vibrate in two modes, longitudinal and torsional. The natural frequency of longitudinal vibrations of drill collars is given by (2.26) where L = length of drill collars. The natural torsional frequency of drill collars is given by 2662 has es Dareing’s method requires that the bit be rotated at a speed (N) less or greater than the natural frequencies (fy and fz) of the drill collars. (2.27) Example 2.10 Determine the critical rotary speed of the drill string described in Example 2.8, Solution From Equation (2.26) natural longitudinal frequency, f,, for 800 ft of drill collars i 4212 , Som Faq = 5265/8 Also, natural torsional frequency, f;, is given by Equation (2.27): 2662 ~ 800 Thus, the drill bit critical rotary speeds, N, are: N (longitudinal) = 20 x f, = 20 x 5.265 = 105 rpm and N, (transverse) = 20 x f, = 20 x 3.327 = 67 rpm Hence, the drill bit must be rotated below 67 rpm, between 67 and 105 rpm or above 105 rpm, to avoid vibration. h = 3.3275 c/s Comparison of the results of Examples 2.9 and 2.10 shows that the two methods produce widely different values, The longitudinal critical frequency using the API? method is 25.8 rpm, compared with 105 rpm as calculated by the drill collar method®, Similar vari- ations exist in the calculation of transverse fre- quencies. More work is required to compare the two cited methods. The author recommends the use of the drill collar method for its simplicity and sound theoretical background for determining the critical rotary speeds of tricone bits. For other bit types, the API method should be followed. Drill string vibration can be reduced by the follow- ing methods: (1) Changing the natural frequency: (a) by using a shock absorber; (b) by increasing the drill collar length; or (c) by using HWDP, or by increasing the length of the existing section of HWDP. (2) Increasing or applying mechanical damping.References Drilco (1977). Drileo Drilling Assembly Handbook. Drileo (Smith International Division, Inc.) Publications. Varco Oil Tools (1981). Rotary Equipment Care and Maintenance Handbook. Varco Publications, API Spec. 7 (1984). Specification for Rotary Drilling Equipment. API Production Department. API RP7G (1981). API Recommended Practice for Drillstem Design and Operating Limits. API Publications Department. API Spec. 5A (1982). Specification for Casing, Tubing and Drillpipe. API Publications Department. Wilson, G. (1976). How to drill a usable hole. World Oi. Cheng, J. T. (1982). How to make heavy wall drillpipe last longer. World Oil, Oct. Schmid, J. T, Jr. (1982). Designing BHAs for better drilling jar performance. World Oil, Oct. Dareing, D. W. (1984). Drillcollar length is a major factor in vibration control. JPT, April, 639-644. Senaneee Problems Problem 1 Determine the approximate weight of drillpipe, including tool joint, having 5 in OD, 19.5 Ibm/ft nominal weight, Grade G, with a 6 in OD/23 in ID, NCS5O tool joint. Answer: 22.55 Ibm/ft Problem 2 Design a tapered string to run a 44 in OD liner to 19 000 ft using the following data: length of liner = 6000 ft weight of liner = 90 600 Ib mud weight =97 pef available drillpipe: 9000 ft, 3} in drillpipe, 13.3 Ib/ft, Grade E (new) 5000 ft, 34 in drillpipe, 15.5 Ib/f, Grade E (new) 10.000 ft, 3$ in drillpipe, 15.5 Ib/ft, Grade G (new) An MOP of 80 000 Ib is to be maintained for the lower grade. Answer: 6727 ft of Grade E, 13.3 Ibm/ft as bottom section; 3273 ft of Grade E, 15.5 lbm/ft as middle section; Grade G 15.5 lbm/ft as top section.