Lica Lab
Lica Lab
Lica Lab
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Mission
Our mission is to impart high quality education, in a conducive
ambience, as comprehensive as possible, with the support of all the
modern technologies and make the students acquire the ability and
passion to work wisely, creatively and effectively for the betterment of
our society.
Mission
The Mission of the department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering is to work closely with industry and research organizations
to provide high quality computer education in both the theoretical and
applications of Electronics & Communication Engineering.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
limitations.
PO6 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assesssocietal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to Electronics & Communication Engineering the professional engineering practice.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the Electronics &
Communication Engineering professional engineering solutionsin societal and environmental
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO7 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the Electronics &
Communication Engineering professional engineering solutionsin societal and environmental
contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
PO8 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms ofthe engineering practice.
PO9 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
indiverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
PO10 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineeringcommunity and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
PO11 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of
theengineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
PO12 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
inindependent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
PS PSO1 Professional Capabilities: Capability to use their knowledge in the design of Electronics and
communication system using techniques like signal processing and technologies such as
VLSI and Embedded systems.
PSO2 Analytical Skills: Capability to analyze a given system and/or design for its specification
based performance and to devise any design changes for performance improvement, if
need be.
PSO3 Responsible Professionalism: Capability to work within the constraints as obtained in a
workplace and/or within a team, with an objective to further the goals of the employer
establishment or self owned one.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Note:
To perform any twelve experiments
Verify the functionality of the IC in the given application.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
LINEAR IC APPLICATION
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
3. 16
Comparator using Op Amp.
4 18
Integrator Circuit using IC 741
5 22
Differentiator circuit using Op Amp.
6 Active filter applications - LPF, HPF (First order) 26
11 Ic 565-PLL applications 39
Course Outcomes:
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
CO3 Analyze the timers and their applications electronics circuits. L4:Analyze
Program Specific
Course Program Outcomes
Outcomes
Outcome
s PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3
1 3 2 2 2 2 - 2 - 2 2 2 - 3 3 3
2 2 2 3 2 2 - - - 3 3 2 - 3 3 2
3 2 2 2 3 2 - - - 3 3 2 - 2 2 2
4 2 2 3 3 2 - - - 3 3 2 - 2 2 2
1-None 2-Supportive 3-HighlyRelated
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
3 Po1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9 PSO1,PSO2,PSO3
Comparator using Op Amp.
4 Po1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9 PSO1,PSO2,PSO3
Integrator Circuit using IC 741
5 Po1,PO2,PO3,PO5,PO9 PSO1,PSO2,PSO3
Differentiator circuit using Op Amp.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Circuit Diagram:
Fig:inverting amplifier
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Theory:
Inverting amplifier:
It is a closed loop mode application of opamp and employs negative feedback. The Rf
and Ri are the feedback and input resistance of the circuit respectively. The input terminals of
the opamp draws no current because of the large differential input impedance. The potential
difference across the input terminals of an opamp is zero because of the large open loop gain.
Due to these two conditions, the inverting terminal is at virtual ground potential. So the
current flowing through Ri and Rf are the same.
Ii = I f
Here the –Ve sign indicates that the output will be an amplified wave with 1800 phase
shift (inverted output). By varying the Rf or Ri, the gain of the amplifier can be varied to any
desired value.
Av = Vo / Vin = 1+ Rf/ Ri ,
Here the +Ve sign indicates that the output will be an amplified wave in phase with
the input. By varying the Rf or Ri, the gain of the amplifier can be varied to any desired value.
Procedure:
Observations:
Inverting amplifier:
Amplitude(v) Time
period(msec)
In put 0.7 1.5
Out put 7 1.5
Amplitude(v) Time
period(msec)
In put 0.7 1.5
Out put 7.7 1.5
Result: The operation of inverting and non inverting op amp is studied and values are noted.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Circuit Diagram:
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Fig: adder
Fig:subtractor
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Theory:
Adder:
Op-amp can be used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of several input
signals. Such a circuit is called a summing amplifier or an adder. Summing amplifier can be
classified as inverting & non-inverting summer depending on the input applied to inverting &
non-inverting terminals respectively. Circuit Diagram shows an inverting summing amplifier
with 2 inputs. Here the output will be amplified version of the sum of the two input voltages
with 1800 phase reversal.
Vo = - ( Rf/ Ri )(V1+V2)
Subtractor:
A difference amplifier is a circuit that gives the amplified version of the difference of
the two inputs, Vo =A(V1-V2), Where V1 and V2 are the inputs and A is the voltage gain.
Here input voltage V1 is connected to non-inverting terminal and V2 to the inverting
terminal. This is also called as differential amplifier. Output of a differential amplifier can be
determined using super position theorem. When V1=0, the circuit becomes an inverting
amplifier with input V2 and the resulting output is V02= -Rf /Ri (V2). When V2=0, the circuit
become a non-inverting amplifier with input V1 and the resulting output is V01= Rf/Ri(V1).
Therefore the resulting output according to super position theorem is
Vo = V01+ V02 = Rf/Ri(V1-V2)
Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give V1 =V2 = +1.5V DC with polarity as shown in fig.1.
5. Make sure that the CRO selector is in the D.C. coupling position.
6. Observe input and output on two channels of the oscilloscope simultaneously.
7. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
8. Verify that the output voltage is -6VDC
9. Repeat the procedure with V1 =1Vpp / 1 KHz sine wave and V2 = +1.5Vdc as
shown in fig2.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Observations:
Adder:
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Subtractor:
Result: The operation of Ic 741 as adder and subtractor is studied and values are noted.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Circuit Diagram:
Fig:comparator
Theory:
It is the open loop/ saturation mode operation of op-amp. Here the signal is given the non-
inverting terminal. So the output signal is in phase with the input signal. Such a circuit is called non-
inverting zero
crossing detector. In open loop configuration, the gain of the op-amp is very high, so when the input
voltage is above zero voltage, output of the circuit goes to+ Vsat which is approximately +13V.
Similarly when the input voltage is below zero voltage, the output goes to - Vsat which is approximately
-13V.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the circuit on the breadboard and check the connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Give Vin= 2 Vpp/ 1KHz sine wave.
5. Observe input and output on the oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Note down and draw the input and output waveforms on the graph.
7. Verify the output .
Observations:
Result: The operation of Ic 741 as comparator is studied and values are noted.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Circuit Diagram:
Fig: integrator
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Theory:
It is a closed loop op-amp circuit which performs the mathematical operation of
integration. That is the output waveform is the integral of the input voltage and is given by
Vo = ( -1/RfC) ∫Vindt. The integrator circuit is constructed from basic inverting amplifier by
replacing the feedback resistance Rf with capacitor C. This circuit also works as low pass
filter.
Procedure:
Observations:
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Result: For a given sine and square wave, the output waveforms of integrator are observed.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Circuit Diagram:
Fig: differentiator
Theory:
It is an opamp circuit which performs the mathematical operation of differentiation.
That is the output waveform is the derivative or differentia l of the input voltage. That is
Vo= - RfCd(Vin)/dt. The differentiator circuit is constructed from basic inverting amplifier by
replacing the input resistance Ri with capacitor C. This circuit also works as high pass filter.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Procedure:
Observations:
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Result: For a given sine and square wave, the output waveforms of differentiator are observed.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Result: The characteristics of LPF,HPF are studied and graphs has been plotted.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Aim: To generate triangular and square waveforms and to determine the time period Of the waveforms.
Apparatus:
Sl. No. Name and Quantity
specifications
1. Op-amp 741 1
2 Capacitor 1
3 Zener diode 2
4 resistors 10k,150k,1.5k,1m
5 Patch cards As required
6 Connecting wires As require
Circuit diagram:
Theory:
The function generator consists of a comparator U1and an integrator A2.The comparator U2
compares the voltage at point P continuously with the inverting input ie, at zero volts. When voltage at
Posess lightly below or above zero volts, the output of U1 is at the negative or positive saturation level,
respectively.
To illustrate the circuit operation let us set the output of U1at positive saturation
+Vsat(approximately +Vcc). This +Vsat is an input to the integrator U2.Theoutputof U2 ,therefore will
be a negative going ramp. Thus, one end of the voltage divider R2-R3 is the positive saturation voltage
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
+Vast of U1 and the other is the negative going ramp ofU2. When the negative going ramp attains a
certain value–Vramp, point p is slightly below zero volts; hence the output of U1 will switch from
positive saturation to negative saturation–Vsat (approximately Vcc). This means that the output of U2
will now stop going negatively and will begin to go positively. The output of U2 will continue to
increase until it reaches +Vramp. At this time the point P is slightly above zero volts. The sequence then
repeats. The frequencies of the square are a function of the d.c supply voltage. Desired amplitude can be
obtained by using approximate zeners at the output ofU1.
MODEL GRAPH:
Procedure:
1. The circuit is connected as shown in the figure.
2. The output of the comparator U1 is connected to the cro through channel 1,to generate a square
wave
3. The output of the comparator U2 is connected to the CRO through chennal2, to generate a
triangular wave.
4. The time periods of the square wave and triangular waves are noted and they are found to be equal.
Precautions:
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Result: Generated and plotted sine, square and triangular waveforms using op-amp.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Aim: To design and construct a monostable multivibrator using 555 IC and (i) Plot the
output waveform (ii) Measure the time delay
Apparatus:
Sl. No. Name and Specification Quantity
1 Power Supply 10V 1
2 Resistors 2
3 Capacitor 0.01µF ,0.1 µF 2 +1
4 IC 555 1
5 Diode 1N 4001 1
6 Oscilloscope 1
7 Function generator 0 – 1MHz 1
8 Bread board 1
9 Connecting wires and probes As required
Circuit Diagram :
D is diode 1N4001
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Theory:
The monostable multivibrator has one stable state and one quasi stable state.
Monostable multivibrator produces an output pulse with defined time period for each external
trigger pulse applied. It comes out of the stable state only by use of an external signal called
trigger.
When the output is low, that is, the circuit is in stable state. Upon application of
trigger pulse to pin 2, the output of the comparator II becomes high which sets the flip flop
high. As the output is high, the transistor becomes OFF since it is connected to the of the
flip flop. Capacitor starts to charge through R towards VCC, as soon as the capacitor voltage
crosses 2/3 VCC (threshold voltage) the output of the comparator I becomes high so the flip-
flop will reset and out goes to low. At the same time transistor turns ON and hence capacitor
rapidly discharges through the transistor. The output of this circuit remains low until a
trigger pulse is again applied . The time during which the output remains high is given by
T = 1.1 RC.
Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the monostable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and check the
connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Put the function generator output to square wave mode. Adjust the amplitude to 5V.
5. Observe trigger input , output and capacitor voltage on different channels of the
oscilloscope simultaneously.
6. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
7. Measure the time delay .
Observations:
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Result: Designed the monostable multivibrator by using IC555 and graphs has been plotted.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Aim: To design and setup symmetrical and asymmetrical astable multivibrators using IC 555
and (i) Plot the output waveform (ii) Measure the frequency of oscillation.
Apparatus:
Sl. No. Name and specification Quantity
1 Power Supply 10V 1
2 Resistors 4
3 Capacitor 0.01µF 2
4 IC 555 1
5 Diode 1N 4001 1
6 Oscilloscope 1
7 Bread board 1
8 Connecting wires and probes As required
Circuit Diagram :
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Theory:
The 555 timer is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delay .The
internal structure of 555 is shown in which there are two comparators, a flip flop, an output
stage, a voltage divider network and a transistor. The comparator is a device whose output is
high when the non-inverting input voltage is greater than inverting input voltage and output is
low when inverting input voltage is greater than non-inverting input voltage. The voltage
divider network consist of three 5KΩ resistors and provides a trigger voltage level of 1/3VCC
and threshold voltage level of 2/3VCC.The control voltage is used for changing the threshold
and trigger voltages externally.
555 as Astable multivibrator: Astable multivibrator means it has no stable states. It has two
quasi stable states (high and low).In the figure given , there are 2 external resistors RA and RB
and a capacitor C. When the power is given to the circuit the capacitor C will charge towards
VCC through RA and RB ,when the capacitor voltage exceeds the level of 2/3VCC (threshold
voltage) the output of the comparator I goes high which resets the flip flop so the output Q of
the flip-flop becomes low and becomes high. Now the transistor which is connected to
becomes ON. The capacitor C started to discharge through RB and transistor exponentially.
When voltage across capacitor reaches just below of 1/3VCC (trigger voltage) the output of
the comparator II becomes high and sets the flip flop, turning OFF the transistor since it is
connected to the of the flip flop. The capacitor C will begin to charge towards VCC through
RA and RB. when the capacitor voltage exceeds the level of 2/3VCC, the output of the
comparator I goes high which resets the flip-flop so the output Q of the flip flop becomes
low and becomes high. The cycle continues which gives a square wave at the output (pin
3) and charging and discharging wave form across capacitor (pin 2&6).
Procedure:
1. Check the components.
2. Setup the symmetric astable multivibrator circuit on the breadboard and check the
connections.
3. Switch on the power supply.
4. Observe output and capacitor voltage on different channels of the oscilloscope
simultaneously.
5. Draw the waveforms on the graph.
6. Measure the frequency of oscillation and duty cycle .
7. Repeat the procedures for asymmetric astable multivibrator.
Result: Designed the monostable multivibrator by using IC555 and graphs has been plotted.
Aim: To design and setup a Schmitt trigger, plot the input output waveforms and measure
VUT and VLT.
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
hysteresis. Hysteresis avoids false triggering of the circuit by noise. Hysteresis curve is the
plot of Vo versus Vin . Schmitt trigger circuit is used to convert any irregular wave into
square wave.
Procedure:
Observations:
Result: Generated and plotted the input output waveforms of Schmitt trigger.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic circuits where a regulated power
supply is required due to their ease of use and low cost. IC 7805 has a 5volt output.The78xx
series are positive voltage regulator, while 79xx devices are negative voltage regulators. IC
7805 has 3 terminals.7805 can deliver up to 1.5A current. The device may get damaged if there
is any deviation from the rated voltage, A regulated power supply is very much essential for
several electronics devices. The AC power gets converted into constant DC by this circuits. The
circuit is made up of linear voltage regulator 7805 along with capacitors and resistors with a full
wave rectifier. A regulator is employed with capacitor connected in parallel to the input terminal
and the output terminal. The capacitor C2 is bypass capacitor and is employed to bypass
extremely tiny duration spikes to ground. C1 is the filter capacitor employed in the circuit to
steady the slow alterations in the voltage.
Procedure:
1. Check all the components
2. Set up circuit on the breadboard and check the connections
3. Switch on the AC supply
4. Measure input AC and output DC voltages using multimeter.
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Aim: To set up a low voltage regulator using IC723 and plot the regulation characteristics.
Apparatus:
Circuit Diagram:
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
Theory:
Type 723 is the most versatile of the monolithic voltage regulators. It can be used to
provide high and low positive regulated voltages .Current can be boosted to provide 5A or more.
It has short circuit protection. The input voltage of IC723 vary from 9.5V to 40V and provide
output voltage from 2V to 37V.
IC 723 regulator has two separate sections. One section provides a fixed voltage of 7.15v at the
terminal Vref, other section consists of an error amplifier. These two sections are not internally
connected. For constructing low voltage regulator using 723, Vref point is connected through a
resistance to the non-inverting terminal and the output is feedback to the inverting terminal of
the error amplifier. If the output voltage becomes low, the voltage at the inverting terminal of
error amplifier also goes down. Thus make the output of the error amplifier become more
positive, there by driving transistor more into conduction. This reduces the voltage across
transistor and drives more current into the load, causing voltage across the load to increase.
Thus the initial decrease in the load voltage is compensated.
Similarly any increase in the load voltage gets regulated.
Procedure:
1. Check all the components
2. Set up circuit on the breadboard and check the connections
3. Switch on the power supply
4. Vary the input dc voltage and measure the input and output voltages using voltmeter
5. Vary the load resistance potentiometer and measure output voltage and current
6. Plot line regulation and load regulation characteristics on the graph
7. Calculate percentage load regulation
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam - 501 510, Hyderabad
Department of Electronics and Communication
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