The hologram on the front cover of this volume and the

EDQM Publication ID (EPID) given below certify that the

publication you have purchased is legally licensed from
the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines &
HealthCare (EDQM), Strasbourg, France. In order to benefit
from our user support, or if you have any concerns about the
authenticity of this publication, please visit our website
http://www.edqm.eu
where you can register your copy and validate the EPID
number.

┌ ┐

┐ ┌

Printed on acid-free paper by Druckerei C. H. Beck, Nördlingen (Germany)

 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6th EDITION
published 16 July 2007
replaces the 5th Edition on 1 January 2008
Volumes 1 and 2 of this publication 6.0 constitute the 6th Edition of the European Pharmacopoeia. They will be
complemented by non-cumulative supplements that are to be kept for the duration of the 6th Edition. 2 supplements
will be published in 2007 and 3 supplements in each of the years 2008 and 2009. A cumulative list of reagents will be
published in supplements 6.4 and 6.7.
If you are using the 6th Edition at any time later than 1 April 2008, make sure that you have all the published
supplements and consult the index of the most recent supplement to ensure that you use the latest versions of the
monographs and general chapters.

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA - ELECTRONIC VERSION

The 6th Edition is also available in an electronic format (CD-ROM and online version) containing all of the
monographs and general chapters found in the printed version. With the publication of each supplement the
electronic version is replaced by a new, fully updated, cumulative version.
In addition to the official English and French online versions, a Spanish online version is also available for the
convenience of users.

PHARMEUROPA
Quarterly Forum Publication
Pharmeuropa contains preliminary drafts of all new and revised monographs proposed for inclusion in the European
Pharmacopoeia and gives an opportunity for all interested parties to comment on the specifications before they
are finalised. Pharmeuropa also contains information on the work programme and on certificates of suitability to
monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia issued by the EDQM, and articles of general interest. Pharmeuropa
is available on subscription from the EDQM. The subscription also includes Pharmeuropa Bio and Pharmeuropa
Scientific Notes (containing scientific articles on pharmacopoeial matters). Pharmeuropa Online is also available as a
complementary service for subscribers to the printed version of Pharmeuropa.

INTERNATIONAL HARMONISATION
See the information given in chapter 5.8. Pharmacopoeial Harmonisation.

WEBSITE
http://www.edqm.eu
http://www.edqm.eu/store (for prices and orders)

HELPDESK
To send a question or to contact the EDQM, use the HELPDESK, accessible through the EDQM website (visit
http://www.edqm.eu/site/page_521.php).

KNOWLEDGE
Consult KNOWLEDGE, the new free database at http://www.edqm.eu to obtain information on the work programme
of the European Pharmacopoeia, the volume of Pharmeuropa and of the European Pharmacopoeia in which a text
has been published, trade names of the reagents (for example, chromatography columns) that were used at the time
of the elaboration of the monographs, the history of the revisions of a text since its publication in the 5th Edition,
reference chromatograms, the list of reference standards used, and the list of certificates granted.

COMBISTATS
CombiStats is a computer program for the statistical analysis of data from biological assays in agreement with
chapter 5.3 of the 6th Edition of the European Pharmacopoeia. For more information, visit the website
(http://www.edqm.eu/combistats).
 KEY TO MONOGRAPHS

Carbimazole EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Version date of the text 01/2008:0884 of this solution to 10.0 ml with a mixture of 20 volumes
corrected 6.0 of acetonitrile R and 80 volumes of water R.
CARBIMAZOLE Reference solution (b). Dissolve 5.0 mg of thiamazole R
Text reference in a mixture of 20 volumes of acetonitrile R and
number 80 volumes of water R and dilute to 10.0 ml with
Carbimazolum the same mixture of solvents. Dilute 1.0 ml of this
Modification to be taken solution to 100.0 ml with a mixture of 20 volumes of
into account from the acetonitrile R and 80 volumes of water R.
publication date of Column:
volume 6.0
– size: l = 0.15 m, Ø = 3.9 mm,
C7H10N2O2S – stationary phase: octadecylsilyl silica gel for
CAS number [22232-54-8] Mr 186.2 chromatography R (5 µm).
Mobile phase: acetonitrile R, water R (10:90 V/V).
DEFINITION
Flow rate: 1 ml/min.
Chemical name Ethyl 3-methyl-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-1-
in accordance carboxylate. Detection: spectrophotometer at 254 nm.
with IUPAC Content: 98.0 per cent to 102.0 per cent (dried substance). Injection: 10 µl.
nomenclature CHARACTERS Run time: 1.5 times the retention time of carbimazole.
rules
Appearance: white or yellowish-white, crystalline powder. Retention time: carbimazole = about 6 min.
Solubility: slightly soluble in water, soluble in acetone and System suitability: reference solution (a):
in ethanol (96 per cent). – resolution: minimum 5.0 between the peaks due to
Application of the impurity A and carbimazole.
first and second IDENTIFICATION
identification is First identification: B. Limits:
defined in the Second identification: A, C. – impurity A: not more than 0.5 times the area of the
principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with

N
General Notices
A. Melting point (2.2.14): 122 °C to 125 °C. reference solution (b) (0.5 per cent),
(chapter 1)
B. Infrared absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24).
E
– unspecified impurities: for each impurity, not more

M
than 0.1 times the area of the principal peak in the

I
Preparation: discs.
chromatogram obtained with reference solution (b)

C
Reference Comparison: carbimazole CRS. (0.10 per cent).

E
standard available C. Thin-layer chromatography (2.2.27). Loss on drying (2.2.32): maximum 0.5 per cent,

SP
from the Test solution. Dissolve 10 mg of the substance to be determined on 1.000 g by drying in a desiccator over
Secretariat examined in methylene chloride R and dilute to 10 ml diphosphorus pentoxide R at a pressure not exceeding
(see www.edqm.eu) with the same solvent. 0.7 kPa for 24 h.
Reference solution. Dissolve 10 mg of carbimazole CRS Sulphated ash (2.4.14): maximum 0.1 per cent,
in methylene chloride R and dilute to 10 ml with the determined on 1.0 g.
same solvent. ASSAY
Plate: TLC silica gel GF254 plate R. Dissolve 50.0 mg in water R and dilute to 500.0 ml
Reagents described Mobile phase: acetone R, methylene chloride R with the same solvent. To 10.0 ml add 10 ml of dilute
in chapter 4 (20:80 V/V). hydrochloric acid R and dilute to 100.0 ml with water R.
Measure the absorbance (2.2.25) at the absorption
Application: 10 µl. maximum at 291 nm.
Development: over a path of 15 cm. Calculate the content of C7H10N2O2S taking the specific
Further Drying: in air for 30 min. absorbance to be 557.
information
Detection: examine in ultraviolet light at 254 nm. IMPURITIES
available on
www.edqm.eu Results: the principal spot in the chromatogram Specified impurities: A.
obtained with the test solution is similar in position Other detectable impurities (the following substances
(KNOWLEDGE) and size to the principal spot in the chromatogram would, if present at a sufficient level, be detected by one
obtained with the reference solution. or other of the tests in the monograph. They are limited
by the general acceptance criterion for other/unspecified
Reference to a TESTS impurities and/or by the general monograph Substances
general chapter Related substances. Liquid chromatography (2.2.29). for pharmaceutical use (2034). It is therefore not
necessary to identify these impurities for demonstration
Test solution. Dissolve 5.0 mg of the substance to be of compliance. See also 5.10. Control of impurities in
Line in the examined in 10.0 ml of a mixture of 20 volumes of substances for pharmaceutical use): B.
margin acetonitrile R and 80 volumes of water R. Use this
indicating solution within 5 min of preparation.
where part of ❚
❚ Reference solution (a). Dissolve 5 mg of thiamazole R and
the text has ❚ 0.10 g of carbimazole CRS in a mixture of 20 volumes of
❚
❚
been modified acetonitrile R and 80 volumes of water R and dilute to
(technical 100.0 ml with the same mixture of solvents. Dilute 1.0 ml A. 1-methyl-1H-imidazole-2-thiol (thiamazole),
modification)

See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts
 IMPORTANT NOTICE
GENERAL MONOGRAPHS
The European Pharmacopoeia contains a number of general monographs covering classes of products. These general
monographs give requirements that are applicable to all products in the given class or, in some cases, to any product in the
given class for which there is a specific monograph in the Pharmacopoeia (see 1. General Notices, General monographs).
Where no restriction on scope of a general monograph is given in a preamble, it is applicable to all products in the class
defined, irrespective of whether there is an individual monograph for the product in the Pharmacopoeia.
Whenever a monograph is used, it is essential to ascertain whether there is a general monograph applicable to the product
in question. The general monographs listed below are published in the section General Monographs (unless otherwise
stated). This list is updated where necessary and republished in each Supplement.

Allergen products (1063)

Dosage Forms monographs
(published in the Dosage Forms section)
Essential oils (2098)
Extracts (0765)
Herbal drug preparations (1434)
Herbal drugs (1433)
Herbal drugs for homoeopathic preparations (2045)
(published in the Homoeopathic Preparations section)
Herbal teas (1435)
Homoeopathic preparations (1038)
(published in the Homoeopathic Preparations section)
Immunosera for human use, animal (0084)
Immunosera for veterinary use (0030)
Methods of preparation of homoeopathic stocks and potentisation (2371)
(published in the Homoeopathic Preparations section)
Monoclonal antibodies for human use (2031)
Mother tinctures for homoeopathic preparations (2029)
(published in the Homoeopathic Preparations section)
Products of fermentation (1468)
Products with risk of transmitting agents of animal spongiform encephalopathies (1483)
Radiopharmaceutical preparations (0125)
Recombinant DNA technology, products of (0784)
Substances for pharmaceutical use (2034)
Vaccines for human use (0153)
Vaccines for veterinary use (0062)
Vegetable fatty oils (1579)
 Members of the European Pharmacopoeia Commission: Austria, Belgium,
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
‘the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia’, Turkey, United Kingdom and
the European Union.
Observers to the European Pharmacopoeia Commission: Albania, Algeria,
Australia, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, China, Georgia, Israel, Madagascar, Malaysia,
Morocco, Republic of Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Senegal, Syria, Tunisia,
Ukraine, United States of America and WHO (World Health Organisation).

How to contact us
Information and orders Internet: http://www.edqm.eu
European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM)
Council of Europe - 7 allée Kastner
CS 30026, F-67081 STRASBOURG, FRANCE
Tel: +33 (0)3 88 41 30 30*
Fax: +33 (0)3 88 41 27 71*
*Do not dial 0 if calling from outside of France

Correspondence ............................................... Via the online HELPDESK (http://www.edqm.eu/site/page_521.php)

How to place an order
Publications ............................................................................................................................... http://www.edqm.eu/store
Reference standards .......................................................................................................................... http://www.edqm.eu
Reference standards online order form .................................................. http://www.edqm.eu/site/page_649.php
Further information, including answers to the most frequently asked questions regarding ordering, is available via the
HELPDESK.
All other matters ...............................................................................................................................info@edqm.eu
All reference standards required for application of the monographs are available from the EDQM. A catalogue of reference
standards is available on request; the catalogue is included in the Pharmeuropa subscription; it can also be consulted on the
EDQM website.
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA
SIXTH EDITION
Volume 1
 EUROPEAN
PHARMACOPOEIA
SIXTH EDITION
Volume 1

Published in accordance with the

Convention on the Elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia
(European Treaty Series No. 50)

Council of Europe
Strasbourg
The European Pharmacopoeia is published by the Directorate for the Quality of
Medicines & HealthCare of the Council of Europe (EDQM).

© Council of Europe, 67075 Strasbourg Cedex, France - 2007

All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study,
this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means
without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.

ISBN: 978-92-871-6054-6

Printed in Germany by Druckerei C. H. Beck, Nördlingen

 CONTENTS
VOLUME 1
I. PREFACE i
II. INTRODUCTION v
III. EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA COMMISSION ix
IV. CONTENTS OF THE SIXTH EDITION xvii
Errata xxx
GENERAL CHAPTERS
1. General Notices 1
2. Methods of Analysis 11
2.1. Apparatus 13
2.2. Physical and physicochemical methods 19
2.3. Identification 101
2.4. Limit tests 109
2.5. Assays 135
2.6. Biological tests 153
2.7. Biological assays 207
2.8. Methods in pharmacognosy 247
2.9. Pharmaceutical technical procedures 261
3. Materials for Containers and Containers 335
3.1. Materials used for the manufacture of containers 337
3.2. Containers 371
4. Reagents 389
5. General Texts 521
GENERAL MONOGRAPHS 677
MONOGRAPHS ON DOSAGE FORMS 715
MONOGRAPHS ON VACCINES FOR HUMAN USE 755
MONOGRAPHS ON VACCINES FOR VETERINARY USE 857
MONOGRAPHS ON IMMUNOSERA FOR HUMAN USE 963
MONOGRAPHS ON IMMUNOSERA FOR VETERINARY USE 971
MONOGRAPHS ON RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS 979
MONOGRAPHS ON SUTURES FOR HUMAN USE 1043
MONOGRAPHS ON SUTURES FOR VETERINARY USE 1055
MONOGRAPHS ON HOMOEOPATHIC PREPARATIONS 1063

VOLUME 2
MONOGRAPHS 1085
INDEX 3261

Note : on the first page of each chapter/section there is a list of contents.

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Preface

I. PREFACE
The European Pharmacopoeia was inaugurated in 1964 and official government laboratory scientists represents the
through the Convention on the Elaboration of a European pinnacle of scientific co-operation to produce a high standard
Pharmacopoeia under the auspices of the Council of Europe. of technical monographs and chapters. The current edition
The 6th Edition of the European Pharmacopoeia is published will contain in excess of two-thousand monographs, each of
at a time coinciding with the 43rd Anniversary of the which has gone through the painstaking elaboration and/or
Pharmacopoeia Convention and marks the occupation of the revision process ultimately directed by the Commission and
new purpose-designed headquarters building of the EDQM, subject to extensive and transparent public consultation
the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & through the medium provided by Pharmeuropa, the
HealthCare, in Strasbourg. The work of the Pharmacopoeia quarterly publication of the EDQM. Furthermore, the
has gone through a remarkable development, from the early technical requirements adopted by the Pharmacopoeia
publications of the 1st Edition to the strong position of the 4th, Commission are based upon a unanimous decision-making
5th and 6th Editions that follow the current three-year cycle process – each Member State of the Pharmacopoeia
of publication with intermittent thrice-yearly supplements. Commission has the right to veto, should they choose to
The monographs of the Pharmacopoeia, both specific and exercise it.
general, together with other texts made mandatory by virtue The eight founder countries of the Convention realised
of reference in monographs, are applicable throughout the in 1964 that manufacturing and quality control standards
37 Member States including the European Union itself, for medicinal products on the European market had
which is also a signatory to the European Pharmacopoeia to be harmonised for reasons of public health and to
Convention. This means that the European Pharmacopoeia facilitate the free movement of medicines. Since 1964,
holds a special place in the regulatory processes within the the pharmaceutical world has changed radically and
European Union, its text being made mandatory or given the market for medicinal products has become global.
‘mandatory’ applicability by virtue of reference in European Accordingly, international harmonisation among the
Council Directives. In addition to the 37 signatories to the three major pharmacopoeias of the world, the European
European Pharmacopoeia Convention, there are also a large Pharmacopoeia, the Japanese Pharmacopoeia and the United
number (20) of observer countries. Consequently, the quality States Pharmacopoeia, has been in progress since 1990
standards developed through the Pharmacopoeia have an when the Pharmacopoeial Discussion Group was set up to
impact on the quality of medicinal products and substances co-ordinate the harmonisation work. In the first years, the
used across a large part of the globe. work was focused on the harmonisation of monographs
Since the 5th Edition (2004), the European Pharmacopoeia on widely used excipients. In the absence of harmonised
in paper copy has had to be lodged in a two-volume set general methods this was a difficult task, which has now
for simple practical reasons. The 6th Edition will become been speeded up by ‘harmonisation by attribute’, meaning
effective on 1 January 2008 and be augmented with eight that there may be tests that cannot be fully harmonised
supplements, three per annum, implementing on a rapid before the general method concerned is harmonised. At
basis the decisions of interim meetings of the European the stage where the monographs are harmonised, detailed
Pharmacopoeia Commission. This flexible publication information will be provided in the monograph and in the
schedule has allowed a shortening of the time span between general chapter 5.8. Pharmacopoeial harmonisation,
adoption of monographs by the Commission and their which is devoted to information on international
publication and official status. This reduced time span harmonisation. In recent years, harmonisation of a wide
becomes possible only due to the very flexible attitude of range of general methods has been in progress, partly
those countries that make national translations of those because of the impact from the International Conference
European Pharmacopoeia monographs, which are published on Harmonisation (ICH) and in particular the work of its
bilingually by the European Pharmacopoeia only in its guideline on specification-setting (Q6A). Implementation
working languages of English and French. The European in the Pharmacopoeia of harmonised general methods,
Pharmacopoeia is of course also available in CD-ROM for example for a dosage form specification, needs careful
format as well as electronically online. Electronic versions consideration however, because the specification must
are becoming increasingly popular and therefore tend to be met by products already on the market as well as new
dictate the way the Pharmacopoeia is produced to meet products submitted to the regulatory process.
modern expectations. The three-year publication schedule The European Pharmacopoeia Commission supports
that began with the 4th Edition continues with this current strongly the international harmonisation initiative. It is not
edition and will be the pattern set for the foreseeable the harmonisation work itself that gives rise to the greatest
future. By this process the stability and flexibility of the problems, rather the implementation, which has to be
publication schedule is maximised and the publication decided by mutual agreement with the European regulatory
remains user-friendly. authorities. In response the links between the European
Elaboration and approval of monographs and other Pharmacopoeia Commission and European regulators have
texts proceeds through an efficient and transparent, been steadily strengthened during the years, as have the
smooth-running process, based on scientific co-operation links with the pharmaceutical manufacturers and their
between the members of the various Groups of Experts and associations. The European Pharmacopoeia has a particular
Working Parties assigned by the European Pharmacopoeia statutory role in the EU Medicines legislative system,
Commission, the governing body of the Pharmacopoeia. which helps to strengthen the harmonisation initiative,
These experts give of their time, expertise and experience notwithstanding that the Pharmacopoeia has an audience
to produce the highest-level quality standards available to wider than the EU Member States.
the public, standards that are continually revised in line The growing number of monographs on pharmaceutical
with scientific developments. This co-operation between substances and the need to keep them updated means
the experts from industry, academia, regulatory authorities an increased workload for the Groups of Experts. There

i
Preface EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

continues to be a need for more experts with access to The next step was the revision of monographs to ensure that
experimental facilities as permanent members of the Groups they contain related substances tests and lists of specified
of Experts or as members on an ad hoc basis. In addition to and other detectable impurities. Monographs containing
the reorganisation of the system of Groups of Experts and a related substances test based on TLC are being revised
Working Parties, the working procedures for the elaboration and the work will thus proceed during the coming years.
of monographs have also been expanded to four different Hopefully, these revisions can be completed during the
procedures. publication of the 6th Edition. In the meantime, users of the
— Procedure 1, the traditional elaboration by Groups of Pharmacopoeia must consult the new general chapter 5.10
Experts. on impurity control for the interpretation of monographs
— Procedure 2, adaptation of national monographs. published in the past and therefore adapted to a style that
has now been changed as described above. Users can in
— Procedure 3, applying to substances produced by addition find information on representative chromatograms,
only one manufacturer, usually close to patent expiry. reagents and columns used in drafting the monographs on
In this procedure, the manufacturer and national the EDQM Knowledge database.
pharmacopoeial authority in the country where the
substance is produced carry out the preliminary drafting The aim of the revisions is to ensure that the related
stages and check the requirements experimentally. The substances tests and impurity lists reflect the purity of
draft is then reviewed by a Working Party and processed pharmaceutical substances authorised for the European
in the usual way by public enquiry. market. The goal cannot be met without close collaboration
with the registration authorities and consultations
— Procedure 4, a modified version of Procedure 3,
regarding the specifications for impurities. A procedure
introduced by the Commission in 2002 to further
for co-operation with the CHMP/CVMP Quality Working
streamline the process. Procedure 4 involves
Party has been established, which has contributed to
collaboration between the manufacturer of the substance
ensuring the validity of monographs. The Certification of
and the EDQM to prepare a draft monograph with
Suitability of Monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia
experimental checking by the EDQM laboratory before
can also be a valuable source of information on the purity
publication for public enquiry.
of pharmaceutical substances. The procedure is, however,
A Working Party has been set up to supervise this process confidential and will be kept so. In cases where a new
and prepare the draft monographs in the usual way, but impurity is present and calls for revision of the monograph,
with the ability to have direct collaboration between the this can be done only when the manufacturer agrees to
manufacturer and the EDQM laboratory in refining the provide the relevant Group of Experts with the information
experimental method. This results in rapid preparation required for updating.
of monographs on substances still under patent. The
collaboration with innovators and manufacturers of such Since the 5th Edition of the European Pharmacopoeia,
active substances established in recent years has proved a number of excipient monographs have contained
to be very successful. a non-mandatory section on functionality-related
characteristics (FRCs). The aim of this section is to
For the 6th Edition, the normal procedures now used for
provide users with a list of physical and physicochemical
production of monographs are in effect Procedures 1 and 4,
characteristics that are critical to the typical uses of the
since the processes of adaptation of national monographs
concerned excipient, and to provide the general methods
and the Procedure 3 route have been largely exhausted
required to assess these characteristics. The section does
and the work done through these two procedures is largely
not necessarily give acceptance criteria for the concerned
complete.
properties ; this is usually left as an option for labelling
The codified European Directives 2001/83/EC by the manufacturers and, where specified, the values
and 2001/82/EC as amended, on medicines for human and are indicative only. This development is in line with the
veterinary use, maintain the mandatory character of the policy of the European Pharmacopoeia Commission to
European Pharmacopoeia monographs in the preparation make monographs and other texts appropriate to the needs
of dossiers for marketing authorisation of medicines. It is of regulatory authorities and manufacturers of starting
therefore essential that the monographs of the European materials and medicinal products. The intention is to provide
Pharmacopoeia be updated to keep pace with product manufacturers of excipient materials and manufacturers
development, with scientific progress, and with regulatory of medicinal products a ‘common language’ to facilitate
requirements. In the field of active pharmaceutical the establishment of product-specific specifications, and to
substances, the European Pharmacopoeia Commission provide regulators with data generated by methods that have
has decided that the principles and terminology of the been independently assessed.
revised ICH Q3A impurity testing guideline Impurities
in new drug substances should as far as possible be Over the last three years the European Pharmacopoeia
implemented in the monographs on active substances, both Commission has developed this work by drafting sections on
new and already published. A change in terminology has FRCs in monographs on excipients available in more than
been introduced in the Impurities section of monographs one physical grade. Introduction of the concept of FRCs
published since Supplement 4.6, where the term ‘specified presupposes that the relevant general methods are available
impurities’ is used for impurities that have defined individual in the Pharmacopoeia. The European Pharmacopoeia
acceptance criteria. A revision of the general monograph Commission has therefore established a Working Party
Substances for pharmaceutical use (2034) was also on FRCs to investigate the need for general methods for
presented in the 5th Edition to implement the threshold controlling these properties and to collaborate with the
values of the revised ICH guideline Q3A (R) for reporting, Working Party on powder-characterisation methods. The
identification and qualification of organic impurities in active provision of the necessary general methods, for example in
substances. For the 5th Edition a new chapter, 5.10. Control the field of powder characterisation, has also been included
of impurities in substances for pharmaceutical use, was in international harmonisation among the pharmacopoeias.
developed with great assistance from the chairs of the Furthermore, a general chapter on FRCs has been developed
chemical Groups of Experts and other experts from the and published in Pharmeuropa for incorporation into the
Commission, and by consultations of the Groups of Experts. 6th Edition.

ii
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Preface

A general chapter on viral safety has been published by all the reference standards needed to allow the requirements
the European Pharmacopoeia, intending to reinforce the in the monographs to be tested. The prompt publication of
need for all substances of human or animal origin to the Pharmacopoeia main volumes and Supplements and
demonstrate freedom from the possibility of contamination the online electronic version is possible only because of
by viruses by careful control of starting materials and professionalism, dedication and hard work by the staff of
manufacturing process conditions. In completing the work the EDQM Secretariat.
on the preparation of this general chapter, the EDQM Along with the growing size of the European Pharmacopoeia
greatly appreciates the input of the European Medicines and its adjustment to the regulatory process, the use of the
Agency (EMEA) in its very substantial contribution. This Pharmacopoeia and its interpretation has become rather
general chapter (5.1.7) was published in the final supplement complex. The journal of the European Pharmacopoeia,
to the 5th Edition and emphasises the importance of carrying Pharmeuropa, is a valuable source of information. General
out a risk assessment on viral safety of materials of human chapters for information will continue to appear in the
or animal origin. In turn, a number of general monographs Pharmacopoeia during the publication of the 6th Edition as a
covering allergens, extracts, immunosera, monoclonal result of the international harmonisation efforts and because
antibodies, products of recombinant DNA technology, the European Pharmacopoeia Commission has agreed on
vaccines and substances for pharmaceutical use generally are the elaboration of other chapters for information. During the
cross-referring to this chapter on viral safety to re-emphasise past few years, the staff at the EDQM have offered training
the importance of this attribute. courses to users of the Pharmacopoeia. The Commission is
During 2005, the EDQM held a very useful symposium on grateful to the EDQM for having taken this initiative, which
traditional Chinese (and other ethnic) medicines, which also strengthens the role of the Pharmacopoeia and the
was set up to consider the possibility of preparing quality links to its users. The links to users of the Pharmacopoeia
standards to deal with such substances and to develop a are also strengthened by the frequent workshops and
new role for the European Pharmacopoeia in this area. conferences organised by the EDQM. This activity is highly
Based on some very useful suggestions from the seminar, valued by the Commission as it gives the opportunity to
it was agreed that the two herbal medicinal products Commission members to exchange viewpoints and to discuss
Groups of Experts (Groups 13A and 13B) would be asked new developments with experts from authorities, industry
to prepare draft monographs based on the information and academia. The EDQM website is another valuable source
that was already available in some Member States where of information on the work programme and other activities
national monographs on such substances were available or of the Commission, its Groups and the EDQM, with both the
under preparation, and also taking into consideration the Knowledge Database and the HelpDesk, which provides a
very useful collaboration that had been established with question and answer service.
the Chinese Pharmacopoeia authorities. The first of these
TCM monographs are published in the 6th Edition, and it During the past three years I have had the honour and
is hoped that many more will follow to supplement the privilege to serve the European Pharmacopoeia Commission
growing importance of regulation of such substances and as its elected Chair. The task has been challenging and
their products on the European market. extremely rewarding because of the insight it has given me
into the many elements of the work that go into the drafting
Work on homoeopathic medicinal products also progressed of the quality standards that are provided by the texts of the
well during the last three years, and in particular an Pharmacopoeia. The close relationship that binds regulatory
agreement to incorporate into the Pharmacopoeia specific processes in Europe with the standards provided by the
chapters dealing with homoeopathic manufacturing methods Pharmacopoeia is essential in maintaining public health.
based on information available in existing Homoeopathic
Pharmacopoeias within Europe. As a result of this progress, I wish to thank all members of the European Pharmacopoeia
a new Working Party on homoeopathic manufacturing Commission for their support and the collaborative spirit
methods has been established and will work very closely they have displayed within and between the Sessions of
with the existing Homoeopathic Products Working Party the Commission. Together with the excellent work of the
in a renewed effort at developing meaningful standards for two vice-chairs of the Commission and the Director and
such products. Once again, the Pharmacopoeia has worked the Secretary to the Pharmacopoeia we have collaborated
closely with the Regulatory Authorities within the EU in very effectively as the Presidium to guide the work of the
attempting to achieve these goals. Commission. I sincerely thank the Presidium for their
The achievements of the European Pharmacopoeia wisdom and support during my time as Chair. The staff of
Commission during the past three years would not have the EDQM have been extremely supportive and it is clear
been possible without the participation of the great number that this work could not have been accomplished without
of experts from industry, academia and national authorities, their patience, hard work and professionalism and I owe
who have given of their time and expertise to participate in them all a debt for the collaboration and friendship they
the work of Groups of Experts and Working Parties. The have shown to me, especially in my tenure in the Chair.
Commission is indebted to all these experts whose work Finally, I wish to express my sincere thanks to the Director of
is given on a voluntary basis. The Commission is equally the EDQM, Dr Agnes Artiges, and her deputy as Secretary to
indebted to the Chairs of the Groups and Working Parties the European Pharmacopoeia Commission, Mr Peter Castle.
who have the responsibility of guiding the work through and I have long appreciated our collaboration but especially
bringing it to term according to tight time limits. The Chairs during the last three years and wish to express heartfelt
are thanked for their contributions within the Groups and thanks to both for their support to the Chair and for the
also for their advice and counsel to the Commission itself. tremendous work they are doing to develop the European
The work of the European Pharmacopoeia Commission is Pharmacopoeia and its role in the European regulatory
also totally dependent on an effective Secretariat. The role system.
of the Secretariat is to obtain and process all the information
and reports needed for the Groups of Experts, Working
Parties and for the Commission ; to undertake laboratory Dr J. Michael Morris
work to support the experts ; and to ensure the availability of Chair of the European Pharmacopoeia Commission

iii
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

iv
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Introduction

II. INTRODUCTION
The European Pharmacopoeia is prepared under the PURPOSE OF THE EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA
auspices of the Council of Europe in accordance with the The purpose of the European Pharmacopoeia is to promote
terms of the Convention on the elaboration of a European public health by the provision of recognised common
Pharmacopoeia (European Treaty Series No. 50) as amended standards for use by healthcare professionals and others
by the Protocol to the Convention (European Treaty Series concerned with the quality of medicines. Such standards are
No. 134), signed by the Governments of Austria, Belgium, to be appropriate as a basis for the safe use of medicines by
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech patients and consumers. Their existence :
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, — facilitates the free movement of medicinal products in
Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Europe ;
Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovak Republic, — ensures the quality of medicinal products and their
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, ‘the former Yugoslav components imported into or exported from Europe.
Republic of Macedonia’, Turkey, United Kingdom, and by European Pharmacopoeia monographs and other texts are
the European Union. designed to be appropriate to the needs of:
— regulatory authorities ;
The preparation of the Pharmacopoeia is the responsibility
of the European Pharmacopoeia Commission (‘the — those engaged in the control of quality of medicinal
Commission’), appointed in accordance with Article 5 products and their consitutents ;
of the above-mentioned Convention. It is composed of — manufacturers of starting materials and medicinal
delegations appointed by the Contracting Parties. Each products.
delegation consists of not more than 3 members chosen for The European Pharmacopoeia is widely used internationally.
their competence in matters within the functions of the It is the intention of the Commission to work closely with all
Commission. users of the Pharmacopoeia in order to satisfy better their
Observers from non-Member States and international needs and facilitate their co-operation. To this end improved
organisations are admitted to Sessions of the Commission procedures are being developed for obtaining advice on
in accordance with the Rules of Procedures. Observers priorities for elaborating new monographs and enhancing
are at present admitted from : Albania, Algeria, Australia, the quality of the European Pharmacopoeia.
Belarus, Brazil, Canada, China, Georgia, Israel, Kazakhstan, EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA HEADQUARTERS
Madagascar, Malaysia, Morocco, Russian Federation, The headquarters of the European Pharmacopoeia are
Senegal, Syria, Tunisia, Ukraine, United States of America situated in Strasbourg with a Scientific Secretariat, a
and the World Health Organisation. Publications and Multimedia Department and a Laboratory,
The Convention is open for signature by European countries the latter being charged, among other duties, with the
and observer status can serve to familiarise European establishment and monitoring of the reference standards
countries intending to become signatories with the needed for the monographs of the Pharmacopoeia. These
working methods of the Commission. The Commission departments are parts of the European Directorate for the
recognises that relations with countries outside Europe are Quality of Medicines & HealthCare (EDQM) of the Council
essential in view of the globalisation of the supply chain of Europe.
for pharmaceuticals. Observer status for non-European
countries helps to foster these relations by facilitating GENERAL PRINCIPLES
regulatory partnerships and the exchange of information General rules for interpretation of the texts of the European
and working documents. Pharmacopoeia are given in the General Notices. The
following information should also be noted.
The functions of the Commission established by Article 6 of The general principles applied in the elaboration of
the Convention as amended by the Protocol are : monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia are laid down
in technical guides available on the EDQM website. The
Article 6 principles applied are revised from time to time without
“Subject to the provision of Article 4 of the present complete retrospective application so that monographs
Convention, the functions of the Commission shall be : already published may not always follow the latest
recommendations, but wherever an issue with an impact on
(a) to determine the general principles applicable to the public health is identified, monographs are revised.
elaboration of the European Pharmacopoeia ;
It is recognised that general chapters are used elsewhere
(b) to decide upon methods of analysis for that purpose ; than in the monographs of the Pharmacopoeia ; in these
(c) to arrange for the preparation of and to adopt monographs circumstances users are recommended to consult the
to be included in the European Pharmacopoeia and ; relevant Technical Guide, which gives extensive information
on the application of many of the methods.
(d) to recommend the fixing of the time limits within which
General and individual monographs. The standards of the
its decisions of a technical character relating to the European
European Pharmacopoeia are represented by general and
Pharmacopoeia shall be implemented within the territories
individual monographs. The use of general monographs has
of the Contracting Parties.”
developed in recent years to provide standards that best fulfil
In accordance with the terms of the Convention, the the aims stated above and meet the needs of users. From the
Contracting Parties undertake to take the necessary 4th Edition, the scope of general monographs was extended,
measures to ensure that the monographs of the European except where otherwise stated, to cover products where there
Pharmacopoeia shall become the official standards is no individual monograph. It is now usually necessary
applicable within their respective territories. to apply one or more general monographs along with any

v
Introduction EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

individual monograph. Where a substance is subject to the on the use of a given substance in a dosage form, it may be
provisions of both a general monograph and an individual necessary for a manufacturer to ensure that a particular
monograph, the two are complementary. An individual crystalline form is used. The information given under
monograph may, exceptionally, include an exemption from Characters is intended to alert users to the need to evaluate
one or more provisions of the general monograph. this aspect during the development of a dosage form. The
Since it is not practically possible to include in each general monograph Substances for pharmaceutical use
individual monograph a cross-reference to applicable or (2034) and general chapter 5.9. Polymorphism should also
potentially applicable general monographs, cross-referencing be consulted.
has been discontinued except where it is necessary to avoid Specificity of assays. For the elaboration of monographs on
ambiguity. A list of general monographs is included in each chemical active substances, the approach generally preferred
new edition and supplement to aid users in identifying those by the Commission is to provide control of impurities
that are needed for use with an individual monograph. (process-related impurities and degradation products) via a
Use of animals. In accordance with the European well-designed Tests section, with stability-indicating methods,
Convention on the protection of animals used for rather than by the inclusion of an assay that is specific for
experimental and other scientific purposes (1986), the the active moiety. It is therefore the full set of requirements
Commission is committed to the reduction of animal of a monograph that is designed to ensure that the product
usage wherever possible in pharmacopoeial testing, and is of suitable quality throughout its period of use.
encourages those associated with its work to seek alternative Impurities. Following a review of policy on control of
procedures. An animal test is included in a monograph only impurities, a new general chapter 5.10. Control of impurities
if it has clearly been demonstrated that it is necessary to in substances for pharmaceutical use was included in
achieve satisfactory control for pharmacopoeial purposes. the 5th Edition. Together with the general monograph
Substances for pharmaceutical use (2034), it describes the
Hydrates. With the publication of the 4th Edition, the policy
policy of controlling impurities in individual monographs
on monograph titles for hydrated forms was changed. For
th and provides explanations on how the limits in the related
all monographs published for the first time in the 4 Edition
substances test should be understood.
or subsequent editions, the degree of hydration, where
applicable, is indicated in the monograph title. In previous The current general policy of the Commission is to include
editions, the policy was to indicate the degree of hydration quantitative tests for impurities in monographs. Older
only where several forms exist. If a monograph on both an monographs elaborated before the establishment of this
anhydrous and a hydrated form of a given substance are policy are the subject of a special revision programme to
published, then ‘anhydrous’ will be included in the title of introduce quantitative methods. Where a monograph does
the relevant form. In order to avoid placing an unnecessary not conform to the general policy, compliance with the
burden on manufacturers for relabelling, this policy will not general monograph Substances for pharmaceutical use
be applied retrospectively to monographs published already, (2034) will usually imply that the individual monograph
unless there is reason to believe that this is justified as a requirements need to be supplemented accordingly.
public health measure, notably for safety reasons where the Except where required for the application of the monograph,
substance contains a large proportion of water. in which case the name is followed by ‘CRS’, impurities are
not provided as reference standards nor can they be provided
Chiral substances. Monographs on chiral substances that for experimental purposes.
describe a particular enantiomer have a test to confirm
enantiomeric purity, usually by measurement of optical Chromatographic columns. As an aid to users, information
rotation. Monographs that describe racemates are, in this is made available via the website (see also Knowledge
respect, heterogeneous because of changes of policy during database, below) on chromatographic columns that have
the 3rd Edition. Older monographs do not always have been found to be satisfactory during development of
a test to show racemic character. During the course of monographs and general methods. Information is also given
rd
the 3 Edition, a test for racemic character was included on other equipment and reagents where this is considered
in all new and revised monographs on racemates, using useful. This information is given without warranty and does
measurement of optical rotation. When it was shown that not imply that other columns, equipment or reagents than
in many cases a test for optical rotation, even with narrow those specified are not suitable.
limits around zero rotation, was not necessarily sufficiently Residual solvents. The requirements for residual solvents
discriminating because of the low specific optical rotation are given in the general monograph Substances for
of the enantiomers, the Commission modified the policy pharmaceutical use (2034) and general chapter 5.4.
applied. A test for racemic character using optical rotation Residual solvents. Thus all active substances and excipients
is now included only if there is information on the specific are subject to relevant control of residual solvents, even
optical rotation of the enantiomers that indicates that such where no test is specified in the individual monograph. The
a test would be discriminating in terms of enantiomeric requirements have been aligned with the ICH guideline on
purity. If other techniques, such as circular dichroism, can this topic.
serve the intended purpose, they will be prescribed instead
of optical rotation. Medical devices. All editions of the Pharmacopoeia have
contained monographs on articles that are regarded as
Polymorphism. Where a substance shows polymorphism, medical devices. For Member States of the European Union,
this is usually stated under Characters. In general, no a unified framework for standardisation of medical devices
particular crystalline form is required in monographs ; is now provided by a Directive (93/42/EEC). Following
exceptionally, in a few monographs, the crystalline form an agreement between the various parties involved, the
required is specified, for example, via an infrared absorption Commission has decided that the monographs on medical
spectrophotometric identification test where the spectrum is devices will be deleted once standards have been developed
required to be recorded using the substance in the solid state as foreseen by the Directive. Specifications included in the
without recrystallisation, the chemical reference substance section on containers will be adapted to take account of
provided being of the required crystalline form. However, for future standards developed within the framework of the
substances other than these exceptional cases, depending Directive. The monographs on surgical sutures remain in the

vi
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Introduction

Pharmacopoeia but they have been modified to conform to these numbers were given only for reagents, where they are
the requirements of the Directive and are now to be seen as of use in locating suppliers. CAS Registry Number® is a
standards of the type foreseen there. This adaptation of the Registered Trademark of the American Chemical Society.
monographs has involved the deletion of some monographs
on specific types of sutures in favour of a more general Protected species. Monographs, notably those on herbal
approach. drugs, may cover material obtained from protected species.
Inclusion of these monographs is without prejudice to the
Homoeopathic preparations. A monograph on methods provisions for protection of these species by national and
of preparation of homoeopathic stocks and potentisation, international law.
general monographs on homoeopathic preparations,
mother tinctures for homoeopathic preparations and herbal MONOGRAPHS ON PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS
drugs for homoeopathic preparations, and individual According to the current policy of the Commission,
monographs on raw materials and stocks for homoeopathic monographs on pharmaceutical preparations are not
preparations are included in a separate section of the elaborated, with the exception of those on immunosera
European Pharmacopoeia. It is understood that when the for human use, immunosera for veterinary use, some
same substance is used in both homoeopathic and other biological preparations such as insulin preparations,
preparations then the monograph in the main body of the radiopharmaceutical preparations, vaccines for human
European Pharmacopoeia applies. use and vaccines for veterinary use. This policy has been
Functionality-related characteristics. Following a policy established since:
decision of the Commission, increased attention is being — the specifications for a given preparation are approved
given to functionality-related characteristics of excipients. A by the competent authority in light of data from
new information section has been created in the monographs. pharmaceutical development work and stability studies ;
The contents of this section do not constitute mandatory a unique specification for the dosage form of a given
requirements but the characteristics may be relevant for a active substance would therefore be inappropriate in
particular use of an excipient. The characteristics may be most instances ;
presented in different ways: — specifications for a pharmaceutical preparation depend
— citing the name only ; on factors related to the particular formulation and a
— citing the name and a suitable test method, preferably mandatory quality standard could hamper innovation
one included in the European Pharmacopoeia ; and improvement by setting acceptance criteria that are
contingent rather than essential.
— citing the name, a suitable test method and typical
values or tolerances on the stated value ; these values Harmonisation and standardisation for pharmaceutical
or tolerances are used to define a suitable grade of an preparations have so far been dealt with via the drafting
excipient for a particular use. of general dosage form monographs setting out elements
common to all preparations within the scope of the
In all cases, the method and acceptance criteria are not
monograph, and via the development of standard test
mandatory requirements but are given for guidance. The
methods used for testing of finished products. The inclusion
decision to control a functionality-related characteristic of an
of these general monographs and methods in the European
excipient remains with the pharmaceutical manufacturer and
Pharmacopoeia gives a common basis for competent
is taken with knowledge of the formulation of the product
authorities and manufacturers in the preparation and
in which it is to be used ; the method of determination,
evaluation of applications for marketing authorisation.
acceptance criteria and tolerances are determined on
a contractual basis by the user and the supplier of the Reference standards established for the assay of active
excipient. substances and excipients may be suitable for use as assay
The Commission’s aim is to highlight the need for attention standards for preparations when the conditions stated in
to functionality-related characteristics and to foster general chapter 5.12. Reference standards are fulfilled.
harmonisation of methods for their evaluation. WORK PROGRAMME
Editorial revision of monographs. During the course of The work programme (elaboration of new monographs or
the 3rd Edition, a new, improved editorial style was adopted, general chapters or revision of existing texts) is decided by
particularly for monographs on organic chemicals. New and the Commission at one of the three annual sessions. In
extensively revised monographs were generally published general, whenever two Member States express a wish to
in the new style for the 4th and 5th Editions. During the elaborate a monograph, the Commission adds the item to
5th Edition, a new, improved editorial style was adopted for the work programme. Changes to the work programme
monographs on veterinary vaccines. For the 6th Edition, are published on the EDQM website and in Pharmeuropa.
a large number of monographs published in the old style Information is also provided to industry associations
for the 5th Edition have been converted to the new style so registered with the Secretariat and to manufacturers’ liaison
that there is greater uniformity in editorial presentation. contacts. Interested parties are invited to contact the
Conversion to the new style does not affect the technical Secretariat for any items where they wish to be involved in
content of the monographs. Since the editorial revision does the work.
not affect the technical content, the changes are not tracked
by the use of lines in the margin. CERTIFICATION PROCEDURE
A procedure for the certification of suitability of monographs
Patents. The description in the European Pharmacopoeia
of the Pharmacopoeia with respect to control of the quality
of articles subject to protection by patent does not confer or
of a product from a given source has been established [see
imply any right to the use of such patents by any person or
Public Health Committee (Partial Agreement) Resolution
persons other than the proprietors of the patents concerned.
AP-CSP (99) 4 or any subsequent revision, available from
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) registry number. In the the EDQM and on its website] as an aid to the use of
6th Edition, CAS registry numbers have been included for monographs in applications for marketing authorisation.
information in monographs, where applicable, to provide The certification procedure also applies to herbal drugs,
convenient access to useful information for users. Previously herbal drug preparations and transmissible spongiform

vii
Introduction EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

encephalopathy (TSE) risk. Certificates of suitability are enquiries that are related to the use of monographs of the
issued by the EDQM only for substances produced under European Pharmacopoeia. The HelpDesk has a section of
a suitable quality system. Certificates are granted with Frequently Asked Questions that should be consulted by
respect to published monographs. Details of the operation users before submission of an enquiry.
of this scheme are available from the Secretariat and on the
EDQM website. A daily updated list of certificates granted is Implementation. The date on which monographs are to be
available online on the EDQM website, including voided or implemented is fixed by a Resolution of the Public Health
suspended certificates. Committee (Partial Agreement) of the Council of Europe,
following a recommendation by the Commission. This date
PUBLICATIONS is usually 1 year after adoption and about 6 months after
The official version of the European Pharmacopoeia publication. Where a monograph is to be implemented at a
is available in English and in French, in the form of a date earlier than the next publication date of the European
book with 3 supplements per year, and in electronic form Pharmacopoeia or a supplement, a Resolution of the Public
(online and CD-ROM). An electronic version in Spanish Health Committee gives the full text to be implemented. The
has been available since July 2006 for the convenience of text is also published in Pharmeuropa for information and
Spanish-speaking users. posted on the EDQM website as part of the Resolution.
Pharmeuropa, the European Pharmacopoeia Forum, is Revision programme. Monographs and other texts of the
published 4 times per year as an aid for the elaboration European Pharmacopoeia are revised as necessary following
of monographs and as a vehicle for information on a decision of the Commission. Revision proposals are
pharmacopoeial and related matters. Pharmeuropa Bio, published in Pharmeuropa. Proposals to revise monographs
a publication indexed by bibliographic services, includes may be submitted by a delegation, by the Chair of the
papers mainly related to the establishment of biological Commission or by the chair of a group of experts. Requests
reference preparations and validation of biological methods for revision from other parties should be submitted via
within the Biological Standardisation Programme of the the national pharmacopoeia authority of a Member State
EDQM. Pharmeuropa Scientific Notes, a publication or, where this is not possible, to the EDQM, preferably
indexed by bibliographic services, presents scientific papers via the HelpDesk. Proposals to revise monographs must
on all aspects of pharmaceutical analysis and other subjects be accompanied by sufficient data to justify the need for
relevant to the Pharmacopoeia. revision.
Website. Information on activities and many other aspects of
the European Pharmacopoeia is to be found on the EDQM COMBISTATS
website. Certain tests in monographs, particularly biological assays,
require statistical analysis of the results. The EDQM has
Knowledge database. The EDQM website provides access to developed a computer programme, CombiStats, that can be
a database containing information of various sorts related used for statistical analysis of results of biological dilution
to monographs and intended to facilitate their proper use. assays. Information on the programme, with conditions of
Information is provided on: access and use, is available on the EDQM website.
— chromatography columns used in monograph
development ; INTERNATIONAL HARMONISATION
— suppliers of reagents and equipment that may be difficult The European Pharmacopoeia is engaged in a process of
to find for some users ; harmonisation with the Japanese Pharmacopoeia and the
— the status of monographs (in development, adopted, United States Pharmacopeia, within an informal structure
published, under revision) ; referred to as the Pharmacopoeial Discussion Group (PDG).
— revisions of the monographs on a historical basis, The activities are developed in co-ordination with those
th
beginning from the 5 Edition ; of the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH).
Information on the status of harmonised texts is given
— other useful information. in general chapter 5.8. Pharmacopoeial harmonisation
HelpDesk. Many technical and other enquiries are addressed and on the PDG page of the EDQM website. Harmonised
to the EDQM by users. They should be submitted via the general chapters have a preliminary statement indicating
HelpDesk on the EDQM website. The EDQM will deal with interchangeability with the other two pharmacopoeias.

viii
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 European Pharmacopoeia Commission

III. EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA

COMMISSION
COMPOSITION OF THE COMMISSION, LIST OF EXPERTS
AND OF THE SECRETARIAT AS OF 30 NOVEMBER 2006

CHAIR AND VICE-CHAIRS Germany Ulrike HOLZGRABE

OF THE COMMISSION Dietrich KRÜGER
D. SCHNÄDELBACH
Chair Michael MORRIS

Vice-chairs Hendrick Jan DE JONG Greece Michael A. KOUPPARIS

Hilda KÖSZEGI-SZALAI Alexandra TSOKA

Hungary Hilda KÖSZEGI-SZALAI

Jozsef J. LIPTAK
MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION
Iceland Gudrun BALDURSDOTTIR
Austria Fritz LACKNER Ingolf J. PETERSEN
Andreas MAYRHOFER
Christian NOE
Ireland T.A. McGUINN
Joan O’RIORDAN
Belgium Luc ANGENOT
Jos HOOGMARTENS Italy Maurizio CIGNITTI
Paule JACQMAIN Anna FARINA
Graziella OREFICI
Bosnia and Indira SARKIC
Herzegovina Latvia Ilze BARENE
Lithuania Roma MOCKUTE
Bulgaria Svetoslav BRANCHEV
Ljuba KOSTOVA Luxembourg Jacqueline GENOUX-HAMES
Svetla BOGDANOVA Jean-Louis ROBERT

Malta Eloise BUONTEMPO

Croatia Ivana STARESINIC-SERNHORST Tonio CASSAR
Laila STEFANINI ORESIC
Netherlands Dries DE KASTE
Cyprus Louis PANAYI J.W. DORPEMA
Pieter H. VREE
Czech Republic Hana LOMSKA KOUBKOVA
Jiri PORTYCH
M. TRAVNICKOVA Norway Gunhild BRUGAARD
Valborg HOLTEN
Randi WINSNES
Denmark Steen Honoré HANSEN
Henning G. KRISTENSEN
Eva SANDBERG Portugal José Manuel CORREIA NEVES SOUSA LOBO
Domingos DE CARVALHO FERREIRA
Rui MORGADO
Estonia Signe LEITO
Juhan RUUT
Romania Daniele ENACHE
Finland Jussi HOLMALAHTI Serbia Danica AGBABA
Kaarina SINIVUO Marija MASKOVIC

France Hendrick Jan DE JONG Slovak Republic Daniel GRANCAI

An LE Ruzena MARTINCOVA
Alain NICOLAS Ladislav SOVIK

ix
European Pharmacopoeia Commission EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Slovenia Martina CVELBAR Hungary Tamas L. PAAL

Evgen TOMAZIN
Uros URLEB Ireland Mirza CATIBUSIC
Italy Francesco LA TORRE
Spain Franco FERNANDEZ GONZALEZ Agostino MACRI
Jordi RUIZ COMBALIA Loredana NICOLETTI

Sweden Lennart AKERBLOM Lithuania Rita LOKIENE

Marianne EK
Christina GRAFFNER Luxembourg M. BACKES-LIES
Netherlands Peter J.M. JONGEN
Switzerland Werner ERNI Jan Anton NORDER
Stefan MÜHLEBACH Ellen de ROOIJ-LAMME
Helena WINDEMANN

Serbia Stana MICIC

“The former Aneta DIMITROVSKA Ljiljana ZIVANOVIC
Yugoslav Tatjana PERUSEVSKA
Republic of
Slovak Republic Daniel GRANCAI
Macedonia”
Ruzena MARTINCOVA
Ladislav SOVIK
Turkey Yilmaz CAPAN
Ebru CORA
Orhan GUMRUKCUOGLU Slovenia Maja LUSIN
Barbara RAZINGER-MIHOVEC
Alex ROTAR
United Kingdom V’Iain FENTON-MAY
Gerard LEE
A. David WOOLFSON Sweden Torbjörn ARVIDSSON
Switzerland Karoline MATHYS BADERTSCHER
European Rui SANTOS IVO Andreas TRUTE
Commission Uwe VÖLKER

EMEA Riccardo LUIGETTI United Kingdom Alastair DAVIDSON

Aileen M.T. LEE
Matilda VALLENDER
ALTERNATE MEMBERS
Austria J. KURZ
Kristof LISZKA
Josef TRENKER EXPERTS
Maqbool AHMED
Belgium Jacques DE BEER Jean-Marc AIACHE
Luc DELATTRE Lennart AKERBLOM
Arnold J. VLIETINCK
Arnoud AKKERMANS
Ferhan AKTAN
Bulgaria Beyhan MUSTAFOV
Goran ALDERBORN
Czech Republic Hana BIZKOVA
Hana JUZOVA Concepcion ALONSO VERDURAS
Hansruedy ALTORFER
Denmark Sven FRØKJAER Hans Peter AMSTUTZ
Estonia Juhan RUUT Svein Rune ANDERSEN

Finland Hannele SALOMIES Murielle ANDRÉ

Véronique ANDRIEU
France Jean-Paul FOURNIER
Caroline VILAIN Luc ANGENOT
Marie-Christine ANNEQUIN
Germany Gerhard FRANZ Gunnar ANTONI
Christel C. MÜLLER GOYMANN
Rainer SEITZ Steve ARKLE
Sylvie ARMEL
Greece Evangelos PETRODASKALAKIS Beatriz ARTALEJO
A. TSANTILI-KAKOULIDOU Torbjörn ARVIDSSON

x
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 European Pharmacopoeia Commission

Wilfried ARZ Gunnar CARLIN

Nataliya Nikolaevna ASMOLOVA Sergio CAROLI
Zsuzanna AUBEL HA JDU Pilar CARRASCO SAINZ EZQUERRA
Muriel AUDIT A. J. CAWS
Sylvie AUDOLY Richard CAWTHORNE
Paolo AURELI Pierre CHAMINADE
Dieter BACHMANN Xavier CHENIVESSE
Lavina BALDAN Vivienne CHRIST
Kemal Husnu Can BASER Peter CHRISTIAN
Rudolf BAUER Maurizio CIANFRIGLIA
Alain BAYOL Juan CLARAMUNT CAMPANA
Denis BELLENOT Maria do Carmo COELHO DA COSTA ANDRADE
Susanne BELZ Laurence COLLIERE
David N. BENTLEY Pierre-Albert COMPAGNON
Joep BERGERS Stéphane CORNEN
Brita BERGH Desmond CORRIGAN
Laure BERRUEX Giordano Bruno CORSI
Serge BESSET Yves CORTEZ
Pietro BIANCHINI Maria do Céu COTA
Bohumir BIBA Martin CRNUGELJ
Hanno BINDER Catherine CUMMINS
Jean-Pierre BINDER Klaus CUSSLER
Anja BINDER Angelo Ferreira DA SILVA
Mikael BISRAT Elisabeth DADOLE
Elham BLOUET Gérard DAMIEN
Johannes BLÜMEL Jacques Christian DARBORD
Giovanni BOCCARDI Alistair G. DAVIDSON
Pierre BONNET Jacques DE BEER
Arantxa BORDAS Josep M. DE CIURANA i GAY
Nicole BORNSTEIN Hendrick Jan DE JONG
Elena BOSSU Dries DE KASTE
Harald BREIVIK Carmen DE LA MORENA CRIADO
Per O. BREMER Ellen DE ROOIJ-LAMME
Charlotte BRENIER MAUREL Berber DE VRIES
Einar M. BREVIK Paul DECLERCK
A.F. BRISTOW Clemens DECRISTOFORO
Lukas BRUCKNER Louis H.T. DEDEREN
René BRUEGGER Robert DEKKER
Peter BRUEGGER Luc DELATTRE
Christian BUCHHOLZ Reto DELLA CASA
Volker BÜHLER Joseph DEMEESTER
Marian BUKOVSKY Aysegul DEMIRTAS
Rosario BULLIDO Jan DEN HARTIGH
Jörg BUND S. DENYER
Roger BURGENER Sven DEUTSCHMANN
Kandemir CANEFE Roland DOBBELAER
Salvador CANIGUERAL Johannes DODT
François CANO Eric DOELKER

xi
European Pharmacopoeia Commission EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Jean-Michel DOGNÉ Christina GRAFFNER

Milada DOLEZALOVA Tatjana GRAFNETTEROVA
Thomas DOLL Marta GRANSTRÖM
J.W. DORPEMA Norbert GREIDZIAK
Anil DUDANI Gerhard GROHMANN
Peter DURR Kjell-Olov GRÖNVIK
Siegfried EBEL Thorsten GUMZ
Erling EHRIN Sylvie GUYOMARD-DEVANLAY
Marianne EK Klaus HABERER
Ulrich ENGEL Geertrui HAEST
Magnus ERICKSON Lilian HAMILTON
Carmen ESCRIBA Thomas HAMMERLE
Jean-Pierre ETCHEGARAY Franz-Josef HAMMERSCHMIDT
Øystein EVENSEN Steen Honoré HANSEN
Bernard M. EVERETT Paul HARGREAVES
Charles J. FALLAIS Kaare HASLOV
Gemma L.M. FEENSTRA-BIELDERS H. HÄUSLER
Rainer FENDT Mary Alice HEFFORD
V’lain FENTON-MAY Keith HELLIWELL
Rosella FERRETTI Peter HENRYS
Jennifer FLATMAN Cornelia HIPPCHEN
Ton FÖRCH François HIRSCH
Isabelle FOURASTÉ David G. HOLCOMBE
Jean-Paul FOURNIER Valborg HOLTEN
Peer Lyng FRANDSEN Ulrike HOLZGRABE
Bruno FRANK Ronald HOOGERBRUGGE
Gerhard FRANZ Jos HOOGMARTENS
Wilfried FREUDENBERG Ernö HORVATH
Urban FREY Rolf HOVIK
Florence FUCHS Anthony R. HUBBARD
Pascal FURRER Peter HUBRECHTS
Nicola FUZZATI Ronny HUEBINETTE
Rose E. GAINES DAS Lars J. HUSAGER
Maria Cristina GALLI Miia JAKAVA-VILJANEN
Didier GARONNAT Guy JAMET
Anne GAUTRAIS Armand JANSSEN
Anne GAYOT Thomas JENSEN
Andrea GAZZANIGA Jorgen Skov JENSEN
Maria Paola GERMANO Jana JERABKOVA
Philippe GERVAIS Christa JERSCH
Nicole GIBELIN Edgar JOHN
Michel GIRARD Robert JOHNSON
Christophe GIRAUD Christopher JONES
Chris T. GODDARD Peter M. JONGEN
Ulf GOERANSSON Juan Ignacio JORQUERA NIETO
Maria Jesus GOMEZ MIGUEL Mats JOSEFSON
Gianluca GOSTOLI Jan JOSEPH
Marcel GOVERDE Imre KAPUI

xii
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 European Pharmacopoeia Commission

Jan KARLSEN Andreas MAYRHOFER

Anders KARLSSON Claudine MAZURIER
Hans KEEGSTRA Marianna MECHLER BANDER
Ernst KELLER Beta MEIER
Lawrence KELLY Luis Miguel MEIRINHOS CRUZ CARDOSO SOARES
Pierre KERKHOFS Christine MELLA
Damien KERLOC’H Geerd J. MEYER
Peter KLEINEBUDDE Jacques MICHAUD
Bernhard KLIER John M. MIDGLEY
Armin KOCH Giovanni MIGLIACCIO
Brigitte KOPP Marianne MIKAELSSON
Franz KORSE Michael MILCHARD
Eniko KOSZEGI Miquel MIR
Marija KOZLOVIC Bojan MITROVIC
Eckart KRAEMER A.C. MOFFAT
Katjusa KREFT Brigitte MØLLGAARD
Henning G. KRISTENSEN Thomas MONTAG-LESSING
M. KROON Manfred MOOS
Michael KRÜGER Ana Maria MORAIS RODIGUES MARTINS
Petra KRYSTEK Carl MROZ
Harry V. KUPPERS Zenda MRVOVA
Francesco LA TORRE Hartwig MÜLLER
Fritz LACKNER B.W. MÜLLER
Pascal LAIZET Christel Charlotte MÜLLER GOYMANN
Reinhard LANGE Michael MUTZ
Mervi LANKINEN Pierre MUTZENHART
Daniel LARZUL Gabriel MUZARD
Maria Grazia LAVAGGI Vera MYSLIVCOVA
John LAVDIOTIS Eva NADAL ELDUAYEN
Aileen M.T. LEE Peter NEU
Gerard LEE Jacqueline NEVEU
Ari LEHTOLA Robin A.J. NICHOLAS
Valérie LIÈVRE Steven C. NICHOLS
Philippe LOISEAU Alain NICOLAS
Silvano LONARDI Loredana NICOLETTI
Céline LORTEAU-SOURGEN Vittorio NISTRIO
Patrick LOUIS Jochen NORWIG
Janet LUEDERT Ningur NOYANALPAN
Wim LUIJTEN Micha NUBLING
Bruce MADSEN Werner OBEXER
Daniel MALARME Susanne ODGAARD HERR
Laurent MALLET Hok Liang OEI
Warren C. MANN Rose-Marie OELANDER
George MANSVELD Edgar OHST
Andreas MARTI Bo OLSSON
Alessandro MARTINI Graziella OREFICI
D.L. MASSART Didier ORTELLI
Graça MATA Hans Peter OTTIGER

xiii
European Pharmacopoeia Commission EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Carsten OVERBALLE-PETERSEN Jordi RUIZ COMBALIA

P.L.A. OVERBEEKE Torgny RUNDLÖF
Inge OVERBY JENSEN Christoph SAAL
A. PADILLA Alain SABOURAUD
Pilar PAIS Michael SAENGER
Béatrice PANTERNE Alexandra SAFARA INVERNO
Roya PARKER M. Koray SAKAR
Berit Smestad PAULSEN Paula SALMIKANGAS
Carol PENNING Piero A. SALVADORI
Ivan PENUELAS Eva SANDBERG
J.M. PERSON Olivier SAPERAS
Alain PETIT Gabriele SCHÄFFNER
Andreas PFENNINGER Marjolijn SCHALK
Jean-Paul PICAULT J. J. SCHEFFER
Roger D. PICKETT Jeannot SCHELCHER
Anja PISCHTIAK Heiko SCHICKEL
Daniel PISCITELLO Martin SCHIESTL
Wolfgang POHLER Heidemarie SCHINDL
Bertrand POIRIER Ernst SCHLÄFLI
Stephen POOLE Heinz SCHMITTER
Poly POPOVA Theres SCHNEIDER
Maria Joao PORTELA Dieter SCHULZ
Agustín PORTELA MOREIRA Harald SCHULZ
Juhani POSTI Volker SCHULZE
Bernard PRILLEUX M. SCHWANIG
Martin PUNZENGRUBER Jean-Marc SEIGNEURET
Joelle QUETIN-LECLERCQ Rainer SEITZ
José Carlos QUINTELA Dorothea SESARDIC
Alain RAGON Carlo SESSA
Giuseppe RAMASCHI Hanfried SEYFARTH
Eike REICH Ekrem SEZIK
Franz REIGEL Glenda SILVESTER
Joaquim José RIBAS PERDIGAO QUEIRAGO François SIMONDET
Ascensao Maria RIBEIRO FARINHA Kaarina SINIVUO
Markus RICHTER Carl Einar SJØGREN
Valérie RIDOUX Wenche SKARE
A.R. RIGNALL Helena SKOG
Hans Peter RINIKER Mikael SKOOG
Jean-Louis ROBERT Jan W.H. SMEETS
Charles G. ROBINSON Glenn SMITH
Judith ROS FUENTES William H. SMITH
Véronique ROSILIO Stein SOMMER
Ute ROSSKOPF Robert SOUSSAIN
Ales ROTAR Axel STAHLBOM
Jacques ROTGER Juerg STALDER
Hélène ROUARD Erich Andreas STOEGER
D. RUDD Borut STRUKELJ
Maria-Sol RUIZ Rainer SUCHI

xiv
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 European Pharmacopoeia Commission

Maryse SURGOT Volker WESSELY

Karl Gustav SVENSSON Eckhard WILDI
Lennart SVENSSON Elisabeth M. WILLIAMSON
Herre TALSMA Randi WINSNES
Pierre Cyril TCHORELOFF Maria WIRZ
Robin C. THORPE Bengt WITTGREN
René THURMER Bernhard WOLF
Heinz G. TOELLE David WOOD
Maria TOLLIS A.D. WOOLFSON
Rald TONJES Peter YORK
S. Yagmur TOPRAK Stephen YOUNG
Giangiacono TORRI Kaskashan ZAIDI
Daan TOUW Pilar ZAMORANO SANCHEZ
Catherine TROUBAT Max ZELLER
Keith G. TRUMAN Gijsbert ZOMER
Andrea TRUTE
Michael TÜRCK SECRETARIAT OF THE EUROPEAN
Peter TURECEK PHARMACOPOEIA COMMISSION
Michel ULMSCHNEIDER Director (European Directorate for the Quality of
Miguel Angel USERA Medicines & HealthCare)
Lars VAELDS FREDERIKSEN Agnès ARTIGES
Franz. J. VAN DE VAART
Scientific Officers (Technical Secretariat, Laboratory and
Willem G. VAN DER SLUIS Biological Standardisation)
Heim VAN DER VELDE Peter CASTLE (Secretary to the Commission)
H. VAN DOORNE
John MILLER
Hans P. VAN EGMOND
Jean-Marc SPIESER
Bernard M. VAN GENUGTEN
Stefan ALMELING
A. H. P. VAN GOMPEL
Melanie BALD
Daniel VAN GYSEGEM
Marie-Emmanuelle BEHR-GROSS
Jos VAN ROMPAY
VANNIER Elli BOUAKAZ
Philippe
Paul VARLEY Anne-Sophie BOUIN
Michel VEILLARD Karl-Heinz BUCHHEIT
Markus VEIT Emmanuelle CHARTON
Alfons VERBRUGGEN Arnold DAAS
Geert VERDONK Anne GARNIER-POIDEVIN
Christopher H. VERMAAT Brigitte JACQUEL
Michel VERT Catherine LANG
Peep VESKI Andrea LODI
Philippe VILLATTE MERCIER
Isabelle
Vassilis VIOLAKIS
Catherine MILNE
Eva VITKOVA
Ellen PEL
Arnold J. VLIETINCK
Guy RAUTMANN
G. VOLIKAKIS
Ulrich ROSE
Claude WASTIEL
Stephen WATERS Monica SORINAS JIMENO
M. WEDA Laure TACONET
Mark WEINSTEIN Lore VIGNOLI
Michael WIERER

xv
European Pharmacopoeia Commission EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Publication Public relations

Claude COUNE Caroline LARSEN-LE TARNEC
Hans-Joachim BIGALKE Fiona GILCHRIST
Itziar DOMEÑO BLAIS Expert consultants
Mehrnoosh ENSAN Marie-Thérèse BALDACINI
Christopher JARVIS Raymond BOUDET-DALBIN
Caroline MENDY Isabelle FOURASTÉ
Laurence MONTARD
The European Pharmacopoeia Commission and the
Catherine NICOLAS European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines &
Alice ROBERTS HealthCare also wishes to thank the Secretariat for their
SCHAEFFER contribution towards the publication:
Sabine
Quality & Environment Isabelle BYLINSKI
Pierre LEVEAU Anne ESPIN
Jonna SUNELL-HUET Sandra FROMWEILER
Translation Carole KNAUP
Michelle BACQUE Nadia BONTINCK
Benoît BERNARD
Rex HUISH

xvi
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Contents of the 6th Edition

IV. CONTENTS OF THE

6th EDITION
The 6th Edition consists of all texts published in the — In monographs on antibiotics, where appropriate, the
5th Edition, which may subsequently have been revised or definition mentions that the substance is a ‘semi-synthetic
corrected, and new texts. product derived from a fermentation product’ or a
‘fermentation product’.
For the information of the reader, lists are given below of
monographs and general chapters that are new, or that have — In monographs on herbal drugs, the usual limit of 2 per
been revised, corrected or deleted, and texts whose title has cent m/m for foreign matter has been moved from general
been changed for the 6th Edition. method 2.8.2. Foreign matter to the general monograph
The version date (01/2008 for volume 6.0) and the Herbal drugs (1433); this information has therefore been
reference number (4 digits for monographs and 5 digits for deleted from the specific monographs for drugs covered
general chapters) are specified above the title of each text by this general monograph.
(monographs and general chapters). The version date makes
it possible to identify the successive versions of revised texts — In monographs on herbal drugs, the reference to
in different volumes of the 6th Edition. Corrections that are identifications A and B (macroscopic and microscopic
indicated by the note ‘corrected 6.0’ under the version date descriptions) has been deleted from the Characters
are to be taken into account from the publication date of section.
the volume.
— In accordance with the general monograph Substances
For the 6th Edition, the following systematic modifications for pharmaceutical use (2034), the content of residual
have been made to the texts of the European Pharmacopoeia. solvent is taken into account for calculation of the assay
content of the substance, the specific optical rotation and
— In the test for loss on drying (2.2.32) in the monographs, the specific absorbance. This information is therefore no
the temperature range of 100-105 °C has been replaced longer indicated in the specific monographs concerned.
by 105 °C alone (as the general method states that drying
is carried out at the prescribed temperature ± 2 °C), to — The general monographs Herbal drugs (1433) and
follow the approach adopted by the Pharmacopoeial Extracts (0765) specify storage protected from light ; this
Discussion Group for pharmacopoeial harmonisation. information has therefore been deleted from the specific
— In the test for loss on ignition in the monographs, a monographs on substances and preparations covered by
temperature range has been introduced. these general monographs.

— In tests using atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic — A reference to general chapter 2.1.2. Comparative table
emission spectrometry, the precision of the limits has of porosity of sintered-glass filters has been added
been increased. whenever reference is made to ‘sintered-glass filters’.
— In the Characters section, ‘white’ has been replaced by — A reference to general chapter 2.9.12. Sieve test has been
‘white or almost white’. added whenever particle or granule size is indicated by
— In the Labelling section, it will no longer be mentioned a sieve number.
that, where appropriate, the label includes statements
that the substance is free from bacterial endotoxins, — A reference to general chapter 5.9. Polymorphism has
free from pyrogens and sterile since this information is been added to monographs in which polymorphism is
already included in the general monograph Substances mentioned.
for pharmaceutical use (2034). This also applies to the
indication of the name and the concentration of any — Where the heading ‘Other detectable impurities’ appears
added substance (excipient, antioxidant, etc.). in the Impurities section of a monograph, it is now
followed by : ‘(the following substances would, if present
— In the transparency list, letters designating an impurity at a sufficient level, be detected by one or other of
followed by ‘deleted’ will no longer be included in the the tests in the monograph. They are limited by the
monographs ; it is now permissible for the list of impurities general acceptance criterion for other/unspecified
to be discontinuous. impurities and/or by the general monograph Substances
for pharmaceutical use (2034). It is therefore not
— Where appropriate, the Chemical Abstracts Service necessary to identify these impurities for demonstration
(CAS) registration numbers are given for information in of compliance. See also 5.10. Control of impurities in
the monographs. substances for pharmaceutical use)’.
— The retention factor Rf has been replaced by the
retardation factor RF. — Many monographs have been converted to the new
editorial style, which does not entail any changes to their
— In monographs on antibiotics, the upper limit of content technical content. The list of monographs on chemical
has been increased to 102 per cent when an assay is substances and herbal drugs concerned is available on
carried out using liquid chromatography. the EDQM website.

xvii
Contents of the 6th Edition EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

A vertical line in the margin indicates where part of a text has been revised or corrected. A horizontal line in the margin
indicates where part of a text has been deleted. It is to be emphasised that these indications, which are not necessarily
exhaustive, are given for information and do not form an official part of the texts. Editorial changes are not indicated.
Individual copies of texts will not be supplied.

NEW TEXTS INCLUDED IN THE 6th EDITION

GENERAL CHAPTERS Dacarbazine (1691)
2.2.57. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission Devil’s claw dry extract (1871)
spectrometry Dextranomer (2238)
2.2.58. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry Dorzolamide hydrochloride (2359)
2.7.28. Colony-forming cell assay for human haematopoietic Felbinac (2304)
progenitor cells Fexofenadine hydrochloride (2280)
2.7.29. Nucleated cell count and viability Flavoxate hydrochloride (1692)
2.8.20. Herbal drugs : sampling and sample preparation Fluorescein (2348)
2.9.41. Friability of granules and spheroids Glycerol monocaprylate (2213)
Glycerol monocaprylocaprate (2392)
MONOGRAPHS Indinavir sulphate (2214)
The monographs below appear for the first time in the Lansoprazole (2219)
European Pharmacopoeia. They will be implemented on Macrogol 40 sorbitol heptaoleate (2396)
1 January 2008 at the latest.
Magnesium citrate, anhydrous (2339)
Vaccines for human use Methylergometrine maleate (1788)
Cholera vaccine (inactivated, oral) (2327) Microcrystalline cellulose and carmellose sodium (2050)
Vaccines for veterinary use Moxidectin for veterinary use (1656)
Rabbit haemorrhagic disease vaccine (inactivated) (2325) Norgestimate (1732)
Radiopharmaceutical preparations Notoginseng root (2383)
Fluorodopa (18F) (prepared by electrophilic substitution) Ritonavir (2136)
injection (1918) Ropivacaine hydrochloride monohydrate (2335)
Monographs Safflower flower (2386)
Bistort rhizome (2384) Vinpocetine (2139)

REVISED TEXTS IN THE 6th EDITION

GENERAL CHAPTERS Vaccines for human use
1. General notices Influenza vaccine (surface antigen, inactivated, virosome)
(2053)
2.2.17. Drop point
Vaccines for veterinary use
2.2.22. Atomic emission spectrometry
Avian infectious bursal disease vaccine (inactivated) (0960)
2.2.23. Atomic absorption spectrometry
Monographs
2.6.9. Abnormal toxicity Adenosine (1486)
4. Reagents Allopurinol (0576)
5.1.4. Microbiological quality of pharmaceutical Alteplase for injection (1170)
preparations Amitriptyline hydrochloride (0464)
5.3. Statistical analysis of results of biological assays and Ascorbyl palmitate (0807)
tests Benzbromarone (1393)
Boldo leaf (1396)
MONOGRAPHS
Calendula flower (1297)
The monographs below have been technically revised
Castor oil, hydrogenated (1497)
since their last publication. They will be implemented on
1 January 2008. Cefamandole nafate (1402)
Cefepime dihydrochloride monohydrate (2126)
General monographs Cetyl palmitate (1906)
Monoclonal antibodies for human use (2031) Chlortalidone (0546)
Substances for pharmaceutical use (2034) Cholecalciferol (0072)
Chondroitin sulphate sodium (2064)
Dosage forms Chymotrypsin (0476)
Eye preparations (1163) Clonidine hydrochloride (0477)
Rectal preparations (1145) Clozapine (1191)
Vaginal preparations (1164) Copper sulphate, anhydrous (0893)

xviii
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Contents of the 6th Edition

Copper sulphate pentahydrate (0894) Medroxyprogesterone acetate (0673)

Dalteparin sodium (1195) Metamizole sodium (1346)
Danaparoid sodium (2090) Methenamine (1545)
Diclofenac potassium (1508) Nadroparin calcium (1134)
Diclofenac sodium (1002) Nonoxinol 9 (1454)
Diethylcarbamazine citrate (0271) Noradrenaline hydrochloride (0732)
Dipyridamole (1199) Noradrenaline tartrate (0285)
Dopamine hydrochloride (0664) Oregano (1880)
Enoxaparin sodium (1097) Palmitic acid (1904)
Erythropoietin concentrated solution (1316) Pancreas powder (0350)
Etodolac (1422) Paraffin, hard (1034)
Eucalyptus leaf (1320) Parnaparin sodium (1252)
Fenofibrate (1322) Paroxetine hydrochloride, anhydrous (2283)
Fenoterol hydrobromide (0901) Paroxetine hydrochloride hemihydrate (2018)
Fluorouracil (0611) Pentaerythrityl tetranitrate, diluted (1355)
Glucagon, human (1635) Pepsin powder (0682)
Glycerol dibehenate (1427) Perindopril tert-butylamine (2019)
Gonadotrophin, chorionic (0498)
Pholcodine (0522)
Heparin calcium (0332)
Promethazine hydrochloride (0524)
Heparin sodium (0333)
Riboflavin (0292)
Heparins, low-molecular-mass (0828)
Ribwort plantain (1884)
Human albumin solution (0255)
Rice starch (0349)
Human anti-D immunoglobulin (0557)
Sodium acetate trihydrate (0411)
Human anti-D immunoglobulin for intravenous
administration (1527) Sodium calcium edetate (0231)
Human plasma for fractionation (0853) Sodium fluoride (0514)
Human prothrombin complex (0554) Sodium hyaluronate (1472)
Hyaluronidase (0912) Squalane (1630)
Hydrochlorothiazide (0394) Tinzaparin sodium (1271)
Insulin, bovine (1637) Trimipramine maleate (0534)
Insulin, porcine (1638) Trypsin (0694)
Ketorolac trometamol (1755) Urofollitropin (0958)
Lidocaine hydrochloride (0227) Urokinase (0695)
Macrogol 15 hydroxystearate (2052) Warfarin sodium (0698)
Macrogol oleate (1618) Warfarin sodium clathrate (0699)
Matricaria flower (0404) Yohimbine hydrochloride (2172)

CORRECTED TEXTS IN THE 6th EDITION

The texts below from the 5th Edition have been modified and specify ‘01/2008:XXXX-corrected 6.0’ above the title. These
modifications are to be taken into account from the publication date of the 6th Edition.
GENERAL CHAPTERS 3.1.1.1. Materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) for
2.2.20. Potentiometric titration containers for human blood and blood components
3.1.1.2. Materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl chloride)
2.4.8. Heavy metals for tubing used in sets for the transfusion of blood
2.4.15. Nickel in polyols and blood components
2.4.29. Composition of fatty acids in oils rich in omega-3 3.1.3. Polyolefines
acids 3.1.4. Polyethylene without additives for containers
2.5.12. Water : semi-micro determination for parenteral preparations and for ophthalmic
2.5.33. Total protein preparations
3.1.5. Polyethylene with additives for containers for
2.6.13. Microbiological examination of non-sterile products : parenteral preparations and for ophthalmic
test for specified micro-organisms preparations
2.7.2. Microbiological assay of antibiotics 3.1.6. Polypropylene for containers and closures for
2.7.6. Assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed) parenteral preparations and ophthalmic preparations
2.7.8. Assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) 3.1.10. Materials based on non-plasticised poly(vinyl
chloride) for containers for non-injectable, aqueous
2.8.12. Determination of essential oils in herbal drugs solutions

xix
Contents of the 6th Edition EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

3.1.11. Materials based on non-plasticised poly(vinyl Homoeopathic preparations

chloride) for containers for dry dosage forms for oral Cadmium sulphate hydrate for homoeopathic preparations
administration (2143)
3.1.14. Materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl chloride)
for containers for aqueous solutions for intravenous Common stinging nettle for homoeopathic preparations
infusion (2030)
3.1.15. Polyethylene terephthalate for containers for Copper acetate monohydrate for homoeopathic preparations
preparations not for parenteral use (2146)
3.2.2.1. Plastic containers for aqueous solutions for infusion Copper for homoeopathic preparations (1610)
3.2.9. Rubber closures for containers for aqueous Hedera helix for homoeopathic preparations (2092)
parenteral preparations, for powders and for
freeze-dried powders Hyoscyamus for homoeopathic preparations (2091)
5.2.1. Terminology used in monographs on biological Hypericum for homoeopathic preparations (2028)
products Iron for homoeopathic preparations (2026)
5.14. Gene transfer medicinal products for human use
Oriental cashew for homoeopathic preparations (2094)
Saffron for homoeopathic preparations (1624)
MONOGRAPHS
General monographs Monographs
Herbal drugs (1433) Acacia (0307)
Acacia, spray-dried (0308)
Vaccines for human use
Acamprosate calcium (1585)
Diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed) (0443)
Acebutolol hydrochloride (0871)
Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (acellular, component)
vaccine (adsorbed) (1931) Aceclofenac (1281)
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component) and Acesulfame potassium (1282)
haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine (adsorbed) (1932) Acetazolamide (0454)
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component) and Acetylcholine chloride (1485)
hepatitis B (rDNA) vaccine (adsorbed) (1933) Acetylcysteine (0967)
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component) and β-Acetyldigoxin (2168)
poliomyelitis (inactivated) vaccine (adsorbed) (1934)
Acetylsalicylic acid (0309)
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component),
hepatitis B (rDNA), poliomyelitis (inactivated) and N-Acetyltryptophan (1383)
haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine (adsorbed) (2067) N-Acetyltyrosine (1384)
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component), Acitretin (1385)
poliomyelitis (inactivated) and haemophilus type b conjugate
vaccine (adsorbed) (2065) Adenine (0800)
Haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine (1219) Adipic acid (1586)
Meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine (2112) Agar (0310)
Pertussis vaccine (acellular, component, adsorbed) (1356) Agnus castus fruit (2147)
Pertussis vaccine (acellular, co-purified, adsorbed) (1595) Agrimony (1587)
Smallpox vaccine (live) (0164) Alanine (0752)
Tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (0452) Albendazole (1386)
Alchemilla (1387)
Vaccines for veterinary use
Alginic acid (0591)
Aujeszky’s disease vaccine (live) for pigs for parenteral
administration (0745) Allantoin (1288)
Bovine parainfluenza virus vaccine (live) (1176) Almagate (2010)
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (live) (1177) Aloes, Barbados (0257)
Brucellosis vaccine (live) (Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 strain) Aloes, Cape (0258)
for veterinary use (0793) Alprazolam (1065)
Canine distemper vaccine (live) (0448) Alprenolol hydrochloride (0876)
Distemper vaccine (live) for mustelids (0449) Aluminium magnesium silicate (1388)
Feline calicivirosis vaccine (live) (1102) Aluminium oxide, hydrated (0311)
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine (live) (0696) Aluminium phosphate gel (2166)
Radiopharmaceutical preparations Aluminium phosphate, hydrated (1598)
111
Indium ( In) pentetate injection (0670) Ambroxol hydrochloride (1489)
89
Strontium ( Sr) chloride injection (1475) Amfetamine sulphate (0368)
Technetium (99mTc) macrosalb injection (0296) Amidotrizoic acid dihydrate (0873)

xx
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Contents of the 6th Edition

Amikacin (1289) Benzylpenicillin potassium (0113)

Amikacin sulphate (1290) Benzylpenicillin, procaine (0115)
Aminocaproic acid (0874) Benzylpenicillin sodium (0114)
Aminoglutethimide (1291) Betahistine dihydrochloride (1665)
Amisulpride (1490) Betahistine mesilate (1071)
Ammonium bromide (1389) Betamethasone (0312)
Ammonium chloride (0007) Betamethasone dipropionate (0809)
Ammonium hydrogen carbonate (1390) Betamethasone valerate (0811)
Amobarbital (0594) Betaxolol hydrochloride (1072)
Amobarbital sodium (0166) Bezafibrate (1394)
Amoxicillin sodium (0577) Bifonazole (1395)
Amoxicillin trihydrate (0260) Bilberry fruit, dried (1588)
Ampicillin, anhydrous (0167) Bilberry fruit, fresh (1602)
Ampicillin sodium (0578) Biotin (1073)
Ampicillin trihydrate (0168) Biperiden hydrochloride (1074)
Angelica root (1857) Birch leaf (1174)
Antazoline hydrochloride (0972) Bisacodyl (0595)
Apomorphine hydrochloride (0136) Bismuth subcarbonate (0012)
Arachis oil, hydrogenated (1171) Bismuth subgallate (1493)
Bismuth subnitrate, heavy (1494)
Arginine (0806)
Bismuth subsalicylate (1495)
Arginine aspartate (2096)
Bitter-orange flower (1810)
Arginine hydrochloride (0805)
Black horehound (1858)
Arnica flower (1391)
Bleomycin sulphate (0976)
Articaine hydrochloride (1688)
Bogbean leaf (1605)
Artichoke leaf (1866)
Borax (0013)
Ash leaf (1600)
Boric acid (0001)
Asparagine monohydrate (2086)
Bromhexine hydrochloride (0706)
Aspartame (0973)
Bromperidol (1178)
Aspartic acid (0797)
Brompheniramine maleate (0977)
Astemizole (1067)
Brotizolam (2197)
Atenolol (0703)
Buckwheat herb (2184)
Atropine (2056)
Budesonide (1075)
Atropine sulphate (0068)
Buflomedil hydrochloride (1398)
Azathioprine (0369) Bumetanide (1076)
Azelastine hydrochloride (1633) Bupivacaine hydrochloride (0541)
Bacampicillin hydrochloride (0808) Buprenorphine (1180)
Barbital (0170) Buspirone hydrochloride (1711)
Basic butylated methacrylate copolymer (1975) Butcher’s broom (1847)
Bearberry leaf (1054) Caffeine (0267)
Beclometasone dipropionate, anhydrous (0654) Caffeine monohydrate (0268)
Beclometasone dipropionate monohydrate (1709) Calcifediol (1295)
Belladonna leaf (0221) Calcitriol (0883)
Belladonna, prepared (0222) Calcium acetate (2128)
Bendroflumethiazide (0370) Calcium ascorbate (1182)
Benfluorex hydrochloride (1601) Calcium carbonate (0014)
Benperidol (1172) Calcium chloride dihydrate (0015)
Bentonite (0467) Calcium chloride hexahydrate (0707)
Benzethonium chloride (0974) Calcium folinate (0978)
Benzocaine (0011) Calcium glucoheptonate (1399)
Benzoic acid (0066) Calcium gluconate (0172)
Benzoyl peroxide, hydrous (0704) Calcium gluconate for injection (0979)
Benzylpenicillin, benzathine (0373) Calcium glycerophosphate (0980)

xxi
Contents of the 6th Edition EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Calcium hydrogen phosphate, anhydrous (0981) Chloramphenicol palmitate (0473)

Calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (0116) Chloramphenicol sodium succinate (0709)
Calcium lactate, anhydrous (2118) Chlorcyclizine hydrochloride (1086)
Calcium lactate monohydrate (2117) Chlordiazepoxide (0656)
Calcium lactate pentahydrate (0468) Chlorhexidine diacetate (0657)
Calcium lactate trihydrate (0469) Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride (0659)
Calcium levulinate dihydrate (1296) Chlorobutanol, anhydrous (0382)
Calcium pantothenate (0470) Chlorobutanol hemihydrate (0383)
Calcium phosphate (1052) Chloroquine phosphate (0544)
Calcium stearate (0882) Chlorothiazide (0385)
Calcium sulphate dihydrate (0982) Chlorphenamine maleate (0386)
D-Camphor (1400) Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (0475)
Camphor, racemic (0655) Chlorpropamide (1087)
Caprylocaproyl macrogolglycerides (1184) Cholecalciferol concentrate (oily form) (0575)
Capsicum (1859) Cholecalciferol concentrate (powder form) (0574)
Carbachol (1971) Cholecalciferol concentrate (water-dispersible form) (0598)
Carbamazepine (0543) Cimetidine (0756)
Carbasalate calcium (1185) Cimetidine hydrochloride (1500)
Carbidopa (0755) Cinchona bark (0174)
Carbocisteine (0885) Cinnarizine (0816)
Carbomers (1299) Cisapride tartrate (1503)
Carboplatin (1081) Cisplatin (0599)
Carmellose calcium (0886) Citric acid, anhydrous (0455)
Carmellose sodium (0472) Citric acid monohydrate (0456)
Carmellose sodium, low-substituted (1186) Clarithromycin (1651)
Carteolol hydrochloride (1972) Clazuril for veterinary use (1714)
Carvedilol (1745) Clebopride malate (1303)
Cascara (0105) Clemastine fumarate (1190)
Cefaclor (0986) Clindamycin hydrochloride (0582)
Cefadroxil monohydrate (0813) Clindamycin phosphate (0996)
Cefalexin monohydrate (0708) Clobazam (1974)
Cefapirin sodium (1650) Clobetasol propionate (2127)
Cefazolin sodium (0988) Clobetasone butyrate (1090)
Cefixime (1188) Clomipramine hydrochloride (0889)
Cefoperazone sodium (1404) Clonazepam (0890)
Cefoxitin sodium (0990) Clotrimazole (0757)
Cefuroxime axetil (1300) Cocaine hydrochloride (0073)
Cefuroxime sodium (0992) Codeine (0076)
Celiprolol hydrochloride (1632) Codeine phosphate hemihydrate (0074)
Cellulose acetate (0887) Codeine phosphate sesquihydrate (0075)
Cellulose acetate butyrate (1406) Cola (1504)
Cellulose acetate phthalate (0314) Colistimethate sodium (0319)
Cellulose, microcrystalline (0316) Copovidone (0891)
Cellulose, powdered (0315) Coriander (1304)
Centaury (1301) Cortisone acetate (0321)
Centella (1498) Cotton, absorbent (0036)
Cetirizine dihydrochloride (1084) Cottonseed oil, hydrogenated (1305)
Cetostearyl alcohol (type A), emulsifying (0801) Couch grass rhizome (1306)
Cetrimide (0378) Croscarmellose sodium (0985)
Cetylpyridinium chloride (0379) Crospovidone (0892)
Chamomile flower, Roman (0380) Cyanocobalamin (0547)
Charcoal, activated (0313) Cyclizine hydrochloride (1092)
Chenodeoxycholic acid (1189) Cyclopentolate hydrochloride (1093)
Chitosan hydrochloride (1774) Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate (0895)
Chlorambucil (0137) Cystine (0998)
Chloramphenicol (0071) Dapsone (0077)

xxii
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Contents of the 6th Edition

Deptropine citrate (1308) Ephedrine hydrochloride, racemic (0715)

Dequalinium chloride (1413) Equisetum stem (1825)
Desipramine hydrochloride (0481) Ergometrine maleate (0223)
Deslanoside (0482) Erythromycin (0179)
Desoxycortone acetate (0322) Erythromycin ethylsuccinate (0274)
Detomidine hydrochloride for veterinary use (1414) Erythromycin stearate (0490)
Devil’s claw root (1095) Esketamine hydrochloride (1742)
Dexamethasone (0388) Estradiol benzoate (0139)
Dexamethasone acetate (0548) Estradiol valerate (1614)
Dexchlorpheniramine maleate (1196) Estriol (1203)
Dextran 1 for injection (1506) Ethacridine lactate monohydrate (1591)
Dextromoramide tartrate (0021) Ethambutol hydrochloride (0553)
Dextropropoxyphene hydrochloride (0713) Ethinylestradiol (0140)
Diazoxide (0550) Ethionamide (0141)
Dibrompropamidine diisetionate (2300) Ethylcellulose (0822)
Diclazuril for veterinary use (1718) Etilefrine hydrochloride (1205)
Dicloxacillin sodium (0663) Etofylline (0492)
Dicycloverine hydrochloride (1197) Febantel for veterinary use (2176)
Dienestrol (0483) Felodipine (1013)
Diethylene glycol palmitostearate (1415) Fenbendazole for veterinary use (1208)
Diethylstilbestrol (0484) Fenbufen (1209)
Digitalis leaf (0117) Fentanyl (1210)
Digitoxin (0078) Fentanyl citrate (1103)
Dihydroergotamine mesilate (0551) Fenticonazole nitrate (1211)
Dihydroergotamine tartrate (0600) Fenugreek (1323)
Diltiazem hydrochloride (1004) Ferrous fumarate (0902)
Dimenhydrinate (0601) Ferrous gluconate (0493)
Dimetindene maleate (1417) Ferrous sulphate, dried (2340)
Diphenhydramine hydrochloride (0023) Feverfew (1516)
Diphenoxylate hydrochloride (0819) Finasteride (1615)
Dipotassium phosphate (1003) Flubendazole (1721)
Diprophylline (0486) Flucloxacillin sodium (0668)
Dirithromycin (1313) Fluconazole (2287)
Disodium phosphate, anhydrous (1509) Flucytosine (0766)
Disopyramide phosphate (1005) Fludrocortisone acetate (0767)
Dithranol (1007) Flumazenil (1326)
Dobutamine hydrochloride (1200) Flumequine (1517)
Dog rose (1510) Flumetasone pivalate (1327)
Domperidone (1009) Flunarizine dihydrochloride (1722)
Domperidone maleate (1008) Flunitrazepam (0717)
Dosulepin hydrochloride (1314) Flunixin meglumine for veterinary use (1696)
Doxapram hydrochloride (1201) Fluocinolone acetonide (0494)
Doxepin hydrochloride (1096) Fluocortolone pivalate (1212)
Doxycycline hyclate (0272) Fluorescein sodium (1213)
Doxycycline monohydrate (0820) Flupentixol dihydrochloride (1693)
Droperidol (1010) Flurazepam monohydrochloride (0905)
Econazole nitrate (0665) Fluspirilene (1723)
Elder flower (1217) Flutrimazole (1424)
Eleutherococcus (1419) Fosfomycin calcium (1328)
Emetine hydrochloride heptahydrate (0080) Fosfomycin sodium (1329)
Emetine hydrochloride pentahydrate (0081) Frangula bark (0025)
Enalapril maleate (1420) Fructose (0188)
Enoxolone (1511) Fumitory (1869)
Ephedrine, anhydrous (0488) Furosemide (0391)
Ephedrine hemihydrate (0489) Galactose (1215)
Ephedrine hydrochloride (0487) Gallamine triethiodide (0181)

xxiii
Contents of the 6th Edition EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Garlic powder (1216) Hyoscine butylbromide (0737)

Gelatin (0330) Hypromellose (0348)
Gentamicin sulphate (0331) Hypromellose phthalate (0347)
Ginkgo leaf (1828) Ibuprofen (0721)
Ginseng (1523) Iceland moss (1439)
Glibenclamide (0718) Ichthammol (0917)
Gliclazide (1524) Imipenem (1226)
Glipizide (0906) Imipramine hydrochloride (0029)
Glucose, anhydrous (0177) Indapamide (1108)
Glucose, liquid, spray-dried (1525) Indian frankincense (2310)
Glucose monohydrate (0178) Indometacin (0092)
Glutamic acid (0750) Insulin aspart (2084)
Glutathione (1670) Insulin, human (0838)
Glycerol monolinoleate (1429) Insulin injection, biphasic (0831)
Glycerol mono-oleate (1430) Insulin injection, biphasic isophane (0832)
Glycine (0614) Insulin injection, isophane (0833)
Goldenrod (1892) Insulin lispro (2085)
Goldenrod, European (1893) Insulin zinc injectable suspension (0837)
Goldenseal rhizome (1831) Insulin zinc injectable suspension (amorphous) (0835)
Granisetron hydrochloride (1695) Insulin zinc injectable suspension (crystalline) (0836)
Greater celandine (1861) Iopamidol (1115)
Griseofulvin (0182) Iopanoic acid (0700)
Guanethidine monosulphate (0027) Iotalamic acid (0751)
Guar (1218) Ioxaglic acid (2009)
Guar galactomannan (0908) Ipecacuanha, prepared (0093)
Haemodialysis solutions, concentrated, water for diluting Ipecacuanha root (0094)
(1167) Isoconazole (1018)
Halofantrine hydrochloride (1979) Isoconazole nitrate (1017)
Haloperidol (0616) Isoleucine (0770)
Hamamelis leaf (0909) Isoniazid (0146)
Hawthorn berries (1220) Isosorbide dinitrate, diluted (1117)
Hawthorn leaf and flower (1432) Isosorbide mononitrate, diluted (1118)
Hawthorn leaf and flower dry extract (1865) Isoxsuprine hydrochloride (1119)
Heptaminol hydrochloride (1980) Ispaghula husk (1334)
Hexamidine diisetionate (1436) Ispaghula seed (1333)
Hexobarbital (0183) Isradipine (2110)
Histamine dihydrochloride (0143) Itraconazole (1335)
Histidine (0911) Ivermectin (1336)
Histidine hydrochloride monohydrate (0910) Ivy leaf (2148)
Homatropine hydrobromide (0500) Java tea (1229)
Homatropine methylbromide (0720) Josamycin propionate (1982)
Hop strobile (1222) Kanamycin acid sulphate (0033)
Human antithrombin III concentrate (0878) Kelp (1426)
Human coagulation factor VII (1224) Ketoconazole (0921)
Human coagulation factor XI (1644) Ketotifen hydrogen fumarate (1592)
Human haematopoietic stem cells (2323) Knotgrass (1885)
Hydrocortisone (0335) Labetalol hydrochloride (0923)
Hydrocortisone acetate (0334) Lactitol monohydrate (1337)
Hydrocortisone hydrogen succinate (0768) Lactose, anhydrous (1061)
Hydromorphone hydrochloride (2099) Lactose monohydrate (0187)
Hydroxocobalamin acetate (0913) Lemon verbena leaf (1834)
Hydroxocobalamin chloride (0914) Leucine (0771)
Hydroxocobalamin sulphate (0915) Levamisole hydrochloride (0726)
Hydroxyethylcellulose (0336) Levocabastine hydrochloride (1484)
Hydroxypropylcellulose (0337) Levocarnitine (1339)
Hydroxyzine hydrochloride (0916) Levodopa (0038)
Hymecromone (1786) Levomepromazine hydrochloride (0505)

xxiv
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Contents of the 6th Edition

Levomepromazine maleate (0925) Methacrylic acid - ethyl acrylate copolymer (1:1) dispersion
Levomethadone hydrochloride (1787) 30 per cent (1129)
Levonorgestrel (0926) Methacrylic acid - methyl methacrylate copolymer (1:1)
(1127)
Levothyroxine sodium (0401)
Methacrylic acid - methyl methacrylate copolymer (1:2)
Lime flower (0957)
(1130)
Linseed (0095)
Methadone hydrochloride (0408)
Liothyronine sodium (0728)
Methaqualone (0510)
Liquorice root (0277) Methionine (1027)
Lisinopril dihydrate (1120) DL-Methionine (0624)
Lithium carbonate (0228) Methyl parahydroxybenzoate (0409)
Loosestrife (1537) Methylatropine bromide (0511)
Loperamide hydrochloride (0929) Methylatropine nitrate (0512)
Lorazepam (1121) Methylcellulose (0345)
Lovage root (1233) Methylhydroxyethylcellulose (0346)
Lynestrenol (0558) Methylphenobarbital (0189)
Lysine hydrochloride (0930) Methylprednisolone (0561)
Macrogol lauryl ether (1124) Methylprednisolone acetate (0933)
Macrogol 6 glycerol caprylocaprate (1443) Methylprednisolone hydrogen succinate (1131)
Macrogolglycerol cocoates (1122) Methyltestosterone (0410)
Magnesium acetate tetrahydrate (2035) Methylthioninium chloride (1132)
Magnesium aspartate dihydrate (1445) Metoclopramide (1348)
Magnesium carbonate, heavy (0043) Metolazone (1757)
Magnesium carbonate, light (0042) Metoprolol succinate (1448)
Magnesium chloride 4.5-hydrate (1341) Metoprolol tartrate (1028)
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0402) Metrifonate (1133)
Magnesium glycerophosphate (1446) Metronidazole (0675)
Magnesium hydroxide (0039) Miconazole nitrate (0513)
Magnesium oxide, heavy (0041) Midazolam (0936)
Magnesium oxide, light (0040) Milk-thistle fruit (1860)
Magnesium peroxide (1540) Minocycline hydrochloride dihydrate (1030)
Magnesium stearate (0229) Minoxidil (0937)
Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate (0044) Modafinil (2307)
Magnesium trisilicate (0403) Mometasone furoate (1449)
Maleic acid (0365) Morantel hydrogen tartrate for veterinary use (1546)
Malic acid (2080) Motherwort (1833)
Mallow flower (1541) Moxonidine (1758)
Maltitol (1235) Mullein flower (1853)
Maltodextrin (1542) Mupirocin (1450)
Manganese sulphate monohydrate (1543) Mupirocin calcium (1451)
Marshmallow leaf (1856) Myrrh (1349)
Marshmallow root (1126) Naftidrofuryl hydrogen oxalate (1594)
Meadowsweet (1868) Nalidixic acid (0701)
Mebendazole (0845) Naphazoline hydrochloride (0730)
Mefenamic acid (1240) Naphazoline nitrate (0147)
Megestrol acetate (1593) Naproxen (0731)
Meglumine (2055) Narrow-leaved coneflower root (1821)
Melilot (2120) Neostigmine bromide (0046)
Melissa leaf (1447) Neostigmine metilsulfate (0626)
Mepivacaine hydrochloride (1242) Netilmicin sulphate (1351)
Mepyramine maleate (0278) Nettle leaf (1897)
Mercuric chloride (0120) Nevirapine, anhydrous (2255)
Mesalazine (1699) Niclosamide, anhydrous (0679)
Mesterolone (1730) Niclosamide monohydrate (0680)
Mestranol (0509) Nicotinamide (0047)
Metformin hydrochloride (0931) Nicotinic acid (0459)
Methacrylic acid - ethyl acrylate copolymer (1:1) (1128) Nifedipine (0627)

xxv
Contents of the 6th Edition EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Nifuroxazide (1999) Phenoxymethylpenicillin (0148)

Nimesulide (1548) Phentolamine mesilate (1138)
Nimodipine (1245) Phenylalanine (0782)
Nitrazepam (0415) Phenylephrine (1035)
Nitrendipine (1246) Phenylephrine hydrochloride (0632)
Nitrofural (1135) Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride (0683)
Nitrofurantoin (0101) Phenytoin (1253)
Nizatidine (1453) Phenytoin sodium (0521)
Nomegestrol acetate (1551) Phthalylsulfathiazole (0352)
Norethisterone (0234) Physostigmine salicylate (0286)
Norethisterone acetate (0850) Physostigmine sulphate (0684)
Norfloxacin (1248) Phytosterol (1911)
Norgestrel (0940) Pilocarpine hydrochloride (0633)
Nortriptyline hydrochloride (0941) Pilocarpine nitrate (0104)
Noscapine (0516) Pimozide (1254)
Noscapine hydrochloride (0515) Pindolol (0634)
Oak bark (1887) Pipemidic acid trihydrate (1743)
Ofloxacin (1455) Piperacillin (1169)
Olive leaf (1878) Piperacillin sodium (1168)
Olsalazine sodium (1457) Piperazine adipate (0423)
Opium dry extract, standardised (1839) Piperazine citrate (0424)
Opium, prepared (1840) Piracetam (1733)
Opium, raw (0777) Piretanide (1556)
Opium tincture, standardised (1841) Piroxicam (0944)
Orphenadrine citrate (1759) Pivampicillin (0852)
Orphenadrine hydrochloride (1760) Pivmecillinam hydrochloride (1359)
Ouabain (0048) Polyacrylate dispersion 30 per cent (0733)
Oxaliplatin (2017) Poly(vinyl acetate) (1962)
Oxazepam (0778) Poly(vinyl acetate) dispersion 30 per cent (2152)
Oxfendazole for veterinary use (1458) Poly(vinyl alcohol) (1961)
Oxitropium bromide (2170) Potassium acetate (1139)
Oxolinic acid (1353) Potassium bromide (0184)
Oxprenolol hydrochloride (0628) Potassium carbonate (1557)
Oxybuprocaine hydrochloride (1251) Potassium chloride (0185)
Oxybutynin hydrochloride (1354) Potassium citrate (0400)
Oxymetazoline hydrochloride (0943) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0920)
Oxytocin (0780) Potassium hydrogen aspartate hemihydrate (2076)
Paclitaxel (1794) Potassium hydrogen carbonate (1141)
Pale coneflower root (1822) Potassium hydrogen tartrate (1984)
Papaverine hydrochloride (0102) Potassium hydroxide (0840)
Paracetamol (0049) Potassium iodide (0186)
Passion flower (1459) Potassium metabisulphite (2075)
Pelargonium root (2264) Potassium nitrate (1465)
Penbutolol sulphate (1461) Potassium perchlorate (1987)
Penicillamine (0566) Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate (1986)
Pentamidine diisetionate (1137) Potassium sorbate (0618)
Pentazocine lactate (2000) Potassium sulphate (1622)
Pentobarbital (0200) Potato starch (0355)
Pentobarbital sodium (0419) Povidone, iodinated (1142)
Pergolide mesilate (1555) Pravastatin sodium (2059)
Pethidine hydrochloride (0420) Prazepam (1466)
Pheniramine maleate (1357) Prazosin hydrochloride (0856)
Phenobarbital (0201) Prednicarbate (1467)
Phenobarbital sodium (0630) Prednisolone (0353)
Phenolphthalein (1584) Prednisolone acetate (0734)
Phenolsulfonphthalein (0242) Prednisolone pivalate (0736)

xxvi
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Contents of the 6th Edition

Prednisone (0354) Senna pods, Alexandrian (0207)

Prilocaine hydrochloride (1363) Senna pods, Tinnevelly (0208)
Primaquine diphosphate (0635) Serine (0788)
Primidone (0584) Silica, colloidal anhydrous (0434)
Primula root (1364) Silica, colloidal hydrated (0738)
Probenecid (0243) Silica, dental type (1562)
Procainamide hydrochloride (0567) Silica, hydrophobic colloidal (2208)
Procaine hydrochloride (0050) Silver, colloidal, for external use (2281)
Prochlorperazine maleate (0244) Silver nitrate (0009)
Progesterone (0429) Sodium alginate (0625)
Proguanil hydrochloride (2002) Sodium aminosalicylate dihydrate (1993)
Proline (0785) Sodium ascorbate (1791)
Promazine hydrochloride (1365) Sodium aurothiomalate (1994)
Propacetamol hydrochloride (1366) Sodium benzoate (0123)
Propafenone hydrochloride (2103) Sodium bromide (0190)
Propantheline bromide (0857) Sodium caprylate (1471)
Propranolol hydrochloride (0568) Sodium chloride (0193)
Propyl gallate (1039) Sodium citrate (0412)
Propyl parahydroxybenzoate (0431)
Sodium cromoglicate (0562)
Propylthiouracil (0525)
Sodium cyclamate (0774)
Protamine hydrochloride (0686)
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (0194)
Protamine sulphate (0569)
Sodium glycerophosphate, hydrated (1995)
Proxyphylline (0526)
Sodium hydrogen carbonate (0195)
Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (1367)
Sodium hydroxide (0677)
Psyllium seed (0858)
Sodium iodide (0196)
Purple coneflower herb (1823)
Sodium methyl parahydroxybenzoate (1262)
Purple coneflower root (1824)
Sodium molybdate dihydrate (1565)
Pygeum africanum bark (1886)
Sodium perborate, hydrated (1997)
Pyrantel embonate (1680)
Sodium polystyrene sulphonate (1909)
Pyrazinamide (0859)
Sodium propionate (2041)
Pyridostigmine bromide (1255)
Sodium propyl parahydroxybenzoate (1263)
Pyridoxine hydrochloride (0245)
Sodium salicylate (0413)
Pyrimethamine (0288)
Sodium starch glycolate (type C) (1566)
Quinine hydrochloride (0018)
Quinine sulphate (0019) Sodium stearate (2058)
Ramipril (1368) Sodium sulphate, anhydrous (0099)
Red poppy petals (1881) Sodium sulphate decahydrate (0100)
Repaglinide (2135) Sodium valproate (0678)
Restharrow root (1879) Sotalol hydrochloride (2004)
Rhatany root (0289) Soya-bean oil, hydrogenated (1265)
Rhubarb (0291) Spironolactone (0688)
Ribavirin (2109) St. John’s wort (1438)
Riboflavin sodium phosphate (0786) Stannous chloride dihydrate (1266)
Rifabutin (1657) Stearic acid (1474)
Risperidone (1559) Stearoyl macrogolglycerides (1268)
Roselle (1623) Stramonium leaf (0246)
Roxithromycin (1146) Stramonium, prepared (0247)
Salbutamol (0529) Succinylsulfathiazole (0357)
Salbutamol sulphate (0687) Sucrose (0204)
Salicylic acid (0366) Sugar spheres (1570)
Saw palmetto fruit (1848) Sulfadiazine (0294)
Senna leaf (0206) Sulfadimidine (0295)

xxvii
Contents of the 6th Edition EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Sulfadoxine (0740) Tramadol hydrochloride (1681)

Sulfafurazole (0741) Tranexamic acid (0875)
Sulfaguanidine (1476) Tretinoin (0693)
Sulfamerazine (0358) Triacetin (1106)
Sulfamethizole (0637) Triamterene (0058)
Sulfamethoxazole (0108) Trichloroacetic acid (1967)
Sulfamethoxypyridazine for veterinary use (0638) Trifluoperazine hydrochloride (0059)
Sulfanilamide (1571) Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride (1626)
Sulfasalazine (0863) Trimetazidine dihydrochloride (1741)
Sulfathiazole (0742) Trimethoprim (0060)
Sulfinpyrazone (0790) Trometamol (1053)
Sulfisomidine (0639) Tropisetron hydrochloride (2102)
Sulindac (0864) Trospium chloride (1798)
Sulpiride (1045) Troxerutin (2133)
Suxibuzone (1574) Tryptophan (1272)
Talc (0438) Tyrosine (1161)
Tannic acid (1477) Ubidecarenone (1578)
Tartaric acid (0460)
Urea (0743)
Temazepam (0954)
Ursodeoxycholic acid (1275)
Terbinafine hydrochloride (1734)
Valerian root (0453)
Terbutaline sulphate (0690)
Valine (0796)
Terconazole (1270)
Vancomycin hydrochloride (1058)
Terfenadine (0955)
Verapamil hydrochloride (0573)
Testosterone (1373)
Verbena herb (1854)
Testosterone propionate (0297)
Vinorelbine tartrate (2107)
Tetracaine hydrochloride (0057)
Viscose wadding, absorbent (0034)
Tetracycline (0211)
Wheat starch (0359)
Tetracycline hydrochloride (0210)
White horehound (1835)
Tetrazepam (1738)
Wild pansy (flowering aerial parts) (1855)
Tetryzoline hydrochloride (2101)
Wild thyme (1891)
Theobromine (0298)
Willow bark (1583)
Theophylline (0299)
Wool alcohols (0593)
Theophylline monohydrate (0302)
Thiamazole (1706) Wool fat (0134)
Thiamine nitrate (0531) Wool fat, hydrogenated (0969)
Thiamphenicol (0109) Wormwood (1380)
Thioridazine hydrochloride (0586) Xanthan gum (1277)
Threonine (1049) Xylazine hydrochloride for veterinary use (1481)
Tiamulin for veterinary use (1660) Xylometazoline hydrochloride (1162)
Tiamulin hydrogen fumarate for veterinary use (1659) Xylose (1278)
Tiapride hydrochloride (1575) Yarrow (1382)
Tibolone (1739) Zidovudine (1059)
Ticarcillin sodium (0956) Zinc acetate dihydrate (1482)
Timolol maleate (0572) Zinc acexamate (1279)
Tinidazole (1051) Zinc chloride (0110)
Tolbutamide (0304) Zinc oxide (0252)
Tolfenamic acid (2039) Zinc stearate (0306)
Torasemide, anhydrous (2132) Zinc sulphate heptahydrate (0111)
Tormentil (1478) Zinc sulphate hexahydrate (1683)
Tosylchloramide sodium (0381) Zinc undecylenate (0539)

xxviii
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Contents of the 6th Edition

TEXTS WHOSE TITLE HAS CHANGED FOR THE 6th EDITION

The titles of the following texts have been changed in the 6th Edition.
GENERAL CHAPTERS Bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine (live) (1177)
2.8.12. Determination of essential oils in herbal drugs (previously Bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine
(previously Determination of essential oils in (live), freeze-dried)
vegetable drugs) Brucellosis vaccine (live) (Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 strain)
3.2.2.1. Plastic containers for aqueous solutions for infusion for veterinary use (0793) (previously Brucellosis vaccine
(previously Plastic containers for aqueous solutions (live) (Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 strain), freeze-dried, for
for parenteral infusion) veterinary use)
5.2.1. Terminology used in monographs on biological Canine distemper vaccine (live) (0448) (previously Canine
products (previously Terminology used in distemper vaccine (live), freeze-dried)
monographs on vaccines) Distemper vaccine (live) for mustelids (0449) (previously
Distemper vaccine (live) for mustelids, freeze-dried)
MONOGRAPHS Feline calicivirosis vaccine (live) (1102) (previously Feline
calicivirosis vaccine (live), freeze-dried)
Vaccines for veterinary use Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine (live) (0696)
Aujeszky’s disease vaccine (live) for pigs for parenteral (previously Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine (live),
administration (0745) (previously Aujeszky’s disease freeze-dried)
vaccine (live) for pigs for parenteral administration, Monographs
freeze-dried) Pine sylvestris oil (1842) (previously pine silvestris oil)
Bovine parainfluenza virus vaccine (live) (1176) (previously Silica, hydrophobic colloidal (2208) (previously Silica,
Bovine parainfluenza virus vaccine (live), freeze-dried) hydrophobic colloidal anhydrous)

TEXTS DELETED FOR THE 6th EDITION

The following texts are deleted as of 1 January 2008.
GENERAL CHAPTERS MONOGRAPHS
2.9.24. Resistance to rupture of suppositories and pessaries Monographs
2.9.28. Test for deliverable mass or volume of liquid and Acriflavinium monochloride (2043)
semi-solid preparations

xxix
Errata EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

ERRATA
In the following monographs, after the heading ‘Other detectable impurities’ in the Impurities section, read :
‘(the following substances would, if present at a sufficient level, be detected by one or other of the tests in the monograph.
They are limited by the general acceptance criterion for other/unspecified impurities and/or by the general monograph
Substances for pharmaceutical use (2034). It is therefore not necessary to identify these impurities for demonstration of
compliance. See also 5.10. Control of impurities in substances for pharmaceutical use)’
Articaine hydrochloride (1688) Norethisterone acetate (0850)
Biperiden hydrochloride (1074) Oxaliplatin (2017)
Caffeine (0267) Potassium clavulanate (1140)
Caffeine monohydrate (0268) Potassium clavulanate, diluted (1653)
Ibuprofen (0721) Testosterone propionate (0297)
Ifosfamide (1529) Thiamine hydrochloride (0303)
Metformin hydrochloride (0931) Thiamine nitrate (0531)
Naphazoline hydrochloride (0730) Tranexamic acid (0875)

xxx
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

1. GENERAL NOTICES
1. General notices.. ...................................................................... 3

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 1

 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

2 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 1. General notices

01/2008:10000 the requirements apply to all grades of the material. In

some monographs, particularly those on excipients, a list of
1. GENERAL NOTICES functionality-related characteristics that are relevant to the
use of the substance may be appended to the monograph for
1.1. GENERAL STATEMENTS information. Test methods for determination of one or more
The General Notices apply to all monographs and other texts of these characteristics may be given, also for information.
of the European Pharmacopoeia. Quality systems. The quality standards represented by
The official texts of the European Pharmacopoeia are monographs are valid only where the articles in question are
published in English and French. Translations in other produced within the framework of a suitable quality system.
languages may be prepared by the signatory States of the General monographs. Substances and preparations that are
European Pharmacopoeia Convention. In case of doubt the subject of an individual monograph are also required
or dispute, the English and French versions are alone to comply with relevant, applicable general monographs.
authoritative. Cross-references to applicable general monographs are not
In the texts of the European Pharmacopoeia, the word normally given in individual monographs.
‘Pharmacopoeia’ without qualification means the European General monographs apply to all substances and preparations
Pharmacopoeia. The official abbreviation Ph. Eur. may be within the scope of the Definition section of the general
used to indicate the European Pharmacopoeia. monograph, except where a preamble limits the application,
The use of the title or the subtitle of a monograph implies for example to substances and preparations that are the
that the article complies with the requirements of the subject of a monograph of the Pharmacopoeia.
relevant monograph. Such references to monographs in the General monographs on dosage forms apply to all
texts of the Pharmacopoeia are shown using the monograph preparations of the type defined. The requirements are not
title and reference number in italics. necessarily comprehensive for a given specific preparation
A preparation must comply throughout its period of validity ; and requirements additional to those prescribed in the
a distinct period of validity and/or specifications for opened general monograph may be imposed by the competent
or broached containers may be decided by the competent authority.
authority. The subject of any other monograph must comply General monographs and individual monographs are
throughout its period of use. The period of validity that is complementary. If the provisions of a general monograph
assigned to any given article and the time from which that do not apply to a particular product, this is expressly stated
period is to be calculated are decided by the competent in the individual monograph.
authority in the light of experimental results of stability Validation of pharmacopoeial methods. The test methods
studies. given in monographs and general chapters have been
Unless otherwise indicated in the General Notices or in validated in accordance with accepted scientific practice and
the monographs, statements in monographs constitute current recommendations on analytical validation. Unless
mandatory requirements. General chapters become otherwise stated in the monograph or general chapter,
mandatory when referred to in a monograph, unless such validation of the test methods by the analyst is not required.
reference is made in a way that indicates that it is not the Conventional terms. The term ‘competent authority’
intention to make the text referred to mandatory but rather means the national, supranational or international body or
to cite it for information. organisation vested with the authority for making decisions
The active ingredients (medicinal substances), excipients concerning the issue in question. It may, for example, be a
(auxiliary substances), pharmaceutical preparations and national pharmacopoeia authority, a licensing authority or
other articles described in the monographs are intended an official control laboratory.
for human and veterinary use (unless explicitly restricted The expression ‘unless otherwise justified and authorised’
to one of these uses). An article is not of Pharmacopoeia means that the requirements have to be met, unless the
quality unless it complies with all the requirements competent authority authorises a modification or an
stated in the monograph. This does not imply that exemption where justified in a particular case.
performance of all the tests in a monograph is necessarily
a prerequisite for a manufacturer in assessing compliance Statements containing the word ‘should’ are informative or
with the Pharmacopoeia before release of a product. The advisory.
manufacturer may obtain assurance that a product is of In certain monographs or other texts, the terms ‘suitable’ and
Pharmacopoeia quality from data derived, for example, from ‘appropriate’ are used to describe a reagent, micro-organism,
validation studies of the manufacturing process and from test method etc. ; if criteria for suitability are not described
in-process controls. Parametric release in circumstances in the monograph, suitability is demonstrated to the
deemed appropriate by the competent authority is thus not satisfaction of the competent authority.
precluded by the need to comply with the Pharmacopoeia. Interchangeable methods. Certain general chapters contain
The tests and assays described are the official methods a statement that the text in question is harmonised with
upon which the standards of the Pharmacopoeia are based. the corresponding text of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia
With the agreement of the competent authority, alternative and/or the United States Pharmacopeia and that these texts
methods of analysis may be used for control purposes, are interchangeable. This implies that if a substance or
provided that the methods used enable an unequivocal preparation is found to comply with a requirement using an
decision to be made as to whether compliance with the interchangeable method from one of these pharmacopoeias
standards of the monographs would be achieved if the it complies with the requirements of the European
official methods were used. In the event of doubt or dispute, Pharmacopoeia. In the event of doubt or dispute, the text of
the methods of analysis of the Pharmacopoeia are alone the European Pharmacopoeia is alone authoritative.
authoritative. References to regulatory documents. Monographs and
Certain materials that are the subject of a pharmacopoeial general chapters may contain references to documents
monograph may exist in different grades suitable for different issued by regulatory authorities for medicines, for example
purposes. Unless otherwise indicated in the monograph, directives and notes for guidance of the European Union.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 3

1. General notices EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

These references are provided for information for users for Reagents. The proper conduct of the analytical procedures
the Pharmacopoeia. Inclusion of such a reference does not described in the Pharmacopoeia and the reliability of the
modify the status of the documents referred to, which may results depend, in part, upon the quality of the reagents
be mandatory or for guidance. used. The reagents are described in general chapter 4. It
is assumed that reagents of analytical grade are used ; for
1.2. OTHER PROVISIONS APPLYING TO GENERAL some reagents, tests to determine suitability are included in
CHAPTERS AND MONOGRAPHS the specifications.
Quantities. In tests with numerical limits and assays, the Solvents. Where the name of the solvent is not stated, the
quantity stated to be taken for examination is approximate. term ‘solution’ implies a solution in water.
The amount actually used, which may deviate by not more Where the use of water is specified or implied in the
than 10 per cent from that stated, is accurately weighed analytical procedures described in the Pharmacopoeia or
or measured and the result is calculated from this exact for the preparation of reagents, water complying with the
quantity. In tests where the limit is not numerical, but requirements of the monograph Purified water (0008) is
usually depends upon comparison with the behaviour of used, except that for many purposes the requirements for
a reference substance in the same conditions, the stated bacterial endotoxins (Purified water in bulk) and microbial
quantity is taken for examination. Reagents are used in the contamination (Purified water in containers) are not
prescribed amounts. relevant. The term ‘distilled water’ indicates purified water
Quantities are weighed or measured with an accuracy prepared by distillation.
commensurate with the indicated degree of precision. For The term ‘ethanol’ without qualification means anhydrous
weighings, the precision corresponds to plus or minus 5 units ethanol. The term ‘alcohol’ without qualification means
after the last figure stated (for example, 0.25 g is to be ethanol (96 per cent). Other dilutions of ethanol are
interpreted as 0.245 g to 0.255 g). For the measurement of indicated by the term ‘ethanol’ or ‘alcohol’ followed by a
volumes, if the figure after the decimal point is a zero or ends statement of the percentage by volume of ethanol (C2H6O)
in a zero (for example, 10.0 ml or 0.50 ml), the volume is required.
measured using a pipette, a volumetric flask or a burette, as
Expression of content. In defining content, the expression
appropriate ; otherwise, a graduated measuring cylinder or a
‘per cent’ is used according to circumstances with one of
graduated pipette may be used. Volumes stated in microlitres
2 meanings :
are measured using a micropipette or microsyringe.
— per cent m/m (percentage, mass in mass) expresses the
It is recognised, however, that in certain cases the precision number of grams of substance in 100 grams of final
with which quantities are stated does not correspond to the product ;
number of significant figures stated in a specified numerical
limit. The weighings and measurements are then carried out — per cent V/V (percentage, volume in volume) expresses
with a sufficiently improved accuracy. the number of millilitres of substance in 100 millilitres
of final product.
Apparatus and procedures. Volumetric glassware complies The expression ‘parts per million’ (or ppm) refers to mass in
with Class A requirements of the appropriate International mass, unless otherwise specified.
Standard issued by the International Organisation for
Standardisation. Temperature. Where an analytical procedure describes
temperature without a figure, the general terms used have
Unless otherwise prescribed, analytical procedures are the following meaning :
carried out at a temperature between 15 °C and 25 °C.
— in a deep-freeze : below − 15 °C ;
Unless otherwise prescribed, comparative tests are carried
out using identical tubes of colourless, transparent, neutral — in a refrigerator : 2 °C to 8 °C ;
glass with a flat base ; the volumes of liquid prescribed are — cold or cool : 8 °C to 15 °C ;
for use with tubes having an internal diameter of 16 mm, but — room temperature : 15 °C to 25 °C.
tubes with a larger internal diameter may be used provided
the volume of liquid used is adjusted (2.1.5). Equal volumes 1.3. GENERAL CHAPTERS
of the liquids to be compared are examined down the vertical Containers. Materials used for containers are described
axis of the tubes against a white background, or if necessary in general chapter 3.1. General names used for materials,
against a black background. The examination is carried out particularly plastic materials, each cover a range of products
in diffuse light. varying not only in the properties of the principal constituent
Any solvent required in a test or assay in which an indicator but also in the additives used. The test methods and limits
is to be used is previously neutralised to the indicator, unless for materials depend on the formulation and are therefore
a blank test is prescribed. applicable only for materials whose formulation is covered
by the preamble to the specification. The use of materials
Water-bath. The term ‘water-bath’ means a bath of boiling with different formulations, and the test methods and limits
water unless water at another temperature is indicated. applied to them, are subject to agreement by the competent
Other methods of heating may be substituted provided the authority.
temperature is near to but not higher than 100 °C or the
The specifications for containers in general chapter 3.2
indicated temperature.
have been developed for general application to containers
Drying and ignition to constant mass. The terms ‘dried to of the stated category, but in view of the wide variety of
constant mass’ and ‘ignited to constant mass’ mean that containers available and possible new developments, the
2 consecutive weighings do not differ by more than 0.5 mg, publication of a specification does not exclude the use, in
the 2nd weighing following an additional period of drying justified circumstances, of containers that comply with
or of ignition respectively appropriate to the nature and other specifications, subject to agreement by the competent
quantity of the residue. authority.
Where drying is prescribed using one of the expressions Reference may be made within the monographs of the
‘in a desiccator’ or ‘in vacuo’, it is carried out using the Pharmacopoeia to the definitions and specifications for
conditions described in chapter 2.2.32. Loss on drying. containers provided in chapter 3.2. Containers. The general

4 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 1. General notices

monographs for pharmaceutical dosage forms may, under CHARACTERS

the heading Definition/Production, require the use of The statements under the heading Characters are not to be
certain types of container ; certain other monographs may, interpreted in a strict sense and are not requirements.
under the heading Storage, indicate the type of container Solubility. In statements of solubility in the Characters
that is recommended for use. section, the terms used have the following significance,
referred to a temperature between 15 °C and 25 °C.
1.4. MONOGRAPHS Descriptive term Approximate volume of solvent in millilitres
TITLES per gram of solute
Monograph titles are in English and French in the respective Very soluble less than 1
versions and there is a Latin subtitle. Freely soluble from 1 to 10
RELATIVE ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR MASSES Soluble from 10 to 30
The relative atomic mass (Ar) or the relative molecular to
Sparingly soluble from 30 100
mass (Mr) is shown, as and where appropriate, at the
beginning of each monograph. The relative atomic and Slightly soluble from 100 to 1000
molecular masses and the molecular and graphic formulae Very slightly soluble from 1000 to 10 000
do not constitute analytical standards for the substances
described. Practically insoluble more than 10 000

CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS SERVICE (CAS) REGISTRY The term ‘partly soluble’ is used to describe a mixture where
NUMBER only some of the components dissolve. The term ‘miscible’ is
CAS registry numbers are included for information in used to describe a liquid that is miscible in all proportions
monographs, where applicable, to provide convenient access with the stated solvent.
to useful information for users. CAS Registry Number® is a IDENTIFICATION
Registered Trademark of the American Chemical Society.
Scope. The tests given in the Identification section are not
DEFINITION designed to give a full confirmation of the chemical structure
Statements under the heading Definition constitute an or composition of the product ; they are intended to give
official definition of the substance, preparation or other confirmation, with an acceptable degree of assurance, that
article that is the subject of the monograph. the article conforms to the description on the label.
Limits of content. Where limits of content are prescribed, First and second identifications. Certain monographs
they are those determined by the method described under have subdivisions entitled ‘First identification’ and ‘Second
Assay. identification’. The test or tests that constitute the
Herbal drugs. In monographs on herbal drugs, the ‘First identification’ may be used for identification in all
definition indicates whether the subject of the monograph is, circumstances. The test or tests that constitute the ‘Second
for example, the whole drug or the drug in powdered form. identification’ may be used for identification provided it can
Where a monograph applies to the drug in several states, for be demonstrated that the substance or preparation is fully
example both to the whole drug and the drug in powdered traceable to a batch certified to comply with all the other
form, the definition states this. requirements of the monograph.
Powdered herbal drugs. Monographs on herbal drugs may
PRODUCTION
contain schematic drawings of the powdered drug. These
Statements under the heading Production draw attention drawings complement the description given in the relevant
to particular aspects of the manufacturing process but are identification test.
not necessarily comprehensive. They constitute mandatory
requirements for manufacturers, unless otherwise stated. TESTS AND ASSAYS
They may relate, for example, to source materials ; to the Scope. The requirements are not framed to take account
manufacturing process itself and its validation and control ; of all possible impurities. It is not to be presumed, for
to in-process testing ; or to testing that is to be carried out example, that an impurity that is not detectable by means of
by the manufacturer on the final article, either on selected the prescribed tests is tolerated if common sense and good
batches or on each batch prior to release. These statements pharmaceutical practice require that it be absent. See also
cannot necessarily be verified on a sample of the final below under Impurities.
article by an independent analyst. The competent authority Calculation. Where the result of a test or assay is
may establish that the instructions have been followed, required to be calculated with reference to the dried or
for example, by examination of data received from the anhydrous substance or on some other specified basis, the
manufacturer, by inspection of manufacture or by testing determination of loss on drying, water content or other
appropriate samples. property is carried out by the method prescribed in the
The absence of a Production section does not imply that relevant test in the monograph. The words ‘dried substance’
attention to features such as those referred to above is not or ‘anhydrous substance’ etc. appear in parentheses after
required. the result.
Choice of vaccine strain, Choice of vaccine composition. Limits. The limits prescribed are based on data obtained
The Production section of a monograph may define the in normal analytical practice ; they take account of normal
characteristics of a vaccine strain or vaccine composition. analytical errors, of acceptable variations in manufacture and
Unless otherwise stated, test methods given for verification compounding and of deterioration to an extent considered
of these characteristics are provided for information as acceptable. No further tolerances are to be applied to the
examples of suitable methods. Subject to approval by limits prescribed to determine whether the article being
the competent authority, other test methods may be examined complies with the requirements of the monograph.
used without validation against the method shown in the In determining compliance with a numerical limit, the
monograph. calculated result of a test or assay is first rounded to the

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 5

1. General notices EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

number of significant figures stated, unless otherwise the Pharmacopoeia only those statements that are necessary
prescribed. The last figure is increased by one when the part to demonstrate compliance or non-compliance with the
monograph are mandatory. Any other labelling statements
rejected is equal to or exceeds one half-unit, whereas it is not
modified when the part rejected is less than a half-unit. are included as recommendations. When the term ‘label’ is
Indication of permitted limit of impurities. For comparative used in the Pharmacopoeia, the labelling statements may
tests, the approximate content of impurity tolerated, or appear on the container, the package, a leaflet accompanying
the sum of impurities, may be indicated for information the package, or a certificate of analysis accompanying the
only. Acceptance or rejection is determined on the basis article, as decided by the competent authority.
of compliance or non-compliance with the stated test. If WARNINGS
the use of a reference substance for the named impurity is Materials described in monographs and reagents specified
not prescribed, this content may be expressed as a nominal for use in the Pharmacopoeia may be injurious to health
concentration of the substance used to prepare the reference unless adequate precautions are taken. The principles of
solution specified in the monograph, unless otherwise good quality control laboratory practice and the provisions
described. of any appropriate regulations are to be observed at all
Herbal drugs. For herbal drugs, the sulphated ash, total times. Attention is drawn to particular hazards in certain
ash, water-soluble matter, alcohol-soluble matter, water monographs by means of a warning statement ; absence of
content, content of essential oil and content of active such a statement is not to be taken to mean that no hazard
principle are calculated with reference to the drug that has exists.
not been specially dried, unless otherwise prescribed in the IMPURITIES
monograph. A list of all known and potential impurities that have been
Equivalents. Where an equivalent is given, for the purposes shown to be detected by the tests in a monograph may
of the Pharmacopoeia only the figures shown are to be used be given. See also chapter 5.10. Control of impurities in
in applying the requirements of the monograph. substances for pharmaceutical use. The impurities are
designated by a letter or letters of the alphabet. Where a
Culture media. The culture media described in monographs
letter appears to be missing, the impurity designated by
and general chapters have been found to be satisfactory for
this letter has been deleted from the list during monograph
the intended purpose. However, the components of media,
development prior to publication or during monograph
particularly those of biological origin, are of variable quality,
revision.
and it may be necessary for optimal performance to modulate
the concentration of some ingredients, notably : FUNCTIONALITY-RELATED CHARACTERISTICS OF
— peptones and meat or yeast extracts, with respect to their EXCIPIENTS
nutritive properties ; Monographs on excipients may have a section on
functionality-related characteristics. The characteristics, any
— buffering substances ;
test methods for determination and any tolerances are not
— bile salts, bile extract, deoxycholate, and colouring matter,mandatory requirements ; they may nevertheless be relevant
depending on their selective properties ; for use of the excipient and are given for information (see
— antibiotics, with respect to their activity. also section 1.1. General statements).
STORAGE REFERENCE STANDARDS
The information and recommendations given under the Certain monographs require the use of reference standards
heading Storage do not constitute a pharmacopoeial (chemical reference substances, biological reference
requirement but the competent authority may specify preparations, reference spectra). See also chapter 5.12.
particular storage conditions that must be met. Reference standards. The European Pharmacopoeia
Commission establishes the official reference standards,
The articles described in the Pharmacopoeia are stored
which are alone authoritative in case of arbitration.
in such a way as to prevent contamination and, as far
These reference standards are available from the
as possible, deterioration. Where special conditions of
European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines &
storage are recommended, including the type of container
HealthCare (EDQM). Information on the available reference
(see section 1.3. General chapters) and limits of temperature,
standards and a batch validity statement can be obtained
they are stated in the monograph.
via the EDQM website.
The following expressions are used in monographs under
Storage with the meaning shown. 1.5. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
In an airtight container means that the product is stored A Absorbance
in an airtight container (3.2). Care is to be taken when the
container is opened in a damp atmosphere. A low moisture Specific absorbance
content may be maintained, if necessary, by the use of a Ar Relative atomic mass
desiccant in the container provided that direct contact with
the product is avoided. Specific optical rotation
Protected from light means that the product is stored either bp Boiling point
in a container made of a material that absorbs actinic light
BRP Biological Reference Preparation
sufficiently to protect the contents from change induced by
such light, or in a container enclosed in an outer cover that CRS Chemical Reference Substance
provides such protection, or is stored in a place from which Relative density
all such light is excluded.
IU International Unit
LABELLING
In general, labelling of medicines is subject to supranational λ Wavelength
and national regulation and to international agreements. M Molarity
The statements under the heading Labelling are not
therefore comprehensive and, moreover, for the purposes of M r Relative molecular mass

6 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 1. General notices

mp Melting point ID50 The statistically determined quantity of

Refractive index a virus that may be expected to infect
50 per cent of the animals into which it is
Ph. Eur. U. European Pharmacopoeia Unit inoculated
ppm Parts per million PD50 The statistically determined dose of a
R vaccine that, in the conditions of the test,
Substance or solution defined under
may be expected to protect 50 per cent of
4. Reagents
the animals against a challenge dose of the
RF Retardation factor (see chapter 2.2.46) micro-organisms or toxins against which
Rst Used in chromatography to indicate it is active
the ratio of the distance travelled by .a ED50 The statistically determined dose of a
substance to the distance travelled by a vaccine that, in the conditions of the
reference substance test, may be expected to induce specific
RV Substance used as a primary standard in antibodies in 50 per cent of the animals for
volumetric analysis (chapter 4.2.1) the relevant vaccine antigens
PFU Pock-forming units or plaque-forming units
Abbreviations used in the monographs on
immunoglobulins, immunosera and vaccines SPF Specified-pathogen-free.
LD50 The statistically determined quantity of a Collections of micro-organisms
substance that, when administered by the
specified route, may be expected to cause ATCC American Type Culture Collection
the death of 50 per cent of the test animals 10801 University Boulevard
within a given period Manassas, Virginia 20110-2209, USA
MLD Minimum lethal dose C.I.P. Collection de Bactéries de l’Institut Pasteur
L+/10 dose The smallest quantity of a toxin that, in the B.P. 52, 25 rue du Docteur Roux
conditions of the test, when mixed with
75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
0.1 IU of antitoxin and administered by the
specified route, causes the death of the test IMI International Mycological Institute
animals within a given period Bakeham Lane
L+ dose The smallest quantity of a toxin that, in the Surrey TW20 9TY, Great Britain
conditions of the test, when mixed with I.P. Collection Nationale de Culture de
1 IU of antitoxin and administered by the Microorganismes (C.N.C.M.)
specified route, causes the death of the test
animals within a given period Institut Pasteur
lr/100 dose The smallest quantity of a toxin that, in 25, rue du Docteur Roux
the conditions of the test, when mixed 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
with 0.01 IU of antitoxin and injected NCIMB National Collection of Industrial and
intracutaneously causes a characteristic Marine Bacteria Ltd
reaction at the site of injection within a 23 St Machar Drive
given period
Aberdeen AB2 1RY, Great Britain
Lp/10 dose The smallest quantity of toxin that, in the
conditions of the test, when mixed with NCPF National Collection of Pathogenic Fungi
0.1 IU of antitoxin and administered by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical
specified route, causes paralysis in the test Medicine
animals within a given period Keppel Street
Lo/10 dose The largest quantity of a toxin that, in the London WC1E 7HT, Great Britain
conditions of the test, when mixed with
NCTC National Collection of Type Cultures
0.1 IU of antitoxin and administered by the
specified route, does not cause symptoms Central Public Health Laboratory
of toxicity in the test animals within a given Colindale Avenue
period London NW9 5HT, Great Britain
Lf dose The quantity of toxin or toxoid that NCYC National Collection of Yeast Cultures
flocculates in the shortest time with 1 IU
of antitoxin AFRC Food Research Institute
CCID50 The statistically determined quantity of Colney Lane
virus that may be expected to infect 50 per Norwich NR4 7UA, Great Britain
cent of the cell cultures to which it is added S.S.I. Statens Serum Institut
EID50 The statistically determined quantity of 80 Amager Boulevard, Copenhagen,
virus that may be expected to infect 50 per Denmark
cent of the fertilised eggs into which it is
inoculated

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 7

1. General notices EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

1.6. UNITS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM (SI) USED

IN THE PHARMACOPOEIA AND EQUIVALENCE WITH
OTHER UNITS
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI)
The International System of Units comprises 3 classes of units,
namely base units, derived units and supplementary units(1). 2. The practical expressions of concentrations used in the
The base units and their definitions are set out in Table 1.6-1. Pharmacopoeia are defined in the General Notices.
The derived units may be formed by combining the
base units according to the algebraic relationships linking 3. The radian is the plane angle between two radii of a circle
the corresponding quantities. Some of these derived units that cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length
have special names and symbols. The SI units used in the to the radius.
European Pharmacopoeia are shown in Table 1.6-2.
Some important and widely used units outside the 4. In the Pharmacopoeia, conditions of centrifugation are
International System are shown in Table 1.6-3. defined by reference to the acceleration due to gravity (g) :
The prefixes shown in Table 1.6-4 are used to form the names
and symbols of the decimal multiples and submultiples of
SI units.

NOTES
5. Certain quantities without dimensions are used in the
Pharmacopoeia : relative density (2.2.5), absorbance
1. In the Pharmacopoeia, the Celsius temperature is used
(2.2.25), specific absorbance (2.2.25) and refractive index
(symbol t). This is defined by the equation :
(2.2.6).

where T0 = 273.15 K by definition. The Celsius or 6. The microkatal is defined as the enzymic activity that,
centigrade temperature is expressed in degrees Celsius under defined conditions, produces the transformation
(symbol °C). The unit ‘degree Celsius’ is equal to the unit (e.g. hydrolysis) of 1 micromole of the substrate per
‘kelvin’. second.

Table 1.6.-1. – SI base units

Quantity Unit Definition
Name Symbol Name Symbol

m The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum during a time
Length l metre
interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.
Mass m kilogram kg The kilogram is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram.
The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding
Time t second s
to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the
caesium-133 atom.
Electric current I ampere A The ampere is that constant current which, maintained in two straight parallel
conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section and placed
1 metre apart in vacuum would produce between these conductors a force equal to
2 × 10− 7 newton per metre of length.
Thermodynamic T kelvin K The kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple
temperature point of water.
Amount of substance n mole mol The mole is the amount of substance of a system containing as many elementary
entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12*.
Luminous intensity Iv candela cd The candela is the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source emitting
monochromatic radiation with a frequency of 540 × 1012 hertz and whose energy
intensity in that direction is 1/683 watt per steradian.
* When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles or specified groups of
such particles.

(1) The definitions of the units used in the International System are given in the booklet ‘Le Système International d’Unités (SI)’, published by the Bureau International des Poids et
Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92310 Sèvres.

8 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 1. General notices

Table 1.6.-2. – SI units used in the European Pharmacopoeia and equivalence with other units
Quantity Unit
Name Symbol Name Symbol Expression in SI Expression in other Conversion of other units into SI units
base units SI units
Wave number ν one per metre 1/m m− 1

Wavelength λ micrometre µm 10− 6m

nanometre nm 10− 9m
Area A, S square metre m2 m2

Volume V cubic metre m3 m3 1 ml = 1 cm3 = 10− 6 m3

Frequency ν hertz Hz s −1

Density ρ kilogram per cubic kg/m 3

kg·m− 3 1 g/ml = 1 g/cm3 = 103 kg·m− 3
metre
Velocity v metre per second m/s m·s− 1

Force F newton N m·kg·s− 2 1 dyne = 1 g·cm·s− 2 = 10− 5 N

1 kp = 9.806 65 N
Pressure p pascal Pa m− 1·kg·s− 2 N·m− 2 1 dyne/cm2 = 10− 1 Pa = 10− 1 N·m− 2
1 atm = 101 325 Pa = 101.325 kPa
1 bar = 105 Pa = 0.1 MPa
1 mm Hg = 133.322 387 Pa
1 Torr = 133.322 368 Pa
1 psi = 6.894 757 kPa
Dynamic η pascal second Pa·s m− 1·kg·s− 1 N·s·m− 2 1 P = 10− 1 Pa·s = 10− 1 N·s·m− 2
viscosity 1 cP = 1 mPa·s
Kinematic ν square metre per m2/s m2·s− 1 Pa·s·m3·kg− 1 1 St = 1 cm2·s− 1 = 10− 4 m2·s− 1
viscosity second N·m·s·kg− 1
Energy W joule J m2·kg·s− 2 N·m 1 erg = 1 cm2·g·s− 2 =
1 dyne·cm = 10− 7 J
1 cal = 4.1868 J
Power P watt W m2·kg·s− 3 N·m·s− 1 1 erg/s = 1 dyne·cm·s− 1 =
Radiant flux J·s− 1 10− 7 W = 10− 7 N·m·s− 1 =
10− 7 J·s− 1
Absorbed dose D gray Gy m2·s− 2 J·kg− 1 1 rad = 10− 2 Gy
(of radiant
energy)
Electric U volt V m2· kg·s− 3·A− 1 W·A− 1
potential,
electromotive
force
Electric R ohm Ω m2· kg·s− 3·A− 2 V·A− 1
resistance
Quantity of Q coulomb C A·s
electricity
Activity of a A becquerel Bq s− 1 1 Ci = 37·109 Bq = 37·109 s− 1
radionuclide
Concentration c mole per cubic mol/m3 mol·m− 3 1 mol/l = 1M = 1 mol/dm3 = 103 mol·m− 3
(of amount of metre
substance),
molar
concentration
Mass ρ kilogram per cubic kg/m3 kg·m− 3 1 g/l = 1 g/dm3 = 1 kg·m− 3
concentration metre

Table 1.6.-3. – Units used with the International System Table 1.6.-4. – Decimal multiples and sub-multiples of units
Quantity Unit Value in SI units
Factor Prefix Symbol Factor Prefix Symbol
Name Symbol exa
10 18
E 10 −1
deci d
Time minute min 1 min = 60 s c
1015
peta P 10 −2
centi
hour h 1 h = 60 min = 3600 s m
1012 tera T 10− 3 milli
day d 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s µ
109 giga G 10− 6 micro
Plane angle degree ° 1° = (π/180) rad nano n
10 6 mega M 10 −9

Volume litre l 1 l = 1 dm3 = 10− 3 m3 p

10 3
kilo k 10 − 12
pico
Mass tonne t 1 t = 103 kg
102 hecto h 10− 15 femto f
Rotational revolution r/min 1 r/min = (1/60) s− 1 a
101 deca da 10− 18 atto
frequency per minute

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 9

 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

10 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

2. METHODS OF ANALYSIS

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 11

 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

12 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

2.1. APPARATUS
2.1. Apparatus.. ............................................................................ 15 2.1.3. Ultraviolet ray lamps for analytical purposes............. 15
2.1.1. Droppers............................................................................. 15 2.1.4. Sieves.. ................................................................................ 16
2.1.2. Comparative table of porosity of sintered-glass 2.1.5. Tubes for comparative tests.. ......................................... 17
filters............................................................................................. 15 2.1.6. Gas detector tubes............................................................ 17

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 13

 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

14 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.1.3. Ultraviolet ray lamps for analytical purposes

2.1. APPARATUS 01/2008:20102

01/2008:20101 2.1.2. COMPARATIVE TABLE OF

POROSITY OF SINTERED-GLASS
2.1.1. DROPPERS FILTERS(1)
The term ‘drops’ means standard drops delivered from a
standard dropper as described below. Table 2.1.2.-1
Standard droppers (Figure 2.1.1-1) are constructed of Porosity number Maximum Germany France United
practically colourless glass. The lower extremity has a (Ph. Eur.)(2) diameter of pores Kingdom
in micrometres
circular orifice in a flat surface at right angles to the axis. – –
1.6 less than 1.6 5f
– 1 - 2.5 5 – 5
4 1.6 - 4 – – –
– 4-6 – 5 –

10 4 - 10 4f – 4
16 10 - 16 4 4 –

40 16 - 40 3 3 3
– 40 - 50 – – 2
100 40 - 100 2 2 –
– 100 - 120 – – 1
160 100 - 160 1 1 –
– 150 - 200 0 0 –

250 160 - 250 – – –

– 200 - 500 – 00 –

Special Uses
Diameters in micrometres
< 2.5 Bacteriological filtration
4 - 10 Ultra-fine filtration, separation of micro-organisms of large
diameter
10 - 40 Analytical filtration, very fine filtration of mercury, very fine
dispersion of gases
40 - 100 Fine filtration, filtration of mercury, fine dispersion of gases
100 - 160 Filtration of coarse materials, dispersion and washing of
gases, support for other filter materials
160 - 500 Filtration of very coarse materials, dispersion and washing
of gases.

01/2008:20103

2.1.3. ULTRAVIOLET RAY LAMPS FOR

ANALYTICAL PURPOSES
Figure 2.1.1.-1. – Standard dropper Mercury vapour in quartz lamps is used as the source of
Dimensions in millimetres ultraviolet light. A suitable filter may be fitted to eliminate
the visible part of the spectrum emitted by the lamp. When
Other droppers may be used provided they comply with the the Pharmacopoeia prescribes in a test the use of ultraviolet
following test. light of wavelength 254 nm or 365 nm, an instrument
20 drops of water R at 20 ± 1 °C flowing freely from the consisting of a mercury vapour lamp and a filter which gives
dropper held in the vertical position at a constant rate of an emission band with maximum intensity at about 254 nm
1 drop per second weighs 1000 ± 50 mg. or 365 nm is used. The lamp used should be capable of
The dropper must be carefully cleaned before use. Carry revealing without doubt a standard spot of sodium salicylate
out 3 determinations on any given dropper. No result may with a diameter of about 5 mm on a support of silica gel G R,
deviate by more than 5 per cent from the mean of the the spot being examined while in a position normal to the
3 determinations. radiation.

(1) The given limits are only approximate.

(2) The European Pharmacopoeia has adopted the system proposed by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 15

2.1.4. Sieves EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

For this purpose apply 5 µl of a 0.4 g/l solution of sodium Maximum tolerance(4) for an aperture (+ X) : no aperture size
salicylate R in alcohol R(3) for lamps of maximum output at shall exceed the nominal size by more than X, where :
254 nm and 5 µl of a 2 g/l solution in alcohol R(3) for lamps
of maximum output at 365 nm. The distance between the
lamp and the chromatographic plate under examination used
in a pharmacopoeial test should never exceed the distance
used to carry out the above test.
w = width of aperture.

Tolerance for mean aperture (± Y) : the average aperture size

shall not depart from the nominal size by more than ± Y,
where :

01/2008:20104

Intermediary tolerance (+ Z) : not more than 6 per cent of the

total number of apertures shall have sizes between “nominal
2.1.4. SIEVES + X” and “nominal + Z”, where :

Sieves are constructed of suitable materials with square

meshes. For purposes other than analytical procedures,
sieves with circular meshes may be used, the internal
diameters of which are 1.25 times the aperture of the square Wire diameter d : the wire diameters given in Table 2.1.4.-1
mesh of the corresponding sieve size. There must be no apply to woven metal wire cloth mounted in a frame.
reaction between the material of the sieve and the substance The nominal sizes of the wire diameters may depart from
being sifted. Degree of comminution is prescribed in the these values within the limits dmax and dmin. The limits
monograph using the sieve number, which is the size of the define a permissible range of choice ± 15 per cent of the
mesh in micrometres, given in parenthesis after the name of recommended nominal dimensions. The wires in a test sieve
the substance (Table 2.1.4.-1). shall be of a similar diameter in warp and weft directions.
Table 2.1.4.-1 (values in micrometers)

Sieve Tolerances for apertures Wire diameters

numbers
Maximum Tolerance for Intermediary Recommended Admissible limits
(Nominal
tolerance for mean aperture tolerance nominal
dimensions of
an aperture dimensions
apertures)
+X ±Y +Z d dmax dmin
11 200 770 350 560 2500 2900 2100
8000 600 250 430 2000 2300 1700
5600 470 180 320 1600 1900 1300
4000 370 130 250 1400 1700 1200
2800 290 90 190 1120 1300 950
2000 230 70 150 900 1040 770
1400 180 50 110 710 820 600
1000 140 30 90 560 640 480
710 112 25 69 450 520 380
500 89 18 54 315 360 270
355 72 13 43 224 260 190
250 58 9.9 34 160 190 130
180 47 7.6 27 125 150 106
125 38 5.8 22 90 104 77
90 32 4.6 18 63 72 54
63 26 3.7 15 45 52 38
45 22 3.1 13 32 37 27
38 – – – 30 35 24

(3) The alcohol R used must be free from fluorescence.

(4) See the International Standard ISO 3310/1 (1975).

16 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.1.6. Gas detector tubes

01/2008:20105 In view of the wide variety of available compressor oils, it is

necessary to verify the reactivity of the oil detector tubes for
the oil used. Information on the reactivity for various oils is
2.1.5. TUBES FOR COMPARATIVE given in the leaflet supplied with the tube. If the oil used is
TESTS not cited in the leaflet, the tube manufacturer must verify the
reactivity and if necessary provide a tube specific for this oil.
Tubes used for comparative tests are matched tubes of
colourless glass with a uniform internal diameter. The base
is transparent and flat.
A column of the liquid is examined down the vertical axis
of the tube against a white background, or if necessary,
against a black background. The examination is carried out
in diffused light.
It is assumed that tubes with an internal diameter of 16 mm
will be used. Tubes with a larger internal diameter may be
used instead but the volume of liquid examined must then
be increased so that the depth of liquid in the tubes is not
less than where the prescribed volume of liquid and tubes 1. Gas supply 5. Indicator tube
16 mm in internal diameter are used.
2. Pressure regulator 6. Indicator tube pump
3. Needle valve 7. End open to atmosphere
4. “Y”-piece
01/2008:20106
Figure 2.1.6.-1. – Apparatus for gas detector tubes
Carbon dioxide detector tube. Sealed glass tube containing
2.1.6. GAS DETECTOR TUBES adsorbent filters and suitable supports for hydrazine and
Gas detector tubes are cylindrical, sealed tubes consisting of crystal violet indicators. The minimum value indicated
an inert transparent material and are constructed to allow is 100 ppm with a relative standard deviation of at most
the passage of gas. They contain reagents adsorbed onto ± 15 per cent.
inert substrates that are suitable for the visualisation of the Sulphur dioxide detector tube. Sealed glass tube containing
substance to be detected and, if necessary, they also contain adsorbent filters and suitable supports for the iodine and
preliminary layers and/or adsorbent filters to eliminate starch indicator. The minimum value indicated is 0.5 ppm
substances that interfere with the substance to be detected. with a relative standard deviation of at most ± 15 per cent.
The layer of indicator contains either a single reagent for Oil detector tube. Sealed glass tube containing adsorbent
the detection of a given impurity or several reagents for filters and suitable supports for the sulphuric acid indicator.
the detection of several substances (monolayer tube or The minimum value indicated is 0.1 mg/m3 with a relative
multilayer tube). standard deviation of at most ± 30 per cent.
The test is carried out by passing the required volume of the Nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide detector tube.
gas to be examined through the indicator tube. The length Sealed glass tube containing adsorbent filters and suitable
of the coloured layer or the intensity of a colour change on a supports for an oxidising layer (Cr(VI) salt) and the
graduated scale gives an indication of the impurities present. diphenylbenzidine indicator. The minimum value indicated
The calibration of the detector tubes is verified according to is 0.5 ppm with a relative standard deviation of at most
the manufacturer’s instructions. ± 15 per cent.
Operating conditions. Examine according to the Carbon monoxide detector tube. Sealed glass tube
manufacturer’s instructions or proceed as follows : containing adsorbent filters and suitable supports for
di-iodine pentoxide, selenium dioxide and fuming sulphuric
The gas supply is connected to a suitable pressure regulator acid indicators. The minimum value indicated is 5 ppm or
and needle valve. Connect the flexible tubing fitted with a less, with a relative standard deviation of at most ± 15 per
Y-piece to the valve and adjust the flow of gas to be examined cent.
to purge the tubing in order to obtain an appropriate flow
(Figure 2.1.6.-1). Prepare the indicator tube and fit to the Hydrogen sulphide detector tube. Sealed glass tube
metering pump, following the manufacturer’s instructions. containing adsorbent filters and suitable supports for an
Connect the open end of the indicator tube to the short appropriate lead salt indicator. The minimum value indicated
leg of the tubing and operate the pump by the appropriate is 1 ppm or less, with a relative standard deviation of at most
number of strokes to pass a suitable volume of gas to be ± 10 per cent.
examined through the tube. Read the value corresponding Water vapour detector tube. Sealed glass tube containing
to the length of the coloured layer or the intensity of adsorbent filters and suitable supports for the magnesium
the colour on the graduated scale. If a negative result is perchlorate indicator. The minimum value indicated is
achieved, indicator tubes can be verified with a calibration 67 ppm or less, with a relative standard deviation of at most
gas containing the appropriate impurity. ± 20 per cent.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 17

 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

18 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

2.2. PHYSICAL AND

PHYSICOCHEMICAL
METHODS
2.2. Physical and physicochemical methods.......................... 21 2.2.28. Gas chromatography...................................................... 45
2.2.1. Clarity and degree of opalescence of liquids.............. 21 2.2.29. Liquid chromatography.. .............................................. 46
2.2.2. Degree of coloration of liquids...................................... 22 2.2.30. Size-exclusion chromatography.. ................................ 47
2.2.3. Potentiometric determination of pH.. .......................... 24 2.2.31. Electrophoresis.. ............................................................. 48
2.2.4. Relationship between reaction of solution, 2.2.32. Loss on drying.. .............................................................. 53
approximate pH and colour of certain indicators.. ............ 25 2.2.33. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry.. ............ 54
2.2.5. Relative density.. ............................................................... 25 2.2.34. Thermal analysis............................................................. 55
2.2.6. Refractive index.. .............................................................. 26 2.2.35. Osmolality.. ...................................................................... 57
2.2.7. Optical rotation.. ............................................................... 26 2.2.36. Potentiometric determination of ionic
2.2.8. Viscosity.............................................................................. 27 concentration using ion-selective electrodes....................... 58
2.2.9. Capillary viscometer method.. ....................................... 27 2.2.37. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.. ............................... 59
2.2.10. Viscosity - Rotating viscometer method.. .................. 28 2.2.38. Conductivity.. .................................................................. 59
2.2.11. Distillation range.. .......................................................... 30 2.2.39. Molecular mass distribution in dextrans.. ................ 60
2.2.12. Boiling point.. ................................................................. 31 2.2.40. Near-infrared spectrophotometry.. ............................. 62
2.2.13. Determination of water by distillation....................... 31 2.2.41. Circular dichroism.......................................................... 66
2.2.14. Melting point - capillary method................................. 32 2.2.42. Density of solids.. ........................................................... 67
2.2.15. Melting point - open capillary method.. .................... 32 2.2.43. Mass spectrometry.. ....................................................... 68
2.2.16. Melting point - instantaneous method.. .................... 33 2.2.44. Total organic carbon in water for pharmaceutical
2.2.17. Drop point.. ...................................................................... 33 use................................................................................................. 71
2.2.18. Freezing point................................................................. 35 2.2.45. Supercritical fluid chromatography........................... 71
2.2.19. Amperometric titration.. ............................................... 35 2.2.46. Chromatographic separation techniques.................. 72
2.2.20. Potentiometric titration.. .............................................. 35 2.2.47. Capillary electrophoresis.. ............................................ 77
2.2.21. Fluorimetry...................................................................... 36 2.2.48. Raman spectrometry.. ................................................... 82
2.2.22. Atomic emission spectrometry.. .................................. 36 2.2.49. Falling ball viscometer method................................... 84
2.2.23. Atomic absorption spectrometry.. .............................. 37 2.2.54. Isoelectric focusing........................................................ 84
2.2.24. Absorption spectrophotometry, infrared.. ................ 39 2.2.55. Peptide mapping............................................................. 86
2.2.25. Absorption spectrophotometry, ultraviolet and 2.2.56. Amino acid analysis.. ..................................................... 89
visible............................................................................................ 41 2.2.57. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission
2.2.26. Paper chromatography.. ............................................... 43 spectrometry.. ............................................................................. 96
2.2.27. Thin-layer chromatography.. ........................................ 43 2.2.58. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.. .... 98

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 19

 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

20 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.1. Clarity and degree of opalescence of liquids

2.2. PHYSICAL AND formazin polymer consists of chains of different lengths,

which fold into random configurations. This results in a wide
PHYSICOCHEMICAL assay of particle shapes and sizes, which analytically fits
the possibility of different particle sizes and shapes that are
METHODS found in the real samples. Due to formazin’s reproducibility,
scattering characteristics and traceability, instrument
01/2008:20201 calibration algorithms and performance criteria are mostly
based on this standard.
2.2.1. CLARITY AND DEGREE OF INSTRUMENTAL METHODS
OPALESCENCE OF LIQUIDS INTRODUCTION
VISUAL METHOD The degree of opalescence may also be determined by
instrumental measurement of the light absorbed or
Using identical test-tubes of colourless, transparent, neutral scattered on account of submicroscopic optical density
glass with a flat base and an internal diameter of 15-25 mm, inhomogeneities of opalescent solutions and suspensions.
compare the liquid to be examined with a reference 2 such techniques are nephelometry and turbidimetry.
suspension freshly prepared as described below, the depth For turbidity measurement of coloured samples, ratio
of the layer being 40 mm. Compare the solutions in diffused turbidimetry and nephelometry with ratio selection are used.
daylight 5 min after preparation of the reference suspension,
viewing vertically against a black background. The diffusion The light scattering effect of suspended particles can be
of light must be such that reference suspension I can measured by observation of either the transmitted light
readily be distinguished from water R, and that reference (turbidimetry) or the scattered light (nephelometry). Ratio
suspension II can readily be distinguished from reference turbidimetry combines the principles of both nephelometry
suspension I. and turbidimetry. Turbidimetry and nephelometry are useful
for the measurement of slightly opalescent suspensions.
A liquid is considered clear if its clarity is the same as that Reference suspensions produced under well-defined
of water R or of the solvent used when examined under the conditions must be used. For quantitative measurements,
conditions described above, or if its opalescence is not more the construction of calibration curves is essential, since the
pronounced than that of reference suspension I. relationship between the optical properties of the suspension
Hydrazine sulphate solution. Dissolve 1.0 g of hydrazine and the concentration of the dispersed phase is at best
sulphate R in water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same semi-empirical.
solvent. Allow to stand for 4-6 h. The determination of opalescence of coloured liquids is
Hexamethylenetetramine solution. In a 100 ml done with ratio turbidimeters or nephelometers with ratio
ground-glass-stoppered flask, dissolve 2.5 g of selection, since colour provides a negative interference,
hexamethylenetetramine R in 25.0 ml of water R. attenuating both incident and scattered light and lowering
Primary opalescent suspension (formazin suspension). the turbidity value. The effect is so great for even moderately
To the hexamethylenetetramine solution in the flask add coloured samples that conventional nephelometers cannot
25.0 ml of the hydrazine sulphate solution. Mix and allow be used.
to stand for 24 h. This suspension is stable for 2 months, The instrumental assessment of clarity and opalescence
provided it is stored in a glass container free from surface provides a more discriminatory test that does not depend on
defects. The suspension must not adhere to the glass and the visual acuity of the analyst. Numerical results are more
must be well mixed before use. useful for quality monitoring and process control, especially
Standard of opalescence. Dilute 15.0 ml of the primary in stability studies. For example, previous numerical data on
opalescent suspension to 1000.0 ml with water R. This stability can be projected to determine whether a given batch
suspension is freshly prepared and may be stored for up to of dosage formulation or active pharmaceutical ingredient
24 h. will exceed shelf-life limits prior to the expiry date.
Reference suspensions. Prepare the reference suspensions NEPHELOMETRY
according to Table 2.2.1.-1. Mix and shake before use. When a suspension is viewed at right angles to the direction
of the incident light, the system appears opalescent due to
Table 2.2.1.-1 the reflection of light from the particles of the suspension
I II III IV (Tyndall effect). A certain portion of the light beam entering
a turbid liquid is transmitted, another portion is absorbed
Standard of opalescence 5.0 ml 10.0 ml 30.0 ml 50.0 ml
and the remaining portion is scattered by the suspended
Water R 95.0 ml 90.0 ml 70.0 ml 50.0 ml particles. If measurement is made at 90° to the light beam,
the light scattered by the suspended particles can be used
Turbidity standard. The formazin suspension prepared by for the determination of their concentration, provided the
mixing equal volumes of the hydrazine sulphate solution number and size of particles influencing the scattering
and the hexamethylenetetramine solution is defined as a remain constant. The reference suspension must maintain a
4000 NTU (nephelometric turbidity units) primary reference constant degree of turbidity and the sample and reference
standard. Reference suspensions I, II, III and IV have values suspensions must be prepared under identical conditions.
of 3 NTU, 6 NTU, 18 NTU and 30 NTU respectively. Stabilised The Tyndall effect depends upon both the number of
formazin suspensions that can be used to prepare stable, particles and their size. Nephelometric measurements are
diluted turbidity standards are available commercially and more reliable in low turbidity ranges, where there is a linear
may be used after comparison with the standards prepared relationship between nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU)
as described. values and relative detector signals. As the degree of
Formazin has several desirable characteristics that make it an turbidity increases, not all the particles are exposed to the
excellent turbidity standard. It can be reproducibly prepared incident light and the scattered radiation of other particles
from assayed raw materials. The physical characteristics is hindered on its way to the detector. The maximum
make it a desirable light-scatter calibration standard. The nephelometric values at which reliable measurements can be

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 21

2.2.2. Degree of coloration of liquids EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

made lie in the range of 1750-2000 NTU. Linearity must be used as detectors and record changes in light scattered or
demonstrated by constructing a calibration curve using at transmitted by the sample. The light scattered at 90 ± 2.5° is
least 4 concentrations. detected by the primary detector. Other detectors are those
TURBIDIMETRY to detect back and forward scatter as well as transmitted light.
The optical property expressed as turbidity is the interaction The instruments used are calibrated against standards of
between light and suspended particles in liquid. This is an known turbidity and are capable of automatic determination
expression of the optical property that causes light to be of turbidity. The test results expressed in NTU units are
scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in a straight obtained directly from the instrument and compared to the
line through the sample. The quantity of solid material in specifications in the individual monographs.
suspension can be determined by the measurement of the Instruments complying with the following specifications
transmitted light. A linear relationship between turbidity are suitable.
and concentration is obtained when the particle sizes are — Measuring units : NTU. NTU is based on the turbidity of
uniform and homogeneous in the suspension. This is true a primary reference standard of formazin. FTU (Formazin
only in very dilute suspensions containing small particles. Turbidity Units) or FNU (Formazin Nephelometry Units)
Linearity between turbidity and concentration must be are also used, and are equivalent to NTU in low regions
established by constructing a calibration curve using at least (up to 40 NTU). These units are used in all 3 instrumental
4 concentrations. methods (nephelometry, turbidimetry and ratio
RATIO TURBIDIMETRY turbidimetry).
In ratio turbidimetry the relationship of the transmission — Measuring range : 0.01-1100 NTU.
measurement to the 90° scattered light measurement is — Resolution : 0.01 NTU within the range of 0-10 NTU,
determined. This procedure compensates for the light that 0.1 NTU within the range of 10-100 NTU, and 1 NTU for
is diminished by the colour of the sample. The influence the range > 100 NTU. The instrument is calibrated and
of the colour of the sample may also be eliminated by controlled with reference standards of formazin.
using an infrared light-emitting diode (IR LED) at 860 nm — Accuracy: 0-10 NTU : ± (2 per cent of reading + 0.01) NTU.
as the light source of the instrument. The instrument’s 10-1000 NTU : ± 5 per cent.
photodiode detectors receive and measure scattered light — Repeatability: 0-10 NTU : ± 0.01 NTU.
at a 90° angle from the sample as well as measuring the 10-1000 NTU : ± 2 per cent of the measured val-
forward scatter (light reflected) in front of the sample along ue.
with the measurement of light transmitted directly through
the sample. The measuring results are given in NTU(ratio) — Calibration : with 4 reference suspensions of formazin in
and are obtained by calculating the ratio of the 90° angle the range of interest. Reference suspensions described in
scattered light measured to the sum of the components of this chapter or suitable reference standards calibrated
forward scattered and transmitted light values. In ratio against the primary reference suspensions may be used.
turbidimetry the influence of stray light becomes negligible. — Stray light : this is a significant source of error in low
Nephelometers are used for measurements of the degree of level turbidimetric measurement ; stray light reaches the
opalescence of colourless liquids. detector of an optical system, but does not come from the
Measurements of reference suspensions I-IV with a ratio sample ; < 0.15 NTU for the range 0-10 NTU, < 0.5 NTU
turbidimeter show a linear relationship between the for the range 10-1000 NTU.
concentrations and measured NTU values. Reference Instruments complying with the above characteristics and
suspensions I-IV (Ph. Eur.) may be used as calibrators for verified using the reference suspensions described under
the instrument. Visual method may be used instead of visual examination for
determination of compliance with monograph requirements.
Table 2.2.1.-2 Instruments with range or resolution, accuracy and
Formazin suspensions Opalescent values (NTU) repeatability capabilities other than those mentioned above
Reference suspension I 3 may be used provided they are sufficiently validated and
Reference suspension II 6
are capable for the intended use. The test methodology for
the specific substance/product to be analysed must also
Reference suspension III 18 be validated to demonstrate its analytical capability. The
Reference suspension IV 30 instrument and methodology should be consistent with the
attributes of the product to be tested.
Standard of opalescence 60
Primary opalescent suspension 4000 01/2008:20202

INSTRUMENTAL DETERMINATION OF OPALESCENCE 2.2.2. DEGREE OF COLORATION OF

Requirements in monographs are expressed in terms of
the visual examination method with the defined reference
LIQUIDS
suspensions. Instrumental methods may also be used for The examination of the degree of coloration of liquids in
determining compliance with monograph requirements once the range brown-yellow-red is carried out by one of the
the suitability of the instrument as described below has been 2 methods below, as prescribed in the monograph.
established and calibration with reference suspensions I-IV A solution is colourless if it has the appearance of water R or
and with water R or the solvent used has been performed. the solvent or is not more intensely coloured than reference
Apparatus. Ratio turbidimeters or nephelometers with solution B9.
selectable ratio application use as light source a tungsten
lamp with spectral sensitivity at about 550 nm operating at METHOD I
a filament colour temperature of 2700 K, or IR LED having Using identical tubes of colourless, transparent, neutral
an emission maximum at 860 nm with a 60 nm spectral glass of 12 mm external diameter, compare 2.0 ml of the
bandwidth. Other suitable light sources may also be used. liquid to be examined with 2.0 ml of water R or of the
Silicon photodiodes and photomultipliers are commonly solvent or of the reference solution (see Tables of reference

22 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.2. Degree of coloration of liquids

solutions) prescribed in the monograph. Compare the Standard solutions

colours in diffused daylight, viewing horizontally against a Using the 3 primary solutions, prepare the 5 standard
white background. solutions as follows :

METHOD II Table 2.2.2.-1

Using identical tubes of colourless, transparent, neutral Volume in millilitres
glass with a flat base and an internal diameter of 15 mm to Standard solution Yellow Red Blue Hydrochloric acid
25 mm, compare the liquid to be examined with water R or solution solution solution (10 g/l HCl)
the solvent or the reference solution (see Tables of reference B (brown) 3.0 3.0 2.4 1.6
solutions) prescribed in the monograph, the depth of the BY (brownish-yellow) 2.4 1.0 0.4 6.2
layer being 40 mm. Compare the colours in diffused daylight,
viewing vertically against a white background. Y (yellow) 2.4 0.6 0.0 7.0
GY (greenish-yellow) 9.6 0.2 0.2 0.0
REAGENTS R (red) 1.0 2.0 0.0 7.0
Primary solutions
Reference solutions for Methods I and II
Yellow solution. Dissolve 46 g of ferric chloride R in about
900 ml of a mixture of 25 ml of hydrochloric acid R and Using the 5 standard solutions, prepare the following
975 ml of water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same reference solutions.
mixture. Titrate and adjust the solution to contain 45.0 mg Table 2.2.2.-2. - Reference solutions B
of FeCl3,6H2O per millilitre by adding the same acidic
mixture. Protect the solution from light. Volumes in millilitres

Titration. Place in a 250 ml conical flask fitted with a Reference Standard solution B Hydrochloric acid
solution (10 g/l HCl)
ground-glass stopper, 10.0 ml of the solution, 15 ml of
B1 75.0 25.0
water R, 5 ml of hydrochloric acid R and 4 g of potassium
iodide R, close the flask, allow to stand in the dark for B2 50.0 50.0
15 min and add 100 ml of water R. Titrate the liberated B3 37.5 62.5
iodine with 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate, using 0.5 ml of
starch solution R, added towards the end of the titration, B4 25.0 75.0
as indicator. B5 12.5 87.5
1 ml of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate is equivalent to 27.03 mg B6 5.0 95.0
of FeCl3,6H2O.
B7 2.5 97.5
Red solution. Dissolve 60 g of cobalt chloride R in about
B8 1.5 98.5
900 ml of a mixture of 25 ml of hydrochloric acid R and
975 ml of water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same B9 1.0 99.0
mixture. Titrate and adjust the solution to contain 59.5 mg of
CoCl2,6H2O per millilitre by adding the same acidic mixture. Table 2.2.2.-3. - Reference solutions BY
Titration. Place in a 250 ml conical flask fitted with a Volumes in millilitres
ground-glass stopper, 5.0 ml of the solution, 5 ml of dilute
Reference Standard solution BY Hydrochloric acid
hydrogen peroxide solution R and 10 ml of a 300 g/l solution (10 g/l HCl)
solution of sodium hydroxide R. Boil gently for 10 min, BY1 100.0 0.0
allow to cool and add 60 ml of dilute sulphuric acid R and
2 g of potassium iodide R. Close the flask and dissolve BY2 75.0 25.0
the precipitate by shaking gently. Titrate the liberated BY3 50.0 50.0
iodine with 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate, using 0.5 ml of
starch solution R, added towards the end of the titration, as BY4 25.0 75.0
indicator. The end-point is reached when the solution turns BY5 12.5 87.5
pink.
BY6 5.0 95.0
1 ml of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate is equivalent to 23.79 mg BY7 2.5 97.5
of CoCl2,6H2O.
Blue primary solution. Dissolve 63 g of copper sulphate R Table 2.2.2.-4. - Reference solutions Y
in about 900 ml of a mixture of 25 ml of hydrochloric acid R
and 975 ml of water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same Volumes in millilitres
mixture. Titrate and adjust the solution to contain 62.4 mg of Reference Standard solution Y Hydrochloric acid
CuSO4,5H2O per millilitre by adding the same acidic mixture. solution (10 g/l HCl)
Y1 100.0 0.0
Titration. Place in a 250 ml conical flask fitted with a
ground-glass stopper, 10.0 ml of the solution, 50 ml of Y2 75.0 25.0
water R, 12 ml of dilute acetic acid R and 3 g of potassium Y3 50.0 50.0
iodide R. Titrate the liberated iodine with 0.1 M sodium
thiosulphate, using 0.5 ml of starch solution R, added Y4 25.0 75.0
towards the end of the titration, as indicator. The end-point is Y5 12.5 87.5
reached when the solution shows a slight pale brown colour.
Y6 5.0 95.0
1 ml of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate is equivalent to 24.97 mg Y7 2.5 97.5
of CuSO4,5H2O.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 23

2.2.3. Potentiometric determination of pH EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Table 2.2.2.-5. - Reference solutions GY The potentiometric determination of pH is made by

Volumes in millilitres measuring the potential difference between 2 appropriate
electrodes immersed in the solution to be examined : 1 of
Reference Standard solution GY Hydrochloric acid these electrodes is sensitive to hydrogen ions (usually a
solution (10 g/l HCl)
glass electrode) and the other is the reference electrode (for
GY1 25.0 75.0 example, a saturated calomel electrode).
GY2 15.0 85.0
Apparatus. The measuring apparatus is a voltmeter with an
GY3 8.5 91.5 input resistance at least 100 times that of the electrodes used.
GY4 5.0 95.0 It is normally graduated in pH units and has a sensitivity
such that discrimination of at least 0.05 pH unit or at least
GY5 3.0 97.0 0.003 V may be achieved.
GY6 1.5 98.5
Method. Unless otherwise prescribed in the monograph, all
GY7 0.75 99.25 measurements are made at the same temperature (20-25 °C).
Table 2.2.3.-2 shows the variation of pH with respect to
Table 2.2.2.-6. - Reference solutions R temperature of a number of reference buffer solutions
Volumes in millilitres used for calibration. For the temperature correction,
when necessary, follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Reference Standard solution R Hydrochloric acid The apparatus is calibrated with the buffer solution of
solution (10 g/l HCl)
potassium hydrogen phthalate (primary standard) and
R1 100.0 0.0
1 other buffer solution of different pH (preferably one
R2 75.0 25.0 shown in Table 2.2.3.-2). The pH of a third buffer solution
R3
of intermediate pH read off on the scale must not differ by
50.0 50.0
more than 0.05 pH unit from the value corresponding to
R4 37.5 62.5 this solution. Immerse the electrodes in the solution to be
R5 25.0 75.0 examined and take the reading in the same conditions as
for the buffer solutions.
R6 12.5 87.5
When the apparatus is in frequent use, checks must be
R7 5.0 95.0
carried out regularly. If not, such checks should be carried
Storage out before each measurement.
For Method I, the reference solutions may be stored in sealed All solutions to be examined and the reference buffer
tubes of colourless, transparent, neutral glass of 12 mm solutions must be prepared using carbon dioxide-free
external diameter, protected from light. water R.
For Method II, prepare the reference solutions immediately
before use from the standard solutions. PREPARATION OF REFERENCE BUFFER SOLUTIONS
Potassium tetraoxalate 0.05 M. Dissolve 12.61 g of
01/2008:20203 C4H3KO8,2H2O in carbon dioxide-free water R and dilute to
1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
2.2.3. POTENTIOMETRIC Potassium hydrogen tartrate, saturated at 25 °C. Shake
an excess of C4H5KO6 vigorously with carbon dioxide-free
DETERMINATION OF pH water R at 25 °C. Filter or decant. Prepare immediately
The pH is a number which represents conventionally the before use.
hydrogen ion concentration of an aqueous solution. For Potassium dihydrogen citrate 0.05 M. Dissolve 11.41 g
practical purposes, its definition is an experimental one. of C6H7KO7 in carbon dioxide-free water R and dilute to
The pH of a solution to be examined is related to that of a 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. Prepare immediately before
reference solution (pHs) by the following equation : use.
Potassium hydrogen phthalate 0.05 M. Dissolve 10.13 g of
C8H5KO4, previously dried for 1 h at 110 ± 2 °C, in carbon
dioxide-free water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same
in which E is the potential, expressed in volts, of the cell solvent.
containing the solution to be examined and Es is the
potential, expressed in volts, of the cell containing the Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.025 M + disodium
solution of known pH (pHs), k is the change in potential hydrogen phosphate 0.025 M. Dissolve 3.39 g of KH2PO4
per unit change in pH expressed in volts, and calculated and 3.53 g of Na2HPO4, both previously dried for 2 h at
from the Nernst equation. 120 ± 2 °C, in carbon dioxide-free water R and dilute to
1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
Table 2.2.3.-1. – Values of k at different temperatures
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.0087 M + disodium
Temperature (°C) k (V) hydrogen phosphate 0.0303 M. Dissolve 1.18 g of KH2PO4
15 0.0572 and 4.30 g of Na2HPO4, both previously dried for 2 h at
120 ± 2 °C, in carbon dioxide-free water R and dilute to
20 0.0582 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
25 0.0592
Disodium tetraborate 0.01 M. Dissolve 3.80 g of
30 0.0601 Na2B4O7,10H2O in carbon dioxide-free water R and dilute
to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. Store protected from
35 0.0611
atmospheric carbon dioxide.

24 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.5. Relative density

Table 2.2.3.-2. – pH of reference buffer solutions at various temperatures

Temperature Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium Potassium Disodium Sodium Calcium
(°C) tetraoxalate hydrogen dihydrogen hydrogen dihydrogen dihydrogen tetraborate carbonate hydroxide,
0.05 M tartrate citrate phthalate phosphate phosphate 0.01 M 0.025 M saturated
saturated at 0.05 M 0.05 M 0.025 M 0.0087 M + at 25°C
25 °C + + sodium
disodium disodium bicarbonate
hydrogen hydrogen 0.025 M
phosphate phosphate
0.025 M 0.0303 M
C4H3KO8,2H2O C4H5KO6 C6H7KO7 C8H5KO4 KH2PO4+ KH2PO4+ Na2B4O7, Na2CO3+ Ca(OH)2
Na2HPO4 Na2HPO4 10H2O NaHCO3
15 1.67 3.80 4.00 6.90 7.45 9.28 10.12 12.81
20 1.68 3.79 4.00 6.88 7.43 9.23 10.06 12.63
25 1.68 3.56 3.78 4.01 6.87 7.41 9.18 10.01 12.45
30 1.68 3.55 3.77 4.02 6.85 7.40 9.14 9.97 12.29
35 1.69 3.55 3.76 4.02 6.84 7.39 9.10 9.93 12.13

+ 0.001 − 0.0014 − 0.0022 + 0.0012 − 0.0028 − 0.0028 − 0.0082 − 0.0096 − 0.034

(1) pH variation per degree Celsius.

Sodium carbonate 0.025 M + sodium hydrogen carbonate Reaction pH Indicator Colour

0.025 M. Dissolve 2.64 g of Na2CO3 and 2.09 g of NaHCO3 Neutral 6.0 – 8.0 Methyl red solution R Yellow
in carbon dioxide-free water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with
the same solvent. Store protected from atmospheric carbon Phenol red
solution R (0.05 ml)
dioxide.
Neutral to methyl 4.5 – 6.0 Methyl red solution R Orange-red
Calcium hydroxide, saturated at 25 °C. Shake an excess of red
calcium hydroxide R with carbon dioxide-free water R and Neutral to < 8.0 Phenolphthalein Colourless ; pink or red
decant at 25 °C. Store protected from atmospheric carbon phenolphtalein solution R (0.05 ml) after adding 0.05 ml
dioxide. of 0.1 M base
Acid <6 Methyl red solution R Orange or red
STORAGE Bromothymol blue Yellow
solution R1
Store buffer solutions in suitable chemically resistant, tight Faintly acid 4.0 – 6.0 Methyl red solution R Orange
containers, such as type I glass bottles or plastic containers
suitable for aqueous solutions. Bromocresol green Green or blue
solution R
Strongly acid <4 Congo red paper R Green or blue

01/2008:20205
01/2008:20204
2.2.5. RELATIVE DENSITY
2.2.4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN The relative density of a substance is the ratio of the
REACTION OF SOLUTION, mass of a certain volume of a substance at temperature t1 to
the mass of an equal volume of water at temperature t2.
APPROXIMATE pH AND COLOUR Unless otherwise indicated, the relative density is
OF CERTAIN INDICATORS used. Relative density is also commonly expressed as .
Density ρ20, defined as the mass of a unit volume of
To 10 ml of the solution to be examined, add 0.1 ml of the substance at 20 °C may also be used, expressed in
the indicator solution, unless otherwise prescribed in kilograms per cubic metre or grams per cubic centimetre
Table 2.2.4.-1. (1 kg·m− 3 = 10− 3 g·cm− 3). These quantities are related by the
following equations where density is expressed in grams per
Table 2.2.4.-1 cubic centimetre :
Reaction pH Indicator Colour
Alkaline >8 Litmus paper red R Blue
Thymol blue Grey or violet-blue
solution R (0.05 ml)
Slightly alkaline 8.0 – 10.0 Phenolphthalein Colourless or pink
solution R (0.05 ml)
Thymol blue Grey Relative density or density are measured with the precision
solution R (0.05 ml)
to the number of decimals prescribed in the monograph
Strongly alkaline > 10 Phenolphthalein Red using a density bottle (solids or liquids), a hydrostatic
paper R
balance (solids), a hydrometer (liquids) or a digital density
Thymol blue Violet-blue
solution R (0.05 ml) meter with an oscillating transducer (liquids and gases).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 25

2.2.6. Refractive index EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

When the determination is made by weighing, the buoyancy Precision is a function of the repeatability and stability of the
of air is disregarded, which may introduce an error of 1 unit oscillator frequency, which is dependent on the stability of
in the 3rd decimal place. When using a density meter, the the volume, mass and spring constant of the cell.
buoyancy of air has no influence. Density meters are able to achieve measurements with an
Oscillating transducer density meter. The apparatus error of the order of 1 × 10− 3 g·cm− 3 to 1 × 10− 5 g·cm− 3 and a
consists of: repeatability of 1 × 10− 4 g·cm− 3 to 1 × 10− 6 g·cm− 3.
— a U-shaped tube, usually of borosilicate glass, which
contains the liquid to be examined ; 01/2008:20206
— a magneto-electrical or piezo-electrical excitation system
that causes the tube to oscillate as a cantilever oscillator 2.2.6. REFRACTIVE INDEX
at a characteristic frequency depending on the density of
the liquid to be examined ; The refractive index of a medium with reference to air is
— a means of measuring the oscillation period (T), which equal to the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence of a
may be converted by the apparatus to give a direct beam of light in air to the sine of the angle of refraction of
reading of density, or used to calculate density using the the refracted beam in the given medium.
constants A and B described below. Unless otherwise prescribed, the refractive index is measured
at 20 ± 0.5 °C, with reference to the wavelength of the D-line
The resonant frequency (f) is a function of the spring
of sodium (λ = 589.3 nm) ; the symbol is then .
constant (c) and the mass (m) of the system :
Refractometers normally determine the critical angle. In
such apparatus the essential part is a prism of known
refractive index in contact with the liquid to be examined.
Hence : Calibrate the apparatus using certified reference materials.
When white light is used, the refractometer is provided
with a compensating system. The apparatus gives readings
accurate to at least the third decimal place and is provided
with a means of operation at the temperature prescribed.
M = mass of the tube, The thermometer is graduated at intervals of 0.5 °C or less.
V = inner volume of the tube.
01/2008:20207
Introduction of 2 constants and
, leads to the classical equation for the oscillating
transducer : 2.2.7. OPTICAL ROTATION
Optical rotation is the property displayed by chiral substances
of rotating the plane of polarisation of polarised light.
The constants A and B are determined by operating the Optical rotation is considered to be positive (+) for
instrument with the U-tube filled with 2 different samples dextrorotatory substances (i.e. those that rotate the plane
of known density, for example, degassed water R and air. of polarisation in a clockwise direction) and negative (−) for
Control measurements are made daily using degassed laevorotatory substances.
water R. The results displayed for the control measurement The specific optical rotation is the rotation, expressed
using degassed water R shall not deviate from the reference in radians (rad), measured at the temperature t and at
value (ρ20 = 0.998203 g·cm− 3, = 1.000000) by more than the wavelength λ given by a 1 m thickness of liquid or a
its specified error. For example, an instrument specified solution containing 1 kg/m3 of optically active substance.
to ± 0.0001 g·cm− 3 shall display 0.9982 ± 0.0001 g·cm− 3 in For practical reasons the specific optical rotation
order to be suitable for further measurement. Otherwise is normally expressed in milliradians metre squared per
a re-adjustment is necessary. Calibration with certified kilogram (mrad·m2·kg− 1).
reference materials is carried out regularly. Measurements The Pharmacopoeia adopts the following conventional
are made using the same procedure as for calibration. The definitions.
liquid to be examined is equilibrated in a thermostat at 20 °C
before introduction into the tube, if necessary, to avoid the The angle of optical rotation of a neat liquid is the angle
formation of bubbles and to reduce the time required for of rotation α, expressed in degrees (°), of the plane of
measurement. polarisation at the wavelength of the D-line of sodium
(λ = 589.3 nm) measured at 20 °C using a layer of 1 dm ;
Factors affecting accuracy include : for a solution, the method of preparation is prescribed in
— temperature uniformity throughout the tube, the monograph.
— non-linearity over a range of density, The specific optical rotation of a liquid is the angle
of rotation α, expressed in degrees (°), of the plane of
— parasitic resonant effects,
polarisation at the wavelength of the D-line of sodium
— viscosity, whereby solutions with a higher viscosity than (λ = 589.3 nm) measured at 20 °C in the liquid substance to
the calibrant have a density that is apparently higher be examined, calculated with reference to a layer of 1 dm
than the true value. and divided by the density expressed in grams per cubic
The effects of non-linearity and viscosity may be avoided by centimetre.
using calibrants that have density and viscosity close to those The specific optical rotation of a substance in solution
of the liquid to be examined (± 5 per cent for density, ± 50 per is the angle of rotation α, expressed in degrees (°), of the
cent for viscosity). The density meter may have functions for plane of polarisation at the wavelength of the D-line of
automatic viscosity correction and for correction of errors sodium (λ = 589.3 nm) measured at 20 °C in a solution of
arising from temperature changes and non-linearity. the substance to be examined and calculated with reference

26 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.9. Capillary viscometer method

to a layer of 1 dm containing 1 g/ml of the substance. 01/2008:20208

The specific optical rotation of a substance in solution
is always expressed with reference to a given solvent and
concentration. 2.2.8. VISCOSITY
In the conventional system adopted by the Pharmacopoeia The dynamic viscosity or viscosity coefficient η is the
the specific optical rotation is expressed by its value tangential force per unit surface, known as shearing stress
without units ; the actual units, degree millilitres per τ and expressed in pascals, necessary to move, parallel to
decimetre gram [(°)·ml·dm− 1·g− 1] are understood. the sliding plane, a layer of liquid of 1 square metre at a
rate (v) of 1 metre per second relative to a parallel layer at a
The conversion factor from the International System to the distance (x) of 1 metre.
Pharmacopoeia system is the following :
The ratio dv/dx is a speed gradient giving the rate of shear D
expressed in reciprocal seconds (s− 1), so that η = τ/D.
The unit of dynamic viscosity is the pascal second (Pa·s). The
most commonly used submultiple is the millipascal second
In certain cases specified in the monograph the angle of (mPa·s).
rotation may be measured at temperatures other than 20 °C
and at other wavelengths. The kinematic viscosity v, expressed in square metres per
second, is obtained by dividing the dynamic viscosity η by
the density ρ expressed in kilograms per cubic metre, of the
The polarimeter must be capable of giving readings to the
liquid measured at the same temperature, i.e. v = η/ρ. The
nearest 0.01°. The scale is usually checked by means of
kinematic viscosity is usually expressed in square millimetres
certified quartz plates. The linearity of the scale may be
per second.
checked by means of sucrose solutions.
A capillary viscometer may be used for determining the
Method. Determine the zero of the polarimeter and the viscosity of Newtonian liquids and a rotating viscometer for
angle of rotation of polarised light at the wavelength of determining the viscosity of Newtonian and non-Newtonian
the D-line of sodium (λ = 589.3 nm) at 20 ± 0.5 °C, unless liquids. Other viscometers may be used provided that the
otherwise prescribed. Measurements may be carried out at accuracy and precision is not less than that obtained with
other temperatures only where the monograph indicates the the viscometers described below.
temperature correction to be made to the measured optical
rotation. Determine the zero of the apparatus with the tube
closed ; for liquids the zero is determined with the tube
empty and for solids filled with the prescribed solvent.

Calculate the specific optical rotation using the following 01/2008:20209

formulae.

For neat liquids : 2.2.9. CAPILLARY VISCOMETER

METHOD
The determination of viscosity using a suitable capillary
viscometer is carried out at a temperature of 20 ± 0.1 °C,
unless otherwise prescribed. The time required for the level
For substances in solution :
of the liquid to drop from one mark to the other is measured
with a stop-watch to the nearest one-fifth of a second. The
result is valid only if two consecutive readings do not differ
by more than 1 per cent. The average of not fewer than three
readings gives the flow time of the liquid to be examined.
where c is the concentration of the solution in grams per Calculate the dynamic viscosity η (2.2.8) in millipascal
litre. seconds using the formula :
Calculate the content c in grams per litre or the content c′
in per cent m/m of a dissolved substance using the following
formulae : k = constant of the viscometer, expressed in square
millimetres per second squared,
ρ = density of the liquid to be examined expressed
in milligrams per cubic millimetre, obtained by
multiplying its relative density ( ) by 0.9982,
α t = flow time, in seconds, of the liquid to be examined.
= angle of rotation in degrees read at 20 ± 0.5°C ;
l = length in decimetres of the polarimeter tube ; The constant k is determined using a suitable viscometer
ρ20 = density at 20 °C in grams per cubic centimetre. calibration liquid.
For the purposes of the Pharmacopoeia, density To calculate the kinematic viscosity (mm2·s− 1), use the
is replaced by relative density (2.2.5). following formula : v = kt.
(1) The European Pharmacopoeia describes the system proposed by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 27

2.2.10. Viscosity - Rotating viscometer method EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The determination may be carried out with an apparatus but ensuring that the level of liquid in bulb (B) is below the
(Figure 2.2.9.-1) having the specifications described in exit to ventilation tube (M). Immerse the viscometer in the
Table 2.2.9.-1(1) : bath of water at 20 ± 0.1 °C, unless otherwise prescribed,
maintain it in the upright position and allow to stand for
Table 2.2.9.-1 not less than 30 min to allow the temperature to reach
Size Nomi- Kinematic Internal Volume Internal equilibrium. Close tube (M) and raise the level of the liquid
number nal viscosity diameter of diameter in tube (N) up to a level about 8 mm above mark (E). Keep
con- range of tube bulb of tube the liquid at this level by closing tube (N) and opening
stant
R C N tube (M). Open tube (N) and measure, with a stop-watch to
of visco-
the nearest one-fifth of a second, the time required for the
meter level of the liquid to drop from mark (E) to (F).
mm2·s− 2 mm2·s− 1 mm ml mm
(± 2 %) (± 5 %)
1 0.01 3.5 to 10 0.64 5.6 2.8 to 3.2
1A 0.03 6 to 30 0.84 5.6 2.8 to 3.2
01/2008:20210
2 0.1 20 to 100 1.15 5.6 2.8 to 3.2
2A 0.3 60 to 300 1.51 5.6 2.8 to 3.2
2.2.10. VISCOSITY - ROTATING
3 1.0 200 to 1000 2.06 5.6 3.7 to 4.3
VISCOMETER METHOD
3A 3.0 600 to 3000 2.74 5.6 4.6 to 5.4 The principle of the method is to measure the force acting on
a rotor (torque) when it rotates at a constant angular velocity
4 10 2000 to 3.70 5.6 4.6 to 5.4
(rotational speed) in a liquid. Rotating viscometers are used
10 000
for measuring the viscosity of Newtonian (shear-independent
4A 30 6000 to 4.07 5.6 5.6 to 6.4 viscosity) or non-Newtonian liquids (shear dependent
30 000 viscosity or apparent viscosity). Rotating viscometers
5 100 20 000 to 6.76 5.6 6.8 to 7.5 can be divided in 2 groups, namely absolute and relative
100 000 viscometers. In absolute viscometers the flow in the
measuring geometry is well defined. The measurements
result in absolute viscosity values, which can be compared
with any other absolute values. In relative viscometers
the flow in the measuring geometry is not defined. The
measurements result in relative viscosity values, which
cannot be compared with absolute values or other relative
values if not determined by the same relative viscometer
method.
Different measuring systems are available for given viscosity
ranges as well as several rotational speeds.

APPARATUS
The following types of instruments are most common.
CONCENTRIC CYLINDER VISCOMETERS (ABSOLUTE
VISCOMETERS)
In the concentric cylinder viscometer (coaxial double
cylinder viscometer or simply coaxial cylinder viscometer),
the viscosity is determined by placing the liquid in the
gap between the inner cylinder and the outer cylinder.
Viscosity measurement can be performed by rotating the
inner cylinder (Searle type viscometer) or the outer cylinder
(Couette type viscometer), as shown in Figures 2.2.10.-1
and 2.2.10.-2, respectively. For laminar flow, the viscosity (or
apparent viscosity) η expressed in pascal-seconds is given by
the following formula :

M = torque in newton-metres acting on the cylinder

surface,
ω = angular velocity in radians per second,
Figure 2.2.9.- 1. – Suspended level viscometer
h = height of immersion in metres of the inner
Dimensions in millimetres
cylinder in the liquid medium,
The minimum flow time should be 350 s for size no. 1 and Ri = radius in metres of the inner cylinder,
200 s for all other sizes.
Ro = radius in metres of the outer cylinder,
Method. Fill the viscometer through tube (L) with a
sufficient quantity of the liquid to be examined, previously k = constant of the apparatus, expressed in radians
brought to 20 °C unless otherwise prescribed, to fill bulb (A) per cubic metre.

28 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.10. Viscosity - Rotating viscometer method

For non-Newtonian liquids it is indispensable to specify the

shear stress (τ) or the shear rate (γ) at which the viscosity is
measured. Under narrow gap conditions (conditions satisfied
in absolute viscometers), there is a proportional relationship
between M and τ and also between ω and γ :

where A and B are constants for the instrument and are

calculated from the following expressions :

— for concentric surface :

— for cone-plates :
Figure 2.2.10.-2
CONE-PLATE VISCOMETERS (ABSOLUTE
VISCOMETERS)
In the cone-plate viscometer, the liquid is introduced into
M = torque in Newton-metres acting on the cone or the gap between a flat disc and a cone forming a define
cylinder surface, angle. Viscosity measurement can be performed by rotating
ω = angular velocity in radians per second, the cone or the flat disc, as shown in Figures 2.2.10.-3
= and 2.2.10.-4, respectively. For laminar flow, the viscosity (or
Ri radius in metres of the inner cylinder, apparent viscosity) η expressed in pascal-seconds is given by
R0 = radius in metres of the outer cylinder, the following formula :
R = radius in metres of the cone,
h = height of immersion in metres of the inner
cylinder in the liquid medium,
α = angle in radians between the flat disk and the =
M torque in Newton-metres acting on the flat disc or
cone, cone surface,
τ = shear stress in pascals (Pa), ω = angular velocity in radians per second,
γ = shear rate in reciprocal seconds (s-1). α = angle in radians between the flat disc and the
cone,
R = radius in metres of the cone,
k = constant of the apparatus, expressed in radians
per cubic metre.

Constants A, B of the apparatus (see under concentric

cylinder viscometers).

Figure 2.2.10.-1 Figure 2.2.10.-3

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 29

2.2.11. Distillation range EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

In a general way, the constant k of the apparatus may

be determined at various speeds of rotation using a
certified viscometer calibration liquid. The viscosity η then
corresponds to the formula :

METHOD
Measure the viscosity (or apparent viscosity) according to
the instructions for the operation of the rotating viscometer.
The temperature for measuring the viscosity is indicated in
Figure 2.2.10.-4 the monograph. For non-Newtonian systems, the monograph
indicates the type of viscometer to be used and if absolute
SPINDLE VISCOMETERS (RELATIVE VISCOMETERS)
viscometers are used the angular velocity or the shear rate at
In the spindle viscometer, the viscosity is determined by which the measurement is made. If it is impossible to obtain
rotating a spindle (for example, cylinder- or disc-shaped, the indicated shear rate exactly, use a shear rate slightly
as shown in Figures 2.2.10.-5 and 2.2.10.-6, respectively) higher and a shear rate slightly lower and interpolate.
immersed in the liquid. Relative values of viscosity
(or apparent viscosity) can be directly calculated using With relative viscometers the shear rate is not the same
conversion factors from the scale reading at a given throughout the sample and therefore it cannot be defined.
rotational speed. Under these conditions, the viscosity of non-Newtonian
liquids determined from the previous formula has a relative
character, which depends on the type of spindle and the
angular velocity as well as the dimensions of the sample
container (Ø = minimum 80 mm) and the depth of immersion
of the spindle. The values obtained are comparable only if
the method is carried out under experimental conditions
that are rigorously the same.

01/2008:20211

2.2.11. DISTILLATION RANGE

The distillation range is the temperature interval, corrected
for a pressure of 101.3 kPa (760 Torr), within which a liquid,
or a specified fraction of a liquid, distils in the following
Figure 2.2.10.-5 conditions.
Apparatus. The apparatus (see Figure 2.2.11.-1) consists of
a distillation flask (A), a straight tube condenser (B) which
fits on to the side arm of the flask and a plain-bend adaptor
(C) attached to the end of the condenser. The lower end
of the condenser may, alternatively, be bent to replace the
adaptor. A thermometer is inserted in the neck of the flask
so that the upper end of the mercury reservoir is 5 mm lower
than the junction of the lower wall of the lateral tube. The
thermometer is graduated at 0.2 °C intervals and the scale
covers a range of about 50 °C. During the determination,
the flask, including its neck, is protected from draughts by
a suitable screen.
Method. Place in the flask (A) 50.0 ml of the liquid to be
examined and a few pieces of porous material. Collect the
distillate in a 50 ml cylinder graduated in 1 ml. Cooling
by circulating water is essential for liquids distilling below
150 °C. Heat the flask so that boiling is rapidly achieved and
note the temperature at which the first drop of distillate falls
into the cylinder. Adjust the heating to give a regular rate
of distillation of 2-3 ml/min and note the temperature when
the whole or the prescribed fraction of the liquid, measured
Figure 2.2.10.-6 at 20 °C, has distilled.

30 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.13. Determination of water by distillation

Figure 2.2.11.-1. – Apparatus for the determination of distillation range

Dimensions in millimetres

Table 2.2.11.-1. — Temperature correction in relation to reservoir is level with the lower end of the neck of the
the pressure distillation flask and that the flask is placed on a plate of
isolating material pierced by a hole 35 mm in diameter.
Distillation temperature Correction factor k
Method. Place in the flask (A) 20 ml of the liquid to be
up to 100 °C 0.30
examined and a few pieces of porous material. Heat the flask
above 100 °C up to 140 °C 0.34 so that boiling is rapidly achieved and record the temperature
above 140 °C up to 190 °C 0.38
at which liquid runs from the side-arm into the condenser.
0.41
Correct the observed temperature for barometric pressure
above 190 °C up to 240 °C
by means of the formula :
above 240 °C 0.45

Correct the observed temperatures for barometric pressure

by means of the formula : t1 = the corrected temperature,
t2 = the observed temperature at barometric
pressure b,
t1 = the corrected temperature, k = the correction factor as shown in Table 2.2.11.-1
under Distillation Range,
t2 = the observed temperature, at the barometric
pressure b, b = the barometric pressure, in kilopascals, at the
time of the determination.
k = the correction factor taken from Table 2.2.11.-1
unless the factor is given,
b = the barometric pressure, expressed in kilopascals,
during the distillation.
01/2008:20213

2.2.13. DETERMINATION OF WATER

01/2008:20212
BY DISTILLATION
The apparatus (see Figure 2.2.13.-1) consists of a glass
2.2.12. BOILING POINT flask (A) connected by a tube (D) to a cylindrical tube (B)
fitted with a graduated receiving tube (E) and reflux
The boiling point is the corrected temperature at which the condenser (C). The receiving tube (E) is graduated in 0.1 ml.
vapour pressure of a liquid is equal to 101.3 kPa. The source of heat is preferably an electric heater with
rheostat control or an oil bath. The upper portion of the
Apparatus. The apparatus is that used for Distillation Range flask and the connecting tube may be insulated.
(2.2.11) with the exception that the thermometer is inserted
in the neck of the flask so that the lower end of the mercury

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 31

2.2.14. Melting point - capillary method EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:20214

2.2.14. MELTING POINT - CAPILLARY

METHOD
The melting point determined by the capillary method is the
temperature at which the last solid particle of a compact
column of a substance in a tube passes into the liquid phase.
When prescribed in the monograph, the same apparatus and
method are used for the determination of other factors, such
as meniscus formation or melting range, that characterise
the melting behaviour of a substance.
Apparatus. The apparatus consists of:
— a suitable glass vessel containing a liquid bath (for
example, water, liquid paraffin or silicone oil) and fitted
with a suitable means of heating,
— a suitable means of stirring, ensuring uniformity of
temperature within the bath,
— a suitable thermometer with graduation at not more than
0.5 °C intervals and provided with an immersion mark.
The range of the thermometer is not more than 100 °C,
— alkali-free hard-glass capillary tubes of internal diameter
0.9 mm to 1.1 mm with a wall 0.10 mm to 0.15 mm thick
and sealed at one end.
Method. Unless otherwise prescribed, dry the finely
powdered substance in vacuo and over anhydrous silica
gel R for 24 h. Introduce a sufficient quantity into a capillary
tube to give a compact column 4 mm to 6 mm in height.
Raise the temperature of the bath to about 10 °C below the
presumed melting point and then adjust the rate of heating
Figure 2.2.13.-1. – Apparatus for the determination of water to about 1 °C/min. When the temperature is 5 °C below the
by distillation presumed melting point, correctly introduce the capillary
Dimensions in millimetres tube into the instrument. For the apparatus described above,
immerse the capillary tube so that the closed end is near the
Method. Clean the receiving tube and the condenser of the centre of the bulb of the thermometer, the immersion mark
apparatus, thoroughly rinse with water, and dry. of which is at the level of the surface of the liquid. Record
the temperature at which the last particle passes into the
Introduce 200 ml of toluene R and about 2 ml of water R liquid phase.
into the dry flask. Distil for 2 h, then allow to cool for about Calibration of the apparatus. The apparatus may be
30 min and read the water volume to the nearest 0.05 ml. calibrated using melting point reference substances such as
Place in the flask a quantity of the substance, weighed with those of the World Health Organisation or other appropriate
an accuracy of 1 per cent, expected to give about 2 ml to 3 ml substances.
of water. If the substance has a pasty consistency, weigh it in
a boat of metal foil. Add a few pieces of porous material and
heat the flask gently for 15 min. When the toluene begins
to boil, distil at the rate of about two drops per second until 01/2008:20215
most of the water has distilled over, then increase the rate
of distillation to about four drops per second. When the
water has all distilled over, rinse the inside of the condenser 2.2.15. MELTING POINT - OPEN
tube with toluene R. Continue the distillation for 5 min, CAPILLARY METHOD
remove the heat, allow the receiving tube to cool to room
temperature and dislodge any droplets of water which For certain substances, the following method is used to
adhere to the walls of the receiving tube. When the water determine the melting point (also referred to as slip point
and toluene have completely separated, read the volume of and rising melting point when determined by this method).
water and calculate the content present in the substance as Use glass capillary tubes open at both ends, about 80 mm
millilitre per kilogram, using the formula : long, having an external diameter of 1.4 mm to 1.5 mm and
an internal diameter of 1.0 mm to 1.2 mm.
Introduce into each of 5 capillary tubes a sufficient amount
of the substance, previously treated as described, to form
m in each tube a column about 10 mm high and allow the
= the mass in grams of the substance to be tubes to stand for the appropriate time and at the prescribed
examined, temperature.
n1 = the number of millilitres of water obtained in the
Unless otherwise prescribed, substances with a waxy
first distillation, consistency are carefully and completely melted on a
n2 = the total number of millilitres of water obtained water-bath before introduction into the capillary tubes.
in the 2 distillations. Allow the tubes to stand at 2-8 °C for 2 h.

32 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.17. Drop point

Attach one of the tubes to a thermometer graduated in 0.5 °C When a monograph does not specify the method to be
so that the substance is close to the bulb of the thermometer. used, method A is applied. Any change from method A to
Introduce the thermometer with the attached tube into method B is validated.
a beaker so that the distance between the bottom of the
beaker and the lower part of the bulb of the thermometer is METHOD A
1 cm. Fill the beaker with water to a depth of 5 cm. Increase Apparatus. The apparatus (see Figure 2.2.17.-1) consists of
the temperature of the water gradually at a rate of 1 °C/min. 2 metal sheaths (A and B) screwed together. Sheath A is
The temperature at which the substance begins to rise in the fixed to a mercury thermometer. A metal cup is loosely fixed
capillary tube is regarded as the melting point. to the lower part of sheath B by means of 2 tightening bands.
Repeat the operation with the other 4 capillary tubes and Fixed supports 2 mm long determine the exact position of
calculate the result as the mean of the 5 readings. the cup, and in addition are used to centre the thermometer.
A hole pierced in the wall of sheath B is used to balance
the pressure. The draining surface of the cup must be
flat and the edges of the outflow orifice must be at right
01/2008:20216 angles to it. The lower part of the mercury thermometer
has the form and size shown in the figure ; it covers a range
2.2.16. MELTING POINT - from 0 °C to 110 °C and on its scale a distance of 1 mm
represents a difference of 1 °C. The mercury reservoir of the
INSTANTANEOUS METHOD thermometer has a diameter of 3.5 ± 0.2 mm and a height
The instantaneous melting point is calculated using the of 6.0 ± 0.3 mm. The apparatus is placed in the axis of a
expression : test-tube about 200 mm long and with an external diameter
of about 40 mm. It is fixed to the test-tube by means of a
laterally grooved stopper through which the thermometer
passes. The opening of the cup is placed about 15 mm from
in which t1 is the first temperature and t2 the second the bottom of the test-tube. The whole device is immersed
temperature read under the conditions stated below. in a beaker with a capacity of about 1 litre, filled with water.
The bottom of the test-tube is placed about 25 mm from the
Apparatus. The apparatus consists of a metal block resistant bottom of the beaker. The water level reaches the upper part
to the substance to be examined, of good heat-conducting of sheath A. A stirrer is used to ensure that the temperature
capacity, such as brass, with a carefully polished plane of the water remains uniform.
upper surface. The block is uniformly heated throughout
its mass by means of a micro-adjustable gas heater or an
electric heating device with fine adjustment. The block
has a cylindrical cavity, wide enough to accomodate a
thermometer, which should be maintained with the mercury
column in the same position during the calibration of the
apparatus and the determination of the melting point of
the substance to be examined. The cylindrical cavity is
parallel to the upper polished surface of the block and about
3 mm from it. The apparatus is calibrated using appropriate
substances of known melting point.
Method. Heat the block at a suitably rapid rate to a
temperature about 10 °C below the presumed melting
temperature, then adjust the heating rate to about 1 °C/min.
At regular intervals drop a few particles of powdered and,
where appropriate, dried substance, prepared as for the
capillary tube method, onto the block in the vicinity of the
thermometer bulb, cleaning the surface after each test.
Record the temperature t1 at which the substance melts
instantaneously for the first time in contact with the metal.
Stop the heating. During cooling drop a few particles of the
substance at regular intervals on the block, cleaning the
surface after each test. Record the temperature t2 at which
the substance ceases to melt instantaneously when it comes
in contact with the metal
Calibration of the apparatus. The apparatus may be
calibrated using melting point reference substances such as
those of the World Health Organisation or other appropriate
substances.

A. upper metal sheath D. fixed supports

01/2008:20217 B. lower metal sheath E. tightening bands
C. pressure-balancing hole F. metal sample cup
2.2.17. DROP POINT
The drop point is the temperature at which the first drop of Figure 2.2.17.-1. – Apparatus for the determination
the melting substance to be examined falls from a cup under of drop point
defined conditions. Dimensions in millimetres

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 33

2.2.17. Drop point EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Method. Prepare the substance to be examined according Method. Melt the substance to be examined and introduce
to the prescriptions of the monograph. Fill the cup to the it into the sample cup according to the prescriptions of the
brim with the substance to be examined. Remove the excess monograph, then proceed as follows or according to the
substance at the 2 ends of the cup with a spatula. When manufacturer’s instructions. Remove the excess substance
sheaths A and B have been assembled, press the cup into its at the 2 ends of the cup with a spatula. Condition the
housing in sheath B until it touches the supports. Remove sample at the temperature and for the time prescribed in
with a spatula the substance pushed out by the thermometer. the monograph before making the measurement. Press
Place the apparatus in the water-bath as described above. the cup into the cup holder, and then press the collector
Heat the water-bath and, when the temperature is at about sleeve onto the cup. Place the cartridge assembly in the
10 °C below the presumed drop point, adjust the heating heating block. Set the instrument to the initial isothermal
rate to about 1 °C/min. Note the temperature at the fall of conditions and rate for subsequent heating as described
the first drop. Carry out at least 3 determinations, each time in the monograph of the substance to be examined. Start
with a fresh sample of the substance. The difference between the temperature programme. When the first drop of molten
the readings must not exceed 3 °C. The mean of 3 readings sample falls through the hole at the bottom of the sample
is the drop point of the substance. cup, interrupting the light beam, the signal from the
photo-sensor causes the temperature of the heating block
METHOD B - AUTOMATED METHOD to be recorded automatically.
Apparatus. The apparatus (see Figure 2.2.17.-2) consists of
a cartridge assembly comprising a cup holder into which Calibration. Use the apparatus according to the
the sample cup containing the sample is loosely fixed, and manufacturer’s instructions and carry out the prescribed
a collector sleeve with a horizontal light slit, which is fixed calibrations and system performance tests at regular
below the cup. This assembly is placed in a heating block. intervals, depending on the use of the apparatus and the
The block is a metal cylinder with a cylindrical hole along substances to be examined. Benzoic acid and benzophenone
its vertical axis into which the cartridge assembly is placed. are usually used as certified reference materials. Other
There is another, narrower cylindrical vertical hole in which materials may be used provided they show no polymorphism.
a temperature sensor sits. This is positioned level with the Proceed as follows or according to the manufacturer’s
sample cup. The heating block is surrounded by an electrical instructions. Prepare 3 sample cups for each of the 2 certified
heating element. Below the heating block a lamp is mounted reference materials. Place the sample cups on a clean
such that a beam of light shines through the light slit in surface. Into each sample cup, introduce a small quantity
the collector sleeve, and onto a photo-sensor mounted of the sample and press it down with a rod (diameter about
opposite. The heating block is capable of being maintained 4.5 mm). Check that the opening is completely filled. Fill
at a precise, pre-defined temperature by the heating element, the sample cup about half full and compact the sample with
and of being heated at a slow and steady, pre-defined rate a rod (diameter about 9 mm). Fill the sample cup completely
after an initial isothermal period. and compact, adding more sample and compacting again if
necessary, until the sample cup is completely full.

Temperature programme for benzoic acid : start

temperature = 118.0 °C ; heating rate = 0.2 °C/min ; end
temperature = 126.0 °C. After inserting the cup at 118 °C, a
waiting time of 30 s is set before heating starts.

Temperature programme for benzophenone : start

temperature = 44.0 °C ; heating rate = 0.2 °C/min ; end
temperature = 56.0 °C. After inserting the cup at 44 °C, a
waiting time of 30 s is set before heating starts.

Check the 3 single results : the test is valid if the 3 results

are within 0.3 °C of the mean value.

Calculate the corrected mean temperature (T)2 using the

following expression :

T1 = mean drop point temperature of 3 samples, in °C ;

F = compensation for the difference in temperature
A. cup holder F. heating element
between the sample and the point in the heating
B. heating block G. sample cup block where the temperature is measured ; this
C. light source H. photo-sensor
will vary depending upon the design of the
automatic drop point instrument and is provided
D. light slit J. collector sleeve by the manufacturer.
E. cartridge assembly K. temperature probe
Taking into account the drop point (T0) of the certified
Figure 2.2.17.-2. – Example of automated drop point reference material, the accuracy of the temperature scale is
apparatus satisfactory if |T2 − T0| is not greater than 0.3 °C.

34 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.20. Potentiometric titration

01/2008:20218 electrode or 2 indicator electrodes) immersed in the solution

to be examined and maintained at a constant potential
2.2.18. FREEZING POINT difference as a function of the quantity of titrant added.
The potential of the measuring electrode is sufficient to
The freezing point is the maximum temperature occurring
ensure a diffusion current for the electroactive substance.
during the solidification of a supercooled liquid.
Apparatus. The apparatus comprises an adjustable voltage
source and a sensitive microammeter ; the detection system
generally consists of an indicator electrode (for example,
a platinum electrode, a dropping-mercury electrode, a
rotating-disc electrode or a carbon electrode) and a reference
electrode (for example, a calomel electrode or a silver-silver
chloride electrode).
A three-electrode apparatus is sometimes used, consisting of
an indicator electrode, a reference electrode and a polarised
auxiliary electrode.
Method. Set the potential of the indicator electrode as
prescribed and plot a graph of the initial current and the
values obtained during the titration as functions of the
quantity of titrant added. Add the titrant in not fewer than
3 successive quantities equal to a total of about 80 per cent
of the theoretical volume corresponding to the presumed
equivalence point. The 3 values must fall on a straight
line. Continue adding the titrant beyond the presumed
equivalence point in not fewer than 3 successive quantities.
The values obtained must fall on a straight line. The point
of intersection of the 2 lines represents the end-point of the
titration.
For amperometric titration with 2 indicator electrodes, the
whole titration curve is recorded and used to determine the
end-point.
Figure 2.2.18.-1. – Apparatus for the determination of
freezing point
Dimensions in millimetres
Apparatus. The apparatus (see Figure 2.2.18.-1) consists of a 01/2008:20220
test-tube about 25 mm in diameter and 150 mm long placed corrected 6.0
inside a test-tube about 40 mm in diameter and 160 mm
long. The inner tube is closed by a stopper which carries a
thermometer about 175 mm long and graduated in 0.2 °C
2.2.20. POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION
fixed so that the bulb is about 15 mm above the bottom of In a potentiometric titration the end-point of the titration
the tube. The stopper has a hole allowing the passage of is determined by following the variation of the potential
the stem of a stirrer made from a glass rod or other suitable difference between 2 electrodes (either one indicator
material formed at one end into a loop of about 18 mm electrode and one reference electrode or 2 indicator
overall diameter at right angles to the rod. The inner tube electrodes) immersed in the solution to be examined as a
with its jacket is supported centrally in a 1 litre beaker function of the quantity of titrant added.
containing a suitable cooling liquid to within 20 mm of the
top. A thermometer is supported in the cooling bath. The potential is usually measured at zero or practically zero
Method. Place in the inner tube sufficient quantity of the current.
liquid or previously melted substance to be examined, to Apparatus. The apparatus used (a simple potentiometer or
cover the thermometer bulb and determine the approximate electronic device) comprises a voltmeter allowing readings
freezing point by cooling rapidly. Place the inner tube in a to the nearest millivolt.
bath about 5 °C above the approximate freezing point until
The indicator electrode to be used depends on the substance
all but the last traces of crystals are melted. Fill the beaker
to be determined and may be a glass or metal electrode (for
with water or a saturated solution of sodium chloride, at a
example, platinum, gold, silver or mercury). The reference
temperature about 5 °C lower than the expected freezing
electrode is generally a calomel or a silver-silver chloride
point, insert the inner tube into the outer tube, ensuring
electrode.
that some seed crystals are present, and stir thoroughly until
solidification takes place. Note the highest temperature For acid-base titrations and unless otherwise prescribed,
observed during solidification. a glass-calomel or glass-silver-silver chloride electrode
combination is used.
01/2008:20219 Method. The solvent mixture is neutralised, if necessary,
before dissolution of the substance to be examined. Plot a
2.2.19. AMPEROMETRIC TITRATION graph of the variation of potential difference as a function
of the quantity of the titrant added, continuing the addition
In amperometric titration the end-point is determined by of the titrant beyond the presumed equivalence point. The
following the variation of the current measured between end-point corresponds to a sharp variation of potential
2 electrodes (either one indicator electrode and one reference difference.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 35

2.2.21. Fluorimetry EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:20221 energy transitions and electromagnetic radiation is emitted.

An emission spectrum of an element contains several more
2.2.21. FLUORIMETRY lines than the corresponding absorption spectrum.
Atomic emission spectrometry is a technique for determining
Fluorimetry is a procedure which uses the measurement the concentration of an element in a sample by measuring
of the intensity of the fluorescent light emitted by the the intensity of one of the emission lines of the atomic
substance to be examined in relation to that emitted by a vapour of the element generated from the sample. The
given standard. determination is carried out at the wavelength corresponding
Method. Dissolve the substance to be examined in the to this emission line.
solvent or mixture of solvents prescribed in the monograph, In this chapter only atomisation in flame is dealt with. The
transfer the solution to the cell or the tube of the fluorimeter method of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission
and illuminate it with an excitant light beam of the spectrometry (ICP-AES) is described in a different general
wavelength prescribed in the monograph and as near as chapter.
possible monochromatic.
Measure the intensity of the emitted light at an angle of APPARATUS
90° to the excitant beam, after passing it through a filter This consists essentially of:
which transmits predominantly light of the wavelength of — a sample introduction and nebulisation system ;
the fluorescence. Other types of apparatus may be used
— a flame to generate the atoms to be determined ;
provided that the results obtained are identical.
— a monochromator ;
For quantitative determinations, first introduce into the
apparatus the solvent or mixture of solvents used to dissolve — a detector ;
the substance to be examined and set the instrument to zero. — a data-acquisition unit.
Introduce the standard solution and adjust the sensitivity Oxygen, air and a combustible gas such as hydrogen,
of the instrument so that the reading is greater than 50. If acetylene, propane or butane may be used in flames. The
the second adjustment is made by altering the width of the atomisation source is critical, since it must provide sufficient
slits, a new zero setting must be made and the intensity of energy to excite and atomise the atoms. The atomic spectra
the standard must be measured again. Finally introduce emitted from flames have the advantage of being simpler
the solution of unknown concentration and read the result than those emitted from other sources, the main limitation
on the instrument. Calculate the concentration cx of the being that the flames are not powerful enough to cause
substance in the solution to be examined, using the formula : emission for many elements allowing their determination.
Acidified water is the solvent of choice for preparing test and
reference solutions, although organic solvents may also be
used if precautions are taken to ensure that the solvent does
cx not interfere with the stability of the flame.
= concentration of the solution to be examined,
cs = concentration of the standard solution, INTERFERENCES
Ix = intensity of the light emitted by the solution to Spectral interference is reduced or eliminated by choosing an
be examined, appropriate emission line for measurement or by adjusting
Is the slit for spectral band-width. Physical interference is
= intensity of the light emitted by the standard
solution. corrected by diluting the sample solution, by matching
the matrix or by using the method of standard additions.
If the intensity of the fluorescence is not strictly proportional Chemical interference is reduced by using chemical modifiers
to the concentration, the measurement may be effected using or ionisation buffers.
a calibration curve.
In some cases, measurement can be made with reference MEMORY EFFECT
to a fixed standard (for example a fluorescent glass or a The memory effect caused by deposit of analyte in the
solution of another fluorescent substance). In such cases, apparatus may be limited by thoroughly rinsing between
the concentration of the substance to be examined must runs, diluting the solutions to be measured if possible and
be determined using a previously drawn calibration curve thus reducing their salt content, and by aspirating the
under the same conditions. solutions through as swiftly as possible.
METHOD
Use of plastic labware is recommended wherever possible.
01/2008:20222
Operate an atomic emission spectrometer in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instructions at the prescribed
2.2.22. ATOMIC EMISSION wavelength. Optimise the experimental conditions (flame
SPECTROMETRY temperature, burner adjustment, use of an ionic buffer,
concentration of solutions) for the specific element to be
GENERAL PRINCIPLE analysed and in respect of the sample matrix. Introduce a
Atomic emission is a process that occurs when blank solution into the atomic generator and adjust the
electromagnetic radiation is emitted by excited atoms or ions. instrument reading to zero or to its blank value. Introduce
In atomic emission spectrometry the sample is subjected to the most concentrated reference solution and adjust the
temperatures high enough to cause not only dissociation into sensitivity to obtain a suitable reading.
atoms, but also to cause significant amounts of collisional It is preferable to use concentrations which fall within the
excitation and ionisation of the sample atoms to take place. linear part of the calibration curve. If this is not possible,
Once the atoms and ions are in the excited states, they can the calibration plots may also be curved and are then to be
decay to lower states through thermal or radiative (emission) applied with appropriate calibration software.

36 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.23. Atomic absorption spectrometry

Determinations are made by comparison with reference Both linear and quadratic weighting functions are applied
solutions with known concentrations of the element to to the data to find the most appropriate weighting function
be determined either by the method of direct calibration to be employed. If the means compared to the calibration
(Method I) or the method of standard additions (Method II). curve show a deviation from linearity, two-dimensional linear
METHOD I - DIRECT CALIBRATION regression is used.
For routine measurements 3 reference solutions of the ACCURACY
element to be determined and a blank are prepared and Verify the accuracy preferably by using a certified reference
examined. material (CRM). Where this is not possible, perform a test
Prepare the solution of the substance to be examined (test for recovery.
solution) as prescribed in the monograph. Prepare not fewer Recovery. For assay determinations a recovery of 90 per cent
than 3 reference solutions of the element to be determined, to 110 per cent is to be obtained. For other determinations,
the concentrations of which span the expected value in for example for trace element determination, the test is
the test solution. For assay purposes, optimal calibration not valid if recovery is outside of the range 80 per cent
levels are between 0.7 and 1.3 times the expected content to 120 per cent at the theoretical value. Recovery may be
of the element to be determined or the limit prescribed in determined on a suitable reference solution (matrix solution)
the monograph. For purity determination, calibration levels which is spiked with a known quantity of analyte (middle
are between the limit of detection and 1.2 times the limit concentration of the calibration range).
specified for the element to be determined. Any reagents
used in the preparation of the test solution are added to the REPEATABILITY
reference solutions and to the blank solution at the same The repeatability is not greater than 3 per cent for an assay
concentration. and not greater than 5 per cent for an impurity test.
Introduce each of the solutions into the instrument using LIMIT OF QUANTIFICATION
the same number of replicates for each solution, to obtain Verify that the limit of quantification (for example,
a steady reading. determined using the 10 σ approach) is below the value to
Calculation. Prepare a calibration curve from the mean be measured.
of the readings obtained with the reference solutions by
plotting the means as a function of concentration. Determine
01/2008:20223
the concentration of the element in the test solution from
the curve obtained.
METHOD II - STANDARD ADDITIONS
2.2.23. ATOMIC ABSORPTION
Add to at least 3 similar volumetric flasks equal volumes SPECTROMETRY
of the solution of the substance to be examined (test
GENERAL PRINCIPLE
solution) prepared as prescribed. Add to all but 1 of the
flasks progressively larger volumes of a reference solution Atomic absorption is a process that occurs when a ground
containing a known concentration of the element to be state-atom absorbs electromagnetic radiation of a specific
determined to produce a series of solutions containing wavelength and is elevated to an excited state. The atoms in
steadily increasing concentrations of that element known to the ground state absorb energy at their resonant frequency
give responses in the linear part of the curve, if at all possible. and the electromagnetic radiation is attenuated due to
Dilute the contents of each flask to volume with solvent. resonance absorption. The energy absorption is virtually a
Introduce each of the solutions into the instrument using direct function of the number of atoms present.
the same number of replicates for each solution, to obtain This chapter provides general information and defines
a steady reading. the procedures used in element determinations by atomic
absorption spectrometry, either atomisation by flame, by
Calculation. Calculate the linear equation of the graph electrothermal vaporisation in a graphite furnace, by hydride
using a least-squares fit, and derive from it the concentration generation or by cold vapour technique for mercury.
of the element to be determined in the test solution.
Atomic absorption spectrometry is a technique for
VALIDATION OF THE METHOD determining the concentration of an element in a sample
Satisfactory performance of methods prescribed in by measuring the absorption of electromagnetic radiation
monographs is verified at suitable time intervals. by the atomic vapour of the element generated from the
sample. The determination is carried out at the wavelength
LINEARITY
of one of the absorption (resonance) lines of the element
Prepare and analyse not fewer than 4 reference solutions concerned. The amount of radiation absorbed is, according
over the calibration range and a blank solution. Perform to the Lambert-Beer law, proportional to the element
not fewer than 5 replicates. concentration.
The calibration curve is calculated by least-square regression
from all measured data. The regression curve, the means, the APPARATUS
measured data and the confidence interval of the calibration This consists essentially of:
curve are plotted. The operating method is valid when : — a source of radiation ;
— the correlation coefficient is at least 0.99, — a sample introduction device ;
— the residuals of each calibration level are randomly — a sample atomiser ;
distributed around the calibration curve.
— a monochromator or polychromator ;
Calculate the mean and relative standard deviation for the
lowest and highest calibration level. — a detector ;
When the ratio of the estimated standard deviation of the — a data-acquisition unit.
lowest and the highest calibration level is less than 0.5 or The apparatus is usually equipped with a background
greater than 2.0, a more precise estimation of the calibration correction system. Hollow-cathode lamps and electrodeless
curve may be obtained using weighted linear regression. discharge lamps (EDL) are used as radiation source. The

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 37

2.2.23. Atomic absorption spectrometry EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

emission of such lamps consists of a spectrum showing BACKGROUND CORRECTION

very narrow lines with half-width of about 0.002 nm of the Scatter and background in the flame or the electrothermal
element being determined. atomisation technique increase the measured absorbance
There are 3 types of sample atomisers : values. Background absorption covers a large range of
— Flame technique wavelengths, whereas atomic absorption takes place in a
very narrow wavelength range of about 0.005-0.02 nm.
A flame atomiser is composed of a nebulisation system Background absorption can in principle be corrected by
with a pneumatic aerosol production accessory, a gas-flow using a blank solution of exactly the same composition as the
regulation and a burner. Fuel-oxidant mixtures are sample, but without the specific element to be determined,
commonly used to produce a range of temperatures from although this method is frequently impracticable. With
about 2000 K to 3000 K. Fuel gases include propane, the electrothermal atomisation technique the pyrolysis
hydrogen and acetylene ; air and nitrous oxide are used as temperature is to be optimised to eliminate the matrix
oxidants. The configuration of the burner is adapted to decomposition products causing background absorption.
the gases used and the gas flow is adjustable. Samples are Background correction can also be made by using
nebulised, acidified water being the solvent of choice for 2 different light sources, the hollow-cathode lamp that
preparing test and reference solutions. Organic solvents measures the total absorption (element + background) and
may also be used if precautions are taken to ensure that a deuterium lamp with a continuum emission from which
the solvent does not interfere with the stability of the the background absorption is measured. Background is
flame. corrected by subtracting the deuterium lamp signal from
— Electrothermal atomisation technique the hollow-cathode lamp signal. This method is limited in
An electrothermal atomiser is generally composed of the spectral range on account of the spectra emitted by a
a graphite tube furnace and an electric power source. deuterium lamp from 190-400 nm. Background can also be
Electrothermal atomisation in a graphite tube furnace measured by taking readings at a non-absorbing line near
atomises the entire sample and retains the atomic vapour the resonance line and then subtracting the results from
in the light path for an extended period. This improves the measurement at the resonance line. Another method
the detection limit. Samples, liquid as well as solid, are for the correction of background absorption is the Zeeman
introduced directly into the graphite tube furnace, which effect (based on the Zeeman splitting of the absorption line
is heated in a programmed series of steps to dry the in a magnetic field). This is particularly useful when the
sample and remove major matrix components by pyrolysis background absorption shows fine structure. It permits an
and to then atomise all of the analyte. The furnace efficient background correction in the range of 185-900 nm.
is cleaned using a final temperature higher than the
CHOICE OF THE OPERATING CONDITIONS
atomisation temperature. The flow of an inert gas during
the pyrolysis step in the graphite tube furnace allows After selecting the suitable wavelength and slit width for
a better performance of the subsequent atomisation the specific element, the need for the following has to be
process. ascertained :
— Cold vapour and hydride technique — correction for non-specific background absorption,
The atomic vapour may also be generated outside the — chemical modifiers or ionisation buffers to be added to
spectrometer. This is notably the case for the cold-vapour the sample as well as to blank and reference solutions,
method for mercury or for certain hydride-forming — dilution of the sample to minimise, for example, physical
elements such as arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium interferences,
and tin. For mercury, atoms are generated by chemical — details of the temperature programme, preheating,
reduction with stannous chloride or sodium borohydride drying, pyrolysis, atomisation, post-atomisation with ramp
and the atomic vapour is swept by a stream of an inert and hold times,
gas into a cold quartz cell mounted in the optical path of
the instrument. Hydrides thus generated are swept by an — inert gas flow,
inert gas into a heated cell in which they are dissociated — matrix modifiers for electrothermal atomisation (furnace),
into atoms. — chemical reducing reagents for measurements of mercury
INTERFERENCES or other hydride-forming elements along with cold vapour
cell or heating cell temperature,
Chemical, physical, ionisation and spectral interferences are
— specification of furnace design (tank, L’vov platform, etc).
encountered in atomic absorption measurements. Chemical
interference is compensated by addition of matrix modifiers, METHOD
of releasing agents or by using high temperature produced by
a nitrous oxide-acetylene flame ; the use of specific ionisation Use of plastic labware is recommended wherever possible.
buffers (for example, lanthanum and caesium) compensates The preparation of the sample may require a dissolution, a
for ionisation interference ; by dilution of the sample, digestion (mostly microwave-assisted), an ignition step or a
through the method of standard additions or by matrix combination thereof in order to clear up the sample matrix
matching, physical interference due to high salt content or and/or to remove carbon-containing material. If operating
viscosity is eliminated. Spectral interference results from the in an open system, the ignition temperature should not
overlapping of resonance lines and can be avoided by using exceed 600 °C, due to the volatility of some metals, unless
a different resonance line. The use of Zeeman background otherwise stated in the monograph.
correction also compensates for spectral interference and Operate an atomic absorption spectrometer in accordance
interferences from molecular absorption, especially when with the manufacturer’s instructions at the prescribed
using the electrothermal atomisation technique. The use of wavelength. Introduce a blank solution into the atomic
multi-element hollow-cathode lamps may also cause spectral generator and adjust the instrument reading so that it
interference. Specific or non-specific absorption is measured indicates maximum transmission. The blank value may be
in a spectral range defined by the band-width selected by the determined by using solvent to zero the apparatus. Introduce
monochromator (0.2-2 nm). the most concentrated reference solution and adjust the

38 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.24. Absorption spectrophotometry, infrared

sensitivity to obtain a maximum absorbance reading. Rinse — the residuals of each calibration level are randomly
in order to avoid contamination and memory effects. After distributed around the calibration curve.
completing the analysis, rinse with water R or acidified water. Calculate the mean and relative standard deviation for the
If a solid sampling technique is applied, full details of the lowest and highest calibration level.
procedure are provided in the monograph. When the ratio of the estimated standard deviation of the
Ensure that the concentrations to be determined fall lowest and the highest calibration level is less than 0.5 or
preferably within the linear part of the calibration curve. If greater than 2.0, a more precise estimation of the calibration
this is not possible, the calibration plots may also be curved curve may be obtained using weighted linear regression.
and are then to be applied with appropriate calibration Both linear and quadratic weighting functions are applied
software. to the data to find the most appropriate weighting function
Determinations are made by comparison with reference to be employed. If the means compared to the calibration
solutions with known concentrations of the element to curve show a deviation from linearity, two-dimensional linear
be determined either by the method of direct calibration regression is used.
(Method I) or the method of standard additions (Method II). ACCURACY
METHOD I - DIRECT CALIBRATION Verify the accuracy preferably by using a certified reference
For routine measurements 3 reference solutions and a blank material (CRM). Where this is not possible, perform a test
solution are prepared and examined. for recovery.
Prepare the solution of the substance to be examined (test Recovery. For assay determinations a recovery of 90 per cent
solution) as prescribed in the monograph. Prepare not fewer to 110 per cent is to be obtained. For other determinations,
than 3 reference solutions of the element to be determined, for example, for trace element determination the test is
the concentrations of which span the expected value in not valid if recovery is outside of the range 80 per cent
the test solution. For assay purposes, optimal calibration to 120 per cent at the theoretical value. Recovery may be
levels are between 0.7 and 1.3 times the expected content determined on a suitable reference solution (matrix solution)
of the element to be determined or the limit prescribed in which is spiked with a known quantity of analyte (middle
the monograph. For purity determination, calibration levels concentration of the calibration range).
are the limit of detection and 1.2 times the limit specified REPEATABILITY
for the element to be determined. Any reagents used in the The repeatability is not greater than 3 per cent for an assay
preparation of the test solution are added to the reference and not greater than 5 per cent for an impurity test.
and blank solutions at the same concentration.
Introduce each of the solutions into the instrument using LIMIT OF QUANTIFICATION
the same number of replicates for each of the solutions to Verify that the limit of quantification (for example,
obtain a steady reading. determined using the 10 σ approach) is below the value to
be measured.
Calculation. Prepare a calibration curve from the mean
of the readings obtained with the reference solutions by
plotting the means as a function of concentration. Determine 01/2008:20224
the concentration of the element in the test solution from
the curve obtained. 2.2.24. ABSORPTION
METHOD II - STANDARD ADDITIONS SPECTROPHOTOMETRY, INFRARED
Add to at least 3 similar volumetric flasks equal volumes
of the solution of the substance to be examined (test Infrared spectrophotometers are used for recording spectra
solution) prepared as prescribed. Add to all but 1 of the in the region of 4000-650 cm− 1 (2.5-15.4 µm) or in some
flasks progressively larger volumes of a reference solution cases down to 200 cm− 1 (50 µm).
containing a known concentration of the element to be APPARATUS
determined to produce a series of solutions containing
Spectrophotometers for recording spectra consist of a
steadily increasing concentrations of that element known
suitable light source, monochromator or interferometer and
to give responses in the linear part of the curve, if possible.
detector.
Dilute the contents of each flask to volume with solvent.
Introduce each of the solutions into the instrument, using Fourier transform spectrophotometers use polychromatic
the same number of replicates for each of the solutions, to radiation and calculate the spectrum in the frequency
obtain a steady reading. domain from the original data by Fourier transformation.
Spectrophotometers fitted with an optical system capable of
Calculation. Calculate the linear equation of the graph using producing monochromatic radiation in the measurement
a least-squares fit and derive from it the concentration of the region may also be used. Normally the spectrum is given as
element to be determined in the test solution. a function of transmittance, the quotient of the intensity of
the transmitted radiation and the incident radiation. It may
VALIDATION OF THE METHOD
also be given in absorbance.
Satisfactory performance of methods prescribed in
monographs is verified at suitable time intervals. The absorbance (A) is defined as the logarithm to base 10 of
the reciprocal of the transmittance (T) :
LINEARITY
Prepare and analyse not fewer than 4 reference solutions
over the calibration range and a blank solution. Perform
not fewer than 5 replicates.
The calibration curve is calculated by least-square regression
from all measured data. The regression curve, the means, the T = ,
measured data and the confidence interval of the calibration I intensity of incident radiation,
0 =
curve are plotted. The operating method is valid when :
— the correlation coefficient is at least 0.99, I = intensity of transmitted radiation.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 39

2.2.24. Absorption spectrophotometry, infrared EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

PREPARATION OF THE SAMPLE FOR RECORDING BY DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE

FOR RECORDING BY TRANSMISSION OR ABSORPTION Solids. Triturate a mixture of the substance to be examined
Prepare the substance by one of the following methods. with finely powdered and dried potassium bromide R
or potassium chloride R. Use a mixture containing
Liquids. Examine a liquid either in the form of a film between approximately 5 per cent of the substance, unless otherwise
2 plates transparent to infrared radiation, or in a cell of specified. Grind the mixture, place it in a sample cup and
suitable path length, also transparent to infrared radiation. examine the reflectance spectrum.
Liquids or solids in solution. Prepare a solution in a suitable The spectrum of the sample in absorbance mode may be
solvent. Choose a concentration and a path length of the obtained after mathematical treatment of the spectra by the
cell which give a satisfactory spectrum. Generally, good Kubelka-Munk function.
results are obtained with concentrations of 10-100 g/l for a
path length of 0.5-0.1 mm. Absorption due to the solvent FOR RECORDING BY ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION
is compensated by placing in the reference beam a similar Attenuated total reflection (including multiple reflection)
cell containing the solvent used. If an FT-IR instrument involves light being reflected internally by a transmitting
is used, the absorption is compensated by recording the medium, typically for a number of reflections. However,
spectra for the solvent and the sample successively. The several accessories exist where only one reflection occurs.
solvent absorbance, corrected by a compensation factor, is Prepare the substance as follows. Place the substance to be
subtracted using calculation software. examined in close contact with an internal reflection element
Solids. Examine solids dispersed in a suitable liquid (mull) (IRE) such as diamond, germanium, zinc selenide, thallium
or in a solid (halide disc), as appropriate. If prescribed in the bromide-thallium iodide (KRS-5) or another suitable material
monograph, make a film of a molten mass between 2 plates of high refractive index. Ensure close and uniform contact
transparent to infrared radiation. between the substance and the whole crystal surface of the
internal reflection element, either by applying pressure or
by dissolving the substance in an appropriate solvent, then
A. Mull covering the IRE with the obtained solution and evaporating
to dryness. Examine the attenuated total reflectance (ATR)
Triturate a small quantity of the substance to be examined spectrum.
with the minimum quantity of liquid paraffin R or other
suitable liquid ; 5-10 mg of the substance to be examined
is usually sufficient to make an adequate mull using one IDENTIFICATION USING REFERENCE SUBSTANCES
drop of liquid paraffin R. Compress the mull between Prepare the substance to be examined and the reference
2 plates transparent to infrared radiation. substance by the same procedure and record the spectra
between 4000-650 cm− 1 (2.5-15.4 µm) under the same
B. Disc operational conditions. The transmission minima (absorption
maxima) in the spectrum obtained with the substance to be
Triturate 1-2 mg of the substance to be examined examined correspond in position and relative size to those in
with 300-400 mg, unless otherwise specified, of finely the spectrum obtained with the reference substance (CRS).
powdered and dried potassium bromide R or potassium
chloride R. These quantities are usually sufficient to When the spectra recorded in the solid state show differences
give a disc of 10-15 mm diameter and a spectrum of in the positions of the transmission minima (absorption
suitable intensity. If the substance is a hydrochloride, it maxima), treat the substance to be examined and the
is recommended to use potassium chloride R. Carefully reference substance in the same manner so that they
grind the mixture, spread it uniformly in a suitable crystallise or are produced in the same form, or proceed as
die, and submit it to a pressure of about 800 MPa prescribed in the monograph, then record the spectra.
(8 t·cm− 2). For substances that are unstable under normal
atmospheric conditions or are hygroscopic, the disc is
pressed in vacuo. Several factors may cause the formation IDENTIFICATION USING REFERENCE SPECTRA
of faulty discs, such as insufficient or excessive grinding, Control of resolution performance. For instruments having
humidity or other impurities in the dispersion medium or a monochromator, record the spectrum of a polystyrene film
an insufficient reduction of particle size. A disc is rejected
approximately 35 µm in thickness. The difference x (see
if visual examination shows lack of uniform transparency Figure 2.2.24.-1) between the percentage transmittance at
or when transmittance at about 2000 cm− 1 (5 µm) in the the transmission maximum A at 2870 cm− 1 (3.48 µm) and
absence of a specific absorption band is less than 60 per that at the transmission minimum B at 2849.5 cm− 1 (3.51 µm)
cent without compensation, unless otherwise prescribed. must be greater than 18. The difference y between the
Gases. Examine gases in a cell transparent to infrared percentage transmittance at the transmission maximum C at
−1
radiation and having an optical path length of about 100 mm. 1589 cm (6.29 −1
µm) and that at the transmission minimum D
Evacuate the cell and fill to the desired pressure through a at 1583 cm (6.32 µm) must be greater than 10.
stopcock or needle valve using a suitable gas transfer line For Fourier-transform instruments, use suitable instrument
between the cell and the container of the gas to be examined. resolution with the appropriate apodisation prescribed by the
manufacturer. The resolution is checked by suitable means,
If necessary adjust the pressure in the cell to atmospheric for example by recording the spectrum of a polystyrene film
pressure using a gas transparent to infrared radiation (for approximately 35 µm in thickness. The difference between
example nitrogen R and argon R). To avoid absorption the absorbances at the absorption minimum at 2870 cm− 1
interferences due to water, carbon dioxide or other and the absorption maximum at 2849.5 cm− 1 is greater
atmospheric gases, place in the reference beam, if possible, than 0.33. The difference between the absorbances at the
an identical cell that is either evacuated or filled with the gas absorption minimum at 1589 cm− 1 and the absorption
transparent to infrared radiation. maximum at 1583 cm− 1 is greater than 0.08.

40 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.25. Absorption spectrophotometry, ultraviolet and visible

IMPURITIES IN GASES
For the analysis of impurities, use a cell transparent to
infrared radiation and of suitable optical path length (for
example, 1-20 m). Fill the cell as prescribed under Gases.
For detection and quantification of the impurities, proceed
as prescribed in the monograph.

01/2008:20225

2.2.25. ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY,
ULTRAVIOLET AND VISIBLE
Determination of absorbance. The absorbance (A) of
a solution is defined as the logarithm to base 10 of the
reciprocal of the transmittance (T) for monochromatic
radiation :

Figure 2.2.24.-1. — Typical spectrum of polystyrene used to

verify the resolution performance
T = I/I0 ;
Verification of the wave-number scale. The wave-number
scale may be verified using a polystyrene film, which has I0 = intensity of incident monochromatic radiation ;
transmission minima (absorption maxima) at the wave I = intensity of transmitted monochromatic radiation.
numbers (in cm–1) shown in Table 2.2.24.-1.
In the absence of other physico-chemical factors, the
Table 2.2.24.-1. — Transmission minima and acceptable absorbance (A) is proportional to the path length (b) through
tolerances of a polystyrene film which the radiation passes and to the concentration (c) of
Transmission Acceptable tolerance (cm− 1)
the substance in solution in accordance with the equation :
minima (cm− 1)

Monochromator Fourier-transform
instruments instruments = molar absorptivity, if b is expressed in centimetres
3060.0
and c in moles per litre.
± 1.5 ± 1.0
The expression representing the specific
2849.5 ± 2.0 ± 1.0
absorbance of a dissolved substance refers to the absorbance
1942.9 ± 1.5 ± 1.0 of a 10 g/l solution in a 1 cm cell and measured at a defined
wavelength so that :
1601.2 ± 1.0 ± 1.0

1583.0 ± 1.0 ± 1.0

1154.5 ± 1.0 ± 1.0 Unless otherwise prescribed, measure the absorbance at the
prescribed wavelength using a path length of 1 cm. Unless
1028.3 ± 1.0 ± 1.0
otherwise prescribed, the measurements are carried out
Method. Prepare the substance to be examined with reference to the same solvent or the same mixture of
according to the instructions accompanying the reference solvents. The absorbance of the solvent measured against air
spectrum/reference substance. Using the operating and at the prescribed wavelength shall not exceed 0.4 and is
conditions that were used to obtain the reference spectrum, preferably less than 0.2. Plot the absorption spectrum with
which will usually be the same as those for verifying absorbance or function of absorbance as ordinate against
the resolution performance, record the spectrum of the wavelength or function of wavelength as abscissa.
substance to be examined. Where a monograph gives a single value for the position
The positions and the relative sizes of the bands in the of an absorption maximum, it is understood that the value
spectrum of the substance to be examined and the reference obtained may differ by not more than ± 2 nm.
spectrum are concordant in the 2 spectra. Apparatus. Spectrophotometers suitable for measuring in
Compensation for water vapour and atmospheric carbon the ultraviolet and visible range of the spectrum consist
dioxide. For Fourier-transform instruments, spectral of an optical system capable of producing monochromatic
interference from water vapour and carbon dioxide is radiation in the range of 200-800 nm and a device suitable
compensated using suitable algorithms according to the for measuring the absorbance.
manufacturer’s instructions. Alternatively, spectra can be Control of wavelengths. Verify the wavelength scale using
acquired using suitable purged instruments or ensuring that the absorption maxima of holmium perchlorate solution R,
sample and background single beam spectra are acquired the line of a hydrogen or deuterium discharge lamp or the
under exactly the same conditions. lines of a mercury vapour arc shown in Table 2.2.25.-1. The

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 41

2.2.25. Absorption spectrophotometry, ultraviolet and visible EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

permitted tolerance is ± 1 nm for the ultraviolet range and Cells. The tolerance on the path length of the cells used is
± 3 nm for the visible range. Suitable certified reference ± 0.005 cm. When filled with the same solvent, the cells
materials may also be used. intended to contain the solution to be examined and the
compensation liquid must have the same transmittance.
Table 2.2.25.-1. — Absorption maxima for control of If this is not the case, an appropriate correction must be
wavelength scale applied.
241.15 nm (Ho) 404.66 nm (Hg) The cells must be cleaned and handled with care.
253.7 nm (Hg) 435.83 nm (Hg) DERIVATIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
287.15 nm (Ho) 486.0 nm (Dβ) Derivative spectrophotometry involves the transformation
302.25 nm (Hg) 486.1 nm (Hβ)
of absorption spectra (zero-order) into first-, second- or
higher-order-derivative spectra.
313.16 nm (Hg) 536.3 nm (Ho)
A first-order-derivative spectrum is a plot of the gradient of
334.15 nm (Hg) 546.07 nm (Hg) the absorption curve (rate of change of the absorbance with
361.5 nm (Ho) 576.96 nm (Hg)
wavelength, dA/dλ) against wavelength.
A second-order-derivative spectrum is a plot of the curvature
365.48 nm (Hg) 579.07 nm (Hg) of the absorption spectrum against wavelength (d2A/dλ2).
The second-order-derivative spectrum at any wavelength λ is
Control of absorbance. Check the absorbance using related to concentration by the following equation :
suitable filters or a solution of potassium dichromate R at
the wavelengths indicated in Table 2.2.25.-2, which gives for
each wavelength the exact value and the permitted limits of
the specific absorbance. The table is based on a tolerance
for the absorbance of ± 0.01. c′ = concentration of the absorbing solute, in grams
For the control of absorbance, use solutions of potassium per litre.
dichromate R that has been previously dried to constant Apparatus. Use a spectrophotometer complying with
mass at 130 °C. For the control of absorbance at 235 nm, the requirements prescribed above and equipped with an
257 nm, 313 nm and 350 nm, dissolve 57.0-63.0 mg of analogue resistance-capacitance differentiation module or a
potassium dichromate R in 0.005 M sulphuric acid and digital differentiator or other means of producing derivative
dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same acid. For the control of spectra. Some methods of producing second-order-derivative
absorbance at 430 nm, dissolve 57.0-63.0 mg of potassium spectra produce a wavelength shift relative to the zero-order
dichromate R in 0.005 M sulphuric acid and dilute to spectrum and this is to be taken into account where
100.0 ml with the same acid. Suitable certified reference applicable.
materials may also be used.
Table 2.2.25.-2
Wavelength Specific absorbance Maximum
(nm) tolerance
235 124.5 122.9 to 126.2
257 144.5 142.8 to 146.2
313 48.6 47.0 to 50.3
350 107.3 105.6 to 109.0
430 15.9 15.7 to 16.1

Limit of stray light. Stray light may be detected at a given

wavelength with suitable filters or solutions : for example,
the absorbance of a 12 g/l solution of potassium chloride R
in a 1 cm cell increases steeply between 220 nm and 200 nm
and is greater than 2.0 at 198 nm when compared with
water as compensation liquid. Suitable certified reference
materials may also be used.
Resolution (for qualitative analysis). When prescribed in
a monograph, measure the resolution of the apparatus
as follows : record the spectrum of a 0.02 per cent V/V
solution of toluene R in hexane R. The minimum ratio of
the absorbance at the maximum at 269 nm to that at the
minimum at 266 nm is stated in the monograph. Suitable
certified reference materials may also be used.
Spectral slit-width (for quantitative analysis). To avoid
errors due to spectral slit-width, when using an instrument
on which the slit-width is variable at the selected wavelength,
the slit-width must be small compared with the half-width of
the absorption band but it must be as large as possible to Figure 2.2.25.-1
obtain a high value of I0. Therefore, a slit-width is chosen Resolution power. When prescribed in a monograph,
such that further reduction does not result in a change in record the second-order-derivative spectrum of a 0.02 per
absorbance reading. cent V/V solution of toluene R in methanol R, using

42 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.27. Thin-layer chromatography

methanol R as the compensation liquid. The spectrum the tank at this temperature throughout the subsequent
shows a small negative extremum located between 2 large procedure. Draw a fine pencil line horizontally across the
negative extrema at 261 nm and 268 nm, respectively, as paper at such a distance from one end that when this end
shown in Figure 2.2.25.-1. Unless otherwise prescribed in is secured in the solvent trough and the remainder of the
the monograph, the ratio A/B (see Figure 2.2.25.-1) is not paper is hanging freely over the guide rod, the line is a few
less than 0.2. centimetres below the guide rod and parallel with it. Using
Procedure. Prepare the solution of the substance to be a micro-pipette, apply on the pencil line the volume of the
examined, adjust the various instrument settings according solution prescribed in the monograph. If the total volume
to the manufacturer’s instructions, and calculate the amount to be applied would produce a spot more than 10 mm in
of the substance to be determined as prescribed in the diameter, apply the solution in portions, allowing each
monograph. to dry before the next application. When more than one
chromatogram is to be run on the same strip of paper, space
the solutions along the pencil line at points not less than
3 cm apart. Insert the paper in the tank, close the lid, and
01/2008:20226 allow to stand for 1 h 30 min. Introduce into the solvent
trough, through the hole in the lid, a sufficient quantity of
2.2.26. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY the mobile phase, close the tank and allow elution to proceed
for the prescribed distance or time. Remove the paper
ASCENDING PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY from the tank and allow to dry in air. The paper should be
Apparatus. The apparatus consists of a glass tank of suitable protected from bright light during the elution process.
size for the chromatographic paper used, ground at the top
to take a closely fitting lid. In the top of the tank is a device
which suspends the chromatographic paper and is capable of
being lowered without opening the chamber. In the bottom 01/2008:20227
of the tank is a dish to contain the mobile phase into which
the paper may be lowered. The chromatographic paper 2.2.27. THIN-LAYER
consists of suitable filter paper, cut into strips of sufficient
length and not less than 2.5 cm wide ; the paper is cut so
CHROMATOGRAPHY
that the mobile phase runs in the direction of the grain of Thin-layer chromatography is a separation technique in
the paper. which a stationary phase consisting of an appropriate
Method. Place in the dish a layer 2.5 cm deep of the mobile material is spread in a uniform thin layer on a support (plate)
phase prescribed in the monograph. If prescribed in the of glass, metal or plastic. Solutions of analytes are deposited
monograph, pour the stationary phase between the walls of on the plate prior to development. The separation is based
the tank and the dish. Close the tank and allow to stand for on adsorption, partition, ion-exchange or on combinations
24 h at 20 °C to 25 °C. Maintain the tank at this temperature of these mechanisms and is carried out by migration
throughout the subsequent procedure. Draw a fine pencil (development) of solutes (solutions of analytes) in a solvent
line horizontally across the paper 3 cm from one end. or a suitable mixture of solvents (mobile phase) through the
Using a micro pipette, apply to a spot on the pencil line the thin-layer (stationary phase).
volume of the solution prescribed in the monograph. If the
total volume to be applied would produce a spot more than APPARATUS
10 mm in diameter, apply the solution in portions allowing Plates. The chromatography is carried out using pre-coated
each to dry before the next application. When more than plates as described under Reagents (4.1.1).
one chromatogram is to be run on the same strip of paper, Pre-treatment of the plates. It may be necessary to wash the
space the solutions along the pencil line at points not less plates prior to separation. This can be done by migration of
than 3 cm apart. Insert the paper into the tank, close the lid an appropriate solvent. The plates may also be impregnated
and allow to stand for 1 h 30 min. Lower the paper into the by procedures such as development, immersion or spraying.
mobile phase and allow elution to proceed for the prescribed At the time of use, the plates may be activated, if necessary,
distance or time. Remove the paper from the tank and allow by heating in an oven at 120 °C for 20 min.
to dry in air. Protect the paper from bright light during the
elution process. Chromatographic tank with a flat bottom or twin trough, of
inert, transparent material, of a size suitable for the plates
DESCENDING PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY used and provided with a tightly fitting lid. For horizontal
Apparatus. The apparatus consists of a glass tank of suitable development the tank is provided with a trough for the
size for the chromatographic paper used, ground at the top mobile phase and it additionally contains a device for
to take a closely fitting glass lid. The lid has a central hole directing the mobile phase to the stationary phase.
about 1.5 cm in diameter closed by a heavy glass plate or a Micropipettes, microsyringes, calibrated disposable
stopper. In the upper part of the tank is suspended a solvent capillaries or other application devices suitable for the
trough with a device for holding the chromatographic paper. proper application of the solutions.
On each side of the trough, parallel to and slightly above its
Fluorescence detection device to measure direct
upper edges, are two glass guide rods to support the paper
fluorescence or the inhibition of fluorescence.
in such a manner that no part of it is in contact with the
walls of the tank. The chromatographic paper consists of Visualisation devices and reagents. Suitable devices are
suitable filter paper, cut into strips of sufficient length, and used for derivatisation to transfer to the plate reagents by
of any convenient width between 2.5 cm and the length of spraying, immersion or exposure to vapour and, where
the trough ; the paper is cut so that the mobile phase runs in applicable, to facilitate heating for visualisation of separated
the direction of the grain of the paper. components.
Method. Place in the bottom of the tank a layer 2.5 cm deep Documentation. A device may be used to provide
of the solvent prescribed in the monograph, close the tank documentation of the visualised chromatogram, for example
and allow to stand for 24 h at 20 °C to 25 °C. Maintain a photograph or a computer file.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 43

2.2.27. Thin-layer chromatography EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

METHOD Verification of the separating power for identification.

Sample application. Apply the prescribed volume of the Normally the performance given by the suitability test
solutions at a suitable distance from the lower edge and described in Reagents (4.1.1) is sufficient. Only in special
from the sides of the plate and on a line parallel to the cases an additional performance criterion is prescribed in
lower edge ; allow an interval of at least 10 mm (5 mm on the monograph.
high-performance plates) between the centres of circular Related substances test. The secondary spot(s) in the
spots and 5 mm (2 mm on high-performance plates) between chromatogram obtained with the test solution is (are)
the edges of bands. Apply the solutions in sufficiently small visually compared to either the corresponding spot(s) in
portions to obtain circular spots 2-5 mm in diameter (1-2 mm the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution
on high-performance plates) or bands 10-20 mm (5-10 mm containing the impurity(ies) or the spot in the chromatogram
on high-performance plates) by 1-2 mm. obtained with the reference solution prepared from a dilution
of the test solution.
In a monograph, where both normal and high-performance
Verification of the separating power. The requirements for
plates may be used, the working conditions for
the verification of the separating power are prescribed in
high-performance plates are given in the brackets [ ] after
the monographs concerned.
those for normal plates.
Verification of the detecting power. The detecting power
Vertical development. Line the walls of the chromatographic is satisfactory if a spot or band is clearly visible in the
tank with filter paper. Pour into the chromatographic tank chromatogram obtained with the most dilute reference
a sufficient quantity of the mobile phase for the size of the solution.
tank to give after impregnation of the filter paper a layer
of appropriate depth related to the dimension of the plate QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT
to be used. For saturation of the chromatographic tank, The requirements for resolution and separation are
replace the lid and allow to stand at 20-25 °C for 1 h. Unless prescribed in the monographs concerned.
otherwise indicated in the monograph, the chromatographic
separation is performed in a saturated tank. Apply the Substances separated by thin-layer chromatography and
prescribed volume of solutions as described above. When the responding to UV-Vis irradiation can be determined directly
solvent has evaporated from the applied solutions, place the on the plate, using appropriate instrumentation. While
plate in the chromatographic tank, ensuring that the plate is moving the plate or the measuring device, examine the plate
as vertical as possible and that the spots or bands are above by measuring the reflectance of the incident light. Similarly,
the surface of the mobile phase. Close the chromatographic fluorescence may be measured using an appropriate
tank, maintain it at 20-25 °C and protect from sunlight. optical system. Substances containing radionuclides
Remove the plate when the mobile phase has moved over can be quantified in 3 ways : either directly by moving
the prescribed distance, measured between the points of the plate alongside a suitable counter or vice versa (see
application and the solvent front. Dry the plate and visualise Radiopharmaceutical preparations (0125)), by cutting the
the chromatograms as prescribed. plates into strips and measuring the radioactivity on each
individual strip using a suitable counter or by scraping off
For two-dimensional chromatography, dry the plates after the stationary phase, dissolving it in a suitable scintillation
the first development and carry out a second development in cocktail and measuring the radioactivity using a liquid
a direction perpendicular to that of the first development. scintillation counter.
Horizontal development. Apply the prescribed volume Apparatus. The apparatus for direct measurement on the
of the solutions as described above. When the solvent plate consists of :
has evaporated from the applied solutions, introduce a — a device for exact positioning and reproducible dispensing
sufficient quantity of the mobile phase into the trough of of the amount of substances onto the plate ;
the chamber using a syringe or pipette, place the plate in — a mechanical device to move the plate or the measuring
the chamber after verifying that the latter is horizontal and device along the x-axis or the y-axis ;
connect the mobile phase direction device according to the
manufacturer’s instructions. If prescribed, develop the plate — a recorder and a suitable integrator or a computer ;
starting simultaneously at both ends. Close the chamber — for substances responding to UV-Vis irradiation : a
and maintain it at 20-25 °C. Remove the plate when the photometer with a source of light, an optical device able
mobile phase has moved over the distance prescribed in the to generate monochromatic light and a photo cell of
monograph. Dry the plate and visualise the chromatograms adequate sensitivity are used for the measurement of
as prescribed. reflectance or transmittance ; if fluorescence is measured,
a suitable filter is required to prevent light used for
For two-dimensional chromatography, dry the plates after excitation from reaching the detector while permitting
the first development and carry out a second development in emitted light or a specific portion thereof to pass ;
a direction perpendicular to that of the first development. — for substances containing radionuclides : a suitable
counter for radioactivity. The linearity range of the
counting device is to be verified.
VISUAL EVALUATION
Method. Prepare the solution of the substance to be
Identification. The principal spot in the chromatogram examined (test solution) as prescribed in the monograph
obtained with the test solution is visually compared to the and, if necessary, prepare the reference solutions of the
corresponding spot in the chromatogram obtained with the substance to be determined using the same solvent as in the
reference solution by comparing the colour, the size and the test solution. Apply the same volume of each solution to the
retardation factor (RF) of both spots. plate and develop.
The retardation factor (RF) is defined as the ratio of the Substances responding to UV-Vis irradiation. Prepare and
distance from the point of application to the centre of the apply not fewer than 3 reference solutions of the substance to
spot and the distance travelled by the solvent front from the be examined, the concentrations of which span the expected
point of application. value in the test solution (about 80 per cent, 100 per cent

44 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.28. Gas chromatography

and 120 per cent). Treat with the prescribed reagent, if STATIONARY PHASES
necessary, and record the reflectance, the transmittance or Stationary phases are contained in columns which may be :
fluorescence in the chromatograms obtained with the test
and reference solutions. Use the measured results for the — a capillary column of fused-silica whose wall is coated
calculation of the amount of substance in the test solution. with the stationary phase,
Substances containing radionuclides. Prepare and apply a — a column packed with inert particles impregnated with
test solution containing about 100 per cent of the expected the stationary phase,
value. Determine the radioactivity as a function of the path
— a column packed with solid stationary phase.
length and report the radioactivity in each resulting peak as
a percentage of the total amount of radioactivity. Capillary columns are 0.1 mm to 0.53 mm in internal
Criteria for assessing the suitability of the system are diameter (Ø) and 5 m to 60 m in length. The liquid or
described in the chapter on Chromatographic separation stationary phase, which may be chemically bonded to the
techniques (2.2.46). The extent to which adjustments of inner surface, is a film 0.1 µm to 5.0 µm thick.
parameters of the chromatographic system can be made Packed columns, made of glass or metal, are usually 1 m
to satisfy the criteria of system suitability are also given in to 3 m in length with an internal diameter (Ø) of 2 mm to
this chapter. 4 mm. Stationary phases usually consist of porous polymers
or solid supports impregnated with liquid phase.
Supports for analysis of polar compounds on columns
packed with low-capacity, low-polarity stationary phase must
01/2008:20228 be inert to avoid peak tailing. The reactivity of support
materials can be reduced by silanising prior to coating with
liquid phase. Acid-washed, flux-calcinated diatomaceous
2.2.28. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY earth is often used. Materials are available in various particle
sizes, the most commonly used particles are in the ranges of
Gas chromatography (GC) is a chromatographic separation 150 µm to 180 µm and 125 µm to 150 µm.
technique based on the difference in the distribution of MOBILE PHASES
species between two non-miscible phases in which the
mobile phase is a carrier gas moving through or passing the Retention time and peak efficiency depend on the carrier
stationary phase contained in a column. It is applicable to gas flow rate ; retention time is directly proportional to
substances or their derivatives which are volatilised under column length and resolution is proportional to the square
the temperatures employed. root of the column length. For packed columns, the carrier
gas flow rate is usually expressed in millilitres per minute
GC is based on mechanisms of adsorption, mass distribution at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. Flow rate
or size exclusion. is measured at the detector outlet, either with a calibrated
mechanical device or with a bubble tube, while the column
APPARATUS is at operating temperature. The linear velocity of the carrier
gas through a packed column is inversely proportional to
The apparatus consists of an injector, a chromatographic the square root of the internal diameter of the column for
column contained in an oven, a detector and a data a given flow volume. Flow rates of 60 ml/min in a 4 mm
acquisition system (or an integrator or a chart recorder). The internal diameter column and 15 ml/min in a 2 mm internal
carrier gas flows through the column at a controlled rate or diameter column, give identical linear velocities and thus
pressure and then through the detector. similar retention times.
The chromatography is carried out either at a constant
Helium or nitrogen are usually employed as the carrier gas
temperature or according to a given temperature programme.
for packed columns, whereas commonly used carrier gases
INJECTORS for capillary columns are nitrogen, helium and hydrogen.
Direct injections of solutions are the usual mode of injection, DETECTORS
unless otherwise prescribed in the monograph. Injection
may be carried out either directly at the head of the column Flame-ionisation detectors are usually employed but
using a syringe or an injection valve, or into a vaporisation additional detectors which may be used include :
chamber which may be equipped with a stream splitter. electron-capture, nitrogen-phosphorus, mass spectrometric,
thermal conductivity, Fourier transform infrared
Injections of vapour phase may be effected by static or spectrophotometric, and others, depending on the purpose
dynamic head-space injection systems. of the analysis.
Dynamic head-space (purge and trap) injection systems
include a sparging device by which volatile substances in METHOD
solution are swept into an absorbent column maintained at
a low temperature. Retained substances are then desorbed Equilibrate the column, the injector and the detector at
into the mobile phase by rapid heating of the absorbent the temperatures and the gas flow rates specified in the
column. monograph until a stable baseline is achieved. Prepare the
test solution(s) and the reference solution(s) as prescribed.
Static head-space injection systems include a thermostatically The solutions must be free from solid particles.
controlled sample heating chamber in which closed vials
containing solid or liquid samples are placed for a fixed Criteria for assessing the suitability of the system are
period of time to allow the volatile components of the sample described in the chapter on Chromatographic separation
to reach equilibrium between the non-gaseous phase and techniques (2.2.46). The extent to which adjustments of
the vapour phase. After equilibrium has been established, parameters of the chromatographic system can be made
a predetermined amount of the head-space of the vial is to satisfy the criteria of system suitability are also given in
flushed into the gas chromatograph. this chapter.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 45

2.2.29. Liquid chromatography EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Static head-space gas chromatography this point and the intersection of the axes represents the
concentration of the substance to be determined in the
Static head-space gas chromatography is a technique preparation to be examined.
particularly suitable for separating and determining volatile
compounds present in solid or liquid samples. The method SUCCESSIVE WITHDRAWALS (MULTIPLE HEAD-SPACE
is based on the analysis of the vapour phase in equilibrium EXTRACTION)
with the solid or liquid phase. If prescribed, the successive withdrawal method is fully
described in the monograph.
APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of a gas chromatograph provided with
a device for introducing the sample that may be connected
to a module that automatically controls the pressure and the 01/2008:20229
temperature. If necessary, a device for eliminating solvents
can be added. 2.2.29. LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
The sample to be analysed is introduced into a container
fitted with a suitable stopper and a valve-system which Liquid chromatography (LC) is a method of chromatographic
permits the passage of the carrier gas. The container separation based on the difference in the distribution
is placed in a thermostatically controlled chamber at a of species between two non-miscible phases, in which
temperature set according to the substance to be examined. the mobile phase is a liquid which percolates through a
stationary phase contained in a column.
The sample is held at this temperature long enough to allow
equilibrium to be established between the solid or liquid LC is mainly based on mechanisms of adsorption, mass
phase and the vapour phase. distribution, ion exchange, size exclusion or stereochemical
interaction.
The carrier gas is introduced into the container and, after
the prescribed time, a suitable valve is opened so that the APPARATUS
gas expands towards the chromatographic column taking
The apparatus consists of a pumping system, an injector, a
the volatilised compounds with it.
chromatographic column (a column temperature controller
Instead of using a chromatograph specifically equipped for may be used), a detector and a data acquisition system (or an
the introduction of samples, it is also possible to use airtight integrator or a chart recorder). The mobile phase is supplied
syringes and a conventional chromatograph. Equilibration is from one or several reservoirs and flows through the column,
then carried out in a separate chamber and the vapour phase usually at a constant rate, and then through the detector.
is carried onto the column, taking the precautions necessary
to avoid any changes in the equilibrium. PUMPING SYSTEMS
LC pumping systems are required to deliver the mobile
METHOD phase at a constant flow rate. Pressure fluctuations are
Using the reference preparations, determine suitable to be minimised, e.g. by passing the pressurised solvent
instrument settings to produce an adequate response. through a pulse-dampening device. Tubing and connections
are capable of withstanding the pressures developed by the
DIRECT CALIBRATION pumping system. LC pumps may be fitted with a facility for
Separately introduce into identical containers the “bleeding” the system of entrapped air bubbles.
preparation to be examined and each of the reference
preparations, as prescribed in the monograph, avoiding Microprocessor controlled systems are capable of accurately
contact between the sampling device and the samples. delivering a mobile phase of either constant (isocratic
elution) or varying composition (gradient elution), according
Close the containers hermetically and place in the to a defined programme. In the case of gradient elution,
thermostatically controlled chamber set to the temperature pumping systems which deliver solvent(s) from several
and pressure prescribed in the monograph ; after reservoirs are available and solvent mixing can be achieved
equilibration, carry out the chromatography under the on either the low or high-pressure side of the pump(s).
prescribed conditions.
INJECTORS
STANDARD ADDITIONS
The sample solution is introduced into the flowing mobile
Add to a set of identical suitable containers equal volumes phase at or near the head of the column using an injection
of the preparation to be examined. Add to all but one of the system which can operate at high pressure. Fixed-loop
containers, suitable quantities of a reference preparation and variable volume devices operated manually or by an
containing a known concentration of the substance to auto-sampler are used. Manual partial filling of loops may
be determined so as to produce a series of preparations lead to poorer injection volume precision.
containing steadily increasing concentrations of the
substance. STATIONARY PHASES
Close the containers hermetically and place in the There are many types of stationary phases employed in LC,
thermostatically controlled chamber set to the temperature including :
and pressure prescribed in the monograph ; after — silica, alumina or porous graphite, used in normal-phase
equilibration, carry out the chromatography under the chromatography, where the separation is based on
prescribed conditions. differences in adsorption and/or mass distribution,
Calculate the linear equation of the graph using a — resins or polymers with acid or basic groups, used in
least-squares fit, and derive from it the concentration of ion-exchange chromatography, where separation is based
the substance to be determined in the preparation to be on competition between the ions to be separated and
examined. those in the mobile phase,
Alternatively, plot on a graph the mean of readings against — porous silica or polymers, used in size-exclusion
the added quantity of the substance to be determined. chromatography, where separation is based on differences
Extrapolate the line joining the points on the graph until between the volumes of the molecules, corresponding to
it meets the concentration axis. The distance between steric exclusion,

46 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.30. Size-exclusion chromatography

— a variety of chemically modified supports prepared from MOBILE PHASES

polymers, silica or porous graphite, used in reversed-phase For normal-phase chromatography, less polar solvents are
LC, where the separation is based principally on partition employed. The presence of water in the mobile phase is
of the molecules between the mobile phase and the to be strictly controlled to obtain reproducible results. In
stationary phase, reversed-phase LC, aqueous mobile phases, with or without
organic modifiers, are employed.
— special chemically modified stationary phases, e.g. Components of the mobile phase are usually filtered to
cellulose or amylose derivatives, proteins or peptides, remove particles greater than 0.45 µm. Multicomponent
cyclodextrins etc., for the separation of enantiomers mobile phases are prepared by measuring the required
(chiral chromatography). volumes (unless masses are specified) of the individual
components, followed by mixing. Alternatively, the solvents
Most separations are based upon partition mechanisms may be delivered by individual pumps controlled by
utilising chemically modified silica as the stationary phase proportioning valves by which mixing is performed according
and polar solvents as the mobile phase. The surface of the to the desired proportion. Solvents are normally degassed
support, e.g. the silanol groups of silica, is reacted with before pumping by sparging with helium, sonication or using
various silane reagents to produce covalently bound silyl on-line membrane/vacuum modules to avoid the creation of
derivatives covering a varying number of active sites on the gas bubbles in the detector cell.
surface of the support. The nature of the bonded phase Solvents for the preparation of the mobile phase are normally
is an important parameter for determining the separation free of stabilisers and are transparent at the wavelength of
properties of the chromatographic system. detection, if an ultraviolet detector is employed. Solvents
and other components employed are to be of appropriate
Commonly used bonded phases are shown below : quality. Adjustment of the pH, if necessary, is effected using
octyl = Si-[CH2]7-CH3 C8 only the aqueous component of the mobile phase and not
octadecyl = Si-[CH2]17-CH3 C18 the mixture. If buffer solutions are used, adequate rinsing
of the system is carried out with a mixture of water and
phenyl = Si-[CH2]n-C6H5 C 6H 5 the organic modifier of the mobile phase (5 per cent V/V)
cyanopropyl = Si-[CH2]3-CN CN to prevent crystallisation of salts after completion of the
chromatography.
aminopropyl = Si-[CH2]3-NH2 NH2
Mobile phases may contain other components, e.g. a
diol = Si-[CH2]3-O-CH(OH)-CH2-OH counter-ion for ion-pair chromatography or a chiral selector
for chromatography using an achiral stationary phase.
Unless otherwise stated by the manufacturer, silica based DETECTORS
reversed-phase columns are considered to be stable in Ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectrophotometers,
mobile phases having an apparent pH in the range 2.0 including diode array detectors, are the most commonly
to 8.0. Columns containing porous graphite or particles employed detectors. Fluorescence spectrophotometers,
of polymeric materials such as styrene-divinylbenzene differential refractometers, electrochemical detectors, mass
copolymer are stable over a wider pH range. spectrometers, light scattering detectors, radioactivity
detectors or other special detectors may also be used.
Analysis using normal-phase chromatography with
unmodified silica, porous graphite or polar chemically METHOD
modified silica, e.g. cyanopropyl or diol, as the stationary Equilibrate the column with the prescribed mobile phase
phase with a non-polar mobile phase is applicable in certain and flow rate, at room temperature or at the temperature
cases. specified in the monograph, until a stable baseline is
achieved. Prepare the solution(s) of the substance to be
For analytical separations, the particle size of the most examined and the reference solution(s) required. The
commonly used stationary phases varies between 3 µm solutions must be free from solid particles.
and 10 µm. The particles may be spherical or irregular, of Criteria for assessing the suitability of the system are
varying porosity and specific surface area. These parameters described in the chapter on Chromatographic separation
contribute to the chromatographic behaviour of a particular techniques (2.2.46). The extent to which adjustments of
stationary phase. In the case of reversed phases, the nature parameters of the chromatographic system can be made
of the stationary phase, the extent of bonding, e.g. expressed to satisfy the criteria of system suitability are also given in
as the carbon loading, and whether the stationary phase is this chapter.
end-capped (i.e. residual silanol groups are silylated) are
additional determining factors. Tailing of peaks, particularly
of basic substances, can occur when residual silanol groups 01/2008:20230
are present.
2.2.30. SIZE-EXCLUSION
Columns, made of stainless steel unless otherwise prescribed
in the monograph, of varying length and internal diameter
CHROMATOGRAPHY
(Ø) are used for analytical chromatography. Columns with Size-exclusion chromatography is a chromatographic
internal diameters of less than 2 mm are often referred to as technique which separates molecules in solution according
microbore columns. The temperature of the mobile phase to their size. With organic mobile phases, the technique is
and the column must be kept constant during an analysis. known as gel-permeation chromatography and with aqueous
Most separations are performed at room temperature, mobile phases, the term gel-filtration chromatography has
but columns may be heated to give higher efficiency. It is been used. The sample is introduced into a column, which is
recommended that columns not be heated above 60 °C filled with a gel or a porous particle packing material, and is
because of the potential for stationary phase degradation or carried by the mobile phase through the column. The size
changes occurring to the composition of the mobile phase. separation takes place by repeated exchange of the solute

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 47

2.2.31. Electrophoresis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

molecules between the solvent of the mobile phase and the DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR MASSES
same solvent in the stagnant liquid phase (stationary phase) Size-exclusion chromatography may be used to determine
within the pores of the packing material. The pore-size range molecular masses by comparison with appropriate calibration
of the packing material determines the molecular-size range standards specified in the monograph. The retention
within which separation can occur. volumes of the calibration standards may be plotted against
the logarithm of their molecular masses. The plot usually
Molecules small enough to penetrate all the pore spaces approximates a straight line within the exclusion and total
elute at the total permeation volume (Vt). On the other permeation limits for the separation medium used. From the
hand, molecules apparently larger than the maximum pore calibration curve, molecular masses may be estimated. The
size of the packing material migrate along the column only molecular-mass calibration is valid only for the particular
through the spaces between the particles of the packing macromolecular solute/solvent system used under the
material without being retained and elute at the exclusion specified experimental conditions.
volume (V0 void volume). Separation according to molecular DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR SIZE DISTRIBUTION
size occurs between the exclusion volume and the total OF POLYMERS
permeation volume, with useful separation usually occurring Size-exclusion chromatography may be used to determine
in the first two thirds of this range. the distribution of the molecular size of polymers. However,
sample comparison may be valid only for results obtained
Apparatus. The apparatus consists essentially of a under the same experimental conditions. The reference
chromatographic column of varying length and internal substances used for the calibration and the methods for
diameter (Ø), if necessary temperature-controlled, packed determination of the distribution of molecular sizes of
with a separation material that is capable of fractionation polymers are specified in the monograph.
in the appropriate range of molecular sizes and through
which the eluent is passed at a constant rate. One end of the
column is usually fitted with a suitable device for applying
the sample such as a flow adapter, a syringe through a
septum or an injection valve and may also be connected 01/2008:20231
to a suitable pump for controlling the flow of the eluent.
Alternatively the sample may be applied directly to the 2.2.31. ELECTROPHORESIS
drained bed surface or, where the sample is denser than the
eluent, it may be layered beneath the eluent. The outlet of GENERAL PRINCIPLE
the column is usually connected to a suitable detector fitted
with an automatic recorder which enables the monitoring Under the influence of an electrical field, charged particles
of the relative concentrations of separated components of dissolved or dispersed in an electrolyte solution migrate in
the sample. Detectors are usually based on photometric, the direction of the electrode bearing the opposite polarity.
refractometric or luminescent properties. An automatic In gel electrophoresis, the movements of the particles are
fraction collector may be attached, if necessary. retarded by interactions with the surrounding gel matrix,
which acts as a molecular sieve. The opposing interactions of
the electrical force and molecular sieving result in differential
The packing material may be a soft support such as a swollen
migration rates according to sizes, shapes and charges
gel or a rigid support composed of a material such as glass,
of particles. Because of their different physico-chemical
silica or a solvent-compatible, cross-linked organic polymer.
properties, different macromolecules of a mixture will migrate
Rigid supports usually require pressurised systems giving
at different speeds during electrophoresis and will thus be
faster separations. The mobile phase is chosen according to
separated into discrete fractions. Electrophoretic separations
sample type, separation medium and method of detection.
can be conducted in systems without support phases (e.g.
Before carrying out the separation, the packing material
free solution separation in capillary electrophoresis) and in
is treated, and the column is packed, as described in the
stabilising media such as thin-layer plates, films or gels.
monograph, or according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
FREE OR MOVING BOUNDARY ELECTROPHORESIS
Criteria for assessing the suitability of the system are
described in the chapter on Chromatographic separation This method is mainly used for the determination of mobility,
techniques (2.2.46). The extent to which adjustments of the experimental characteristics being directly measurable
parameters of the chromatographic system can be made and reproducible. It is chiefly employed with substances
of high relative molecular mass and low diffusibility. The
to satisfy the criteria of system suitability are also given in
this chapter. boundaries are initially located by a physical process such
as refractometry or conductimetry. After applying a given
DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE COMPONENT electric field for an accurately measured time, the new
COMPOSITION OF MIXTURES boundaries and their respective positions are observed. The
Carry out the separation as stated in the monograph. If operating conditions must be such as to make it possible to
possible, monitor the elution of the components continuously determine as many boundaries as there are components.
and measure the corresponding peak areas. If the sample
is monitored by a physico-chemical property to which all ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS USING A SUPPORTING
the components of interest exhibit equivalent responses MEDIUM
(for example if they have the same specific absorbance), This method requires the use of small samples only.
calculate the relative amount of each component by dividing
the respective peak area by the sum of the peak areas of all The nature of the support, such as paper, agar gel, cellulose
the components of interest. If the responses to the property acetate, starch, agarose, methacrylamide, mixed gel,
used for detection of the components of interest are not introduces a number of additional factors modifying the
equivalent, calculate the content by means of calibration mobility :
curves obtained with the calibration standards prescribed in a) owing to channelling in the supporting medium, the
the monograph. apparent distance covered is less than the real distance,

48 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.31. Electrophoresis

b) some supporting media are not electrically neutral. As the is fitted with a platinum electrode. The electrodes are
medium is a stationary phase it may sometimes give rise connected to a power supply allowing operation either at
to a considerable electro-endosmotic flow, constant current or at constant voltage. The apparatus
c) any heating due to the joule effect may cause some has in the base of the upper reservoir a number of holders
evaporation of the liquid from the supporting medium equidistant from the electrode.
which, by capillarity, causes the solution to move from Method. The solutions should usually be degassed before
the ends towards the centre. The ionic strength therefore polymerisation and the gels used immediately after
tends to increase gradually. preparation. Prepare the gel mixture as prescribed and pour
The rate of migration then depends on four main factors : into suitable glass tubes, stoppered at the bottom, to an equal
the mobility of the charged particle, the electro-endosmotic height in each tube and to about 1 cm from the top, taking
flow, the evaporation flow, and the field strength. Hence it care to ensure that no air bubbles are trapped in the tubes.
is necessary to operate under clearly defined experimental Cover the gel mixture with a layer of water R to exclude air
conditions and to use, wherever possible, reference and allow to set. Gel formation usually takes about 30 min
substances. and is complete when a sharp interface appears between
An apparatus for electrophoresis consists of: the gel and the water layer. Remove the water layer. Fill
the lower reservoir with the prescribed buffer solution and
— a generator supplying direct current whose voltage can
remove the stoppers from the tubes. Fit the tubes into the
be controlled and, preferably, stabilised,
holders of the upper reservoir and adjust so that the bottom
— an electrophoresis chamber. This is usually rectangular of the tubes are immersed in the buffer solution in the
and made of glass or rigid plastic, with two separate lower reservoir. Carefully fill the tubes with the prescribed
compartments, the anodic and the cathodic, containing buffer solution. Prepare the test and reference solutions
the electrolyte solution. In each compartment is immersed containing the prescribed marker dye and make them dense
an electrode, for example of platinum or graphite. These by dissolving in them sucrose R, for example. Apply the
are connected by means of an appropriately isolated solutions to the surface of a gel using a different tube for
circuit to the corresponding terminal of the power supply each solution. Add the same buffer to the upper reservoir.
to form the anode and the cathode. The level of the Connect the electrodes to the power supply and allow
liquid in the two compartments is kept equal to prevent electrophoresis to proceed at the prescribed temperature and
siphoning. using the prescribed constant voltage or current. Switch off
The electrophoresis chamber is fitted with an airtight lid the power supply when the marker dye has migrated almost
which maintains a moisture-saturated atmosphere during into the lower reservoir. Immediately remove each tube from
operation and reduces evaporation of the solvent. A the apparatus and extrude the gel. Locate the position of the
safety device may be used to cut off the power when the bands in the electropherogram as prescribed.
lid is removed. If the electrical power measured across the
strip exceeds 10 W, it is preferable to cool the support. SODIUM DODECYL SULPHATE POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL
— a support-carrying device : ELECTROPHORESIS (SDS-PAGE)
Strip electrophoresis. The supporting strip, previously Scope. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is used for
wetted with the same conducting solution and dipped at the qualitative characterisation of proteins in biological
each end into an electrode compartment is appropriately preparations, for control of purity and quantitative
tightened and fixed on to a suitable carrier designed to determinations.
prevent diffusion of the conducting electrolyte, such as a
Purpose. Analytical gel electrophoresis is an appropriate
horizontal frame, inverted-V stand or a uniform surface
method with which to identify and to assess the homogeneity
with contact points at suitable intervals.
of proteins in pharmaceutical preparations. The method
Gel electrophoresis. The device consists essentially of is routinely used for the estimation of protein subunit
a glass plate (for example, a microscope slide) over the molecular masses and for determining the subunit
whole surface of which is deposited a firmly adhering compositions of purified proteins.
layer of gel of uniform thickness. The connection between
the gel and the conducting solution is effected in variousReady-to-use gels and reagents are widely available on the
ways according to the type of apparatus used. Precautions market and can be used instead of those described in this
must be taken to avoid condensation of moisture or text, provided that they give equivalent results and that they
drying of the solid layer. meet the validity requirements given below under Validation
of the test.
— measuring device or means of detection.
Method. Introduce the electrolyte solution into the electrode CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS
compartments. Place the support suitably impregnated with The sieving properties of polyacrylamide gels are established
electrolyte solution in the chamber under the conditions by the three-dimensional network of fibres and pores which
prescribed for the type of apparatus used. Locate the is formed as the bifunctional bisacrylamide cross-links
starting line and apply the sample. Apply the electric currentadjacent polyacrylamide chains. Polymerisation is catalysed
for the prescribed time. After the current has been switched by a free radical-generating system composed of ammonium
off, remove the support from the chamber, dry and visualise. persulphate and tetramethylethylenediamine.
As the acrylamide concentration of a gel increases, its
POLYACRYLAMIDE ROD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS effective pore size decreases. The effective pore size of a gel
In polyacrylamide rod gel electrophoresis, the stationary is operationally defined by its sieving properties ; that is, by
phase is a gel which is prepared from a mixture of acrylamide the resistance it imparts to the migration of macromolecules.
and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide. Rod gels are prepared There are limits on the acrylamide concentrations that can
in tubes 7.5 cm long and 0.5 cm in internal diameter, one be used. At high acrylamide concentrations, gels break much
solution being applied to each rod. more easily and are difficult to handle. As the pore size of
Apparatus. This consists of two buffer solution reservoirs a gel decreases, the migration rate of a protein through the
made of suitable material such as poly(methyl methacrylate) gel decreases. By adjusting the pore size of a gel, through
and mounted vertically one above the other. Each reservoir manipulating the acrylamide concentration, the resolution

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 49

2.2.31. Electrophoresis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

of the method can be optimised for a given protein product. Non-reducing conditions. For some analyses, complete
Thus, a given gel is physically characterised by its respective dissociation of the protein into subunit peptides is not
composition in acrylamide and bisacrylamide. desirable. In the absence of treatment with reducing agents
such as 2-mercaptoethanol or DTT, disulphide covalent
In addition to the composition of the gel, the state of the bonds remain intact, preserving the oligomeric form of the
protein is an important component to the electrophoretic protein. Oligomeric SDS-protein complexes migrate more
mobility. In the case of proteins, the electrophoretic mobility slowly than their SDS-polypeptide subunits. In addition,
is dependent on the pK value of the charged groups and non-reduced proteins may not be completely saturated with
the size of the molecule. It is influenced by the type, SDS and, hence, may not bind the detergent in a constant
concentration and pH of the buffer, by the temperature and mass ratio. This makes molecular-mass determinations of
the field strength as well as by the nature of the support these molecules by SDS-PAGE less straightforward than
material. analyses of fully denatured polypeptides, since it is necessary
DENATURING POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL that both standards and unknown proteins be in similar
ELECTROPHORESIS configurations for valid comparisons. However, the staining
of a single band in such a gel is a criterion of purity.
The method cited as an example is limited to the analysis
of monomeric polypeptides with a mass range of 14 000 to CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCONTINUOUS BUFFER
100 000 daltons. It is possible to extend this mass range SYSTEM GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
by various techniques (e.g. gradient gels, particular buffer The most popular electrophoretic method for the
system) but those techniques are not discussed in this characterisation of complex mixtures of proteins involves
chapter. the use of a discontinuous buffer system consisting of two
contiguous, but distinct gels : a resolving or separating
Denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using sodium (lower) gel and a stacking (upper) gel. The two gels are cast
dodecyl sulphate (SDS-PAGE) is the most common mode with different porosities, pH, and ionic strengths. In addition,
of electrophoresis used in assessing the pharmaceutical different mobile ions are used in the gel and electrode
quality of protein products and will be the focus of the buffers. The buffer discontinuity acts to concentrate large
example method. Typically, analytical electrophoresis volume samples in the stacking gel, resulting in improved
of proteins is carried out in polyacrylamide gels under resolution. When power is applied, a voltage drop develops
conditions that ensure dissociation of the proteins into across the sample solution which drives the proteins into
their individual polypeptide subunits and that minimise the stacking gel. Glycinate ions from the electrode buffer
aggregation. Most commonly, the strongly anionic detergent follow the proteins into the stacking gel. A moving boundary
sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) is used in combination with region is rapidly formed with the highly mobile chloride
heat to dissociate the proteins before they are loaded on ions in the front and the relatively slow glycinate ions in
the gel. The denatured polypeptides bind to SDS, become the rear. A localised high-voltage gradient forms between
negatively charged and exhibit a consistent charge-to-mass the leading and trailing ion fronts, causing the SDS-protein
ratio regardless of protein type. Because the amount of complexes to form into a thin zone (stack) and migrate
SDS bound is almost always proportional to the molecular between the chloride and glycinate phases. Within broad
mass of the polypeptide and is independent of its sequence, limits, regardless of the height of the applied sample, all
SDS-polypeptide complexes migrate through polyacrylamide SDS-proteins condense into a very narrow region and
gels with mobilities dependent on the size of the polypeptide. enter the resolving gel as a well-defined, thin zone of high
protein density. The large-pore stacking gel does not retard
The electrophoretic mobilities of the resultant detergent- the migration of most proteins and serves mainly as an
polypeptide complexes all assume the same functional anticonvective medium. At the interface of the stacking and
relationship to their molecular masses. Migration of SDS resolving gels, the proteins experience a sharp increase in
complexes is toward the anode in a predictable manner, with retardation due to the restrictive pore size of the resolving
low-molecular-mass complexes migrating faster than larger gel. Once in the resolving gel, proteins continue to be slowed
ones. The molecular mass of a protein can therefore be by the sieving of the matrix. The glycinate ions overtake the
estimated from its relative mobility in calibrated SDS-PAGE proteins, which then move in a space of uniform pH formed
and the occurrence of a single band in such a gel is a by the tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and glycine.
criterion of purity. Molecular sieving causes the SDS-polypeptide complexes to
Modifications to the polypeptide backbone, such as N- or separate on the basis of their molecular masses.
O-linked glycosylation, however, have a significant impact on PREPARING VERTICAL DISCONTINUOUS BUFFER SDS
the apparent molecular mass of a protein since SDS does POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS
not bind to a carbohydrate moiety in a manner similar to a
Assembling of the gel moulding cassette. Clean the two glass
polypeptide. Thus, a consistent charge-to-mass ratio is not
plates (size : e.g. 10 cm × 8 cm), the polytetrafluoroethylene
maintained. The apparent molecular mass of proteins having
comb, the two spacers and the silicone rubber tubing
undergone post-translational modifications is not a true
(diameter e.g. 0.6 mm × 35 cm) with mild detergent and
reflection of the mass of the polypeptide chain.
rinse extensively with water. Dry all the items with a paper
Reducing conditions. Polypeptide subunits and towel or tissue. Lubricate the spacers and the tubing with
three-dimensional structure is often maintained in proteins non-silicone grease. Apply the spacers along each of the two
by the presence of disulphide bonds. A goal of SDS-PAGE short sides of the glass plate 2 mm away from the edges
analysis under reducing conditions is to disrupt this structure and 2 mm away from the long side corresponding to the
by reducing disulphide bonds. Complete denaturation and bottom of the gel. Begin to lay the tubing on the glass plate
dissociation of proteins by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol by using one spacer as a guide. Carefully twist the tubing
or dithiothreitol (DTT) will result in unfolding of the at the bottom of the spacer and follow the long side of the
polypeptide backbone and subsequent complexation glass plate. While holding the tubing with one finger along
with SDS. In these conditions, the molecular mass of the the long side twist again the tubing and lay it on the second
polypeptide subunits can be calculated by linear regression short side of the glass plate, using the spacer as a guide.
in the presence of suitable molecular-mass standards. Place the second glass plate in perfect alignment and hold

50 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.31. Electrophoresis

the mould together by hand pressure. Apply two clamps on the gel in a vertical position at room temperature to allow
each of the two short sides of the mould. Carefully apply four polymerisation.
clamps on the longer side of the gel mould thus forming the Preparation of the stacking gel. After polymerisation is
bottom of the gel mould. Verify that the tubing is running complete (about 30 min), pour off the isobutanol and wash
along the edge of the glass plates and has not been extruded the top of the gel several times with water to remove the
while placing the clamps. The gel mould is now ready for isobutanol overlay and any unpolymerised acrylamide. Drain
pouring the gel. as much fluid as possible from the top of the gel, and then
Preparation of the gel. In a discontinuous buffer SDS remove any remaining water with the edge of a paper towel.
polyacrylamide gel, it is recommended to pour the resolving In a conical flask, prepare the appropriate volume of solution
gel, let the gel set, and then pour the stacking gel since the containing the desired concentration of acrylamide, using
composition of the two gels in acrylamide-bisacrylamide, the values given in Table 2.2.31.-2. Mix the components in
buffer and pH are different. the order shown. Where appropriate, before adding the
Preparation of the resolving gel. In a conical flask, ammonium persulphate solution and the TEMED, filter the
prepare the appropriate volume of solution containing solution if necessary under vacuum through a cellulose
the desired concentration of acrylamide for the resolving acetate membrane (pore diameter : 0.45 µm) ; keep the
gel, using the values given in Table 2.2.31.-1. Mix the solution under vacuum by swirling the filtration unit until
components in the order shown. Where appropriate, no more bubbles are formed in the solution. Add appropriate
before adding the ammonium persulphate solution and the amounts of ammonium persulphate solution and TEMED
tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED), filter the solution as indicated in Table 2.2.31.-2, swirl and pour immediately
if necessary under vacuum through a cellulose acetate into the gap between the two glass plates of the mould
membrane (pore diameter 0.45 µm) ; keep the solution under directly onto the surface of the polymerised resolving gel.
vacuum by swirling the filtration unit until no more bubbles Immediately insert a clean polytetrafluoroethylene comb
are formed in the solution. Add appropriate amounts of into the stacking gel solution, being careful to avoid trapping
ammonium persulphate solution and TEMED as indicated air bubbles. Add more stacking gel solution to fill the spaces
in Table 2.2.31.-1, swirl and pour immediately into the gap of the comb completely. Leave the gel in a vertical position
between the two glass plates of the mould. Leave sufficient and allow to polymerise at room temperature.
space for the stacking gel (the length of the teeth of the
comb plus 1 cm). Using a tapered glass pipette, carefully
overlay the solution with water-saturated isobutanol. Leave
Table 2.2.31.-1. – Preparation of resolving gel
Solution components Component volumes (ml) per gel mould volume of
5 ml l0 ml 15 ml 20 ml 25 ml 30 ml 40 ml 50 ml
6 per cent acrylamide
Water R 2.6 5.3 7.9 10.6 13.2 15.9 21.2 26.5
Acrylamide solution(1) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
1.5 M Tris (pH 8.8) (2)
1.3 2.5 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.5 10.0 12.5
100 g/l SDS (3)
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5
100 g/l APS (4)
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5
TEMED(5) 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.02 0.024 0.032 0.04
8 per cent acrylamide
Water R 2.3 4.6 6.9 9.3 11.5 13.9 18.5 23.2
Acrylamide solution (1)
1.3 2.7 4.0 5.3 6.7 8.0 10.7 13.3
1.5 M Tris (pH 8.8)(2) 1.3 2.5 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.5 10.0 12.5
100 g/l SDS (3)
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5
100 g/l APS (4)
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5
(5)
TEMED 0.003 0.006 0.009 0.012 0.015 0.018 0.024 0.03
10 per cent acrylamide
Water R 1.9 4.0 5.9 7.9 9.9 11.9 15.9 19.8
Acrylamide solution (1)
1.7 3.3 5.0 6.7 8.3 10.0 13.3 16.7
1.5 M Tris (pH 8.8) (2)
1.3 2.5 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.5 10.0 12.5
100 g/l SDS(3) 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5
100 g/l APS (4)
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5
(5)
TEMED 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.016 0.02

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 51

2.2.31. Electrophoresis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Solution components Component volumes (ml) per gel mould volume of

5 ml l0 ml 15 ml 20 ml 25 ml 30 ml 40 ml 50 ml
12 per cent acrylamide
Water R 1.6 3.3 4.9 6.6 8.2 9.9 13.2 16.5
Acrylamide solution (1)
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 16.0 20.0
1.5 M Tris (pH 8.8)(2) 1.3 2.5 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.5 10.0 12.5
100 g/l SDS (3)
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5
100 g/l APS (4)
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5
TEMED(5) 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.016 0.02
14 per cent acrylamide
Water R 1.4 2.7 3.9 5.3 6.6 8.0 10.6 13.8
Acrylamide solution (1)
2.3 4.6 7.0 9.3 11.6 13.9 18.6 23.2
1.5 M Tris (pH 8.8) (2)
1.2 2.5 3.6 5.0 6.3 7.5 10.0 12.5
100 g/l SDS(3) 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5
100 g/l APS (4)
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5
(5)
TEMED 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.016 0.02
15 per cent acrylamide
Water R 1.1 2.3 3.4 4.6 5.7 6.9 9.2 11.5
Acrylamide solution (1)
2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 20.0 25.0
1.5 M Tris (pH 8.8) (2)
1.3 2.5 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.5 10.0 12.5
100 g/l SDS (3)
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5
100 g/l APS(4) 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.4 0.5
(5)
TEMED 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.016 0.02
(1) Acrylamide solution : 30 per cent acrylamide/bisacrylamide(29:1) solution R.
(2) 1.5 M Tris (pH 8.8) : 1.5 M tris-hydrochloride buffer solution pH 8.8 R.
(3) 100 g/l SDS : a 100 g/l solution of sodium dodecyl sulphate R.
(4) 100 g/l APS : a 100 g/l solution of ammonium persulphate R. Ammonium persulphate provides the free radicals that drive polymerisation of
acrylamide and bisacrylamide. Since ammonium persulphate solution decomposes slowly, fresh solutions must be prepared weekly.
(5) TEMED : tetramethylethylenediamine R.
Mounting the gel in the electrophoresis apparatus and the electrophoresis buffers to the top and bottom reservoirs.
electrophoretic separation. After polymerisation is complete Remove any bubbles that become trapped at the bottom of
(about 30 min), remove the polytetrafluoroethylene comb the gel between the glass plates. This is best done with a
carefully. Rinse the wells immediately with water or with the bent hypodermic needle attached to a syringe. Never pre-run
SDS-PAGE running buffer R to remove any unpolymerised the gel before loading the samples, since this will destroy
acrylamide. If necessary, straighten the teeth of the stacking the discontinuity of the buffer systems. Before loading the
gel with a blunt hypodermic needle attached to a syringe. sample carefully rinse the slot with SDS-PAGE running
Remove the clamps on one short side, carefully pull out the buffer R. Prepare the test and reference solutions in the
tubing and replace the clamps. Proceed similarly on the recommended sample buffer and treat as specified in the
other short side. Remove the tubing from the bottom part of individual monograph. Apply the appropriate volume of each
the gel. Mount the gel in the electrophoresis apparatus. Add solution to the stacking gel wells. Start the electrophoresis
Table 2.2.31.-2. – Preparation of stacking gel
Solution components Component volumes (ml) per gel mould volume of
1 ml 2 ml 3 ml 4 ml 5 ml 6 ml 8 ml 10 ml
Water R 0.68 1.4 2.1 2.7 3.4 4.1 5.5 6.8
Acrylamide solution(1) 0.17 0.33 0.5 0.67 0.83 1.0 1.3 1.7
1.0 M Tris (pH 6.8) (2)
0.13 0.25 0.38 0.5 0.63 0.75 1.0 1.25
100 g/l SDS (3)
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.1
100 g/l APS (4)
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.08 0.1
TEMED(5) 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.008 0.01
(1) Acrylamide solution : 30 per cent acrylamide/bisacrylamide (29:1) solution R.
(2) 1.0 M Tris (pH 6.8) : 1 M tris-hydrochloride buffer solution pH 6.8 R.
(3) 100 g/l SDS : a 100 g/l solution of sodium dodecyl sulphate R.
(4) 100 g/l APS : a 100 g/l solution of ammonium persulphate R. Ammonium persulphate provides the free radicals that drive polymerisation of
acrylamide and bisacrylamide. Since ammonium persulphate solution decomposes slowly, fresh solutions must be prepared weekly.
(5) TEMED : tetramethylethylenediamine R.

52 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.32. Loss on drying

using the conditions recommended by the manufacturer the second sheet on top and remove any trapped air bubbles.
of the equipment. Manufacturers of SDS-PAGE equipment Complete the assembly of the drying frame. Place in an oven
may provide gels of different surface area and thickness. or leave at room temperature until dry.
Electrophoresis running time and current/voltage may need MOLECULAR-MASS DETERMINATION
to vary as described by the manufacturer of the apparatus Molecular masses of proteins are determined by comparison
in order to achieve optimum separation. Check that the of their mobilities with those of several marker proteins of
dye front is moving into the resolving gel. When the dye is known molecular weight. Mixtures of proteins with precisely
reaching the bottom of the gel, stop the electrophoresis. known molecular masses blended for uniform staining are
Remove the gel assembly from the apparatus and separate available for calibrating gels. They are obtainable in various
the glass plates. Remove the spacers, cut off and discard the molecular mass ranges. Concentrated stock solutions
stacking gel and immediately proceed with staining. of proteins of known molecular mass are diluted in the
DETECTION OF PROTEINS IN GELS appropriate sample buffer and loaded on the same gel as the
Coomassie staining is the most common protein staining protein sample to be studied.
method with a detection level of the order of 1 µg to 10 µg Immediately after the gel has been run, the position of
of protein per band. Silver staining is the most sensitive the bromophenol blue tracking dye is marked to identify
method for staining proteins in gels and a band containing the leading edge of the electrophoretic ion front. This can
10 ng to 100 ng can be detected. be done by cutting notches in the edges of the gel or by
All of the steps in gel staining are done at room temperature inserting a needle soaked in India ink into the gel at the
with gentle shaking (e.g. on an orbital shaker platform) dye front. After staining, measure the migration distances
in any convenient container. Gloves must be worn when of each protein band (markers and unknowns) from the
staining gels, since fingerprints will stain. top of the resolving gel. Divide the migration distance of
each protein by the distance travelled by the tracking dye.
Coomassie staining. Immerse the gel in a large excess of The normalised migration distances so obtained are called
Coomassie staining solution R and allow to stand for at the relative mobilities of the proteins (relative to the dye
least 1 h. Remove the staining solution. front) and conventionally denoted as RF. Construct a plot
Destain the gel with a large excess of destaining solution R. of the logarithm of the relative molecular masses (Mr) of
Change the destaining solution several times, until the the protein standards as a function of the RF values. Note
stained protein bands are clearly distinguishable on a clear that the graphs are slightly sigmoid. Unknown molecular
background. The more thoroughly the gel is destained, the masses can be estimated by linear regression analysis or
smaller is the amount of protein that can be detected by interpolation from the curves of log Mr against RF as long as
the method. Destaining can be speeded up by including a the values obtained for the unknown samples are positioned
few grams of anion-exchange resin or a small sponge in the along the linear part of the graph.
destaining solution R. VALIDATION OF THE TEST
NOTE : the acid-alcohol solutions used in this procedure The test is not valid unless the proteins of the molecular
do not completely fix proteins in the gel. This can lead mass marker are distributed along 80 per cent of the length
to losses of some low-molecular-mass proteins during the of the gel and over the required separation range (e.g. the
staining and destaining of thin gels. Permanent fixation range covering the product and its dimer or the product
is obtainable by allowing the gel to stand in a mixture of and its related impurities) the separation obtained for the
1 volume of trichloroacetic acid R, 4 volumes of methanol R relevant protein bands shows a linear relationship between
and 5 volumes of water R for 1 h before it is immersed in the logarithm of the molecular mass and the RF. Additional
the Coomassie staining solution R. validation requirements with respect to the solution under
Silver staining. Immerse the gel in a large excess of fixing test may be specified in individual monographs.
solution R and allow to stand for 1 h. Remove the fixing QUANTIFICATION OF IMPURITIES
solution, add fresh fixing solution and incubate either for Where the impurity limit is specified in the individual
at least 1 h or overnight, if convenient. Discard the fixing monograph, a reference solution corresponding to that
solution and wash the gel in a large excess of water R for level of impurity should be prepared by diluting the test
1 h. Soak the gel for 15 min in a 1 per cent V/V solution solution. For example, where the limit is 5 per cent, a
of glutaraldehyde R. Wash the gel twice for 15 min in a reference solution would be a 1:20 dilution of the test
large excess of water R. Soak the gel in fresh silver nitrate solution. No impurity (any band other than the main band)
reagent R for 15 min, in darkness. Wash the gel three times in the electropherogram obtained with the test solution
for 5 min in a large excess of water R. Immerse the gel may be more intense than the main band obtained with the
for about 1 min in developer solution R until satisfactory reference solution.
staining has been obtained. Stop the development by Under validated conditions impurities may be quantified
incubation in the blocking solution R for 15 min. Rinse the by normalisation to the main band using an integrating
gel with water R. densitometer. In this case, the responses must be validated
DRYING OF STAINED SDS POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS for linearity.
Depending on the staining method used, gels are treated in
a slightly different way. For Coomassie staining, after the 01/2008:20232
destaining step, allow the gel to stand in a 100 g/l solution of
glycerol R for at least 2 h (overnight incubation is possible).
For silver staining, add to the final rinsing a step of 5 min in 2.2.32. LOSS ON DRYING
a 20 g/l solution of glycerol R. Loss on drying is the loss of mass expressed as per cent m/m.
Immerse two sheets of porous cellulose film in water R and Method. Place the prescribed quantity of the substance to
incubate for 5 min to 10 min. Place one of the sheets on be examined in a weighing bottle previously dried under
a drying frame. Carefully lift the gel and place it on the the conditions prescribed for the substance to be examined.
cellulose film. Remove any trapped air bubbles and pour a Dry the substance to constant mass or for the prescribed
few millilitres of water R around the edges of the gel. Place time by one of the following procedures. Where the drying

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 53

2.2.33. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

temperature is indicated by a single value rather than a Use a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer operating at
range, drying is carried out at the prescribed temperature not less than 60 MHz for 1H. Unless otherwise prescribed,
± 2 °C. follow the instructions of the manufacturer.
a) “in a desiccator” : the drying is carried out over Before recording the spectrum, verify that :
diphosphorus pentoxide R at atmospheric pressure and
at room temperature ; 1) The resolution is equal to 0.5 Hz or less by measuring the
peak width at half-height using an adequate scale expansion
b) “in vacuo” : the drying is carried out over diphosphorus of :
pentoxide R, at a pressure of 1.5 kPa to 2.5 kPa at room
temperature ; — either the band at δ 7.33 ppm or at δ 7.51 ppm of the
symmetrical multiplet of a 20 per cent V/V solution of
c) “in vacuo within a specified temperature range” : the
dichlorobenzene R in deuterated acetone R,
drying is carried out over diphosphorus pentoxide R, at
a pressure of 1.5 kPa to 2.5 kPa within the temperature — or the band at δ 0.00 ppm of a 5 per cent V/V solution of
range prescribed in the monograph ; tetramethylsilane R in deuterated chloroform R.
d) “in an oven within a specified temperature range” : the 2) The signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), measured over the range
drying is carried out in an oven within the temperature from δ 2 ppm to δ 5 ppm on the spectrum obtained with a
range prescribed in the monograph ; 1 per cent V/V solution of ethylbenzene R in deuterated
e) “under high vacuum” : the drying is carried out over chloroform R, is at least 25:1. This ratio is calculated as the
diphosphorus pentoxide R at a pressure not exceeding mean of five successive determinations from the expression :
0.1 kPa, at the temperature prescribed in the monograph.
If other conditions are prescribed, the procedure to be used
is described in full in the monograph.
A = amplitude, measured in millimetres, of the largest
peak of the methylene quartet of ethylbenzene
01/2008:20233 centred at δ 2.65 ppm. The amplitude is measured
from a base line constructed from the centre of
2.2.33. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC the noise on either side of this quartet and at a
distance of at least 1 ppm from its centre.
RESONANCE SPECTROMETRY H = peak to peak amplitude of the base line noise
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry is based measured in millimetres obtained between
on the fact that nuclei such as 1H, 13C, 19F, 31P possess a δ 4 ppm and δ 5 ppm.
permanent nuclear magnetic moment. When placed in 3) The amplitude of spinning side bands is not greater than
an external magnetic field (main field), they take certain 2 per cent of the sample peak height in a tube rotating at a
well-defined orientations with respect to the direction of this speed appropriate for the spectrometer used.
field which correspond to distinct energy levels. For a given
field value, transitions between neighbouring energy levels 4) For quantitative measurements verify the repeatability of
take place due to absorption of electromagnetic radiation of the integrator responses, using a 5 per cent V/V solution
characteristic wavelengths at radio frequencies. of ethylbenzene R in deuterated chloroform R. Carry out
five successive scans of the protons of ethyl groups and
The determination of these frequencies may be made
determine the mean of the values obtained. None of the
either by sequential search of the resonance conditions
individual values differs by more than 2.5 per cent from the
(continuous-wave spectrometry) or by simultaneous
mean.
excitation of all transitions with a multifrequency pulse
followed by computer analysis of the free-induction decay of Method. Dissolve the substance to be examined as
the irradiation emitted as the system returns to the initial prescribed and filter ; the solution must be clear. Use a
state (pulsed spectrometry). chemical shift internal reference compound, which, unless
A proton magnetic resonance spectrum appears as a set of otherwise prescribed, is a solution containing 0.5 per
signals which correspond to protons and are characteristic cent V/V to 1.0 per cent V/V of tetramethylsilane R (TMS)
of their nuclear and electronic environment within the in deuterated organic solvents or 5 g/l to 10 g/l of sodium
molecule. The separation between a given signal and that of tetradeuteriodimethylsilapentanoate acid R (TSP) in
a reference compound is called a chemical shift (δ) and is deuterium oxide R. Take the necessary quantity and record
expressed in parts per million (ppm) ; it characterises the kind the spectrum.
of proton in terms of electronic environment. Signals are
frequently split into groups of related peaks, called doublets, CONTINUOUS-WAVE SPECTROMETRY
triplets, multiplets ; this splitting is due to the presence of Adjust the spectrometer so that it is operating as closely
permanent magnetic fields emanating from adjacent nuclei, as possible in the pure absorption mode and use a
particularly from other protons within two to five valence radio-frequency setting which avoids saturation of the
bonds. The intensity of each signal, determined from the signals. Adjust the controls of the spectrometer so that
area under the signal, is proportional to the number of the strongest peak in the spectrum of the substance to be
equivalent protons. examined occupies almost the whole of the scale on the
Apparatus. A nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer recorder chart and that the signal of the internal reference
for continuous-wave spectrometry consists of a magnet, compound corresponds to a chemical shift of δ 0.00 ppm.
a low-frequency sweep generator, a sample holder, a Record the spectrum over the prescribed spectral width and,
radio-frequency transmitter and receiver, a recorder and an unless otherwise specified, at a sweep rate of not more than
electronic integrator. A pulsed spectrometer is additionally 2 Hz per second. Record the integral spectrum over the
equipped with a pulse transmitter and a computer for the same spectral width and at a suitable sweep rate according
acquisition, storage and mathematical transformation of the to the instrument used. When quantitative measurements
data into a conventional spectrum. are required, these should be obtained as prescribed.

54 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.34. Thermal analysis

PULSED SPECTROMETRY Method. Apply the same procedure to the substance to be

Set the spectrometer controls, e.g. pulse flip angle, pulse examined, using the conditions prescribed in the monograph.
amplitude, pulse interval, spectral width, number of data Calculate the loss of mass of the substance to be examined
points (resolution) and data acquisition rate, as indicated in from the difference measured in the graph obtained. Express
the manufacturer’s instructions and collect the necessary the loss of mass as per cent ∆ m/m.
number of free induction decays. After mathematical If the apparatus is in frequent use, carry out temperature
transformation of the data by the computer, adjust the verification and calibration regularly. Otherwise, carry out
phase control in order to obtain as far as possible a pure such checks before each measurement.
absorption spectrum and calibrate the spectrum relative Since the test atmosphere is critical, the following parameters
to the resonance frequency of the chemical shift internal are noted for each measurement : pressure or flow rate,
reference compound. Display the spectrum stored in the composition of the gas.
computer on a suitable output device and, for quantitative
measurements, process the integral according to the facility DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY
of the instrument. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a technique that
can be used to demonstrate the energy phenomena produced
during heating (or cooling) of a substance (or a mixture of
01/2008:20234 substances) and to determine the changes in enthalpy and
specific heat and the temperatures at which these occur.
2.2.34. THERMAL ANALYSIS The technique is used to determine the difference in the
flow of heat (with reference to the temperature) evolved or
Thermal analysis is a group of techniques in which the
absorbed by the test sample compared with the reference
variation of a physical property of a substance is measured
cell, as a function of the temperature. Two types of DSC
as a function of temperature. The most commonly used
apparatuses are available, those using power compensation
techniques are those which measure changes of mass or
to maintain a null temperature difference between sample
changes in energy of a sample of a substance.
and reference and those that apply a constant rate of heating
THERMOGRAVIMETRY and detect temperature differential as a difference in heat
Thermogravimetry is a technique in which the mass flow between sample and reference.
of a sample of a substance is recorded as a function Apparatus. The apparatus for the power compensation
of temperature according to a controlled temperature DSC consists of a furnace containing a sample holder with
programme. a reference cell and a test cell. The apparatus for the heat
Apparatus. The essential components of a thermobalance flow DSC consists of a furnace containing a single cell with a
are a device for heating or cooling the substance according sample holder for the reference crucible and the test crucible.
to a given temperature program, a sample holder in a A temperature-programming device, thermal detector(s) and
controlled atmosphere, an electrobalance and a recorder. a recording system which can be connected to a computer
In some cases the instrument may be coupled to a device are attached. The measurements are carried out under a
permitting the analysis of volatile products. controlled atmosphere.
Temperature verification. Check the temperature scale Calibration of the apparatus. Calibrate the apparatus for
using a suitable material according to the manufacturer’s temperature and enthalpy change, using indium of high
instructions. purity or any other suitable certified material, according to
the manufacturer’s instructions. A combination of 2 metals,
Calibration of the electrobalance. Place a suitable quantity e.g. indium and zinc may be used to control linearity.
of a suitable certified reference material in the sample holder
and record the mass. Set the heating rate according to Operating procedure. Weigh in a suitable crucible an
the manufacturer’s instructions and start the temperature appropriate quantity of the substance to be examined ; place
increase. Record the thermogravimetric curve as a graph it in the sample holder. Set the initial and final temperatures,
with temperature, or time, on the abscissa, increasing from and the heating rate according to the operating conditions
left to right, and mass on the ordinate, increasing upwards. prescribed in the monograph.
Stop the temperature increase at about 230 °C. Measure Begin the analysis and record the differential thermal
the difference on the graph between the initial and final analysis curve, with the temperature or time on the abscissa
mass-temperature plateaux, or mass-time plateaux, which (values increasing from left to right) and the energy change
corresponds to the loss of mass. The declared loss of mass on the ordinate (specify whether the change is endothermic
for the certified reference material is stated on the label. or exothermic).

Figure 2.2.34.-1. – Thermogram

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 55

2.2.34. Thermal analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The temperature at which the phenomenon occurs (the thermal diagram, requiring the use of only a few milligrams
onset temperature) corresponds to the intersection (A) of sample with no need for repeated accurate measurements
of the extension of the baseline with the tangent at the of the true temperature.
point of greatest slope (inflexion point) of the curve (see In theory, the melting of an entirely crystalline, pure
Figure 2.2.34.-1). The end of the thermal phenomenon is substance at constant pressure is characterised by a heat
indicated by the peak of the curve. of fusion ∆Hf in an infinitely narrow range, corresponding
The enthalpy of the phenomenon is proportional to the area to the melting point T0. A broadening of this range is a
under the curve limited by the baseline ; the proportionality sensitive indicator of impurities. Hence, samples of the same
factor is determined from the measurement of the heat of substance, whose impurity contents vary by a few tenths of
fusion of a known substance (e.g., indium) under the same a per cent, give thermal diagrams that are visually distinct
operating conditions. (see Figure 2.2.34.-2).
The determination of the molar purity by DSC is based on
Each thermogram may be accompanied by the following the use of a mathematical approximation of the integrated
data : conditions employed, record of last calibration, sample form of the Van’t Hoff equation applied to the concentrations
size and identification (including thermal history), container, (not the activities) in a binary system [
atmosphere (identity, flow rate, pressure), direction and rate and ]:
of temperature change, instrument and recorder sensitivity.
Applications (1)
Phase changes. Determination of the temperature, heat
capacity change and enthalpy of phase changes undergone x2 = mole fraction of the impurity i.e. the number of
by a substance as a function of temperature. molecules of the impurity divided by the total
number of molecules in the liquid phase (or
solid - solid transition : allotropy - polymorphism
molten phase) at temperature T (expressed in
glass transition
kelvins),
desolvation
amorphous-crystalline T0 = melting point of the chemically pure substance,
in kelvins,
solid - liquid transition : melting ∆Hf = molar heat of fusion of the substance, in joules,
solid - gas transition : sublimation R = gas constant for ideal gases, in joules·kel-
vin− 1·mole− 1.
liquid - solid transition : freezing
Hence, the determination of purity by DSC is limited to the
recrystallisation
detection of impurities forming a eutectic mixture with the
liquid - gas transition : evaporation principal compound and present at a mole fraction of less
than 2 per cent in the substance to be examined.
Changes in chemical composition. Measurement of heat This method cannot be applied to :
and temperatures of reaction under given experimental — amorphous substances,
conditions, so that, for example, the kinetics of decomposition — solvates or polymorphic compounds that are unstable
or of desolvation can be determined. within the experimental temperature range,
Application to phase diagrams. Establishment of phase — impurities forming solid solutions with the principal
diagrams for solid mixtures. The establishment of a phase substance,
diagram may be an important step in the preformulation and — impurities that are insoluble in the liquid phase or in the
optimisation of the freeze-drying process. melt of the principal substance.
Determination of purity. The measurement of the heat of During the heating of the substance to be examined, the
fusion and the melting point by DSC enables the impurity impurity melts completely at the temperature of the eutectic
content of a substance to be determined from a single mixture. Above this temperature, the solid phase contains

Figure 2.2.34.-2. – Thermal diagrams according to purity

56 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.35. Osmolality

only the pure substance. As the temperature increases m = molality of the solution, that is the number of
progressively from the temperature of the eutectic mixture moles of solute per kilogram of solvent,
to the melting point of the pure substance, the mole fraction = molal osmotic coefficient which takes account of
of impurity in the liquid decreases constantly, since the the interactions between ions of opposite charge
quantity of liquified pure substance increases constantly. in the solution. It is dependent on the value of
For all temperatures above the eutectic point : m. As the complexity of solutions increases,
becomes difficult to measure.
(2)
The unit of osmolality is osmole per kilogram (osmol/kg),
F = molten fraction of the analysed sample, but the submultiple milliosmole per kilogram (mosmol/kg)
x 2* = mole fraction of the impurity in the analysed is usually used.
sample.
Unless otherwise prescribed, osmolality is determined by
When the entire sample has melted, F = 1 and . measurement of the depression of freezing point. The
If equation (2) is combined with equation (1), the following following relationship exists between the osmolality and the
equation is obtained : depression of freezing point ∆T :

The value of the heat of fusion is obtained by integrating

Apparatus. The apparatus (osmometer) consists of :
the melting peak.
The melting point T0 of the pure substance is extrapolated — a means of cooling the container used for the
from the plot of 1/F versus the temperature expressed in measurement,
kelvins. The slope α of the curve, obtained after linearisation,
if necessary, corresponding to allows to be — a system for measuring temperature consisting of a
evaluated. resistor sensitive to temperature (thermistor), with an
appropriate current or potential-difference measurement
The fraction , multiplied by 100 gives the mole fraction device that may be graduated in temperature depression
in per cent for the total eutectic impurities. or directly in osmolality,

THERMOMICROSCOPY — a means of mixing the sample is usually included.

Phase changes may be visualised by thermomicroscopy, a
method which enables a sample subjected to a programmed Method. Prepare reference solutions as described in
temperature change to be examined, in polarised light, under Table 2.2.35.-1, as required. Determine the zero of the
a microscope. apparatus using water R. Calibrate the apparatus using the
reference solutions : introduce 50 µl to 250 µl of sample into
The observations made in thermomicroscopy allow the the measurement cell and start the cooling system. Usually,
nature of the phenomena detected using thermogravimetry the mixing device is programmed to operate at a temperature
and differential thermal analysis to be clearly identified. below that expected through cryoscopic depression to
Apparatus. The apparatus consists of a microscope fitted prevent supercooling. A suitable device indicates attainment
with a light polariser, a hot plate, a temperature and heating of equilibrium. Before each measurement, rinse the
rate and/or cooling rate programmer and a recording system measurement cell with the solution to be examined.
for the transition temperatures. A video camera and video
recorder may be added. Table 2.2.35.-1. – Reference solutions for osmometer
calibration

Mass in grams Real Ideal Molal Cryoscopic

of sodium osmolality osmolality osmotic depression
chloride R per (mosmol/kg) (mosmol/kg) coefficient (°C)
01/2008:20235 kilogram of
water R
3.087 100 105.67 0.9463 0.186
2.2.35. OSMOLALITY 6.260 200 214.20 0.9337 0.372
9.463 300 323.83 0.9264 0.558
Osmolality is a practical means of giving an overall measure
of the contribution of the various solutes present in a 12.684 400 434.07 0.9215 0.744
solution to the osmotic pressure of the solution. 15.916 500 544.66 0.9180 0.930
An acceptable approximation for the osmolality ξm of a given 19.147 600 655.24 0.9157 1.116
aqueous solution is given by : 22.380 700 765.86 0.9140 1.302

Carry out the same operations with the test sample. Read
If the solute is not ionised, υ = 1 ; otherwise υ is the total directly the osmolality or calculate it from the measured
number of ions already present or formed by solvolysis from depression of freezing point. The test is not valid unless the
one molecule of solute. value found is within two values of the calibration scale.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 57

2.2.36. Ionic concentration (ion-selective electrodes) EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:20236 Table 2.2.36.-1. - Values of k at different temperatures

Temperature (°C) k
2.2.36. POTENTIOMETRIC 20 0.0582
DETERMINATION OF IONIC 25 0.0592
CONCENTRATION USING 30 0.0602
ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODES
If the electrode system is used frequently, check regularly
Ideally, the potential E of an ion-selective electrode varies the repeatability and the stability of responses, and the
linearly with the logarithm of the activity ai of a given ion, as linearity of the calibration curve or the calculation algorithm
expressed by the Nernst equation : in the range of concentrations of the test solution ; if not,
carry out the test before each set of measurements. The
response of the electrode may be regarded as linear if the
slope S of the calibration curve is approximately equal to
k/zi, per unit of pCi.
E0 = part of the constant potential due to the apparatus
used, METHOD I (DIRECT CALIBRATION)
R = gas constant,
Measure at least three times in succession the potential of
T = absolute temperature, at least three reference solutions spanning the expected
F = Faraday’s number, concentration of the test solution. Calculate the calibration
curve, or plot on a chart the mean potential E obtained
zi = charge number of the ion including its sign. against the concentration of the ion to be determined
expressed as − log Ci or pCi.
At a constant ionic strength, the following holds :
Prepare the test solution as prescribed in the monograph ;
measure the potential three times and, from the mean
potential, calculate the concentration of the ion to be
determined using the calibration curve.
Ci = molar concentration of the ion,
f = the activity coefficient , METHOD II (MULTIPLE STANDARD ADDITIONS)
k = Prepare the test solution as prescribed in the monograph.
Measure the potential at equilibrium ET of a volume VT of
this solution of unknown concentration CT of the ion to
If : and be determined. Make at least three consecutive additions
of a volume VS negligible compared to VT (VS ≤ 0.01VT) of
S = slope of the calibration curve of the electrode, a reference solution of a concentration CS known to be
within the linear part of the calibration curve. After each
the following holds : addition, measure the potential and calculate the difference
of potential ∆E between the measured potential and ET. ∆E
and for : . is related to the concentration of the ion to be determined
The potentiometric determination of the ion concentration by the equation :
is carried out by measuring the potential difference between
two suitable electrodes immersed in the solution to be
examined ; the indicator electrode is selective for the ion to
be determined and the other is a reference electrode.
Apparatus. Use a voltmeter allowing measurements to the
nearest 0.1 millivolt and whose input impedance is at least or
one hundred times greater than that of the electrodes used.
Ion-selective electrodes may be primary electrodes with
a crystal or non-crystal membrane or with a rigid matrix
(for example, glass electrodes), or electrodes with charged
(positive or negative) or uncharged mobile carriers, or VT = volume of the test solution,
sensitised electrodes (enzymatic-substrate electrodes, C = concentration of the ion to be determined in the
gas-indicator electrodes). The reference electrode is generally T
test solution,
a silver–silver chloride electrode or a calomel electrode, with
suitable junction liquids producing no interference. VS = added volume of the reference solution,
Procedure. Carry out each measurement at a temperature CS = concentration of the ion to be determined in the
constant to ± 0.5 °C, taking into account the variation of the reference solution,
slope of the electrode with temperature (see Table 2.2.36.-1). S = slope of the electrode determined experimentally,
Adjust the ionic strength and possibly the pH of the solution at constant temperature, by measuring the
to be analysed using the buffer reagent described in the difference between the potentials obtained with
monograph and equilibrate the electrode by immersing it in two reference solutions whose concentrations
the solution to be analysed, under slow and uniform stirring, differ by a factor of ten and are situated within
until a constant reading is obtained. the range where the calibration curve is linear.

58 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.38. Conductivity

Plot on a graph (y-axis) against VS (x-axis) and To determine the concentration of an element in a sample,
extrapolate the line obtained until it intersects the x-axis. At it is necessary to measure the net impulse rate produced
the intersection, the concentration CT of the test solution in by one or several standard preparations containing known
the ion to be determined is given by the equation : amounts of this element in given matrices and to calculate
or measure the mass absorption coefficient of the matrix
of the sample to be analysed.
Calibration. From a calibration solution or a series of
dilutions of the element to be analysed in various matrices,
METHOD III (SINGLE STANDARD ADDITION) determine the slope of the calibration curve b0 from the
To a volume VT of the test solution prepared as prescribed following equation :
in the monograph, add a volume VS of a reference solution
containing an amount of the ion to be determined known to
give a response situated in the linear part of the calibration
curve. Prepare a blank solution in the same conditions.
Measure at least three times the potentials of the test µM = absorption coefficient of the matrix M, calculated
solution and the blank solution, before and after adding the or measured,
reference solution. Calculate the concentration CT of the ion net impulse rate,
=
to be analysed using the following equation and making the
necessary corrections for the blank : C = concentration of the element to be assayed in the
standard preparation.
Mass absorption coefficent of the matrix of the sample. If
the empirical formula of the sample to be analysed is known,
calculate its mass absorption coefficient from the known
VT = volume of the test solution or the blank, elemental composition and the tabulated elemental mass
CT = concentration of the ion to be determined in the absorption coefficients. If the elemental composition is
test solution, unknown, determine the mass absorption coefficient of the
sample matrix by measuring the intensity of the scattered
VS = added volume of the reference solution, X-radiation IU (Compton scattering) from the following
CS = concentration of the ion to be determined in the equation :
reference solution,
∆E = difference between the average potentials
measured before and after adding VS,
S slope of the electrode determined experimentally, µMP = mass absorption coefficient of the sample,
at constant temperature, by measuring the
difference between the potentials obtained from IU = scattered X-radiation.
two reference solutions whose concentrations
Determination of the net pulse rate of the element to be
differ by a factor of ten and are situated within
determined in the sample. Calculate the net impulse rate
the range where the calibration curve is linear.
of the element to be determined from the measured
intensity of the fluorescence line and the intensity of the
background line(s), allowing for any tube contaminants
01/2008:20237 present.
Calculation of the trace content. If the concentration of the
2.2.37. X-RAY FLUORESCENCE element is in the linear part of the calibration curve, it can
be calculated using the following equation :
SPECTROMETRY (2)

Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is

a procedure that uses the measurement of the intensity of
the fluorescent radiation emitted by an element having an
atomic number between 11 and 92 excited by a continuous f = dilution factor.
primary X-ray radiation. The intensity of the fluorescence
produced by a given element depends on the concentration
of this element in the sample but also on the absorption
by the matrix of the incident and fluorescent radiation.
At trace levels, where the calibration curve is linear, the 01/2008:20238
intensity of the fluorescent radiation emitted by an element
in a given matrix, at a given wavelength, is proportional to
the concentration of this element and inversely proportional 2.2.38. CONDUCTIVITY
to the mass absorption coefficient of the matrix at this
wavelength. The current I (in amperes) flowing in a conductor is directly
Method. Set and use the instrument in accordance with the proportional to the applied electromotive force E (in volts)
instructions given by the manufacturer. Liquid samples and inversely proportional to the resistance R (in ohms) of
are placed directly in the instrument ; solid samples are the conductor :
first compressed into pellets, sometimes after mixing with
a suitable binder.
(2) G. Andermann &M.W. Kemp, Analytical Chemistry 30 1306 (1958). Z.H. Kalman & L. Heller, Analytical Chemistry 34 946 (1962). R.C. Reynolds, Jr., The American Mineralogist 46 1133
(1963). R.O. Müller, Spectrochimica Acta 20 143 (1964). R.O. Müller, Spectrochemische Analyse mit Röntgenfluoreszenz, R. Oldenburg München-Wien (1967).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 59

2.2.39. Molecular mass distribution in dextrans EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The conductivity (formerly called specific conductance) of The measured constant Kcell of the conductivity cell must be
a solution (κ) is, by definition, the reciprocal of resistivity within 5 per cent of the value indicated.
(ρ). Resistivity is defined as the quotient of the electric field If the determination of the cell constant is carried out at a
and the density of the current. The resistance R (in Ω) of a different temperature than that indicated for the certified
conductor of cross-section S (in cm2) and length L (in cm) reference material, the conductivity value may be calculated
is given by the expression : from the following expression :

κT = value of conductivity at the different temperature,

thus : or κTCRM = value of conductivity of the certified reference
material,
L/S corresponds to the ideal cell constant. T = temperature set for calibration,
The unit of conductivity in the International System is TCRM = temperature indicated for the certified reference
the siemens per metre (S·m− 1). In practice, the electrical material,
conductivity of a solution is expressed in siemens per α =
centimetre (S·cm− 1) or in microsiemens per centimetre temperature coefficient for the conductivity value
(µS·cm− 1). The unit of resistivity in the International System of the certified reference material ; for potassium
is the ohm-metre (Ω·m). The resistivity of a solution is chloride α = 0.021.
generally expressed in ohm-centimetres (Ω·cm). Unless Determination of the conductivity of the solution to be
otherwise prescribed, the reference temperature for the examined
expression of conductivity or resistivity is 25 °C. After calibrating the apparatus with a certified reference
The apparatus and operating procedure described below material solution, rinse the conductivity cell several times
are applicable to laboratory measurement of conductivity with distilled water R and at least twice with the aqueous
greater than 10 µS·cm− 1. The measurement of conductivity solution to be examined. Carry out successive measurements
of water is dealt with in the relevant monographs. as described in the monograph.
APPARATUS
01/2008:20239
The apparatus used (conductivity meter or resistivity meter)
measures the resistance of the column of liquid between the
electrodes of the immersed measuring device (conductivity 2.2.39. MOLECULAR MASS
cell). The apparatus is supplied with alternating current to DISTRIBUTION IN DEXTRANS
avoid the effects of electrode polarisation. It is equipped with
a temperature probe and a temperature compensation device. Examine by size-exclusion chromatography (2.2.30).
The conductivity cell contains 2 parallel platinum electrodes Test solution. Dissolve 0.200 g of the substance to be
coated with platinum black, each with a surface area S, and examined in the mobile phase and dilute to 10 ml with the
separated from the other by a distance L. Both are generally mobile phase.
protected by a glass tube. Other types of cells may also be Marker solution. Dissolve 5 mg of glucose R and 2 mg of
used. dextran V0 CRS in 1 ml of the mobile phase.
Calibration solutions. Dissolve separately in 1 ml of the
OPERATING PROCEDURE
mobile phase 15 mg of dextran 4 for calibration CRS, 15 mg
Determination of the cell constant of dextran 10 for calibration CRS, 20 mg of dextran 40 for
Choose a conductivity cell that is appropriate for the calibration CRS, 20 mg of dextran 70 for calibration CRS
properties and conductivity of the solution to be examined. and 20 mg of dextran 250 for calibration CRS.
The higher the expected conductivity, the higher the System suitability solution. Dissolve either 20 mg of
cell constant that must be chosen (low ρ). Commonly dextran 40 for performance test CRS (for dextran 40) or
used conductivity cells have cell constants of the order of 20 mg of dextran 60/70 for performance test CRS (for
0.1 cm− 1, 1 cm− 1 and 10 cm− 1. Use a certified reference dextran 60 and dextran 70) in 1 ml of the mobile phase.
material, for example a solution of potassium chloride, that is The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
appropriate for the measurement. The conductivity value of
the certified reference material, should be near the expected — a column 0.3 m long and 10 mm in internal diameter,
conductivity value of the solution to be examined. Other packed with cross-linked agarose for chromatography R
certified reference materials may be used especially for cells or a series of columns, 0.3 m long and 10 mm in internal
−1
having a constant of 0.1 cm . Rinse the cell several times diameter, packed with polyether hydroxylated gel for
with distilled water R and at least twice with the certified chromatography R,
reference material used for the determination of the cell — as the mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.5-1 ml/min,
constant of the conductivity cell. Measure the resistance of kept constant to ± 1 per cent per hour, a solution
the conductivity cell using the certified reference material containing 7 g of anhydrous sodium sulphate R and 1 g
at 25 ± 1 °C. The cell constant Kcell (in cm− 1) depends on of chlorobutanol R in 1 litre of water R,
the geometry of the conductivity cell and is given by the — as detector a differential refractometer,
expression : — a 100 µl to 200 µl loop injector,
maintaining the system at a constant temperature (± 0.1 °C).
CALIBRATION OF THE CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
RCRM = measured resistance, expressed in mega-ohms,
Carry out replicate injections of the chosen volume of the
κCRM = conductivity of the certified reference material marker solution. The chromatogram shows 2 peaks, the first
solution used, expressed in microsiemens per of which corresponds to dextran V0 CRS and the second of
centimetre. which corresponds to dextrose R. From the elution volume

60 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.39. Molecular mass distribution in dextrans

of the peak corresponding to dextran V0, calculate the void p = number of sections dividing the chromatograms,
volume V0 and from the peak corresponding to dextrose, yi
calculate the total volume Vt. = height of the chromatographic line above the
baseline in section i,
Inject the chosen volume of each of the calibration solutions. Mi = molecular mass in section i.
Draw carefully the baseline of each of the chromatograms.
Divide each chromatogram into p (at least 60) equal vertical
sections (corresponding to equal elution volumes). In each
section i, corresponding to an elution volume Vi measure
the height (yi) of the chromatogram line above the baseline
and calculate the coefficient of distribution Ki using the
expression :

(1)

V0 = void volume of the column, determined using the

peak corresponding to dextran V0 CRS in the
chromatogram obtained with the marker solution,
Vt = total volume of the column, determined using
the peak corresponding to glucose in the
chromatogram obtained with the marker solution,
Vi = elution volume of section i in the chromatogram
obtained with each of the calibration solutions.

Carry out the calibration using either of the following

methods.
Calibration by plotting of the curve. For each of the
dextrans for calibration calculate the coefficient of
distribution Kmax corresponding to the maximum height of
the chromatographic line, using expression (1). Plot on
semilogarithmic paper the values of Kmax (on the x-axis)
against the declared molecular mass at the maximum height
of the chromatographic line (Mmax) of each of the dextrans
for calibration and glucose. Draw a first calibration curve
through the points obtained, extrapolating it from the point
Kmax obtained with dextran 250 for calibration CRS to the
lowest K value obtained for this CRS (Figure 2.2.39.-1).
Using this first calibration curve, transform, for each
chromatogram, all Ki values into the corresponding
molecular mass Mi, thus obtaining the molecular mass
distribution. Calculate for each dextran for calibration the
average molecular mass Mw using equation (3) below. If
the calculated values for Mw do not differ by more than
5 per cent from those declared for each of the dextrans for Figure 2.2.39.-1. - Example of a calibration curve.
calibration and the mean difference is within ± 3 per cent,
The dotted line corresponds to the part of the curve that is
the calibration curve is approved. If not, move the calibration
extrapolated. Horizontal lines at the bottom of the figure
curve along the y-axis and repeat the procedure above until
represent the width and the position of the chromatographic
the calculated and the declared values for Mw do not differ
line obtained with each of the dextrans for calibration.
by more than 5 per cent.
Calibration by calculation of the curve. Calculate from
equations (2) and (3) below, using a suitable method(3), SYSTEM SUITABILITY
values for b1, b2, b3, b4 and b5 that give values of Mw within
5 per cent of the declared values of each of the dextrans for Inject the chosen volume of the appropriate system
calibration and 180 ± 2 for glucose : suitability solution.
Average molecular mass of dextran for performance
test CRS. Calculate the average molecular mass Mw as
(2) indicated under Calibration of the chromatographic system,
using either the plotted calibration curve or the values
obtained above for b1, b2, b3, b4 and b5. The test is not valid
unless Mw is :
— 41 000 to 47 000 (dextran 40 for performance test CRS),
(3)
— 67 000 to 75 000 (dextran 60/70 for performance
test CRS).
(3) An iterative method such as the Gauss-Newton method modified by Hartley is suitable (see O. Hartley, Tecnometrics, 3 (1961) and G. Nilsson and K. Nilsson, J. Chromat. 101, 137 (1974)). A
curve-fitting programme for microcomputers, capable of non-linear regression, may be used.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 61

2.2.40. Near-infrared spectrophotometry EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Average molecular mass of the 10 per cent high-fraction MOLECULAR MASS DISTRIBUTION OF THE DEXTRAN
dextran. Calculate Mw for the 10 per cent high-fraction TO BE ANALYSED
dextran eluted through section n using the equation : Inject the chosen volume of the test solution and calculate
Mw of the total molecular mass distribution, Mw of the
10 per cent high-fraction dextran and Mw of the 10 per cent
low-fraction dextran as indicated under System suitability.

(4)
01/2008:20240

in which n is defined by the expressions :

2.2.40. NEAR-INFRARED
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
(5) Near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometry is a technique with
wide and varied applications in pharmaceutical analysis. The
NIR spectral range extends from about 780 nm to about
2500 nm (from about 12 800 cm− 1 to about 4000 cm− 1).
In some cases the most useful information is found in the
(6)
spectral range from about 1700 nm to about 2500 nm
p (from about 6000 cm− 1 to 4000 cm− 1). NIR spectra are
= number of sections dividing the chromatograms, dominated by C-H, N-H, O-H and S-H overtone resonances
yi = height of the chromatographic line above the and combinations of fundamental vibrational modes ; they
baseline in section i, have a high informative character if the information is
Mi = molecular mass in section i. extracted by suitable chemometric algorithms. NIR bands
are much weaker than the fundamental mid-IR vibrations
The test is not valid unless Mw of the 10 per cent high from which they originate. Because molar absorptivities in
fraction dextran is : the NIR range are low, radiation typically penetrates several
millimeters into materials, including solids. Furthermore,
— 110 000 to 130 000 (dextran 40 for performance many materials such as glass are relatively transparent in
test CRS), this region.
— 190 000 to 230 000 (dextran 60/70 for performance Measurements can be made directly on in situ samples,
test CRS). in addition to standard sampling and testing procedures.
Physical as well as chemical information, both qualitative
Average molecular mass of the 10 per cent low-fraction and quantitative, is available from NIR spectra. However,
dextran. Calculate Mw for the 10 per cent low-fraction direct comparison of the spectrum obtained with the
dextran eluted in and after section m using the expression : substance being examined with a reference spectrum of a
chemical reference substance, as used in infrared absorption
spectrophotometry, is not appropriate. Suitable validated
mathematical treatment of the data is required.
NIR spectrophotometry has a wide variety of applications for
(7) both chemical and physical analysis, for example :
chemical analysis
— identification of active substances, excipients, dosage
in which m is defined by the expressions : forms, manufacturing intermediates, chemical raw
materials and packaging materials,
— quantification of active substances and excipients,
determination of chemical values such as hydroxyl value,
(8) iodine value, acid value, determination of water content,
determination of degree of hydroxylation, control of
solvent content,
— process control.
(9) physical analysis
p = number of sections dividing the chromatograms, — crystalline form and crystallinity, polymorphism,
pseudopolymorphism, particle size,
yi = height of the chromatographic line above the
baseline in section i, — dissolution behaviour, disintegration pattern, hardness,
Mi = molecular mass in section i. — examination of film properties,
— process control, for example monitoring of blending and
The test is not valid unless Mw of the 10 per cent low-fraction granulation.
dextran is : Measurements in the NIR region are influenced by
— 6000 to 8500 (dextran 40 for performance test CRS), many chemical and physical factors as described below ;
reproducibility and relevance of results depend on control
— 7000 to 11 000 (dextran 60/70 for performance of these factors and measurements are usually valid only for
test CRS). a defined calibration model.

62 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.40. Near-infrared spectrophotometry

APPARATUS sample a second time and thus doubling the pathlength.

NIR spectrophotometers are used for recording spectra Non-absorbed radiation is reflected back from the sample to
in the region of about 780 nm to about 2500 nm (about the detector.
12 800 cm− 1 to about 4000 cm− 1). All NIR measurements
T* = ,
are based on passing light through or into a sample and
measuring the attenuation of the emerging (transmitted,
scattered or reflected) beam. Spectrophotometers for IT = intensity of transflected radiation, without sample,
measurement in the NIR region consist of a suitable light I = intensity of transmitted and reflected radiation
source, a monochromator or interferometer. Common measured with the sample,
monochromators are acousto-optical tuneable filters (AOTF),
gratings or prisms. High intensity light sources such as
A* .
quartz or tungsten lamps or similar are used. The tungsten =
lamp light source can be highly stabilised. Therefore many
NIR instruments have the single-beam design. Silicon, lead SAMPLE PREPARATION/PRESENTATION
sulphide, indium arsenide, indium gallium arsenide, mercury
Transmission mode. The measurement of transmittance (T)
cadmium telluride (MCT) and deuterated triglycine sulphate
is dependent on a background transmittance spectrum
are commonly used detector materials. Conventional cuvette
for its calculation. A background reference can be air,
sample holders, fibre-optic probes, transmission dip cells and
an empty cell, and a solvent blank or in special cases a
spinning or traversing sample holders are a few common
reference sample. The method generally applies to liquids,
sampling devices. The selection is based on the intended
diluted or undiluted, dispersions, solutions and solids. For
application, paying particular attention to the suitability of
transmittance measurements of solids, a suitable sample
the sampling system for the type of sample to be analysed.
accessory is to be used. The samples are examined in a cell
Suitable data processing and evaluation units are usually
of suitable pathlength (generally 0.5-4 mm), transparent to
part of the system.
NIR radiation, or by immersion of a fibre optic probe of a
suitable configuration, which yields a spectrum situated in a
MEASUREMENT METHODS zone of transmission compatible with the specifications of
Transmission mode. Transmittance (T) is a measure of the the apparatus and appropriate for the intended purpose.
decrease in radiation intensity at given wavelengths when Diffuse reflection mode. This method generally applies
radiation is passed through the sample. The sample is placed to solids. The sample is examined in a suitable device.
in the optical beam between the source and detector. The Care must be taken to make the measuring conditions as
arrangement is analogous to that in many conventional reproducible as possible from one sample to another. When
spectrophotometers and the result can be presented directly immersing a fibre optic probe in the sample, care must
in terms of transmittance (T) or/and absorbance (A). be taken in the positioning of the probe to ensure that it
remains stationary during the acquisition of the spectra
T = , and that the measuring conditions are as reproducible as
possible from one sample to another. The reflected radiation
I0 = intensity of incident radiation, of a background reference is scanned to obtain the baseline,
I = intensity of transmitted radiation, and then the reflectance of one or more analytical samples
is measured. Common reflectance references are ceramic
tiles, perfluorinated polymers and gold. Other suitable
A . materials may be used. Only spectra measured against a
=
background possessing the same optical properties can
Diffuse reflection mode. The diffuse reflection mode gives be directly compared with one another. The particle size,
a measure of reflectance (R), the ratio of the intensity of water of hydration and state of solvation must be taken into
light reflected from the sample (I) to that reflected from a consideration.
background or reference reflective surface (Ir). NIR radiation Transflection mode. A reflector is placed behind the sample
can penetrate a substantial distance into the sample, where so as to double the pathlength. This configuration can
it can be absorbed by vibrational combinations and overtone be adopted to share the same instrument geometry with
resonances of the analyte species present in the sample. reflectance and fibre optic probe systems where the source
Non-absorbed radiation is reflected back from the sample to and the detector are on the same side of the sample. The
the detector. NIR reflectance spectra are typically obtained sample is examined in a cell with a mirror or a suitable
by calculating and plotting log (1/R) versus the wavelength diffusive reflector, made either of metal or of an inert
or wavenumbers. substance (for example titanium dioxide) not absorbing in
the NIR region.
R = ,
FACTORS AFFECTING SPECTRAL RESPONSE
I = intensity of light diffusively reflected from the
Sample temperature. This parameter is important for
sample,
aqueous solutions and many liquids, where a difference of
Ir = intensity of light reflected from the background a few degrees can result in substantial spectral changes.
or reference reflective surface, Temperature is also an important parameter for solids and
powders containing water.
AR = . Moisture and solvent residues. Moisture and solvent
residues present in the samples will contribute significant
Transflection mode. This mode is a combination of absorption bands in the NIR region.
transmittance and reflectance. In the measurement of Sample thickness. Sample thickness is a known source
transflectance (T*) a mirror or a diffuse reflectance surface of spectral variability and must be understood and/or
is used to reflect the radiation transmitted through the controlled. For example, in a reflection measurement the

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 63

2.2.40. Near-infrared spectrophotometry EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

sample may be “infinitely” thick, or thinner samples of methylene chloride R, vigorously shaken, is used directly
constant thickness must have a stable, diffusively reflecting in the cell or probe. The spectrum is recorded after 2 min.
backing material of constant, and preferably high reflectivity. Titanium dioxide has no absorption in the NIR range.
Sample optical properties. In solids, both surface and bulk Spectra are recorded with a maximum nominal instrument
scattering properties of samples must be taken into account. bandwidth of 10 nm at 2500 nm (16 cm− 1 at 4000 cm− 1).
Spectra of physically, chemically or optically heterogeneous Measurement is made of the position of at least 3 peaks
samples may require sample averaging by increasing the distributed over the range used. The acceptance tolerances
beam size or examining multiple samples or spinning the are given under Verification of the wavelength scale. For the
probe. Certain factors such as differing degree of compaction reference material used, apply the tolerance for the nearest
or particle size in powdered materials and surface finish can wavelength (wavenumber) for each peak used.
cause significant spectral differences. Verification of the wavelength repeatability (except for
Polymorphism. The variations in crystalline structure filter apparatus). Verify the wavelength repeatability using
(polymorphism) influence the spectra. Hence different suitable standards. The standard deviation of the wavelength
crystalline forms as well as the amorphous form of a solid is consistent with the specifications of the instrument
may be distinguished from one another on the basis of manufacturer.
their NIR spectra. Where multiple crystalline forms are Verification of photometric linearity and response stability.
present, care must be taken to ensure that the calibration Verification of photometric linearity is demonstrated with
standards have a distribution of forms relevant to the a set of transmission or reflection standards with known
intended application. values of transmittance or reflectance in percentage. For
Age of samples. Samples may exhibit changes in their reflectance measurements, carbon-doped polymer standards
chemical, physical or optical properties over time. Care are available. At least 4 reference standards in the range of
must be taken to ensure that samples for NIR analysis are 10-90 per cent such as 10 per cent, 20 per cent, 40 per cent
representative of those used for calibration. If samples of and 80 per cent with respective absorbance values of 1.0, 0.7,
different age are to be analysed, potential differences in the 0.4 and 0.1 are used. If the system is used for analytes with
properties must be accounted for. absorbances higher than 1.0, a 2 per cent and/or 5 per cent
standard is added to the set. Plot the observed absorbance
CONTROL OF INSTRUMENT PERFORMANCE values against the reference absorbance values and perform
a linear regression. Acceptable tolerances are 1.00 ± 0.05 for
Use the apparatus according to the manufacturer’s the slope and 0.00 ± 0.05 for the intercept.
instructions and carry out the prescribed verification at
regular intervals, according to the use of the apparatus and Spectra obtained from reflectance standards are subject to
the substances to be tested. variability due to the difference between the experimental
conditions under which they were factory-calibrated and
Verification of the wavelength scale (except for filter those under which they are subsequently put to use. Hence,
apparatus). Verify the wavelength scale employed, generally the percentage reflectance values supplied with a set of
in the region between about 780 nm and about 2500 nm calibration standards may not be useful in the attempt to
(about 12 800 cm− 1 to about 4000 cm− 1) or in the intended establish an “absolute” calibration for a given instrument.
spectral range using one or more suitable wavelength But as long as the standards do not change chemically or
standards which have characteristic maxima or minima physically and the same reference background is used as was
within the range of wavelengths to be used. For example, used to obtain the certified values, subsequent measurements
methylene chloride or a mixture of rare-earth oxides are of the same standards under identical conditions including
suitable reference materials. Take one spectrum with the precise sample positioning give information on long-term
same spectral resolution used to obtain the certified value, stability of the photometric response. A tolerance of ± 2 per
and measure the position of at least 3 peaks distributed cent is acceptable for long-term stability; this is only
over the range used. Acceptable tolerances are ± 1 nm at necessary if spectra are used without pre-treatment.
1200 nm, ± 1 nm at 1600 nm and ± 1.5 nm at 2000 nm
(± 8 cm− 1 at 8300 cm− 1, ± 4 cm− 1 at 6250 cm− 1 and ± 4 cm− 1 Verification of photometric noise. Determine the
at 5000 cm− 1). For the reference material used, apply the photometric noise using a suitable reflectance standard,
tolerance for the nearest wavelength (wavenumber) from for example white reflective ceramic tiles or reflective
the above for each peak used. For FT instruments, the thermoplastic resins (for example, PTFE). Scan the reflection
calibration of the wavenumber scale may be performed standard over a suitable wavelength/wavenumber range in
using a narrow water-vapour line at 7299.86 cm− 1 or a accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendation and
narrow line from a certified material. For rare-earth oxides, calculate the photometric noise as peak-to-peak noise. The
NIST 1920 (a) is the most appropriate reference. value is approximately twice the standard deviation. The
photometric noise is consistent with the specification of the
Measurement in transmission mode. Methylene chloride R spectrophotometer.
may be used at an optical pathlength of 1.0 mm. Methylene
chloride has characteristic sharp bands at 1155 nm, 1366 nm, IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION
1417 nm, 1690 nm, 1838 nm, 1894 nm, 2068 nm and (QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS)
2245 nm. The bands at 1155 nm, 1417 nm, 1690 nm and Establishment of a spectral reference library. Record the
2245 nm are used for calibration. Other suitable standards spectra of a suitable number of batches of the substance
may also be used. which have been fully tested according to established
Measurement in diffuse reflection (reflectance) mode. A specifications and which exhibit the variation typical for
mixture of dysprosium, holmium and erbium oxides (1+1+1 the substance to be analysed (for example, manufacturer,
by mass) or other certified material may be used. This physical form, particle size). The set of spectra represents
reference material exhibits characteristic peaks at 1261 nm, the information for identification and characterisation that
1681 nm and 1935 nm. If it is not possible to use external defines the similarity border for that substance and is the
solid standards and if measurements of diffuse reflection entry for that substance in the spectral library used to
are carried out in cells or if fibre optic probes are used, a identify the substance. The number of substances in the
suspension of 1.2 g of titanium dioxide R in about 4 ml of library depends on the specific application, but libraries that

64 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.40. Near-infrared spectrophotometry

are too big can cause some difficulties in discriminating cause some errors due to the own variability of materials.
between different materials and in validation. All spectra in Lower thresholds solve these problems, but could produce
the library used have the same : ambiguous results. Potential challenges must be addressed
to the spectral database. These can be materials received
— spectral range and number of data points,
on site that are similar to database members in visual
— technique of measurement, appearance, chemical structure or by name. This challenge
must fail identification. Independent samples of materials
— data pre-treatment. represented in the database, but not used to create it (i.e.
If sub-groups (libraries) are created, the above criteria different batches, blends) must give positive identification
are applied independently for each group. The collection when analysed.
of spectra in the library may be represented in different Robustness. The robustness of the qualitative procedure
ways defined by the mathematical technique used for must also be challenged to test the effect of minor changes
identification. These may be : to normal operating conditions on the analysis. There must
— all individual spectra representing the substance, be no changes to pre-processing and calibration algorithm
parameters. Typical challenges are :
— a mean spectrum of each batch of substance,
— effect of differences across operators on variations in
— if necessary, a description of the variability within the environmental conditions (for example, temperature and
substance spectra. humidity in the laboratory),
Electronic raw data for the preparation of the spectral library — effect of sample temperature, sample positioning on the
must be archived. optical window and probe depth and compression/packing
Pre-treatment of data. In many cases, and particularly of material,
for reflection mode spectra, some form of mathematical — replacement of instrument parts or sampling presentation
pretreatment of the spectrum may be useful before the devices.
development of a classification or calibration model. The
aim can be, for example, to reduce baseline variations, to
reduce the impact of known variations that are interfering QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
in the subsequent mathematical models, or to compress Establishment of a spectral reference library for a
data before use. Typical methods are multiplicative scatter calibration model. Calibration is the process of constructing
correction (MSC), the Kubelka-Munk transforms, spectral a mathematical model to relate the response from an
compression techniques that may include windowing and analytical instrument to the properties of the samples. Any
noise reduction and the numerical calculation of the first- calibration algorithm that can be clearly defined in an exact
or second-order derivative of the spectrum. Higher-order mathematical expression and gives suitable results can be
derivatives are not recommended. In some cases spectra used. Record spectra of a suitable number of samples with
may also be normalised, for example against the maximum known values of the content throughout the range to be
absorbance, the mean absorbance or the integrated measured (for example, content of water). Wavelengths used
absorbance area under the spectrum. in the calibration model can be compared to the known
Caution must be excercised when performing any bands of the analyte and those of the matrix to verify that
mathematical transformation, as artefacts can be introduced the bands of the analyte of interest are being used by the
or essential information (important with qualification calibration. Establish the calibration model with about
methods) can be lost. An understanding of the algorithm two-thirds of the measured samples. Compare the remaining
is required and in all cases the rationale for the use of one-third of the measured samples with the database. All
transform must be documented. samples must give quantitative results within a precision
interval as defined by the intended purpose of the method.
Data evaluation. Direct comparison of the spectrum of the Correct quantification must be demonstrated in the presence
substance under investigation is made with the individual of variations in the matrix within the specified range.
or mean reference spectra of all substances in the database Multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least squares (PLS)
on the basis of their mathematical correlation or other and principal component regression (PCR) are commonly
suitable algorithms. A set of known reference mean spectra used. For PLS or PCR calibrations, the coefficients or the
and the variability around this mean can be used with an loadings can be plotted and the regions of large coefficients
algorithm for classification. There are different algorithms compared with the spectrum of the analyte. Raw data for
based on principal component analysis (PCA) combined the preparation of the calibration model must be archived,
with cluster analysis, SIMCA (soft independent modelling by without data pretreatment.
class analogy), COMPARE functions using filters or UNEQ
(unequal dispersed class) and others used in the software of Pre-treatment of data. Data pre-treatment can be defined
NIR instruments or supplied as third-party software. The as the mathematical transformation of the NIR spectral
reliability of the algorithm chosen for a particular application data to enhance spectral features and/or remove or reduce
has to be validated. For example, correlation coefficient, unwanted sources of variation prior to the development of
the sum of squared residuals or the distance using cluster the calibration model. Many suitable algorithms for data
analysis must comply with the acceptance limits defined in pre-treatment and calibration exist. The selection is based on
the validation procedure. the suitability for the intended use. Wavelength selection
may enhance the efficiency of calibration models such as
Validation of the database MLR (for example, in particle-size determination). It is useful
Specificity. The selectivity of the classification using to delete certain ranges of the wavelength scale in some
database spectra for positive identification of a given cases, for example in the determination of water of hydration.
material and adequate discrimination against other materials Wavelength compression may be applied to the data.
in the database is to be established during the validation Validation parameters. Analytical performance
procedure. Acceptance thresholds are established. High characteristics to be considered for demonstrating the
thresholds achieve a higher discriminatory power, but may validation of NIR methods are similar to those required

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 65

2.2.41. Circular dichroism EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

for any analytical procedure. Specific acceptance criteria in the physical properties of the material occur and when
for each validation parameter must be consistent with the changes in the source of supply take place. Revalidation of a
intended use of the method. quantitative model is required on account of changes in the
composition of the finished product, in the manufacturing
Specificity. The relative discriminatory power and selectivity process and in sources/grades of raw materials.
for quantitative determination must be similar to those
mentioned under Qualitative analysis. The extent of
specificity testing is dependent on the application and the TRANSFER OF DATABASES
risks being controlled. Variations in matrix concentrations When databases are transferred to another instrument,
within the operating range of the method must not affect the spectral range, number of data points, spectral resolution
quantitative measurement significantly. and other parameters have to be taken into consideration.
Further procedures and criteria must be applied to
Linearity. The validation of linearity involves the correlation demonstrate that the model remains valid with the new
of NIR results calculated from NIR responses within the database or new instrument.
used algorithms to reference method results distributed
throughout the defined range of the calibration model.
Actual NIR responses that are non-linear may still be valid. DATA STORAGE
Store the electronic NIR spectra, libraries and data according
Range. The range of analyte reference values defines the to the current regulations.
range of the NIR method and quantitation limits of the
method. Controls must be in place to ensure that results Store the NIR spectra with the necessary data pre-treatment
outside the validated range are not accepted. for the special use (for example identification, particle size
analysis, content of water etc.) according to the current
Accuracy. This can be determined by comparison with specifications.
the validation method or with known samples (samples of
blank and added amounts of tested substance). Accuracy
can be indicated by the standard error of prediction (SEP)
of the NIR method that should be in close agreement with
the data of the validated method. The SEP is the standard
deviation of the residuals obtained from comparing the 01/2008:20241
NIR results with analytical reference data for the specified
samples. It is demonstrated by correlation of NIR results
with analytical reference data, by comparison of the SEP
2.2.41. CIRCULAR DICHROISM
to the reference method used for validation. Alternatively
statistical comparison methods may be used to compare NIR The difference in absorbance of optically active substances
results with reference values (paired t-test, bias evaluation). within an absorption band for left and right circularly
polarised light is referred to as circular dichroism.
Precision. This expresses the closeness of agreement Direct measurement gives a mean algebraic value :
between a series of measurements under the prescribed
conditions. It is assessed by a minimum of 6 measurements
performed according to the developed analytical method.
Precision may be considered at 2 levels, repeatability ∆A = circular dichroic absorbance,
(replicate measurements of the same sample with or without
variation in sample positioning) and intermediate precision AL = absorbance of left circularly polarised light,
(replicate measurements by different analysts, different days AR = absorbance of right circularly polarised light.
of measurements).
Circular dichroism is calculated using the equation :
Robustness. This includes the effects of variations of
temperature, humidity, sample handling and the influence
of instrument changes.

Outliers. Outlier results from NIR measurements of a sample ∆ = molar circular dichroism or molar differential
containing an analyte outside the calibration range indicates dichroic absorptivity expressed in litre·mole− 1·cm− 1,
that further testing is required. If further testing of the
sample by an appropriate analytical method gives the analyte L = molar absorptivity (2.2.25) of left circularly
content within the specifications, this may be accepted and polarised light,
considered to have met the specifications. Thus an outlier R = molar absorptivity of right circularly polarised
result generated by NIR measurements of the sample may light,
still meet specifications for the analyte of interest. c = concentration of the test solution in mole·litre− 1,
l = optical path of the cell in centimetres.
ONGOING MODEL EVALUATION The following units may also be used to characterise circular
dichroism :
NIR models validated for use are subjected to ongoing
performance evaluation and monitoring of validation Dissymmetry factor :
parameters. If discrepancies are found, corrective action will
be necessary. The degree of revalidation required depends
on the nature of the changes. Revalidation of a qualitative
model will be necessary when a new material is added to
the reference library and may be necessary when changes = molar absorptivity (2.2.25).

66 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.42. Density of solids

Figure 2.2.41.-1. — Optical scheme of a dichrograph

Molar ellipticity : The ratio Vac/Vc is proportional to the differential absorption

Certain types of instruments display directly the value of ∆A which created the signal. The region of wavelengths
ellipticity , expressed in degrees. When such instruments normally covered by a dichrograph is 170 nm to 800 nm.
are used, the molar ellipticity [ ] may be calculated using Calibration of the apparatus
the following equation : Accuracy of absorbance scale. Dissolve 10.0 mg of
isoandrosterone R in dioxan R and dilute to 10.0 ml with
the same solvent. Record the circular dichroism spectrum of
the solution between 280 nm and 360 nm. Measured at the
maximum at 304 nm, ∆ is + 3.3.
[ ] = molar ellipticity, expressed in
2
degrees·cm ·decimole , −1 The solution of (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulphonic acid R may
also be used.
= value of ellipticity given by the instrument,
Linearity of modulation. Dissolve 10.0 mg of
M = relative molecular mass of the substance to be (1S)-(+)-10-camphorsulphonic acid R in water R and dilute
examined, to 10.0 ml with the same solvent. Determine the exact
c = concentration of the solution to be examined concentration of camphorsulphonic acid in the solution by
in g/ml, ultraviolet spectrophotometry (2.2.25), taking the specific
l = optical path of the cell in centimetres. absorbance to be 1.49 at 285 nm.
Record the circular dichroism spectrum between 185 nm
Molar ellipticity is also related to molar circular dichroism by and 340 nm. Measured at the maximum at 290.5 nm, ∆
the following equation : is + 2.2 to + 2.5. Measured at the maximum at 192.5 nm,
∆ is − 4.3 to − 5.
(1S)-(+)- or antipodal (1R)-(–)-ammonium
10-camphorsulphonate R can also be used.
Molar ellipticity is often used in the analysis of proteins
and nucleic acids. In this case, molar concentration is
expressed in terms of monomeric residue, calculated using
01/2008:20242
the expression :
2.2.42. DENSITY OF SOLIDS
The density of solids corresponds to their average mass
The mean relative molecular mass of the monomeric residue per unit volume and typically is expressed in grams per cubic
is 100 to 120 (generally 115) for proteins and about 330 for centimetre (g/cm3) although the International Unit is the
nucleic acids (as the sodium salt). kilogram per cubic meter (1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3).
Apparatus. The light source (S) is a xenon lamp Unlike gases and liquids whose density depends only on
(Figure 2.2.41.-1) ; the light passes through a double temperature and pressure, the density of a solid particle also
monochromator (M) equipped with quartz prisms (P1, P2). depends on its molecular assembly and therefore varies with
The linear beam from the first monochromator is split the crystal structure and degree of crystallinity.
into 2 components polarised at right angles in the second When a solid particle is amorphous or partially amorphous,
monochromator. The exit slit of the monochromator its density may further depend upon the history of
eliminates the extraordinary beam. preparation and treatment.
The polarised and monochromatic light passes through Therefore, unlike fluids, the densities of two chemically
a birefringent modulator (Cr) : the result is alternating equivalent solids may be different, and this difference
circularly polarised light. reflects a difference in solid-state structure. The density of
The beam then passes through the sample to be examined (C) constituent particles is an important physical characteristic
and reaches a photomultiplier (PM) followed by an amplifier of pharmaceutical powders.
circuit which produces 2 electrical signals : one is a direct The density of a solid particle can assume different values
current Vc and the other is an alternating current at the depending on the method used to measure the volume of the
modulation frequency Vac characteristic of the sample to be particle. It is useful to distinguish three levels of expression
examined. The phase gives the sign of the circular dichroism. of density :

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 67

2.2.43. Mass spectrometry EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

— the crystal density which only includes the solid fraction A. The bulk density is determined by measuring the volume
of the material ; the crystal density is also called true of a known mass of powder, that has been passed through
density ; a screen, into a graduated cylinder (2.9.15).
— the particle density which also includes the volume due B. The tapped density is achieved by mechanically tapping
to intraparticulate pores, a measuring cylinder containing a powder sample. After
— the bulk density which further includes the observing the initial volume, the cylinder is mechanically
interparticulate void volume formed in the powder bed ; tapped, and volume readings are taken until little further
the bulk density is also called apparent density. volume change is observed (2.9.15).

CRYSTAL DENSITY
The crystal density of a substance is the average mass 01/2008:20243
per unit volume, exclusive of all voids that are not a
fundamental part of the molecular packing arrangement. It
is an intrinsic property of the substance, and hence should
2.2.43. MASS SPECTROMETRY
be independent of the method of determination. The crystal Mass spectrometry is based on the direct measurement of
density can be determined either by calculation or by simple the ratio of the mass to the number of positive or negative
measurement. elementary charges of ions (m/z) in the gas phase obtained
A. The calculated crystal density is obtained using from the substance to be analysed. This ratio is expressed in
crystallographic data (size and composition of the unit atomic mass units (1 a.m.u. = one twelfth the mass of 12C) or
in daltons (1 Da = the mass of the hydrogen atom).
cell) of a perfect crystal, from for example X-ray diffraction
data, and the molecular mass of the substance. The ions, produced in the ion source of the apparatus,
B. The measured crystal density is the mass to volume ratio are accelerated and then separated by the analyser before
after measuring the monocrystal mass and volume. reaching the detector. All of these operations take place in
a chamber where a pumping system maintains a vacuum of
PARTICLE DENSITY 10− 3 to 10− 6 Pa.
The particle density takes into account both the crystal The resulting spectrum shows the relative abundance of
density and the intraparticulate porosity (sealed and/or open the various ionic species present as a function of m/z.
pores). Thus, particle density depends on the value of the The signal corresponding to an ion will be represented by
volume determined which in turn depends on the method of several peaks corresponding to the statistical distribution of
measurement. The particle density can be determined using the various isotopes of that ion. This pattern is called the
one of the two following methods. isotopic profile and (at least for small molecules) the peak
representing the most abundant isotopes for each atom is
A. The pycnometric density is determined by measuring called the monoisotopic peak.
the volume occupied by a known mass of powder which
is equivalent to the volume of gas displaced by the Information obtained in mass spectrometry is essentially
powder using a gas displacement pycnometer (2.9.23). qualitative (determination of the molecular mass, information
In pycnometric density measurements, the volume on the structure from the fragments observed) or quantitative
determined includes the volume occupied by open pores ; (using internal or external standards) with limits of detection
however, it excludes the volume occupied by sealed ranging from the picomole to the femtomole.
pores or pores inaccessible to the gas. Due to the high INTRODUCTION OF THE SAMPLE
diffusivity of helium, which is the preferred choice of gas,
most open pores are accessible to the gas. Therefore, the The very first step of an analysis is the introduction of
pycnometric density of a finely milled powder is generally the sample into the apparatus without overly disturbing
not very different from the crystal density. the vacuum. In a common method, called direct liquid
introduction, the sample is placed on the end of a cylindrical
B. The mercury porosimeter density is also called granular rod (in a quartz crucible, on a filament or on a metal surface).
density. With this method the volume determined also This rod is introduced into the spectrometer after passing
excludes contributions from sealed pores ; however, it through a vacuum lock where a primary intermediate
includes the volume only from open pores larger than vacuum is maintained between atmospheric pressure and
some size limit. This pore size limit or minimal access the secondary vacuum of the apparatus.
diameter depends on the maximal mercury intrusion
pressure applied during the measurement and under Other introduction systems allow the components of
normal operating pressures the mercury does not a mixture to be analysed as they are separated by an
penetrate the finest pores accessible to helium. Various appropriate apparatus connected to the mass spectrometer.
granular densities can be obtained from one sample since, Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The use of
for each applied mercury intrusion pressure, a density suitable columns (capillary or semi-capillary) allows the end
can be determined that corresponds to the pore size limit of the column to be introduced directly into the source of
at that pressure. the apparatus without using a separator.
Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. This
BULK AND TAPPED DENSITY combination is particularly useful for the analysis of polar
The bulk density of a powder includes the contribution compounds, which are insufficiently volatile or too heat-labile
of interparticulate void volume. Hence, the bulk density to be analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass
depends on both the density of powder particles and the spectrometry. This method is complicated by the difficulty of
space arrangement of particles in the powder bed. obtaining ions in the gas phase from a liquid phase, which
The bulk density of a powder is often very difficult to requires very special interfaces such as :
measure since the slightest disturbance of the bed may — direct liquid introduction : the mobile phase is nebulised,
result in a new density. Thus, it is essential in reporting bulk and the solvent is evaporated in front of the ion source
density to specify how the determination was made. of the apparatus,

68 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.43. Mass spectrometry

— particle-beam interface : the mobile phase, which may (field desorption). A voltage of about 10 kV, applied between
flow at a rate of up to 0.6 ml/min, is nebulised in a this filament and a counter-electrode, ionises the sample.
desolvation chamber such that only the analytes, in These two techniques mainly produce molecular ions M+,
neutral form, reach the ion source of the apparatus ; this and (M + H)+ ions and are used for low polarity and/or
technique is used for compounds of relatively low polarity heat-labile compounds.
with molecular masses of less than 1000 Da, Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI).
— moving-belt interface : the mobile phase, which may flow The sample, in a suitable matrix and deposited on a metal
at a rate of up to 1 ml/min, is applied to the surface support, is ionised by a pulsed laser beam whose wavelength
of a moving belt ; after the solvent evaporates, the may range from UV to IR (impulses lasting from a picosecond
components to be analysed are successively carried to to a few nanoseconds). This mode of ionisation plays an
the ion source of the apparatus where they are ionised ; essential role in the analysis of very high molecular mass
this technique is rather poorly suited to very polar or compounds (more than 100 000 Da) but is limited to time-of
heat-labile compounds. flight analysers (see below).
Other types of coupling (electrospray, thermospray, Electrospray. This mode of ionisation is carried out
atmospheric-pressure chemical ionisation) are considered to at atmospheric pressure. The samples, in solution, are
be ionisation techniques in their own right and are described introduced into the source through a capillary tube, the end
in the section on modes of ionisation. of which has a potential of the order of 5 kV. A gas can be
Supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry. used to facilitate nebulisation. Desolvation of the resulting
The mobile phase, usually consisting of supercritical carbon microdroplets produces singly or multiply charged ions in
dioxide enters the gas state after passing a heated restrictor the gas phase. The flow rates vary from a few microlitres
between the column and the ion source. per minute to 1 ml/min. This technique is suited to polar
Capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry. The eluent compounds and to the investigation of biomolecules with
is introduced into the ion source, in some cases after adding molecular masses of up to 100 000 Da. It can be coupled to
another solvent so that flow rates of the order of a few liquid chromatography or capillary electrophoresis.
microlitres per minute can be attained. This technique is Atmospheric-pressure chemical ionisation (APCI).
limited by the small quantities of sample introduced and the Ionisation is carried out at atmospheric pressure by the
need to use volatile buffers. action of an electrode maintained at a potential of several
kilovolts and placed in the path of the mobile phase, which is
MODES OF IONISATION nebulised both by thermal effects and by the use of a stream
Electron impact. The sample, in the gas state, is ionised by of nitrogen. The resulting ions carry a single charge and are
a beam of electrons whose energy (usually 70 eV) is greater of the (M + H)+ type in the positive mode and of the (M − H)–
than the ionisation energy of the sample. In addition to the type in the negative mode. The high flow rates that can be
molecular ion M+, fragments characteristic of the molecular used with this mode of ionisation (up to 2 ml/min) make this
structure are observed. This technique is limited mainly by an ideal technique for coupling to liquid chromatography.
the need to vaporise the sample. This makes it unsuited Thermospray. The sample, in the mobile phase consisting
to polar, heat-labile or high molecular mass compounds. of water and organic modifiers and containing a volatile
Electron impact is compatible with the coupling of gas electrolyte (generally ammonium acetate) is introduced
chromatography to mass spectrometry and sometimes with in nebulised form after having passed through a metal
the use of liquid chromatography. capillary tube at controlled temperature. Acceptable flow
Chemical ionisation. This type of ionisation involves a rates are of the order of 1 ml/min to 2 ml/min. The ions
reagent gas such as methane, ammonia, nitrogen oxide, of the electrolyte ionise the compounds to be analysed.
nitrogen dioxide or oxygen. The spectrum is characterised This ionisation process may be replaced or enhanced by an
by ions of the (M + H)+ or (M − H)— types, or adduct ions electrical discharge of about 800 volts, notably when the
formed from the analyte and the gas used. Fewer fragments solvents are entirely organic. This technique is compatible
are produced than with electron impact. A variant of this with the use of liquid chromatography coupled with mass
technique is used when the substance is heat-labile : the spectrometry.
sample, applied to a filament, is very rapidly vaporised by the
Joule-Thomson effect (desorption chemical ionisation). ANALYSERS
Fast-atom bombardment (FAB) or fast-ion bombardment Differences in the performance of analysers depend mainly
ionisation (liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry on two parameters :
LSIMS). The sample, dissolved in a viscous matrix such
— the range over which m/z ratios can be measured, ie, the
as glycerol, is applied to a metal surface and ionised
mass range,
by a beam of neutral atoms such as argon or xenon or
high-kinetic-energy caesium ions. Ions of the (M + H)+ or — their resolving power characterised by the ability to
(M − H)– types or adduct ions formed from the matrix or the separate two ions of equal intensity with m/z ratios
sample are produced. This type of ionisation, well suited to differing by ∆M, and whose overlap is expressed as a
polar and heat-labile compounds, allows molecular masses given percentage of valley definition ; for example, a
of up to 10 000 Da to be obtained. The technique can be resolving power (M/∆M) of 1000 with 10 per cent valley
combined with liquid chromatography by adding 1 per cent definition allows the separation of m/z ratios of 1000 and
to 2 per cent of glycerol to the mobile phase ; however, 1001 with the intensity returning to 10 per cent above
the flow rates must be very low (a few microlitres per baseline. However, the resolving power may in some cases
minute). These ionisation techniques also allow thin-layer (time-of-flight analysers, quadrupoles, ion-trap analysers)
chromatography plates to be analysed by applying a thin be defined as the ratio between the molecular mass and
layer of matrix to the surface of these plates. peak width at half height (50 per cent valley definition).
Field desorption and field ionisation. The sample Magnetic and electrostatic analysers. The ions produced in
is vaporised near a tungsten filament covered with the ion source are accelerated by a voltage V, and focused
microneedles (field ionisation) or applied to this filament towards a magnetic analyser (magnetic field B) or an

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 69

2.2.43. Mass spectrometry EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

electrostatic analyser (electrostatic field E), depending on Ion-trap analyser. The principle is the same as for a
the configuration of the instrument. They follow a trajectory quadrupole, this time with the electric fields in three
of radius r according to Laplace’s law : dimensions. This type of analyser allows product-ion spectra
over several generations (MSn) to be obtained.
Ion-cyclotron resonance analysers. Ions produced in a
cell and subjected to a uniform, intense magnetic field
Two types of scans can be used to collect and measure the move in circular orbits at frequencies which can be directly
various ions produced by the ion source : a scan of B holding correlated to their m/z ratio by applying a Fourier transform
V fixed or a scan of V with constant B. The magnetic analyser algorithm. This phenomenon is called ion-cyclotron
is usually followed by an electric sector that acts as a kinetic resonance. Analysers of this type consist of superconducting
energy filter and allows the resolving power of the instrument magnets and are capable of very high resolving power (up to
to be increased appreciably. The maximum resolving power 1000 000 and more) as well as MSn spectra. However, very
of such an instrument (double sector) ranges from 10 000 to low pressures are required (of the order of 10− 7 Pa).
150 000 and in most cases allows the value of m/z ratios to
be calculated accurately enough to determine the elemental Time-of-flight analysers. The ions produced at the ion source
composition of the corresponding ions. For monocharged are accelerated at a voltage V of 10 kV to 20 kV. They pass
ions, the mass range is from 2000 Da to 15 000 Da. Some through the analyser, consisting of a field-free tube, 25 cm
ions may decompose spontaneously (metastable transitions) to 1.5 m long, generally called a flight tube. The time (t)
or by colliding with a gas (collision-activated dissociation for an ion to travel to the detector is proportional to the
(CAD)) in field-free regions between the ion source and square root of the m/z ratio. Theoretically the mass range
the detector. Examination of these decompositions is very of such an analyser is infinite. In practice, it is limited by the
useful for the determination of the structure as well as ionisation or desorption method. Time-of-flight analysers
the characterisation of a specific compound in a mixture are mainly used for high molecular mass compounds (up to
and involves tandem mass spectrometry. There are many several hundred thousand daltons). This technique is very
such techniques depending on the region where these sensitive (a few picomoles of product are sufficient). The
decompositions occur : accuracy of the measurements and the resolving power of
such instruments may be improved considerably by using an
— daughter-ion mode (determination of the decomposition electrostatic mirror (reflectron).
ions of a given parent ion) : B/E = constant, MIKES
(Mass-analysed Ion Kinetic Energy Spectroscopy),
SIGNAL ACQUISITION
— parent-ion mode (determination of all ions which by
decomposition give an ion with a specific m/z ratio) : There are essentially three possible modes.
B2/E = constant, Complete spectrum mode. The entire signal obtained over
— neutral-loss mode (detection of all the ions that lose the a chosen mass range is recorded. The spectrum represents
same fragment) : the relative intensity of the different ionic species present as
B/E(1 − E/E0)1/2 = constant, where E0 is the basic voltage a function of m/z. The results are essentially qualitative.
of the electric sector. The use of spectral reference libraries for more rapid
identification is possible.
Quadrupoles. The analyser consists of four parallel metal
rods, which are cylindrical or hyperbolic in cross-section. Fragmentometric mode (Selected-ion monitoring). The
They are arranged symmetrically with respect to the acquired signal is limited to one (single-ion monitoring (SIM))
trajectory of the ions ; the pairs diagonally opposed about or several (multiple-ion monitoring (MIM)) ions characteristic
the axis of symmetry of rods are connected electrically. The of the substance to be analysed. The limit of detection
potentials to the two pairs of rods are opposed. They are can be considerably reduced in this mode. Quantitative or
the resultant of a constant component and an alternating semiquantitative tests can be carried out using external or
component. The ions produced at the ion source are internal standards (for example, deuterated standards). Such
transmitted and separated by varying the voltages applied to tests cannot be carried out with time-of-flight analysers.
the rods so that the ratio of continuous voltage to alternating Fragmentometric double mass spectrometry mode
voltage remains constant. The quadrupoles usually have a (multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)). The unimolecular
mass range of 1 a.m.u. to 2000 a.m.u., but some may range or bimolecular decomposition of a chosen precursor ion
up to 4000 a.m.u. Although they have a lower resolving characteristic of the substance to be analysed is followed
power than magnetic sector analysers, they nevertheless specifically. The selectivity and the highly specific nature of
allow the monoisotopic profile of single charged ions to be this mode of acquisition provide excellent sensitivity levels
obtained for the entire mass range. It is possible to obtain and make it the most appropriate for quantitative studies
spectra using three quadrupoles arranged in series, Q1, Q2, using suitable internal standards (for example, deuterated
Q3 (Q2 serves as a collision cell and is not really an analyser ; standards). This type of analysis can be performed only on
the most commonly used collision gas is argon). apparatus fitted with three quadrupoles in series, ion-trap
The most common types of scans are the following : analysers or cyclotron-resonance analysers.
— daughter-ion mode : Q1 selects an m/z ion whose
fragments obtained by collision in Q2 are analysed by Q3, CALIBRATION
— parent-ion mode : Q3 filters only a specific m/z ratio, Calibration allows the corresponding m/z value to be
while Q1 scans a given mass range. Only the ions attributed to the detected signal. As a general rule, this
decomposing to give the ion selected by Q3 are detected, is done using a reference substance. This calibration may
— neutral loss mode : Q1 and Q3 scan a certain mass range be external (acquisition file separate from the analysis)
but at an offset corresponding to the loss of a fragment or internal (the reference substance(s) are mixed with
characteristic of a product or family of compounds. the substance to be examined and appear on the same
It is also possible to obtain spectra by combining quadrupole acquisition file). The number of ions or points required for
analysers with magnetic or electrostatic sector instruments ; reliable calibration depends on the type of analyser and on
such instruments are called hybrid mass spectrometers. the desired accuracy of the measurement, for example, in

70 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.45. Supercritical fluid chromatography

the case of a magnetic analyser where the m/z ratio varies Glassware preparation. Use glassware that has been
exponentially with the value of the magnetic field, there scrupulously cleaned by a method that will remove organic
should be as many points as possible. matter. Use TOC water for the final rinse of glassware.
Standard solution. Dissolve sucrose R, dried at 105 °C for
SIGNAL DETECTION AND DATA PROCESSING 3 h in TOC water to obtain a solution containing 1.19 mg of
Ions separated by an analyser are converted into electric sucrose per litre (0.50 mg of carbon per litre).
signals by a detection system such as a photomultiplier or an Test solution. Using all due care to avoid contamination,
electron multiplier. These signals are amplified before being collect water to be tested in an airtight container leaving
re-converted into digital signals for data processing, allowing minimal head-space. Examine the water with minimum delay
various functions such as calibration, reconstruction of to reduce contamination from the container and its closure.
spectra, automatic quantification, archiving, creation or use
of libraries of mass spectra. The various physical parameters System suitability solution. Dissolve 1,4-benzoquinone R
required for the functioning of the apparatus as a whole are in TOC water to obtain a solution having a concentration of
controlled by computer. 0.75 mg of 1,4-benzoquinone per litre (0.50 mg of carbon
per litre).
TOC water control. Use TOC water obtained at the same
time as that used to prepare the standard solution and the
01/2008:20244 system suitability solution.
Control solutions. In addition to the TOC water control,
prepare suitable blank solutions or other solutions needed
2.2.44. TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON IN for establishing the baseline or for calibration adjustments
WATER FOR PHARMACEUTICAL USE following the manufacturer’s instructions ; run the
appropriate blanks to zero the instrument.
Total organic carbon (TOC) determination is an indirect
System suitability. Run the following solutions and record
measure of organic substances present in water for
the responses : TOC water (rw) ; standard solution (rs) ;
pharmaceutical use. TOC determination can also be used
system suitability solution (rss). Calculate the percentage
to monitor the performance of various operations in the
response efficiency using the expression :
preparation of medicines.
A variety of acceptable methods is available for determining
TOC. Rather than prescribing a given method to be used,
this general chapter describes the procedures used to The system is suitable if the response efficiency is not less
qualify the chosen method and the interpretation of results than 85 per cent and not more than 115 per cent of the
in limit tests. A standard solution is analysed at suitable theoretical response.
intervals, depending on the frequency of measurements ; the
solution is prepared with a substance that is expected to be Procedure. Run the test solution and record the response
easily oxidisable (for example, sucrose) at a concentration (ru). The test solution complies with the test if ru is not
adjusted to give an instrument response corresponding greater than rs – rw.
to the TOC limit to be measured. The suitability of the The method can also be applied using on-line
system is determined by analysis of a solution prepared with instrumentation that has been adequately calibrated and
a substance expected to be oxidisable with difficulty (for shown to have acceptable system suitability. The location
example, 1,4-benzoquinone). of instrumentation must be chosen to ensure that the
The various types of apparatus used to measure TOC in responses are representative of the water used.
water for pharmaceutical use have in common the objective
of completely oxidising the organic molecules in the sample
water to produce carbon dioxide followed by measurement 01/2008:20245
of the amount of carbon dioxide produced, the result being
used to calculate the carbon concentration in the water. 2.2.45. SUPERCRITICAL FLUID
The apparatus used must discriminate between organic and CHROMATOGRAPHY
inorganic carbon, the latter being present as carbonate.
The discrimination may be effected either by measuring the Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a method of
inorganic carbon and subtracting it from the total carbon, chromatographic separation in which the mobile phase is a
or by purging inorganic carbon from the sample before fluid in a supercritical or a subcritical state. The stationary
oxidisation. Purging may also entrain organic molecules, phase, contained in a column, consists of either finely
but such purgeable organic carbon is present in negligible divided solid particles, such as a silica or porous graphite,
quantities in water for pharmaceutical use. a chemically modified stationary phase, as used in liquid
chromatography, or, for capillary columns, a cross-linked
Apparatus. Use a calibrated instrument installed either liquid film evenly coated on the walls of the column.
on-line or off-line. Verify the system suitability at suitable
intervals as described below. The apparatus must have a SFC is based on mechanisms of adsorption or mass
limit of detection specified by the manufacturer of 0.05 mg distribution.
or less of carbon per litre. APPARATUS
TOC water. Use highly purified water complying with the The apparatus usually consists of a cooled pumping system,
following specifications : an injector, a chromatographic column, contained in an
— conductivity : not greater than 1.0 µS·cm− 1 at 25 °C, oven, a detector, a pressure regulator and a data acquisition
— total organic carbon : not greater than 0.1 mg/l. device (or an integrator or a chart recorder).
Depending on the type of apparatus used, the content of Pumping system
heavy metals and copper may be critical. The manufacturer’s Pumping systems are required to deliver the mobile phase
instructions should be followed. at a constant flow rate. Pressure fluctuations are to be

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 71

2.2.46. Chromatographic separation techniques EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

minimised, e.g. by passing the pressurised solvent through a while the other is mobile. The stationary phase may be a
pulse-damping device. Tubing and connections are capable solid or a liquid supported on a solid or a gel. The stationary
of withstanding the pressures developed by the pumping phase may be packed in a column, spread as a layer, or
system. distributed as a film, etc. The mobile phase may be gaseous
or liquid or supercritical fluid. The separation may be based
Microprocessor controlled systems are capable of accurately on adsorption, mass distribution (partition), ion exchange,
delivering a mobile phase in either constant or varying etc., or may be based on differences in the physico-chemical
conditions, according to a defined programme. In the case of properties of the molecules such as size, mass, volume, etc.
gradient elution, pumping systems which deliver solvent(s)
from several reservoirs are available and solvent mixing can
be achieved on either the low or high-pressure side of the This chapter contains definitions and calculations of
pump(s). common parameters and generally applicable requirements
for system suitability. Principles of separation, apparatus
Injectors and methods are given in the following general methods :
Injection may be carried out directly at the head of the
column using a valve. — paper chromatography (2.2.26),
Stationary phases
— thin-layer chromatography (2.2.27),
Stationary phases are contained in columns which have
been described in the chapters on Liquid chromatography — gas chromatography (2.2.28),
(2.2.29) (packed columns) and Gas chromatography (2.2.28)
(capillary columns). A capillary column has a maximum
— liquid chromatography (2.2.29),
internal diameter (Ø) of 100 µm.
Mobile phases — size-exclusion chromatography (2.2.30),
Usually the mobile phase is carbon-dioxide which may contain
a polar modifier such as methanol, 2-propanol or acetonitrile. — supercritical fluid chromatography (2.2.45).
The composition, pressure (density), temperature and flow
rate of the prescribed mobile phase may either be constant
throughout the whole chromatographic procedure (isocratic,
isodense, isothermic elution) or may vary according to
DEFINITIONS
a defined programme (gradient elution of the modifier,
pressure (density), temperature or flow rate). The following definitions have been used to calculate the
Detectors limits in monographs.

Ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectrophotometers and flame With some equipment, certain parameters, such as the
ionisation detectors are the most commonly employed signal-to-noise ratio, can be calculated using software
detectors. Light scattering detectors, infrared absorption provided by the manufacturer. It is the responsibility
spectrophotometers, thermal conductivity detectors or other of the user to ensure that the calculation methods used
special detectors may be used. in the software are compatible with the requirements
of the European Pharmacopoeia. If not, the necessary
corrections must be made.
METHOD
Chromatogram
Prepare the test solution(s) and the reference solution(s) as
prescribed. The solutions must be free from solid particles. A chromatogram is a graphical or other representation
of detector response, effluent concentration or other
Criteria for assessing the suitability of the system are
quantity used as a measure of effluent concentration, versus
described in the chapter on Chromatographic separation
time, volume or distance. Idealised chromatograms are
techniques (2.2.46). The extent to which adjustments of
represented as a sequence of gaussian peaks on a baseline.
parameters of the chromatographic system can be made
to satisfy the criteria of system suitability are also given in RETENTION DATA
this chapter.
Retention time and retention volume

Retention measurements in elution chromatography may

be given as the retention time (tR) directly defined by the
position of the maximum of the peak in the chromatogram.
From the retention time, the retention volume (VR) may be
01/2008:20246 calculated.

2.2.46. CHROMATOGRAPHIC
SEPARATION TECHNIQUES tR = retention time or distance along the baseline
from the point of injection to the perpendicular
dropped from the maximum of the peak
Chromatographic separation techniques are multi-stage corresponding to the component,
separation methods in which the components of a sample
v = flow rate of the mobile phase.
are distributed between 2 phases, one of which is stationary,

72 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.46. Chromatographic separation techniques

Mass distribution ratio b = migration distance of the analyte,

a = migration distance of the solvent front.
The mass distribution ratio (Dm) (also known as the capacity
factor k’ or retention factor k) is defined as : CHROMATOGRAPHIC DATA
The peak may be defined by the peak area (A) or the peak
height (h) and the peak width at half- height (wh) or the
peak height (h) and the peak width between the points of
inflection (wi). In gaussian peaks (Figure 2.2.46.-1) there is
the relationship :
KC = equilibrium distribution coefficient (also known
as distribution constant),
VS = volume of the stationary phase,
VM = volume of the mobile phase.

The mass distribution ratio of a component may be

determined from the chromatogram using the expression :

tR = retention time (or volume) or distance along

the baseline from the point of injection to the
perpendicular dropped from the maximum of the
peak corresponding to the component,
tM = hold-up time (or volume) : time (or volume) or
distance along the baseline from the point of
injection to the perpendicular dropped from
the maximum of the peak corresponding to an
unretained component.
Figure 2.2.46.-1.
Distribution coefficient Symmetry factor

The elution characteristics of a component in a particular The symmetry factor (As) (or tailing factor) of a peak
column, in size-exclusion chromatography, may be given by (Figure 2.2.46.-2) is calculated from the expression :
the distribution coefficient (Ko) which is calculated from the
expression :

w0.05 = width of the peak at one-twentieth of the peak

height,
d = distance between the perpendicular dropped from
tR = retention time (or volume) or distance along the peak maximum and the leading edge of the
the baseline from the point of injection to the peak at one-twentieth of the peak height.
perpendicular dropped from the maximum of the
peak corresponding to the component, A value of 1.0 signifies complete (ideal) symmetry.
to = hold-up time (or volume) : time (or volume) or
distance along the baseline from the point of
injection to the perpendicular dropped from
the maximum of the peak corresponding to an
unretained component,
tt = retention time (or volume) or distance along
the baseline from the point of injection to the
perpendicular dropped from the maximum of the
peak corresponding to a component which has
full access to the pores of the stationary phase.
Retardation factor

The retardation factor (RF) (also known as retention

factor Rf), used in planar chromatography, is the ratio of the
distance from the point of application to the centre of the
spot and the distance travelled by the solvent front from the
point of application.

Figure 2.2.46.-2.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 73

2.2.46. Chromatographic separation techniques EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Column performance and apparent number of theoretical

plates

The column performance (apparent efficiency) may be

calculated from data obtained under either isothermal, Hp = height above the extrapolated baseline of the
isocratic or isodense conditions, depending on the technique, minor peak,
as the apparent number of theoretical plates (N) from the Hv = height above the extrapolated baseline at the
following expression, where the values of tR and wh have to lowest point of the curve separating the minor
be expressed in the same units (time, volume or distance). and major peaks.

tR = retention time (or volume) or distance along

the baseline from the point of injection to the
perpendicular dropped from the maximum of the
peak corresponding to the component,
wh = width of the peak at half-height.

The apparent number of theoretical plates varies with the

component as well as with the column and the retention time.
SEPARATION DATA
Resolution

The resolution (Rs) between peaks of 2 components may be

calculated from the expression :

tR1and tR2 = retention times or distances along the

baseline from the point of injection to the
perpendiculars dropped from the maxima
of 2 adjacent peaks, Figure 2.2.46.-3.
wh1 and wh2 = peak widths at half-height. Relative retention

A resolution of greater than 1.5 corresponds to baseline The relative retention (r) is calculated as an estimate from
separation. the expression :

The expression given above may not be applicable if the

peaks are not baseline separated.

In quantitative planar chromatography, the migration tR2 = retention time of the peak of interest,
distances are used instead of retention times and the tR1 = retention time of the reference peak (usually
resolution may be calculated using the expression : the peak corresponding to the substance to be
examined),
tM = hold-up time : time or distance along the baseline
from the point of injection to the perpendicular
dropped from the maximum of the peak
RF1 and RF2 = ratios of the distances from the point of corresponding to an unretained component.
application to the centres of the spots and
the distance travelled by the solvent front The unadjusted relative retention (rG) is calculated from the
from the point of application (retardation expression :
factor),
wh1 and wh2 = peak widths at half-height,
a = migration distance of the solvent front.
Peak-to-valley ratio Unless otherwise indicated, values for relative retention
stated in monographs correspond to unadjusted relative
The peak-to-valley ratio (p/v) may be employed as a retention.
system suitability requirement in a test for related
substances when baseline separation between 2 peaks is not In planar chromatography, the retardation factors RF2 and
reached (Figure 2.2.46.-3). RF1 are used instead of tR2 and tR1.

74 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.46. Chromatographic separation techniques

PRECISION OF QUANTIFICATION K = constant (0.349), obtained from the expression

Signal-to-noise ratio in which represents the
required RSD after 6 injections for B = 1.0,
The signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) influences the precision of
quantification and is calculated from the equation : B = upper limit given in the definition of the
individual monograph minus 100 per cent,
n = number of replicate injections of the reference
solution (3 ≤ n ≤ 6),
t90%,n–1 = Student’s t at the 90 per cent probability level
H = height of the peak (Figure 2.2.46.-4) corresponding (double sided) with n − 1 degrees of freedom.
to the component concerned, in the chromatogram
obtained with the prescribed reference solution, SYSTEM SUITABILITY
measured from the maximum of the peak to The system suitability tests represent an integral part of
the extrapolated baseline of the signal observed the method and are used to ensure adequate performance
over a distance equal to 20 times the width at of the chromatographic system. Apparent efficiency, mass
half-height, distribution ratio, resolution, relative retention and the
symmetry factor are the parameters which are usually
h = range of the background noise in a chromatogram employed in assessing the performance of the column.
obtained after injection or application of a blank, Factors which may affect the chromatographic behaviour
observed over a distance equal to 20 times include the composition, ionic strength, temperature
the width at half-height of the peak in the and apparent pH of the mobile phase, flow rate, column
chromatogram obtained with the prescribed length, temperature and pressure, and stationary phase
reference solution and, if possible, situated characteristics including porosity, particle size, type
equally around the place where this peak would of particles, specific surface area and, in the case of
be found. reverse-phase supports, the extent of chemical modification
(as expressed by end-capping, carbon loading etc.).
The various components of the equipment employed must be
qualified and be capable of achieving the precision required
to conduct the test or assay.
The following requirements are to be fulfilled unless
otherwise stated in the monograph.
— The symmetry factor of the principal peak is to be
between 0.8 and 1.5 unless otherwise stated in the
monograph. This requirement has general applicability to
tests or assays described in the monographs.
— Maximal permitted relative standard deviation for
replicate injections of the prescribed reference solution
do not exceed the values given in Table 2.2.46.-1. This
requirement is applicable to assays for content only and
does not apply to the test for related substances.
— The limit of detection of the peak (corresponding to a
signal-to-noise ratio of 3) is below the disregard limit of
the test for related substances.
Figure 2.2.46.-4.
— The limit of quantitation of the peak (corresponding to
Repeatability a signal-to-noise ratio of 10) is equal to or less than the
disregard limit of the test for related substances.
The repeatability of response is expressed as an estimated
percentage relative standard deviation (RSD%) of a Table 2.2.46.-1. — Repeatability requirements
consecutive series of measurement of injections or Number of individual injections
applications of a reference solution and is calculated from
3 4 5 6
the expression :
B Maximal permitted relative standard deviation
(per cent)
2.0 0.41 0.59 0.73 0.85
2.5 0.52 0.74 0.92 1.06
3.0 0.62 0.89 1.10 1.27
yi = individual values expressed as peak area,
peak height, or ratio of areas by the internal
ADJUSTMENT OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS
standardisation method,
The extent to which the various parameters of a
= mean of individual values, chromatographic test may be adjusted to satisfy the
n = number of individual values. system suitability criteria without fundamentally modifying
the methods are listed below for information. The
The maximal permitted relative standard deviation (RSDmax) chromatographic conditions described have been validated
is calculated for a series of injections of the reference during the elaboration of the monograph. The system
solution for defined limits using the following expression : suitability tests are included to ensure the separation
required for satisfactory performance of the test or assay.
Nonetheless, since the stationary phases are described
in a general way and there is such a variety available

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 75

2.2.46. Chromatographic separation techniques EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

commercially, with differences in chromatographic Gradient elution : the configuration of the equipment
behaviour, some adjustments of the chromatographic employed may significantly alter the resolution, retention
conditions may be necessary to achieve the prescribed time and relative retentions described in the method. Should
system suitability requirements. With reverse-phase liquid this occur, it may be due to excessive dwell volume which is
chromatographic methods, in particular, adjustment of the the volume between the point at which the 2 eluants meet
various parameters will not always result in satisfactory and the top of the column.
chromatography. In that case, it may be necessary to replace Gas chromatography
the column with another of the same type (e.g. octadecylsilyl
silica gel) which exhibits the desired chromatographic Stationary phase :
behaviour. — column length : ± 70 per cent,
For critical parameters the adjustments are defined clearly — column internal diameter : ± 50 per cent,
in the monograph to ensure the system suitability.
— particle size : maximal reduction of 50 per cent, no
Multiple adjustments which may have a cumulative effect in increase permitted,
the performance of the system are to be avoided. — film thickness : − 50 per cent to + 100 per cent.
Thin-layer chromatography and paper chromatography Flow rate : ± 50 per cent.
Composition of the mobile phase : the amount of the minor Temperature : ± 10 per cent.
solvent component may be adjusted by ± 30 per cent relative
or ± 2 per cent absolute, whichever is the larger ; for a minor Injection volume : may be decreased, provided detection and
component at 10 per cent of the mobile phase, a 30 per cent repeatability are satisfactory.
relative adjustment allows a range of 7-13 per cent whereas Supercritical fluid chromatography
a 2 per cent absolute adjustment allows a range of 8-12 per Composition of the mobile phase : for packed columns, the
cent, the relative value being therefore the larger ; for a amount of the minor solvent component may be adjusted by
minor component at 5 per cent of the mobile phase, a 30 per ± 30 per cent relative or ± 2 per cent absolute, whichever is
cent relative adjustment allows a range of 3.5-6.5 per cent the larger. No adjustment is permitted for a capillary column
whereas a 2 per cent absolute adjustment allows a range of system.
3-7 per cent, the absolute value being in this case the larger.
No other component is altered by more than 10 per cent Detector wavelength : no adjustment permitted.
absolute. Stationary phase :
pH of the aqueous component of the mobile phase : ± 0.2 pH, — column length : ± 70 per cent,
unless otherwise stated in the monograph, or ± 1.0 pH when — column internal diameter :
neutral substances are to be examined. ± 25 per cent (packed columns),
Concentration of salts in the buffer component of a mobile ± 50 per cent (capillary columns),
phase : ± 10 per cent.
— particle size : maximal reduction of 50 per cent, no
Application volume : 10-20 per cent of the prescribed volume increase permitted (packed columns).
if using fine particle size plates (2-10 µm).
Flow rate : ± 50 per cent.
Migration distance of the solvent front is to be not less than
Temperature : ± 10 per cent.
50 mm or 30 mm on high-performance plates.
Injection volume : may be decreased, provided detection and
Liquid chromatography repeatability are satisfactory.
Composition of the mobile phase : the amount of the minor QUANTIFICATION
solvent component may be adjusted by ± 30 per cent relative
or ± 2 per cent absolute, whichever is the larger (see example — Detector response. The detector sensitivity is the signal
above). No other component is altered by more than 10 per output per unit concentration or unit mass of a substance
cent absolute. in the mobile phase entering the detector. The relative
detector response factor, commonly referred to as
pH of the aqueous component of the mobile phase : ± 0.2 pH, response factor, expresses the sensitivity of a detector
unless otherwise stated in the monograph, or ± 1.0 pH when relative to a standard substance. The correction factor is
neutral substances are to be examined. the reciprocal of the response factor.
Concentration of salts in the buffer component of a mobile — External standard method. The concentration of the
phase : ± 10 per cent. component(s) to be analysed is determined by comparing
Detector wavelength : no adjustment permitted. the response(s) (peak(s)) obtained with the test solution
Stationary phase: to the response(s) (peak(s)) obtained with a reference
solution.
— column length : ± 70 per cent,
— Internal standard method. Equal amounts of a
— column internal diameter : ± 25 per cent, component that is resolved from the substance to be
— particle size : maximal reduction of 50 per cent, no examined (the internal standard) is introduced into the
increase permitted. test solution and a reference solution. The internal
Flow rate : ± 50 per cent. When in a monograph the retention standard should not react with the substance to be
time of the principle peak is indicated, the flow rate has to be examined ; it must be stable and must not contain
adjusted if the column internal diameter has been changed. impurities with a retention time similar to that of the
No decrease of flow rate is permitted if the monograph uses substance to be examined. The concentration of the
apparent number of theoretical plates in the qualification substance to be examined is determined by comparing
section. the ratio of the peak areas or peak heights due to the
substance to be examined and the internal standard in
Temperature : ± 10 per cent, to a maximum of 60 °C. the test solution with the ratio of the peak areas or peak
Injection volume : may be decreased, provided detection and heights due to the substance to be examined and the
repeatability of the peak(s) to be determined are satisfactory. internal standard in the reference solution.

76 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.47. Capillary electrophoresis

— Normalisation procedure. The percentage content of one

or more components of the substance to be examined is
calculated by determining the area of the peak or peaks as
a percentage of the total area of all the peaks, excluding
those due to solvents or any added reagents and those q = effective charge of the solute,
below the disregard limit. η = viscosity of the electrolyte solution,
— Calibration procedure. The relationship between r = Stoke’s radius of the solute,
the measured or evaluated signal (y) and the amount
(concentration, mass, etc.) of substance (x) is determined V = applied voltage,
and the calibration function is calculated. The analytical L = total length of the capillary.
results are calculated from the measured signal or
evaluated signal of the analyte by means of the inverse When an electric field is applied through the capillary
function. filled with buffer, a flow of solvent is generated inside the
For assays and for quantitative determination of components capillary, called electro-osmotic flow. The velocity of the
the external standard method, the internal standard electro-osmotic flow depends on the electro-osmotic mobility
method or the calibration procedure may be described in (µeo) which in turn depends on the charge density on the
the monograph, and the normalisation procedure is not capillary internal wall and the buffer characteristics. The
normally applied. In tests for related substances, either the electro-osmotic velocity (νeo) is given by the equation :
external standard method with a single reference solution or
the normalisation procedure is generally applied. However,
with both the normalisation procedure or the external
standard method, when a dilution of the test solution is used
for comparison, the responses of the related substances are
similar to the substance itself (response factor of 0.8 to 1.2), = dielectric constant of the buffer,
otherwise correction factors are included in the text. ζ = zeta potential of the capillary surface.
When the related substances test prescribes the summation The velocity of the solute (ν) is given by :
of impurities or there is quantitative determination of an
impurity, it is important to choose an appropriate threshold
setting and appropriate conditions for the integration of
the peak areas. In such tests the disregard limit, e.g. the
areas of peaks whose areas are below the limit are not taken The electrophoretic mobility of the analyte and the
into account, is generally 0.05 per cent. Thus, the threshold electro-osmotic mobility may act in the same direction or in
setting of the data collection system corresponds to, at least, opposite directions, depending on the charge of the solute.
half of the disregard limit. Integration of the peak areas In normal capillary electrophoresis, anions will migrate
of the impurities, which are not completely separated from in the opposite direction to the electro-osmotic flow and
the main peak, are preferably performed by valley-to-valley their velocities will be smaller than the electro-osmotic
extrapolation (tangential skim). Peaks due to the solvent(s) velocity. Cations will migrate in the same direction as the
used to dissolve the sample are also to be disregarded. electro-osmotic flow and their velocities will be greater than
the electro-osmotic velocity. Under conditions in which
there is a fast electro-osmotic velocity with respect to the
electrophoretic velocity of the solutes, both cations and
anions can be separated in the same run.
The time (t) taken by the solute to migrate the distance (l)
01/2008:20247 from the injection end of the capillary to the detection point
(capillary effective length) is given by the expression :

2.2.47. CAPILLARY
ELECTROPHORESIS
In general, uncoated fused-silica capillaries above pH 3 have
GENERAL PRINCIPLES negative charge due to ionised silanol groups in the inner
wall. Consequently, the electro-osmotic flow is from anode
Capillary electrophoresis is a physical method of analysis to cathode. The electro-osmotic flow must remain constant
based on the migration, inside a capillary, of charged from run to run if good reproducibility is to be obtained in
analytes dissolved in an electrolyte solution, under the the migration velocity of the solutes. For some applications,
influence of a direct-current electric field. it may be necessary to reduce or suppress the electro-osmotic
flow by modifying the inner wall of the capillary or by
The migration velocity of an analyte under an electric changing the concentration, composition and/or pH of the
field of intensity E, is determined by the electrophoretic buffer solution.
mobility of the analyte and the electro-osmotic mobility of
the buffer inside the capillary. The electrophoretic mobility After the introduction of the sample into the capillary,
of a solute (µep) depends on the characteristics of the solute each analyte ion of the sample migrates within the
(electric charge, molecular size and shape) and those of the background electrolyte as an independent zone, according
buffer in which the migration takes place (type and ionic to its electrophoretic mobility. Zone dispersion, that is
strength of the electrolyte, pH, viscosity and additives). The the spreading of each solute band, results from different
electrophoretic velocity (νep) of a solute, assuming a spherical phenomena. Under ideal conditions the sole contribution
shape, is given by the equation : to the solute-zone broadening is molecular diffusion of

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 77

2.2.47. Capillary electrophoresis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

the solute along the capillary (longitudinal diffusion). In The employed electrolytic solution is filtered to remove
this ideal case the efficiency of the zone, expressed as the particles and degassed to avoid bubble formation that
number of theoretical plates (N), is given by : could interfere with the detection system or interrupt the
electrical contact in the capillary during the separation run.
A rigorous rinsing procedure should be developed for each
analytical method to achieve reproducible migration times
of the solutes.
D = molecular diffusion coefficient of the solute in
the buffer. CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS
In practice, other phenomena such as heat dissipation, PRINCIPLE
sample adsorption onto the capillary wall, mismatched In capillary zone electrophoresis, analytes are separated in a
conductivity between sample and buffer, length of the capillary containing only buffer without any anticonvective
injection plug, detector cell size and unlevelled buffer medium. With this technique, separation takes place
reservoirs can also significantly contribute to band because the different components of the sample migrate as
dispersion. discrete bands with different velocities. The velocity of each
Separation between 2 bands (expressed as the resolution, Rs) band depends on the electrophoretic mobility of the solute
can be obtained by modifying the electrophoretic mobility and the electro-osmotic flow in the capillary (see General
of the analytes, the electro-osmotic mobility induced in the Principles). Coated capillaries can be used to increase
capillary and by increasing the efficiency for the band of the separation capacity of those substances adsorbing on
each analyte, according to the equation : fused-silica surfaces.
Using this mode of capillary electrophoresis, the
analysis of both small (Mr < 2000) and large molecules
(2000 < Mr < 100 000) can be accomplished. Due to the
high efficiency achieved in capillary zone electrophoresis,
and = electrophoretic mobilities of the separation of molecules having only minute differences in
2 analytes separated, their charge-to-mass ratio can be effected. This separation
mode also allows the separation of chiral compounds by
= mean electrophoretic mobility of the addition of chiral selectors to the separation buffer.
2 analytes .
OPTIMISATION
APPARATUS Optimisation of the separation is a complex process where
An apparatus for capillary electrophoresis is composed of : several separation parameters can play a major role.
The main factors to be considered in the development
— a high-voltage, controllable direct-current power supply ; of separations are instrumental and electrolytic solution
— 2 buffer reservoirs, held at the same level, containing the parameters.
prescribed anodic and cathodic solutions ;
Instrumental parameters
— 2 electrode assemblies (the cathode and the anode),
Voltage. A Joule heating plot is useful in optimising the
immersed in the buffer reservoirs and connected to the
applied voltage and capillary temperature. Separation
power supply ;
time is inversely proportional to applied voltage. However,
— a separation capillary (usually made of fused-silica) which, an increase in the voltage used can cause excessive heat
when used with some specific types of detectors, has an production, giving rise to temperature and, as a result
optical viewing window aligned with the detector. The thereof, viscosity gradients in the buffer inside the capillary.
ends of the capillary are placed in the buffer reservoirs. This effect causes band broadening and decreases resolution.
The capillary is filled with the solution prescribed in the
monograph ; Polarity. Electrode polarity can be normal (anode at the
inlet and cathode at the outlet) and the electro-osmotic flow
— a suitable injection system ; will move toward the cathode. If the electrode polarity is
— a detector able to monitor the amount of substances of reversed, the electro-osmotic flow is away from the outlet
interest passing through a segment of the separation and only charged analytes with electrophoretic mobilities
capillary at a given time ; it is usually based on absorption greater than the electro-osmotic flow will pass to the outlet.
spectrophotometry (UV and visible) or fluorimetry, but Temperature. The main effect of temperature is observed on
conductimetric, amperometric or mass spectrometric buffer viscosity and electrical conductivity, and therefore on
detection can be useful for specific applications ; indirect migration velocity. In some cases, an increase in capillary
detection is an alternative method used to detect temperature can cause a conformational change in proteins,
non-UV-absorbing and non-fluorescent compounds ; modifying their migration time and the efficiency of the
— a thermostatic system able to maintain a constant separation.
temperature inside the capillary is recommended to Capillary. The dimensions of the capillary (length and
obtain a good separation reproducibility ; internal diameter) contribute to analysis time, efficiency of
— a recorder and a suitable integrator or a computer. separations and load capacity. Increasing both effective
The definition of the injection process and its automation length and total length can decrease the electric fields
are critical for precise quantitative analysis. Modes of (working at constant voltage) which increases migration
injection include gravity, pressure or vacuum injection time. For a given buffer and electric field, heat dissipation,
and electrokinetic injection. The amount of each sample and hence sample band-broadening, depend on the internal
component introduced electrokinetically depends on its diameter of the capillary. The latter also affects the detection
electrophoretic mobility, leading to possible discrimination limit, depending on the sample volume injected and the
using this injection mode. detection system employed.
Use the capillary, the buffer solutions, the preconditioning Since the adsorption of the sample components on the
method, the sample solution and the migration conditions capillary wall limits efficiency, methods to avoid these
prescribed in the monograph of the considered substance. interactions should be considered in the development of a

78 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.47. Capillary electrophoresis

separation method. In the specific case of proteins, several macromolecules (for example, proteins and DNA fragments),
strategies have been devised to avoid adsorption on the which often have similar charge-to-mass ratios, can thus be
capillary wall. Some of these strategies (use of extreme separated according to their molecular mass by capillary gel
pH and adsorption of positively charged buffer additives) electrophoresis.
only require modification of the buffer composition to CHARACTERISTICS OF GELS
prevent protein adsorption. In other strategies, the internal
2 types of gels are used in capillary electrophoresis :
wall of the capillary is coated with a polymer, covalently
permanently coated gels and dynamically coated
bonded to the silica, that prevents interaction between the
gels. Permanently coated gels, such as cross-linked
proteins and the negatively charged silica surface. For this
polyacrylamide, are prepared inside the capillary by
purpose, ready-to-use capillaries with coatings consisting
polymerisation of the monomers. They are usually bonded
of neutral-hydrophilic, cationic and anionic polymers are
to the fused-silica wall and cannot be removed without
available.
destroying the capillary. If the gels are used for protein
Electrolytic solution parameters analysis under reducing conditions, the separation buffer
Buffer type and concentration. Suitable buffers for capillary usually contains sodium dodecyl sulphate and the samples
electrophoresis have an appropriate buffer capacity in the are denatured by heating in a mixture of sodium dodecyl
pH range of choice and low mobility to minimise current sulphate and 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol before
generation. injection. When non-reducing conditions are used (for
example, analysis of an intact antibody), 2-mercaptoethanol
Matching buffer-ion mobility to solute mobility, whenever
and dithiothreitol are not used. Separation in cross-linked
possible, is important for minimising band distortion. The
gels can be optimised by modifying the separation buffer
type of sample solvent used is also important to achieve
(as indicated in the capillary zone electrophoresis section)
on-column sample focusing, which increases separation
and controlling the gel porosity during the gel preparation.
efficiency and improves detection.
For cross-linked polyacrylamide gels, the porosity can be
An increase in buffer concentration (for a given pH) decreases modified by changing the concentration of acrylamide
electro-osmotic flow and solute velocity. and/or the proportion of cross-linker. As a rule, a decrease
Buffer pH. The pH of the buffer can affect separation by in the porosity of the gel leads to a decrease in the mobility
modifying the charge of the analyte or additives, and by of the solutes. Due to the rigidity of these gels, only
changing the electro-osmotic flow. In protein and peptide electrokinetic injection can be used.
separation, changing the pH of the buffer from above to Dynamically coated gels are hydrophilic polymers, such
below the isoelectric point (pI) changes the net charge of the as linear polyacrylamide, cellulose derivatives, dextran,
solute from negative to positive. An increase in the buffer pH etc., which can be dissolved in aqueous separation buffers
generally increases the electro-osmotic flow. giving rise to a separation medium that also acts as a
Organic solvents. Organic modifiers (methanol, acetonitrile, molecular sieve. These separation media are easier to
etc.) may be added to the aqueous buffer to increase the prepare than cross-linked polymers. They can be prepared in
solubility of the solute or other additives and/or to affect the a vial and filled by pressure in a wall-coated capillary (with
degree of ionisation of the sample components. The addition no electro-osmotic flow). Replacing the gel before every
of these organic modifiers to the buffer generally causes a injection generally improves the separation reproducibility.
decrease in the electro-osmotic flow. The porosity of the gels can be increased by using polymers
Additives for chiral separations. For the separation of of higher molecular mass (at a given polymer concentration)
optical isomers, a chiral selector is added to the separation or by decreasing the polymer concentration (for a given
buffer. The most commonly used chiral selectors are polymer molecular mass). A reduction in the gel porosity
cyclodextrins, but crown ethers, polysaccharides and leads to a decrease in the mobility of the solute for the
proteins may also be used. Since chiral recognition is same buffer. Since the dissolution of these polymers in the
governed by the different interactions between the chiral buffer gives low viscosity solutions, both hydrodynamic and
selector and each of the enantiomers, the resolution achieved electrokinetic injection techniques can be used.
for the chiral compounds depends largely on the type of CAPILLARY ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING
chiral selector used. In this regard, for the development of a
given separation it may be useful to test cyclodextrins having PRINCIPLE
a different cavity size (α-, β-, or γ-cyclodextrin) or modified In isoelectric focusing, the molecules migrate under the
cyclodextrins with neutral (methyl, ethyl, hydroxyalkyl, etc.) influence of the electric field, so long as they are charged,
or ionisable (aminomethyl, carboxymethyl, sulphobutyl in a pH gradient generated by ampholytes having pI values
ether, etc.) groups. When using modified cyclodextrins, in a wide range (poly-aminocarboxylic acids), dissolved in
batch-to-batch variations in the degree of substitution of the separation buffer.
the cyclodextrins must be taken into account since it will The three basic steps of isoelectric focusing are loading,
influence the selectivity. Other factors controlling the focusing and mobilisation.
resolution in chiral separations are concentration of chiral Loading step. Two methods may be employed :
selector, composition and pH of the buffer and temperature.
The use of organic additives, such as methanol or urea can — loading in one step : the sample is mixed with ampholytes
also modify the resolution achieved. and introduced into the capillary either by pressure or
vacuum ;
CAPILLARY GEL ELECTROPHORESIS — sequential loading : a leading buffer, then the ampholytes,
PRINCIPLE then the sample mixed with ampholytes, again ampholytes
In capillary gel electrophoresis, separation takes place inside alone and finally the terminating buffer are introduced
a capillary filled with a gel that acts as a molecular sieve. into the capillary. The volume of the sample must be
Molecules with similar charge-to-mass ratios are separated small enough not to modify the pH gradient.
according to molecular size since smaller molecules move Focusing step. When the voltage is applied, ampholytes
more freely through the network of the gel and therefore migrate toward the cathode or the anode, according to their
migrate faster than larger molecules. Different biological net charge, thus creating a pH gradient from anode (lower

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 79

2.2.47. Capillary electrophoresis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

pH) to cathode (higher pH). During this step the components MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY
to be separated migrate until they reach a pH corresponding (MEKC)
to their isoelectric point (pI) and the current drops to very PRINCIPLE
low values. In micellar electrokinetic chromatography, separation
Mobilisation step. If mobilisation is required for detection, takes place in an electrolyte solution which contains a
use one of the following methods. surfactant at a concentration above the critical micellar
— in the first method, mobilisation is accomplished during concentration (cmc). The solute molecules are distributed
the focusing step under the effect of the electro-osmotic between the aqueous buffer and the pseudo-stationary phase
flow ; the electro-osmotic flow must be small enough to composed of micelles, according to the partition coefficient
allow the focusing of the components ; of the solute. The technique can therefore be considered
as a hybrid of electrophoresis and chromatography. It is a
— in the second method, mobilisation is accomplished by technique that can be used for the separation of both neutral
applying positive pressure after the focusing step ; and charged solutes, maintaining the efficiency, speed
— in the third method, mobilisation is achieved after the and instrumental suitability of capillary electrophoresis.
focusing step by adding salts to the cathode reservoir or One of the most widely used surfactants in MEKC is the
the anode reservoir (depending on the direction chosen anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate, although
for mobilisation) in order to alter the pH in the capillary other surfactants, for example cationic surfactants such as
when the voltage is applied. As the pH is changed, the cetyltrimethylammonium salts, are also used.
proteins and ampholytes are mobilised in the direction The separation mechanism is as follows. At neutral and
of the reservoir which contains the added salts and pass alkaline pH, a strong electro-osmotic flow is generated and
the detector. moves the separation buffer ions in the direction of the
The separation achieved, expressed as ∆pI, depends on the cathode. If sodium dodecyl sulphate is employed as the
pH gradient , the number of ampholytes having surfactant, the electrophoretic migration of the anionic
different pI values, the molecular diffusion coefficient (D), micelle is in the opposite direction, towards the anode. As a
the intensity of the electric field (E) and the variation of result, the overall micelle migration velocity is slowed down
the electrophoretic mobility of the analyte with the pH compared to the bulk flow of the electrolytic solution. In
: the case of neutral solutes, since the analyte can partition
between the micelle and the aqueous buffer, and has no
electrophoretic mobility, the analyte migration velocity will
depend only on the partition coefficient between the micelle
and the aqueous buffer. In the electropherogram, the peaks
OPTIMISATION corresponding to each uncharged solute are always between
The main parameters to be considered in the development of that of the electro-osmotic flow marker and that of the
separations are : micelle (the time elapsed between these two peaks is called
the separation window). For electrically charged solutes, the
Voltage. Capillary isoelectric focusing utilises very high migration velocity depends on both the partition coefficient
electric fields, 300 V/cm to 1000 V/cm in the focusing step. of the solute between the micelle and the aqueous buffer,
Capillary. The electro-osmotic flow must be reduced or and on the electrophoretic mobility of the solute in the
suppressed depending on the mobilisation strategy (see absence of micelle.
above). Coated capillaries tend to reduce the electro-osmotic Since the mechanism in MEKC of neutral and weakly ionised
flow. solutes is essentially chromatographic, migration of the
Solutions. The anode buffer reservoir is filled with a solution solute and resolution can be rationalised in terms of the
with a pH lower than the pI of the most acidic ampholyte retention factor of the solute (k), also referred to as mass
and the cathode reservoir is filled with a solution with a pH distribution ratio (Dm), which is the ratio of the number of
higher than the pI of the most basic ampholyte. Phosphoric moles of solute in the micelle to those in the mobile phase.
acid for the anode and sodium hydroxide for the cathode are For a neutral compound, k is given by :
frequently used.
Addition of a polymer, such as methylcellulose, in the
ampholyte solution tends to suppress convective forces (if
any) and electro-osmotic flow by increasing the viscosity.
Commercial ampholytes are available covering many pH tR = migration time of the solute,
ranges and may be mixed if necessary to obtain an expanded
pH range. Broad pH ranges are used to estimate the t0 = analysis time of an unretained solute (determined
isoelectric point whereas narrower ranges are employed to by injecting an electro-osmotic flow marker which
improve accuracy. Calibration can be done by correlating does not enter the micelle, for instance methanol),
migration time with isoelectric point for a series of protein tmc = micelle migration time (measured by injecting a
markers. micelle marker, such as Sudan III, which migrates
During the focusing step precipitation of proteins at their while continuously associated in the micelle),
isoelectric point can be prevented, if necessary, using buffer K = partition coefficient of the solute,
additives such as glycerol, surfactants, urea or zwitterionic VS = volume of the micellar phase,
buffers. However, depending on the concentration, urea VM volume of the mobile phase.
=
denatures proteins.

80 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.47. Capillary electrophoresis

Likewise, the resolution between 2 closely-migrating solutes migration time and the selectivity of the separation. Since
(Rs) is given by : the addition of organic modifiers affects the critical micellar
concentration, a given surfactant concentration can be used
only within a certain percentage of organic modifier before
the micellisation is inhibited or adversely affected, resulting
in the absence of micelles and, therefore, in the absence of
partition. The dissociation of micelles in the presence of a
high content of organic solvent does not always mean that
the separation will no longer be possible ; in some cases
the hydrophobic interaction between the ionic surfactant
N = number of theoretical plates for one of monomer and the neutral solutes forms solvophobic
the solutes,
α complexes that can be separated electrophoretically.
= selectivity,
Additives for chiral separations. For the separation of
ka and kb = retention factors for both solutes, enantiomers using MEKC, a chiral selector is included in the
respectively (kb > ka). micellar system, either covalently bound to the surfactant or
Similar, but not identical, equations give k and Rs values for added to the micellar separation electrolyte. Micelles that
electrically charged solutes. have a moiety with chiral discrimination properties include
salts of N-dodecanoyl-L-amino acids, bile salts, etc. Chiral
OPTIMISATION resolution can also be achieved using chiral discriminators,
The main parameters to be considered in the development such as cyclodextrins, added to the electrolytic solutions
of separations by MEKC are instrumental and electrolytic which contain micellised achiral surfactants.
solution parameters. Other additives. Several strategies can be carried out to
Instrumental parameters modify selectivity, by adding chemicals to the buffer. The
Voltage. Separation time is inversely proportional to applied addition of several types of cyclodextrins to the buffer can
voltage. However, an increase in voltage can cause excessive also be used to reduce the interaction of hydrophobic solutes
heat production that gives rise to temperature gradients with the micelle, thus increasing the selectivity for this type
and viscosity gradients of the buffer in the cross-section of compound.
of the capillary. This effect can be significant with high The addition of substances able to modify solute-micelle
conductivity buffers such as those containing micelles. Poor interactions by adsorption on the latter, is used to improve
heat dissipation causes band broadening and decreases the selectivity of the separations in MEKC. These additives
resolution. may be a second surfactant (ionic or non-ionic) which gives
Temperature. Variations in capillary temperature affect the rise to mixed micelles or metallic cations which dissolve
partition coefficient of the solute between the buffer and in the micelle and form co-ordination complexes with the
the micelles, the critical micellar concentration and the solutes.
viscosity of the buffer. These parameters contribute to the QUANTIFICATION
migration time of the solutes. The use of a good cooling
system improves the reproducibility of the migration time Peak areas must be divided by the corresponding migration
for the solutes. time to give the corrected area in order to :
Capillary. As in capillary zone electrophoresis, the — compensate for the shift in migration time from run to
dimensions of the capillary (length and internal diameter) run, thus reducing the variation of the response,
contribute to analysis time and efficiency of separations. — compensate for the different responses of sample
Increasing both effective length and total length can decrease constituents with different migration times.
the electric fields (working at constant voltage), increase Where an internal standard is used, verify that no peak
migration time and improve the separation efficiency. The of the substance to be examined is masked by that of the
internal diameter controls heat dissipation (for a given internal standard.
buffer and electric field) and consequently the sample band CALCULATIONS
broadening. From the values obtained, calculate the content of the
Electrolytic solution parameters component or components being examined. When
Surfactant type and concentration. The type of surfactant, prescribed, the percentage content of one or more
in the same way as the stationary phase in chromatography, components of the sample to be examined is calculated
affects the resolution since it modifies separation selectivity. by determining the corrected area(s) of the peak(s) as a
Also, the log k of a neutral compound increases linearly with percentage of the total of the corrected areas of all peaks,
the concentration of surfactant in the mobile phase. Since excluding those due to solvents or any added reagents
resolution in MEKC reaches a maximum when k approaches (normalisation procedure). The use of an automatic
the value of , modifying the concentration of integration system (integrator or data acquisition and
surfactant in the mobile phase changes the resolution processing system) is recommended.
obtained. SYSTEM SUITABILITY
Buffer pH. Although pH does not modify the partition In order to check the behaviour of the capillary
coefficient of non-ionised solutes, it can modify the electrophoresis system, system suitability parameters are
electro-osmotic flow in uncoated capillaries. A decrease used. The choice of these parameters depends on the
in the buffer pH decreases the electro-osmotic flow and mode of capillary electrophoresis used. They are : retention
therefore increases the resolution of the neutral solutes in factor (k) (only for micellar electrokinetic chromatography),
MEKC, resulting in a longer analysis time. apparent number of theoretical plates (N), symmetry factor
Organic solvents. To improve MEKC separation of (As) and resolution (Rs). In previous sections, the theoretical
hydrophobic compounds, organic modifiers (methanol, expressions for N and Rs have been described, but more
propanol, acetonitrile, etc.) can be added to the electrolytic practical equations that allow these parameters to be
solution. The addition of these modifiers usually decreases calculated from the electropherograms are given below.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 81

2.2.48. Raman spectrometry EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

APPARENT NUMBER OF THEORETICAL PLATES

The apparent number of theoretical plates (N) may be
calculated using the expression :
H = height of the peak corresponding to the
component concerned, in the electropherogram
obtained with the prescribed reference solution,
measured from the maximum of the peak to the
extrapolated baseline of the signal observed over
tR = migration time or distance along the baseline a distance equal to twenty times the width at
from the point of injection to the perpendicular half-height,
dropped from the maximum of the peak h = range of the background in an electropherogram
corresponding to the component, obtained after injection of a blank, observed over
wh = width of the peak at half-height. a distance equal to twenty times the width at the
half-height of the peak in the electropherogram
RESOLUTION obtained with the prescribed reference solution
The resolution (Rs) between peaks of similar height of and, if possible, situated equally around the place
2 components may be calculated using the expression : where this peak would be found.

01/2008:20248

tR1 and tR2 = migration times or distances along the

baseline from the point of injection to
2.2.48. RAMAN SPECTROMETRY
the perpendiculars dropped from the Raman spectrometry (inelastic light scattering) is a
maxima of two adjacent peaks, light-scattering process in which the specimen under
w h1 and wh2 = peak widths at half-height. examination is irradiated with intense monochromatic light
(usually laser light) and the light scattered from the specimen
When appropriate, the resolution may be calculated by is analysed for frequency shifts.
measuring the height of the valley (Hv) between 2 partly Raman spectrometry is complementary to infrared
resolved peaks in a standard preparation and the height of spectrometry in the sense that the two techniques both probe
the smaller peak (Hp) and calculating the peak-to-valley ratio : the molecular vibrations in a material. However, Raman and
infrared spectrometry have different relative sensitivities
for different functional groups. Raman spectrometry is
particularly sensitive to non-polar bonds (e.g. C-C single or
multiple bonds) and less sensitive to polar bonds. Hence,
SYMMETRY FACTOR water, which has a strong infrared absorption spectrum, is a
The symmetry factor (As) of a peak may be calculated using weak Raman scatterer and is thus well suited as a solvent for
the expression : Raman spectrometry.
Apparatus : Spectrometers for recording Raman spectra
typically consist of the following components :
— a monochromatic light source, typically a laser, with a
w0.05 = width of the peak at one-twentieth of the peak wavelength in the ultraviolet, visible or near-infrared
height, region,
d = distance between the perpendicular dropped from — suitable optics (lens, mirrors or optical-fibre assembly)
the peak maximum and the leading edge of the which directs the irradiating light to and collects the
peak at one-twentieth of the peak height. scattered light from the sample,

Tests for area repeatability (standard deviation of areas — an optical device (monochromator or filter) that transmits
or of the area/migration-time ratio) and for migration the frequency-shifted Raman scattering and prevents the
time repeatability (standard deviation of migration time) intense incident frequency (Rayleigh scattering) from
are introduced as suitability parameters. Migration time reaching the detector,
repeatability provides a test for the suitability of the capillary — a dispersing device (grating or prism monochromator)
washing procedures. An alternative practice to avoid the combined with wavelength-selecting slits and a detector
lack of repeatability of the migration time is to use migration (usually a photomultiplier tube),
time relative to an internal standard. or :
A test for the verification of the signal-to-noise ratio for a — a dispersing device (grating or prism) combined with a
standard preparation (or the determination of the limit of multichannel detector (usually a charge-coupled device
quantification) may also be useful for the determination of (CCD)),
related substances. or :
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO — an interferometer with a detector that records the intensity
The detection limit and quantification limit correspond of the scattered light over time, and a data-handling device
to signal-to-noise ratios of 3 and 10 respectively. The that converts the data to the frequency or wavenumber
signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) is calculated using the expression : domain by a Fourier-transform calculation.

82 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.48. Raman spectrometry

PREPARATION OF THE SAMPLE indene, cyclohexane or naphthalene) for which accurate

Raman spectra can be obtained from solids, liquids and gases wavenumber shifts have been established. The indene
either directly, or in glass containers or tubes, generally sample can favourably be placed in an NMR tube, evacuated
without prior sample preparation or dilution. and sealed under inert gas, and stored cool in the dark to
avoid degradation of the sample.
A major limitation of Raman spectrometry is that impurities
may cause fluorescence that interferes with the detection Table 2.2.48.-1. — Wavenumber shifts (and acceptable
of the much weaker Raman signal. Fluorescence may be tolerances) of cyclohexane, indene and naphthalene.
avoided by choosing a laser source with a longer wavelength, cyclohexane A indene B
naphthalene A
for example in the near infrared, as the exciting line. The
3056.4 (± 1.5)
intensity of certain Raman lines may be enhanced in a
number of ways, for instance in Resonance Raman (RR) and 2938.3 (± 1.5)
by Surface Enhanced Raman Spectrometry (SERS).
2923.8 (± 1.5)
Due to the narrow focus of the irradiating laser beam, the
2852.9 (± 1.5)
spectrum is typically obtained from only a few microlitres of
sample. Hence, sample inhomogeneities must be considered, 1609.7 (± 1.0) 1576.6 (± 1.0)
unless the sample volume is increased, for example by 1444.4 (± 1.0) 1552.6 (± 1.0) 1464.5 (± 1.0)
rotation of the sample.
1266.4 (± 1.0) 1205.2 (± 1.0) 1382.2 (± 1.0)
IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTITATION USING
1157.6 (± 1.0) 1147.2 (± 1.0)
REFERENCE SUBSTANCES
1028.3 (± 1.0) 1018.6 (± 1.0) 1021.6 (± 1.0)
Prepare the substance to be examined and the reference
substance by the same procedure and record the spectra 801.3 (± 1.0) 730.5 (± 1.0) 763.8 (± 1.0)
under the same operational conditions. The maxima in
533.9 (± 1.0) 513.8 (± 1.0)
the spectrum obtained with the substance to be examined
correspond in position and relative intensity to those in the A
Standard guide for Raman shift standards for spectrometer
spectrum obtained with the reference substance (CRS). calibration (American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM E 1840).
B
D. A. Carter, W. R. Thompson, C. E. Taylor and J. E. Pemberton,
When the spectra recorded in the solid state show differences Applied Spectroscopy, 1995, 49 (11), 1561-1576.
in the positions of the maxima, treat the substance to be
examined and the reference substance in the same manner Verification of the response-intensity scale. The absolute
so that they crystallise or are produced in the same form, and relative intensities of the Raman bands are affected by
or proceed as described in the monograph, then record the several factors including :
spectra. — the state of polarisation of the irradiating light,
While Beer-Lambert’s law is not valid for Raman — the state of polarisation of the collection optics,
spectrometry, Raman intensity is directly proportional to — the intensity of the irradiating light,
the concentration of the scattering species. As for other — differences in instrument response,
spectroscopic techniques, quantitation can be performed
using known amounts or concentrations of reference — differences in focus and geometry at sample,
substances. Owing to the small spatial resolution of the — differences in packing density for solid samples.
technique, care must be taken to ensure representative Appropriate acceptance criteria will vary with the application
samples of standards and unknowns, for example by making but a day-to-day variation of ± 10 per cent in relative band
sure that they are in the same physical state or by using an intensities is achievable in most cases.
internal standard for liquid samples. Establishment of a spectral reference library. Record
the spectra of a suitable number of materials which have
IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTITATION USING SPECTRAL been fully tested (e.g. as prescribed in a monograph) and
LIBRARIES AND STATISTICAL METHODS FOR which exhibit the variation (manufacturer, batch, crystal
CLASSIFICATION AND CALIBRATION modification, particle size, etc.) typical of the material to be
Control of instrument performance. Use the apparatus analysed. The set of spectra represents the information that
according to the manufacturer’s instructions and carry out defines the similarity border or quantitative limits, which
the prescribed calibrations and system performance tests may be used, e.g. to identify the substance or control the
at regular intervals, depending on the use of the apparatus amount formed in a manufacturing process. The number
and the substances to be examined. When using Raman of substances in the database depends on the specific
spectrometry for quantitative determinations, or when application. The collection of spectra in the database may be
setting up spectral reference libraries for (chemometric) represented in different ways defined by the mathematical
classification or calibration, particular care should be taken technique used for classification or quantitation.
to ensure that corrections are made or measures are taken to The selectivity of the database which makes it possible
control the variability in wavenumber and response-intensity to identify positively a given material and distinguish it
of the instrumentation. adequately from other materials in the database is to be
Verification of the wavenumber scale. Verify the established during the validation procedure. This selectivity
wavenumber scale of the Raman shift (normally expressed must be challenged on a regular basis to ensure ongoing
in reciprocal centimetres) using a suitable standard which validity of the database ; this is especially necessary after any
has characteristic maxima at the wavenumbers under major change in a substance (e.g. change in supplier or in
investigation, for example, an organic substance, an Ne lamp the manufacturing process of the material) or in the set-up of
or Ar+ plasma lines from an argon-ion laser. the Raman instrument (e.g. verification of the wavenumber
The calibration measurement should be matched to the and response repeatability of the spectrometer).
sample type, i.e. a solid calibration sample should be This database is then valid for use only with the originating
used for solid samples and a liquid calibration sample instrument, or with a similar instrument, provided the
for liquid samples. Choose a suitable substance (e.g. transferred database has been demonstrated to remain valid.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 83

2.2.49. Falling ball viscometer method EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Method. Prepare and examine the sample in the same or agarose gel that contains a mixture of amphoteric
manner as for the establishment of the database. A suitable electrolytes (ampholytes). When subjected to an electric
mathematical transformation of the Raman spectrum may be field, the ampholytes migrate in the gel to create a pH
calculated to facilitate spectrum comparison or quantitative gradient. In some cases gels containing an immobilised pH
prediction. gradient, prepared by incorporating weak acids and bases to
Comparison of the spectra or transforms of the spectra specific regions of the gel network during the preparation of
or quantitative prediction of properties or amounts in the gel, are used. When the applied proteins reach the gel
the material in question may involve the use of a suitable fraction that has a pH that is the same as their isoelectric
chemometric or statistical classification or calibration point (pI), their charge is neutralised and migration ceases.
technique. Gradients can be made over various ranges of pH, according
to the mixture of ampholytes chosen.
01/2008:20249
THEORETICAL ASPECTS
2.2.49. FALLING BALL VISCOMETER When a protein is at the position of its isoelectric point,
METHOD it has no net charge and cannot be moved in a gel matrix
by the electric field. It may, however, move from that
The determination of dynamic viscosity of Newtonian liquids position by diffusion. The pH gradient forces a protein to
using a suitable falling ball viscometer is performed at remain in its isoelectric point position, thus concentrating
20 ± 0.1 °C, unless otherwise prescribed in the monograph. it ; this concentrating effect is called "focusing". Increasing
The time required for a test ball to fall in the liquid to be the applied voltage or reducing the sample load result in
examined from one ring mark to the other is determined. If improved separation of bands. The applied voltage is limited
no stricter limit is defined for the equipment used the result by the heat generated, which must be dissipated. The use
is valid only if 2 consecutive measures do not differ by more of thin gels and an efficient cooling plate controlled by a
than 1.5 per cent. thermostatic circulator prevents the burning of the gel
Apparatus. The falling ball viscometer consists of: a glass whilst allowing sharp focusing. The separation is estimated
tube enclosed in a mantle, which allow precise control of by determining the minimum pI difference (∆pI), which is
temperature ; six balls made of glass, nickel-iron or steel necessary to separate 2 neighbouring bands :
with different densities and diameters. The tube is fixed in
such a way that the axis is inclined by 10 ± 1° with regard
to the vertical. The tube has 2 ring marks which define
the distance the ball has to roll. Commercially available
apparatus is supplied with tables giving the constants, the
density of the balls and the suitability of the different balls D = diffusion coefficient of the protein,
for the expected range of viscosity. = pH gradient,
Method. Fill the clean, dry tube of the viscometer, previously
brought to 20 ± 0.1 °C, with the liquid to be examined, E = intensity of the electric field, in volts per
avoiding bubbles. Add the ball suitable for the range of centimetre,
viscosity of the liquid so as to obtain a falling time not less
than 30 s. Close the tube and maintain the solution at = variation of the solute mobility with the pH in
20 ± 0.1 °C for at least 15 min. Let the ball run through the the region close to the pI.
liquid between the 2 ring marks once without measurement.
Let it run again and measure with a stop-watch, to the Since D and for a given protein cannot be altered,
nearest one-fifth of a second, the time required for the ball the separation can be improved by using a narrower pH
to roll from the upper to the lower ring mark. Repeat the range and by increasing the intensity of the electric field.
test run at least 3 times.
Resolution between protein bands on an IEF gel prepared
Calculate the dynamic viscosity η in millipascal seconds
with carrier ampholytes can be quite good. Improvements
using the formula :
in resolution may be achieved by using immobilised pH
gradients where the buffering species, which are analogous
to carrier ampholytes, are copolymerised within the gel
k = constant, expressed in millimeter squared per matrix. Proteins exhibiting pIs differing by as little as
second squared, 0.02 pH units may be resolved using a gel prepared with
carrier ampholytes while immobilised pH gradients can
1 = density of the ball used, expressed in grams per resolve proteins differing by approximately 0.001 pH units.
cubic centimetre,
2 = density of the liquid to be examined, expressed PRACTICAL ASPECTS
in grams per cubic centimetre, obtained by
Special attention must be paid to sample characteristics
multiplying its relative density by 0.9982,
and/or preparation. Having salt in the sample can be
t = falling time of the ball, in seconds. problematic and it is best to prepare the sample, if possible,
in deionised water or 2 per cent ampholytes, using dialysis
01/2008:20254 or gel filtration if necessary.
The time required for completion of focusing in thin-layer
2.2.54. ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING polyacrylamide gels is determined by placing a coloured
protein (e.g. haemoglobin) at different positions on the gel
GENERAL PRINCIPLES surface and by applying the electric field : the steady state is
Isoelectric focusing (IEF) is a method of electrophoresis reached when all applications give an identical band pattern.
that separates proteins according to their isoelectric point. In some protocols the completion of the focusing is indicated
Separation is carried out in a slab of polyacrylamide by the time elapsed after the sample application.

84 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.54. Isoelectric focusing

The IEF gel can be used as an identity test when the METHOD
migration pattern on the gel is compared to a suitable Dismantle the mould and, making use of the polyester film,
standard preparation and IEF calibration proteins, the IEF transfer the gel onto the cooled support, wetted with a few
gel can be used as a limit test when the density of a band millilitres of a suitable liquid, taking care to avoid forming air
on IEF is compared subjectively with the density of bands bubbles. Prepare the test solutions and reference solutions
appearing in a standard preparation, or it can be used as as specified in the monograph. Place strips of paper for
a quantitative test when the density is measured using a sample application, about 10 mm × 5 mm in size, on the
densitometer or similar instrumentation to determine the gel and impregnate each with the prescribed amount of
relative concentration of protein in the bands subject to the test and reference solutions. Also apply the prescribed
validation. quantity of a solution of proteins with known isoelectric
points as pH markers to calibrate the gel. In some protocols
APPARATUS the gel has pre-cast slots where a solution of the sample
An apparatus for IEF consists of : is applied instead of using impregnated paper strips. Cut
— a controllable generator for constant potential, current 2 strips of paper to the length of the gel and impregnate
and power ; potentials of 2500 V have been used and them with the electrolyte solutions : acid for the anode and
are considered optimal under a given set of operating alkaline for the cathode. The compositions of the anode
conditions ; a supply of up to 30 W of constant power is and cathode solutions are given in the monograph. Apply
recommended ; these paper wicks to each side of the gel several millimetres
from the edge. Fit the cover so that the electrodes are in
— a rigid plastic IEF chamber that contains a cooled plate, contact with the wicks (respecting the anodic and cathodic
of suitable material, to support the gel ; poles). Proceed with the isoelectric focusing by applying the
— a plastic cover with platinum electrodes that are electrical parameters described in the monograph. Switch off
connected to the gel by means of paper wicks of suitable the current when the migration of the mixture of standard
width, length and thickness, impregnated with solutions proteins has stabilised. Using forceps, remove the sample
of anodic and cathodic electrolytes. application strips and the 2 electrode wicks. Immerse the gel
in fixing solution for isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide
ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING IN POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS : gel R. Incubate with gentle shaking at room temperature
DETAILED PROCEDURE for 30 min. Drain off the solution and add 200 ml of
The following method is a detailed description of an IEF destaining solution R. Incubate with shaking for 1 h. Drain
procedure in thick polyacrylamide slab gels, which is used the gel, add coomassie staining solution R. Incubate for
unless otherwise stated in the monograph. 30 min. Destain the gel by passive diffusion with destaining
solution R until the bands are well visualised against a clear
PREPARATION OF THE GELS background. Locate the position and intensity of the bands
Mould. The mould (see Figure 2.2.54.-1) is composed of a in the electropherogram as prescribed in the monograph.
glass plate (A) on which a polyester film (B) is placed to
facilitate handling of the gel, one or more spacers (C), a VARIATIONS TO THE DETAILED PROCEDURE (SUBJECT
second glass plate (D) and clamps to hold the structure TO VALIDATION)
together. Where reference to the general method on isoelectric
focusing is made, variations in methodology or procedure
may be made subject to validation. These include :
— the use of commercially available pre-cast gels and of
commercial staining and destaining kits,
— the use of immobilised pH gradients,
— the use of rod gels,
— the use of gel cassettes of different dimensions, including
ultra-thin (0.2 mm) gels,
— variations in the sample application procedure, including
different sample volumes or the use of sample application
masks or wicks other than paper,
— the use of alternate running conditions, including
variations in the electric field depending on gel
dimensions and equipment, and the use of fixed migration
times rather than subjective interpretation of band
Figure 2.2.54.-1 – Mould stability,
7.5 per cent polyacrylamide gel. Dissolve 29.1 g of — the inclusion of a pre-focusing step,
acrylamide R and 0.9 g of methylenebisacrylamide R in
100 ml of water R. To 2.5 volumes of this solution, add — the use of automated instrumentation,
the mixture of ampholytes specified in the monograph and — the use of agarose gels.
dilute to 10 volumes with water R. Mix carefully and degas
the solution. VALIDATION OF ISO-ELECTRIC FOCUSING
PROCEDURES
Preparation of the mould. Place the polyester film on the
lower glass plate, apply the spacer, place the second glass Where alternative methods to the detailed procedure are
plate and fit the clamps. Before use, place the solution employed they must be validated. The following criteria may
on a magnetic stirrer and add 0.25 volumes of a 100 g/l be used to validate the separation :
solution of ammonium persulphate R and 0.25 volumes of — formation of a stable pH gradient of desired characteristics,
tetramethylethylenediamine R. Immediately fill the space assessed for example using coloured pH markers of
between the glass plates of the mould with the solution. known isoelectric points,

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 85

2.2.55. Peptide mapping EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

— comparison with the electropherogram provided with This chapter provides detailed assistance in the application
the chemical reference substance for the preparation to of peptide mapping and its validation to characterise the
be examined, desired protein, to evaluate the stability of the expression
— any other validation criteria as prescribed in the construct of cells used for recombinant DNA products and
monograph. to evaluate the consistency of the overall process, to assess
product stability as well as to ensure the identity of the
SPECIFIED VARIATIONS TO THE GENERAL METHOD protein, or to detect the presence of protein variant.
Variations to the general method required for the analysis of Peptide mapping is not a general method, but involves
specific substances may be specified in detail in monographs. developing specific maps for each unique protein. Although
These include : the technology is evolving rapidly, there are certain methods
— the addition of urea in the gel (3 M concentration is often that are generally accepted. Variations of these methods will
satisfactory to keep protein in solution but up to 8 M can be indicated, when appropriate, in specific monographs.
be used) : some proteins precipitate at their isoelectric A peptide map may be viewed as a fingerprint of a protein
point ; in this case, urea is included in the gel formulation and is the end product of several chemical processes that
to keep the protein in solution ; if urea is used, only fresh provide a comprehensive understanding of the protein being
solutions should be used to prevent carbamylation of the analysed. 4 principal steps are necessary for the development
protein ; of the procedure : isolation and purification of the protein,
— the use of alternative staining methods ; if the protein is part of a formulation ; selective cleavage
of the peptide bonds ; chromatographic separation of the
— the use of gel additives such as non-ionic detergents (e.g. peptides ; and analysis and identification of the peptides.
octylglucoside) or zwitterionic detergents (e.g., CHAPS or A test sample is digested and assayed in parallel with a
CHAPSO), and the addition of ampholyte to the sample, reference substance. Complete cleavage of peptide bonds is
to prevent proteins from aggregating or precipitating. more likely to occur when enzymes such as endoproteases
(e.g., trypsin) are used, instead of chemical cleavage reagents.
POINTS TO CONSIDER A map must contain enough peptides to be meaningful. On
Samples can be applied to any area on the gel, but to protect the other hand, if there are too many fragments, the map
the proteins from extreme pH environments samples should might lose its specificity because many proteins will then
not be applied close to either electrode. During method have the same profiles.
development the analyst can try applying the protein in 3
positions on the gel (i.e. middle and both ends) ; the pattern ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION
of a protein applied at opposite ends of the gel may not be Isolation and purification are necessary for analysis of bulk
identical. drugs or dosage forms containing interfering excipients
A phenomenon known as cathodic drift, where the pH and carrier proteins and, when required, will be specified in
gradient decays over time, may occur if a gel is focused too the monograph. Quantitative recovery of protein from the
long. Although not well understood, electroendoosmosis dosage form must be validated.
and absorption of carbon dioxide may be factors that lead to
cathodic drift. Cathodic drift is observed as focused proteinSELECTIVE CLEAVAGE OF PEPTIDE BONDS
migrating off the cathode end of the gel. Immobilised pH The selection of the approach used for the cleavage of peptide
gradients may be used to address this problem. bonds will depend on the protein under test. This selection
Efficient cooling (approximately 4 °C) of the bed that the gel
process involves determination of the type of cleavage to be
lies on during focusing is important. High field strengths employed, enzymatic or chemical, and the type of cleavage
used during isoelectric focusing can lead to overheating and agent within the chosen category. Several cleavage agents
affect the quality of the focused gel. and their specificity are shown in Table 2.2.55.-1. This list
is not all-inclusive and will be expanded as other cleavage
agents are identified.
Pretreatment of sample. Depending on the size or the
01/2008:20255
configuration of the protein, different approaches in the
pretreatment of samples can be used. If trypsin is used as a
2.2.55. PEPTIDE MAPPING cleavage agent for proteins with a molecular mass greater
than 100 000 Da, lysine residues must be protected by
Peptide mapping is an identity test for proteins, especially citraconylation or maleylation ; otherwise, too many peptides
those obtained by rDNA technology. It involves the will be generated.
chemical or enzymatic treatment of a protein resulting in
the formation of peptide fragments followed by separation Pretreatment of the cleavage agent. Pretreatment of
and identification of these fragments in a reproducible cleavage agents, especially enzymatic agents, might be
manner. It is a powerful test that is capable of identifying necessary for purification purposes to ensure reproducibility
almost any single amino acid changes resulting from events of the map. For example, trypsin used as a cleavage agent will
such as errors in the reading of complementary DNA have to be treated with tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl
(cDNA) sequences or point mutations. Peptide mapping is ketone to inactivate chymotrypsin. Other methods, such
a comparative procedure because the information obtained, as purification of trypsin by high performance liquid
compared to a reference substance similarly treated, chromatography (HPLC) or immobilisation of enzyme on a
confirms the primary structure of the protein, is capable of gel support, have been successfully used when only a small
detecting whether alterations in structure have occurred, amount of protein is available.
and demonstrates process consistency and genetic stability. Pretreatment of the protein. Under certain conditions,
Each protein presents unique characteristics which must it might be necessary to concentrate the sample or to
be well understood so that the scientific and analytical separate the protein from added substances and stabilisers
approaches permit validated development of a peptide map used in formulation of the product, if these interfere
that provides sufficient specificity. with the mapping procedure. Physical procedures used

86 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.55. Peptide mapping

Table 2.2.55.-1. – Examples of cleavage agents

Type Agent Specificity
Enzymatic Trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) C-terminal side of Arg and Lys
Chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) C-terminal side of hydrophobic residues (e.g. Leu, Met,
Ala, aromatics)
Pepsin (EC 3.4.23.1 and 2) Non-specific digest
Lysyl endopeptidase (Lys-C endopeptidase) (EC C-terminal side of Lys
3.4.21.50)
Glutamyl endopeptidase (from S. aureus strain V8) (EC C-terminal side of Glu and Asp
3.4.21.19)
Peptidyl-Asp metallo-endopeptidase (endoprotei- N-terminal side of Asp
nase Asp-N)
Clostripain (EC 3.4.22.8) C-terminal side of Arg
Chemical Cyanogen bromide C-terminal side of Met
2-Nitro-5-thio-cyanobenzoic acid N-terminal side of Cys
O-Iodosobenzoic acid C-terminal side of Trp and Tyr
Dilute acid Asp and Pro
BNPS-skatole Trp

for pretreatment can include ultrafiltration, column For example, digestion of recombinant bovine somatropin is
chromatography and lyophilization. Other pretreatments, conducted at 4 °C, because at higher temperatures it will
such as the addition of chaotropic agents (e.g. urea) can be precipitate during digestion.
used to unfold the protein prior to mapping. To allow the Time. If sufficient sample is available, a time course study
enzyme to have full access to cleavage sites and permit some is considered in order to determine the optimum time to
unfolding of the protein, it is often necessary to reduce and obtain a reproducible map and avoid incomplete digestion.
alkylate the disulphide bonds prior to digestion. Time of digestion varies from 2 h to 30 h. The reaction is
stopped by the addition of an acid which does not interfere
Digestion with trypsin can introduce ambiguities in in the map or by freezing.
the peptide map due to side reactions occurring during Amount of cleavage agent used. Although excessive
the digestion reaction, such as non-specific cleavage, amounts of cleavage agent are used to accomplish a
deamidation, disulphide isomerisation, oxidation of reasonably rapid digestion time (i.e. 6-20 hours), the amount
methionine residues, or formation of pyroglutamic groups of cleavage agent is minimised to avoid its contribution to the
created from the deamidation of glutamine at the N-terminal chromatographic map pattern. A protein to protease ratio
side of a peptide. Furthermore, peaks may be produced by between 20:1 and 200:1 is generally used. It is recommended
autohydrolysis of trypsin. Their intensities depend on the that the cleavage agent is added in 2 or more stages to
ratio of trypsin to protein. To avoid autohydrolysis, solutions optimise cleavage. Nonetheless, the final reaction volume
of proteases may be prepared at a pH that is not optimal (e.g. remains small enough to facilitate the next step in peptide
at pH 5 for trypsin), which would mean that the enzyme mapping, the separation step. To sort out digestion artifacts
would not become active until diluted with the digest buffer. that might interfere with the subsequent analysis, a blank
Establishment of optimal digestion conditions. Factors determination is performed, using a digestion control with
that affect the completeness and effectiveness of digestion all the reagents, except the test protein.
of proteins are those that could affect any chemical or
enzymatic reactions. CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION
Many techniques are used to separate peptides for mapping.
pH of the reaction milieu. The pH of the digestion mixture The selection of a technique depends on the protein being
is empirically determined to ensure the optimisation of the mapped. Techniques that have been successfully used for
performance of the given cleavage agent. For example, when separation of peptides are shown in Table 2.2.55-2. In this
using cyanogen bromide as a cleavage agent, a highly acidic section, a most widely used reversed-phase HPLC method
environment (e.g. pH 2, formic acid) is necessary ; however, is described as one of the procedures of chromatographic
when using trypsin as a cleavage agent, a slightly alkaline separation.
environment (pH 8) is optimal. As a general rule, the pH of The purity of solvents and mobile phases is a critical factor in
the reaction milieu must not alter the chemical integrity of HPLC separation. HPLC-grade solvents and water that are
the protein during the digestion and must not change during commercially available, are recommended for reversed-phase
the course of the fragmentation reaction. HPLC. Dissolved gases present a problem in gradient systems
where the solubility of the gas in a solvent may be less in
Temperature. A temperature between 25 °C and 37 °C a mixture than in a single solvent. Vacuum degassing and
is adequate for most digestions. The temperature used is agitation by sonication are often used as useful degassing
intended to minimise chemical side reactions. The type procedures. When solid particles in the solvents are drawn
of protein under test will dictate the temperature of the into the HPLC system, they can damage the sealing of pump
reaction milieu, because some proteins are more susceptible valves or clog the top of the chromatographic column. Both
to denaturation as the temperature of the reaction increases. pre- and post-pump filtration is also recommended.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 87

2.2.55. Peptide mapping EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Table 2.2.55-2. – Techniques used for the separation of test protein is critical in the development and establishment
peptides of system suitability limits. In addition, a specimen
Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
chromatogram is included with the reference substance
for additional comparison purposes. Other indicators may
Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC) include visual inspection of protein or peptide solubility, the
Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) absence of intact protein, or measurement of responses of a
digestion-dependent peptide. The critical system suitability
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), non-denaturating parameters for peptide analysis will depend on the particular
Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) mode of peptide separation and detection and on the data
analysis requirements.
Capillary electrophoresis (CE)
When peptide mapping is used as an identification test, the
Paper chromatography-high voltage (PCHV)
system suitability requirements for the identified peptides
High voltage-paper electrophoresis (HVPE) cover selectivity and precision. In this case, as well as when
identification of variant protein is done, the identification
Chromatographic column. The selection of a of the primary structure of the peptide fragments in the
chromatographic column is empirically determined for each peptide map provides both a verification of the known
protein. Columns with 10 nm or 30 nm pore size with silica primary structure and the identification of protein variants
support can give optimal separation. For smaller peptides, by comparison with the peptide map of the reference
octylsilyl silica gel for chromatography R (3-10 µm) and substance for the specified protein. The use of a digested
octadecylsilyl silica gel for chromatography R (3-10 µm) reference substance for a given protein in the determination
column packings are more efficient than butylsilyl silica gel of peptide resolution is the method of choice. For an
for chromatography R (5-10 µm). analysis of a variant protein, a characterised mixture of a
Solvent. The most commonly used solvent is water with variant and a reference substance can be used, especially
acetonitrile as the organic modifier to which not more than if the variant peptide is located in a less-resolved region of
0.1 per cent trifluoroacetic acid is added. If necessary, add the map. The index of pattern consistency can be simply
propyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol to solubilise the digest the number of major peptides detected. Peptide pattern
components, provided that the addition does not unduly consistency can be best defined by the resolution of peptide
increase the viscosity of the components. peaks. Chromatographic parameters, such as peak-to-peak
resolution, maximum peak width, peak area, peak tailing
Mobile phase. Buffered mobile phases containing phosphate factors, and column efficiency, may be used to define
are used to provide some flexibility in the selection of pH peptide resolution. Depending on the protein under test and
conditions, since shifts of pH in the 3.0-5.0 range enhance the method of separation used, single peptide or multiple
the separation of peptides containing acidic residues peptide resolution requirements may be necessary.
(e.g. glutamic and aspartic acids). Sodium or potassium
phosphates, ammonium acetate, phosphoric acid at a pH The replicate analysis of the digest of the reference substance
between 2 and 7 (or higher for polymer-based supports) for the protein under test yields measures of precision
have also been used with acetonitrile gradients. Acetonitrile and quantitative recovery. Recovery of the identified
containing trifluoroacetic acid is used quite often. peptides is generally ascertained by the use of internal or
external peptide standards. The precision is expressed as
Gradient. Gradients can be linear, nonlinear, or include the relative standard deviation (RSD). Differences in the
step functions. A shallow gradient is recommended in order recovery and precision of the identified peptides are to be
to separate complex mixtures. Gradients are optimised to expected ; therefore, the system suitability limits will have to
provide clear resolution of 1 or 2 peaks that will become be established for both the recovery and the precision of
"marker" peaks for the test. the identified peptides. These limits are unique for a given
Isocratic elution. Isocratic HPLC systems using a single protein and will be specified in the individual monograph.
mobile phase are used on the basis of their convenience of Visual comparison of the relative retentions, the peak
use and improved detector responses. Optimal composition responses (the peak area or the peak height), the number
of a mobile phase to obtain clear resolution of each peak is of peaks, and the overall elution pattern is completed
sometimes difficult to establish. Mobile phases for which initially. It is then complemented and supported by
slight changes in component ratios or in pH significantly mathematical analysis of the peak response ratios and by the
affect retention times of peaks in peptide maps must not be chromatographic profile of a 1:1 (V/V) mixture of sample and
used in isocratic HPLC systems. reference substance digest. If all peaks in the sample digest
Other parameters. Temperature control of the column is and in the reference substance digest have the same relative
usually necessary to achieve good reproducibility. The flow retentions and peak response ratios, then the identity of the
rates for the mobile phases range from 0.1-2.0 ml/min, and sample under test is confirmed.
the detection of peptides is performed with a UV detector at If peaks that initially eluted with significantly different
200-230 nm. Other methods of detection have been used relative retentions are then observed as single peaks in the
(e.g. post-column derivatisation), but they are not as robust 1:1 mixture, the initial difference would be an indication
or versatile as UV detection. of system variability. However, if separate peaks are
Validation. This section provides an experimental means observed in the 1:1 mixture, this would be evidence of
for measuring the overall performance of the test method. the nonequivalence of the peptides in each peak. If a
The acceptance criteria for system suitability depend on peak in the 1:1 mixture is significantly broader than the
the identification of critical test parameters that affect data corresponding peak in the sample and reference substance
interpretation and acceptance. These critical parameters digest, it may indicate the presence of different peptides.
are also criteria that monitor peptide digestion and peptide The use of computer-aided pattern recognition software for
analysis. An indicator that the desired digestion endpoint the analysis of peptide mapping data has been proposed
has been achieved is shown by comparison with a reference and applied, but issues related to the validation of the
standard, which is treated in the same manner as the test computer software preclude its use in a compendial test in
protein. The use of a reference substance in parallel with the the near future. Other automated approaches have been

88 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.56. Amino acid analysis

used that employ mathematical formulas, models, and If regions of the primary structure are not clearly
pattern recognition. Such approaches are, for example, the demonstrated by the peptide map, it might be necessary to
automated identification of compounds by IR spectroscopy develop a secondary peptide map. The goal of a validated
and the application of diode-array UV spectral analysis for method of characterisation of a protein through peptide
identification of peptides. These methods have limitations mapping is to reconcile and account for at least 95 per cent
due to inadequate resolutions, co-elution of fragments, of the theoretical composition of the protein structure.
or absolute peak response differences between reference
substance and sample digest fragments.
01/2008:20256
The numerical comparison of the peak retention times
and peak areas or peak heights can be done for a selected
group of relevant peaks that have been correctly identified 2.2.56. AMINO ACID ANALYSIS
in the peptide maps. Peak areas can be calculated using Amino acid analysis refers to the methodology used to
1 peak showing relatively small variation as an internal determine the amino acid composition or content of
reference, keeping in mind that peak area integration is proteins, peptides, and other pharmaceutical preparations.
sensitive to baseline variation and likely to introduce error Proteins and peptides are macromolecules consisting of
in the analysis. Alternatively, the percentage of each peptide covalently bonded amino acid residues organised as a linear
peak height relative to the sum of all peak heights can be polymer. The sequence of the amino acids in a protein
calculated for the sample under test. The percentage is then or peptide determines the properties of the molecule.
compared to that of the corresponding peak of the reference Proteins are considered large molecules that commonly
substance. The possibility of auto-hydrolysis of trypsin is exist as folded structures with a specific conformation,
monitored by producing a blank peptide map, that is, the while peptides are smaller and may consist of only a few
peptide map obtained when a blank solution is treated with amino acids. Amino acid analysis can be used to quantify
trypsin. proteins and peptides, to determine the identity of proteins
The minimum requirement for the qualification of peptide or peptides based on their amino acid composition, to
mapping is an approved test procedure that includes system support protein and peptide structure analysis, to evaluate
suitability as a test control. In general, early in the regulatory fragmentation strategies for peptide mapping, and to detect
process, qualification of peptide mapping for a protein is atypical amino acids that might be present in a protein or
sufficient. As the regulatory approval process for the protein peptide. It is necessary to hydrolyse a protein/peptide to
progresses, additional qualifications of the test can include its individual amino acid constituents before amino acid
a partial validation of the analytical procedure to provide analysis. Following protein/peptide hydrolysis, the amino
assurance that the method will perform as intended in the acid analysis procedure can be the same as that practiced
development of a peptide map for the specified protein. for free amino acids in other pharmaceutical preparations.
The amino acid constituents of the test sample are typically
ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF PEPTIDES derivatised for analysis.
This section gives guidance on the use of peptide mapping APPARATUS
during development in support of regulatory applications.
Methods used for amino acid analysis are usually based on
The use of a peptide map as a qualitative tool does not a chromatographic separation of the amino acids present
require the complete characterisation of the individual in the test sample. Current techniques take advantage of
peptide peaks. However, validation of peptide mapping the automated chromatographic instrumentation designed
in support of regulatory applications requires rigorous for analytical methodologies. An amino acid analysis
characterisation of each of the individual peaks in the instrument will typically be a low-pressure or high-pressure
peptide map. Methods to characterise peaks range from liquid chromatograph capable of generating mobile phase
N-terminal sequencing of each peak followed by amino acid gradients that separate the amino acid analytes on a
analysis to the use of mass spectroscopy (MS). chromatographic column. The instrument must have
For characterisation purposes, when N-terminal sequencing post-column derivatisation capability, unless the sample
and amino acids analysis are used, the analytical separation is analysed using precolumn derivatisation. The detector
is scaled up. Since scale-up might affect the resolution of is usually an ultraviolet/visible or fluorescence detector
peptide peaks, it is necessary, using empirical data, to assure depending on the derivatisation method used. A recording
that there is no loss of resolution due to scale-up. Eluates device (e.g., integrator) is used for transforming the analogue
corresponding to specific peptide peaks are collected, signal from the detector and for quantitation. It is preferred
vacuum-concentrated, and chromatographed again, if that instrumentation be dedicated particularly for amino
necessary. Amino acid analysis of fragments may be limited acid analysis.
by the peptide size. If the N-terminus is blocked, it may need
to be cleared before sequencing. C-terminal sequencing GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
of proteins in combination with carboxypeptidase and Background contamination is always a concern for the
matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation coupled to analyst in performing amino acid analysis. High purity
time-of-flight analyser (MALDI-TOF) can also be used for reagents are necessary (e.g., low purity hydrochloric acid can
characterisation purposes. contribute to glycine contamination). Analytical reagents are
The use of MS for characterisation of peptide fragments changed routinely every few weeks using only high-pressure
is by direct infusion of isolated peptides or by the use of liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade solvents. Potential
on-line LC-MS for structure analysis. In general, it includes microbial contamination and foreign material that might
electrospray and MALDI-TOF-MS, as well as fast-atom be present in the solvents are reduced by filtering solvents
bombardment (FAB). Tandem MS has also been used to before use, keeping solvent reservoirs covered, and not
sequence a modified protein and to determine the type of placing amino acid analysis instrumentation in direct
amino acid modification that has occurred. The comparison sunlight.
of mass spectra of the digests before and after reduction Laboratory practices can determine the quality of the amino
provides a method to assign the disulphide bonds to the acid analysis. Place the instrumentation in a low traffic area
various sulphydryl-containing peptides. of the laboratory. Keep the laboratory clean. Clean and

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 89

2.2.56. Amino acid analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

calibrate pipets according to a maintenance schedule. Keep and analysing many replicates (e.g., 6 analyses or more)
pipet tips in a covered box ; the analysts may not handle pipet of the same standard solution. The relative standard
tips with their hands. The analysts may wear powder-free deviation (RSD) is determined for the retention time and
latex or equivalent gloves. Limit the number of times a test integrated peak area of each amino acid. An evaluation of
sample vial is opened and closed because dust can contribute the repeatability is expanded to include multiple assays
to elevated levels of glycine, serine, and alanine. conducted over several days by different analysts. Multiple
A well-maintained instrument is necessary for acceptable assays include the preparation of standard dilutions from
amino acid analysis results. If the instrument is used on starting materials to determine the variation due to sample
a routine basis, it is to be checked daily for leaks, detector handling. The amino acid composition of a standard protein
and lamp stability, and the ability of the column to maintain (e.g., bovine serum albumin) is often analysed as part of
resolution of the individual amino acids. Clean or replace all the repeatability evaluation. By evaluating the replicate
instrument filters and other maintenance items on a routine variation (i.e., RSD), the laboratory can establish analytical
schedule. limits to ensure that the analyses from the laboratory are
under control. It is desirable to establish the lowest practical
REFERENCE MATERIAL variation limits to ensure the best results. Areas to focus on
to lower the variability of the amino acid analysis include
Acceptable amino acid standards are commercially available sample preparation, high background spectral interference
for amino acid analysis and typically consist of an aqueous due to quality of reagents and/or laboratory practices,
mixture of amino acids. When determining amino acid instrument performance and maintenance, data analysis
composition, protein or peptide standards are analysed with and interpretation, and analyst performance and habits. All
the test material as a control to demonstrate the integrity of parameters involved are fully investigated in the scope of the
the entire procedure. Highly purified bovine serum albumin validation work.
has been used as a protein standard for this purpose.

CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENTATION SAMPLE PREPARATION

Calibration of amino acid analysis instrumentation typically Accurate results from amino acid analysis require purified
involves analysing the amino acid standard, which consists protein and peptide samples. Buffer components (e.g., salts,
of a mixture of amino acids at a number of concentrations, to urea, detergents) can interfere with the amino acid analysis
determine the response factor and range of analysis for each and are removed from the sample before analysis. Methods
amino acid. The concentration of each amino acid in the that utilise post-column derivatisation of the amino acids
standard is known. In the calibration procedure, the analyst are generally not affected by buffer components to the
dilutes the amino acid standard to several different analyte extent seen with pre-column derivatisation methods. It is
levels within the expected linear range of the amino acid desirable to limit the number of sample manipulations to
analysis technique. Then, replicates at each of the different reduce potential background contamination, to improve
analyte levels can be analysed. Peak areas obtained for each analyte recovery, and to reduce labour. Common techniques
amino acid are plotted versus the known concentration for used to remove buffer components from protein samples
each of the amino acids in the standard dilution. These include the following methods : (1) injecting the protein
results will allow the analyst to determine the range of amino sample onto a reversed-phase HPLC system, removing the
acid concentrations where the peak area of a given amino protein with a volatile solvent containing a sufficient organic
acid is an approximately linear function of the amino acid component, and drying the sample in a vacuum centrifuge ;
concentration. It is important that the analyst prepare the (2) dialysis against a volatile buffer or water ; (3) centrifugal
samples for amino acid analysis so that they are within the ultrafiltration for buffer replacement with a volatile buffer or
analytical limits (e.g., linear working range) of the technique water ; (4) precipitating the protein from the buffer using an
employed in order to obtain accurate and repeatable results. organic solvent (e.g., acetone) ; (5) gel filtration.
4 to 6 amino acid standard levels are analysed to determine
a response factor for each amino acid. The response factor INTERNAL STANDARDS
is calculated as the average peak area or peak height per It is recommended that an internal standard be used to
nanomole of amino acid present in the standard. A calibration monitor physical and chemical losses and variations during
file consisting of the response factor for each amino acid is amino acid analysis. An accurately known amount of
prepared and used to calculate the concentration of each internal standard can be added to a protein solution prior
amino acid present in the test sample. This calculation to hydrolysis. The recovery of the internal standard gives
involves dividing the peak area corresponding to a given the general recovery of the amino acids of the protein
amino acid by the response factor for that amino acid to solution. Free amino acids, however, do not behave in the
give the nanomoles of the amino acid. For routine analysis, same way as protein-bound amino acids during hydrolysis,
a single-point calibration may be sufficient ; however, the whose rates of release or destruction are variable. Therefore,
calibration file is updated frequently and tested by the the use of an internal standard to correct for losses during
analysis of analytical controls to ensure its integrity. hydrolysis may give unreliable results. It will be necessary
to take this point into consideration when interpreting the
REPEATABILITY results. Internal standards can also be added to the mixture
Consistent high quality amino acid analysis results from an of amino acids after hydrolysis to correct for differences in
analytical laboratory require attention to the repeatability of sample application and changes in reagent stability and
the assay. During analysis of the chromatographic separation flow rates. Ideally, an internal standard is an unnaturally
of the amino acids or their derivatives, numerous peaks can occurring primary amino acid that is commercially available
be observed on the chromatogram that correspond to the and inexpensive. It should also be stable during hydrolysis,
amino acids. The large number of peaks makes it necessary its response factor should be linear with concentration,
to have an amino acid analysis system that can repeatedly and it needs to elute with a unique retention time without
identify the peaks based on retention time and integrate overlapping other amino acids. Commonly used amino
the peak areas for quantitation. A typical repeatability acid standards include norleucine, nitrotyrosine, and
evaluation involves preparing a standard amino acid solution α-aminobutyric acid.

90 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.56. Amino acid analysis

PROTEIN HYDROLYSIS technique typically requires only a few minutes, but even a
Hydrolysis of protein and peptide samples is necessary for deviation of one minute may give inadequate results (e.g.,
amino acid analysis of these molecules. The glassware used incomplete hydrolysis or destruction of labile amino acids).
for hydrolysis must be very clean to avoid erroneous results. Complete proteolysis, using a mixture of proteases, has been
Glove powders and fingerprints on hydrolysis tubes may used but can be complicated, requires the proper controls,
cause contamination. To clean glass hydrolysis tubes, boil and is typically more applicable to peptides than proteins.
tubes for 1 h in 1 M hydrochloric acid or soak tubes in During initial analyses of an unknown protein, experiments
concentrated nitric acid or in a mixture of equal volumes with various hydrolysis time and temperature conditions are
of concentrated hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. Clean conducted to determine the optimal conditions.
hydrolysis tubes are rinsed with high-purity water followed METHOD 1
by a rinse with HPLC grade methanol, dried overnight in an Acid hydrolysis using hydrochloric acid containing phenol
oven, and stored covered until use. Alternatively, pyrolysis is the most common procedure used for protein/peptide
of clean glassware at 500 °C for 4 h may also be used to hydrolysis preceding amino acid analysis. The addition of
eliminate contamination from hydrolysis tubes. Adequate phenol to the reaction prevents the halogenation of tyrosine.
disposable laboratory material can also be used.
Hydrolysis solution. 6 M hydrochloric acid containing
Acid hydrolysis is the most common method for hydrolysing 0.1 per cent to 1.0 per cent of phenol.
a protein sample before amino acid analysis. The acid
hydrolysis technique can contribute to the variation of the Procedure
analysis due to complete or partial destruction of several Liquid phase hydrolysis. Place the protein or peptide
amino acids : tryptophan is destroyed ; serine and threonine sample in a hydrolysis tube, and dry (the sample is dried
are partially destroyed ; methionine might undergo oxidation ; so that water in the sample will not dilute the acid used
and cysteine is typically recovered as cystine (but cystine for the hydrolysis). Add 200 µl of hydrolysis solution per
recovery is usually poor because of partial destruction or 500 µg of lyophilised protein. Freeze the sample tube in a
reduction to cysteine). Application of adequate vacuum (less dry ice-acetone bath, and flame seal in vacuo. Samples are
than 200 µm of mercury or 26.7 Pa) or introduction of an typically hydrolysed at 110 °C for 24 h in vacuo or in an inert
inert gas (argon) in the headspace of the reaction vessel atmosphere to prevent oxidation. Longer hydrolysis times
can reduce the level of oxidative destruction. In peptide (e.g., 48 h and 72 h) are investigated if there is a concern
bonds involving isoleucine and valine the amido bonds that the protein is not completely hydrolysed.
of Ile-Ile, Val-Val, Ile-Val, and Val-Ile are partially cleaved ; Vapour phase hydrolysis. This is one of the most
and asparagine and glutamine are deamidated, resulting common acid hydrolysis procedures, and it is preferred for
in aspartic acid and glutamic acid, respectively. The loss microanalysis when only small amounts of the sample are
of tryptophan, asparagine, and glutamine during an acid available. Contamination of the sample from the acid reagent
hydrolysis limits quantitation to 17 amino acids. Some of the is also minimised by using vapour phase hydrolysis. Place
hydrolysis techniques described are used to address these vials containing the dried samples in a vessel that contains
concerns. Some of the hydrolysis techniques described (i.e., an appropriate amount of hydrolysis solution. The hydrolysis
Methods 4-11) may cause modifications to other amino acids. solution does not come in contact with the test sample.
Therefore, the benefits of using a given hydrolysis technique Apply an inert atmosphere or vacuum (less than 200 µm
are weighed against the concerns with the technique and are of mercury or 26.7 Pa) to the headspace of the vessel, and
tested adequately before employing a method other than heat to about 110 °C for a 24 h hydrolysis time. Acid vapour
acid hydrolysis. hydrolyses the dried sample. Any condensation of the acid in
A time-course study (i.e., amino acid analysis at acid the sample vials is to be minimised. After hydrolysis, dry the
hydrolysis times of 24 h, 48 h and 72 h) is often employed test sample in vacuo to remove any residual acid.
to analyse the starting concentration of amino acids that METHOD 2
are partially destroyed or slow to cleave. By plotting Tryptophan oxidation during hydrolysis is decreased by
the observed concentration of labile amino acids (e.g., using mercaptoethanesulfonic acid as the reducing acid.
serine and threonine) versus hydrolysis time, the line can
be extrapolated to the origin to determine the starting Hydrolysis solution. 2.5 M mercaptoethanesulfonic acid
concentration of these amino acids. Time-course hydrolysis solution.
studies are also used with amino acids that are slow to Vapour phase hydrolysis. Dry about 1 µg to 100 µg of the
cleave (e.g., isoleucine and valine). During the hydrolysis protein/peptide under test in a hydrolysis tube. Place the
time course, the analyst will observe a plateau in these hydrolysis tube in a larger tube with about 200 µl of the
residues. The level of this plateau is taken as the residue hydrolysis solution. Seal the larger tube in vacuo (about
concentration. If the hydrolysis time is too long, the residue 50 µm of mercury or 6.7 Pa) to vaporise the hydrolysis
concentration of the sample will begin to decrease, indicating solution. Heat the hydrolysis tube to 170-185 °C for about
destruction by the hydrolysis conditions. 12.5 min. After hydrolysis, dry the hydrolysis tube in vacuo
An acceptable alternative to the time-course study is to for 15 min to remove the residual acid.
subject an amino acid calibration standard to the same METHOD 3
hydrolysis conditions as the test sample. The amino acid Tryptophan oxidation during hydrolysis is prevented by
in free form may not completely represent the rate of using thioglycollic acid (TGA) as the reducing acid.
destruction of labile amino acids within a peptide or
protein during the hydrolysis. This is especially true for Hydrolysis solution. 7 M hydrochloric acid containing 1 per
peptide bonds that are slow to cleave (e.g., Ile-Val bonds). cent of phenol, 10 per cent of trifluoroacetic acid and 20 per
However, this technique will allow the analyst to account cent of thioglycollic acid.
for some residue destruction. Microwave acid hydrolysis Vapour phase hydrolysis. Dry about 10 µg to 50 µg of
has been used and is rapid but requires special equipment the protein/peptide under test in a sample tube. Place
as well as special precautions. The optimal conditions the sample tube in a larger tube with about 200 µl of the
for microwave hydrolysis must be investigated for each hydrolysis solution. Seal the larger tube in vacuo (about
individual protein/peptide sample. The microwave hydrolysis 50 µm of mercury or 6.7 Pa) to vaporise the TGA. Heat the

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 91

2.2.56. Amino acid analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

sample tube to 166 °C for about 15-30 min. After hydrolysis, 50 µm of mercury or 6.7 Pa), and heat at about 100 °C
dry the sample tube in vacuo for 5 min to remove the for 5 min. Then remove the inner hydrolysis tube, and dry
residual acid. Recovery of tryptophan by this method may be it in a vacuum desiccator for 15 min to remove residual
dependent on the amount of sample present. reagents. The pyridylethylated sample can then be acid
METHOD 4 hydrolysed using previously described procedures. The
Cysteine/cystine and methionine oxidation is performed pyridylethylation reaction is performed simultaneously with
with performic acid before the protein hydrolysis. a protein standard sample containing 1-8 mol of cysteine
to evaluate the pyridylethyl-cysteine recovery. Longer
Oxidation solution. Use performic acid freshly prepared by incubation times for the pyridylethylation reaction can cause
mixing 1 volume of hydrogen peroxide solution (30 per cent) modifications to the α-amino terminal group and the -amino
and 9 volumes of anhydrous formic acid and incubating at group of lysine in the protein.
room temperature for 1 h.
METHOD 8
Procedure. Dissolve the protein/peptide sample in 20 µl of
Cysteine/cystine reduction and alkylation is accomplished
anhydrous formic acid and heat at 50 °C for 5 min ; then
by a liquid phase pyridylethylation reaction.
add 100 µl of the oxidation solution. Allow the oxidation
to proceed for 10-30 min. In this reaction, cysteine is Stock solutions. Prepare and filter 3 solutions : 1 M
converted to cysteic acid and methionine is converted to Tris-hydrochloride pH 8.5 containing 4 mM disodium edetate
methionine-sulphone. Remove the excess reagent from the (stock solution A), 8 M guanidine hydrochloride (stock
sample in a vacuum centrifuge. The oxidised protein can solution B), and 10 per cent of 2-mercaptoethanol (stock
then be acid hydrolysed using Method 1 or Method 2. This solution C).
technique may cause modifications to tyrosine residues in Reducing solution. Prepare a mixture of 1 volume of stock
the presence of halides. solution A and 3 volumes of stock solution B to obtain a
METHOD 5 buffered solution of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride in 0.25 M
Cysteine/cystine oxidation is accomplished during the liquid tris-hydrochloride.
phase hydrolysis with sodium azide. Procedure. Dissolve about 10 µg of the test sample in 50 µl
Hydrolysis solution. To 6 M hydrochloric acid containing of the reducing solution, and add about 2.5 µl of stock
0.2 per cent of phenol, add sodium azide to obtain a solution C. Store under nitrogen or argon for 2 h at room
final concentration of 2 g/l. The added phenol prevents temperature in the dark. To achieve the pyridylethylation
halogenation of tyrosine. reaction, add about 2 µl of 4-vinylpyridine to the protein
Liquid phase hydrolysis. Conduct the protein/peptide solution, and incubate for an additional 2 h at room
hydrolysis at about 110 °C for 24 h. During the hydrolysis, temperature in the dark. Desalt the protein/peptide by
the cysteine/cystine present in the sample is converted collecting the protein/peptide fraction from a reversed-phase
to cysteic acid by the sodium azide present in the HPLC separation. The collected sample can be dried in a
hydrolysis solution. This technique allows better tyrosine vacuum centrifuge before acid hydrolysis.
recovery than Method 4, but it is not quantitative for METHOD 9
methionine. Methionine is converted to a mixture of Cysteine/cystine reduction and alkylation is accomplished
the parent methionine and its 2 oxidative products, by a liquid phase carboxymethylation reaction.
methionine-sulphoxide and methionine-sulphone.
Stock solutions. Prepare as directed for Method 8.
METHOD 6
Cysteine/cystine oxidation is accomplished with dimethyl Carboxymethylation solution. Prepare a 100 g/l solution
sulphoxide (DMSO). of iodoacetamide in alcohol.
Hydrolysis solution. To 6 M hydrochloric acid containing Buffer solution. Use the reducing solution, prepared as
0.1 per cent to 1.0 per cent of phenol, add dimethyl described for Method 8.
sulphoxide to obtain a final concentration of 2 per cent V/V. Procedure. Dissolve the test sample in 50 µl of the buffer
Vapour phase hydrolysis. Conduct the protein/peptide solution, and add about 2.5 µl of stock solution C. Store
hydrolysis at about 110 °C for 24 h. During the hydrolysis, under nitrogen or argon for 2 h at room temperature
the cysteine/cystine present in the sample is converted to in the dark. Add the carboxymethylation solution in a
cysteic acid by the DMSO present in the hydrolysis solution. ratio 1.5 fold per total theoretical content of thiols, and
As an approach to limit variability and compensate for partial incubate for an additional 30 min at room temperature in
destruction, it is recommended to evaluate the cysteic acid the dark. If the thiol content of the protein is unknown,
recovery from oxidative hydrolysis of standard proteins then add 5 µl of 100 mM iodoacetamide for every 20 nmol
containing 1-8 mol of cysteine. The response factors from of protein present. The reaction is stopped by adding
protein/peptide hydrolysates are typically about 30 per cent excess of 2-mercaptoethanol. Desalt the protein/peptide by
lower than those for non-hydrolysed cysteic acid standards. collecting the protein/peptide fraction from a reversed-phase
Because histidine, methionine, tyrosine, and tryptophan HPLC separation. The collected sample can be dried
are also modified, a complete compositional analysis is not in a vacuum centrifuge before acid hydrolysis. The
obtained with this technique. S-carboxyamidomethyl-cysteine formed will be converted to
METHOD 7 S-carboxymethyl-cysteine during acid hydrolysis.
Cysteine/cystine reduction and alkylation is accomplished METHOD 10
by a vapour phase pyridylethylation reaction. Cysteine/cystine is reacted with dithiodiglycolic acid or
Reducing solution. Transfer 83.3 µl of pyridine, 16.7 µl of dithiodipropionic acid to produce a mixed disulphide. The
4-vinylpyridine, 16.7 µl of tributylphosphine, and 83.3 µl of choice of dithiodiglycolic acid or dithiodipropionic acid
water to a suitable container and mix. depends on the required resolution of the amino acid
Procedure. Add the protein/peptide (between 1 and 100 µg) analysis method.
to a hydrolysis tube, and place in a larger tube. Transfer the Reducing solution. A 10 g/l solution of dithiodiglycolic acid
reducing solution to the large tube, seal in vacuo (about (or dithiodipropionic acid) in 0.2 M sodium hydroxide.

92 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.56. Amino acid analysis

Procedure. Transfer about 20 µg of the test sample to a reversed-phase HPLC. Pre-column derivatisation techniques
hydrolysis tube, and add 5 µl of the reducing solution. are very sensitive and usually require between 0.5 µg and
Add 10 µl of isopropyl alcohol, and then remove all of the 1.0 µg of protein sample per analysis but may be influenced
sample liquid by vacuum centrifugation. The sample is then by buffer salts in the samples. Pre-column derivatisation
hydrolysed using Method 1. This method has the advantage techniques may also result in multiple derivatives of a given
that other amino acid residues are not derivatised by side amino acid, which complicates the result interpretation.
reactions, and that the sample does not need to be desalted Post-column derivatisation techniques are generally
prior to hydrolysis. influenced less by performance variation of the assay than
METHOD 11 pre-column derivatisation techniques.
Asparagine and glutamine are converted to aspartic acid The following methods may be used for quantitative
and glutamic acid, respectively, during acid hydrolysis. amino acid analysis. Instruments and reagents for these
Asparagine and aspartic acid residues are added and procedures are available commercially. Furthermore, many
represented by Asx, while glutamine and glutamic acid modifications of these methodologies exist with different
residues are added and represented by Glx. Proteins/peptides reagent preparations, reaction procedures, chromatographic
can be reacted with bis(1,1-trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene systems, etc. Specific parameters may vary according to the
(BTI) to convert the asparagine and glutamine residues to exact equipment and procedure used. Many laboratories
diaminopropionic acid and diaminobutyric acid residues, will use more than one amino acid analysis technique to
respectively, upon acid hydrolysis. These conversions allow exploit the advantages offered by each. In each of these
the analyst to determine the asparagine and glutamine methods, the analogue signal is visualised by means of a
content of a protein/peptide in the presence of aspartic acid data acquisition system, and the peak areas are integrated
and glutamic acid residues. for quantification purposes.
Reducing solutions. Prepare and filter 3 solutions : a METHOD 1 - POST-COLUMN NINHYDRIN
solution of 10 mM trifluoroacetic acid (Solution A), a DERIVATISATION
solution of 5 M guanidine hydrochloride and 10 mM Ion-exchange chromatography with post-column ninhydrin
trifluoroacetic acid (Solution B), and a freshly prepared derivatisation is one of the most common methods
solution of dimethylformamide containing 36 mg of BTI per employed for quantitative amino acid analysis. As a rule,
millilitre (Solution C). a lithium-based cation-exchange system is employed for
Procedure. In a clean hydrolysis tube, transfer about 200 µg the analysis of the more complex physiological samples,
of the test sample, and add 2 ml of Solution A or Solution B and the faster sodium-based cation-exchange system is
and 2 ml of Solution C. Seal the hydrolysis tube in vacuo. used for the more simplistic amino acid mixtures obtained
Heat the sample at 60 °C for 4 h in the dark. The sample with protein hydrolysates (typically containing 17 amino
is then dialysed with water to remove the excess reagents. acid components). Separation of the amino acids on an
Extract the dialysed sample 3 times with equal volumes of ion-exchange column is accomplished through a combination
butyl acetate, and then lyophilise. The protein can then be of changes in pH and cation strength. A temperature
acid hydrolysed using previously described procedures. The gradient is often employed to enhance separation.
α,β-diaminopropionic and α,γ-diaminobutyric acid residues When the amino acid reacts with ninhydrin, the reactant has
do not typically resolve from the lysine residues upon a characteristic purple or yellow colour. Amino acids, except
ion-exchange chromatography based on amino acid analysis. imino acid, give a purple colour, and show an absorption
Therefore, when using ion-exchange as the mode of amino maximum at 570 nm. The imino acids such as proline give a
acid separation, the asparagine and glutamine contents are yellow colour, and show an absorption maximum at 440 nm.
the quantitative difference in the aspartic acid and glutamic The post-column reaction between ninhydrin and amino
acid content assayed with underivatised and BTI-derivatised acids eluted from the column is monitored at 440 nm and
acid hydrolysis. The threonine, methionine, cysteine, 570 nm, and the chromatogram obtained is used for the
tyrosine, and histidine assayed content can be altered by determination of amino acid composition.
BTI derivatisation ; a hydrolysis without BTI will have to be
performed if the analyst is interested in the composition of The detection limit is considered to be 10 pmol for most
these other amino acid residues of the protein/peptide. of the amino acid derivatives, but 50 pmol for the proline
derivative. Response linearity is obtained in the range of
20-500 pmol with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.999.
METHODOLOGIES OF AMINO ACID ANALYSIS : GENERAL To obtain good composition data, samples larger than 1 µg
PRINCIPLES before hydrolysis are best suited for this amino acid analysis
Many amino acid analysis techniques exist, and the choice of protein/peptide.
of any one technique often depends on the sensitivity METHOD 2 - POST-COLUMN OPA DERIVATISATION
required from the assay. In general, about one-half of o-Phthalaldehyde (OPA) reacts with primary amines in the
the amino acid analysis techniques employed rely on presence of thiol compound, to form highly fluorescent
the separation of the free amino acids by ion-exchange isoindole products. This reaction is used for the post-column
chromatography followed by post-column derivatisation derivatisation in analysis of amino acids by ion-exchange
(e.g., with ninhydrin or o-phthalaldehyde). Post-column chromatography. The rule of the separation is the same
derivatisation techniques can be used with samples that as Method 1.
contain small amounts of buffer components, (such as
salts and urea) and generally require between 5 µg and Although OPA does not react with secondary amines (imino
10 µg of protein sample per analysis. The remaining amino acids such as proline) to form fluorescent substances, the
acid techniques typically involve pre-column derivatisation oxidation with sodium hypochlorite or chloramine T allows
of the free amino acids (e.g., phenyl isothiocyanate ; secondary amines to react with OPA. The procedure employs
6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate or a strongly acidic cation-exchange column for separation of
o-phthalaldehyde ; (dimethylamino)azobenzenesulphonyl free amino acids followed by post-column oxidation with
chloride ; 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate ; and sodium hypochlorite or chloramine T and post-column
7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole) followed by derivatisation using OPA and a thiol compound such as

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 93

2.2.56. Amino acid analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

N-acetyl-L-cysteine or 2-mercaptoethanol. The derivatisation Peak areas for AQC-amino acids are essentially unchanged
of primary amino acids is not noticeably affected by the for at least 1 week at room temperature. Therefore
continuous supply of sodium hypochlorite or chloramine T. AQC-amino acids have more than sufficient stability to allow
for overnight automated chromatographic analysis.
Separation of the amino acids on an ion-exchange column
is accomplished through a combination of changes in The detection limit is considered to range from about
pH and cation strength. After post-column derivatisation 40 fmol to 320 fmol for each amino acid, except for cystein.
of eluted amino acids with OPA, the reactant passes The detection limit for cystein is approximately 800 fmol.
through the fluorometric detector. Fluorescence intensity Response linearity is obtained in the range of 2.5-200 µM
of OPA-derivatised amino acids are monitored with an with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.999. Good
excitation wavelength of 348 nm and an emission wavelength compositional data can be obtained from the analysis of
of 450 nm. derivatised protein hydrolysates derived from as little as
30 ng of protein/peptide.
The detection limit is considered to be a few tens of picomole METHOD 5 - PRE-COLUMN OPA DERIVATISATION
level for most of the OPA-derivatised amino acids. Response Pre-column derivatisation of amino acids with
linearity is obtained in the range of a few picomole level to o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) followed by reversed-phase
a few tens of nanomole level. To obtain good compositional HPLC separation with fluorometric detection is used.
data, samples larger than 500 ng of protein/peptide before This technique does not detect amino acids that exist as
hydrolysis are recommended. secondary amines (e.g., proline).
METHOD 3 - PRE-COLUMN PITC DERIVATISATION OPA in conjunction with a thiol reagent reacts with primary
Phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) reacts with amino acids to form amine groups to form highly fluorescent isoindole products.
phenylthiocarbamyl (PTC) derivatives which can be detected 2-Mercaptoethanol or 3-mercaptopropionic acid can be used
with high sensitivity at 254 nm. Therefore, pre-column as the thiol. OPA itself does not fluoresce and consequently
derivatisation of amino acids with PITC followed by a produces no interfering peaks. In addition, its solubility
reversed-phase HPLC separation with UV detection is used and stability in aqueous solution, along with the rapid
to analyse the amino acid composition. kinetics for the reaction, make it amenable to automated
derivatisation and analysis using an autosampler to mix the
After the reagent is removed under vacuum, the derivatised sample with the reagent. However, lack of reactivity with
amino acids can be stored dry and frozen for several weeks secondary amino acids has been a predominant drawback.
with no significant degradation. If the solution for injection This method does not detect amino acids that exist as
is kept cold, no noticeable loss in chromatographic response secondary amines (e.g., proline). To compensate for this
occurs after 3 days. drawback, this technique may be combined with another
Separation of the PTC-amino acids on a reversed-phase technique described in Method 7 or Method 8.
HPLC with an octadecylsilyl (ODS) column is accomplished Pre-column derivatisation of amino acids with OPA is
through a combination of changes in concentrations of followed by a reversed-phase HPLC separation. Because
acetonitrile and buffer ionic strength. PTC-amino acids of the instability of the OPA-amino acid derivative, HPLC
eluted from the column are monitored at 254 nm. separation and analysis are performed immediately following
derivatisation. The liquid chromatograph is equipped with a
The detection limit is considered to be 1 pmol for most fluorometric detector for the detection of derivatised amino
of the PTC-amino acids. Response linearity is obtained acids. Fluorescence intensity of OPA-derivatised amino acids
in the range of 20-500 pmol with correlation coefficients is monitored with an excitation wavelength of 348 nm and
exceeding 0.999. To obtain good compositional data, an emission wavelength of 450 nm.
samples larger than 500 ng of protein/peptide before
hydrolysis are recommended. Detection limits as low as 50 fmol via fluorescence have been
reported, although the practical limit of analysis remains
METHOD 4 - PRE-COLUMN AQC DERIVITISATION at 1 pmol.
Pre-column derivatisation of amino acids with METHOD 6 - PRE-COLUMN DABS-Cl DERIVATISATION
6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate
(AQC) followed by reversed-phase HPLC separation with Pre-column derivatisation of amino acids with
fluorometric detection is used. (dimethylamino)azobenzenesulphonyl chloride (DABS-Cl)
followed by reversed-phase HPLC separation with visible
AQC reacts with amino acids to form stable, fluorescent light detection is used.
unsymmetric urea derivatives (AQC-amino acids) which DABS-Cl is a chromophoric reagent employed for the
are readily amenable to analysis by reversed-phase HPLC. labelling of amino acids. Amino acids labelled with DABS-Cl
Therefore, pre-column derivatisation of amino acids with (DABS-amino acids) are highly stable and show an absorption
AQC followed by reversed-phase HPLC separation with maximum at 436 nm.
fluorimetric detection is used to analyse the amino acid DABS-amino acids, all naturally occurring amino acid
composition. derivatives, can be separated on an ODS column of a
Separation of the AQC-amino acids on a reversed-phase reversed-phase HPLC by employing gradient systems
HPLC with an ODS column is accomplished through a consisting of acetonitrile and aqueous buffer mixture.
combination of changes in concentrations of acetonitrile and Separated DABS-amino acids eluted from the column are
buffer ionic strengh. Selective fluorescence detection of the detected at 436 nm in the visible region.
derivatives with an excitation wavelength at 250 nm and an This method can analyse the imino acids such as proline
emission wavelength at 395 nm allows for the direct injection together with the amino acids at the same degree of
of the reaction mixture with no significant interference sensitivity, DABS-Cl derivatisation method permits the
from the only major fluorescent reagent by-product, simultaneous quantification of tryptophan residues
6-aminoquinoline. Excess reagent is rapidly hydrolysed by previous hydrolysis of the protein/peptide with
(t1/2<15 s) to yield 6-aminoquinoline, N-hydroxysuccinimide sulphonic acids such as mercaptoethanesulphonic acid,
and carbon dioxide, and after 1 min no further derivatisation p-toluenesulphonic acid or methanesulphonic acid
can take place. described in Method 2 under Protein hydrolysis. The other

94 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.56. Amino acid analysis

acid-labile residues, asparagine and glutamine, can also be DATA CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS
analysed by previous conversion into diaminopropionic When determining the amino acid content of a
acid and diaminobutyric acid, respectively, by treatment of protein/peptide hydrolysate, it should be noted that the acid
protein/peptide with BTI described in Method 11 under hydrolysis step destroys tryptophan and cysteine. Serine and
Protein hydrolysis. threonine are partially destroyed by acid hydrolysis, while
The non-proteinogenic amino acid norleucine cannot be used isoleucine and valine residues may be only partially cleaved.
as an internal standard in this method as this compound Methionine can undergo oxidation during acid hydrolysis,
is eluted in a chromatographic region crowded with peaks and some amino acids (e.g., glycine and serine) are common
of primary amino acids. Nitrotyrosine can be used as an contaminants. Application of adequate vacuum (less than
internal standard because it is eluted in a clean region. 200 µm of mercury or 26.7 Pa) or introduction of inert
gas (argon) in the headspace of the reaction vessel during
The detection limit of DABS-amino acid is about 1 pmol. As vapour phase hydrolysis can reduce the level of oxidative
little as 2-5 pmol of an individual DABS-amino acid can be destruction. Therefore, the quantitative results obtained
quantitatively analysed with reliability, and only 10-30 ng for cysteine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, valine,
of the dabsylated protein hydrolysate is required for each methionine, glycine, and serine from a protein/peptide
analysis. hydrolysate may be variable and may warrant further
METHOD 7 - PRE-COLUMN FMOC-Cl DERIVATISATION investigation and consideration.
Pre-column derivatisation of amino acids with Amino Acid Mole Percent. This is the number of specific
9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) followed by amino acid residues per 100 residues in a protein. This result
reversed-phase HPLC separation with fluorometric detection may be useful for evaluating amino acid analysis data when
is used. the molecular mass of the protein under investigation is
unknown. This information can be used to corroborate the
FMOC-Cl reacts with both primary and secondary amino
identity of a protein/peptide and has other applications.
acids to form highly fluorescent products. The reaction
Carefully identify and integrate the peaks obtained as
proceeds under mild conditions in aqueous solution and
directed for each procedure. Calculate the mole percent for
is completed in 30 s. The derivatives are stable, only the
each amino acid present in the test sample using the formula :
histidine derivative showing any breakdown. Although
FMOC-Cl is fluorescent itself, the reagent excess and
fluorescent side-products can be eliminated without loss of
FMOC-amino acids.
in which rU is the peak response, in nanomoles, of the amino
FMOC-amino acids are separated by a reversed-phase HPLC acid under test ; and r is the sum of peak responses, in
using an ODS column. The separation is carried out by nanomoles, for all amino acids present in the test sample.
gradient elution varied linearly from a mixture of 10 volumes Comparison of the mole percent of the amino acids under
of acetonitrile, 40 volumes of methanol and 50 volumes of test to data from known proteins can help establish or
acetic acid buffer to a mixture of 50 volumes of acetonitrile corroborate the identity of the sample protein.
and 50 volumes of acetic acid buffer and 20 amino acid
derivatives are separated in 20 min. Each derivative eluted Unknown Protein Samples. This data analysis technique
from the column is monitored by a fluorometric detector can be used to estimate the protein concentration of an
set at an excitation wavelength of 260 nm and an emission unknown protein sample using the amino acid analysis data.
wavelength of 313 nm. Calculate the mass, in micrograms, of each recovered amino
acid using the formula :
The detection limit is in the low femtomole range. A linearity
range of 0.1-50 µM is obtained for most of the amino acids.
METHOD 8 - PRE-COLUMN NBD-F DERIVATISATION
Pre-column derivatisation of amino acids with in which m is the recovered quantity, in nanomoles, of the
7-fluoro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-F) followed by amino acid under test ; and Mr is the average molecular mass
reversed-phase HPLC separation with fluorometric detection for that amino acid, corrected for the mass of the water
is used. molecule that was eliminated during peptide bond formation.
The sum of the masses of the recovered amino acids will give
NBD-F reacts with both primary and secondary amino an estimate of the total mass of the protein analysed after
acids to form highly fluorescent products. Amino acids are appropriate correction for partially and completely destroyed
derivatised with NBD-F by heating to 60 °C for 5 min. amino acids. If the molecular mass of the unknown protein is
NBD-amino acid derivatives are separated on an ODS available (i.e., by SDS-PAGE analysis or mass spectroscopy),
column of a reversed-phase HPLC by employing a gradient the amino acid composition of the unknown protein can be
elution system consisting of acetonitrile and aqueous buffer predicted. Calculate the number of residues of each amino
mixture, and 17 amino acid derivatives are separated in acid using the formula :
35 min. -Aminocaproic acid can be used as an internal
standard, because it is eluted in a clean chromatographic
region. Each derivative eluted from the column is monitored
by a fluorometric detector set at an excitation wavelength of
480 nm and an emission wavelength of 530 nm. in which m is the recovered quantity, in nanomoles, of the
The sensitivity of this method is almost the same as for amino acid under test ; M is the total mass, in micrograms, of
the pre-column OPA derivatisation method (Method 5), the protein ; and Mrt is the molecular mass of the unknown
excluding proline to which OPA is not reactive, and might be protein.
advantageous for NBD-F against OPA. The detection limit Known protein samples. This data analysis technique can be
for each amino acid is about 10 fmol. Profile analysis can be used to investigate the amino acid composition and protein
achieved with about 1.5 mg of protein hydrolysates in the concentration of a protein sample of known molecular mass
pre-column reaction mixture. and amino acid composition using the amino acid analysis

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 95

2.2.57. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

data. When the composition of the protein being analysed The plasma is formed by a tangential stream of support gas
is known, one can exploit the fact that some amino acids through a ‘torch’, i.e. a system consisting of 3 concentric
are recovered well, while other amino acid recoveries may quartz tubes. A metal coil (the load coil) surrounds the top
be compromised because of complete or partial destruction end of the torch and is connected to a radio-frequency (RF)
(e.g., tryptophan, cysteine, threonine, serine, methionine), generator. Power (usually 700-1500 W) is applied through
incomplete bond cleavage (i.e., for isoleucine and valine) and the coil and an oscillating magnetic field corresponding
free amino acid contamination (i.e., by glycine and serine). to the frequency of the generator (in most cases 27 MHz,
Because those amino acids that are recovered best represent 40 MHz) is formed. The plasma forms when the support
the protein, these amino acids are chosen to quantify the gas is made conductive by exposing it to an electric
amount of protein. Well-recovered amino acids are, typically, discharge, which produces seed electrons and ions. Inside
aspartate-asparagine, glutamate-glutamine, alanine, leucine, the induced magnetic field, the charged particles (electrons
phenylalanine, lysine, and arginine. This list can be modified and ions) are forced to flow in a closed annular path. As
based on experience with one’s own analysis system. Divide they meet resistance to their flow, heating takes place
the quantity, in nanomoles, of each of the well-recovered producing additional ionisation. The process occurs almost
amino acids by the expected number of residues for that instantaneously, and the plasma expands to its full strength
amino acid to obtain the protein content based on each and dimensions. The radio-frequency oscillation of the
well-recovered amino acid. Average the protein content power applied through the coil causes radio-frequency
results calculated. The protein content determined for electric and magnetic fields to be set up in the area at the
each of the well-recovered amino acids should be evenly top of the torch. When a spark (produced by a Tesla tube
distributed about the mean. Discard protein content values or some other seeding device) is applied to the support gas
for those amino acids that have an unacceptable deviation flowing through the torch, some electrons are stripped from
from the mean. Typically greater than 5 per cent variation the support gas atoms. These electrons are then caught
from the mean is considered unacceptable. Recalculate the up in the magnetic field and accelerated. Adding energy
mean protein content from the remaining values to obtain to the electrons by the use of a coil is known as inductive
the protein content of the sample. Divide the content of coupling. These high-energy electrons in turn collide with
each amino acid by the calculated mean protein content other support-gas atoms, stripping off still more electrons.
to determine the amino acid composition of the sample by The collisional ionisation of the support gas continues in a
analysis. chain reaction, breaking down the gas into a physical plasma
consisting of support-gas atoms, electrons and support-gas
Calculate the relative compositional error, in percentage, ions. The plasma is then sustained within the torch and load
using the formula : coil as radio-frequency energy is continually transferred to it
through the inductive coupling process.
The ICP appears as an intense, very bright, plume-shaped
plasma. At the base the plasma is toroidal, and this is
in which m is the experimentally determined quantity, in referred to as the induction region (IR), i.e. the region in
nanomoles per amino acid residue, of the amino acid under which the inductive energy transfer from the load coil to the
test ; and mS is the known residue value for that amino acid. plasma takes place. The sample is introduced through the
The average relative compositional error is the average of induction region into the centre of the plasma.
the absolute values of the relative compositional errors of
the individual amino acids, typically excluding tryptophan APPARATUS
and cysteine from this calculation. The average relative
The apparatus consists essentially of the following elements :
compositional error can provide important information on
— sample-introduction system consisting of a peristaltic
the stability of analysis run over time. The agreement in the
amino acid composition between the protein sample and the pump delivering the solution at constant flow rate into
known composition can be used to corroborate the identity a nebuliser ;
and purity of the protein in the sample. — radio-frequency (RF) generator ;
— plasma torch ;
— transfer optics focussing the image of the plasma at the
01/2008:20257 entrance slit of the spectrometer ; radial viewing is better
for difficult matrices (alkalis, organics), whereas axial
viewing gives more intensity and better detection limits in
2.2.57. INDUCTIVELY COUPLED simple matrices ;
PLASMA-ATOMIC EMISSION — wavelength dispersive devices consisting of diffraction
SPECTROMETRY gratings, prisms, filters or interferometers ;
— detectors converting radiant energy into electrical energy ;
GENERAL PRINCIPLE
— data-acquisition unit.
Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry
(ICP-AES) is an atomic emission spectrometry method that INTERFERENCE
uses an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) as the excitation Interference is anything that causes the signal from an
source. analyte in a sample to be different from the signal for the
An ICP is a highly ionised inert gas (usually argon) with same concentration of that analyte in a calibration solution.
equal numbers of electrons and ions sustained by a The well-known chemical interference that is encountered
radio-frequency (RF) field. The high temperature reached in flame atomic absorption spectrometry is usually weak in
in the plasma successively desolvates, vaporises, excites ICP-AES. In rare cases where interference occurs, it may
- atomic emission spectrometry (AES) detection - and be necessary to increase the RF power or to reduce the
ionises - mass spectrometry (MS) detection - atoms from inner support-gas flow to eliminate it. The interference in
the sample. Detection limits are, generally, in the lower ICP-AES can be of spectral origin or even the result of high
nanogram (ICP-MS) to microgram (ICP-AES) per litre range. concentrations of certain elements or matrix compounds.

96 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.57. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry

Physical interference (due to differences in viscosity and In the case of organic solvents being used, the introduction
surface tension of the sample and calibration standards) can of oxygen must be considered to avoid organic layers.
be minimised by dilution of the sample, matrix matching, use CHOICE OF OPERATING CONDITIONS
of internal standards or through application of the method
The standard operating conditions prescribed by the
of standard additions.
manufacturer are to be followed. Usually, different sets of
Another type of interference occasionally encountered in operating conditions are used for aqueous solutions and for
ICP-AES is the so-called ‘easily ionised elements (EIEs) organic solvents. Suitable operating parameters are to be
effect’. The EIEs are those elements that are ionised much properly chosen :
more easily, for example alkaline metals and alkaline earths. — wavelength selection ;
In samples that contain high concentrations of EIEs (more
than 0.1 per cent), suppression or enhancement of emission — support-gas flow rates (outer, intermediate and inner
signals is likely to occur. tubes of the torch) ;
— RF power ;
Spectral interference. This may be due to other lines or
shifts in background intensity. These lines may correspond — viewing position (radial or axial) ;
to argon (observed above 300 nm), OH bands due to the — pump speed ;
decomposition of water (at about 300 nm), NO bands — conditions for the detector (gain/voltage for
due to the interaction of the plasma with the ambient air photomultiplier tube detectors, others for array
(between 200 nm and 300 nm), and other elements in the detectors) ;
sample, especially those present at high concentrations.
The interference falls into 4 different categories : simple — integration time (time set to measure the emission
background shift, sloping background shift, direct spectral intensity at each wavelength).
overlap, and complex background shift. CONTROL OF INSTRUMENT PERFORMANCE
Absorption interference. This arises when part of the System suitability
emission from an analyte is absorbed before it reaches
the detector. This effect is observed particularly when the The following tests may be carried out with a multi-element
concentration of a strongly emitting element is so high that control solution to ensure the adequate performance of the
the atoms or ions of that element that are in the lower ICP-AES system :
energy state of transition absorb significant amounts of the — energy transfer (generator, torch, plasma) ; measurement
radiation emitted by the relevant excited species. This effect, of the ratio Mg II (280.270 nm)/Mg I (285.213 nm) may
known as self-absorption, determines the upper end of the be used ;
linear working range for a given emission line. — sample transfer, by checking nebuliser efficiency and
Multicomponent spectral fitting. Multiple emission-line stability ;
determinations are commonly used to overcome problems — resolution (optical system), by measuring peak widths
with spectral interferences. A better, more accurate at half height, for example As (189.042 nm), Mn
method for performing spectral interference corrections is (257.610 nm), Cu (324.754 nm) or Ba (455.403 nm) ;
to use the information obtained with advanced detector
— analytical performance, by calculating detection limits of
systems through multicomponent spectral fitting. This
selected elements over the wavelength range.
quantifies not only the interference, but also the background
contribution from the matrix, thereby creating a correction VALIDATION OF THE METHOD
formula. Multicomponent spectral fitting utilises a multiple
linear-squares model based on the analysis of pure analyte, Satisfactory performance of methods prescribed in
the matrix and the blank, creating an interference-corrected monographs is verified at suitable time intervals.
mathematical model. This permits the determination of LINEARITY
the analyte emission in a complex matrix with improved Prepare and analyse not fewer than 4 reference solutions
detection limits and accuracy. over the calibration range plus a blank. Perform not fewer
than 5 replicates.
PROCEDURE The calibration curve is calculated by least-square regression
SAMPLE PREPARATION AND SAMPLE INTRODUCTION from all measured data of the calibration test. The regression
The basic goal for the sample preparation is to ensure that curve, the means, the measured data and the confidence
the analyte concentration falls within the working range of interval of the calibration curve are plotted. The operating
the instrument through dilution or preconcentration, and method is valid when :
that the sample-containing solution can be nebulised in a — the correlation coefficient is at least 0.99 ;
reproducible manner. — the residuals of each calibration level are randomly
Several sample-introduction systems tolerate high acid distributed around the calibration curve.
concentrations, but the use of sulphuric and phosphoric Calculate the mean and relative standard deviation for the
acids can contribute to background emission observed in lowest and for the highest calibration level.
the ICP spectra. Therefore, nitric and hydrochloric acids are
preferable. The availability of hydrofluoric acid-resistant When the ratio of the estimated standard deviations of the
(for example perfluoroalkoxy polymer) sample-introduction lowest and the highest calibration level is less than 0.5 or
systems and torches also allows the use of hydrofluoric acid. greater than 2.0, a more precise estimation of the calibration
In selecting a sample-introduction method, the requirements curve may be obtained using weighted linear regression.
for sensitivity, stability, speed, sample size, corrosion Both linear and quadratic weighting functions are applied
resistance and resistance to clogging have to be considered. to the data to find the most appropriate weighting function
The use of a cross-flow nebuliser combined with a spray to be employed.
chamber and torch is suitable for most requirements. The If the means compared to the calibration curve show a
peristaltic pumps used for ICP-AES usually deliver the deviation from linearity, two-dimensional linear regression
standard and sample solutions at a rate of 1 ml/min or less. is used.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 97

2.2.58. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

ACCURACY INTERFERENCE
Verify the accuracy preferably by using a certified reference Mass interference is the major problem, for example by
material (CRM). Where this is not possible, perform a test isobaric species that significantly overlap the mass signal of
for recovery. the ions of interest, especially in the central part of the mass
Recovery. For assay determinations a recovery of 90 per range (for example 40-80 a.m.u.). The combination of atomic
cent to 110 per cent is to be obtained. The test is not valid ions leads to polyatomic or molecular interferences (i.e.
40
if recovery, for example for trace-element determination, Ar16O with 56Fe or 40Ar40Ar with 80Se). Matrix interference
is outside of the range 80 per cent to 120 per cent of the may also occur with some analytes. Some samples have
theoretical value. Recovery may be determined on a suitable an impact on droplet formation or on the ionisation
reference solution (matrix solution) spiked with a known temperature in the plasma. These phenomena may lead to
quantity of analyte (concentration range that is relevant to the suppression of analyte signals. Physical interference
the samples to be determined). is to be circumvented by using the method of internal
standardisation or by standard addition. The element used
REPEATABILITY as internal standard depends on the element to be measured :
The repeatability is not greater than 3 per cent for an assay 59
Co and 115In, for example, can be used as internal standards.
and not greater than 5 per cent for an impurity test.
The prime characteristic of an ICP-MS instrument is its
LIMIT OF QUANTIFICATION resolution, i.e. the efficiency of separation of 2 close masses.
Verify that the limit of quantification (for example, Quadrupole instruments are, from this point of view, inferior
determined using the 10 σ approach) is below the value to to magnetic-sector spectrometers.
be measured.
PROCEDURE
SAMPLE PREPARATIONS AND SAMPLE INTRODUCTION
01/2008:20258 The sample preparation usually involves a step of digestion
of the matrix by a suitable method, for example in a
microwave oven. Furthermore, it is important to ensure that
2.2.58. INDUCTIVELY COUPLED the analyte concentration falls within the working range of
PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY the instrument through dilution or preconcentration, and
that the sample-containing solution can be nebulised in a
reproducible manner.
Several sample-introduction systems tolerate high acid
Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a concentrations, but the use of sulphuric and phosphoric
mass spectrometry method that uses an inductively coupled acids can contribute to background emission. Therefore,
plasma (ICP) as the ionisation source. The basic principles of nitric and hydrochloric acids are preferable. The availability
ICP formation are described in chapter 2.2.57 on inductively of hydrofluoric acid-resistant (for example perfluoroalkoxy
coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). polymer) sample-introduction systems and torches
ICP-MS utilises the ability of the ICP to generate charged also allows the use of hydrofluoric acid. In selecting a
ions from the element species within a sample. These ions sample-introduction method, the requirements for sensitivity,
are then directed into a mass spectrometer, which separates stability, speed, sample size, corrosion resistance and
them according to their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Most resistance to clogging have to be considered. The use of a
mass spectrometers have a quadrupole system or a magnetic cross-flow nebuliser combined with a spray chamber and
sector. Ions are transported from the plasma through 2 cones torch is suitable for most requirements. The peristaltic
(sampler and skimmer cones, forming the interface region) pumps usually deliver the standard and sample solutions
to the ion optics. The ion optics consist of an electrostatic at a rate of 20-1000 µl/min.
lens, which takes ions from an area at atmospheric pressure In the case of organic solvents being used, the introduction
to the mass filter at a vacuum of 10-8 Pa or less, maintained of oxygen must be considered to avoid organic layers.
with a turbomolecular pump. After their filtration, ions of
the selected mass/charge ratio are directed to a detector CHOICE OF OPERATING CONDITIONS
(channel electromultiplier, Faraday cup, dynodes), where ion The standard operating conditions prescribed by the
currents are converted into electrical signals. The element manufacturer are to be followed. Usually, different sets of
is quantified according to the number of ions arriving and operating conditions are used for aqueous solutions and for
generating electrical pulses per unit time. organic solvents. Suitable operating parameters are to be
properly chosen :
The sample-introduction system and data-handling
techniques of an ICP-AES system are also used in ICP-MS. — selection of cones (material of sampler and skimmer) ;
— support-gas flow rates (outer, intermediate and inner
APPARATUS tubes of the torch) ;
The apparatus consists essentially of the following elements : — RF power ;
— sample-introduction system, consisting of a peristaltic — pump speed ;
pump delivering the solution at constant flow rate into
a nebuliser ; — selection of one or more isotopes of the element to be
measured (mass).
— radio-frequency (RF) generator ;
— plasma torch ; ISOTOPE SELECTION
— interface region including cones to transport ions to the Isotope selection is made using several criteria. The most
ion optics ; abundant isotope for a given element is selected to obtain
— mass spectrometer ; maximum sensitivity. Furthermore, an isotope with the least
interference from other species in the sample matrix and
— detector ; from the support gas should be selected. Information about
— data-acquisition unit. isobaric interferences and interferences from polyatomic ions

98 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.2.58. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

of various types, for example hydrides, oxides, chlorides, etc., The calibration curve is calculated by least-square regression
is usually available in the software of ICP-MS instrument from all measured data of the calibration test. The regression
manufacturers. curve, the means, the measured data and the confidence
interval of the calibration curve are plotted. The operating
CONTROL OF INSTRUMENT PERFORMANCE method is valid when :
System suitability — the correlation coefficient is at least 0.99 ;
— Tuning of the instrument allows to monitor and adjust — the residuals of each calibration level are randomly
the measurement before running samples. ICP-MS mass distributed around the calibration curve.
accuracy is checked with a tuning solution containing Calculate the mean and relative standard deviation for the
several isotopes covering the whole range of masses, for lowest and for the highest calibration level.
example 9Be, 59Co, 89Y, 115In, 140Ce and 209Bi. When the ratio of the estimated standard deviations of the
— Sensitivity and short- and long-term stability are recorded. lowest and the highest calibration level is less than 0.5 or
The instrument parameters (plasma condition, ion lenses greater than 2.0, a more precise estimation of the calibration
and quadrupole parameter) are to be optimised to obtain curve may be obtained using weighted linear regression.
the highest possible number of counts. Both linear and quadratic weighting functions are applied
— Tuning for resolution and mass axis is to be done with a to the data to find the most appropriate weighting function
solution of Li, Y and Tl to ensure an acceptable response to be employed.
over a wide range of masses. If the means compared to the calibration curve show a
— Evaluation of the efficiency of the plasma to decompose deviation from linearity, two-dimensional linear regression
oxides has to be performed in order to minimise these is used.
interferences. The ratio Ce/CeO and/or Ba/BaO is a ACCURACY
good indicator, and a level less than about 3 per cent is Verify the accuracy preferably by using a certified reference
required. material (CRM). Where this is not possible, perform a test
— Reduction of the formation of double-charged ions for recovery.
is made with Ba and Ce. The ratio of the signal for Recovery. For assay determinations a recovery of 90 per
double-charged ions to the assigned element should be cent to 110 per cent is to be obtained. The test is not valid
less than 2 per cent. if recovery, for example for trace-element determination,
— Long-term stability is checked by running a standard is outside the range 80 per cent to 120 per cent of the
first and at the end of the sample sequence, controlling theoretical value. Recovery may be determined on a suitable
whether salt deposits on the cones have reduced the reference solution (matrix solution) spiked with a known
signal throughout the run. quantity of analyte (concentration range that is relevant to
the samples to be determined).
VALIDATION OF THE METHOD REPEATABILITY
Satisfactory performance of methods prescribed in The repeatability is not greater than 3 per cent for an assay
monographs is verified at suitable time intervals. and not greater than 5 per cent for an impurity test.
LINEARITY LIMIT OF QUANTIFICATION
Prepare and analyse not fewer than 4 reference solutions Verify that the limit of quantification (for example,
over the calibration range plus a blank. Perform not fewer determined using the 10 σ approach) is below the value to
than 5 replicates. be measured.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 99

 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

100 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

2.3. IDENTIFICATION
2.3. Identification....................................................................... 103 2.3.3. Identification of phenothiazines by thin-layer
2.3.1. Identification reactions of ions and functional chromatography.. ..................................................................... 107
groups.. ...................................................................................... 103 2.3.4. Odour.. .............................................................................. 107
2.3.2. Identification of fatty oils by thin-layer
chromatography.. ..................................................................... 106

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 101
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

102 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.3.1. Identification reactions of ions and functional groups

2.3. IDENTIFICATION solution R. The colour of the indicator changes to yellow.

On addition of 1 ml of a freshly prepared 100 g/l solution of
sodium cobaltinitrite R a yellow precipitate is formed.
01/2008:20301 AMMONIUM SALTS AND SALTS OF VOLATILE BASES
Dissolve about 20 mg of the substance to be examined in
2.3.1. IDENTIFICATION REACTIONS 2 ml of water R or use 2 ml of the prescribed solution. Add
OF IONS AND FUNCTIONAL GROUPS 2 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution R. On heating, the
solution gives off vapour that can be identified by its odour
ACETATES and by its alkaline reaction (2.2.4).
a) Heat the substance to be examined with an equal quantity
of oxalic acid R. Acid vapours with the characteristic odour ANTIMONY
of acetic acid are liberated, showing an acid reaction (2.2.4). Dissolve with gentle heating about 10 mg of the substance
b) Dissolve about 30 mg of the substance to be examined in to be examined in a solution of 0.5 g of sodium potassium
3 ml of water R or use 3 ml of the prescribed solution. Add tartrate R in 10 ml of water R and allow to cool : to 2 ml
successively 0.25 ml of lanthanum nitrate solution R, 0.1 ml of this solution, or to 2 ml of the prescribed solution,
of 0.05 M iodine and 0.05 ml of dilute ammonia R2. Heat add sodium sulphide solution R dropwise ; an orange-red
carefully to boiling. Within a few minutes a blue precipitate precipitate is formed which dissolves on addition of dilute
is formed or a dark blue colour develops. sodium hydroxide solution R.

ACETYL ARSENIC
In a test-tube about 180 mm long and 18 mm in external Heat 5 ml of the prescribed solution on a water-bath with
diameter, place about 15 mg of the substance to be examined, an equal volume of hypophosphorous reagent R. A brown
or the prescribed quantity, and 0.15 ml of phosphoric precipitate is formed.
acid R. Close the tube with a stopper through which passes BARBITURATES, NON-NITROGEN SUBSTITUTED
a small test-tube about 100 mm long and 10 mm in external
diameter containing water R to act as a condenser. On the Dissolve about 5 mg of the substance to be examined in 3 ml
outside of the smaller tube, hang a drop of lanthanum of methanol R, add 0.1 ml of a solution containing 100 g/l
nitrate solution R. Except for substances hydrolysable only of cobalt nitrate R and 100 g/l of calcium chloride R. Mix
with difficulty, place the apparatus in a water-bath for 5 min, and add, with shaking, 0.1 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide
then take out the smaller tube. Remove the drop and mix solution R. A violet-blue colour and precipitate are formed.
it with 0.05 ml of 0.01 M iodine on a tile. Add at the edge BENZOATES
0.05 ml of dilute ammonia R2. After 1 min to 2 min, a blue
a) To 1 ml of the prescribed solution add 0.5 ml of ferric
colour develops at the junction of the two drops ; the colour
chloride solution R1. A dull-yellow precipitate, soluble in
intensifies and persists for a short time.
ether R, is formed.
For substances hydrolysable only with difficulty heat the
b) Place 0.2 g of the substance to be examined, treated if
mixture slowly to boiling over an open flame and then
necessary as prescribed, in a test-tube. Moisten with 0.2 ml
proceed as prescribed above.
to 0.3 ml of sulphuric acid R. Gently warm the bottom of the
ALKALOIDS tube. A white sublimate is deposited on the inner wall of
the tube.
Dissolve a few milligrams of the substance to be examined,
or the prescribed quantity, in 5 ml of water R, add dilute c) Dissolve 0.5 g of the substance to be examined in 10 ml
hydrochloric acid R until an acid reaction occurs (2.2.4), of water R or use 10 ml of the prescribed solution. Add
then 1 ml of potassium iodobismuthate solution R. An 0.5 ml of hydrochloric acid R. The precipitate obtained,
orange or orange-red precipitate is formed immediately. after crystallisation from warm water R and drying in vacuo,
has a melting point (2.2.14) of 120 °C to 124 °C.
ALUMINIUM
BISMUTH
Dissolve about 15 mg of the substance to be examined in
2 ml of water R or use 2 ml of the prescribed solution. Add a) To 0.5 g of the substance to be examined add 10 ml of
about 0.5 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R and about 0.5 ml dilute hydrochloric acid R or use 10 ml of the prescribed
of thioacetamide reagent R. No precipitate is formed. Add solution. Heat to boiling for 1 min. Cool and filter if
dropwise dilute sodium hydroxide solution R. A gelatinous necessary. To 1 ml of the solution obtained add 20 ml of
white precipitate is formed which dissolves on further water R. A white or slightly yellow precipitate is formed
addition of dilute sodium hydroxide solution R. Gradually which on addition of 0.05 ml to 0.1 ml of sodium sulphide
add ammonium chloride solution R. The gelatinous white solution R turns brown.
precipitate is re-formed. b) To about 45 mg of the substance to be examined add
10 ml of dilute nitric acid R or use 10 ml of the prescribed
AMINES, PRIMARY AROMATIC solution. Boil for 1 min. Allow to cool and filter if necessary.
Acidify the prescribed solution with dilute hydrochloric To 5 ml of the solution obtained add 2 ml of a 100 g/l
acid R and add 0.2 ml of sodium nitrite solution R. After solution of thiourea R. A yellowish-orange colour or an
1 min to 2 min, add 1 ml of β-naphthol solution R. An orange precipitate is formed. Add 4 ml of a 25 g/l solution
intense orange or red colour and usually a precipitate of the of sodium fluoride R. The solution is not decolorised within
same colour are produced. 30 min.
AMMONIUM SALTS BROMIDES
To the prescribed solution add 0.2 g of magnesium oxide R. a) Dissolve in 2 ml of water R a quantity of the substance
Pass a current of air through the mixture and direct the to be examined equivalent to about 3 mg of bromide (Br–)
gas that escapes just beneath the surface of a mixture of or use 2 ml of the prescribed solution. Acidify with dilute
1 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and 0.05 ml of methyl red nitric acid R and add 0.4 ml of silver nitrate solution R1.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 103
2.3.1. Identification reactions of ions and functional groups EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Shake and allow to stand. A curdled, pale yellow precipitate over the opening of the test-tube. The paper turns violet-red.
is formed. Centrifuge and wash the precipitate with three The impregnated paper must not come into contact with the
quantities, each of 1 ml, of water R. Carry out this operation potassium dichromate.
rapidly in subdued light disregarding the fact that the
supernatant solution may not become perfectly clear. CITRATES
Suspend the precipitate obtained in 2 ml of water R and Dissolve in 5 ml of water R a quantity of the substance to be
add 1.5 ml of ammonia R. The precipitate dissolves with examined equivalent to about 50 mg of citric acid or use 5 ml
difficulty. of the prescribed solution. Add 0.5 ml of sulphuric acid R
b) Introduce into a small test-tube a quantity of the substance and 1 ml of potassium permanganate solution R. Warm
to be examined equivalent to about 5 mg of bromide (Br–) or until the colour of the permanganate is discharged. Add
the prescribed quantity. Add 0.25 ml of water R, about 75 mg 0.5 ml of a 100 g/l solution of sodium nitroprusside R in
of lead dioxide R, 0.25 ml of acetic acid R and shake gently. dilute sulphuric acid R and 4 g of sulphamic acid R. Make
Dry the inside of the upper part of the test-tube with a piece alkaline with concentrated ammonia R, added dropwise
of filter paper and allow to stand for 5 min. Prepare a strip until all the sulphamic acid has dissolved. Addition of an
of suitable filter paper of appropriate size. Impregnate it by excess of concentrated ammonia R produces a violet colour,
capillarity, by dipping the tip in a drop of decolorised fuchsin turning to violet-blue.
solution R and introduce the impregnated part immediately
into the tube. Starting from the tip, a violet colour appears ESTERS
within 10 s that is clearly distinguishable from the red colour To about 30 mg of the substance to be examined or the
of fuchsin, which may be visible on a small area at the top of prescribed quantity add 0.5 ml of a 70 g/l solution of
the impregnated part of the paper strip. hydroxylamine hydrochloride R in methanol R and 0.5 ml
of a 100 g/l solution of potassium hydroxide R in ethanol
CALCIUM
(96 per cent) R. Heat to boiling, cool, acidify with dilute
a) To 0.2 ml of a neutral solution containing a quantity hydrochloric acid R and add 0.2 ml of ferric chloride
of the substance to be examined equivalent to about solution R1 diluted ten times. A bluish-red or red colour is
0.2 mg of calcium (Ca2+) per millilitre or to 0.2 ml of the produced.
prescribed solution add 0.5 ml of a 2 g/l solution of
glyoxal-hydroxyanil R in ethanol (96 per cent) R, 0.2 ml IODIDES
of dilute sodium hydroxide solution R and 0.2 ml of
sodium carbonate solution R. Shake with 1 ml to 2 ml a) Dissolve a quantity of the substance to be examined
of chloroform R and add 1 ml to 2 ml of water R. The equivalent to about 4 mg of iodide (I–) in 2 ml of water R or
chloroform layer is coloured red. use 2 ml of the prescribed solution. Acidify with dilute nitric
acid R and add 0.4 ml of silver nitrate solution R1. Shake
b) Dissolve about 20 mg of the substance to be examined or and allow to stand. A curdled, pale-yellow precipitate is
the prescribed quantity in 5 ml of acetic acid R. Add 0.5 ml formed. Centrifuge and wash with three quantities, each of
of potassium ferrocyanide solution R. The solution remains 1 ml, of water R. Carry out this operation rapidly in subdued
clear. Add about 50 mg of ammonium chloride R. A white, light disregarding the fact that the supernatant solution may
crystalline precipitate is formed. not become perfectly clear. Suspend the precipitate in 2 ml
of water R and add 1.5 ml of ammonia R. The precipitate
CARBONATES AND BICARBONATES does not dissolve.
Introduce into a test-tube 0.1 g of the substance to be b) To 0.2 ml of a solution of the substance to be examined
examined and suspend in 2 ml of water R or use 2 ml of containing about 5 mg of iodide (I–) per millilitre, or to 0.2 ml
the prescribed solution. Add 3 ml of dilute acetic acid R. of the prescribed solution, add 0.5 ml of dilute sulphuric
Close the tube immediately using a stopper fitted with a acid R, 0.1 ml of potassium dichromate solution R, 2 ml of
glass tube bent twice at right angles. The solution or the water R and 2 ml of chloroform R. Shake for a few seconds
suspension becomes effervescent and gives off a colourless and allow to stand. The chloroform layer is coloured violet
and odourless gas. Heat gently and collect the gas in 5 ml of or violet-red.
barium hydroxide solution R. A white precipitate is formed
that dissolves on addition of an excess of hydrochloric IRON
acid R1.
a) Dissolve a quantity of the substance to be examined
CHLORIDES equivalent to about 10 mg of iron (Fe2+) in 1 ml of water R or
a) Dissolve in 2 ml of water R a quantity of the substance to use 1 ml of the prescribed solution. Add 1 ml of potassium
–
be examined equivalent to about 2 mg of chloride (Cl ) or ferricyanide solution R. A blue precipitate is formed that
use 2 ml of the prescribed solution. Acidify with dilute nitric does not dissolve on addition of 5 ml of dilute hydrochloric
acid R and add 0.4 ml of silver nitrate solution R1. Shake acid R.
and allow to stand. A curdled, white precipitate is formed. b) Dissolve a quantity of the substance to be examined
Centrifuge and wash the precipitate with three quantities, equivalent to about 1 mg of iron (Fe3+) in 30 ml of water R.
each of 1 ml, of water R. Carry out this operation rapidly in To 3 ml of this solution or to 3 ml of the prescribed solution,
subdued light, disregarding the fact that the supernatant add 1 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R and 1 ml of potassium
solution may not become perfectly clear. Suspend the thiocyanate solution R. The solution is coloured red. Take
precipitate in 2 ml of water R and add 1.5 ml of ammonia R. two portions, each of 1 ml, of the mixture. To one portion
The precipitate dissolves easily with the possible exception add 5 ml of isoamyl alcohol R or 5 ml of ether R. Shake and
of a few large particles which dissolve slowly. allow to stand. The organic layer is coloured pink. To the
b) Introduce into a test-tube a quantity of the substance to be other portion add 2 ml of mercuric chloride solution R. The
examined equivalent to about 15 mg of chloride (Cl–) or the red colour disappears.
prescribed quantity. Add 0.2 g of potassium dichromate R c) Dissolve a quantity of the substance to be examined
and 1 ml of sulphuric acid R. Place a filter-paper strip equivalent to not less than 1 mg of iron (Fe3+) in 1 ml of
impregnated with 0.1 ml of diphenylcarbazide solution R water R or use 1 ml of the prescribed solution. Add 1 ml

104 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.3.1. Identification reactions of ions and functional groups

of potassium ferrocyanide solution R. A blue precipitate is formed. Add to the hot solution 0.05 ml of sodium sulphide
formed that does not dissolve on addition of 5 ml of dilute solution R. No precipitate is formed. Cool in iced water and
hydrochloric acid R. add 2 ml of a 150 g/l solution of tartaric acid R. Allow to
stand. A white crystalline precipitate is formed.
LACTATES
b) Dissolve about 40 mg of the substance to be examined in
Dissolve a quantity of the substance to be examined 1 ml of water R or use 1 ml of the prescribed solution. Add
equivalent to about 5 mg of lactic acid in 5 ml of water R or 1 ml of dilute acetic acid R and 1 ml of a freshly prepared
use 5 ml of the prescribed solution. Add 1 ml of bromine 100 g/l solution of sodium cobaltinitrite R. A yellow or
water R and 0.5 ml of dilute sulphuric acid R. Heat orange-yellow precipitate is formed immediately.
on a water-bath until the colour is discharged, stirring
occasionally with a glass rod. Add 4 g of ammonium SALICYLATES
sulphate R and mix. Add dropwise and without mixing
0.2 ml of a 100 g/l solution of sodium nitroprusside R in a) To 1 ml of the prescribed solution add 0.5 ml of ferric
dilute sulphuric acid R. Still without mixing add 1 ml of chloride solution R1. A violet colour is produced that
concentrated ammonia R. Allow to stand for 30 min. A dark persists after the addition of 0.1 ml of acetic acid R.
green ring appears at the junction of the two liquids. b) Dissolve 0.5 g of the substance to be examined in 10 ml
of water R or use 10 ml of the prescribed solution. Add
LEAD 0.5 ml of hydrochloric acid R. The precipitate obtained,
a) Dissolve 0.1 g of the substance to be examined in 1 ml of after recrystallisation from hot water R and drying in vacuo,
acetic acid R or use 1 ml of the prescribed solution. Add has a melting point (2.2.14) of 156 °C to 161 °C.
2 ml of potassium chromate solution R. A yellow precipitate
is formed that dissolves on addition of 2 ml of strong sodium SILICATES
hydroxide solution R. Mix the prescribed quantity of the substance to be examined
b) Dissolve 50 mg of the substance to be examined in 1 ml in a lead or platinum crucible by means of a copper wire
of acetic acid R or use 1 ml of the prescribed solution. Add with about 10 mg of sodium fluoride R and a few drops of
10 ml of water R and 0.2 ml of potassium iodide solution R. sulphuric acid R to give a thin slurry. Cover the crucible
A yellow precipitate is formed. Heat to boiling for 1 min with a thin, transparent plate of plastic under which a drop
to 2 min. The precipitate dissolves. Allow to cool. The of water R is suspended and warm gently. Within a short
precipitate is re-formed as glistening, yellow plates. time a white ring is rapidly formed around the drop of water.
MAGNESIUM SILVER
Dissolve about 15 mg of the substance to be examined in Dissolve about 10 mg of the substance to be examined in
2 ml of water R or use 2 ml of the prescribed solution. Add 10 ml of water R or use 10 ml of the prescribed solution.
1 ml of dilute ammonia R1. A white precipitate is formed Add 0.3 ml of hydrochloric acid R1. A curdled, white
that dissolves on addition of 1 ml of ammonium chloride precipitate is formed that dissolves on addition of 3 ml of
solution R. Add 1 ml of disodium hydrogen phosphate dilute ammonia R1.
solution R. A white crystalline precipitate is formed.
MERCURY SODIUM
a) Place about 0.1 ml of a solution of the substance to be a) Dissolve 0.1 g of the substance to be examined in 2 ml of
examined on well-scraped copper foil. A dark-grey stain that water R or use 2 ml of the prescribed solution. Add 2 ml of
becomes shiny on rubbing is formed. Dry the foil and heat in a 150 g/l solution of potassium carbonate R and heat to
a test-tube. The spot disappears. boiling. No precipitate is formed. Add 4 ml of potassium
pyroantimonate solution R and heat to boiling. Allow to cool
b) To the prescribed solution add dilute sodium hydroxide in iced water and if necessary rub the inside of the test-tube
solution R until strongly alkaline (2.2.4). A dense yellow with a glass rod. A dense white precipitate is formed.
precipitate is formed (mercuric salts).
b) Dissolve a quantity of the substance to be examined
NITRATES equivalent to about 2 mg of sodium (Na+) in 0.5 ml of
To a mixture of 0.1 ml of nitrobenzene R and 0.2 ml of water R or use 0.5 ml of the prescribed solution. Add 1.5 ml
sulphuric acid R, add a quantity of the powdered substance of methoxyphenylacetic reagent R and cool in ice-water
equivalent to about 1 mg of nitrate (NO3–) or the prescribed for 30 min. A voluminous, white, crystalline precipitate
quantity. Allow to stand for 5 min. Cool in iced water and add is formed. Place in water at 20 °C and stir for 5 min.
slowly and with mixing 5 ml of water R, then 5 ml of strong The precipitate does not disappear. Add 1 ml of dilute
sodium hydroxide solution R. Add 5 ml of acetone R. Shake ammonia R1. The precipitate dissolves completely. Add
and allow to stand. The upper layer is coloured deep violet. 1 ml of ammonium carbonate solution R. No precipitate
is formed.
PHOSPHATES (ORTHOPHOSPHATES)
a) To 5 ml of the prescribed solution, neutralised if necessary, SULPHATES
add 5 ml of silver nitrate solution R1. A yellow precipitate is a) Dissolve about 45 mg of the substance to be examined
formed whose colour is not changed by boiling and which in 5 ml of water R or use 5 ml of the prescribed solution.
dissolves on addition of ammonia R. Add 1 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R and 1 ml of barium
b) Mix 1 ml of the prescribed solution with 2 ml of chloride solution R1. A white precipitate is formed.
molybdovanadic reagent R. A yellow colour develops. b) To the suspension obtained during reaction (a), add 0.1 ml
of 0.05 M iodine. The suspension remains yellow (distinction
POTASSIUM from sulphites and dithionites), but is decolorised by adding
a) Dissolve 0.1 g of the substance to be examined in 2 ml of dropwise stannous chloride solution R (distinction from
water R or use 2 ml of the prescribed solution. Add 1 ml of iodates). Boil the mixture. No coloured precipitate is formed
sodium carbonate solution R and heat. No precipitate is (distinction from selenates and tungstates).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 105
2.3.2. Identification of fatty oils by TLC EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

TARTRATES precipitate is formed. Add a further 2 ml of strong sodium

hydroxide solution R. The precipitate dissolves. Add 10 ml of
a) Dissolve about 15 mg of the substance to be examined ammonium chloride solution R. The solution remains clear.
in 5 ml of water R or use 5 ml of the prescribed solution. Add 0.1 ml of sodium sulphide solution R. A flocculent
Add 0.05 ml of a 10 g/l solution of ferrous sulphate R and white precipitate is formed.
0.05 ml of dilute hydrogen peroxide solution R. A transient
yellow colour is produced. After the colour has disappeared
add dilute sodium hydroxide solution R dropwise. A violet
or purple colour is produced.
01/2008:20302
b) To 0.1 ml of a solution of the substance to be examined
containing the equivalent of about 15 mg of tartaric acid per
millilitre or to 0.1 ml of the prescribed solution add 0.1 ml
2.3.2. IDENTIFICATION OF
of a 100 g/l solution of potassium bromide R, 0.1 ml of a FATTY OILS BY THIN-LAYER
20 g/l solution of resorcinol R and 3 ml of sulphuric acid R. CHROMATOGRAPHY
Heat on a water-bath for 5 min to 10 min. A dark-blue colour
develops. Allow to cool and pour the solution into water R. Examine by thin-layer chromatography (2.2.27), using as the
The colour changes to red. coating substance a suitable octadecylsilyl silica gel for high
performance thin-layer chromatography.
Test solution. Unless otherwise prescribed, dissolve
XANTHINES about 20 mg (1 drop) of the fatty oil in 3 ml of methylene
chloride R.
To a few milligrams of the substance to be examined or the
prescribed quantity add 0.1 ml of strong hydrogen peroxide Reference solution. Dissolve about 20 mg (1 drop) of maize
solution R and 0.3 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R. Heat oil R in 3 ml of methylene chloride R.
to dryness on a water-bath until a yellowish-red residue is Apply separately to the plate 1 µl of each solution. Develop
obtained. Add 0.1 ml of dilute ammonia R2. The colour of twice over a path of 0.5 cm using ether R. Develop twice
the residue changes to violet-red. over a path of 8 cm using a mixture of 20 volumes of
methylene chloride R, 40 volumes of glacial acetic acid R
and 50 volumes of acetone R. Allow the plate to dry in air
ZINC and spray with a 100 g/l solution of phosphomolybdic
acid R in alcohol R. Heat the plate at 120 °C for about 3 min
Dissolve 0.1 g of the substance to be examined in 5 ml and examine in daylight.
of water R or use 5 ml of the prescribed solution. Add The chromatogram obtained typically shows spots
0.2 ml of strong sodium hydroxide solution R. A white comparable to those in Figure 2.3.2.-1.

1. arachis oil 6. rapeseed oil (erucic acid-free) 11. wheat-germ oil

2. sesame oil 7. linseed oil 12. borage oil
3. maize oil 8. olive oil 13. evening primrose oil
4. rapeseed oil 9. sunflower oil 14. safflower oil (type I)
5. soya-bean oil 10. almond oil 15. safflower oil (type II)

Figure 2.3.2.-1. – Chromatograms for the identification of fatty oils

106 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.3.4. Odour

01/2008:20303 Apply separately to the plate 2 µl of each solution and

develop in the dark over a path of 15 cm using a mixture
2.3.3. IDENTIFICATION OF of 50 ml of light petroleum R and 1 ml of diethylamine R
saturated with phenoxyethanol R (i.e. add about 3 ml to 4 ml
PHENOTHIAZINES BY THIN-LAYER of phenoxyethanol R to the above mixture of solvents to
CHROMATOGRAPHY give a persistent cloudiness on shaking, decant, and use the
supernatant liquid, even if it is cloudy). After development
Examine by thin-layer chromatography (2.2.27) using place the plate under ultraviolet light at 365 nm and examine
kieselguhr G R as the coating substance. Impregnate the after a few minutes. The spot in the chromatogram obtained
plate by placing it in a closed tank containing the necessary with the test solution is similar in position, fluorescence
quantity of the impregnation mixture composed of a solution and size to the spot in the chromatogram obtained with the
containing 10 per cent V/V of phenoxyethanol R and 50 g/l reference solution. Spray with a 10 per cent V/V solution of
of macrogol 300 R in acetone R so that the plate dips sulphuric acid R in alcohol R. The spot in the chromatogram
about 5 mm beneath the surface of the liquid. When the obtained with the test solution is of the same colour as that
impregnation mixture has risen at least 17 cm from the lower in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution
edge of the plate, remove the plate and use immediately for and has similar stability over a period of at least 20 min.
chromatography. Carry out the chromatography in the same
direction as the impregnation.
01/2008:20304
Test solution. Dissolve 20 mg of the substance to be
examined in chloroform R and dilute to 10 ml with the same
solvent. 2.3.4. ODOUR
Reference solution. Dissolve 20 mg of the corresponding On a watch-glass 6 cm to 8 cm in diameter, spread in a thin
chemical reference substance (CRS) in chloroform R and layer 0.5 g to 2.0 g of the substance to be examined. After
dilute to 10 ml with the same solvent. 15 min, determine the odour or verify the absence of odour.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 107
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

108 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

2.4. LIMIT TESTS

2.4. Limit tests.............................................................................111 2.4.18. Free formaldehyde.. ......................................................117
2.4.1. Ammonium........................................................................111 2.4.19. Alkaline impurities in fatty oils.. ................................117
2.4.2. Arsenic.. .............................................................................111 2.4.21. Foreign oils in fatty oils by thin-layer
2.4.3. Calcium..............................................................................111 chromatography.. ......................................................................117
2.4.4. Chlorides.. ........................................................................ 112 2.4.22. Composition of fatty acids by gas
2.4.5. Fluorides.. ........................................................................ 112 chromatography.. ......................................................................118
2.4.6. Magnesium....................................................................... 112 2.4.23. Sterols in fatty oils.. ..................................................... 120
2.4.7. Magnesium and alkaline-earth metals.. ..................... 112 2.4.24. Identification and control of residual solvents...... 121
2.4.8. Heavy metals.. ................................................................. 112 2.4.25. Ethylene oxide and dioxan......................................... 126
2.4.9. Iron.. .................................................................................. 115 2.4.26. N,N-Dimethylaniline.. .................................................. 127
2.4.10. Lead in sugars............................................................... 115 2.4.27. Heavy metals in herbal drugs and fatty oils........... 128
2.4.11. Phosphates......................................................................116 2.4.28. 2-Ethylhexanoic acid.. ................................................. 129
2.4.12. Potassium........................................................................116 2.4.29. Composition of fatty acids in oils rich in omega-3
2.4.13. Sulphates.. ......................................................................116 acids............................................................................................ 130
2.4.14. Sulphated ash.. ..............................................................116 2.4.30. Ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol in ethoxylated
2.4.15. Nickel in polyols.. ..........................................................116 substances.. ................................................................................131
2.4.16. Total ash..........................................................................116 2.4.31. Nickel in hydrogenated vegetable oils.. ....................131
2.4.17. Aluminium.......................................................................117 2.4.32. Total cholesterol in oils rich in omega-3 acids.. .... 132

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 109
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

110 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.4.3. Calcium

2.4. LIMIT TESTS activated zinc R. Assemble the two parts of the apparatus
immediately and immerse the flask in a bath of water at
a temperature such that a uniform evolution of gas is
maintained. Prepare a standard in the same manner, using
01/2008:20401 1 ml of arsenic standard solution (1 ppm As) R, diluted to
25 ml with water R.
2.4.1. AMMONIUM After not less than 2 h the stain produced on the mercuric
bromide paper in the test is not more intense than that in
Unless otherwise prescribed, use method A. the standard.
METHOD A METHOD B
Dissolve the prescribed quantity of the substance to be Introduce the prescribed quantity of the substance to be
examined in 14 ml of water R in a test-tube, make alkaline examined into a test-tube containing 4 ml of hydrochloric
if necessary by the addition of dilute sodium hydroxide acid R and about 5 mg of potassium iodide R and add
solution R and dilute to 15 ml with water R. To the solution 3 ml of hypophosphorous reagent R. Heat the mixture
add 0.3 ml of alkaline potassium tetraiodomercurate on a water-bath for 15 min, shaking occasionally. Prepare
solution R. Prepare a standard by mixing 10 ml of ammonium a standard in the same manner, using 0.5 ml of arsenic
standard solution (1 ppm NH4) R with 5 ml of water R and standard solution (10 ppm As) R.
0.3 ml of alkaline potassium tetraiodomercurate solution R.
Stopper the test-tubes. After heating on the water-bath, any colour in the test
solution is not more intense than that in the standard.
After 5 min, any yellow colour in the test solution is not
more intense than that in the standard.
METHOD B
In a 25 ml jar fitted with a cap, place the prescribed quantity
of the finely powdered substance to be examined and
dissolve or suspend in 1 ml of water R. Add 0.30 g of heavy
magnesium oxide R. Close immediately after placing a piece
of silver manganese paper R 5 mm square, wetted with a
few drops of water R, under the polyethylene cap. Swirl,
avoiding projections of liquid, and allow to stand at 40 °C for
30 min. If the silver manganese paper shows a grey colour,
it is not more intense than that of a standard prepared at
the same time and in the same manner using the prescribed
volume of ammonium standard solution (1 ppm NH4) R,
1 ml of water R and 0.30 g of heavy magnesium oxide R.

01/2008:20402

2.4.2. ARSENIC
METHOD A
The apparatus (see Figure 2.4.2.-1) consists of a 100 ml
conical flask closed with a ground-glass stopper through
which passes a glass tube about 200 mm long and of internal
diameter 5 mm. The lower part of the tube is drawn to an Figure 2.4.2.-1. - Apparatus for limit test A for arsenic
internal diameter of 1.0 mm, and 15 mm from its tip is a
lateral orifice 2 mm to 3 mm in diameter. When the tube Dimensions in millimetres
is in position in the stopper, the lateral orifice should be
at least 3 mm below the lower surface of the stopper. The
upper end of the tube has a perfectly flat, ground surface at
01/2008:20403
right angles to the axis of the tube. A second glass tube of
the same internal diameter and 30 mm long, with a similar
flat ground surface, is placed in contact with the first, and 2.4.3. CALCIUM
is held in position by two spiral springs. Into the lower tube
insert 50 mg to 60 mg of lead acetate cotton R, loosely All solutions used for this test should be prepared with
packed, or a small plug of cotton and a rolled piece of lead distilled water R.
acetate paper R weighing 50 mg to 60 mg. Between the To 0.2 ml of alcoholic calcium standard solution
flat surfaces of the tubes place a disc or a small square of (100 ppm Ca) R, add 1 ml of ammonium oxalate solution R.
mercuric bromide paper R large enough to cover the orifice After 1 min, add a mixture of 1 ml of dilute acetic acid R and
of the tube (15 mm × 15 mm). 15 ml of a solution containing the prescribed quantity of the
In the conical flask dissolve the prescribed quantity of the substance to be examined and shake. Prepare a standard
substance to be examined in 25 ml of water R, or in the in the same manner using a mixture of 10 ml of aqueous
case of a solution adjust the prescribed volume to 25 ml calcium standard solution (10 ppm Ca) R, 1 ml of dilute
with water R. Add 15 ml of hydrochloric acid R, 0.1 ml of acetic acid R and 5 ml of distilled water R.
stannous chloride solution R and 5 ml of potassium iodide After 15 min, any opalescence in the test solution is not
solution R, allow to stand for 15 min and introduce 5 g of more intense than that in the standard.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 111
2.4.4. Chlorides EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:20404 distil, collecting the distillate in a 100 ml volumetric flask

containing 0.3 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and 0.1 ml of
2.4.4. CHLORIDES phenolphthalein solution R. Maintain a constant volume
(20 ml) in the tube during distillation and ensure that the
To 15 ml of the prescribed solution add 1 ml of dilute nitric distillate remains alkaline, adding 0.1 M sodium hydroxide
acid R and pour the mixture as a single addition into a if necessary. Dilute the distillate to 100 ml with water R
test-tube containing 1 ml of silver nitrate solution R2. (test solution). Prepare a standard in the same manner
Prepare a standard in the same manner using 10 ml of by distillation, using 5 ml of fluoride standard solution
chloride standard solution (5 ppm Cl) R and 5 ml of water R. (10 ppm F) R instead of the substance to be examined.
Examine the tubes laterally against a black background. Into two glass-stoppered cylinders introduce 20 ml of
After standing for 5 min protected from light, any the test solution and 20 ml of the standard and 5 ml of
opalescence in the test solution is not more intense than that aminomethylalizarindiacetic acid reagent R.
in the standard. After 20 min, any blue colour in the test solution (originally
red) is not more intense than that in the standard.

01/2008:20405 01/2008:20406

2.4.5. FLUORIDES 2.4.6. MAGNESIUM

To 10 ml of the prescribed solution add 0.1 g of disodium
tetraborate R. Adjust the solution, if necessary, to pH 8.8 to
pH 9.2 using dilute hydrochloric acid R or dilute sodium
hydroxide solution R. Shake with 2 quantities, each of 5 ml,
of a 1 g/l solution of hydroxyquinoline R in chloroform R,
for 1 min each time. Allow to stand. Separate and discard
the organic layer. To the aqueous solution add 0.4 ml of
butylamine R and 0.1 ml of triethanolamine R. Adjust the
solution, if necessary, to pH 10.5 to pH 11.5. Add 4 ml of
the solution of hydroxyquinoline in chloroform, shake for
1 min, allow to stand and separate. Use the lower layer
for comparison. Prepare a standard in the same manner
using a mixture of 1 ml of magnesium standard solution
(10 ppm Mg) R and 9 ml of water R.
Any colour in the solution obtained from the substance to
be examined is not more intense than that in the standard.

01/2008:20407

2.4.7. MAGNESIUM AND

ALKALINE-EARTH METALS
To 200 ml of water R add 0.1 g of hydroxylamine
hydrochloride R, 10 ml of ammonium chloride buffer
solution pH 10.0 R, 1 ml of 0.1 M zinc sulphate and about
15 mg of mordant black 11 triturate R. Heat to about 40 °C.
Titrate with 0.01 M sodium edetate until the violet colour
changes to full blue. To the solution add the prescribed
quantity of the substance to be examined dissolved in 100 ml
of water R or use the prescribed solution. If the colour of
the solution changes to violet, titrate with 0.01 M sodium
edetate until the full blue colour is again obtained.
The volume of 0.01 M sodium edetate used in the second
titration does not exceed the prescribed quantity.

01/2008:20408
corrected 6.0

2.4.8. HEAVY METALS

Figure 2.4.5.-1. – Apparatus for limit test for fluorides
The methods described below require the use of
Dimensions in millimetres thioacetamide reagent R. As an alternative, sodium
Introduce into the inner tube of the apparatus (see sulphide solution R1 (0.1 ml) is usually suitable. Since
Figure 2.4.5.-1) the prescribed quantity of the substance to tests prescribed in monographs have been developed using
be examined, 0.1 g of acid-washed sand R and 20 ml of a thioacetamide reagent R, if sodium sulphide solution R1
mixture of equal volumes of sulphuric acid R and water R. is used instead, it is necessary to include also for methods
Heat the jacket containing tetrachloroethane R maintained A and B a monitor solution, prepared from the quantity of
at its boiling point (146 °C). Heat the steam generator and the substance to be examined prescribed for the test, to

112 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.4.8. Heavy metals

which has been added the volume of lead standard solution (1 or 2 ppm Pb) by dilution of lead standard solution
prescribed for preparation of the reference solution. The test (100 ppm Pb) R with the solvent used for the substance to
is invalid if the monitor solution is not at least as intense as be examined.
the reference solution. Blank solution. A mixture of 10 ml of the solvent used for
METHOD A the substance to be examined and 2 ml of the prescribed
solution of the substance to be examined in an organic
Test solution. 12 ml of the prescribed aqueous solution of solvent.
the substance to be examined.
To each solution, add 2 ml of buffer solution pH 3.5 R.
Reference solution (standard). A mixture of 10 ml of lead Mix and add to 1.2 ml of thioacetamide reagent R. Mix
standard solution (1 ppm Pb) R or lead standard solution immediately. Examine the solutions after 2 min. The test is
(2 ppm Pb) R, as prescribed, and 2 ml of the prescribed invalid if the reference solution does not show a slight brown
aqueous solution of the substance to be examined. colour compared to the blank solution. The substance to be
Blank solution. A mixture of 10 ml of water R and 2 ml examined complies with the test if any brown colour in the
of the prescribed aqueous solution of the substance to be test solution is not more intense than that in the reference
examined. solution.
To each solution, add 2 ml of buffer solution pH 3.5 R. If the result is difficult to judge, filter the solutions through
Mix and add to 1.2 ml of thioacetamide reagent R. Mix a membrane filter (pore size 3 µm ; see Figure 2.4.8.-1,
immediately. Examine the solutions after 2 min. The test is without the prefilter). Carry out the filtration slowly and
invalid if the reference solution does not show a slight brown uniformly, applying moderate and constant pressure to the
colour compared to the blank solution. The substance to be piston. Compare the spots on the filters obtained with the
examined complies with the test if any brown colour in the different solutions.
test solution is not more intense than that in the reference
solution. METHOD C
If the result is difficult to judge, filter the solutions through Test solution. Place the prescribed quantity (not more than
a membrane filter (pore size 3 µm ; see Figure 2.4.8.-1, 2 g) of the substance to be examined in a silica crucible
without the prefilter). Carry out the filtration slowly and with 4 ml of a 250 g/l solution of magnesium sulphate R
uniformly, applying moderate and constant pressure to the in dilute sulphuric acid R. Mix using a fine glass rod. Heat
piston. Compare the spots on the filters obtained with the cautiously. If the mixture is liquid, evaporate gently to
different solutions. dryness on a water-bath. Progressively heat to ignition and
METHOD B continue heating until an almost white or at most greyish
residue is obtained. Carry out the ignition at a temperature
Test solution. 12 ml of the prescribed solution of the not exceeding 800 °C. Allow to cool. Moisten the residue
substance to be examined prepared using an organic solvent with a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid R. Evaporate, ignite
containing a minimum percentage of water (for example, again and allow to cool. The total period of ignition must not
dioxan containing 15 per cent of water or acetone containing exceed 2 h. Take up the residue in 2 quantities, each of 5 ml,
15 per cent of water). of dilute hydrochloric acid R. Add 0.1 ml of phenolphthalein
Reference solution (standard). A mixture of 10 ml of lead solution R, then concentrated ammonia R until a pink
standard solution (1 or 2 ppm Pb), as prescribed, and 2 ml colour is obtained. Cool, add glacial acetic acid R until the
of the prescribed solution of the substance to be examined solution is decolorised and add 0.5 ml in excess. Filter if
in an organic solvent. Prepare the lead standard solution necessary and wash the filter. Dilute to 20 ml with water R.

Figure 2.4.8.-1. – Apparatus for the test for heavy metals

Dimensions in millimetres

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 113
2.4.8. Heavy metals EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Reference solution (standard). Prepare as described for the If the result is difficult to judge, filter the solutions through
test solution, using the prescribed volume of lead standard a membrane filter (pore size 3 µm ; see Figure 2.4.8.-1,
solution (10 ppm Pb) R instead of the substance to be without the prefilter). Carry out the filtration slowly and
examined. To 10 ml of the solution obtained add 2 ml of the uniformly, applying moderate and constant pressure to the
test solution. piston. Compare the spots on the filters obtained with the
Monitor solution. Prepare as described for the test solution, different solutions.
adding to the substance to be examined the volume of lead METHOD E
standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R prescribed for preparation
Test solution. Dissolve the prescribed quantity of the
of the reference solution. To 10 ml of the solution obtained
substance to be examined in 30 ml of water R or the
add 2 ml of the test solution.
prescribed volume.
Blank solution. A mixture of 10 ml of water R and 2 ml of Reference solution (standard). Unless otherwise prescribed,
the test solution. dilute the prescribed volume of lead standard solution
To 12 ml of each solution, add 2 ml of buffer solution (1 ppm Pb) R to the same volume as the test solution.
pH 3.5 R. Mix and add to 1.2 ml of thioacetamide reagent R. Prepare the filtration apparatus by adapting the barrel of a
Mix immediately. Examine the solutions after 2 min. The 50 ml syringe without its piston to a support containing, on
test is invalid if the reference solution does not show a the plate, a membrane filter (pore size 3 µm) and above it
slight brown colour compared to the blank solution or if the a prefilter (Figure 2.4.8.-1).
monitor solution is not at least as intense as the reference Transfer the test solution into the syringe barrel, put the
solution. The substance to be examined complies with the piston in place and then apply an even pressure on it until
test if any brown colour in the test solution is not more the whole of the liquid has been filtered. In opening the
intense than that in the reference solution. support and removing the prefilter, check that the membrane
If the result is difficult to judge, filter the solutions through filter remains uncontaminated with impurities. If this is not
a membrane filter (pore size 3 µm ; see Figure 2.4.8.-1, the case replace it with another membrane filter and repeat
without the prefilter). Carry out the filtration slowly and the operation under the same conditions.
uniformly, applying moderate and constant pressure to the To the prefiltrate or to the prescribed volume of the
piston. Compare the spots on the filters obtained with the prefiltrate add 2 ml of buffer solution pH 3.5 R. Mix and
different solutions. add to 1.2 ml of thioacetamide reagent R. Mix immediately
and allow to stand for 10 min and again filter as described
METHOD D above, but inverting the order of the filters, the liquid
passing first through the membrane filter before passing
Test solution. In a silica crucible, mix thoroughly the through the prefilter (Figure 2.4.8.-1). The filtration must
prescribed quantity of the substance to be examined with be carried out slowly and uniformly by applying moderate
0.5 g of magnesium oxide R1. Ignite to dull redness until and constant pressure to the piston of the syringe. After
a homogeneous white or greyish-white mass is obtained. complete filtration, open the support, remove the membrane
If after 30 min of ignition the mixture remains coloured, filter, and dry using filter paper.
allow to cool, mix using a fine glass rod and repeat the
ignition. If necessary repeat the operation. Heat at 800 °C In parallel, treat the reference solution in the same manner
for about 1 h. Take up the residue in 2 quantities, each of as the test solution.
5 ml, of a mixture of equal volumes of hydrochloric acid R1 The colour of the spot obtained with the test solution is not
and water R. Add 0.1 ml of phenolphthalein solution R more intense than that obtained with the reference solution.
and then concentrated ammonia R until a pink colour is
METHOD F
obtained. Cool, add glacial acetic acid R until the solution
is decolorised and add 0.5 ml in excess. Filter if necessary Test solution. Place the prescribed quantity or volume of the
and wash the filter. Dilute to 20 ml with water R. substance to be examined in a clean, dry, 100 ml long-necked
combustion flask (a 300 ml flask may be used if the reaction
Reference solution (standard). Prepare as described for the foams excessively). Clamp the flask at an angle of 45°. If
test solution using the prescribed volume of lead standard the substance to be examined is a solid, add a sufficient
solution (10 ppm Pb) R instead of the substance to be volume of a mixture of 8 ml of sulphuric acid R and 10 ml
examined and drying in an oven at 100-105 °C. To 10 ml of of nitric acid R to moisten the substance thoroughly ; if the
the solution obtained add 2 ml of the test solution. substance to be examined is a liquid, add a few millilitres of
Monitor solution. Prepare as described for the test solution, a mixture of 8 ml of sulphuric acid R and 10 ml of nitric
adding to the substance to be examined the volume of acid R. Warm gently until the reaction commences, allow
lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R prescribed for the reaction to subside and add additional portions of the
preparation of the reference solution and drying in an oven same acid mixture, heating after each addition, until a total
at 100-105 °C. To 10 ml of the solution obtained add 2 ml of of 18 ml of the acid mixture has been added. Increase the
the test solution. amount of heat and boil gently until the solution darkens.
Cool, add 2 ml of nitric acid R and heat again until the
Blank solution. A mixture of 10 ml of water R and 2 ml of solution darkens. Continue the heating, followed by the
the test solution. addition of nitric acid R until no further darkening occurs,
To 12 ml of each solution, add 2 ml of buffer solution then heat strongly until dense, white fumes are produced.
pH 3.5 R. Mix and add to 1.2 ml of thioacetamide reagent R. Cool, cautiously add 5 ml of water R, boil gently until dense,
Mix immediately. Examine the solutions after 2 min. The white fumes are produced and continue heating to reduce
test is invalid if the reference solution does not show a to 2-3 ml. Cool, cautiously add 5 ml of water R and examine
slight brown colour compared to the blank solution or if the the colour of the solution. If the colour is yellow, cautiously
monitor solution is not at least as intense as the reference add 1 ml of strong hydrogen peroxide solution R and
solution. The substance to be examined complies with the again evaporate until dense, white fumes are produced and
test if any brown colour in the test solution is not more reduce to a volume of 2-3 ml. If the solution is still yellow in
intense than that in the reference solution. colour, repeat the addition of 5 ml of water R and 1 ml of

114 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.4.10. Lead in sugars

strong hydrogen peroxide solution R until the solution is first programme allow the digestion vessels to cool before
colourless. Cool, dilute cautiously with water R and rinse opening. Add to each vessel 2.0 ml of strong hydrogen
into a 50 ml colour comparison tube, ensuring that the peroxide solution R and digest using the second programme.
total volume does not exceed 25 ml. Adjust the solution After the second programme allow the digestion vessels to
to pH 3.0-4.0, using short range pH indicator paper as cool before opening. If necessary to obtain a clear solution,
external indicator, with concentrated ammonia R1 (dilute repeat the addition of strong hydrogen peroxide solution R
ammonia R1 may be used, if desired, as the specified range and the second digestion programme.
is approached), dilute with water R to 40 ml and mix. Add Cool, dilute cautiously with water R and rinse into a flask,
2 ml of buffer solution pH 3.5 R. Mix and add to 1.2 ml of ensuring that the total volume does not exceed 25 ml.
thioacetamide reagent R. Mix immediately. Dilute to 50 ml
with water R and mix. Using short-range pH indicator paper as external indicator,
adjust the solutions to pH 3.0-4.0 with concentrated
Reference solution (standard). Prepare at the same time and ammonia R1 (dilute ammonia R1 may be used as the
in the same manner as the test solution, using the prescribed specified range is approached). To avoid heating of the
volume of lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R. solutions use an ice-bath and a magnetic stirrer. Dilute to
Monitor solution. Prepare as described for the test solution, 40 ml with water R and mix. Add 2 ml of buffer solution
adding to the substance to be examined the volume of pH 3.5 R. Mix and add to 1.2 ml of thioacetamide reagent R.
lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R prescribed for the Mix immediately. Dilute to 50 ml with water R, mix and
preparation of the reference solution. allow to stand for 2 min.
Blank solution. Prepare as described for the test solution, Filter the solutions through a membrane filter (pore size
omitting the substance to be examined. 3 µm ; see Figure 2.4.8.-1, without the prefilter). Carry out
Examine the solutions vertically against a white background. the filtration slowly and uniformly, applying moderate and
After 2 min, any brown colour in the test solution is not constant pressure to the piston. Compare the spots on the
more intense than that in the reference solution. filters obtained with the different solutions.
The test is invalid if the reference solution does not show Examine the spots on the filters. The brown colour from the
a brown colour compared to the blank solution or if the spot of the test solution is not more intense than that from
monitor solution is not at least as intense as the reference the reference solution.
solution. The test is invalid if the reference solution spot does not
If the result is difficult to judge, filter the solutions through a show a brown colour compared to the blank spot, or if the
membrane filter (pore size 3 µm ; see Figure 2.4.8-1, without spot from the monitor solution is not at least as intense as
the prefilter). Carry out the filtration slowly and uniformly, the spot from the reference solution.
applying moderate and constant pressure to the piston.
Compare the spots on the filters obtained with the different
solutions.
01/2008:20409
METHOD G
CAUTION : when using high-pressure digestion vessels 2.4.9. IRON
the safety precautions and operating instructions given
by the manufacturer must be followed. The digestion Dissolve the prescribed quantity of the substance to be
cycles have to be elaborated depending on the type of examined in water R and dilute to 10 ml with the same
microwave oven to be used (for example, energy-controlled solvent or use 10 ml of the prescribed solution. Add 2 ml of
microwave ovens, temperature-controlled microwave ovens a 200 g/l solution of citric acid R and 0.1 ml of thioglycollic
or high-pressure ovens). The cycle must be conform to the acid R. Mix, make alkaline with ammonia R and dilute to
manufacturer’s instructions. The digestion cycle is suitable 20 ml with water R. Prepare a standard in the same manner,
if a clear solution is obtained. using 10 ml of iron standard solution (1 ppm Fe) R.
Test solution. Place the prescribed amount of the substance After 5 min, any pink colour in the test solution is not more
to be examined (not more than 0.5 g) in a suitable, clean intense than that in the standard.
beaker. Add successively 2.7 ml of sulphuric acid R, 3.3 ml
of nitric acid R and 2.0 ml of strong hydrogen peroxide
solution R using a magnetic stirrer. Allow the substance to 01/2008:20410
react with a reagent before adding the next one. Transfer
the mixture to a dry high-pressure-resistant digestion vessel
(fluoropolymer or quartz glass). 2.4.10. LEAD IN SUGARS
Reference solution (standard). Prepare as described for the Determine the lead by atomic absorption spectrometry
test solution, using the prescribed volume of lead standard (2.2.23, Method II).
solution (10 ppm Pb) R instead of the substance to be Test solution. Dissolve 20.0 g of the substance to be
examined. examined in a mixture of equal volumes of dilute acetic
Monitor solution. Prepare as prescribed for the test solution, acid R and water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same
adding to the substance to be examined the volume of mixture of solvents. Add 2.0 ml of a clear 10 g/l solution of
lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R prescribed for the ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate R and 10.0 ml of
preparation of the reference solution. methyl isobutyl ketone R and then shake for 30 s protected
Blank solution. Prepare as described for the test solution, from bright light. Allow the layers to separate and use the
omitting the substance to be examined. methyl isobutyl ketone layer.
Close the vessels and place in a laboratory microwave oven. Reference solutions. Prepare 3 reference solutions in
Digest using a sequence of 2 separate suitable programmes. the same manner as the test solution but adding 0.5 ml,
Design the programmes in several steps in order to control 1.0 ml and 1.5 ml respectively of lead standard solution
the reaction, monitoring pressure, temperature or energy (10 ppm Pb) R in addition to the 20.0 g of the substance
depending on the type of microwave oven available. After the to be examined.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 115
2.4.11. Phosphates EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Set the zero of the instrument using methyl isobutyl sulphuric acid R (usually 1 ml), heat gently until white
ketone R treated as described for the test solution without fumes are no longer evolved and ignite at 600 ± 50 °C
the substance to be examined. Measure the absorbance at until the residue is completely incinerated. Ensure that
283.3 nm using a lead hollow-cathode lamp as source of flames are not produced at any time during the procedure.
radiation and an air-acetylene flame. Allow the crucible to cool in a desiccator over silica gel or
The substance to be examined contains not more than other suitable desiccant, weigh it again and calculate the
0.5 ppm of lead, unless otherwise prescribed. percentage of residue.
If the amount of the residue so obtained exceeds the
prescribed limit, repeat the moistening with sulphuric
01/2008:20411 acid R and ignition, as previously, for 30 min periods until
2 consecutive weighings do not differ by more than 0.5 mg or
until the percentage of residue complies with the prescribed
2.4.11. PHOSPHATES limit.
To 100 ml of the solution prepared and, if necessary, The amount of substance used for the test (usually 1-2 g)
neutralised as prescribed add 4 ml of sulphomolybdic is chosen so that at the prescribed limit the mass of the
reagent R3. Shake and add 0.1 ml of stannous chloride residue (usually about 1 mg) can be measured with sufficient
solution R1. Prepare a standard in the same manner using accuracy.
2 ml of phosphate standard solution (5 ppm PO4) R and
98 ml of water R. After 10 min, compare the colours using
20 ml of each solution.
Any colour in the test solution is not more intense than that 01/2008:20415
in the standard. corrected 6.0

2.4.15. NICKEL IN POLYOLS

01/2008:20412
Determine the nickel by atomic absorption spectrometry
(2.2.23, Method II).
2.4.12. POTASSIUM
Test solution. Dissolve 20.0 g of the substance to be
To 10 ml of the prescribed solution add 2 ml of a freshly examined in a mixture of equal volumes of dilute acetic
prepared 10 g/l solution of sodium tetraphenylborate R. acid R and water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same
Prepare a standard in the same manner using a mixture of mixture of solvents. Add 2.0 ml of a saturated solution of
5 ml of potassium standard solution (20 ppm K) R and 5 ml ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate R (about 10 g/l)
of water R. and 10.0 ml of methyl isobutyl ketone R and then shake for
After 5 min, any opalescence in the test solution is not more 30 s protected from bright light. Allow the layers to separate
intense than that in the standard. and use the methyl isobutyl ketone layer.
Reference solutions. Prepare 3 reference solutions in
the same manner as the test solution but adding 0.5 ml,
01/2008:20413 1.0 ml and 1.5 ml respectively of nickel standard solution
(10 ppm Ni) R in addition to the 20.0 g of the substance to
2.4.13. SULPHATES be examined.
Set the zero of the instrument using methyl isobutyl
All solutions used for this test must be prepared with ketone R treated as described for preparation of the test
distilled water R. solution omitting the substance to be examined. Measure
Add 3 ml of a 250 g/l solution of barium chloride R to 4.5 ml the absorbance at 232.0 nm using a nickel hollow-cathode
of sulphate standard solution (10 ppm SO4) R1. Shake and lamp as source of radiation and an air-acetylene flame.
allow to stand for 1 min. To 2.5 ml of this solution, add The substance to be examined contains not more than
15 ml of the solution to be examined and 0.5 ml of acetic 1.0 ppm of nickel, unless otherwise prescribed.
acid R. Prepare a standard in the same manner using 15 ml
of sulphate standard solution (10 ppm SO4) R instead of
the solution to be examined.
After 5 min, any opalescence in the test solution is not more 01/2008:20416
intense than that in the standard.
2.4.16. TOTAL ASH
01/2008:20414 Heat a silica or platinum crucible to redness for 30 min,
allow to cool in a desiccator and weigh. Unless otherwise
2.4.14. SULPHATED ASH prescribed, evenly distribute 1.00 g of the substance or the
powdered herbal drug to be examined in the crucible. Dry
Ignite a suitable crucible (for example, silica, platinum, at 100 °C to 105 °C for 1 h and ignite to constant mass in
porcelain or quartz) at 600 ± 50 °C for 30 min, allow to cool a muffle furnace at 600 °C ± 25 °C, allowing the crucible
in a desiccator over silica gel or other suitable desiccant to cool in a desiccator after each ignition. Flames should
and weigh. Place the prescribed amount of the substance not be produced at any time during the procedure. If after
to be examined in the crucible and weigh. Moisten the prolonged ignition the ash still contains black particles, take
substance to be examined with a small amount of sulphuric up with hot water, filter through an ashless filter paper and
acid R (usually 1 ml) and heat gently at as low a temperature ignite the residue and the filter paper. Combine the filtrate
as practicable until the sample is thoroughly charred. with the ash, carefully evaporate to dryness and ignite to
After cooling, moisten the residue with a small amount of constant mass.

116 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.4.21. Foreign oils in fatty oils by thin-layer chromatography

01/2008:20417 Emulsions. If the vaccine to be examined is an emulsion,

the aqueous phase is separated using a suitable procedure
and used for preparation of the test solution. The following
2.4.17. ALUMINIUM procedures have been found suitable.
Place the prescribed solution in a separating funnel and (a) Add 1.0 ml of the vaccine to be examined to 1.0 ml
shake with 2 quantities, each of 20 ml, and then with one of isopropyl myristate R and mix. Add 1.3 ml of
10 ml quantity of a 5 g/l solution of hydroxyquinoline R in 1 M hydrochloric acid, 2.0 ml of chloroform R and 2.7 ml
chloroform R. Dilute the combined chloroform solutions to of a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R. Mix thoroughly.
50.0 ml with chloroform R (test solution). Centrifuge at 15 000 g for 60 min. Transfer the aqueous
Prepare a standard in the same manner using the prescribed phase to a 10 ml volumetric flask and dilute to volume with
reference solution. water R. If this procedure fails to separate the aqueous
phase, add 100 g/l of polysorbate 20 R to the sodium
Prepare a blank in the same manner using the prescribed chloride solution and repeat the procedure but centrifuge
blank solution. at 22 500 g.
Measure the intensity of the fluorescence (2.2.21) of the test (b) Add 1.0 ml of the vaccine to be examined to 1.0 ml of a
solution (I1), of the standard (I2) and of the blank (I3) using 100 g/l solution of sodium chloride R and mix. Centrifuge
an excitant beam at 392 nm and a secondary filter with a at 1000 g for 15 min. Transfer the aqueous phase to a 10 ml
transmission band centred on 518 nm or a monochromator volumetric flask and dilute to volume with water R.
set to transmit at this wavelength.
(c) Add 1.0 ml of the vaccine to be examined to 2.0 ml of
The fluorescence (I1− I3) of the test solution is not greater a 100 g/l solution of sodium chloride R and 3.0 ml of
than that of the standard (I2− I3). chloroform R and mix. Centrifuge at 1000 g for 5 min.
Transfer the aqueous phase to a 10 ml volumetric flask and
dilute to volume with water R.

01/2008:20418
01/2008:20419
2.4.18. FREE FORMALDEHYDE
Use method A, unless otherwise prescribed. Method B is 2.4.19. ALKALINE IMPURITIES IN
suitable for vaccines where sodium metabisulphite has been FATTY OILS
used to neutralise excess formaldehyde.
In a test-tube mix 10 ml of recently distilled acetone R and
METHOD A 0.3 ml of water R and add 0.05 ml of a 0.4 g/l solution of
For vaccines for human use, prepare a 1 in 10 dilution of the bromophenol blue R in alcohol R. Neutralise the solution if
vaccine to be examined. For bacterial toxoids for veterinary necessary with 0.01 M hydrochloric acid or 0.01 M sodium
use, prepare a 1 in 25 dilution of the vaccine to be examined. hydroxide. Add 10 ml of the oil to be examined, shake and
allow to stand. Not more than 0.1 ml of 0.01 M hydrochloric
To 1 ml of the dilution, add 4 ml of water R and 5 ml of acid is required to change the colour of the upper layer to
acetylacetone reagent R1. Place the tube in a water-bath at yellow.
40 °C for 40 min. Examine the tubes down their vertical
axes. The solution is not more intensely coloured than
a standard, prepared at the same time and in the same
manner, using 1 ml of a dilution of formaldehyde solution R 01/2008:20421
containing 20 µg of formaldehyde (CH2O) per millilitre,
instead of the dilution of the vaccine to be examined. 2.4.21. FOREIGN OILS IN FATTY OILS
METHOD B BY THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Test solution. Prepare a 1 in 200 dilution of the vaccine to Examine by thin-layer chromatography (2.2.27) using
be examined with water R. If the vaccine is an emulsion, kieselguhr G R as the coating substance. Impregnate a
prepare an equivalent dilution using the aqueous phase plate by placing it in a chromatographic tank containing
separated by a suitable procedure (see below). If one of the necessary quantity of a mixture of 10 volumes of liquid
the methods described below is used for separation of the paraffin R and 90 volumes of light petroleum R so that the
aqueous phase, a 1 in 20 dilution of the latter is used. plate dips about 5 mm beneath the surface of the liquid.
Reference solutions. Prepare solutions containing 0.25 g/l, When the impregnation mixture has risen by at least 12 cm
0.50 g/l, 1.00 g/l and 2.00 g/l of CH2O by dilution of from the lower edge of the plate, remove the plate and
formaldehyde solution R with water R. Prepare a 1 in 200 allow the solvent to evaporate for 5 min. Carry out the
dilution of each solution with water R. chromatography in the same direction as the impregnation.
To 0.5 ml of the test solution and of each of the reference Preparation of the mixture of fatty acids. Heat 2 g of the oil
solutions in test-tubes, add 5.0 ml of a freshly prepared with 30 ml of 0.5 M alcoholic potassium hydroxide under
0.5 g/l solution of methylbenzothiazolone hydrazone a reflux condenser for 45 min. Add 50 ml of water R, allow
hydrochloride R. Close the tubes, shake and allow to stand to cool, transfer to a separating funnel and extract with
for 60 min. Add 1 ml of ferric chloride-sulphamic acid three quantities, each of 50 ml, of ether R. Discard the ether
reagent R and allow to stand for 15 min. Measure the extracts, acidify the aqueous layer with hydrochloric acid R
absorbance (2.2.25) of the solutions at 628 nm. Calculate and extract with three quantities, each of 50 ml, of ether R.
the content of formaldehyde in the vaccine to be examined Combine the ether extracts and wash with three quantities,
from the calibration curve established using the reference each of 10 ml, of water R ; discard the washings, dry the ether
solutions. The test is invalid if the correlation coefficient (r) over anhydrous sodium sulphate R and filter. Evaporate
of the calibration curve is less than 0.97. the ether on a water-bath. Use the residue to prepare the

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 117
2.4.22. Composition of fatty acids by GC EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

test solution. The fatty acids may also be obtained from the Reference solution (a). Prepare 0.50 g of the mixture of
soap solution prepared during the determination of the calibrating substances with the composition described in
unsaponifiable matter. one of the 2.4.22 tables, as prescribed in the individual
Test solution. Dissolve 40 mg of the mixture of fatty acids monograph (if the monograph does not mention a specific
obtained from the substance to be examined in 4 ml of solution, use the composition described in Table 2.4.22.-1).
chloroform R. Dissolve in heptane R and dilute to 50.0 ml with the same
solvent.
Reference solution. Dissolve 40 mg of the mixture of fatty
acids obtained from a mixture of 19 volumes of maize oil R Reference solution (b). Dilute 1.0 ml of reference solution (a)
and 1 volume of rapeseed oil R in 4 ml of chloroform R. to 10.0 ml with heptane R.
Apply to the plate 3 µl of each solution. Develop over a Reference solution (c). Prepare 0.50 g of a mixture of fatty
path of 8 cm using a mixture of 10 volumes of water R acid methyl esters that corresponds in composition to the
and 90 volumes of glacial acetic acid R. Dry the plate at mixture of fatty acids indicated in the monograph of the
110 °C for 10 min. Allow to cool and, unless otherwise substance to be examined. Dissolve in heptane R and dilute
prescribed, place the plate in a chromatographic chamber, to 50.0 ml with the same solvent. Commercially available
with a tightly fitting lid, that has previously been saturated mixtures of fatty acid methyl esters may also be used.
with iodine vapour by placing iodine R in an evaporating Column :
dish at the bottom of the chamber. After some time brown — material : fused silica, glass or quartz ;
or yellowish-brown spots become visible. Remove the plate
and allow to stand for a few minutes. When the brown — size : l = 10-30 m, Ø = 0.2-0.8 mm ;
background colour has disappeared, spray with starch — stationary phase : macrogol 20 000 R (film thickness
solution R. Blue spots appear which may become brown on 0.1-0.5 µm) or another suitable stationary phase.
drying and again become blue after spraying with water R.
Carrier gas : helium for chromatography R or hydrogen
The chromatogram obtained with the test solution always
for chromatography R.
shows a spot with an RF of about 0.5 (oleic acid) and a spot
with an RF of about 0.65 (linoleic acid) corresponding to Flow rate : 1.3 ml/min (for a column Ø = 0.32 mm).
the spots in the chromatogram obtained with the reference Split ratio : 1:100 or less, according to the internal diameter
solution. With some oils a spot with an RF of about 0.75 may of the column used (1:50 when Ø = 0.32 mm).
be present (linolenic acid). By comparison with the spot in
the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution, Temperature :
verify the absence in the chromatogram obtained with the — column : in isothermal conditions, 160-200 °C, according
test solution of a spot with an RF of about 0.25 (erucic acid). to the length and type of column used (200 °C for a
column 30 m long and coated with a layer of macrogol
20 000 R) ; if a linear temperature programming is
necessary, raise the temperature of the column at a rate
01/2008:20422 of 3 °C/min from 170 °C to 230 °C, for example ;
— injection port : 250 °C ;
2.4.22. COMPOSITION OF FATTY — detector : 250 °C.
ACIDS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY Detection : flame ionisation.
Injection : 1 µl.
The test for foreign oils is carried out on the methyl esters
of the fatty acids contained in the oil to be examined by gas Sensitivity : the height of the principal peak in the
chromatography (2.2.28). chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a) is
50-70 per cent of the full scale of the recorder.
METHOD A System suitability when using the mixture of calibrating
This method is not applicable to oils that contain glycerides substances in Table 2.4.22.-1 or Table 2.4.22.-3 :
of fatty acids with an epoxy-, hydroepoxy-, hydroperoxy-, — resolution : minimum 1.8 between the peaks due to
cyclopropyl or cyclopropenyl group, or those that contain methyl oleate and methyl stearate in the chromatogram
a large proportion of fatty acids of chain length less than obtained with reference solution (a) ;
8 carbon atoms or to oils with an acid value greater
than 2.0. — signal-to-noise ratio : minimum 5 for the peak due to
methyl myristate in the chromatogram obtained with
Test solution. When prescribed in the monograph, dry reference solution (b) ;
the oil to be examined before the methylation step. Weigh
1.0 g of the oil into a 25 ml round-bottomed flask with a — number of theoretical plates: minimum 30 000,
ground-glass neck fitted with a reflux condenser and a gas calculated for the peak due to methyl stearate in the
port into the flask. Add 10 ml of anhydrous methanol R chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a).
and 0.2 ml of a 60 g/l solution of potassium hydroxide R in System suitability when using the mixture of calibrating
methanol R. Attach the reflux condenser, pass nitrogen R substances in Table 2.4.22.-2 :
through the mixture at a rate of about 50 ml/min, shake — resolution : minimum 4.0 between the peaks due to
and heat to boiling. When the solution is clear (usually after methyl caprylate and methyl caprate in the chromatogram
about 10 min), continue heating for a further 5 min. Cool obtained with reference solution (a) ;
the flask under running water and transfer the contents to
a separating funnel. Rinse the flask with 5 ml of heptane R — signal-to-noise ratio : minimum 5 for the peak due to
and transfer the rinsings to the separating funnel and shake. methyl caproate in the chromatogram obtained with
Add 10 ml of a 200 g/l solution of sodium chloride R and reference solution (b) ;
shake vigorously. Allow to separate and transfer the organic — number of theoretical plates: minimum 15 000,
layer to a vial containing anhydrous sodium sulphate R. calculated for the peak due to methyl caprate in the
Allow to stand, then filter. chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a).

118 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.4.22. Composition of fatty acids by GC

ASSESSMENT OF CHROMATOGRAMS Measure the reduced retention time (t′R) of each peak in the
Avoid working conditions tending to give masked peaks chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a). t′R is the
(presence of constituents with small differences between retention time measured from the solvent peak and not from
retention times, for example linolenic acid and arachidic the time of injection. Plot the straight line :
acid).
log (t′R) = f (equivalent chain length)
Qualitative analysis. Identify the peaks in the chromatogram
obtained with reference solution (c) (isothermal operating The logarithms of t′R of unsaturated acids are situated on this
conditions or linear temperature programming). line at points corresponding to non-integer values of carbon
atoms known as ‘equivalent chain lengths’ ; the equivalent
When using isothermal operating conditions, the peaks may chain length is the length of the theoretical saturated chain
also be identified by drawing calibration curves using the that would have the same t′R as the fatty acid to be identified.
chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a) and the For example, linoleic acid has the same t′R as the theoretical
information given in Tables 2.4.22.-1, 2.4.22.-2 or 2.4.22.-3. saturated fatty acid having 18.8 carbon atoms.
Identify the peaks in the chromatogram obtained with the
Table 2.4.22.-1. – Mixture of calibrating substances (for test solution by means of the straight line and the reduced
gas chromatography with capillary column and split inlet retention times. Equivalent chain lengths are given in
system, it is recommended that the component with the Table 2.4.22.-4.
longest chain length of the mixture to be examined be
added to the calibration mixture, when the qualitative Table 2.4.22.-4. – Equivalent chain lengths (this value,
analysis is done using calibration curves) which is to be calculated using calibration curves, is given
as an example for a column of macrogol 20 000 R)
Mixture of the following substances Composition (per cent m/m)
Fatty acid Equivalent chain length
Methyl laurate R 5
Caproic acid 6.0
Methyl myristate R 5
Caprylic acid 8.0
Methyl palmitate R 10
Capric acid 10.0
Methyl stearate R 20
Lauric acid 12.0
Methyl arachidate R 40
Myristic acid 14.0
Methyl oleate R 20
Palmitic acid 16.0
Palmitoleic acid 16.3
Table 2.4.22.-2. – Mixture of calibrating substances (for
gas chromatography with capillary column and split inlet Margaric acid 17.0
system, it is recommended that the component with the Stearic acid 18.0
longest chain length of the mixture to be examined be
Oleic acid 18.3
added to the calibration mixture, when the qualitative
analysis is done using calibration curves) Linoleic acid 18.8

Mixture of the following substances Gamma-linolenic acid 19.0

Composition (per cent m/m)
Methyl caproate R 10 Alpha-linolenic acid 19.2

Methyl caprylate R 10 Arachidic acid 20.0

Methyl caprate R 20 Eicosenoic acid 20.2

Methyl laurate R 20 Arachidonic acid 21.2

Methyl myristate R 40 Behenic acid 22.0

Erucic acid 22.2

Table 2.4.22.-3. – Mixture of calibrating substances (for 12-Oxostearic acid 22.7

gas chromatography with capillary column and split inlet Ricinoleic acid 23.9
system, it is recommended that the component with the
12-Hydroxystearic acid 23.9
longest chain length of the mixture to be examined be
added to the calibration mixture, when the qualitative Lignoceric acid 24.0
analysis is done using calibration curves) Nervonic acid 24.2
Mixture of the following substances Composition (per cent m/m)
Quantitative analysis. In general, the normalisation
Methyl myristate R 5 procedure is used in which the sum of the areas of the peaks
Methyl palmitate R 10 in the chromatogram, except that of the solvent, is set at
100 per cent. The content of a constituent is calculated
Methyl stearate R 15 by determining the area of the corresponding peak as a
Methyl arachidate R 20 percentage of the sum of the areas of all the peaks. Disregard
any peak with an area less than 0.05 per cent of the total
Methyl oleate R 20
area.
Methyl eicosenoate R 10
In certain cases, for example in the presence of fatty acids
Methyl behenate R 10 with 12 or less carbon atoms, correction factors can be
10
prescribed in the individual monograph to convert peak
Methyl lignocerate R
areas in per cent m/m.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 119
2.4.23. Sterols in fatty oils EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

METHOD B 01/2008:20423
This method is not applicable to oils that contain glycerides
of fatty acids with an epoxy-, hydroepoxy-, hydroperoxy-, 2.4.23. STEROLS IN FATTY OILS
cyclopropyl or cyclopropenyl group or to oils with an acid
value greater than 2.0. SEPARATION OF THE STEROL FRACTION
Prepare the unsaponifiable matter and then isolate the sterol
Test solution. Introduce 0.100 g of the substance to be
fraction of the fatty oil by thin-layer chromatography (2.2.27),
examined into a 10 ml centrifuge tube with a screw cap.
using a TLC silica gel plate R with a 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm layer.
Dissolve with 1 ml of heptane R and 1 ml of dimethyl
carbonate R and mix vigorously under gentle heating Test solution (a). In a 150 ml flask fitted with a reflux
(50-60 °C). Add, while still warm, 1 ml of a 12 g/l solution condenser, place a volume of a 2 g/l solution of betulin R in
of sodium R in anhydrous methanol R, prepared with the methylene chloride R containing betulin corresponding to
necessary precautions, and mix vigorously for about 5 min. about 10 per cent of the sterol content of the sample used
Add 3 ml of distilled water R and mix vigorously for about for the determination (e.g. in the case of olive oil add 500 µl,
30 s. Centrifuge for 15 min at 1500 g. Inject 1 µl of the in the case of other vegetable oils add 1500 µl of the betulin
organic phase. solution). If the monograph requires the percentage content
of the individual sterols in the sterol fraction, the addition
Reference solutions and assessment of chromatograms. of betulin may be omitted. Evaporate to dryness under a
Where there is no specific prescription in the individual current of nitrogen R. Add 5.00 g (m) of the substance
monograph, proceed as described under Method A. to be examined. Add 50 ml of 2 M alcoholic potassium
Column : hydroxide R and heat on a water-bath for 1 h, swirling
frequently. Cool to a temperature below 25 °C and transfer
— material : fused silica ;
the contents of the flask to a separating funnel with 100 ml
— size : l = 30 m, Ø = 0.25 mm ; of water R. Shake the liquid carefully with 3 quantities,
— stationary phase: macrogol 20 000 R (film thickness each of 100 ml, of peroxide-free ether R. Combine the ether
0.25 µm). layers in another separating funnel containing 40 ml of
water R, shake gently for a few minutes, allow to separate
Carrier gas : helium for chromatography R. and reject the aqueous phase. Wash the ether phase with
Flow rate : 0.9 ml/min. several quantities, each of 40 ml, of water R, until the
aqueous phase is no longer alkaline to phenolphthalein.
Split ratio : 1:100.
Transfer the ether phase to a tared flask, washing the
Temperature : separating funnel with peroxide-free ether R. Distil off the
ether with suitable precautions and add 6 ml of acetone R
Time Temperature
to the residue. Carefully remove the solvent in a current
(min) (°C)
of nitrogen R. Dry to constant mass at 100-105 °C. Allow
Column 0 - 15 100
to cool in a desiccator and weigh. Transfer the residue to
15 - 36 100 → 225 a small test tube with methylene chloride R. Evaporate
36 - 61 225
under a stream of nitrogen R to a volume of about 1 ml.
Depending on the insaponifiable content of the oil, adapt the
Injection port 250 final concentration of the solution to 25-50 mg/ml.
Detector 250 Test solution (b). Treat 5.00 g of rapeseed oil R as prescribed
for the substance to be examined, beginning at the words
Detection : flame ionisation. “Add 50 ml of 2 M alcoholic potassium hydroxide R”.
Injection : 1 µl. Test solution (c). Treat 5.00 g of sunflower oil R as
prescribed for the substance to be examined, beginning
METHOD C at the words “Add 50 ml of 2 M alcoholic potassium
hydroxide R”.
This method is not applicable to oils that contain glycerides
of fatty acids with epoxy-, hydroepoxy-, hydroperoxy-, Reference solution. Dissolve 25 mg of cholesterol R and
aldehyde, ketone, cyclopropyl and cyclopropenyl groups, 10 mg of betulin R in 1 ml of methylene chloride R.
and conjugated polyunsaturated and acetylenic compounds Use a separate plate for each test solution. Apply as a band
because of partial or complete destruction of these groups. of 10 mm, at 20 mm from the base and 10 mm from the left
edge, 10 µl of the reference solution and as bands of 150 mm,
Test solution. Dissolve 0.10 g of the substance to be at 20 mm from the base, 0.5 ml of test solutions (a), (b) or (c).
examined in 2 ml of a 20 g/l solution of sodium hydroxide R Develop over a path of 17 cm using a mixture of 35 volumes
in methanol R in a 25 ml conical flask and boil under of ether R and 65 volumes of hexane R. Dry the plates in a
a reflux condenser for 30 min. Add 2.0 ml of boron current of nitrogen R. Spray the plates with a 2 g/l solution
trifluoride-methanol solution R through the condenser of dichlorofluorescein R in ethanol R and examine in
and boil for 30 min. Add 4 ml of heptane R through the ultraviolet light at 254 nm. The chromatogram obtained
condenser and boil for 5 min. Cool and add 10.0 ml of with the reference solution shows bands corresponding to
saturated sodium chloride solution R, shake for about 15 s cholesterol and betulin. The chromatograms obtained with
and add a quantity of saturated sodium chloride solution R the test solutions show bands with similar RF values due
such that the upper phase is brought into the neck of the to sterols. From each of the chromatograms, remove an
flask. Collect 2 ml of the upper phase, wash with 3 quantities, area of coating corresponding to the area occupied by the
each of 2 ml, of water R and dry over anhydrous sodium sterol bands and additionally the area of the zones 2-3 mm
sulphate R. above and below the visible zones corresponding to the
Reference solutions, chromatographic procedure and reference solution. Place separately in three 50 ml flasks.
assessment of chromatograms. Where there is no specific To each flask add 15 ml of methylene chloride R and heat
prescription in the individual monograph, proceed as under reflux with stirring, for 15 min. Filter each solution
described under Method A. through a sintered-glass filter (40) (2.1.2) or suitable filter

120 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.4.24. Identification and control of residual solvents

paper and wash each filter with 3 quantities, each of 15 ml, Table 2.4.23.-1. – Retention times of sterols with reference
of methylene chloride R. Place the combined filtrate and to β-sitosterol for two different columns
washings from each filter separately in 3 flasks, evaporate Poly(cyanopropyl)(7)- Poly[methyl(95)-
under a stream of nitrogen R to 5-10 ml. Transfer to a (phenyl)(7)- phenyl(5)]siloxane
small test tube and evaporate to dryness under a stream of (methyl)(86)siloxane
nitrogen R. Cholesterol 0.64 0.63
Brassicasterol 0.70 0.71

DETERMINATION OF THE STEROLS 24-Methylenecholesterol 0.79 0.80

Campesterol 0.82 0.81
Gas chromatography (2.2.28). Carry out the operations
protected from humidity and prepare the solutions Campestanol 0.83 0.82
immediately before use. Stigmasterol 0.87 0.87
Test solution. To the sterols separated from the substance ∆7-Campesterol 0.93 0.92
to be examined by thin-layer chromatography add a freshly ∆5,23-Stigmastadienol 0.95 0.95
prepared mixture of 0.04 ml of chlorotrimethylsilane R,
0.1 ml of hexamethyldisilazane R and 0.5 ml of anhydrous Clerosterol 0.96 0.96
pyridine R. Allow to stand for at least 5 min and use the β-Sitosterol 1 1
liquid phase.
Sitostanol 1.01 1.02
Reference solution (a). To 9 parts of the sterols separated ∆5-Avenasterol 1.03 1.03
from rapeseed oil R by thin-layer chromatography add
1 part of cholesterol R. To the mixture add a freshly ∆5,24-Stigmastadienol 1.09 1.08
prepared mixture of 0.04 ml of chlorotrimethylsilane R, ∆7-Stigmastenol(1) 1.13 1.12
0.1 ml of hexamethyldisilazane R and 0.5 ml of anhydrous
pyridine R. Allow to stand for at least 5 min and use the ∆7-Avenasterol 1.18 1.16
liquid phase. Betulin 1.4 1.4

Reference solution (b). To the sterols separated from (1) This sterol may also be referred to as ∆7-stigmasterol in literature.
sunflower oil R by thin-layer chromatography add a freshly The peak of the internal standard (betulin) must be clearly
prepared mixture of 0.04 ml of chlorotrimethylsilane R, separated from the peaks of the sterols to be determined.
0.1 ml of hexamethyldisilazane R and 0.5 ml of anhydrous
pyridine R. Allow to stand for at least 5 min and use the For the chromatogram obtained with the test solution,
liquid phase. identify the peaks and calculate the percentage content
of each sterol in the sterol fraction of the substance to be
Column : examined using the following expression :
— material : fused silica,
— size : l = 20-30 m, Ø = 0.25-0.32 mm,
A = area of the peak due to the component to be
— stationary phase: poly[methyl(95)phenyl(5)]siloxane R determined,
or poly(cyanopropyl)(7)(phenyl)(7)(methyl)(86)silox- = sum of the areas of the peaks due to the
ane R (film thickness 0.25 µm). S
components indicated in Table 2.4.23.-1.
Carrier gas : hydrogen for chromatography R or helium If required in the monograph, calculate the content of each
for chromatography R. sterol in milligrams per 100 grams of the substance to be
examined using the following expression :
Linear velocity : 30-50 cm/s (hydrogen) or 20-35 cm/s
(helium).
Split ratio : 1:50 or 1:100.
Temperature : A = area of the peak due to the component to be
determined,
— column : 260 °C, A′ = area of the peak due to betulin,
— injection port : 280 °C, m = mass of the sample of the substance to be
examined in grams,
— detector : 290 °C. m′ = mass of betulin R added in milligrams.
Detection : flame ionisation.
01/2008:20424
Injection : 1 µl.
Results : the chromatogram obtained with reference 2.4.24. IDENTIFICATION AND
solution (a) shows 4 principal peaks corresponding to CONTROL OF RESIDUAL SOLVENTS
cholesterol, brassicasterol, campesterol and β-sitosterol and
the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (b) The test procedures described in this general method may
shows 4 principal peaks corresponding to campesterol, be used :
stigmasterol, β-sitosterol and ∆7-stigmastenol. The retention i. for the identification of the majority of Class 1 and Class
times of the sterols with reference to β-sitosterol are given 2 residual solvents in an active substance, excipient or
in Table 2.4.23.-1. medicinal product when the residual solvents are unknown ;

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 121
2.4.24. Identification and control of residual solvents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

ii. as a limit test for Class 1 and Class 2 solvents when present Solvent solution (b). Dissolve appropriate quantities of the
in an active substance, excipient or medicinal product ; Class 2 residual solvents in dimethyl sulphoxide R and dilute
iii. for the quantification of Class 2 solvents when the to 100.0 ml with water R. Dilute to give a concentration
limits are greater than 1000 ppm (0.1 per cent) or for the of 1/20 of the limits stated in Table 2 (see 5.4. Residual
quantification of Class 3 solvents when required. solvents).
Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3 residual solvents are listed in Solvent solution (c). Dissolve 1.00 g of the solvent or
general chapter 5.4. Residual solvents. solvents present in the substance to be examined in dimethyl
sulphoxide R or water R, if appropriate, and dilute to
Three diluents are described for sample preparation and 100.0 ml with water R. Dilute to give a concentration of
the conditions to be applied for head-space injection of 1/20 of the limit(s) stated in Table 1 or 2 (see 5.4. Residual
the gaseous sample onto the chromatographic system. solvents).
Two chromatographic systems are prescribed but System
A is preferred whilst System B is employed normally for Blank solution. Prepare as described for solvent solution (c)
confirmation of identity. The choice of sample preparation but without the addition of solvent(s) (used to verify the
procedure depends on the solubility of the substance to be absence of interfering peaks).
examined and in certain cases the residual solvents to be Test solution. Introduce 5.0 ml of the sample solution and
controlled. 1.0 ml of the blank solution into an injection vial.
The following residual solvents are not readily detected by Reference solution (a) (Class 1). Introduce 1.0 ml of solvent
the head-space injection conditions described : formamide, solution (a) and 5.0 ml of the appropriate diluent into an
2-ethoxyethanol, 2-methoxyethanol, ethylene glycol, injection vial.
N-methylpyrrolidone and sulfolane. Other appropriate Reference solution (a1) (Class 1). Introduce 5.0 ml of the
procedures should be employed for the control of these sample solution and 1.0 ml of solvent solution (a) into an
residual solvents. injection vial.
When the test procedure is applied quantitatively to control Reference solution (b) (Class 2). Introduce 1.0 ml of solvent
residual solvents in a substance, then it must be validated. solution (b) and 5.0 ml of the appropriate diluent into an
injection vial.
PROCEDURE
Reference solution (c). Introduce 5.0 ml of the sample
Examine by gas chromatography with static head-space solution and 1.0 ml of solvent solution (c) into an injection
injection (2.2.28). vial.
Sample preparation 1. This is intended for the control of Reference solution (d). Introduce 1.0 ml of the blank
residual solvents in water-soluble substances. solution and 5.0 ml of the appropriate diluent into an
Sample solution (1). Dissolve 0.200 g of the substance to be injection vial.
examined in water R and dilute to 20.0 ml with the same Close the vials with a tight rubber membrane stopper
solvent. coated with polytetrafluoroethylene and secure with an
Sample preparation 2. This is intended for the control of aluminium crimped cap. Shake to obtain a homogeneous
residual solvents in water-insoluble substances. solution.
Sample solution (2). Dissolve 0.200 g of the substance to be The following static head-space injection conditions may be
examined in N,N-dimethylformamide R (DMF) and dilute to used :
20.0 ml with the same solvent.
Sample preparation
Sample preparation 3. This is intended for the control of procedure
N,N-dimethylacetamide and/or N,N-dimethylformamide, Operating parameters 1 2 3
when it is known or suspected that one or both of these
Equilibration temperature (°C) 80 105 80
substances are present in the substance to be examined.
Equilibration time (min) 60 45 45
Sample solution (3). Dissolve 0.200 g of the substance to be
examined in 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone R (DMI) and Transfer-line temperature (°C) 85 110 105
dilute to 20.0 ml with the same solvent.
Carrier gas : Nitrogen for chromatography R or Helium for
In some cases none of the above sample preparation chromatography R at an appropriate pressure
procedures are appropriate, in which case the diluent to be Pressurisation time (s) 30 30 30
used for the preparation of the sample solution and the static Injection volume (ml) 1 1 1
head-space conditions to be employed must be demonstrated
to be suitable. The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
Solvent solution (a). To 1.0 ml of Class 1 residual solvent SYSTEM A
solution CRS, add 9 ml of dimethyl sulphoxide R and dilute
to 100.0 ml with water R. Dilute 1.0 ml of this solution to — a fused-silica capillary or wide-bore column 30 m long
100 ml with water R. Dilute 1.0 ml of this solution to 10.0 ml and 0.32 mm or 0.53 mm in internal diameter coated with
with water R. cross-linked 6 per cent polycyanopropylphenylsiloxane
and 94 per cent polydimethylsiloxane (film thickness :
The reference solutions correspond to the following limits : 1.8 µm or 3 µm),
— benzene : 2 ppm, — nitrogen for chromatography R or helium for
— carbon tetrachloride : 4 ppm, chromatography R as the carrier gas, split ratio 1:5 with
a linear velocity of about 35 cm/s,
— 1,2-dichloroethane : 5 ppm,
— a flame-ionisation detector (a mass spectrometer may
— 1,1-dichloroethene : 8 ppm, also be used or an electron-capture detector for the
— 1,1,1-trichloroethane : 10 ppm. chlorinated residual solvents of Class 1),

122 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.4.24. Identification and control of residual solvents

maintaining the temperature of the column at 40 °C for ratio for benzene can be measured. The signal-to-noise ratio
20 min, then raising the temperature at a rate of 10 °C must be at least five. A typical chromatogram is shown in
per min to 240 °C and maintaining it at 240 °C for 20 min Figure 2.4.24.-3.
and maintaining the temperature of the injection port at Inject 1 ml of the gaseous phase of reference solution (a1)
140 °C and that of the detector at 250 °C, or, where there is onto the column described in System B. The peaks due to
interference from the matrix, use : the Class I residual solvents are still detectable.
SYSTEM B
Inject 1 ml of the gaseous phase of reference solution (b)
— a fused-silica capillary or wide-bore column 30 m long onto the column described in System B and record the
and 0.32 mm or 0.53 mm in internal diameter coated with chromatogram under such conditions that the resolution
macrogol 20 000 R (film thickness : 0.25 µm), between acetonitrile and trichloroethene can be determined.
— nitrogen for chromatography R or helium for The system is suitable if the chromatogram obtained
chromatography R as the carrier gas, split ratio 1:5 with resembles the chromatogram shown in Figure 2.4.24.-4 and
a linear velocity of about 35 cm/s. the resolution between acetonitrile and trichloroethene is at
— a flame-ionisation detector (a mass spectrophotometer least 1.0.
may also be used or an electron-capture detector for the Inject 1 ml of the gaseous phase of the test solution onto
chlorinated residual solvents of Class 1), the column described in System B. If in the chromatogram
maintaining the temperature of the column at 50 °C for obtained, there is no peak which corresponds to any of
20 min, then raising the temperature at a rate of 6 °C the residual solvent peaks in the chromatogram obtained
per min to 165 °C and maintaining it at 165 °C for 20 min with the reference solution (a) or (b), then the substance
and maintaining the temperature of the injection port at to be examined meets the requirements of the test. If
140 °C and that of the detector at 250 °C. any peak in the chromatogram obtained with the test
Inject 1 ml of the gaseous phase of reference solution (a) solution corresponds to any of the residual solvent peaks
onto the column described in System A and record the obtained with reference solution (a) or (b) and confirms
chromatogram under such conditions that the signal-to-noise the correspondence obtained when using System A, then
ratio for 1,1,1-trichloroethane can be measured. The proceed as follows.
signal-to-noise ratio must be at least five. A typical
chromatogram is shown in Figure 2.4.24.-1. Inject 1 ml of the gaseous phase of reference solution (c) onto
the column described for System A or System B. If necessary,
Inject 1 ml of the gaseous phase of reference solution (a1) adjust the sensitivity of the system so that the height of the
onto the column described in System A. The peaks due to peak corresponding to the identified residual solvent(s) is at
the Class 1 residual solvents are still detectable. least 50 per cent of the full scale of the recorder.
Inject 1 ml of the gaseous phase of reference solution (b)
onto the column described in System A and record the Inject 1 ml of the gaseous phase of reference solution (d)
chromatogram under such conditions that the resolution onto the column. No interfering peaks should be observed.
between acetonitrile and methylene chloride can be Inject 1 ml of the gaseous phase of the test solution and
determined. The system is suitable if the chromatogram 1 ml of the gaseous phase of reference solution (c) on to the
obtained resembles the chromatogram shown in column. Repeat these injections twice more.
Figure 2.4.24.-2 and the resolution between acetonitrile and
The mean area of the peak of the residual solvent(s) in the
methylene chloride is at least 1.0.
chromatograms obtained with the test solution is not greater
Inject 1 ml of the gaseous phase of the test solution onto than half the mean area of the peak of the corresponding
the column described in System A. If in the chromatogram residual solvent(s) in the chromatograms obtained with
obtained, there is no peak which corresponds to one of reference solution (c). The test is not valid unless the relative
the residual solvent peaks in the chromatograms obtained standard deviation of the differences in areas between the
with reference solution (a) or (b), then the substance to analyte peaks obtained from three replicate paired injections
be examined meets the requirements of the test. If any of reference solution (c) and the test solution, is at most
peak in the chromatogram obtained with the test solution 15 per cent.
corresponds to any of the residual solvent peaks obtained
with reference solution (a) or (b) then System B is to be A flow diagram of the procedure is shown in Figure 2.4.24.-5.
employed. When a residual solvent (Class 2 or Class 3) is present at
Inject 1 ml of the gaseous phase of reference solution (a) a level of 0.1 per cent or greater then the content may
onto the column described in System B and record the be quantitatively determined by the method of standard
chromatogram under such conditions that the signal-to-noise additions.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 123
2.4.24. Identification and control of residual solvents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

1. 1,1-dichloroethene 2. 1,1,1-trichloroethane 3. carbon tetrachloride 4. benzene 5. 1,2-dichloroethane

Figure 2.4.24.-1. – Typical chromatogram of class 1 solvents using the conditions described for System A and
Procedure 1. Flame-ionisation detector.

1. methanol 5. cis-1,2-dichloroethene 9. 1,2-dimethoxymethane 13. pyridine 16. chlorobenzene

2. acetonitrile 6. nitromethane 10. 1,1,2-trichloroethene 14. toluene 17. xylene ortho, meta, para
3. dichloromethane 7. chloroform 11. methylcyclohexane 15. 2-hexanone 18. tetralin
4. hexane 8. cyclohexane 12. 1,4-dioxan

Figure 2.4.24.-2. – Chromatogram of Class 2 solvents using the conditions described for System A and Procedure 1.
Flame-ionisation detector.

124 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.4.24. Identification and control of residual solvents

1. 1,1-dichloroethene 2. 1,1,1-trichloroethane 3. carbon tetrachloride 4. benzene 5. 1,2-dichloroethane

Figure 2.4.24.-3. – Chromatogram of Class 1 residual solvents using the conditions described for System B and
Procedure 1. Flame-ionisation detector.

1. methanol 5. cis-1,2-dichloroethene 9. 1,2-dimethoxyethane 13. pyridine 16. chlorobenzene

2. acetonitrile 6. nitromethane 10. 1,1,2-trichloroethene 14. toluene 17. xylene ortho, meta, para
3. dichloromethane 7. chloroform 11. methylcyclohexane 15. 2-hexanone 18. tetralin (tR = 28 min)
4. hexane 8. cyclohexane 12. 1,4-dioxan

Figure 2.4.24.-4. – Typical chromatogram of class 2 residual solvents using the conditions described for System B
and Procedure 1. Flame-ionisation detector.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 125
2.4.25. Ethylene oxide and dioxan EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Figure 2.4.24.-5. – Diagram relating to the identification of residual solvents and the application of limit tests
01/2008:20425 insufficiently soluble in these solvents, the preparation of
the sample solution and the head-space conditions to be
employed are given in the individual monograph.
2.4.25. ETHYLENE OXIDE AND Examine by head-space gas chromatography (2.2.28).
DIOXAN A. For samples soluble in or miscible with water, the
following procedure may be used.
The test is intended for the determination of residual
ethylene oxide and dioxan in samples soluble in water or
dimethylacetamide. For substances that are insoluble or

126 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.4.26. N,N-Dimethylaniline

Test solution. Weigh 1.00 g (MT) of the substance to to acetaldehyde and ethylene oxide is at least 2.0 and the
be examined in a 10 ml vial (other sizes may be used peak of dioxan is detected with a signal-to-noise ratio of at
depending on the operating conditions) and add 1.0 ml least 5.
of water R. Close and mix to obtain a homogeneous Inject separately suitable volumes, for example 1.0 ml (or the
solution. Allow to stand at 70 °C for 45 min. same volume used for reference solution (b)), of the gaseous
Reference solution (a). Weigh 1.00 g (MR) of the phases of the test solution and reference solution (a). Repeat
substance to be examined into an identical 10 ml vial, the procedure twice more.
add 0.50 ml of ethylene oxide solution R3 and 0.50 ml Verification of precision
of dioxan solution R1. Close and mix to obtain a
homogeneous solution. Allow to stand at 70 °C for For each pair of injections, calculate for ethylene oxide
45 min. and for dioxan the difference in area between the peaks
obtained with the test solution and reference solution (a).
Reference solution (b). To 0.50 ml of ethylene oxide The test is not valid unless the relative standard deviation
solution R3 in a 10 ml vial add 0.1 ml of a freshly prepared of the 3 values obtained for ethylene oxide is not greater
10 mg/l solution of acetaldehyde R and 0.1 ml of dioxan than 15 per cent and the relative standard deviation of the
solution R1. Close and mix to obtain a homogeneous 3 values obtained for dioxan is not greater than 10 per cent.
solution. Allow to stand at 70 °C for 45 min. If the weighings used for the test solution and reference
B. For samples soluble in or miscible with dimethylacetamide, solution differ from 1.00 g by more than 0.5 per cent, the
the following procedure may be used. appropriate corrections must be made.
Test solution. Weigh 1.00 g (MT) of the substance to The content of ethylene oxide or dioxan in parts per million
be examined in a 10 ml vial (other sizes may be used is calculated from the expressions :
depending on the operating conditions) and add 1.0 ml of
dimethylacetamide R and 0.20 ml of water R. Close and
mix to obtain a homogeneous solution. Allow to stand
at 90 °C for 45 min.
Reference solution (a). Weigh 1.00 g (MR) of the AT = area of the peak corresponding to ethylene oxide
substance to be examined into a 10 ml vial, add 1.0 ml of in the chromatogram obtained with the test
dimethylacetamide R, 0.10 ml of dioxan solution R and solution,
0.10 ml of ethylene oxide solution R2. Close and mix to AR = area of the peak corresponding to ethylene oxide
obtain a homogeneous solution. Allow to stand at 90 °C in the chromatogram obtained with reference
for 45 min. solution (a),
Reference solution (b). To 0.10 ml of ethylene oxide MT = mass of the substance to be examined in the test
solution R2 in a 10 ml vial, add 0.1 ml of a freshly prepared solution, in grams,
10 mg/l solution of acetaldehyde R and 0.10 ml of dioxan MR mass of the substance to be examined in the
=
solution R. Close and mix to obtain a homogeneous reference solution, in grams,
solution. Allow to stand at 70 °C for 45 min.
C = the amount of ethylene oxide added to reference
The following static head-space injection conditions may be
solution (a), in micrograms.
used :
— equilibration temperature : 70 °C (90 °C for solutions in
dimethylacetamide),
— equilibration time : 45 min,
— transfer-line temperature : 75 °C (150 °C for solutions in DT = area of the peak corresponding to dioxan in the
dimethylacetamide), chromatogram obtained with the test solution,
— carrier gas : helium for chromatography R, DR = area of the peak corresponding to dioxan in
— pressurisation time : 1 min, the chromatogram obtained with reference
solution (a),
— injection time : 12 s.
C = the amount of dioxan added to reference
The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
solution (a) in micrograms.
— a capillary glass or quartz column 30 m long and 0.32 mm
in internal diameter the inner surface of which is coated
with a 1.0 µm thick layer of poly(dimethyl)siloxane R,
— helium for chromatography R or nitrogen for 01/2008:20426
chromatography R as the carrier gas with a linear velocity
of about 20 cm/s and a split ratio of 1:20, 2.4.26. N,N-DIMETHYLANILINE
— a flame-ionisation detector,
METHOD A
maintaining the temperature of the column at 50 °C for
5 min, then raising the temperature at a rate of 5 °C per Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28), using
minute to 180 °C and then raising the temperature at a rate N,N-diethylaniline R as the internal standard.
of 30 °C per minute to 230 °C and maintaining at 230 °C Internal standard solution. Dissolve 50 mg of
for 5 min ; maintaining the temperature of the injection port N,N-diethylaniline R in 4 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and
at 150 °C and that of the detector at 250 °C. dilute to 50 ml with water R. Dilute 1 ml of this solution to
Inject a suitable volume, for example 1.0 ml, of the gaseous 100 ml with water R.
phase of reference solution (b). Adjust the sensitivity of the Test solution. Dissolve in a ground-glass-stoppered tube
system so that the heights of the peaks due to ethylene oxide 0.50 g of the substance to be examined in 30.0 ml of water R.
and acetaldehyde in the chromatogram obtained are at least Add 1.0 ml of the internal standard solution. Adjust the
15 per cent of the full scale of the recorder. The test is not solution to a temperature of 26 °C to 28 °C. Add 1.0 ml
valid unless the resolution between the peaks corresponding of strong sodium hydroxide solution R and mix until

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 127
2.4.27. Heavy metals in herbal drugs and fatty oils EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

completely dissolved. Add 2.0 ml of trimethylpentane R. 01/2008:20427

Shake for 2 min and allow the phases to separate. Use the
upper layer.
Reference solution. Dissolve 50.0 mg of N,N-
2.4.27. HEAVY METALS IN HERBAL
dimethylaniline R in 4.0 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and DRUGS AND FATTY OILS
dilute to 50.0 ml with water R. Dilute 1.0 ml of this solution
to 100.0 ml with water R. Dilute 1.0 ml of this solution to Examine by atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23).
30.0 ml with water R. Add 1.0 ml of the internal standard CAUTION : when using closed high-pressure digestion
solution and 1.0 ml of strong sodium hydroxide solution R. vessels and microwave laboratory equipment, be familiar
Add 2.0 ml of trimethylpentane R. Shake for 2 min and allow with the safety and operating instructions given by the
the phases to separate. Use the upper layer. manufacturer.
The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
APPARATUS
— a fused-silica capillary column 25 m long and
0.32 mm in internal diameter coated with cross-linked The apparatus typically consists of the following :
polymethylphenylsiloxane R (film thickness 0.52 µm), — as digestion flasks, polytetrafluoroethylene flasks with a
— helium for chromatography R as the carrier gas with a volume of about 120 ml, fitted with an airtight closure, a
split ratio 1:20, a column head pressure of 50 kPa and valve to adjust the pressure inside the container and a
a split vent of 20 ml/min, polytetrafluoroethylene tube to allow release of gas,
— a flame-ionisation detector, — a system to make flasks airtight, using the same torsional
— a split-liner consisting of a column about 1 cm force for each of them,
long packed with diatomaceous earth for gas — a microwave oven, with a magnetron frequency of
chromatography R impregnated with 10 per cent m/m of 2450 MHz, with a selectable output from 0 to 630 ± 70 W
poly(dimethyl)siloxane R, in 1 per cent increments, a programmable digital
maintaining the temperature of the column at 150 °C for computer, a polytetrafluoroethylene-coated microwave
5 min, then raising the temperature at a rate of 20 °C cavity with a variable speed exhaust fan, a rotating
per min to 275 °C and maintaining it at 275 °C for 3 min turntable drive system and exhaust tubing to vent fumes,
and maintaining the temperature of the detector at 300 °C — an atomic absorption spectrometer, equipped with
and that of the injection port at 220 °C. hollow-cathode lamps as source of radiation and a
The retention times are : N,N-dimethylaniline about 3.6 min, deuterium lamp as background corrector ; the system is
N,N-diethylaniline about 5.0 min. fitted with :
Inject 1 µl of the test solution and 1 µl of the reference (a) a graphite furnace as atomisation device for cadmium,
solution. copper, iron, lead, nickel and zinc.
METHOD B (b) an automated continuous-flow hydride vapour
generation system for arsenic and mercury.
Examined by gas chromatography (2.2.28), using
naphthalene R as the internal standard. METHOD
Internal standard solution. Dissolve 50 mg of naphthalene R In case alternative apparatus is used, an adjustment of the
in cyclohexane R and dilute to 50 ml with the same solvent. instrument parameters may be necessary.
Dilute 5 ml of this solution to 100 ml with cyclohexane R.
Test solution. To 1.00 g of the substance to be examined Clean all the glassware and laboratory equipment with a
in a ground-glass-stoppered tube add 5 ml of 1 M sodium 10 g/l solution of nitric acid R before use.
hydroxide and 1.0 ml of the internal standard solution. Test solution. In a digestion flask place the prescribed
Stopper the tube and shake vigorously for 1 min. Centrifuge quantity of the substance to be examined (about 0.50 g of
if necessary and use the upper layer. powdered drug (1400) (2.9.12) or 0.50 g of fatty oil). Add
Reference solution. To 50.0 mg of N,N-dimethylaniline R 6 ml of heavy metal-free nitric acid R and 4 ml of heavy
add 2 ml of hydrochloric acid R and 20 ml of water R, shake metal-free hydrochloric acid R. Make the flask airtight.
to dissolve and dilute to 50.0 ml with water R. Dilute 5.0 ml Place the digestion flasks in the microwave oven. Carry
of this solution to 250.0 ml with water R. To 1.0 ml of the out the digestion in 3 steps according to the following
latter solution in a ground-glass-stoppered tube add 5 ml of programme, used for 7 flasks each containing the test
1 M sodium hydroxide and 1.0 ml of the internal standard solution : 80 per cent power for 15 min, 100 per cent power
solution. Stopper the tube and shake vigorously for 1 min. for 5 min, 80 per cent power for 20 min.
Centrifuge if necessary and use the upper layer. At the end of the cycle allow the flasks to cool in air and to
The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using : each add 4 ml of heavy metal-free sulphuric acid R. Repeat
— a glass column 2 m long and 2 mm in internal diameter the digestion programme. After cooling in air, open each
packed with silanised diatomaceous earth for gas digestion flask and introduce the clear, colourless solution
chromatography R impregnated with 3 per cent m/m of obtained into a 50 ml volumetric flask. Rinse each digestion
polymethylphenylsiloxane R, flask with 2 quantities, each of 15 ml, of water R and collect
the rinsings in the volumetric flask. Add 1.0 ml of a 10 g/l
— nitrogen for chromatography R as the carrier gas at a
solution of magnesium nitrate R and 1.0 ml of a 100 g/l
flow rate of 30 ml/min,
solution of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate R and dilute
— a flame-ionisation detector, to 50.0 ml with water R.
maintaining the temperature of the column at 120 °C and Blank solution. Mix 6 ml of heavy metal-free nitric acid R
that of the injection port and of the detector at 150 °C. and 4 ml of heavy metal-free hydrochloric acid R in a
Inject 1 µl of the test solution and 1 µl of the reference digestion flask. Carry out the digestion in the same manner
solution. as for the test solution.

128 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.4.28. 2-Ethylhexanoic acid

CADMIUM, COPPER, IRON, LEAD, NICKEL AND ZINC 01/2008:20428

Measure the content of cadmium, copper, iron, lead,
nickel and zinc by the standard additions method (2.2.23, 2.4.28. 2-ETHYLHEXANOIC ACID
Method II), using reference solutions of each heavy metal
and the instrumental parameters described in Table 2.4.27.-1. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28), using
3-cyclohexylpropionic acid R as the internal standard.
The absorbance value of the blank solution is automatically
subtracted from the value obtained with the test solution. Internal standard solution. Dissolve 100 mg of
3-cyclohexylpropionic acid R in cyclohexane R and dilute
Table 2.4.27.-1 to 100 ml with the same solvent.
Cd Cu Fe Ni Pb Zn Test solution. To 0.300 g of the substance to be examined,
Wavelength nm 228.8 324.8 248.3 232 283.5 213.9 add 4.0 ml of a 33 per cent V/V solution of hydrochloric
acid R. Shake vigorously for 1 min with 1.0 ml of the internal
Slit width nm 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 standard solution. Allow the phases to separate (if necessary,
Lamp current mA 6 7 5 10 5 7 centrifuge for a better separation). Use the upper layer.
Ignition °C 800 800 800 800 800 800 Reference solution. Dissolve 75.0 mg of 2-ethylhexanoic
temperature acid R in the internal standard solution and dilute to 50.0 ml
Atomisation °C 1800 2300 2300 2500 2200 2000 with the same solution. To 1.0 ml of the solution add 4.0 ml
temperature of a 33 per cent V/V solution of hydrochloric acid R.
Background on off off off off off
corrector
Shake vigorously for 1 min. Allow the phases to separate (if
Nitrogen flow l/min 3 3 3 3 3 3 necessary, centrifuge for a better separation). Use the upper
layer.
ARSENIC AND MERCURY The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
Measure the content of arsenic and mercury in comparison — a wide-bore fused-silica column 10 m long and 0.53 mm
with the reference solutions of arsenic or mercury at a known in internal diameter coated with macrogol 20 000
concentration by direct calibration (2.2.23, Method I) using 2-nitroterephthalate R (film thickness 1.0 µm),
an automated continuous-flow hydride vapour generation — helium for chromatography R as the carrier gas at a flow
system. rate of 10 ml/min,
The absorbance value of the blank solution is automatically — a flame-ionisation detector,
subtracted from the value obtained with the test solution. with the following temperature programme :
Arsenic Time Temperature Rate Comment
Sample solution. To 19.0 ml of the test solution or of the (min) (°C) (°C/min)
blank solution as prescribed above, add 1 ml of a 200 g/l Column 0-2 40 – isothermal
solution of potassium iodide R. Allow the test solution to
2 - 7.3 40 → 200 30 linear gradient
stand at room temperature for about 50 min or at 70 °C for
about 4 min. 7.3 - 10.3 200 – isothermal
Acid reagent. Heavy metal-free hydrochloric acid R. Injection port 200
Reducing reagent. A 6 g/l solution of sodium Detector 300
tetrahydroborate R in a 5 g/l solution of sodium
hydroxide R. Inject 1 µl of the test solution and 1 µl of the reference
The instrumental parameters in Table 2.4.27.-2 may be used. solution.
The test is not valid unless the resolution between the peaks
Mercury
corresponding to 2-ethylhexanoic acid (first peak) and the
Sample solution. Test solution or blank solution, as internal standard is at least 2.0.
prescribed above. Calculate the percentage content of 2-ethylhexanoic acid
Acid reagent. A 515 g/l solution of heavy metal-free from the expression :
hydrochloric acid R.
Reducing reagent. A 10 g/l solution of stannous chloride R
in dilute heavy metal-free hydrochloric acid R.
The instrumental parameters in Table 2.4.27.-2 may be used. A = area of the peak corresponding to 2-ethylhexanoic
T
Table 2.4.27.-2 acid in the chromatogram obtained with the test
solution,
As Hg
AR = area of the peak corresponding to 2-ethylhexanoic
Wavelength nm 193.7 253.7 acid in the chromatogram obtained with the
Slit width nm 0.2 0.5 reference solution,
Lamp current mA 4
I T = area of the peak corresponding to the internal
10
standard in the chromatogram obtained with the
Acid reagent flow rate ml/min 1.0 1.0 test solution,
Reducing reagent flow rate ml/min 1.0 1.0 IR = area of the peak corresponding to the internal
7.0 7.0
standard in the chromatogram obtained with the
Sample solution flow rate ml/min
reference solution,
Absorption cell Quartz Quartz mT = mass of the substance to be examined in the test
(heated) (unheated)
solution, in grams,
Background corrector off off
mR = mass of 2-ethylhexanoic acid in the reference
Nitrogen flow rate l/min 0.1 0.1
solution, in grams.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 129
2.4.29. Composition of fatty acids in oils rich in omega-3 acids EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:20429 trimethylpentane R and dilute to 10.0 ml with the same

corrected 6.0 solution. Proceed as described for test solution (a) step A
when analysing ethyl esters. For analysis of triglycerides,
continue with step B in the same manner as for test
2.4.29. COMPOSITION OF FATTY solution (a). Prepare 3 solutions for each sample.
ACIDS IN OILS RICH IN OMEGA-3 Reference solution (b). Into a 10 ml volumetric flask
ACIDS dissolve 0.3 g of methyl palmitate R, 0.3 g of methyl
stearate R, 0.3 g of methyl arachidate R and 0.3 g of methyl
The assay may be used for quantitative determination of behenate R, in a 50 mg/l solution of butylhydroxytoluene R
the EPA and DHA content in omega-3-containing products in trimethylpentane R and dilute to 10.0 ml with the same
of fish oil in different concentrations. The method is solution.
applicable to triglycerides or ethyl esters and the results are Reference solution (c). Into a 10 ml volumetric
expressed as triglycerides or ethyl esters, respectively. flask dissolve a sample containing about 55.0 mg of
EPA AND DHA docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester R and about 5.0 mg of
tetracos-15-enoic acid methyl ester R in a 50 mg/l solution
Gas chromatography (2.2.28). Carry out the operations of butylhydroxytoluene R in trimethylpentane R and dilute
as rapidly as possible, avoiding exposure to actinic light, to 10.0 ml with the same solution.
oxidising agents, oxidation catalysts (for example, copper
and iron) and air. Column :
— material : fused silica,
The assay is carried out on the methyl or ethyl esters of
(all-Z)-eicosa-5,8,11,14,17-pentaenoic acid (EPA ; 20:5 n-3) — dimensions : l = at least 25 m, Ø = 0.25 mm,
and (all-Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid (DHA ; 22:6 — stationary phase : bonded macrogol 20 000 R (film
n-3) in the substance to be examined. thickness 0.2 µm).
Internal standard. Methyl tricosanoate R. Carrier gas : hydrogen for chromatography R or helium
Test solution (a) for chromatography R.
A. Dissolve the mass of sample to be examined according Flow rate : 1 ml/min.
to Table 2.4.29.-1 and about 70.0 mg of the internal Split ratio : 1:200, alternatively splitless with temperature
standard in a 50 mg/l solution of butylhydroxytoluene R control (sample solutions need to be diluted 1/200
in trimethylpentane R and dilute to 10.0 ml with the with a 50 mg/l solution of butylhydroxytoluene R in
same solution. trimethylpentane R before injection).
Table 2.4.29.-1. Temperature :
Approximate sum EPA + DHA Mass of sample to be examined Time Temperature
(per cent) (grams) (min) (°C)
30 - 50 0.4 - 0.5 Column 0-2 170

50 - 70 0.3 2 - 25.7 170 → 240

70 - 90 0.25 25.7 - 28 240

Injection port 250
Ethyl esters are now ready for analysis. For triglycerides
continue as described in step B. Detector 270

B. Introduce 2.0 ml of the solution obtained in step A into Detection : flame ionisation.
a quartz tube and evaporate the solvent with a gentle
Injection : 1 µl, twice.
current of nitrogen R. Add 1.5 ml of a 20 g/l solution of
sodium hydroxide R in methanol R, cover with nitrogen R, System suitability :
cap tightly with a polytetrafluoroethylene-lined cap, — in the chromatogram obtained with reference solution (b),
mix and heat on a water-bath for 7 min. Allow to cool. the area per cent composition increases in the following
Add 2 ml of boron trichloride-methanol solution R, order : methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl
cover with nitrogen R, cap tightly, mix and heat on a arachidate, methyl behenate ; the difference between the
water-bath for 30 min. Cool to 40-50 °C, add 1 ml of percentage area of methyl palmitate and that of methyl
trimethylpentane R, cap and shake vigorously for at behenate is less than 2.0 area per cent units,
least 30 s. Immediately add 5 ml of a saturated sodium — resolution : minimum of 1.2 between the peaks
chloride solution R, cover with nitrogen R, cap and shake due to docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester and to
thoroughly for at least 15 s. Transfer the upper layer to tetracos-15-enoic acid methyl ester in the chromatogram
a separate tube. Shake the methanol layer once more obtained with reference solution (c),
with 1 ml of trimethylpentane R. Wash the combined
trimethylpentane extracts with 2 quantities, each of 1 ml, — in the chromatogram obtained with test solution (a),
of water R and dry over anhydrous sodium sulphate R. the peaks due to methyl tricosanoate and any
Prepare 3 solutions for each sample. heneicosapentaenoic acid methyl ester or ethyl ester
(C21:5) present when compared with the chromatogram
Test solution (b). Dissolve 0.300 g of the sample to be obtained with test solution (b) are clearly separated (if
examined in a 50 mg/l solution of butylhydroxytoluene R not, a correction factor has to be used).
in trimethylpentane R and dilute to 10.0 ml with the same
solution. Proceed as described for test solution (a). Calculate the percentage content of EPA and DHA using the
following expression and taking into account the assigned
Reference solution (a). Dissolve 60.0 mg of docosahexaenoic value of the reference substances :
acid ethyl ester CRS, about 70.0 mg of the internal standard
and 90.0 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester CRS
in a 50 mg/l solution of butylhydroxytoluene R in

130 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.4.31. Nickel in hydrogenated vegetable oils

m1 = mass of the internal standard in test solution (a), Internal standard solution. Dissolve 30.0 mg of
in milligrams, 1,2-pentanediol R in acetone R and dilute to 30.0 ml with
m2 = mass of the sample to be examined in test the same solvent. Dilute 1.0 ml of this solution to 20.0 ml
solution (a), in milligrams, with acetone R.
m3 Test solution. Dissolve 0.500 g of the substance to be
= mass of the internal standard in reference
examined in the internal standard solution and dilute to
solution (a), in milligrams,
10.0 ml with the same solution.
mx,r = mass of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester CRS
Reference solution (a). Mix 30.0 mg of ethylene glycol R
or docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester CRS in
with acetone R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same solvent.
reference solution (a), in milligrams,
Dilute 1.0 ml to 10.0 ml with the internal standard solution.
Ax = area of the peak due to eicosapentaenoic acid Reference solution (b). Prepare a solution of diethylene
ester or docosahexaenoic acid ester in the glycol R with a concentration corresponding to the
chromatogram obtained with test solution (a), prescribed limit and using the same solvents as for the
Ax,r = area of the peak due to eicosapentaenoic preparation of reference solution (a).
acid ester or docosahexaenoic acid ester in Column :
the chromatogram obtained with reference
solution (a), — material : fused silica,
A1 = area of the peak due to the internal standard in — size : l = 30 m, Ø = 0.53 mm,
the chromatogram obtained with test solution (a), — stationary phase : macrogol 20 000 R (film
A3 area of the peak due to the internal standard thickness 1 µm).
=
in the chromatogram obtained with reference Carrier gas : helium for chromatography R.
solution (a), Flow rate : 10 ml/min.
C = conversion factor between ethyl ester and Split ratio : 1:3.
triglycerides, Temperature :
C = 1.00 for ethyl esters, Time Temperature
C = 0.954 for EPA, (min) (°C)
Column 0 - 40 80 → 200
C = 0.957 for DHA.
40 - 45 200 → 230
TOTAL OMEGA-3 ACIDS 45 - 65 230
From the assay for EPA and DHA, calculate the
Injection port 250
percentage content of the total omega-3 acids using the
following expression and identifying the peaks from the Detector 250
chromatograms :
Detection : flame ionisation.
Injection : 2 µl.
Relative retention with reference to 1,2-pentanediol
(retention time = about 19 min) : ethylene glycol = about 0.7 ;
EPA = percentage content of EPA, diethylene glycol = about 1.3.
DHA = percentage content of DHA,
An-3 = sum of the areas of the peaks due to C18:3 n-3, 01/2008:20431
C18:4 n-3, C20:4 n-3, C21:5 n-3 and C22:5 n-3
methyl esters in the chromatogram obtained with 2.4.31. NICKEL IN HYDROGENATED
test solution (b),
AEPA = area of the peak due to EPA ester in the
VEGETABLE OILS
chromatogram obtained with test solution (b), Atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I).
ADHA = area of the peak due to DHA ester in the CAUTION : when using closed high-pressure digestion
chromatogram obtained with test solution (b). vessels and microwave laboratory ovens, be familiar
with the safety and operating instructions given by the
manufacturer.
01/2008:20430 The reagents magnesium nitrate R and ammonium
dihydrogen phosphate R must be controlled for nickel
2.4.30. ETHYLENE GLYCOL before use. The actual nickel content is taken into account
AND DIETHYLENE GLYCOL IN in the calculation of the nickel content of the sample.
Test solution. Weigh 0.250 g (m) of the substance to be
ETHOXYLATED SUBSTANCES examined into a suitable high-pressure-resistant digestion
Ethoxylated substances may contain varied amounts of vessel (fluoropolymer or quartz glass), add 6.0 ml of
ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol, as a result of the nickel-free nitric acid R and 2.0 ml of strong hydrogen
manufacturing process. The following method may be used peroxide solution R. Prepare a blank solution in the same
for the quantitative determination of these substances, manner. Place the closed vessels in a laboratory microwave
in particular in the case of the following surfactants : oven and digest with an appropriate programme, e.g.
macrogolglycerol ricinoleate, macrogolglycerol 1000 W for 40 min. Allow the digestion vessels to cool
hydroxystearate, macrogol 15 hydroxystearate, nonoxinol 9 before opening. Add 2.0 ml of strong hydrogen peroxide
and macrogol cetostearyl ether. solution R and repeat the digestion step. Allow the digestion
vessels to cool before opening. Quantitatively transfer to a
Gas chromatography (2.2.28). 25 ml flask, add 0.5 ml of a 10 g/l solution of magnesium

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 131
2.4.32. Total cholesterol in oils rich in omega-3 acids EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

nitrate R and 0.5 ml of a 100 g/l solution of ammonium Internal standard working solution. Prepare the solution
dihydrogen phosphate R, dilute to 25.0 ml with water for immediately before use. Dilute 1.0 ml of the internal
chromatography R and mix. standard stock solution to 10.0 ml with heptane R.
Reference solutions. Into 4 volumetric flasks, introduce Cholesterol stock solution. Dissolve 30.0 mg of cholesterol R
25 µl, 50 µl, 75 µl and 100 µl of nickel standard solution in heptane R and dilute to 10.0 ml with the same solvent.
(5 ppm Ni) R. To each flask, add 0.5 ml of a 10 g/l solution The solution is dispensed into gas chromatography vials and
of magnesium nitrate R, 0.5 ml of a 100 g/l solution may be stored in a deep-freezer for up to 6 months.
of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate R and 6.0 ml of
nickel-free nitric acid R and dilute to 25.0 ml with water Cholesterol working solution. Prepare the solution
for chromatography R. Mix to obtain reference solutions immediately before use. Dilute 1.0 ml of the cholesterol
containing respectively 5 ng/ml, 10 ng/ml, 15 ng/ml and stock solution to 10.0 ml with heptane R.
20 ng/ml (ppb) of nickel.
Zero solution. In a volumetric flask, introduce 1.0 ml of a α-Tocopherol solution. Dilute 15.0 mg of α-tocopherol CRS
10 g/l solution of magnesium nitrate R, 1.0 ml of a 100 g/l to 10.0 ml with heptane R.
solution of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate R and
12.0 ml of nickel-free nitric acid R. Dilute to 50.0 ml with Test solution. Weigh 0.100 g of the substance to be
water for chromatography R and mix. examined into a 15 ml quartz tube. Add 1.0 ml of the
internal standard stock/working solution, depending on the
Method. Determine the absorbance of each solution expected cholesterol content in the oil (see Table 2.4.32.-1).
at 232.0 nm using a suitable graphite furnace atomic
absorption spectrometer equipped with a background Evaporate to dryness on a heating block at 50 °C under a
compensation system, a pyrolytically-coated tube, and a gentle stream of nitrogen, while mixing. Add 0.5 ml of a
nickel hollow-cathode lamp. Maintain the drying temperature 50 per cent solution of potassium hydroxide R and 3.0 ml of
of the furnace at 120 °C for 35 s after a 5 s ramp, the ashing ethanol (96 per cent) R. Fill the tube with nitrogen R and
temperature at 1100 °C for 10 s after a 30 s ramp, the cooling cap. Further heat on the heating block at 100 °C for 1 h
temperature at 800 °C for 5 s after a 5 s decrease, and the with stirring. Cool for about 10 min and add 6 ml of distilled
atomisation temperature at 2600 °C for 7 s. Use the zero water R. Extract with 4 quantities, each of 2.5 ml, of ether R,
solution to set the instrument to zero. Using the calibration mixing each time for 1 min using a vortex mixer. Transfer
curve, determine the concentrations of the test solution and the ether phase to a large centrifuge tube or a separating
the blank solution from the corresponding absorptions. If funnel and wash the combined extracts with 5 ml of distilled
necessary, dilute with the zero solution to obtain a reading water R, mixing carefully a fixed number of times, e.g.
within the calibrated absorbance range. 60 times. Discard the aqueous phase, add 5 ml of a 3 per
cent solution of potassium hydroxide R to the ether phase
Calculate the content of Ni in micrograms per gram (ppm) and mix carefully 20 times. Discard the aqueous phase, add
using the following expression : another 5 ml of distilled water R and mix carefully a further
20 times. Transfer the ether phase into a small centrifuge
tube, avoiding any transfer of water. If an emulsion forms
during the process, add a small amount of sodium chloride R
to get a separation of the phases.
c = measured concentration of Ni, in nanograms per
millilitre ; Evaporate to dryness under a gentle stream of nitrogen
f = dilution factor of the test solution ; with careful heating. Dissolve the residue in 600 µl of ethyl
m = acetate R.
mass of the substance to be examined, in grams.
Depending on the expected cholesterol content in the oil,
the solution is further diluted as follows :

— content less than 3 mg/g : dilute 200 µl of the solution to

2.0 ml with ethyl acetate R ;

01/2008:20432 — content greater than or equal to 3 mg/g : dilute 20 µl of

the solution to 2.0 ml with ethyl acetate R.

2.4.32. TOTAL CHOLESTEROL IN OILS Reference solution (a). Transfer 1.0 ml of the internal
standard stock/working solution and 1.0 ml of the
RICH IN OMEGA-3 ACIDS cholesterol stock/working solution, depending on the
expected cholesterol content in the oil (see Table 2.4.32.-1),
This method may be used for the quantitative determination to a 15 ml quartz tube and continue as described for the test
of the sum of free and esterified cholesterol in products solution, starting with “Evaporate to dryness on a heating
of fish oils rich in omega-3 acids (as ethyl esters or block...”.
triglycerides).
Reference solution (b). Mix 1.0 ml of the cholesterol stock
Gas chromatography (2.2.28). solution and 2.0 ml of the α-tocopherol solution in a suitable
flask. Evaporate to dryness under a gentle stream of nitrogen
Internal standard stock solution. Dissolve 0.15 g of with careful heating. Dissolve the residue in ethyl acetate R
(5α)-cholestane R in heptane R and dilute to 50.0 ml with and dilute to 50.0 ml with the same solvent. The solution
the same solvent. may be stored in a deep-freezer for up to 6 months.

132 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.4.32. Total cholesterol in oils rich in omega-3 acids

Table 2.4.32.-1. – Preparation of the test and reference System suitability : reference solution (b) :
solutions — resolution : minimum 1.2 between the peaks due to
Reference Reference cholesterol and α-tocopherol.
Test solution
solution (a) solution (b) Calculate the content of total cholesterol, expressed as
less greater less greater milligrams of cholesterol per gram of oil, using the following
than than or than than or expression :
3 mg/g equal to 3 mg/g equal to
3 mg/g 3 mg/g
Internal
standard stock – + – + –
solution
Internal A1 = area of the peak due to cholesterol in the
standard + – + – –
chromatogram obtained with the test solution ;
working
solution
A2 = area of the peak due to (5α)-cholestane in the
chromatogram obtained with the test solution ;
Cholesterol – – – + +
stock solution m1 = mass of the substance to be examined in the test
Cholesterol solution, in grams ;
working – – + – – m2
solution
= mass of (5α)-cholestane in the internal standard
stock solution, in grams ;
α-Tocopherol
– – – – + F = 20 for oils with an expected cholesterol content
solution
greater than or equal to 3 mg/g ; 2 for oils
Column : with an expected cholesterol content less than
— size : l = 30 m, Ø = 0.25 mm (film thickness 0.25 µm) ; 3 mg/g ;
— stationary phase: poly(dimethyl)(diphenyl)siloxane R. R = response factor.
Carrier gas : helium for chromatography R.
Calculate the response factor R using the following
Flow rate : 1.3 ml/min. expression :
Temperature :
Time Temperature
(min) (°C)
Column 0-1 170
A3 = area of the peak due to cholesterol in the
1 - 38 170 → 320 chromatogram obtained with reference
38 - 40 320 solution (a) ;
Injection port 320 A4 = area of the peak due to (5α)-cholestane in
the chromatogram obtained with reference
Detector 300
solution (a) ;
Detection : flame ionisation. m3 = mass of cholesterol in the cholesterol stock
Injection : 1 µl. solution, in grams.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 133
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

134 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

2.5. ASSAYS
2.5. Assays.. ................................................................................. 137 2.5.18. Phosphorus in polysaccharide vaccines.................. 142
2.5.1. Acid value......................................................................... 137 2.5.19. O-Acetyl in polysaccharide vaccines......................... 143
2.5.2. Ester value.. ..................................................................... 137 2.5.20. Hexosamines in polysaccharide vaccines................ 143
2.5.3. Hydroxyl value.. .............................................................. 137 2.5.21. Methylpentoses in polysaccharide vaccines.. ......... 143
2.5.4. Iodine value.. ................................................................... 137 2.5.22. Uronic acids in polysaccharide vaccines.. ............... 144
2.5.5. Peroxide value................................................................. 138 2.5.23. Sialic acid in polysaccharide vaccines.. ................... 144
2.5.6. Saponification value.. .................................................... 139 2.5.24. Carbon dioxide in gases.............................................. 144
2.5.7. Unsaponifiable matter.................................................... 139 2.5.25. Carbon monoxide in gases......................................... 145
2.5.8. Determination of primary aromatic 2.5.26. Nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide in
amino-nitrogen.. ....................................................................... 139 gases.. ......................................................................................... 146
2.5.9. Determination of nitrogen by sulphuric acid 2.5.27. Oxygen in gases.. .......................................................... 146
digestion.. .................................................................................. 139 2.5.28. Water in gases............................................................... 146
2.5.10. Oxygen-flask method................................................... 140 2.5.29. Sulphur dioxide............................................................ 146
2.5.11. Complexometric titrations.......................................... 140 2.5.30. Oxidising substances................................................... 147
2.5.12. Water : semi-micro determination..............................141 2.5.31. Ribose in polysaccharide vaccines............................ 147
2.5.13. Aluminium in adsorbed vaccines...............................141 2.5.32. Water : micro determination.. .................................... 147
2.5.14. Calcium in adsorbed vaccines.. ................................. 142 2.5.33. Total protein.................................................................. 148
2.5.15. Phenol in immunosera and vaccines.. ..................... 142 2.5.34. Acetic acid in synthetic peptides.. ............................ 151
2.5.16. Protein in polysaccharide vaccines.. ........................ 142 2.5.35. Nitrous oxide in gases.. ............................................... 152
2.5.17. Nucleic acids in polysaccharide vaccines.. .............. 142 2.5.36. Anisidine value.. ........................................................... 152

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 135
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

136 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.5.4. Iodine value

2.5. ASSAYS Heat the flask in a water-bath for 1 h keeping the level of the
water about 2.5 cm above the level of the liquid in the flask.
Withdraw the flask and allow to cool. Add 5 ml of water R
01/2008:20501 through the upper end of the condenser. If a cloudiness
appears add sufficient pyridine R to clear it, noting the
2.5.1. ACID VALUE volume added. Shake the flask and replace in the water-bath
The acid value IA is the number that expresses, in milligrams for 10 min. Withdraw the flask and allow to cool. Rinse the
the quantity of potassium hydroxide required to neutralise condenser and the walls of the flask with 5 ml of alcohol R,
the free acids present in 1 g of the substance. previously neutralised to phenolphthalein solution R1.
Titrate with 0.5 M alcoholic potassium hydroxide using
Dissolve 10.00 g of the substance to be examined, or the 0.2 ml of phenolphthalein solution R1 as indicator (n1 ml
quantity prescribed, (m g), in 50 ml of a mixture of equal of 0.5 M alcoholic potassium hydroxide). Carry out a blank
volumes of ethanol (96 per cent) R and light petroleum R3, test under the same conditions (n ml of 0.5 M alcoholic
2
previously neutralised with 0.1 M potassium hydroxide potassium hydroxide).
or 0.1 M sodium hydroxide, unless otherwise specified,
using 0.5 ml of phenolphthalein solution R1 as indicator. If
necessary, heat to about 90 °C to dissolve the substance
to be examined. When the substance to be examined
has dissolved, titrate with 0.1 M potassium hydroxide or METHOD B
0.1 M sodium hydroxide until the pink colour persists for at Introduce the prescribed quantity of the substance to be
least 15 s (n ml of titrant). When heating has been applied examined (m g) into a perfectly dry 5 ml conical flask fitted
to aid dissolution, maintain the temperature at about 90 °C with a ground-glass or suitable plastic stopper and add
during the titration. 2.0 ml of propionic anhydride reagent R. Close the flask
and shake gently to dissolve the substance. Allow to stand
for 2 h unless otherwise prescribed. Remove the stopper
and transfer the flask and its contents into a wide-mouthed
500 ml conical flask containing 25.0 ml of a 9 g/l solution
01/2008:20502 of aniline R in cyclohexane R and 30 ml of glacial acetic
acid R. Swirl the contents of the flask, allow to stand for
2.5.2. ESTER VALUE 5 min, add 0.05 ml of crystal violet solution R and titrate
with 0.1 M perchloric acid until an emerald-green colour is
The ester value IE is the number that expresses in milligrams obtained (n1 ml of 0.1 M perchloric acid). Carry out a blank
the quantity of potassium hydroxide required to saponify the test under the same conditions (n2 ml of 0.1 M perchloric
esters present in 1 g of the substance. It is calculated from acid).
the saponification value IS and the acid value IA :

To take account of any water present, determine this (y per

01/2008:20503 cent) by the semi-micro determination of water (2.5.12).
The hydroxyl value is then given by the equation :
2.5.3. HYDROXYL VALUE
The hydroxyl value IOH is the number that expresses in
milligrams the quantity of potassium hydroxide required 01/2008:20504
to neutralise the acid combined by acylation in 1 g of the
substance. 2.5.4. IODINE VALUE
METHOD A The iodine value II is the number that expresses in grams the
Introduce the quantity of the substance to be examined quantity of halogen, calculated as iodine, that can be fixed in
shown in Table 2.5.3.-1 (m g) into a 150 ml acetylation flask the prescribed conditions by 100 g of the substance.
fitted with an air condenser, unless another quantity is When the monograph does not specify the method to be
prescribed in the monograph. Add the quantity of acetic used, method A is applied. Any change from method A to
anhydride solution R1 stated in Table 2.5.3.-1 and attach method B is validated.
the air condenser.
METHOD A
Table 2.5.3.-1
Unless otherwise prescribed, use the following quantities
Presumed value IOH Quantity of sample Volume of (Table 2.5.4.-1) for the determination.
(g) acetylating reagent (ml)
10 - 100 2.0 5.0 Table 2.5.4.-1
100 - 150 1.5 5.0 Presumed value II Quantity of sample (g)
less than 20 1.0
150 - 200 1.0 5.0
20 - 60 0.5 - 0.25
200 - 250 0.75 5.0
60 - 100 0.25 - 0.15
250 - 300 0.60 or 1.20 5.0 or 10.0
more than 100 0.15 - 0.10
300 - 350 1.0 10.0
350 - 700 0.75 15.0 Introduce the prescribed quantity of the substance to be
examined (m g) into a 250 ml flask fitted with a ground-glass
700 - 950 0.5 15.0
stopper and previously dried or rinsed with glacial acetic

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 137
2.5.5. Peroxide value EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

acid R, and dissolve it in 15 ml of chloroform R unless

otherwise prescribed. Add very slowly 25.0 ml of iodine
bromide solution R. Close the flask and keep it in the
dark for 30 min unless otherwise prescribed, shaking
frequently. Add 10 ml of a 100 g/l solution of potassium
iodide R and 100 ml of water R. Titrate with 0.1 M sodium
thiosulphate, shaking vigorously until the yellow colour 01/2008:20505
is almost discharged. Add 5 ml of starch solution R and
continue the titration adding the 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate 2.5.5. PEROXIDE VALUE
dropwise until the colour is discharged (n1 ml of 0.1 M
sodium thiosulphate). Carry out a blank test under the same The peroxide value I is the number that expresses in
P
conditions (n2 ml of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate). milliequivalents of active oxygen the quantity of peroxide
contained in 1000 g of the substance, as determined by the
methods described below.
When the monograph does not specify the method to be
used, method A is applied. Any change from method A to
METHOD B method B is validated.
Unless otherwise prescribed, use the following quantities
(Table 2.5.4.-2) for the determination. METHOD A
Place 5.00 g of the substance to be examined (m g) in a
Table 2.5.4.-2 250 ml conical flask fitted with a ground-glass stopper.
Presumed Mass (g) Mass (g) Iodine Add 30 ml of a mixture of 2 volumes of chloroform R and
value II (corresponding (corresponding chloride 3 volumes of glacial acetic acid R. Shake to dissolve the
to an excess of to an excess of solution (ml) substance and add 0.5 ml of saturated potassium iodide
150 per cent 100 per cent solution R. Shake for exactly 1 min then add 30 ml of
ICl) ICl)
water R. Titrate with 0.01 M sodium thiosulphate, adding
<3 10 10 25
the titrant slowly with continuous vigorous shaking, until
3 8.4613 10.5760 25 the yellow colour is almost discharged. Add 5 ml of starch
5 5.0770 6.3460 25
solution R and continue the titration, shaking vigorously,
until the colour is discharged (n1 ml of 0.01 M sodium
10 2.5384 3.1730 20 thiosulphate). Carry out a blank test under the same
20 0.8461 1.5865 20 conditions (n2 ml of 0.01 M sodium thiosulphate). The
volume of 0.01 M sodium thiosulphate used in the blank
40 0.6346 0.7935 20 titration must not exceed 0.1 ml.
60 0.4321 0.5288 20
80 0.3173 0.3966 20
100 0.2538 0.3173 20
METHOD B
120 0.2115 0.2644 20
Carry out the operations avoiding exposure to actinic light.
140 0.1813 0.2266 20
Place 50 ml of a mixture of 2 volumes of trimethylpentane R
160 0.1587 0.1983 20 and 3 volumes of glacial acetic acid R in a conical flask
180 0.1410 0.1762 20 and replace the stopper. Swirl the flask until the substance
to be examined (m g ; see Table 2.5.5.-1) has dissolved.
200 0.1269 0.1586 20
Using a suitable volumetric pipette, add 0.5 ml of saturated
potassium iodide solution R and replace the stopper. Allow
The mass of the sample is such that there will be an excess the solution to stand for 60 ± 1 s, thoroughly shaking the
of iodine chloride solution R of 50 per cent to 60 per cent solution continuously, then add 30 ml of water R.
of the amount added, i.e. 100 per cent to 150 per cent of
the amount absorbed. Table 2.5.5.-1
Introduce the prescribed quantity of the substance to be Expected peroxide Mass of substance
examined (m g) into a 250 ml flask fitted with a ground-glass value Ip to be examined (g)
stopper and previously rinsed with glacial acetic acid R
0 to 12 2.00 to 5.00
or dried, and dissolve it in 15 ml of a mixture of equal
volumes of cyclohexane R and glacial acetic acid R, unless 12 to 20 1.20 to 2.00
otherwise prescribed. If necessary, melt the substance 20 to 30 0.80 to 1.20
before dissolution (melting point greater than 50 °C). Add
very slowly the volume of iodine chloride solution R stated 30 to 50 0.500 to 0.800
in Table 2.5.4.-2. Close the flask and keep it in the dark for 50 to 90 0.300 to 0.500
30 min, unless otherwise prescribed, shaking frequently. Add
10 ml of a 100 g/l solution of potassium iodide R and 100 ml Titrate the solution with 0.01 M sodium thiosulphate (V1 ml),
of water R. Titrate with 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate, shaking adding it gradually and with constant, vigorous shaking,
vigorously until the yellow colour is almost discharged. Add until the yellow iodine colour has almost disappeared. Add
5 ml of starch solution R and continue the titration adding about 0.5 ml of starch solution R1 and continue the titration,
the 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate dropwise until the colour with constant shaking especially near the end-point, to
is discharged (n1 ml of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate). Carry liberate all of the iodine from the solvent layer. Add the
out a blank test under the same conditions (n2 ml of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate solution dropwise until the blue colour
sodium thiosulphate). just disappears.

138 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.5.9. Determination of nitrogen by sulphuric acid digestion

Depending on the volume of 0.01 M sodium thiosulphate 01/2008:20507

used, it may be necessary to titrate with 0.1 M sodium
thiosulphate. 2.5.7. UNSAPONIFIABLE MATTER
NOTE : there is a 15 s to 30 s delay in neutralising the starch
The term “unsaponifiable matter” is applied to the
indicator for peroxide values of 70 and greater, due to the substances non-volatile at 100-105 °C obtained by extraction
tendency of trimethylpentane to float on the surface of the with an organic solvent from the substance to be examined
aqueous medium and the time necessary to adequately mix after it has been saponified. The result is calculated as per
the solvent and the aqueous titrant, thus liberating the last cent m/m.
traces of iodine. It is recommended to use 0.1 M sodium
Use ungreased ground-glass glassware.
thiosulphate for peroxide values greater than 150. A small
amount (0.5 per cent to 1.0 per cent (m/m)) of high HLB Introduce the prescribed quantity of the substance to
emulsifier (for example polysorbate 60) may be added to the be examined (m g) into a 250 ml flask fitted with a
mixture to retard the phase separation and decrease the time reflux condenser. Add 50 ml of 2 M alcoholic potassium
lag in the liberation of iodine. hydroxide R and heat on a water-bath for 1 h, swirling
frequently. Cool to a temperature below 25 °C and transfer
Carry out a blank determination (V0 ml). If the result of the the contents of the flask to a separating funnel with the
blank determination exceeds 0.1 ml of titration reagent, aid of 100 ml of water R. Shake the liquid carefully with 3
replace the impure reagents and repeat the determination. quantities, each of 100 ml, of peroxide-free ether R. Combine
the ether layers in another separating funnel containing
40 ml of water R, shake gently for a few minutes, allow to
separate and reject the aqueous phase. Wash the ether
phase with 2 quantities, each of 40 ml, of water R then wash
c = concentration of the sodium thiosulphate solution successively with 40 ml of a 30 g/l solution of potassium
in moles, per litre. hydroxide R and 40 ml of water R ; repeat this procedure
3 times. Wash the ether phase several times, each with 40 ml
of water R, until the aqueous phase is no longer alkaline to
phenolphthalein. Transfer the ether phase to a tared flask,
washing the separating funnel with peroxide-free ether R.
Distil off the ether with suitable precautions and add 6 ml
01/2008:20506 of acetone R to the residue. Carefully remove the solvent in
a current of air. Dry to constant mass at 100-105 °C. Allow
to cool in a desiccator and weigh (a g).
2.5.6. SAPONIFICATION VALUE
The saponification value IS is the number that expresses in
milligrams the quantity of potassium hydroxide required to Dissolve the residue in 20 ml of alcohol R, previously
neutralise the free acids and to saponify the esters present in neutralised to phenolphthalein solution R and titrate with
1 g of the substance. 0.1 M ethanolic sodium hydroxide. If the volume of 0.1 M
Unless otherwise prescribed, use the quantities indicated in ethanolic sodium hydroxide used is greater than 0.2 ml, the
Table 2.5.6.-1 for the determination. separation of the layers has been incomplete ; the residue
weighed cannot be considered as “unsaponifiable matter”.
Table 2.5.6.-1 In case of doubt, the test must be repeated.
Presumed value IS Quantity of sample (g)
01/2008:20508
<3 20
3 to 10 12 to 15 2.5.8. DETERMINATION OF PRIMARY
10 to 40 8 to 12 AROMATIC AMINO-NITROGEN
40 to 60 5 to 8 Dissolve the prescribed quantity of the substance to be
examined in 50 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R or in
60 to 100 3 to 5
another prescribed solvent and add 3 g of potassium
100 to 200 2.5 to 3 bromide R. Cool in ice-water and titrate by slowly adding
200 to 300 1 to 2 0.1 M sodium nitrite with constant stirring.
Determine the end-point electrometrically or by the use of
300 to 400 0.5 to 1
the prescribed indicator.
Introduce the prescribed quantity of the substance to be
examined (m g) into a 250 ml borosilicate glass flask fitted 01/2008:20509
with a reflux condenser. Add 25.0 ml of 0.5 M alcoholic
potassium hydroxide and a few glass beads. Attach the 2.5.9. DETERMINATION OF
condenser and heat under reflux for 30 min, unless otherwise NITROGEN BY SULPHURIC ACID
prescribed. Add 1 ml of phenolphthalein solution R1 and
titrate immediately (while still hot) with 0.5 M hydrochloric DIGESTION
acid (n1 ml of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid). Carry out a blank SEMI-MICRO METHOD
test under the same conditions (n2 ml of 0.5 M hydrochloric
acid). Place a quantity of the substance to be examined (m g)
containing about 2 mg of nitrogen in a combustion flask,
add 4 g of a powdered mixture of 100 g of dipotassium
sulphate R, 5 g of copper sulphate R and 2.5 g of selenium R,

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 139
2.5.10. Oxygen-flask method EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

and three glass beads. Wash any adhering particles from 01/2008:20511
the neck into the flask with 5 ml of sulphuric acid R,
allowing it to run down the sides of the flask, and mix the
contents by rotation. Close the mouth of the flask loosely, 2.5.11. COMPLEXOMETRIC
for example by means of a glass bulb with a short stem, to TITRATIONS
avoid excessive loss of sulphuric acid. Heat gradually at first,
then increase the temperature until there is vigorous boiling ALUMINIUM
with condensation of sulphuric acid in the neck of the flask ;
precautions should be taken to prevent the upper part of Introduce 20.0 ml of the prescribed solution into a 500 ml
the flask from becoming overheated. Continue the heating conical flask, add 25.0 ml of 0.1 M sodium edetate and
for 30 min, unless otherwise prescribed. Cool, dissolve the 10 ml of a mixture of equal volumes of a 155 g/l solution
solid material by cautiously adding to the mixture 25 ml of ammonium acetate R and dilute acetic acid R. Boil
of water R, cool again and place in a steam-distillation for 2 min, then cool. Add 50 ml of ethanol R and 3 ml
apparatus. Add 30 ml of strong sodium hydroxide solution R of a freshly prepared 0.25 g/l solution of dithizone R in
and distil immediately by passing steam through the mixture. ethanol R. Titrate the excess of sodium edetate with 0.1 M
Collect about 40 ml of distillate in 20.0 ml of 0.01 M zinc sulphate until the colour changes from greenish-blue
hydrochloric acid and enough water R to cover the tip of to reddish-violet.
the condenser. Towards the end of the distillation, lower the 1 ml of 0.1 M sodium edetate is equivalent to 2.698 mg of Al.
receiver so that the tip of the condenser is above the surface
of the acid. Take precautions to prevent any water on the BISMUTH
outer surface of the condenser from reaching the contents
of the receiver. Titrate the distillate with 0.01 M sodium Introduce the prescribed solution into a 500 ml conical flask.
hydroxide, using methyl red mixed solution R as indicator Dilute to 250 ml with water R and then, unless otherwise
(n1 ml of 0.01 M sodium hydroxide). prescribed, add dropwise, with shaking, concentrated
ammonia R until the mixture becomes cloudy. Add 0.5 ml
Repeat the test using about 50 mg of glucose R in place of nitric acid R. Heat to about 70 °C until the cloudiness
of the substance to be examined (n2 ml of 0.01 M sodium disappears completely. Add about 50 mg of xylenol orange
hydroxide). triturate R and titrate with 0.1 M sodium edetate until the
colour changes from pinkish-violet to yellow.
1 ml of 0.1 M sodium edetate is equivalent to 20.90 mg of Bi.

CALCIUM
Introduce the prescribed solution into a 500 ml conical
flask, and dilute to 300 ml with water R. Add 6.0 ml of
strong sodium hydroxide solution R and about 15 mg
of calconecarboxylic acid triturate R. Titrate with 0.1 M
sodium edetate until the colour changes from violet to full
01/2008:20510 blue.
1 ml of 0.1 M sodium edetate is equivalent to 4.008 mg of Ca.

2.5.10. OXYGEN-FLASK METHOD MAGNESIUM

Introduce the prescribed solution into a 500 ml conical flask
Unless otherwise prescribed the combustion flask is a and dilute to 300 ml with water R. Add 10 ml of ammonium
conical flask of at least 500 ml capacity of borosilicate glass chloride buffer solution pH 10.0 R and about 50 mg of
with a ground-glass stopper fitted with a suitable carrier for mordant black 11 triturate R. Heat to about 40 °C then
the sample, for example in platinum or platinum-iridium. titrate at this temperature with 0.1 M sodium edetate until
the colour changes from violet to full blue.
Finely grind the substance to be examined, place the
prescribed quantity in the centre of a piece of filter paper 1 ml of 0.1 M sodium edetate is equivalent to 2.431 mg of Mg.
measuring about 30 mm by 40 mm provided with a small strip
about 10 mm wide and 30 mm long. If paper impregnated LEAD
with lithium carbonate is prescribed, moisten the centre of
Introduce the prescribed solution into a 500 ml conical flask
the paper with a saturated solution of lithium carbonate R
and dilute to 200 ml with water R. Add about 50 mg of
and dry in an oven before use. Envelop the substance to be
xylenol orange triturate R and hexamethylenetetramine R
examined in the paper and place it in the sample carrier.
until the solution becomes violet-pink. Titrate with 0.1 M
Introduce into the flask water R or the prescribed solution
sodium edetate until the violet-pink colour changes to yellow.
designed to absorb the combustion products, displace the
air with oxygen by means of a tube having its end just above 1 ml of 0.1 M sodium edetate is equivalent to 20.72 mg of Pb.
the liquid, moisten the neck of the flask with water R and
close with its stopper. Ignite the paper strip by suitable ZINC
means with the usual precautions. Keep the flask firmly
closed during the combustion. Shake the flask vigorously Introduce the prescribed solution into a 500 ml conical flask
to completely dissolve the combustion products. Cool and and dilute to 200 ml with water R. Add about 50 mg of
after about 5 min, unless otherwise prescribed, carefully xylenol orange triturate R and hexamethylenetetramine R
unstopper the flask. Wash the ground parts and the walls until the solution becomes violet-pink. Add 2 g of
of the flask, as well as the sample carrier, with water R. hexamethylenetetramine R in excess. Titrate with 0.1 M
Combine the combustion products and the washings and sodium edetate until the violet-pink colour changes to yellow.
proceed as prescribed in the monograph. 1 ml of 0.1 M sodium edetate is equivalent to 6.54 mg of Zn.

140 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.5.13. Aluminium in adsorbed vaccines

01/2008:20512 Suitability. The accuracy of the determination with the

corrected 6.0 chosen titrant must be verified for each substance to be
examined. The following procedure, given as an example, is
suitable for samples containing 2.5-25 mg of water.
2.5.12. WATER : SEMI-MICRO The water content of the substance to be examined is
DETERMINATION determined using the reagent/solvent system chosen.
Thereafter, sequential known amounts of water R are
The semi-micro determination of water is based upon the added in an appropriate form (at least 5 additions) and the
quantitative reaction of water with sulphur dioxide and cumulative water content determined after each addition.
iodine in a suitable anhydrous medium in the presence of a Calculate the percentage recovery (r) at each point using the
base with sufficient buffering capacity. following expression :

Apparatus
The apparatus consists of a titration vessel with :
W1 = amount of water added, in milligrams ;
— 2 identical platinum electrodes ;
W2 = amount of water found, in milligrams.
— tight inlets for introduction of solvent and titrant ;
Calculate the regression line of the cumulative water
— an inlet for introduction of air via a desiccant ; determined against the water added. Calculate the slope (b),
— a sample inlet fitted with a stopper or, for liquids, a the intercept with the y-axis (a) and the intercept of the
septum. extrapolated calibration line with the x-axis (d).
Calculate the percentage mean recovery ( ). Calculate the
Inlet systems for introduction of dry nitrogen or for percentage errors (e1 and e2) using the following expressions :
aspiration of solvents may also be fitted.
The titration is carried out according to the instrument
supplier’s instructions. Care is taken throughout the
determination to avoid exposure of reagents and solvents to
atmospheric moisture. The end-point is determined using
2 identical indicator electrodes connected to an electrical
source that maintains between the electrodes either a a = the y-axis intercept, in milligrams of water ;
constant current or a constant voltage. Where direct titration
d = the x-axis intercept, in milligrams of water ;
is used (method A), addition of titrant causes either a
decrease in voltage where constant current is maintained or M = water content of the substance, in milligrams of
an increase in current where constant voltage is maintained, water.
until the end-point is reached. Instruments with automatic The reagent/solvent system is considered to be acceptable if:
end-point detection are commonly used.
— and are not greater than 2.5 per cent ;
Standardisation. To the titration vessel, add methanol R, — b is between 0.975 and 1.025 (deviation ± 2.5 per cent) ;
dried if necessary, or the solvent recommended by the
— is between 97.5 per cent and 102.5 per cent.
supplier of the titrant. Where applicable for the apparatus
used, eliminate residual water from the measurement cell
or carry out a pre-titration. Introduce a suitable amount 01/2008:20513
of water in an appropriate form (water R or a certified
reference material) and carry out the titration, stirring for 2.5.13. ALUMINIUM IN ADSORBED
the necessary time. The water equivalent is not less than
80 per cent of that indicated by the supplier. Standardise the VACCINES
titrant before the first use and at suitable intervals thereafter. Homogenise the preparation to be examined and transfer
Unless otherwise prescribed, use Method A. a suitable quantity, presumed to contain 5 mg to 6 mg
of aluminium, to a 50 ml combustion flask. Add 1 ml of
Method A. Introduce into the titration vessel methanol R, sulphuric acid R, 0.1 ml of nitric acid R and some glass
or the solvent indicated in the monograph or recommended beads. Heat the solution until thick, white fumes are
by the supplier of the titrant. Where applicable for evolved. If there is charring at this stage add a few more
the apparatus used, eliminate residual water from the drops of nitric acid R and continue boiling until the colour
measurement cell or carry out a pre-titration. Introduce the disappears. Allow to cool for a few minutes, carefully add
substance to be examined rapidly and carry out the titration, 10 ml of water R and boil until a clear solution is obtained.
stirring for the necessary extraction time. Allow to cool, add 0.05 ml of methyl orange solution R and
Method B. Introduce into the titration vessel methanol R, neutralise with strong sodium hydroxide solution R (6.5 ml
or the solvent indicated in the monograph or recommended to 7 ml). If a precipitate forms dissolve it by adding, dropwise,
by the supplier of the titrant. Where applicable for sufficient dilute sulphuric acid R. Transfer the solution to a
the apparatus used, eliminate residual water from the 250 ml conical flask, rinsing the combustion flask with 25 ml
measurement cell or carry out a pre-titration. Introduce the of water R. Add 25.0 ml of 0.02 M sodium edetate, 10 ml
substance to be examined rapidly and in a suitable state of of acetate buffer solution pH 4.4 R and a few glass beads
division. Add an accurately measured volume of the titrant, and boil gently for 3 min. Add 0.1 ml of pyridylazonaphthol
sufficient to give an excess of about 1 ml or the prescribed solution R and titrate the hot solution with 0.02 M copper
volume. Allow to stand protected from light for 1 min or the sulphate until the colour changes to purplish-brown. Carry
prescribed time, with stirring. Titrate the excess of reagent out a blank titration omitting the vaccine.
using methanol R or the prescribed solvent, containing an 1 ml of 0.02 M sodium edetate is equivalent to 0.5396 mg
accurately known quantity of water. of Al.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 141
2.5.14. Calcium in adsorbed vaccines EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:20514 reagent R and water R, prepared immediately before use.

Stopper the tubes, mix by inverting and allow to stand in
the dark for 30 min. The blue colour is stable for 60 min. If
2.5.14. CALCIUM IN ADSORBED necessary, centrifuge to obtain clear solutions.
VACCINES Measure the absorbance (2.2.25) of each solution at
All solutions used for this test must be prepared using 760 nm using the blank as the compensation liquid. Draw
water R. a calibration curve from the absorbances of the 6 reference
solutions and the corresponding protein contents and read
Determine the calcium by atomic emission spectrometry from the curve the content of protein in the test solution.
(2.2.22, Method I). Homogenise the preparation to be
examined. To 1.0 ml add 0.2 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R
and dilute to 3.0 ml with water R. Measure the absorbance
at 620 nm. 01/2008:20517

2.5.17. NUCLEIC ACIDS IN

01/2008:20515 POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES
Test solution. Use a volumetric flask with a suitable volume
2.5.15. PHENOL IN IMMUNOSERA for preparation of a solution containing about 5 mg per
AND VACCINES millilitre of dry polysaccharide. Transfer the contents of a
container quantitatively to the flask and dilute to volume
Homogenise the preparation to be examined. Dilute an with water R.
appropriate volume with water R so as to obtain a solution
presumed to contain 15 µg of phenol per millilitre. Prepare Dilute the test solution if necessary to obtain an absorbance
a series of reference solutions with phenol R containing value suitable for the instrument used. Measure the
5 µg, 10 µg, 15 µg, 20 µg and 30 µg of phenol per millilitre absorbance (2.2.25) at 260 nm using water R as the
respectively. To 5 ml of the solution to be examined and compensation liquid.
to 5 ml of each of the reference solutions respectively, add The absorbance of a 1 g/l solution of nucleic acid at 260 nm
5 ml of buffer solution pH 9.0 R, 5 ml of aminopyrazolone is 20.
solution R and 5 ml of potassium ferricyanide solution R.
Allow to stand for 10 min and measure the intensity of
colour at 546 nm.
Plot the calibration curve and calculate the phenol content 01/2008:20518
of the preparation to be examined.
2.5.18. PHOSPHORUS IN
POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES
01/2008:20516 Test solution. Use a volumetric flask with a suitable volume
for preparation of a solution containing about 5 mg per
2.5.16. PROTEIN IN millilitre of dry polysaccharide. Transfer the contents of a
container quantitatively to the flask and dilute to volume
POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES with water R. Dilute the solution so that the volume used in
Test solution. Use a volumetric flask with a suitable volume the test (1 ml) contains about 6 µg of phosphorus. Transfer
for preparation of a solution containing about 5 mg per 1.0 ml of the solution to a 10 ml ignition tube.
millilitre of dry polysaccharide. Transfer the contents of a Reference solutions. Dissolve 0.2194 g of potassium
container quantitatively to the flask and dilute to volume dihydrogen phosphate R in 500 ml of water R to give a
with water R. Place 1 ml of the solution in a glass tube and solution containing the equivalent of 0.1 mg of phosphorus
add 0.15 ml of a 400 g/l solution of trichloroacetic acid R. per millilitre. Dilute 5.0 ml of the solution to 100.0 ml with
Shake, allow to stand for 15 min, centrifuge for 10 min at water R. Introduce 0.5 ml, 1.0 ml and 2.0 ml of the dilute
5000 r/min and discard the supernatant. Add 0.4 ml of solution into 3 ignition tubes.
0.1 M sodium hydroxide to the centrifugation residue. Prepare a blank solution using 2.0 ml of water R in an
Reference solutions. Dissolve 0.100 g of bovine albumin R ignition tube.
in 100 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (stock solution To all the tubes add 0.2 ml of sulphuric acid R and heat in
containing 1 g of protein per litre). Dilute 1 ml of the stock an oil bath at 120 °C for 1 h and then at 160 °C until white
solution to 20 ml with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (working fumes appear (about 1 h). Add 0.1 ml of perchloric acid R
dilution 1 : 50 mg of protein per litre). Dilute 1 ml of and heat at 160 °C until the solution is decolorised (about
the stock solution to 4 ml with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide 90 min). Cool and add to each tube 4 ml of water R and 4 ml
(working dilution 2 : 250 mg of protein per litre). Place in 6 of ammonium molybdate reagent R. Heat in a water-bath
glass tubes 0.10 ml, 0.20 ml and 0.40 ml of working dilution at 37 °C for 90 min and cool. Adjust the volume to 10.0 ml
1 and 0.15 ml, 0.20 ml and 0.25 ml of working dilution 2. with water R. The blue colour is stable for several hours.
Make up the volume in each tube to 0.40 ml using 0.1 M
sodium hydroxide. Measure the absorbance (2.2.25) of each solution at 820 nm
using the blank solution as the compensation liquid. Draw
Prepare a blank using 0.40 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. a calibration curve with the absorbances of the 3 reference
Add 2 ml of cupri-tartaric solution R3 to each tube, shake solutions as a function of the quantity of phosphorus in
and allow to stand for 10 min. Add to each tube 0.2 ml of the solutions and read from the curve the quantity of
a mixture of equal volumes of phosphomolybdotungstic phosphorus in the test solution.

142 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.5.21. Methylpentoses in polysaccharide vaccines

01/2008:20519 Make up the volume in each tube to 1 ml with water R.

Add 1 ml of a solution of hydrochloric acid R (292 g/l) to
2.5.19. O-ACETYL IN each tube. Stopper the tubes and place in a water-bath for
1 h. Cool to room temperature. Add to each tube 0.05 ml
POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES of a 5 g/l solution of thymolphthalein R in alcohol R ; add
Test solution. Use a volumetric flask with a suitable volume a solution of sodium hydroxide R (200 g/l) until a blue
for preparation of a solution containing about 5 mg per colour is obtained and then 1 M hydrochloric acid until the
millilitre of dry polysaccharide. Transfer the contents of a solution is colourless. Dilute the volume in each tube to
container quantitatively to the flask and dilute to volume 10 ml with water R (neutralised hydrolysates).
with water R. Dilute the solution so that the volumes used In a second series of 10 ml graduated tubes, place 1 ml of each
in the test contain 30 µg to 600 µg of acetylcholine chloride neutralised hydrolysate. Add 1 ml of acetylacetone reagent
(O-acetyl). Introduce 0.3 ml, 0.5 ml and 1.0 ml in duplicate (a mixture, prepared immediately before use, of 1 volume
into 6 tubes (3 reaction solutions and 3 correction solutions). of acetylacetone R and 50 volumes of a 53 g/l solution of
Reference solutions. Dissolve 0.150 g of acetylcholine anhydrous sodium carbonate R) to each tube. Stopper the
chloride R in 10 ml of water R (stock solution containing tubes and place in a water-bath at 90 °C for 45 min. Cool to
15 g of acetylcholine chloride per litre). Immediately before room temperature. Add to each tube 2.5 ml of alcohol R and
use, dilute 1 ml of the stock solution to 50 ml with water R 1.0 ml of dimethylaminobenzaldehyde solution (immediately
(working dilution 1 : 300 µg of acetylcholine chloride per before use dissolve 0.8 g of dimethylaminobenzaldehyde R
millilitre). Immediately before use, dilute 1 ml of the stock in 15 ml of alcohol R and add 15 ml of hydrochloric acid R)
solution to 25 ml with water R (working dilution 2 : 600 µg and dilute the volume in each tube to 10 ml with alcohol R.
of acetylcholine chloride per millilitre). Introduce 0.1 ml Stopper the tubes, mix by inverting and allow to stand in the
and 0.4 ml of working dilution 1 in duplicate (reaction and dark for 90 min. Measure the absorbance (2.2.25) of each
correction solutions) in 4 tubes and 0.6 ml and 1.0 ml of solution at 530 nm using the blank as the compensation
working dilution 2 in duplicate (reaction and correction liquid.
solutions) in another 4 tubes. Draw a calibration curve from the absorbances for the
4 reference solutions and the corresponding content
Prepare a blank using 1 ml of water R.
of hexosamine and read from the curve the quantity of
Make up the volume in each tube to 1 ml with water R. hexosamine in the test solution.
Add 1.0 ml of 4 M hydrochloric acid to each of the
correction tubes and to the blank. Add 2.0 ml of alkaline 01/2008:20521
hydroxylamine solution R to each tube. Allow the
reaction to proceed for exactly 2 min and add 1.0 ml of
4 M hydrochloric acid to each of the reaction tubes. Add 2.5.21. METHYLPENTOSES IN
1.0 ml of a 100 g/l solution of ferric chloride R in 0.1 M POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES
hydrochloric acid to each tube, stopper the tubes and shake
vigorously to remove bubbles. Test solution. Use a volumetric flask with a suitable volume
for preparation of a solution containing about 5 mg per
Measure the absorbance (2.2.25) of each solution at millilitre of dry polysaccharide. Transfer the contents of a
540 nm using the blank as the compensation liquid. For container quantitatively to the flask and dilute to volume
each reaction solution, subtract the absorbance of the with water R. Dilute the solution so that the volumes used in
corresponding correction solution. Draw a calibration curve the test contain 2 µg to 20 µg of rhamnose (methylpentoses).
from the corrected absorbances for the 4 reference solutions Introduce 0.25 ml, 0.50 ml and 1.0 ml of the diluted solution
and the corresponding content of acetylcholine chloride and into 3 tubes.
read from the curve the content of acetylcholine chloride
Reference solutions. Dissolve 0.100 g of rhamnose R
in the test solution for each volume tested. Calculate the
in 100 ml of water R (stock solution containing 1 g of
mean of the 3 values.
methylpentose per litre). Immediately before use, dilute
1 mole of acetylcholine chloride (181.7 g) is equivalent to 1 ml of the stock solution to 50 ml with water R (working
1 mole of O-acetyl (43.05 g). dilution : 20 mg of methylpentose per litre). Introduce
0.10 ml, 0.25 ml, 0.50 ml, 0.75 ml and 1.0 ml of the working
dilution into 5 tubes.
01/2008:20520
Prepare a blank using 1 ml of water R.
Make up the volume in each tube to 1 ml with water R.
2.5.20. HEXOSAMINES IN Place the tubes in iced water and add dropwise and with
POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES continuous stirring to each tube 4.5 ml of a cooled mixture
of 1 volume of water R and 6 volumes of sulphuric acid R.
Test solution. Use a volumetric flask with a suitable volume Warm the tubes to room temperature and place in a
for preparation of a solution containing about 5 mg per water-bath for a few minutes. Cool to room temperature.
millilitre of dry polysaccharide. Transfer the contents of a Add to each tube 0.10 ml of a 30 g/l solution of cysteine
container quantitatively to the flask and dilute to volume hydrochloride R, prepared immediately before use. Shake
with water R. Dilute the solution so that the volumes and allow to stand for 2 h.
used in the test contain 125 µg to 500 µg of glucosamine
Measure the absorbance (2.2.25) of each solution at
(hexosamine). Introduce 1.0 ml of the diluted solution into a
396 nm and at 430 nm using the blank as compensation
graduated tube.
liquid. For each solution, calculate the difference
Reference solutions. Dissolve 60 mg of glucosamine between the absorbance measured at 396 nm and that
hydrochloride R in 100 ml of water R (stock solution measured at 430 nm. Draw a calibration curve from the
containing 0.500 g of glucosamine per litre). Introduce absorbance differences for the 5 reference solutions and the
0.25 ml, 0.50 ml, 0.75 ml, and 1.0 ml of the working dilution corresponding content of methylpentose and read from the
into 4 graduated tubes. curve the quantity of methylpentose in the test solution for
Prepare a blank using 1 ml of water R. each volume tested. Calculate the mean of the 3 values.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 143
2.5.22. Uronic acids in polysaccharide vaccines EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:20522 a 10 ml volumetric flask. Wash the cell with 3 quantities,

each of 2 ml, of water R, transfer the washings to the flask
2.5.22. URONIC ACIDS IN and dilute to 10.0 ml with water R (test solution). In each of
2 test-tubes place 2.0 ml of the test solution.
POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES Reference solutions. Use the reference solutions prescribed
Test solution. Use a volumetric flask with a suitable volume in the monograph.
for preparation of a solution containing about 5 mg per Prepare 2 series of 3 test-tubes, place in the tubes of each
millilitre of dry polysaccharide. Transfer the contents of a series 0.5 ml, 1.0 ml and 1.5 ml respectively, of the reference
container quantitatively to the flask and dilute to volume solution corresponding to the type of vaccine to be examined
with water R. Dilute the solution so that the volumes used and adjust the volume in each tube to 2.0 ml with water R.
in the test contain 4 µg to 40 µg of glucuronic acid (uronic Prepare blank solutions using 2.0 ml of water R in each of
acids). Introduce 0.25 ml, 0.50 ml and 1.0 ml of the diluted 2 test-tubes.
solution into 3 tubes. To all the tubes add 5.0 ml of resorcinol reagent R. Heat at
Reference solutions. Dissolve 50 mg of sodium 105 °C for 15 min, cool in cold water and transfer the tubes
glucuronate R in 100 ml of water R (stock solution to a bath of iced water. To each tube add 5 ml of isoamyl
containing 0.4 g of glucuronic acid per litre). Immediately alcohol R and mix thoroughly. Place in the bath of iced
before use, dilute 5 ml of the stock solution to 50 ml with water for 15 min. Centrifuge the tubes and keep them in
water R (working dilution : 40 mg of glucuronic acid per the bath of iced water until the examination by absorption
litre). Introduce 0.10 ml, 0.25 ml, 0.50 ml, 0.75 ml, and spectrophotometry. Measure the absorbance (2.2.25) of each
1.0 ml of the working dilution into 5 tubes. supernatant solution at 580 nm and 450 nm using isoamyl
Prepare a blank using 1 ml of water R. alcohol R as the compensation liquid. For each wavelength,
Make up the volume in each tube to 1 ml with water R. calculate the absorbance as the mean of the values obtained
Place the tubes in iced water and add dropwise and with with 2 identical solutions. Subtract the mean value for the
continuous stirring to each tube 5.0 ml of borate solution R. blank solution from the mean values obtained for the other
Stopper the tubes and place in a water-bath for 15 min. Cool solutions.
to room temperature. Add 0.20 ml of a 1.25 g/l solution of Draw a graph showing the difference between the
carbazole R in ethanol R to each tube. Stopper the tubes and absorbances at 580 nm and 450 nm of the reference solutions
place in a water-bath for 15 min. Cool to room temperature. as a function of the content of N-acetylneuraminic acid and
Measure the absorbance (2.2.25) of each solution at 530 nm read from the graph the quantity of N-acetylneuraminic acid
using the blank as the compensation liquid. (sialic acid) in the test solution.
Draw a calibration curve from the absorbances for the
5 reference solutions and the corresponding content of 01/2008:20524
glucuronic acid and read from the curve the quantity of
glucuronic acid in the test solution for each volume tested. 2.5.24. CARBON DIOXIDE IN GASES
Calculate the mean of the 3 values.
Carbon dioxide in gases is determined using an infrared
analyser (see Figure 2.5.24.-1).
01/2008:20523 The infrared analyser comprises 2 generators of identical
infrared beams. The generators are equipped with reflectors
2.5.23. SIALIC ACID IN and coils electrically heated to low red heat. One beam
POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINES crosses a sample cell and the other beam crosses a reference
cell. The sample cell receives a stream of the gas to be
Test solution. Transfer quantitatively the contents of one or analysed and the reference cell contains nitrogen R1. The
several containers to a volumetric flask of a suitable volume 2 chambers of the detector are filled with carbon dioxide R1
that will give a solution with a known concentration of about and the radiation is automatically received selectively. The
250 µg per millilitre of polysaccharide and dilute to volume absorption of this radiation produces heat and differential
with water R. Using a syringe, transfer 4.0 ml of this solution expansion of the gas in the 2 chambers, owing to absorption
to a 10 ml ultrafiltration cell suitable for the passage of of some of the emitted radiation by the carbon dioxide in the
molecules of relative molecular mass less than 50 000. Rinse gas to be examined. The pressure difference between the
the syringe twice with water R and transfer the rinsings to 2 chambers of the detector causes distension of the metal
the ultrafiltration cell. Carry out the ultrafiltration, with diaphragm that separates them. This diaphragm is part of
constant stirring, under nitrogen R at a pressure of about a capacitor, whose capacitance varies with the pressure
150 kPa. Refill the cell with water R each time the volume of difference, which itself depends on the carbon dioxide
liquid in it has decreased to 1 ml and continue until 200 ml content in the gas to be examined. Since the infrared beams
has been filtered and the remaining volume in the cell is are periodically blocked by a rotating chopper, the electric
about 2 ml. Using a syringe, transfer this residual liquid to signal is frequency modulated.

Figure 2.5.24.-1. – Infrared analyser

144 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.5.25. Carbon monoxide in gases

01/2008:20525 0.002 M sodium thiosulphate. Continue flushing until not

more than 0.045 ml of 0.002 M sodium thiosulphate is
required after passage of 5.0 litres of argon R. Pass the gas to
2.5.25. CARBON MONOXIDE IN GASES be examined from the cylinder through the apparatus, using
the prescribed volume and the flow rate. Flush the last traces
of liberated iodine into the reaction tube by passing through
the apparatus 1.0 litre of argon R. Titrate the liberated
METHOD I iodine with 0.002 M sodium thiosulphate. Carry out a blank
test, using the prescribed volume of argon R. The difference
Apparatus. The apparatus (see Figure 2.5.25.-1) consists of between the volumes of 0.002 M sodium thiosulphate used
the following parts connected in series : in the titrations is not greater than the prescribed limit.
— a U-tube (U1) containing anhydrous silica gel R METHOD II
impregnated with chromium trioxide R,
Carbon monoxide in gases may also be determined using an
— a wash bottle (F1) containing 100 ml of a 400 g/l solution infrared analyser (see Figure 2.5.25.-2).
of potassium hydroxide R,
The infrared analyser comprises 2 generators of identical
— a U-tube (U2) containing pellets of potassium hydroxide R, infrared beams. The generators are equipped with reflectors
and coils electrically heated to low red heat. One beam
— a U-tube (U3) containing diphosphorus pentoxide R crosses a sample cell and the other beam crosses a reference
dispersed on previously granulated, fused pumice, cell. The sample cell receives a current of the gas to be
analysed and the reference cell contains nitrogen R1.
— a U-tube (U4) containing 30 g of recrystallised iodine The 2 chambers of the detector are filled with carbon
pentoxide R in granules, previously dried at 200 °C and monoxide R and the radiation is automatically received
kept at a temperature of 120 °C (T) during the test. The selectively. The absorption of this radiation produces heat
iodine pentoxide is packed in the tube in 1 cm columns and differential expansion of the gas in the two chambers,
separated by 1 cm columns of glass wool to give an owing to absorption of some of the emitted radiation by the
effective length of 5 cm, carbon monoxide in the gas to be examined. The pressure
difference between the two chambers of the detector causes
— a reaction tube (F2) containing 2.0 ml of potassium iodide distension of the metal diaphragm that separates them. This
solution R and 0.15 ml of starch solution R. diaphragm is part of a capacitor, whose capacitance varies
with the pressure difference, which itself depends on the
Method. Flush the apparatus with 5.0 litres of argon R and, carbon monoxide content in the gas to be examined. Since
if necessary, discharge the blue colour in the iodide solution the infrared beams are periodically blocked by a rotating
by adding the smallest necessary quantity of freshly prepared chopper, the electric signal is frequency modulated.

Figure 2.5.25.-1. – Apparatus for the determination of carbon monoxide

Dimensions in millimetres

Figure 2.5.25.- 2. – Infrared analyser

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 145
2.5.26. Nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide in gases EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:20526 Calibration of the instrument. Make the setting in the

following manner :
2.5.26. NITROGEN MONOXIDE AND — set the zero by passing nitrogen R1 through the
instrument at a suitable flow rate until a constant reading
NITROGEN DIOXIDE IN GASES is obtained. It should be set to zero according to the
Nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide in gases manufacturer’s instructions;
are determined using a chemiluminescence analyser — set the appropriate limit by passing air (20.9 per
(Figure 2.5.26.-1). cent V/V O2) through the instrument at a suitable flow
The apparatus consists of the following : rate until a constant reading is obtained. The limit
should be set to 20.9 per cent V/V in accordance with the
— a device for filtering, checking and controlling the flow manufacturer’s instructions.
of the gas to be examined,
Assay. Pass the gas to be examined through the instrument
— a converter that reduces nitrogen dioxide to nitrogen at a constant flow rate until a suitable reading is obtained.
monoxide, to determine the combined content of nitrogen
monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. The efficiency of the
converter has to be verified prior to use, 01/2008:20528
— a controlled-flow-rate ozone generator ; the ozone is
produced by high-voltage electric discharges across 2.5.28. WATER IN GASES
two electrodes ; the ozone generator is supplied with Water in gases is determined using an electrolytic
pure oxygen or with dehydrated ambient air and the hygrometer, described below.
concentration of ozone obtained must greatly exceed the
maximum content of any detectable nitrogen oxides, The measuring cell consists of a thin film of diphosphorus
pentoxide, between 2 coiled platinum wires which act as
— a chamber in which nitrogen monoxide and ozone can electrodes. The water vapour in the gas to be examined
react, is absorbed by the diphosphorus pentoxide, which is
— a system for detecting light radiation emitted at a transformed to phosphoric acid, an electrical conductor. A
wavelength of 1.2 µm, consisting of a selective optical continuous voltage applied across the electrodes produces
filter and a photomultiplier tube. electrolysis of the water and the regeneration of the
diphosphorus pentoxide. The resulting electric current,
which is proportional to the water content in the gas to be
01/2008:20527 examined, is measured. This system is self-calibrating since
it obeys Faraday’s law.
2.5.27. OXYGEN IN GASES Take a sample of the gas to be examined. Allow the gas to
stabilise at room temperature. Purge the cell continuously
Oxygen in gases is determined using a paramagnetic until a stable reading is obtained. Measure the water content
analyser. in the gas to be examined, making sure that the temperature
The principle of the method is based on the high is constant throughout the device used to introduce the gas
paramagnetic sensitivity of the oxygen molecule. Oxygen into the apparatus.
exerts a strong interaction on magnetic fields, which is
measured electronically, amplified and converted to a 01/2008:20529
reading of oxygen concentration. The measurement of
oxygen concentration is dependent upon the pressure
and temperature and, if the analyser is not automatically
2.5.29. SULPHUR DIOXIDE
compensated for variations in temperature and pressure, Introduce 150 ml of water R into the flask (A) (see
it must be calibrated immediately prior to use. As the Figure 2.5.29.-1) and pass carbon dioxide R through the
paramagnetic effect of oxygen is linear the instrument must whole system for 15 min at a rate of 100 ml/min. To 10 ml
have a suitable range with a readability of 0.1 per cent or of dilute hydrogen peroxide solution R add 0.15 ml of a
better. 1 g/l solution of bromophenol blue R in alcohol (20 per

Figure 2.5.26.-1. – Chemiluminescence analyser

146 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.5.32. Water : micro determination

cent V/V) R. Add 0.1 M sodium hydroxide until a violet-blue acetic acid R and 0.5 g to 1.0 g of potassium iodide R. Insert
colour is obtained, without exceeding the end-point. Place the stopper, swirl, and allow to stand for 25 min to 30 min
the solution in the test-tube (D). Without interrupting in the dark. Add 1 ml of starch solution R and titrate with
the stream of carbon dioxide, remove the funnel (B) and 0.002 M sodium thiosulphate until the starch-iodine colour
introduce through the opening into the flask (A) 25.0 g of disappears. Carry out a blank determination. Not more than
the substance to be examined (m g) with the aid of 100 ml of 1.4 ml of 0.002 M sodium thiosulphate is required (0.002 per
water R. Add through the funnel 80 ml of dilute hydrochloric cent, calculated as H2O2).
acid R and boil for 1 h. Open the tap of the funnel and stop 1 ml of 0.002 M sodium thiosulphate is equivalent to 34 µg
the flow of carbon dioxide and also the heating and the of oxidising substances, calculated as hydrogen peroxide.
cooling water. Transfer the contents of the test-tube with
the aid of a little water R to a 200 ml wide-necked, conical
flask. Heat on a water-bath for 15 min and allow to cool. Add 01/2008:20531
0.1 ml of a 1 g/l solution of bromophenol blue R in alcohol
(20 per cent V/V) R and titrate with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide 2.5.31. RIBOSE IN POLYSACCHARIDE
until the colour changes from yellow to violet-blue (V1 ml).
Carry out a blank titration (V2 ml). VACCINES
Calculate the content of sulphur dioxide in parts per million Test solution. Use a volumetric flask with a suitable volume
from the expression : for preparation of a solution containing about 5 mg per
millilitre of dry polysaccharide. Transfer the contents of a
container quantitatively to the flask and dilute to volume
with water R. Dilute the solution so that the volumes used in
n = molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution used the test contain 2.5 µg to 25 µg of ribose. Introduce 0.20 ml
as titrant. and 0.40 ml of the diluted solution into tubes in triplicate.
Reference solutions. Dissolve 25 mg of ribose R in water R
and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same solvent (stock solution
containing 0.25 g/l of ribose). Immediately before use, dilute
1 ml of the stock solution to 10.0 ml with water R (working
dilution : 25 mg/l of ribose). Introduce 0.10 ml, 0.20 ml,
0.40 ml, 0.60 ml, 0.80 ml and 1.0 ml of the working dilution
into 6 tubes.
Prepare a blank using 2 ml of water R.
Make up the volume in each tube to 2 ml with water R.
Shake. Add 2 ml of a 0.5 g/l solution of ferric chloride R in
hydrochloric acid R to each tube. Shake. Add 0.2 ml of a
100 g/l solution of orcinol R in ethanol R. Place the tubes
in a water-bath for 20 min. Cool in iced water. Measure the
absorbance (2.2.25) of each solution at 670 nm using the
blank as the compensation liquid. Draw a calibration curve
from the absorbance readings for the 6 reference solutions
and the corresponding content of ribose and read from the
curve the quantity of ribose in the test solution for each
volume tested. Calculate the mean of the 3 values.

01/2008:20532

2.5.32. WATER : MICRO

DETERMINATION
PRINCIPLE
The coulometric titration of water is based upon the
quantitative reaction of water with sulphur dioxide and
iodine in an anhydrous medium in the presence of a base with
sufficient buffering capacity. In contrast to the volumetric
method described under (2.5.12), iodine is produced
electrochemically in the reaction cell by oxidation of iodide.
Figure 2.5.29.-1.– Apparatus for the determination of The iodine produced at the anode reacts immediately
sulphur dioxide with the water and the sulphur dioxide contained in the
reaction cell. The amount of water in the substance is
01/2008:20530 directly proportional to the quantity of electricity up until
the titration end-point. When all of the water in the cell has
been consumed, the end-point is reached and thus an excess
2.5.30. OXIDISING SUBSTANCES of iodine appears. 1 mole of iodine corresponds to 1 mole
Transfer 4.0 g to a glass-stoppered, 125 ml conical flask and of water, a quantity of electricity of 10.71 C corresponds to
add 50.0 ml of water R. Insert the stopper and swirl for 5 min. 1 mg of water.
Transfer to a glass-stoppered 50 ml centrifuge tube and Moisture is eliminated from the system by pre-electrolysis.
centrifuge. Transfer 30.0 ml of the clear supernatant liquid Individual determinations can be carried out successively in
to a glass-stoppered 125 ml conical flask. Add 1 ml of glacial the same reagent solution, under the following conditions :

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 147
2.5.33. Total protein EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

— each component of the test mixture is compatible with METHOD 1

the other components, Protein in solution absorbs ultraviolet light at a wavelength
— no other reactions take place, of 280 nm, due to the presence of aromatic amino acids,
— the volume and the water capacity of the electrolyte mainly tyrosine and tryptophan, in the protein structure. This
reagent are sufficient. property can be used for assay purposes. If the buffer used to
dissolve the protein has a high absorbance relative to that of
Coulometric titration is restricted to the quantitative
water, an interfering substance is present. This interference
determination of small amounts of water, a range of 10 µg
may be obviated by using the buffer as compensation
up to 10 mg of water is recommended.
liquid but if the interfering substance produces a high
Accuracy and precision of the method are predominantly absorbance, the results may nevertheless be compromised.
governed by the extent to which atmospheric moisture is At low concentrations, protein adsorbed onto the cell may
excluded from the system. Control of the system must be significantly reduce the content in solution. This can be
monitored by measuring the amount of baseline drift. prevented by preparing samples at higher concentration or
by using a non-ionic detergent in the preparation.
APPARATUS
Test solution. Dissolve a suitable quantity of the substance
The apparatus consists of a reaction cell, electrodes
to be examined in the prescribed buffer to obtain a solution
and magnetic stirrer. The reaction cell consists of
having a protein concentration between 0.2 mg/ml and
a large anode compartment and a smaller cathode
2 mg/ml.
compartment. Depending on the design of the electrode,
both compartments can be separated by a diaphragm. Each Reference solution. Prepare a solution of a suitable
compartment contains a platinum electrode. Liquid or reference substance for the protein to be determined, in the
solubilised samples are introduced through a septum, using same buffer and at the same protein concentration as the
a syringe. Alternatively, an evaporation technique may be test solution.
used in which the sample is heated in a tube (oven) and the Procedure. Keep the test solution, the reference solution and
water is evaporated and carried into the cell by means of a the compensation liquid at the same temperature during the
stream of dry inert gas. The introduction of solid samples performance of this test. Determine the absorbances (2.2.25)
into the cell should in general be avoided. However, if it has of the test solution and the reference solution in quartz cells
to be done it is effected through a sealable port ; appropriate at 280 nm, using the prescribed buffer as the compensation
precautions must be taken to avoid the introduction of liquid. The response must be linear in the range of protein
moisture from air, such as working in a glove box in an concentrations to be assayed to obtain accurate results.
atmosphere of dry inert gas. The analytical procedure is
Light scattering. The accuracy of the determination of
controlled by a suitable electronic device, which also displays
protein can be diminished by the scattering of light by the
the results.
test sample. If the proteins in solution exist as particles
METHOD comparable in size to the wavelength of the measuring
light (250 nm to 300 nm), scattering of the light beam
Fill the compartments of the reaction cell with electrolyte
results in an apparent increase in absorbance of the test
reagent for the micro determination of water R according
sample. To calculate the absorbance at 280 nm due to light
to the manufacturer’s instructions and perform the
scattering, determine the absorbances of the test solution at
coulometric titration to a stable end-point. Introduce the
wavelengths of 320 nm, 325 nm, 330 nm, 335 nm, 340 nm,
prescribed amount of the substance to be examined into the
345 nm and 350 nm. Plot the logarithm of the observed
reaction cell, stir for 30 s, if not otherwise indicated in the
absorbance against the logarithm of the wavelength and
monograph, and titrate again to a stable end-point. In case
determine the standard curve best fitting the plotted points
an oven is used, the prescribed sample amount is introduced
by linear regression. Extrapolate the curve to determine the
into the tube and heated. After evaporation of the water
logarithm of the absorbance at 280 nm. The antilogarithm
from the sample into the titration cell, the titration is started.
of this value is the absorbance attributed to light scattering.
Read the value from the instrument’s output and calculate if
Correct the observed values by subtracting the absorbance
necessary the percentage or amount of water that is present
attributed to light scattering from the total absorbance at
in the substance. When appropriate to the type of sample
280 nm to obtain the absorbance value of the protein in
and the sample preparation, perform a blank titration.
solution. Filtration with a 0.2 µm filter that does not adsorb
VERIFICATION OF THE ACCURACY protein or clarification by centrifugation may be performed
to reduce the effect of light scattering, especially if the
Between two successive sample titrations, introduce an
solution is noticeably turbid.
accurately weighed amount of water in the same order of
magnitude as the amount of water in the sample, either as Calculations. Use corrected values for the calculations.
water R or in the form of standard solution for the micro Calculate the concentration of protein in the test solution
determination of water R, and perform the coulometric (CU) from the following equation :
titration. The recovery rate is within the range from 97.5 per
cent to 102.5 per cent for an addition of 1000 µg of H2O
and in the range from 90.0 per cent to 110.0 per cent for where CS is the concentration of protein in the reference
the addition of 100 µg of H2O. solution and AU and AS are the corrected absorbances of the
test solution and the reference solution, respectively.

01/2008:20533 METHOD 2
corrected 6.0 This method (commonly referred to as the Lowry
assay) is based on the reduction by protein of the
2.5.33. TOTAL PROTEIN phosphomolybdotungstic mixed acid chromogen
in the phosphomolybdotungstic reagent, which
Many of the assay methods described in this chapter can be results in an absorbance maximum at 750 nm. The
performed using kits from commercial sources. phosphomolybdotungstic reagent reacts primarily with

148 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.5.33. Total protein

tyrosine residues in the protein. Colour development reaches Interfering substances. In the following procedure,
a maximum in 20 min to 30 min at room temperature, deoxycholate-trichloroacetic acid is added to a test sample
after which there is a gradual loss of colour. Because the to remove interfering substances by precipitation of proteins
method is sensitive to interfering substances, a procedure before determination ; this technique can also be used to
for precipitation of the protein from the test sample may concentrate proteins from a dilute solution.
be used. Most interfering substances cause a lower colour
yield ; however, some detergents cause a slight increase in Add 0.1 ml of a 1.5 g/l solution of sodium deoxycholate R to
colour. A high salt concentration may cause a precipitate to 1 ml of a solution of the substance to be examined. Mix using
form. Because different protein species may give different a vortex mixer and allow to stand at room temperature for
colour response intensities, the reference substance and test 10 min. Add 0.1 ml of a 720 g/l solution of trichloroacetic
protein must be the same. Where separation of interfering acid R and mix using a vortex mixer. Centrifuge at 3000 g
substances from the protein in the test sample is necessary, for 30 min, decant the liquid and remove any residual liquid
proceed as directed below for interfering substances prior with a pipette. Redissolve the protein pellet in 1 ml of
to preparation of the test solution. The effect of interfering alkaline copper reagent.
substances may be minimised by dilution, provided the
concentration of the test protein remains sufficient for
METHOD 3
accurate measurement.
This method (commonly referred to as the Bradford assay)
Use distilled water R to prepare all buffers and reagents is based on the absorption shift from 470 nm to 595 nm
used for this method. observed when the acid blue 90 dye binds to protein. The
Test solution. Dissolve a suitable quantity of the substance acid blue 90 dye binds most readily to arginine and lysine
to be examined in the prescribed buffer to obtain a solution residues in the protein which can lead to variation in the
having a concentration within the range of the standard response of the assay to different proteins. The protein used
curve. A suitable buffer will produce a solution of pH 10.0 as reference substance must therefore be the same as the
to 10.5. protein to be determined. There are relatively few interfering
substances, but it is preferable to avoid detergents and
Reference solutions. Dissolve the reference substance ampholytes in the test sample. Highly alkaline samples may
for the protein to be determined in the prescribed buffer. interfere with the acidic reagent.
Dilute portions of this solution with the same buffer to
Use distilled water R to prepare all buffers and reagents
obtain not fewer than five reference solutions having protein
used for this method.
concentrations evenly spaced over a suitable range situated
between 5 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml. Test solution. Dissolve a suitable quantity of the substance
to be examined in the prescribed buffer to obtain a solution
Blank. Use the buffer used to prepare the test solution and having a concentration within the range of the standard
the reference solutions. curve.
Copper sulphate reagent. Dissolve 100 mg of copper Reference solutions. Dissolve the reference substance
sulphate R and 0.2 g of sodium tartrate R in distilled for the protein to be determined in the prescribed buffer.
water R and dilute to 50 ml with the same solvent. Dissolve Dilute portions of this solution with the same buffer to
10 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate R in distilled water R obtain not fewer than five reference solutions having protein
and dilute to 50 ml with the same solvent. Slowly pour the concentrations evenly spaced over a suitable range situated
sodium carbonate solution into the copper sulphate solution between 0.1 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml.
with mixing. Use within 24 h.
Blank. Use the buffer used to prepare the test solution and
Alkaline copper reagent. Mix 1 volume of copper sulphate the reference solutions.
reagent, 2 volumes of a 50 g/l solution of sodium dodecyl
sulphate R and 1 volume of a 32 g/l solution of sodium Acid blue 90 reagent. Dissolve 0.10 g of acid blue 90 R in
hydroxide R. Store at room temperature and use within 50 ml of alcohol R. Add 100 ml of phosphoric acid R, dilute
2 weeks. to 1000 ml with distilled water R and mix. Filter the solution
and store in an amber bottle at room temperature. Slow
Diluted phosphomolybdotungstic reagent. Mix 5 ml of precipitation of the dye occurs during storage. Filter the
phosphomolybdotungstic reagent R with 55 ml of distilled reagent before using.
water R. Store in an amber bottle, at room temperature.
Procedure. Add 5 ml of acid blue 90 reagent to 0.100 ml
Procedure. To 1.0 ml of each reference solution, of the test of each reference solution, of the test solution and of the
solution and of the blank, add 1.0 ml of alkaline copper blank. Mix by inversion. Avoid foaming, which will lead to
reagent and mix. Allow to stand for 10 min. Add 0.5 ml of poor reproducibility. Determine the absorbances (2.2.25) of
the diluted phosphomolybdotungstic reagent, mix and allow the standard solutions and of the test solution at 595 nm,
to stand at room temperature for 30 min. Determine the using the blank as compensation liquid. Do not use quartz
absorbances (2.2.25) of the solutions at 750 nm, using the (silica) spectrophotometer cells because the dye binds to this
solution from the blank as compensation liquid. material.
Calculations. The relationship of absorbance to protein Calculations. The relationship of absorbance to protein
concentration is non-linear ; however, if the range of concentration is non-linear ; however, if the range of
concentrations used to prepare the standard curve is concentrations used to prepare the standard curve is
sufficiently small, the latter will approach linearity. Plot the sufficiently small, the latter will approach linearity. Plot
absorbances of the reference solutions against the protein the absorbances of the reference solutions against protein
concentrations and use linear regression to establish the concentrations and use linear regression to establish the
standard curve. From the standard curve and the absorbance standard curve. From the standard curve and the absorbance
of the test solution, determine the concentration of protein of the test solution, determine the concentration of protein
in the test solution. in the test solution.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 149
2.5.33. Total protein EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

METHOD 4 biuret reagent will give IgG samples a higher response than
This method (commonly referred to as the bicinchoninic acid albumin samples. The trichloroacetic acid method used to
or BCA assay) is based on reduction of the cupric (Cu2+) ion minimise the effects of interfering substances also can be
to cuprous (Cu1+) ion by protein. The bicinchoninic acid used to determine the protein content in test samples at
reagent is used to detect the cuprous ion. Few substances concentrations below 500 µg/ml.
interfere with the reaction. When interfering substances are Use distilled water R to prepare all buffers and reagents
present their effect may be minimised by dilution, provided used for this method.
that the concentration of the protein to be determined Test solution. Dissolve a suitable quantity of the substance
remains sufficient for accurate measurement. Alternatively, to be examined in a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R to
the protein precipitation procedure given in Method 2 may obtain a solution having a concentration within the range of
be used to remove interfering substances. Because different the concentrations of the reference solutions.
protein species may give different colour response intensities,
the reference protein and protein to be determined must be Reference solutions. Dissolve the reference substance for
the same. the protein to be determined in a 9 g/l solution of sodium
chloride R. Dilute portions of this solution with a 9 g/l
Use distilled water R to prepare all buffers and reagents solution of sodium chloride R to obtain not fewer than three
used for this method. reference solutions having protein concentrations evenly
Test solution. Dissolve a suitable quantity of the substance spaced over a suitable range situated between 0.5 mg/ml
to be examined in the prescribed buffer to obtain a and 10 mg/ml.
solution having a concentration within the range of the Blank. Use a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R.
concentrations of the reference solutions.
Biuret reagent. Dissolve 3.46 g of copper sulphate R in
Reference solutions. Dissolve the reference substance 10 ml of hot distilled water R, and allow to cool (Solution A).
for the protein to be determined in the prescribed buffer. Dissolve 34.6 g of sodium citrate R and 20.0 g of anhydrous
Dilute portions of this solution with the same buffer to sodium carbonate R in 80 ml of hot distilled water R, and
obtain not fewer than five reference solutions having protein allow to cool (Solution B). Mix solutions A and B and dilute
concentrations evenly spaced over a suitable range situated to 200 ml with distilled water R. Use within 6 months. Do
between 10 µg/ml and 1200 µg/ml. not use the reagent if it develops turbidity or contains any
Blank. Use the buffer used to prepare the test solution and precipitate.
the reference solutions. Procedure. To one volume of the test solution add an
BCA reagent. Dissolve 10 g of disodium bicinchoninate R, equal volume of a 60 g/l solution of sodium hydroxide R
20 g of sodium carbonate monohydrate R, 1.6 g of and mix. Immediately add biuret reagent equivalent to
sodium tartrate R, 4 g of sodium hydroxide R, and 9.5 g 0.4 volumes of the test solution and mix rapidly. Allow to
of sodium hydrogen carbonate R in distilled water R. stand at a temperature between 15 °C and 25 °C for not
Adjust, if necessary, to pH 11.25 with a solution of sodium less than 15 min. Within 90 min of addition of the biuret
hydroxide R or a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate R. reagent, determine the absorbances (2.2.25) of the reference
Dilute to 1000 ml with distilled water R and mix. solutions and of the test solution at the maximum at 545 nm,
Copper-BCA reagent. Mix 1 ml of a 40 g/l solution of copper using the blank as compensation liquid. Any solution that
sulphate R and 50 ml of BCA reagent. develops turbidity or a precipitate is not acceptable for
Procedure. Mix 0.1 ml of each reference solution, of the calculation of protein concentration.
test solution and of the blank with 2 ml of the copper-BCA Calculations. The relationship of absorbance to protein
reagent. Incubate the solutions at 37 °C for 30 min, note the concentration is approximately linear within the indicated
time and allow the mixtures to cool to room temperature. range of protein concentrations for the reference solutions.
Within 60 min of the end of incubation, determine the Plot the absorbances of the reference solutions against
absorbances (2.2.25) of the reference solutions and of the protein concentrations and use linear regression to establish
test solution in quartz cells at 562 nm, using the blank as the standard curve. Calculate the correlation coefficient for
compensation liquid. After the solutions have cooled to the standard curve. A suitable system is one that yields a
room temperature, the colour intensity continues to increase line having a correlation coefficient not less than 0.99. From
gradually. the standard curve and the absorbance of the test solution,
Calculations. The relationship of absorbance to protein determine the concentration of protein in the test solution.
concentration is non-linear ; however, if the range of Interfering substances. To minimise the effect of interfering
concentrations used to prepare the standard curve is substances, the protein can be precipitated from the test
sufficiently small, the latter will approach linearity. Plot sample as follows : add 0.1 volumes of a 500 g/l solution
the absorbances of the reference solutions against protein of trichloroacetic acid R to 1 volume of a solution of the
concentrations and use linear regression to establish the test sample, withdraw the supernatant layer and dissolve the
standard curve. From the standard curve and the absorbance precipitate in a small volume of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide.
of the test solution, determine the concentration of protein Use the solution obtained to prepare the test solution.
in the test solution.
METHOD 6
METHOD 5 This fluorimetric method is based on the derivatisation of
This method (commonly referred to as the biuret assay) is the protein with o-phthalaldehyde, which reacts with the
based on the interaction of cupric (Cu2+) ion with protein in primary amines of the protein (N-terminal amino acid and
alkaline solution and resultant development of absorbance the -amino group of lysine residues). The sensitivity of the
at 545 nm. This test shows minimal difference between assay can be increased by hydrolysing the protein before
equivalent IgG and albumin samples. Addition of the adding o-phthalaldehyde. Hydrolysis makes the α-amino
sodium hydroxide and the biuret reagent as a combined group of the constituent amino acids available for reaction
reagent, insufficient mixing after the addition of the sodium with the phthalaldehyde reagent. The method requires
hydroxide, or an extended time between the addition of very small quantities of the protein. Primary amines, such
the sodium hydroxide solution and the addition of the as tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and amino acid

150 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.5.34. Acetic acid in synthetic peptides

buffers, react with phthalaldehyde and must be avoided Procedure B. Commercial instrumentation is available
or removed. Ammonia at high concentrations reacts with for nitrogen analysis. Most nitrogen analysis instruments
phthalaldehyde. The fluorescence obtained when amine use pyrolysis (i.e. combustion of the sample in oxygen at
reacts with phthalaldehyde can be unstable. The use of temperatures approaching 1000 °C), which produces nitric
automated procedures to standardise this procedure may oxide (NO) and other oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from the
improve the accuracy and precision of the test. nitrogen present in the substance to be examined. Some
instruments convert the nitric oxides to nitrogen gas, which
Use distilled water R to prepare all buffers and reagents
is quantified using a thermal-conductivity detector. Other
used for this method.
instruments mix nitric oxide (NO) with ozone (O3) to produce
Test solution. Dissolve a suitable quantity of the substance excited nitrogen dioxide (NO2*), which emits light when it
to be examined in a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R decays and can be quantified with a chemiluminescence
to obtain a solution having a concentration within the detector. A protein reference material that is relatively pure
range of the concentrations of the reference solutions. and is similar in composition to the test proteins is used
Adjust the solution to pH 8 to 10.5 before addition of the to optimise the injection and pyrolysis parameters and to
phthalaldehyde reagent. evaluate consistency in the analysis.
Reference solutions. Dissolve the reference substance for Calculations. The protein concentration is calculated by
the protein to be determined in a 9 g/l solution of sodium dividing the nitrogen content of the sample by the known
chloride R. Dilute portions of this solution with a 9 g/l nitrogen content of the protein. The known nitrogen
solution of sodium chloride R to obtain not fewer than five content of the protein can be determined from the chemical
reference solutions having protein concentrations evenly composition of the protein or by comparison with a suitable
spaced over a suitable range situated between 10 µg/ml reference substance.
and 200 µg/ml. Adjust the solutions to pH 8 to 10.5 before
addition of the phthalaldehyde reagent.
Blank solution. Use a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R.
01/2008:20534
Borate buffer solution. Dissolve 61.83 g of boric acid R in
distilled water R and adjust to pH 10.4 with a solution of
potassium hydroxide R. Dilute to 1000 ml with distilled 2.5.34. ACETIC ACID IN SYNTHETIC
water R and mix.
PEPTIDES
Phthalaldehyde stock solution. Dissolve 1.20 g of
phthalaldehyde R in 1.5 ml of methanol R, add 100 ml of Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29).
borate buffer solution and mix. Add 0.6 ml of a 300 g/l Test solution. Prepare as described in the monograph. The
solution of macrogol 23 lauryl ether R and mix. Store at concentration of peptide in the solution may be adapted,
room temperature and use within 3 weeks. depending on the expected amount of acetic acid in the
Phthalaldehyde reagent. To 5 ml of phthalaldehyde stock sample.
solution add 15 µl of 2-mercaptoethanol R. Prepare at least Reference solution. Prepare a 0.10 g/l solution of glacial
30 min before use. Use within 24 h. acetic acid R in a mixture of 5 volumes of mobile phase B
Procedure. Mix 10 µl of the test solution and of each of and 95 volumes of mobile phase A.
the reference solutions with 0.1 ml of phthalaldehyde The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
reagent and allow to stand at room temperature for 15 min.
Add 3 ml of 0.5 M sodium hydroxide and mix. Determine — a stainless steel column 0.25 m long and 4.6 mm in
the fluorescent intensities (2.2.21) of solutions from the internal diameter packed with octadecylsilyl silica gel for
reference solutions and from the test solution at an excitation chromatography R (5 µm),
wavelength of 340 nm and an emission wavelength between — as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min :
440 and 455 nm. Measure the fluorescent intensity of a Mobile phase A. Dilute 0.7 ml of phosphoric acid R to
given sample only once, since irradiation decreases the 1000 ml with water R ; adjust the pH to 3.0 with strong
fluorescence intensity. sodium hydroxide solution R,
Calculations. The relationship of fluorescence to protein Mobile phase B. Methanol R2,
concentration is linear. Plot the fluorescent intensities of
the reference solutions against protein concentrations and Time Mobile phase A Mobile phase B
use linear regression to establish the standard curve. From (min) (per cent V/V) (per cent V/V)
the standard curve and the fluorescent intensity of the test 0-5 95 5
solution, determine the concentration of protein in the test
5 - 10 95 → 50 5 → 50
solution.
10 - 20 50 50
METHOD 7 20 - 22 50 → 95 50 → 5
This method is based on nitrogen analysis as a means of 22 - 30 95 5
protein determination. Interference caused by the presence
of other nitrogen-containing substances in the test sample — as detector a spectrophotometer set at 210 nm.
can affect the determination of protein by this method. Inject 10 µl of the reference solution and 10 µl of the
Nitrogen analysis techniques destroy the test sample during test solution. In the chromatograms obtained, the peak
the analysis but are not limited to protein presentation in an corresponding to acetic acid has a retention time of 3-4 min.
aqueous environment. The baseline presents a steep rise after the start of the linear
Procedure A. Proceed as prescribed for the determination gradient, which corresponds to the elution of the peptide
of nitrogen by sulphuric acid digestion (2.5.9) or use from the column. Determine the content of acetic acid in
commercial instrumentation for Kjeldahl nitrogen assay. the peptide.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 151
2.5.35. Nitrous oxide in gases EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:20535 Carry out the operations as rapidly as possible, avoiding

exposure to actinic light.
2.5.35. NITROUS OXIDE IN GASES
Nitrous oxide in gases is determined using an infrared Test solution (a). Dissolve 0.500 g of the substance to be
analyser (see Figure 2.5.35.-1). examined in trimethylpentane R and dilute to 25.0 ml with
the same solvent.
The infrared analyser comprises 2 generators of identical
infrared beams. The generators are equipped with reflectors
and coils electrically heated to low red heat. One beam Test solution (b). To 5.0 ml of test solution (a) add 1.0 ml of
crosses a sample cell and the other beam crosses a reference a 2.5 g/l solution of p-anisidine R in glacial acetic acid R,
cell. The sample cell receives a stream of the gas to be shake and store protected from light.
examined and the reference cell contains nitrogen R1. The
2 chambers of the detector are filled with nitrous oxide R Reference solution. To 5.0 ml of trimethylpentane R add
and the radiation is automatically received selectively. The 1.0 ml of a 2.5 g/l solution of p-anisidine R in glacial acetic
absorption of this radiation produces heat and differential acid R, shake and store protected from light.
expansion of the gas in the 2 chambers, owing to absorption
of some of the emitted radiation by the nitrous oxide in the
gas to be examined. The pressure difference between the Measure the absorbance (2.2.25) of test solution (a) at
2 chambers of the detector causes distension of the metal the maximum at 350 nm using trimethylpentane R as
diaphragm that separates them. This diaphragm is part of the compensation liquid. Measure the absorbance of test
a capacitor, whose capacitance varies with the pressure solution (b) at 350 nm exactly 10 min after its preparation,
difference, which itself depends on the nitrous oxide content using the reference solution as the compensation liquid.
in the gas to be examined. Since the infrared beams are
periodically blocked by a rotating chopper, the electric signal Calculate the anisidine value from the expression :
is frequency modulated.

01/2008:20536

2.5.36. ANISIDINE VALUE A1 = absorbance of test solution (b) at 350 nm,

The anisidine value is defined as 100 times the optical A2 = absorbance of test solution (a) at 350 nm,
density measured in a 1 cm cell of a solution containing 1 g
of the substance to be examined in 100 ml of a mixture of m = mass of the substance to be examined in test
solvents and reagents according to the following method. solution (a), in grams.

Figure 2.5.35.-1. — Infrared analyser

152 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

2.6. BIOLOGICAL TESTS

2.6. Biological tests.. ................................................................. 155 2.6.17. Test for anticomplementary activity of
2.6.1. Sterility.............................................................................. 155 immunoglobulin........................................................................191
2.6.2. Mycobacteria.. ................................................................. 159 2.6.18. Test for neurovirulence of live virus vaccines........ 193
2.6.7. Mycoplasmas.................................................................... 159 2.6.19. Test for neurovirulence of poliomyelitis vaccine
2.6.8. Pyrogens........................................................................... 164 (oral).. ......................................................................................... 193
2.6.9. Abnormal toxicity.. ......................................................... 165 2.6.20. Anti-A and anti-B haemagglutinins
2.6.10. Histamine.. ..................................................................... 165 (indirect method).. ................................................................... 195
2.6.11. Depressor substances.................................................. 166 2.6.21. Nucleic acid amplification techniques.. ................... 195
2.6.12. Microbiological examination of non-sterile products : 2.6.22. Activated coagulation factors.. .................................. 198
total viable aerobic count.. .................................................... 166 2.6.24. Avian viral vaccines : tests for extraneous agents in
2.6.13. Microbiological examination of non-sterile products : seed lots.. ................................................................................... 198
test for specified micro-organisms.. ..................................... 173 2.6.25. Avian live virus vaccines : tests for extraneous agents
2.6.14. Bacterial endotoxins.. .................................................. 182 in batches of finished product.. ............................................ 202
2.6.15. Prekallikrein activator................................................. 189 2.6.26. Test for anti-D antibodies in human immunoglobulin
2.6.16. Tests for extraneous agents in viral vaccines for for intravenous administration.. ........................................... 205
human use................................................................................. 190 2.6.27. Microbiological control of cellular products.. ........ 205

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 153
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

154 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.1. Sterility

2.6. BIOLOGICAL TESTS resazurin sodium solution, mix and place the medium in
suitable vessels which provide a ratio of surface to depth
of medium such that not more than the upper half of the
medium has undergone a colour change indicative of oxygen
uptake at the end of the incubation period. Sterilise using a
01/2008:20601 validated process. If the medium is stored, store at 2-25 °C
in a sterile, airtight container. If more than the upper third
2.6.1. STERILITY of the medium has acquired a pink colour, the medium may
be restored once by heating the containers in a water-bath
The test is applied to substances, preparations or articles or in free-flowing steam until the pink colour disappears and
which, according to the Pharmacopoeia, are required to be cooling quickly, taking care to prevent the introduction of
sterile. However, a satisfactory result only indicates that non-sterile air into the container. Do not use the medium for
no contaminating micro-organism has been found in the a longer storage period than has been validated.
sample examined in the conditions of the test. Guidance Fluid thioglycollate medium is to be incubated at 30-35 °C.
for using the test for sterility is given at the end of this text.
Soya-bean casein digest medium
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION Pancreatic digest of casein 17.0 g
The test for sterility is carried out under aseptic conditions. Papaic digest of soya-bean meal 3.0 g
In order to achieve such conditions, the test environment 5.0 g
Sodium chloride
has to be adapted to the way in which the sterility test is
performed. The precautions taken to avoid contamination Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 2.5 g
are such that they do not affect any micro-organisms which Glucose monohydrate/anhydrous 2.5 g/2.3 g
are to be revealed in the test. The working conditions in
which the tests are performed are monitored regularly by Water R 1000 ml
appropriate sampling of the working area and by carrying pH of the medium after sterilisation 7.3 ± 0.2
out appropriate controls (such as those indicated in the
appropriate European Community Directives and associated Dissolve the solids in water R, warming slightly to effect
guidance documents on GMP). solution. Cool the solution to room temperature. Add 1 M
sodium hydroxide, if necessary, so that after sterilisation
CULTURE MEDIA AND INCUBATION TEMPERATURES the medium will have a pH of 7.3 ± 0.2. Filter, if necessary,
Media for the test may be prepared as described below, or to clarify, distribute into suitable vessels and sterilise using
equivalent commercial media may be used provided that a validated process. Store at 2-25 °C in a sterile well-closed
they comply with the growth promotion test. container, unless it is intended for immediate use. Do not
use the medium for a longer storage period than has been
The following culture media have been found to be suitable validated.
for the test for sterility. Fluid thioglycollate medium is
primarily intended for the culture of anaerobic bacteria ; Soya-bean casein digest medium is to be incubated at
however, it will also detect aerobic bacteria. Soya-bean 20-25 °C.
casein digest medium is suitable for the culture of both fungi
and aerobic bacteria. The media used comply with the following tests, carried
out before or in parallel with the test on the product to be
Other media may be used provided that they pass the growth examined.
promotion and the validation tests.
Sterility. Incubate portions of the media for 14 days. No
Fluid thioglycollate medium growth of micro-organisms occurs.
L-Cystine 0.5 g
Growth promotion test of aerobes, anaerobes and fungi.
Agar, granulated (moisture content not in 0.75 g Test each batch of ready-prepared medium and each batch
excess of 15 per cent) of medium prepared either from dehydrated medium or
Sodium chloride 2.5 g from the ingredients. Suitable strains of micro-organisms
Glucose monohydrate/anhydrous 5.5 g/5.0 g are indicated in Table 2.6.1.-1.
Yeast extract (water-soluble) 5.0 g Inoculate portions of fluid thioglycollate medium with a
small number (not more than 100 CFU) of the following
Pancreatic digest of casein 15.0 g
micro-organisms, using a separate portion of medium for
Sodium thioglycollate or 0.5 g each of the following species of micro-organism : Clostridium
sporogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
Thioglycollic acid 0.3 ml
aureus. Inoculate portions of soya-bean casein digest
Resazurin sodium solution (1 g/l of 1.0 ml medium with a small number (not more than 100 CFU) of
resazurin sodium), freshly prepared the following micro-organisms, using a separate portion of
Water R 1000 ml medium for each of the following species of micro-organism :
pH of the medium after sterilisation 7.1 ± 0.2 Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans.
Incubate for not more than 3 days in the case of bacteria and
Mix the L-cystine, agar, sodium chloride, glucose, not more than 5 days in the case of fungi.
water-soluble yeast extract and pancreatic digest of casein Seed lot culture maintenance techniques (seed-lot systems)
with the water R and heat until solution is effected. Dissolve are used so that the viable micro-organisms used for
the sodium thioglycollate or thioglycollic acid in the solution inoculation are not more than 5 passages removed from the
and, if necessary, add 1 M sodium hydroxide so that, after original master seed-lot.
sterilisation, the solution will have a pH of 7.1 ± 0.2. If
filtration is necessary, heat the solution again without boiling The media are suitable if a clearly visible growth of the
and filter while hot through moistened filter paper. Add the micro-organisms occurs.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 155
2.6.1. Sterility EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

VALIDATION TEST Membrane filtration. Use membrane filters having a nominal

pore size not greater than 0.45 µm whose effectiveness
Carry out a test as described below under Test for sterility of
the product to be examined using exactly the same methods to retain micro-organisms has been established. Cellulose
except for the following modifications. nitrate filters, for example, are used for aqueous, oily and
weakly alcoholic solutions and cellulose acetate filters, for
Membrane filtration. After transferring the contents of the example, for strongly alcoholic solutions. Specially adapted
container or containers to be tested to the membrane add an filters may be needed for certain products, e.g. for antibiotics.
inoculum of a small number of viable micro-organisms (not
more than 100 CFU) to the final portion of sterile diluent The technique described below assumes that membranes
used to rinse the filter. about 50 mm in diameter will be used. If filters of a different
diameter are used the volumes of the dilutions and the
Direct inoculation. After transferring the contents of the washings should be adjusted accordingly. The filtration
container or containers to be tested (for catgut and other apparatus and membrane are sterilised by appropriate
surgical sutures for veterinary use : strands) to the culture means. The apparatus is designed so that the solution to
medium add an inoculum of a small number of viable be examined can be introduced and filtered under aseptic
micro-organisms (not more than 100 CFU) to the medium. conditions ; it permits the aseptic removal of the membrane
In both cases use the same micro-organisms as those for transfer to the medium or it is suitable for carrying out
described above under Growth promotion test of aerobes, the incubation after adding the medium to the apparatus
anaerobes and fungi. Perform a growth promotion test as itself.
a positive control. Incubate all the containers containing Aqueous solutions. If appropriate, transfer a small quantity
medium for not more than 5 days. of a suitable, sterile diluent such as a 1 g/l neutral solution
If clearly visible growth of micro-organisms is obtained of meat or casein peptone pH 7.1 ± 0.2 onto the membrane
after the incubation, visually comparable to that in the in the apparatus and filter. The diluent may contain suitable
control vessel without product, either the product possesses neutralising substances and/or appropriate inactivating
no antimicrobial activity under the conditions of the test substances for example in the case of antibiotics.
or such activity has been satisfactorily eliminated. The Transfer the contents of the container or containers to be
test for sterility may then be carried out without further tested to the membrane or membranes, if necessary after
modification. diluting to the volume used in the validation test with the
If clearly visible growth is not obtained in the presence of chosen sterile diluent but in any case using not less than
the product to be tested, visually comparable to that in the quantities of the product to be examined prescribed
the control vessels without product, the product possesses in Table 2.6.1.-2. Filter immediately. If the product has
antimicrobial activity that has not been satisfactorily antimicrobial properties, wash the membrane not less than
eliminated under the conditions of the test. Modify the 3 times by filtering through it each time the volume of the
conditions in order to eliminate the antimicrobial activity chosen sterile diluent used in the validation test. Do not
and repeat the validation test. exceed a washing cycle of 5 times 200 ml, even if during
This validation is performed : validation it has been demonstrated that such a cycle does
a) when the test for sterility has to be carried out on a new not fully eliminate the antimicrobial activity. Transfer the
product, whole membrane to the culture medium or cut it aseptically
b) whenever there is a change in the experimental conditions into 2 equal parts and transfer one half to each of 2 suitable
of the test. media. Use the same volume of each medium as in the
validation test. Alternatively, transfer the medium onto the
The validation may be performed simultaneously with the membrane in the apparatus. Incubate the media for not less
test for sterility of the product to be examined. than 14 days.
TEST FOR STERILITY OF THE PRODUCT TO BE Soluble solids. Use for each medium not less than the
EXAMINED quantity prescribed in Table 2.6.1.-2 of the product dissolved
The test may be carried out using the technique of membrane in a suitable solvent such as a 1 g/l neutral solution of meat
filtration or by direct inoculation of the culture media with or casein peptone and proceed with the test as described
the product to be examined. Appropriate negative controls above for aqueous solutions using a membrane appropriate
are included. The technique of membrane filtration is to the chosen solvent.
used whenever the nature of the product permits, that is, Oils and oily solutions. Use for each medium not less than
for filterable aqueous preparations, for alcoholic or oily the quantity of the product prescribed in Table 2.6.1.-2. Oils
preparations and for preparations miscible with or soluble in and oily solutions of sufficiently low viscosity may be filtered
aqueous or oily solvents provided these solvents do not have without dilution through a dry membrane. Viscous oils may
an antimicrobial effect in the conditions of the test. be diluted as necessary with a suitable sterile diluent such as
Table 2.6.1.-1 — Strains of the test micro-organisms suitable for use in the Growth Promotion Test and the Validation Test
Aerobic bacteria
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, CIP 4.83, NCTC 10788, NCIMB 9518
Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, CIP 52.62, NCIMB 8054
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, NCIMB 8626, CIP 82.118
Anaerobic bacterium
Clostridium sporogenes ATCC 19404, CIP 79.3, NCTC 532 or ATCC 11437
Fungi
Candida albicans ATCC 10231, IP 48.72, NCPF 3179
Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, IP 1431.83, IMI 149007

156 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.1. Sterility

Table 2.6.1.-2 — Minimum quantity to be used for each medium

Quantity per container Minimum quantity to be used for each medium unless
otherwise justified and authorised
Liquids
— less than 1 ml The whole contents of each container
— 1-40 ml Half the contents of each container but not less than 1 ml
— greater than 40 ml and not greater than 100 ml 20 ml
— greater than 100 ml 10 per cent of the contents of the container but not less than 20 ml
Antibiotic liquids 1 ml
Other preparations soluble in water or in isopropyl myristate The whole contents of each container to provide not less than 200 mg
Insoluble preparations, creams and ointments to be suspended or The whole contents of each container to provide not less than 200 mg
emulsified
Solids
— less than 50 mg The whole contents of each container
— 50 mg or more but less than 300 mg Half the contents of each container but not less than 50 mg
— 300 mg to 5 g 150 mg
— greater than 5 g 500 mg
Catgut and other surgical sutures for veterinary use 3 sections of a strand (each 30 cm long)

isopropyl myristate shown not to have antimicrobial activity Incubate the inoculated media for not less than 14 days.
in the conditions of the test. Allow the oil to penetrate Observe the cultures several times during the incubation
the membrane by its own weight then filter, applying the period. Shake cultures containing oily products gently
pressure or suction gradually. Wash the membrane at least each day. However when thioglycollate medium or other
3 times by filtering through it each time about 100 ml of similar medium is used for the detection of anaerobic
a suitable sterile solution such as 1 g/l neutral meat or micro-organisms keep shaking or mixing to a minimum in
casein peptone containing a suitable emulsifying agent at order to maintain anaerobic conditions.
a concentration shown to be appropriate in the validation
Catgut and other surgical sutures for veterinary use. Use
of the test, for example polysorbate 80 at a concentration
for each medium not less than the quantities of the product
of 10 g/l. Transfer the membrane or membranes to the
prescribed in Table 2.6.1.-2. Open the sealed package using
culture medium or media or vice versa as described above for
aseptic precautions and remove 3 sections of the strand for
aqueous solutions, and incubate at the same temperatures
each culture medium. Carry out the test on 3 sections, each
and for the same times.
30 cm long, cut off from the beginning, the centre and the
Ointments and creams. Use for each medium not less than end of the strand. Use whole strands from freshly opened
the quantities of the product prescribed in Table 2.6.1.-2. cassette packs. Transfer each section of the strand to the
Ointments in a fatty base and emulsions of the water-in-oil selected medium. Use sufficient medium to cover adequately
type may be diluted to 1 per cent in isopropyl myristate as the material to be tested (20 ml to 150 ml).
described above, by heating, if necessary, to not more than
40 °C. In exceptional cases it may be necessary to heat to not
more than 44 °C. Filter as rapidly as possible and proceed as OBSERVATION AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
described above for oils and oily solutions. At intervals during the incubation period and at its
Direct inoculation of the culture medium. Transfer the conclusion, examine the media for macroscopic evidence of
quantity of the preparation to be examined prescribed in microbial growth. If the material being tested renders the
Table 2.6.1.-2 directly into the culture medium so that the medium turbid so that the presence or absence of microbial
volume of the product is not more than 10 per cent of the growth cannot be readily determined by visual examination,
volume of the medium, unless otherwise prescribed. 14 days after the beginning of incubation transfer portions
(each not less than 1 ml) of the medium to fresh vessels
If the product to be examined has antimicrobial activity, carry of the same medium and then incubate the original and
out the test after neutralising this with a suitable neutralising transfer vessels for not less than 4 days.
substance or by dilution in a sufficient quantity of culture
medium. When it is necessary to use a large volume of the If no evidence of microbial growth is found, the product to be
product it may be preferable to use a concentrated culture examined complies with the test for sterility. If evidence of
medium prepared in such a way that it takes account of the microbial growth is found the product to be examined does
subsequent dilution. Where appropriate, the concentrated not comply with the test for sterility, unless it can be clearly
medium may be added directly to the product in its container. demonstrated that the test was invalid for causes unrelated
Oily liquids. Use media to which have been added a suitable to the product to be examined. The test may be considered
emulsifying agent at a concentration shown to be appropriate invalid only if one or more of the following conditions are
in the validation of the test, for example polysorbate 80 at a fulfilled :
concentration of 10 g/l. a) the data of the microbiological monitoring of the sterility
Ointments and creams. Prepare by diluting to about 1 in testing facility show a fault,
10 by emulsifying with the chosen emulsifying agent in a
b) a review of the testing procedure used during the test in
suitable sterile diluent such as a 1 g/l neutral solution of
question reveals a fault,
meat or casein peptone. Transfer the diluted product to a
medium not containing an emulsifying agent. c) microbial growth is found in the negative controls,

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 157
2.6.1. Sterility EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

d) after determination of the identity of the micro-organisms Precautions against microbial contamination. Aseptic
isolated from the test, the growth of this species or these conditions for performance of the test can be achieved using,
species may be ascribed unequivocally to faults with respect for example, a class A laminar-air-flow cabinet located within
to the material and/or the technique used in conducting a class B clean-room, or an isolator.
the sterility test procedure. Guidance to manufacturers. The level of assurance provided
If the test is declared to be invalid it is repeated with the by a satisfactory result of a test for sterility (the absence of
same number of units as in the original test. contaminated units in the sample) as applied to the quality of
If no evidence of microbial growth is found in the repeat test the batch is a function of the homogeneity of the batch, the
the product examined complies with the test for sterility. conditions of manufacture and the efficiency of the adopted
If microbial growth is found in the repeat test the product sampling plan. Hence for the purpose of this text a batch is
examined does not comply with the test for sterility. defined as a homogeneous collection of sealed containers
prepared in such a manner that the risk of contamination is
APPLICATION OF THE TEST TO PARENTERAL the same for each of the units contained therein.
PREPARATIONS, OPHTHALMIC AND OTHER In the case of terminally sterilised products, physical
NON-INJECTABLE PREPARATIONS REQUIRED TO proofs, biologically based and automatically documented,
COMPLY WITH THE TEST FOR STERILITY showing correct treatment throughout the batch during
When using the technique of membrane filtration, use, sterilisation are of greater assurance than the sterility
whenever possible, the whole contents of the container, test. The circumstances in which parametric release may
but not less than the quantities indicated in Table 2.6.1.-2, be considered appropriate are described under Methods
diluting where necessary to about 100 ml with a suitable of preparation of sterile products (5.1.1). The method of
sterile solution, such as 1 g/l neutral meat or casein peptone. media-fill runs may be used to evaluate the process of aseptic
When using the technique of direct inoculation of media, production. Apart from that the sterility test is the only
use the quantities shown in Table 2.6.1.-2, unless otherwise analytical method available for products prepared under
justified and authorised. The tests for bacterial and fungal aseptic conditions and furthermore it is, in all cases, the only
sterility are carried out on the same sample of the product to analytical method available to the authorities who have to
be examined. When the volume or the quantity in a single examine a specimen of a product for sterility.
container is insufficient to carry out the tests, the contents The probability of detecting micro-organisms by the test for
of 2 or more containers are used to inoculate the different sterility increases with their number present in the sample
media. tested and varies according to the readiness of growth of
micro-organism present. The probability of detecting very
GUIDELINES FOR USING THE TEST FOR STERILITY low levels of contamination even when it is homogenous
The purpose of the test for sterility, as that of all throughout the batch is very low. The interpretation of
pharmacopoeial tests, is to provide an independent control the results of the test for sterility rests on the assumption
analyst with the means of verifying that a particular material that the contents of every container in the batch, had
meets the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia. A they been tested, would have given the same result. Since
manufacturer is neither obliged to carry out such tests nor it is manifest that every container cannot be tested, an
precluded from using modifications of, or alternatives to, the appropriate sampling plan should be adopted. In the case of
stated method, provided he is satisfied that, if tested by the aseptic production, it is recommended to include samples
official method, the material in question would comply with filled at the beginning and at the end of the batch and after
the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia. significant intervention.

Table 2.6.1.-3. — Minimum number of items to be tested

Number of items in the batch Minimum number of items to be tested for each medium, unless
otherwise justified and authorised*
Parenteral preparations
— Not more than 100 containers 10 per cent or 4 containers, whichever is the greater
— More than 100 but not more than 500 containers 10 containers
— More than 500 containers 2 per cent or 20 containers, whichever is less
Ophthalmic and other non-injectable preparations
— Not more than 200 containers 5 per cent or 2 containers, whichever is the greater
— More than 200 containers 10 containers
— If the product is presented in the form of single-dose containers, apply
the scheme shown above for preparations for parenteral use
Catgut and other surgical sutures for veterinary use 2 per cent or 5 packages whichever is the greater, up to a maximum total
of 20 packages
Bulk solid products
— Up to 4 containers Each container
— More than 4 containers but not more than 50 containers 20 per cent or 4 containers, whichever is the greater
— More than 50 containers 2 per cent or 10 containers, whichever is the greater
Pharmacy bulk packages of antibiotics (greater than 5 g) 6 containers
*If the contents of one container are enough to inoculate the two media, this column gives the number of containers needed for both the media together.

158 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.7. Mycoplasmas

Guidance on the minimum number of items recommended CULTURE METHOD

to be tested in relation to the size of the batch is given in CHOICE OF CULTURE MEDIA
Table 2.6.1.-3. The application of the recommendations must
The test is carried out using a sufficient number of both solid
have regard to the volume of preparation per container, to
and liquid media to ensure growth in the chosen incubation
the validation of the sterilisation method and to any other
conditions of small numbers of mycoplasmas that may be
special considerations concerning the intended sterility of
present in the product to be examined. Liquid media must
the product.
contain phenol red. The range of media chosen is shown
Observation and interpretation of results. Conventional to have satisfactory nutritive properties for at least the
microbiological/biochemical techniques are generally micro-organisms shown below. The nutritive properties of
satisfactory for identification of micro-organisms recovered each new batch of medium are verified for the appropriate
from a sterility test. However, if a manufacturer wishes to micro-organisms in the list. When testing for mycoplasmas
use condition (d) as the sole criterion for invalidating a in the product to be examined, at least 1 of the following
sterility test, it may be necessary to employ sensitive typing species will be included as a positive control :
techniques to demonstrate that a micro-organism isolated
— Acholeplasma laidlawii (vaccines for human and
from the product test is identical to a micro-organism isolated
veterinary use where an antibiotic has been used during
from the test materials and/or the testing environment.
production) ;
While routine microbiological/biochemical identification
techniques can demonstrate that 2 isolates are not identical, — Mycoplasma gallisepticum (where avian material has
these methods may not be sufficiently sensitive or reliable been used during production or where the vaccine is
enough to provide unequivocal evidence that two isolates intended for use in poultry) ;
are from the same source. More sensitive tests, for example, — Mycoplasma hyorhinis (non-avian veterinary vaccines) ;
molecular typing with RNA/DNA homology, may be — Mycoplasma orale (vaccines for human and veterinary
necessary to determine that micro-organisms are clonally use) ;
related and have a common origin.
— Mycoplasma pneumoniae (vaccines for human use) or
other suitable species of D-glucose fermenter such as
Mycoplasma fermentans ;
01/2008:20602
— Mycoplasma synoviae (where avian material has been
used during production or where the vaccine is intended
2.6.2. MYCOBACTERIA for use in poultry).
If the sample to be examined may be contaminated The test strains are field isolates having undergone a
by micro-organisms other than mycobacteria, treat limited number of subcultures (not more than 15), and are
it with a suitable decontamination solution, such as stored frozen or freeze-dried. After cloning, the strains are
acetylcysteine-sodium hydroxide solution or sodium identified as being of the required species by comparison
laurilsulfate solution. with type cultures, for example :
Inoculate 0.2 ml of the sample in triplicate onto each A. laidlawii NCTC 10116 CIP 75.27 ATCC 23206
of 2 suitable solid media (Löwenstein-Jensen medium M. gallisepticum NCTC 10115 CIP 104967 ATCC 19610
and Middlebrook 7H10 medium are considered suitable).
Inoculate 0.5 ml in triplicate into a suitable liquid medium. M. fermentans NCTC 10117 CIP 105680 ATCC 19989
Incubate all media at 37 °C for 56 days. M. hyorhinis NCTC 10130 CIP 104968 ATCC 17981
Establish the fertility of the media in the presence of the M. orale NCTC 10112 CIP 104969 ATCC 23714
preparation to be examined by inoculation of a suitable
strain of a Mycobacterium sp. such as BCG and if necessary M. pneumoniae NCTC 10119 CIP 103766 ATCC 15531
use a suitable neutralising substance. M. synoviae NCTC 10124 CIP 104970 ATCC 25204
If contaminating micro-organisms develop during the first
8 days of incubation, repeat the test and carry out at the Acholeplasma laidlawii BRP, Mycoplasma fermentans BRP,
same time a bacteriological sterility test. Mycoplasma hyorhinis BRP, Mycoplasma orale BRP
If at the end of the incubation time no growth of mycobacteria and Mycoplasma synoviae BRP are suitable for use as
occurs in any of the test media, the preparation complies low-passage reference strains.
with the test. INCUBATION CONDITIONS
Incubate liquid media in tightly stoppered containers at
35-38 °C. Incubate solid media in microaerophilic conditions
01/2008:20607 (nitrogen containing 5-10 per cent of carbon dioxide and
sufficient humidity to prevent desiccation of the agar
surface) at 35-38 °C.
2.6.7. MYCOPLASMAS
NUTRITIVE PROPERTIES
Where the test for mycoplasmas is prescribed for a master Carry out the test for nutritive properties for each new
cell bank, for a working cell bank, for a virus seed lot or for batch of medium. Inoculate the chosen media with the
control cells, both the culture method and the indicator cell appropriate test micro-organisms ; use not more than
culture method are used. Where the test for mycoplasmas is 100 CFU (colony-forming units) per 60 mm diameter plate
prescribed for a virus harvest, for a bulk vaccine or for the containing 9 ml of solid medium and per 100 ml container of
final lot (batch), the culture method is used. The indicator liquid medium ; use a separate plate and container for each
cell culture method may also be used, where necessary, for species of micro-organism. Incubate the media and make
screening of media. subcultures from 0.2 ml of liquid medium to solid medium at
Nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAT) may be used the specified intervals (see below under Test for mycoplasmas
as an alternative to one or both of the other methods after in the product to be examined). The solid medium complies
suitable validation. with the test if adequate growth is found for each test

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 159
2.6.7. Mycoplasmas EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

micro-organism (growth obtained does not differ by a factor The test is invalid if 1 or more of the negative controls show
greater than 5 from the value calculated with respect to growth of mycoplasmas. If suspect colonies are observed, a
the inoculum). The liquid medium complies with the test if suitable validated method may be used to determine whether
growth on agar plates subcultured from the broth is found they are due to mycoplasmas.
for at least 1 subculture for each test micro-organism.
INHIBITORY SUBSTANCES The following section is published for information.
The test for inhibitory substances is carried out once for a
given product and is repeated whenever there is a change RECOMMENDED MEDIA FOR THE CULTURE METHOD
in production method that may affect the detection of The following media are recommended. Other media may
mycoplasmas. be used, provided that their ability to sustain the growth of
To demonstrate absence of inhibitory substances, carry mycoplasmas has been demonstrated on each batch in the
out the test for nutritive properties in the presence and presence and absence of the product to be examined.
absence of the product to be examined. If growth of a test
micro-organism occurs more than 1 subculture sooner in the HAYFLICK MEDIA (RECOMMENDED FOR THE
absence of the product to be examined than in its presence, or GENERAL DETECTION OF MYCOPLASMAS)
if plates directly inoculated with the product to be examined Liquid medium
have fewer than 1/5 of the number of colonies of those Beef heart infusion broth (1) 90.0 ml
inoculated without the product to be examined, inhibitory
substances are present and they must be neutralised or Horse serum (unheated) 20.0 ml
their effect otherwise countered, for example by passage in Yeast extract (250 g/l) 10.0 ml
substrates not containing inhibitors or dilution in a larger
volume of medium before the test. If dilution is used, larger Phenol red (0.6 g/l solution) 5.0 ml
medium volumes may be used or the inoculum volume may Penicillin (20 000 IU/ml) 0.25 ml
be divided among several 100 ml flasks. The effectiveness of
Deoxyribonucleic acid (2 g/l solution) 1.2 ml
the neutralisation or other process is checked by repeating
the test for inhibitory substances after neutralisation.
Adjust to pH 7.8.
TEST FOR MYCOPLASMAS IN THE PRODUCT TO BE
EXAMINED Solid medium
Inoculate 10 ml of the product to be examined per 100 ml of Prepare as described above replacing beef heart infusion
each liquid medium. If it has been found that a significant broth by beef heart infusion agar containing 15 g/l of agar.
pH change occurs upon the addition of the product to be FREY MEDIA (RECOMMENDED FOR THE DETECTION
examined, the liquid medium is restored to its original OF M. SYNOVIAE)
pH value by the addition of a solution of either sodium
hydroxide or hydrochloric acid. Inoculate 0.2 ml of the Liquid medium
product to be examined on each plate of each solid medium. Beef heart infusion broth (1) 90.0 ml
Incubate liquid media for 20-21 days. Incubate solid media
Essential vitamins (2) 0.025 ml
for not less than 14 days, except those corresponding to the
20-21 day subculture, which are incubated for 7 days. At the Glucose monohydrate (500 g/l solution) 2.0 ml
same time incubate an uninoculated 100 ml portion of each Swine serum (inactivated at 56 °C for 30 min) 12.0 ml
liquid medium and agar plates, as a negative control. On days
2-4 after inoculation, subculture each liquid medium by β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (10 g/l solution) 1.0 ml
inoculating 0.2 ml on at least 1 plate of each solid medium. Cysteine hydrochloride (10 g/l solution) 1.0 ml
Repeat the procedure between the 6th and 8th days, again
Phenol red (0.6 g/l solution) 5.0 ml
between the 13th and 15th days and again between the 19th
and 21st days of the test. Observe the liquid media every 2 Penicillin (20 000 IU/ml) 0.25 ml
or 3 days and if a colour change occurs, subculture. If a
liquid medium shows bacterial or fungal contamination, the Mix the solutions of β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
test is invalid. The test is valid if at least 1 plate per medium and cysteine hydrochloride and after 10 min add to the other
and per inoculation day can be read. Include in the test ingredients. Adjust to pH 7.8.
positive controls prepared by inoculation of not more than Solid medium
100 CFU of at least 1 test micro-organism on agar medium
or into broth medium. Where the test for mycoplasmas is Beef heart infusion broth (1) 90.0 ml
carried out regularly and where possible, it is recommended Agar, purified (3) 1.4 g
to use the test micro-organisms in regular rotation. The
test micro-organisms used are those listed under Choice of Adjust to pH 7.8, sterilise by autoclaving then add :
culture media. Essential vitamins (2) 0.025 ml
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS Glucose monohydrate (500 g/l solution) 2.0 ml
At the end of the prescribed incubation period, examine all
inoculated solid media microscopically for the presence of Swine serum (unheated) 12.0 ml
mycoplasma colonies. The product complies with the test if β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (10 g/l solution) 1.0 ml
growth of typical mycoplasma colonies has not occurred. The
product does not comply with the test if growth of typical Cysteine hydrochloride (10 g/l solution) 1.0 ml
mycoplasma colonies has occurred on any of the solid media. Phenol red (0.6 g/l solution) 5.0 ml
The test is invalid if 1 or more of the positive controls do not
Penicillin (20 000 IU/ml) 0.25 ml
show growth of mycoplasmas on at least 1 subculture plate.

160 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.7. Mycoplasmas

FRIIS MEDIA (RECOMMENDED FOR THE DETECTION Iron 170 ppm

OF NON-AVIAN MYCOPLASMAS) Calcium 0.28 per cent
Liquid medium Magnesium 0.32 per cent
Hanks’ balanced salt solution (modified) (4) 800 ml
Distilled water 67 ml (4) Hanks’ balanced salt solution (modified)
Sodium chloride 6.4 g
Brain heart infusion (5) 135 ml
Potassium chloride 0.32 g
PPLO Broth (6) 248 ml
Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate 0.08 g
Yeast extract (170 g/l) 60 ml
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate 0.08 g
Bacitracin 250 mg
Calcium chloride, anhydrous 0.112 g
Meticillin 250 mg
Disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate 0.0596 g
Phenol red (5 g/l) 4.5 ml
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, anhydrous 0.048 g
Horse serum 165 ml
Distilled water to 800 ml
Swine serum 165 ml
(5) Brain heart infusion
Adjust to pH 7.40-7.45.
Calf-brain infusion 200 g
Solid medium
Beef-heart infusion 250 g
Hanks’ balanced salt solution (modified) (4) 200 ml
Proteose peptone 10 g
DEAE-dextran 200 mg
Glucose monohydrate 2g
Agar, purified (3) 15.65 g
Sodium chloride 5g
Mix well and sterilise by autoclaving. Cool to 100 °C. Add to Disodium hydrogen phosphate, anhydrous 2.5 g
1740 ml of liquid medium as described above.
Distilled water to 1000 ml
(1) Beef heart infusion broth
Beef heart (for preparation of the infusion) 500 g (6) PPLO broth
Peptone 10 g Beef-heart infusion 50 g

Sodium chloride 5g Peptone 10 g

Distilled water to 1000 ml Sodium chloride 5g

Distilled water to 1000 ml
Sterilise by autoclaving.
(2) Essential vitamins INDICATOR CELL CULTURE METHOD
Biotin 100 mg
Cell cultures are stained with a fluorescent dye that binds
Calcium pantothenate 100 mg to DNA. Mycoplasmas are detected by their characteristic
Choline chloride 100 mg particulate or filamentous pattern of fluorescence on the
cell surface and, if contamination is heavy, in surrounding
Folic acid 100 mg areas. Mitochondria in the cytoplasm may be stained but are
i-Inositol 200 mg readily distinguished from mycoplasmas.
Nicotinamide 100 mg If for viral suspensions the interpretation of results is affected
by marked cytopathic effects, the virus may be neutralised
Pyridoxal hydrochloride 100 mg using a specific antiserum that has no inhibitory effects
Riboflavine 10 mg on mycoplasmas or a cell culture substrate that does not
allow growth of the virus may be used. To demonstrate the
Thiamine hydrochloride 100 mg
absence of inhibitory effects of serum, carry out the positive
Distilled water to 1000 ml control tests in the presence and absence of the antiserum.
VERIFICATION OF THE SUBSTRATE
(3) Agar, purified
Use Vero cells or another cell culture (for example, the
A highly refined agar for use in microbiology and production cell line) that is equivalent in effectiveness
immunology, prepared by an ion-exchange procedure that for detecting mycoplasmas. Test the effectiveness of the
results in a product having superior purity, clarity and gel cells to be used by applying the procedure shown below
strength. It contains about : and inoculating not more than 100 CFU or CFU-like
Water 12.2 per cent micro-organisms of suitable reference strains of M. hyorhinis
and M. orale. The following strains have been found to be
Ash 1.5 per cent
suitable :
Acid-insoluble ash 0.2 per cent ATCC 29052
M. hyorhinis
Chlorine 0
M. orale NCTC 10112 CIP 104969 ATCC 23714
Phosphate (calculated as P2O5) 0.3 per cent
0.3 per cent
The cells are suitable if both reference strains are detected.
Total nitrogen
Copper 8 ppm
The indicator cells must be subcultured without an antibiotic
before use in the test.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 161
2.6.7. Mycoplasmas EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

TEST METHOD Direct NAT can be applied in the presence of cytotoxic

1. Seed the indicator cell culture at a suitable density material and where a rapid method is needed.
(for example, 2 × 104 to 2 × 105 cells/ml, 4 × 103 to Cell-culture enrichment followed by NAT : the test sample
2.5 × 104 cells/cm2) that will yield confluence after 3 days of
and a suitable cell substrate (as described under the indicator
growth. Inoculate 1 ml of the product to be examined into cell-culture method) are cultured together for a suitable
the cell culture vessel and incubate at 35-38 °C. period ; the nucleic acids are then extracted from cells and
2. After at least 3 days of incubation, when the cells have supernatant and used for detection by NAT.
grown to confluence, make a subculture on cover slips in
suitable containers or on some other surface (for example, VALIDATION
chambered slides) suitable for the test procedure. Seed the Reference standards are required at various stages during
validation and for use as controls during routine application
cells at low density so that they reach 50 per cent confluence
after 3-5 days of incubation. Complete confluence impairs of the test. The reference standards may be mycoplasmas
visualisation of mycoplasmas after staining and must be or nucleic acids.
avoided. For validation of the limit of detection, the following species
represent an optimal selection in terms of the frequency of
3. Remove the medium and rinse the indicator cells with occurrence as contaminants and phylogenetic relationships :
phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4 R, then add a suitable
fixing solution (a freshly prepared mixture of 1 volume — A. laidlawii ;
of glacial acetic acid R and 3 volumes of methanol R is — M. fermentans ;
suitable when bisbenzimide R is used for staining).
— M. hyorhinis (where cell-culture enrichment is used, a
4. Remove the fixing solution and wash the cells with sterile fastidious strain such as ATCC 29052 is included) ;
water R. Dry the slides completely if they are to be stained
— M. orale ;
more than 1 h later (particular care is needed for staining of
slides after drying owing to artefacts that may be produced).— M. pneumoniae or M. gallisepticum ;
5. Add a suitable DNA stain and allow to stand for a suitable— M. synoviae (where there is use of or exposure to avian
time (bisbenzimide working solution R and a standing time material during production) ;
of 10 min are suitable). — Mycoplasma arginini;
6. Remove the stain and rinse the monolayer with water R. — Spiroplasma citri (where there is use of or exposure to
7. Mount each coverslip, where applicable (a mixture of insect or plant material during production).
equal volumes of glycerol R and phosphate-citrate buffer Demonstration of specificity requires the use of a suitable
solution pH 5.5 R is suitable for mounting). Examine by range of bacterial species other than mycoplasmas. Bacterial
fluorescence (for bisbenzimide stain a 330 nm/380 nm genera with close phylogenetic relation to mycoplasmas
excitation filter and an LP 440 nm barrier filter are suitable)
are most appropriate for this validation ; these include
at 400 × magnification or greater. Clostridium, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus.
8. Compare the microscopic appearance of the test cultures Comparability studies for use of NAT as an alternative
with that of the negative and positive controls, examining for
method. For each mycoplasma test species :
extranuclear fluorescence. Mycoplasmas produce pinpoints
or filaments over the indicator cell cytoplasm. They may also— as an alternative to the culture method : the NAT test
produce pinpoints and filaments in the intercellular spaces. system must be shown to detect 10 CFU/ml ;
Multiple microscopic fields are examined according to the — as an alternative to the indicator cell culture method : the
protocol established during validation. NAT test system must be shown to detect 100 CFU/ml ;
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS or an equivalent limit of detection in terms of the number of
The product to be examined complies with the test if copies of mycoplasma nucleic acid in the test sample (using
fluorescence typical of mycoplasmas is not present. The test suitable reference standards of mycoplasma nucleic acid).
is invalid if the positive controls do not show fluorescence CONTROLS
typical of mycoplasmas. The test is invalid if the negative
controls show fluorescence typical of mycoplasmas. Internal controls. Internal controls are necessary for
routine verification of absence of inhibition. The internal
NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION TECHNIQUES (NAT) control may contain the primer binding-site, or some other
suitable sequence may be used. It is preferably added to the
NAT (2.6.21) may be used for detection of mycoplasmas by test material before isolating the nucleic acid and therefore
amplification of nucleic acids extracted from a test sample acts as an overall control (extraction, reverse transcription,
with specific primers that reveal the presence of the target amplification, detection).
nucleic acid. NAT indicate the presence of a particular
nucleic acid sequence and not necessarily the presence External controls. The external positive control contains
of viable mycoplasmas. A number of different techniques a defined number of target-sequence copies or CFUs from
are available. This general chapter does not prescribe a 1 or more suitable species of mycoplasma chosen from
particular method for the test. The procedure applied must those used during validation of the test conditions. 1 of the
be validated as described, taking account of the guidelines positive controls is set close to the positive cut-off point to
presented at the end of this section. Where a commercial kit demonstrate that the expected sensitivity is achieved. The
is used, certain elements of the validation may be carried external negative control contains no target sequence but
out by the manufacturer and information provided to the does not necessarily represent the same matrix as the test
user but it must be remembered that full information on the article.
primers may not be available and that production of the kit INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
may be modified or discontinued. The primers used may also amplify non-mycoplasmal bacterial
NAT are applied where prescribed in a monograph. They nucleic acid, leading to false positive results. Procedures
may also be used instead of the culture method and the are established at the time of validation for dealing with
indicator cell culture method after suitable validation. confirmation of positive results, where necessary.

162 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.7. Mycoplasmas

The following section is published for information. to mycoplasmas are most appropriate for this validation ;
these include Clostridium, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus.
However, this is not an exhaustive list and species to be
Validation of nucleic acid amplification tested will depend on the theoretical ability (based on
techniques (nat) for the detection of primers/probes sequences) of the NAT system to detect such
mycoplasmas : guidelines other species.
Based on the results from this validation of the specificity,
1. SCOPE if a gap in the specificity of the method is identified (such
Nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAT) are either as detection of non-mycoplasmal bacterial nucleic acid), an
qualitative or quantitative tests for the presence of nucleic appropriate strategy must be proposed in the validation
acid. For the detection of mycoplasma contamination study to allow interpretation of positive results on a routine
of various samples such as vaccines and cell substrates, basis. For example, a second test may be performed using an
qualitative tests are adequate and may be considered to be alternative method without this specificity gap or using an
limit tests. official method.
These guidelines describe methods to validate qualitative 2-2. Detection limit. The detection limit of an individual
nucleic acid amplification analytical procedures for assessing analytical procedure is the lowest amount of target nucleic
mycoplasma contamination. They may also be applicable acid in a sample that can be detected but not necessarily
for real-time NAT used as limit tests for the control of quantitated as an exact value.
contaminants.
For establishment of the detection limit, a positive cut-off
The 2 characteristics regarded as the most important for point should be determined for the nucleic acid amplification
validation of the analytical procedure are the specificity analytical procedure. The positive cut-off point (as defined
and the detection limit. In addition, the robustness of the in general chapter 2.6.21) is the minimum number of target
analytical procedure should be evaluated. sequence copies per volume of sample that can be detected
For the purpose of this document, an analytical procedure is in 95 per cent of test runs. This positive cut-off point is
defined as the complete procedure from extraction of nucleic influenced by the distribution of mycoplasmal genomes in
acid to detection of the amplified products. the individual samples being tested and by factors such as
Where commercial kits are used for part or all of the enzyme efficiency, and can result in different 95 per cent
analytical procedure, documented validation points already cut-off values for individual analytical test runs.
covered by the kit manufacturer can replace validation by the To determine the positive cut-off point, a dilution series of
user. Nevertheless, the performance of the kit with respect characterised and calibrated (either in CFUs or nucleic acid
to its intended use has to be demonstrated by the user (e.g. copies) in-house working strains or EDQM standards should
detection limit, robustness, cross-detection of other classes be tested on different days to examine variation between
of bacteria). test runs.
NAT may be used as : For validation of the limit of detection, the following species
— a complementary test (for example, for cytotoxic viral represent an optimal selection in terms of the frequency of
suspensions) or for in-process control purposes ; occurrence as contaminants and phylogenetic relationships :
— an alternative method to replace an official method — A. laidlawii ;
(indicator cell culture method or culture method). — M. fermentans ;
These guidelines will thus separate these 2 objectives by — M. hyorhinis ;
presenting first a guideline for the validation of the NAT
themselves, and second, a guideline for a comparability study — M. pneumoniae or M. gallisepticum ;
between NAT and official methods. — M. synoviae (where there is use of or exposure to avian
2. GUIDELINE FOR MYCOPLASMA NAT VALIDATION material during production) ;
3 parameters should be evaluated : specificity, detection limit — M. arginini;
and robustness. — S. citri (where there is use of or exposure to insect or
2-1. Specificity. Specificity is the ability to unequivocally plant material during production).
assess target nucleic acid in the presence of components that For each strain, at least 3 independent 10-fold dilution series
may be expected to be present. should be tested, with a sufficient number of replicates at
The specificity of NAT is dependent on the choice of primers, each dilution to give a total number of 24 test results for
the choice of probe (for analysis of the final product) and the each dilution, to enable a statistical analysis of the results.
stringency of the test conditions (for both the amplification For example, a laboratory may test 3 dilution series on
and detection steps). different days with 8 replicates for each dilution, 4 dilution
The ability of the NAT to detect a large panel of mycoplasma series on different days with 6 replicates for each dilution,
species will depend on the choice of primers, probes and or 6 dilution series on different days with 4 replicates for
method parameters. This ability should be demonstrated each dilution. In order to keep the number of dilutions at a
using characterised reference panels (e.g. reference strains manageable level, a preliminary test should be performed
provided by the EDQM). Since NAT systems are usually based to obtain a preliminary value for the positive cut-off point
on a mix of primers, the theoretical analysis of primers and (i.e. the highest dilution giving a positive signal). The range
probes by comparison with databases is not recommended, of dilutions can then be chosen around the predetermined
because interpretation of the results may be quite complex preliminary cut-off point. The concentration of mycoplasmas
and may not reflect the experimental results. (CFUs or copies) that can be detected in 95 per cent of test
Moreover, as it is likely that the primers will detect other runs can then be calculated using an appropriate statistical
bacterial species, the potential cross-detection should be evaluation.
documented in the validation study. Bacterial genera such These results may also serve to evaluate the variability of the
as gram-positive bacteria with close phylogenetic relation analytical procedure.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 163
2.6.8. Pyrogens EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

2-3. Robustness. The robustness of an analytical procedure Selection of animals. Use healthy, adult rabbits of either sex
weighing not less than 1.5 kg, fed a complete and balanced
is a measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small but
deliberate variations in method parameters, and provides an diet not containing antibiotics, and not showing loss of body
indication of its reliability during normal usage. mass during the week preceding the test. A rabbit is not be
The evaluation of robustness should be considered during used in a pyrogen test :
the development phase. It should show the reliability of thea) if it has been used in a negative pyrogen test in the
analytical procedure with respect to deliberate variations preceding 3 days, or
in method parameters. For NAT, small variations in the b) if it has been used in the preceding 3 weeks in a pyrogen
method parameters can be crucial. However, the robustness test in which the substance under examination failed to pass
of the method can be demonstrated during its development the test.
when small variations in the concentrations of reagents
Animals’ quarters. Keep the rabbits individually in a quiet
(e.g. MgCl2, primers or deoxyribonucleotides) are tested.
area with a uniform appropriate temperature. Withhold food
Modifications of extraction kits or extraction procedures as
from the rabbits overnight and until the test is completed ;
well as different thermal cycler types may also be evaluated.
withhold water during the test. Carry out the test in a quiet
Finally, robustness of the method can be evaluated through room where there is no risk of disturbance exciting the
collaborative studies. animals and in which the room temperature is within 3 °C of
3. GUIDELINE FOR COMPARABILITY STUDY that of the rabbits’ living quarters, or in which the rabbits
NAT may be used instead of official methods (indicator have been kept for at least 18 h before the test.
cell culture method and/or culture method). In this Materials. Glassware, syringes and needles. Thoroughly
case a comparability study should be carried out. This wash all glassware, syringes and needles with water for
comparability study should include mainly a comparison injections and heat in a hot-air oven at 250 °C for 30 min or
of the respective detection limits of the alternative methodat 200 °C for 1 h.
and official methods. However, specificity (mycoplasma Retaining boxes. The retaining boxes for rabbits whose
panel detected, putative false positive results) should alsotemperature is being measured by an electrical device are
be considered. made in such a way that the animals are retained only by
For the detection limit, acceptability criteria are defined as
loosely fitting neck-stocks ; the rest of the body remains
follows : relatively free so that the rabbits may sit in a normal position.
— if the alternative method is proposed to replace the They are not restrained by straps or other similar methods
culture method, the NAT system must be shown to detect which may harm the animal. The animals are put into
10 CFU/ml for each mycoplasma test species described the boxes not less than 1 h before the first record of the
in paragraph 2-2 ; temperature and remain in them throughout the test.
— if the alternative method is proposed to replace the Thermometers. Use a thermometer or electrical device
indicator cell culture method, the NAT system must be which indicates the temperature with a precision of 0.1 °C
shown to detect 100 CFU/ml for each mycoplasma test and insert into the rectum of the rabbit to a depth of about
species described in paragraph 2-2. 5 cm. The depth of insertion is constant for any one rabbit
For both cases, suitable standards calibrated for the numberin any one test. When an electrical device is used it may be
of nucleic acid copies and the number of CFUs may be used left in position throughout the test.
for establishing that these acceptability criteria are reached.
Preliminary test. After selection of the animals, one to
The relation between CFUs and nucleic acid copies for the three days before testing the product to be examined,
reference preparations should be previously established to treat those animals that have not been used during the
compare the performance of the alternative NAT method previous 2 weeks by intravenous injection of 10 ml per
with the performance of the official methods. kilogram of body mass of a pyrogen-free 9 g/l solution of
1 of the following 2 strategies can be used to perform this sodium chloride R warmed to about 38.5 °C. Record the
comparability study : temperatures of the animals, beginning at least 90 min
— perform the NAT alternative method in parallel with before injection and continuing for 3 h after the injection of
the official method(s) to evaluate simultaneously the the solution. Any animal showing a temperature variation
detection limit of both methods using the same samples greater than 0.6 °C is not used in the main test.
of calibrated strains ; Main test. Carry out the test using a group of three rabbits.
— compare the performance of the NAT alternative method Preparation and injection of the product. Warm the liquid to
using previously obtained data from official method be examined to approximately 38.5 °C before the injection.
validation. In this case, calibration of standards used The product to be examined may be dissolved in, or diluted
with, a pyrogen-free 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R or
for both validations as well as their stabilities should be
documented carefully. another prescribed liquid. Inject the solution slowly into
Comparability study reports should describe all the the marginal vein of the ear of each rabbit over a period
not exceeding 4 min, unless otherwise prescribed in the
validation elements described in section 2 (specificity, limit
monograph. The amount of the product to be injected varies
of detection and variability, as well as robustness) in order
to assess all the advantages and/or disadvantages of the according to the product to be examined and is prescribed
alternative NAT method compared to official methods. in the monograph. The volume injected is not less than
0.5 ml per kilogram and not more than 10 ml per kilogram
of body mass.
01/2008:20608 Determination of the initial and maximum temperatures.
The “initial temperature” of each rabbit is the mean of
2.6.8. PYROGENS two temperature readings recorded for that rabbit at an
interval of 30 min in the 40 min immediately preceding the
The test consists of measuring the rise in body temperature injection of the product to be examined. The “maximum
evoked in rabbits by the intravenous injection of a sterile temperature” of each rabbit is the highest temperature
solution of the substance to be examined. recorded for that rabbit in the 3 h after the injection. Record

164 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.10. Histamine

the temperature of each rabbit at intervals of not more than signs of ill health, repeat the test. The preparation passes
30 min, beginning at least 90 min before the injection of the test if none of the animals in the 2nd group die or shows
the product to be examined and continuing 3 h after the signs of ill health in the time interval specified.
injection. The difference between the maximum temperature The test must also be carried out on 2 healthy guinea-pigs
and the initial temperature of each rabbit is taken to be its weighing 250 g to 400 g. Inject intraperitoneally into each
response. When this difference is negative, the result is animal 1 human dose but not more than 5.0 ml. The human
counted as a zero response. dose is that stated on the label of the preparation to be
Rabbits showing a temperature variation greater than 0.2 °C examined or on the accompanying leaflet. Observe the
between two successive readings in the determination of the animals for 7 days.
initial temperature are withdrawn from the test. In any one The preparation passes the test if none of the animals
test, only rabbits having initial temperatures which do not shows signs of ill health. If more than one animal dies the
differ from one another by more than 1 °C are used. All preparation fails the test. If one of the animals dies or shows
rabbits having an initial temperature higher than 39.8 °C or signs of ill health, repeat the test. The preparation passes
less than 38.0 °C are withdrawn from the test. the test if none of the animals in the 2nd group die or shows
Interpretation of results. Having carried out the test first signs of ill health in the time interval specified.
on a group of three rabbits, repeat if necessary on further
groups of three rabbits to a total of four groups, depending
01/2008:20610
on the results obtained. If the summed response of the first
group does not exceed the figure given in the second column
of the Table 2.6.8.-1, the substance passes the test. If the 2.6.10. HISTAMINE
summed response exceeds the figure given in the second Euthanise a guinea-pig weighing 250 g to 350 g that has
column of the table but does not exceed the figure given in been deprived of food for the preceding 24 h. Remove a
the third column of the table, repeat the test as indicated portion of the distal small intestine 2 cm in length and
above. If the summed response exceeds the figure given in empty the isolated part by rinsing carefully with solution B
the third column of the table, the product fails the test. described below using a syringe. Attach a fine thread to
Table 2.6.8.-1 each end and make a small transverse incision in the middle
of the piece of intestine. Place it in an organ bath with a
Number of rabbits Product passes if summed Product fails if summed
response does not exceed response exceeds capacity of 10 ml to 20 ml, containing solution B maintained
3 1.15 °C 2.65 °C
at a constant temperature (34 °C to 36 °C) and pass through
the solution a current of a mixture of 95 parts of oxygen
6 2.80 °C 4.30 °C and 5 parts of carbon dioxide. Attach one of the threads
9 4.45 °C 5.95 °C near to the bottom of the organ bath. Attach the other
thread to an isotonic myograph and record the contractions
12 6.60 °C 6.60 °C of the organ on a kymograph or other suitable means of
giving a permanent record. If a lever is used, its length is
Rabbits used in a test for pyrogens where the mean rise in the
such that the movements of the organ are amplified about
rabbits’ temperature has exceeded 1.2 °C are permanently
20 times. The tension on the intestine should be about
excluded.
9.8 mN (1 g) and it should be adjusted to the sensitivity
of the organ. Flush out the organ bath with solution B.
Allow it to stand for 10 min. Flush 2 or 3 times more with
01/2008:20609 solution B. Stimulate a series of contractions by the addition
of measured volumes between 0.2 ml and 0.5 ml of a solution
of histamine dihydrochloride R having a strength which
2.6.9. ABNORMAL TOXICITY produces reproducible submaximal responses. This dose is
termed the “high dose”. Flush the organ bath (preferably by
GENERAL TEST overflow without emptying the bath) 3 times with solution B
Inject intravenously into each of 5 healthy mice, weighing before each addition of histamine. The successive additions
17 g to 24 g, the quantity of the substance to be examined should be made at regular intervals allowing a complete
prescribed in the monograph, dissolved in 0.5 ml of water relaxation between additions (about 2 min). Add equal
for injections R or of a 9 g/l sterile solution of sodium volumes of a weaker dilution of histamine dihydrochloride R
chloride R. Inject the solution over a period of 15 s to 30 s, which produces reproducible responses approximately half
unless otherwise prescribed. as great as the “high dose”. This dose is termed the “low
The substance passes the test if none of the mice die within dose”. Continue the regular additions of “high” and “low”
24 h or within such time as is specified in the individual doses of histamine solution as indicated above, and alternate
monograph. If more than one animal dies the preparation each addition with an equal volume of a dilution of the
fails the test. If one of the animals dies, repeat the test. solution to be examined, adjusting the dilution so that the
The substance passes the test if none of the animals in the contraction of the intestine, if any, is smaller than that due
2nd group die within the time interval specified. to the “high dose” of histamine. Determine whether the
contraction, if any, is reproducible and that the responses
IMMUNOSERA AND VACCINES FOR HUMAN USE to the “high” and “low” doses of histamine are unchanged.
Unless otherwise prescribed, inject intraperitoneally Calculate the activity of the substance to be examined in
1 human dose but not more than 1.0 ml into each of terms of its equivalent in micrograms of histamine base from
5 healthy mice, weighing 17 g to 24 g. The human dose is the dilution determined as above.
that stated on the label of the preparation to be examined or The quantity so determined does not exceed the quantity
on the accompanying leaflet. Observe the animals for 7 days. prescribed in the monograph.
The preparation passes the test if none of the animals If the solution to be examined does not produce a
shows signs of ill health. If more than one animal dies, the contraction, prepare a fresh solution adding a quantity of
preparation fails the test. If one of the animals dies or shows histamine corresponding to the maximum tolerated in the

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 165
2.6.11. Depressor substances EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

monograph and note whether the contractions produced If the response to 1.5 ml of histamine solution R per
by the preparation with the added histamine correspond to kilogram of body mass is not greater than that to 1.0 ml
the amount of histamine added. If this is not the case, or if the test is invalid. The substance to be examined fails the
the contractions caused by the substance to be examined test if the mean of the series of responses to the substance
are not reproducible or if subsequent responses to “high” is greater than the mean of the responses to 1.0 ml of
and “low” doses of histamine are diminished, the results of histamine solution R per kilogram of body mass or if any one
the tests are invalid and the test for depressor substances dose of the substance causes a greater depressor response
(2.6.11) must be carried out. than the concluding dose of the histamine solution. The
Solution A test animal must not be used in another test for depressor
substances if the second criterion applies or if the response
Sodium chloride 160.0 g
to the high dose of histamine given after the administration
Potassium chloride 4.0 g of the substance to be examined is less than the mean
Calcium chloride, anhydrous 2.0 g
response to the low doses of histamine previously injected.

Magnesium chloride, anhydrous 1.0 g

Disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate 0.10 g 01/2008:20612
Water for injections R sufficient to produce 1000 ml
2.6.12. MICROBIOLOGICAL
Solution B EXAMINATION OF NON-STERILE
Solution A 50.0 ml PRODUCTS : TOTAL VIABLE
Atropine sulphate 0.5 mg AEROBIC COUNT
Sodium hydrogen carbonate 1.0 g This general chapter presents 2 sets of tests. The 1st set gives
Glucose monohydrate 0.5 g the reference methods for determining compliance with
monographs. Reference to this chapter in a monograph
Water for injections R sufficient to produce 1000 ml therefore implies compliance with the 1st set of tests,
unless use of the 2nd set of tests has been authorised. The
Solution B should be freshly prepared and used within 24 h. tests in the 2nd set also constitute official methods of the
European Pharmacopoeia and may be referred to as such,
notably in applications for marketing authorisation. It
st nd
01/2008:20611 is intended to replace the 1 set by the 2 set once the
monographs concerned have been revised. The 2nd set
presents tests developed in co-operation with the Japanese
2.6.11. DEPRESSOR SUBSTANCES Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopeia to
achieve harmonised requirements.
Carry out the test on a cat weighing not less than 2 kg and
anaesthetised with chloralose or with a barbiturate that A. METHOD OF THE EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA
allows the maintenance of uniform blood pressure. Protect The tests described hereafter will allow quantitative
the animal from loss of body heat and maintain it so that enumeration of mesophilic bacteria and fungi that may grow
the rectal temperature remains within physiological limits. under aerobic conditions.
Introduce a cannula into the trachea. Insert a cannula filled
The tests are designed primarily to determine whether
with a heparinised 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride into the
or not a substance that is the subject of a monograph in
common carotid artery and connect it to a device capable of
the Pharmacopoeia complies with the microbiological
giving a continuous record of the blood pressure. Insert into
requirements specified in the monograph in question. When
the femoral vein another cannula, filled with a heparinised
used for such purposes, follow the instructions given below,
9 g/l solution of sodium chloride, through which can be
including the number of samples to be taken, and interpret
injected the solutions of histamine and of the substance
the results as stated below. The tests may also be used for
to be examined. Determine the sensitivity of the animal to
the test for Efficacy of antimicrobial preservation (5.1.3) as
histamine by injecting intravenously at regular intervals,
described in the Pharmacopoeia. They may furthermore be
doses of histamine solution R corresponding to 0.1 µg and
used for monitoring raw material quality and may be used
0.15 µg of histamine base per kilogram of body mass. Repeat
in association with guidelines on microbiological quality
the lower dose at least 3 times. Administer the second and
(5.1.4). When used for such purposes, for example by a
subsequent injections not less than 1 min after the blood
manufacturer for raw materials and/or finished product
pressure has returned to the level it was at immediately
monitoring or for process validation, the conduct of the
before the previous injection. The animal is used for the test
tests including the number of samples to be taken and the
only if a readily discernible decrease in blood pressure that
interpretation of the results are matters for agreement
is constant for the lower dose is obtained and if the higher
between the manufacturer and the competent authority.
dose causes greater responses. Dissolve the substance to
be examined in sufficient of a 9 g/l solution of sodium Carry out the determination under conditions designed
chloride or other prescribed solvent, to give the prescribed to avoid accidental contamination of the product to be
concentration. Inject intravenously per kilogram of body examined. The precautions taken to avoid contamination
mass 1.0 ml of histamine solution R, followed by 2 successive must be such that they do not affect any micro-organisms that
injections of the prescribed amount of the solution to be are revealed in the test. If the product to be examined has
examined and, finally, 1.0 ml of histamine solution R. The antimicrobial activity, this must be adequately neutralised.
second, third and fourth injections are given not less than If inactivators are used for this purpose, their efficacy and
1 min after the blood pressure has returned to the level it non-toxicity versus micro-organisms are demonstrated.
was at immediately before the preceding injection. Repeat Determine the total viable aerobic count by the membrane
this series of injections twice and conclude the test by giving filtration method or the plate-count method, as prescribed in
1.5 ml of histamine solution R per kilogram of body mass. the monograph.

166 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.12. Total viable aerobic count

The Most Probable Number (MPN) method is reserved maintaining the temperature for the shortest time necessary
for bacterial counts when no other method is available. for the formation of an emulsion and in any case for not
The choice of a method may be based on factors such more than 30 min. Further serial tenfold dilutions may be
as the nature of the product and the expected number prepared using buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution
of micro-organisms. Any method that is chosen must be pH 7.0 containing a suitable concentration of sterile
properly validated. polysorbate 80 or another sterile surface-active agent.
When used in conjunction with chapter 5.1.3 or 5.1.4, the Transdermal patches. Remove the protective cover
pour-plate method, the surface-spread method and the sheets (‘release liners’) of ten patches of the transdermal
membrane filtration method may be used. preparation using sterile forceps, and place them, the
adhesive side upwards, on sterile glass or plastic trays. Cover
PREPARATION OF THE SAMPLE the adhesive surface with sterile gauze (or a woven-filter
Sampling plan. Sampling of the product must follow a type monofilament polymer grid), if necessary, and transfer
well-defined sampling plan. The sampling plan will be the ten patches to a minimum volume of 500 ml of buffered
dependent on factors such as batch size, health hazard sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0 containing suitable
associated with unacceptably highly contaminated products, inactivators such as polysorbate 80 and/or lecithin. Shake
the characteristics of the product and the expected level of the preparation vigorously for at least 30 min (preparation A).
contamination. Unless otherwise prescribed, use sample(s) of Prepare another ten patches in the same way, place them in
10 g or 10 ml of the substance or preparation to be examined, a minimum volume of 500 ml of broth medium D and shake
taken with the precautions referred to above. Select the vigorously for at least 30 min (preparation B).
sample(s) at random from the bulk material or from the
available containers of the preparation. If necessary, to EXAMINATION OF THE SAMPLE
obtain the required quantity, mix the contents of a sufficient Membrane filtration. Use membrane filters having a nominal
number of containers to provide each sample, depending on pore size not greater than 0.45 µm and whose effectiveness
the nature of the substance or preparation to be examined. to retain bacteria has been established. The type of filter
An example of a sampling plan applicable to products material is chosen such that the bacteria-retaining efficiency
where homogeneity with respect to the distribution of is not affected by the components of the sample to be
micro-organisms may be a problem, is the three-class investigated. Cellulose nitrate filters, for example, may be
sampling plan. In this case five samples from each batch are used for aqueous, oily and weakly alcoholic solutions, and
drawn and investigated separately. The three recognised cellulose acetate filters, for example, for strongly alcoholic
classes are : solutions. The filtration apparatus is designed to allow the
(i) acceptable samples, i.e. samples containing less than transfer of the filter to the culture medium.
m CFU (colony-forming units) per gram or millilitre, where Transfer a suitable amount of the sample prepared
m is the limit specified in the relevant monograph ; as described in the section Preparation of the sample
(ii) marginal samples, i.e. with more than m CFU but less (preferably representing 1 g of the product, or less if large
than 10m CFU per gram or millilitre ; numbers of colony-forming units are expected) to each
of 2 membrane filters and filter immediately. Wash each
(iii) defective samples, i.e. containing more than 10m CFU filter with 3 quantities, each of about 100 ml of a suitable
per gram or millilitre. liquid such as buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution
Water-soluble products. Dissolve or dilute 10 g or pH 7.0. To this solution, surface-active agents such as
10 ml of the product to be examined in buffered sodium polysorbate 80, or inactivators of antimicrobial agents may
chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0 or in another suitable be added. If validated, less than 3 washes may be applied.
liquid. In general a one in ten dilution is prepared. However, Transfer one of the membrane filters, intended primarily
the characteristics of the product or the required sensitivity for the enumeration of bacteria, to the surface of a suitable
may necessitate the use of other ratios. If the product is agar medium, such as medium B and the other, intended
known to have antimicrobial activity, an inactivating agent primarily for the enumeration of fungi, to the surface of
may be added to the diluent. If necessary, adjust the pH to a suitable agar medium, such as medium C. Incubate the
about pH 7 and prepare further serial tenfold dilutions using plate of agar medium B at 30-35 °C, and the plate of agar
the same diluent. medium C at 20-25 °C, for 5 days, unless a reliable count is
Non-fatty products insoluble in water. Suspend 10 g or obtained in a shorter time. Select plates with the highest
10 ml of the product to be examined in buffered sodium number below 100 colonies and calculate the number of
chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0 or in another suitable colony-forming units per gram or millilitre of product.
liquid. In general a one in ten suspension is prepared, but the When examining transdermal patches, filter 50 ml of
characteristics of some products may necessitate the use of preparation A separately through each of 2 sterile filter
larger volumes. A suitable surface-active agent such as 1 g/l membranes. Transfer one membrane to agar medium B for
of polysorbate 80 may be added to assist the suspension of total aerobic microbial count, and the other membrane to
poorly wettable substances. If the product is known to have agar medium C for the count of fungi.
antimicrobial activity, an inactivating agent may be added to Plate-count methods
the diluent. If necessary, adjust to about pH 7 and prepare a. Pour-plate method. Using Petri dishes 9 cm in diameter,
further serial tenfold dilutions using the same diluent. add to each dish 1 ml of the sample prepared as described
Fatty products. Homogenise 10 g or 10 ml of the product to in the section Preparation of the sample and 15-20 ml of a
be examined with not more than half its weight of sterile liquefied agar medium suitable for the cultivation of bacteria
polysorbate 80 or another suitable sterile surface-active (such as medium B), or 15-20 ml of a liquefied agar medium
agent, heated if necessary to not more than 40 °C, or in suitable for the cultivation of fungi (such as medium C) at
exceptional cases to not more than 45 °C. Mix carefully not more than 45 °C. If larger Petri dishes are used the
and if necessary maintain the temperature in a water-bath amount of agar is increased accordingly. Prepare for each
or in an incubator. Add sufficient pre-warmed buffered medium at least 2 Petri dishes for each level of dilution.
sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0 to make a one in Incubate the plates at 30-35 °C (20-25 °C for fungi) for
ten dilution of the original product. Mix carefully whilst 5 days, unless a reliable count is obtained in a shorter time.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 167
2.6.12. Total viable aerobic count EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Select the plates corresponding to 1 dilution and showing enumeration of bacteria in situations where no other method
the highest number of colonies less than 300 (100 for fungi). is available. If the use of the method is justified, proceed
Take the arithmetic average of the counts and calculate the as follows.
number of colony-forming units per gram or millilitre. Prepare a series of at least 3 subsequent tenfold dilutions
b. Surface-spread method. Using Petri dishes 9 cm in of the product as described in the section Preparation
diameter, add 15-20 ml of a liquefied agar medium suitable of the sample. From each level of dilution, 3 aliquots of
for the cultivation of bacteria (such as medium B) or a 1 g or 1 ml are used to inoculate 3 tubes with 9-10 ml of
liquefied agar medium suitable for the cultivation of fungi a suitable liquid medium (such as broth medium A). If
(such as medium C) at about 45 °C to each Petri dish necessary, a surface-active agent such as polysorbate 80 or
and allow to solidify. If larger Petri dishes are used, the an inactivator of antimicrobial agents may be added to the
volume of the agar is increased accordingly. Dry the plates, medium. Thus, if 3 levels of dilution are prepared, 9 tubes
for example in a laminar-air-flow cabinet or an incubator. are inoculated. Incubate all tubes for 5 days at 30-35 °C.
Spread a measured volume of not less than 0.1 ml of the Record for each level of dilution the number of tubes
sample prepared as described in the section Preparation showing microbial growth. If the reading of the results is
of the sample over the surface of the medium. Use at difficult or uncertain owing to the nature of the product to
least 2 Petri dishes for each medium and each level of be examined, subculture in the same broth, or on a suitable
dilution. For incubation and calculation of the number of agar medium (such as agar medium B), for 18-24 h at the
colony-forming units proceed as described for the pour-plate same temperature and use these results. Determine the most
method. probable number of bacteria per gram or millilitre of the
product to be examined from Table 2.6.12.-1.
Most-probable-number method
EFFECTIVENESS OF CULTURE MEDIA AND VALIDITY
Table 2.6.12.-1. – Most-probable-number values of bacteria OF THE COUNTING METHOD
3 tubes at each level of dilution Grow the bacterial test strains separately in containers
containing a suitable liquid medium (such as broth
Number of positive tubes MPN Category* 95 per cent medium A) at 30-35 °C for 18-24 h. Grow the fungal test
per gram confidence
0.1 g 0.01 g 0.001 g 1 2 limits strains separately on a suitable agar medium (such as
medium C without antibiotics) at 20-25 °C for 48 h for
0 0 0 <3 – –
Candida albicans and at 20-25 °C for 7 days for Aspergillus
0 1 0 3 x <1 17 niger.
1 0 0 3 x 1 21 Staphylococcus aureus such as ATCC 6538 (NCIMB 9518, CIP 4.83)

1 0 1 7 x 2 27 Escherichia coli such as ATCC 8739 (NCIMB 8545, CIP 53.126)

1 1 0 7 x 2 28 Bacillus subtilis such as ATCC 6633 (NCIMB 8054, CIP 52.62)

1 2 0 11 x 4 35 Candida albicans such as ATCC 10231 (NCPF 3179, IP 48.72)

2 0 0 9 x 2 38 Aspergillus niger such as ATCC 16404 (IMI 149007, IP 1431.83)

2 0 1 14 x 5 48 Use buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0

2 1 0 15 x 5 50 to make reference suspensions containing about
100 colony-forming units per millilitre. Use the suspension
2 1 1 20 x 8 61 of each of the micro-organisms separately as a control
2 2 0 21 x 8 63 of the counting methods, in the presence and absence of
x
the product to be examined. When testing the membrane
3 0 0 23 7 129
filtration method or the plate-count method, a count of any
3 0 1 38 x 10 180 of the test organisms differing by not more than a factor
3 1 0 43 x 20 210
of 5 from the calculated value from the inoculum is to be
obtained. When testing the most-probable-number method
3 1 1 75 x 20 280 the calculated value from the inoculum is to be within the
3 2 0 93 x 30 390 95 per cent confidence limits of the results obtained. To
test the sterility of the medium and of the diluent and the
3 2 1 150 x 50 510 aseptic performance of the test, carry out the method using
3 2 2 210 x 80 640 sterile sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0 as the test
x
preparation. There must be no growth of micro-organisms.
3 3 0 240 100 1400
3 3 1 460 x 200 2400 INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS
3 3 2 1100 x 300 4800
The bacterial count will be considered to be equal to the
average number of colony-forming units found on agar
3 3 3 > 1100 – – medium B. The fungal count will be considered to be equal
* Category 1 : Normal results, obtained in 95 per cent of the cases. to the average number of colony-forming units on agar
* Category 2 : Less likely results, obtained in only 4 per cent of cases. medium C. The total viable aerobic count is the sum of the
These are not to be used for important decisions. Results that are even bacterial count and the fungal count as described above. If
less likely than those of category 2 are not mentioned and are always there is evidence that the same types of micro-organisms
unacceptable. grow on both media this may be corrected. If the count
is carried out by the most-probable-number method the
The precision and accuracy of the most-probable-number
calculated value is the bacterial count.
method (MPN) is less than that of the membrane filtration
method or the plate-count methods. Unreliable results When a limit is prescribed in a monograph it is interpreted
are obtained particularly for the enumeration of moulds. as follows :
For these reasons the MPN method is reserved for the 102 micro-organisms : maximum acceptable limit : 5 × 102 ;

168 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.12. Total viable aerobic count

103 micro-organisms : maximum acceptable limit : 5 × 103 ; 4. GROWTH PROMOTION TEST AND SUITABILITY OF
and so forth. THE COUNTING METHOD
If a sampling plan such as the three-class sampling plan, for 4-1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
example, is used, proceed as follows. The ability of the test to detect micro-organisms in the
presence of product to be tested must be established.
Calculate the total viable aerobic count separately for each
of the five samples. The substance or preparation passes the Suitability must be confirmed if a change in testing
test if the following conditions are fulfilled : performance, or the product, which may affect the outcome
of the test is introduced.
(i) none of the individual total viable aerobic counts exceeds
the prescribed limit by a factor of 10 or more (i.e. no 4-2. PREPARATION OF TEST STRAINS
‘unacceptable samples’) ; Use standardised stable suspensions of test strains or
prepare them as stated below. Seed lot culture maintenance
(ii) not more than 2 of the individual total viable aerobic techniques (seed-lot systems) are used so that the viable
counts are between the prescribed limit and 10 times this micro-organisms used for inoculation are not more than
limit (i.e. no more than 2 ‘marginal samples’). 5 passages removed from the original master seed-lot. Grow
The solutions and culture mediums recommended are each of the bacterial and fungal test strains separately as
described in the general chapter 2.6.13. described in Table 2.6.12.-2.
Use buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0 or
B. HARMONISED METHOD : MICROBIOLOGICAL phosphate buffer solution pH 7.2 to make test suspensions ;
EXAMINATION OF NON-STERILE PRODUCTS : to suspend A. niger spores, 0.05 per cent of polysorbate 80
MICROBIAL ENUMERATION TESTS may be added to the buffer. Use the suspensions within 2 h or
within 24 h if stored at 2-8 °C. As an alternative to preparing
and then diluting a fresh suspension of vegetative cells of
1. INTRODUCTION A. niger or B. subtilis, a stable spore suspension is prepared
The tests described hereafter will allow quantitative and then an appropriate volume of the spore suspension is
enumeration of mesophilic bacteria and fungi that may grow used for test inoculation. The stable spore suspension may
under aerobic conditions. be maintained at 2-8 °C for a validated period of time.
The tests are designed primarily to determine whether a 4-3. NEGATIVE CONTROL
substance or preparation complies with an established To verify testing conditions, a negative control is performed
specification for microbiological quality. When used for such using the chosen diluent in place of the test preparation.
purposes follow the instructions given below, including the There must be no growth of micro-organisms.
number of samples to be taken, and interpret the results as 4-4. GROWTH PROMOTION OF THE MEDIA
stated below. Test each batch of ready-prepared medium and each batch of
The methods are not applicable to products containing medium, prepared either from dehydrated medium or from
viable micro-organisms as active ingredients. the ingredients described.
Alternative microbiological procedures, including automated Inoculate portions/plates of casein soya bean digest broth
methods, may be used, provided that their equivalence to the and casein soya bean digest agar with a small number (not
Pharmacopoeia method has been demonstrated. more than 100 CFU) of the micro-organisms indicated in
Table 2.6.12.-2, using a separate portion/plate of medium
for each. Inoculate plates of Sabouraud-dextrose agar
2. GENERAL PROCEDURES with a small number (not more than 100 CFU) of the
Carry out the determination under conditions designed to micro-organisms indicated in Table 2.6.12.-2, using a separate
avoid extrinsic microbial contamination of the product to be plate of medium for each. Incubate in the conditions
examined. The precautions taken to avoid contamination described in Table 2.6.12.-2.
must be such that they do not affect any micro-organisms For solid media, growth obtained must not differ by a factor
that are to be revealed in the test. greater than 2 from the calculated value for a standardised
If the product to be examined has antimicrobial activity, this inoculum. For a freshly prepared inoculum, growth of the
is insofar as possible removed or neutralised. If inactivators micro-organisms comparable to that previously obtained
are used for this purpose, their efficacy and their absence of with a previously tested and approved batch of medium
toxicity for micro-organisms must be demonstrated. occurs. Liquid media are suitable if clearly visible growth of
the micro-organisms comparable to that previously obtained
If surface-active substances are used for sample preparation, with a previously tested and approved batch of medium
their absence of toxicity for micro-organisms and their occurs.
compatibility with inactivators used must be demonstrated.
4-5. SUITABILITY OF THE COUNTING METHOD IN THE
PRESENCE OF PRODUCT
3. ENUMERATION METHODS
4-5-1. Preparation of the sample. The method for sample
Use the membrane filtration method or the plate-count preparation depends upon the physical characteristics of the
methods, as prescribed. The most-probable-number (MPN) product to be tested. If none of the procedures described
method is generally the least accurate method for microbial below can be demonstrated to be satisfactory, an alternative
counts, however, for certain product groups with a very low procedure must be developed.
bioburden, it may be the most appropriate method.
Water-soluble products. Dissolve or dilute (usually a 1 in
The choice of method is based on factors such as the nature 10 dilution is prepared) the product to be examined in
of the product and the required limit of micro-organisms. The buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0, phosphate
chosen method must allow testing of a sufficient sample size buffer solution pH 7.2 or casein soya bean digest broth.
to judge compliance with the specification. The suitability of If necessary, adjust to pH 6-8. Further dilutions, where
the method chosen must be established. necessary, are prepared with the same diluent.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 169
2.6.12. Total viable aerobic count EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Table 2.6.12.-2. – Preparation and use of test micro-organisms

Micro-organism Preparation of test Growth promotion Suitability of counting method in the
strain presence of the product
Total aerobic Total yeasts and Total aerobic Total yeasts and
microbial count moulds count microbial count moulds count
Staphylococcus Casein soya bean Casein soya bean Casein soya bean
aureus digest agar or casein digest agar and casein digest agar/MPN
such as : soya bean digest broth soya bean digest broth casein soya bean
30-35 °C ≤ 100 CFU digest broth
ATCC 6538 - -
18-24 h 30-35 °C ≤ 100 CFU
NCIMB 9518
≤ 3 days 30-35 °C
CIP 4.83
≤ 3 days
NBRC 13276
Pseudomonas Casein soya bean Casein soya bean Casein soya bean
aeruginosa digest agar or casein digest agar and casein digest agar/MPN
such as : soya bean digest broth soya bean digest broth casein soya bean
30-35 °C ≤ 100 CFU digest broth
ATCC 9027 - -
18-24 h 30-35 °C ≤ 100 CFU
NCIMB 8626
≤ 3 days 30-35 °C
CIP 82.118
≤ 3 days
NBRC 13275
Bacillus subtilis Casein soya bean Casein soya bean Casein soya bean
such as : digest agar or casein digest agar and casein digest agar/MPN
ATCC 6633 soya bean digest broth soya bean digest broth casein soya bean
30-35 °C ≤ 100 CFU - digest broth -
NCIMB 8054
18-24 h 30-35 °C ≤ 100 CFU
CIP 52.62
≤ 3 days 30-35 °C
NBRC 3134
≤ 3 days
Candida albicans Sabouraud-dextrose Casein soya bean Sabouraud-dextrose Casein soya bean Sabouraud-dextrose
such as : agar or Sabouraud- digest agar agar digest agar agar
dextrose broth ≤ 100 CFU ≤ 100 CFU ≤ 100 CFU ≤ 100 CFU
ATCC 10231 20-25 °C
NCPF 3179 30-35 °C 20-25 °C 30-35 °C 20-25 °C
2-3 days
IP 48.72 ≤ 5 days ≤ 5 days ≤ 5 days ≤ 5 days
NBRC 1594 MPN : not applicable
Aspergillus niger Sabouraud-dextrose Casein soya bean Sabouraud-dextrose Casein soya bean Sabouraud-dextrose
such as : agar or potato- digest agar agar digest agar agar
dextrose agar ≤ 100 CFU ≤ 100 CFU ≤ 100 CFU ≤ 100 CFU
ATCC 16404
20-25 °C 30-35 °C 20-25 °C 30-35 °C 20-25 °C
IMI 149007
5-7 days, or until ≤ 5 days ≤ 5 days ≤ 5 days ≤ 5 days
IP 1431.83 good sporulation is
NBRC 9455 achieved MPN : not applicable

Non-fatty products insoluble in water. Suspend the product Cover the adhesive surface with a sterile porous material,
to be examined (usually a 1 in 10 dilution is prepared) in for example sterile gauze, to prevent the patches from
buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0, phosphate sticking together, and transfer the patches to a suitable
buffer solution pH 7.2 or casein soya bean digest broth. A volume of the chosen diluent containing inactivators such
surface-active agent such as 1 g/l of polysorbate 80 may be as polysorbate 80 and/or lecithin. Shake the preparation
added to assist the suspension of poorly wettable substances. vigorously for at least 30 min.
If necessary, adjust to pH 6-8. Further dilutions, where 4-5-2. Inoculation and dilution. Add to the sample prepared
necessary, are prepared with the same diluent. as described above (4-5-1) and to a control (with no test
Fatty products. Dissolve in isopropyl myristate, sterilised material included) a sufficient volume of the microbial
by filtration or mix the product to be examined with the suspension to obtain an inoculum of not more than 100 CFU.
minimum necessary quantity of sterile polysorbate 80 or The volume of the suspension of the inoculum should not
another non-inhibitory sterile surface-active agent, heated if exceed 1 per cent of the volume of diluted product.
necessary to not more than 40 °C, or in exceptional cases
to not more than 45 °C. Mix carefully and if necessary To demonstrate acceptable microbial recovery from the
maintain the temperature in a water-bath. Add sufficient of product, the lowest possible dilution factor of the prepared
the pre-warmed chosen diluent to make a 1 in 10 dilution sample must be used for the test. Where this is not possible
of the original product. Mix carefully whilst maintaining due to antimicrobial activity or poor solubility, further
the temperature for the shortest time necessary for the appropriate protocols must be developed. If inhibition of
formation of an emulsion. Further serial tenfold dilutions growth by the sample cannot otherwise be avoided, the
may be prepared using the chosen diluent containing a aliquot of the microbial suspension may be added after
suitable concentration of sterile polysorbate 80 or another neutralisation, dilution or filtration.
non-inhibitory sterile surface-active agent. 4-5-3. Neutralisation/removal of antimicrobial activity.
Fluids or solids in aerosol form. Aseptically transfer the The number of micro-organisms recovered from the prepared
product into a membrane filter apparatus or a sterile sample diluted as described in 4-5-2 and incubated following
container for further sampling. Use either the total contents the procedure described in 4-5-4, is compared to the number
or a defined number of metered doses from each of the of micro-organisms recovered from the control preparation.
containers tested. If growth is inhibited (reduction by a factor greater than 2),
Transdermal patches. Remove the protective cover sheets then modify the procedure for the particular enumeration
(‘release liners’) of the transdermal patches and place them, test to ensure the validity of the results. Modification of the
adhesive side upwards, on sterile glass or plastic trays. procedure may include, for example, (1) an increase in the

170 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.12. Total viable aerobic count

volume of the diluent or culture medium, (2) incorporation 4-5-4-2-1. Pour-plate method.
of specific or general neutralising agents into the diluent, For Petri dishes 9 cm in diameter, add to the dish 1 ml
(3) membrane filtration, or (4) a combination of the above of the sample prepared as described under 4-5-1 to
measures. 4-5-3 and 15-20 ml of casein soya bean digest agar or
Neutralising agents. Neutralising agents may be Sabouraud-dextrose agar, both media being at not more
used to neutralise the activity of antimicrobial agents than 45 °C. If larger Petri dishes are used, the amount
(Table 2.6.12.-3). They may be added to the chosen diluent of agar medium is increased accordingly. For each of the
or the medium preferably before sterilisation. If used, their micro-organisms listed in Table 2.6.12.-2, at least 2 Petri
efficacy and their absence of toxicity for micro-organisms dishes are used. Incubate the plates as indicated in Table
must be demonstrated by carrying out a blank with 2.6.12.-2. Take the arithmetic mean of the counts per
neutraliser and without product. medium and calculate the number of CFU in the original
inoculum.
Table 2.6.12.-3. – Common neutralising agents for 4-5-4-2-2. Surface-spread method.
interfering substances
For Petri dishes 9 cm in diameter, add 15-20 ml of casein soya
Interfering substance Potential neutralising bean digest agar or Sabouraud-dextrose agar at about 45 °C
method to each Petri dish and allow to solidify. If larger Petri dishes
Glutaraldehyde, mercurials Sodium hydrogensulphite are used, the volume of the agar is increased accordingly.
(sodium bisulphite) Dry the plates, for example in a laminar-air-flow cabinet or
Phenolics, alcohol, aldehydes, sorbate Dilution an incubator. For each of the micro-organisms listed in Table
Aldehydes Glycine 2.6.12.-2, at least 2 Petri dishes are used. Spread a measured
volume of not less than 0.1 ml of the sample prepared
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Lecithin as described under 4-5-1 to 4-5-3 over the surface of the
(QACs), parahydroxybenzoates (parabens),
bis-biguanides medium. Incubate and count as prescribed under 4-5-4-2-1.
QACs, iodine, parabens Polysorbate 4-5-4-3. Most-probable-number (MPN) method. The
precision and accuracy of the MPN method is less than
Mercurials Thioglycollate
that of the membrane filtration method or the plate-count
Mercurials, halogens, aldehydes Thiosulphate method. Unreliable results are obtained particularly for the
EDTA (edetate) Mg2+ or Ca2+ ions
enumeration of moulds. For these reasons the MPN method
is reserved for the enumeration of TAMC in situations where
If no suitable neutralising method can be found, it can be no other method is available. If the use of the method is
assumed that the failure to isolate the inoculated organism justified, proceed as follows.
is attributable to the microbicidal activity of the product. Prepare a series of at least 3 serial tenfold dilutions of the
This information serves to indicate that the product is not product as described under 4-5-1 to 4-5-3. From each level
likely to be contaminated with the given species of the of dilution, 3 aliquots of 1 g or 1 ml are used to inoculate
micro-organism. However, it is possible that the product 3 tubes with 9-10 ml of casein soya bean digest broth. If
only inhibits some of the micro-organisms specified herein, necessary, a surface-active agent such as polysorbate 80 or
but does not inhibit others not included amongst the test an inactivator of antimicrobial agents may be added to the
strains or for which the latter are not representative. Then, medium. Thus, if 3 levels of dilution are prepared, 9 tubes
perform the test with the highest dilution factor compatible are inoculated.
with microbial growth and the specific acceptance criterion. Incubate all tubes at 30-35 °C for not more than 3 days.
4-5-4. Recovery of micro-organism in the presence of If reading of the results is difficult or uncertain owing to
product. For each of the micro-organisms listed, separate the nature of the product to be examined, subculture in the
tests are performed. Only micro-organisms of the added test same broth, or in casein soya bean digest agar, for 1-2 days
strain are counted. at the same temperature and use these results. Determine
the most probable number of micro-organisms per gram or
4-5-4-1. Membrane filtration. Use membrane filters having millilitre of the product to be examined from Table 2.6.12.-4.
a nominal pore size not greater than 0.45 µm. The type of
filter material is chosen such that the bacteria-retaining 4-6. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
efficiency is not affected by the components of the sample When verifying the suitability of the membrane filtration
to be investigated. For each of the micro-organisms listed, method or the plate-count method, a mean count of any
one membrane filter is used. of the test organisms not differing by a factor greater than
2 from the value of the control defined in 4-5-2 in the
Transfer a suitable amount of the sample prepared as absence of the product must be obtained. When verifying
described under 4-5-1 to 4-5-3 (preferably representing 1 g of the suitability of the MPN method the calculated value from
the product, or less if large numbers of CFU are expected) the inoculum must be within 95 per cent confidence limits
to the membrane filter, filter immediately and rinse the of the results obtained with the control.
membrane filter with an appropriate volume of diluent.
If the above criteria cannot be met for one or more of the
For the determination of total aerobic microbial count organisms tested with any of the described methods, the
(TAMC), transfer the membrane filter to the surface of method and test conditions that come closest to the criteria
casein soya bean digest agar. For the determination of are used to test the product.
total combined yeasts/moulds count (TYMC), transfer
the membrane to the surface of Sabouraud-dextrose agar. 5. TESTING OF PRODUCTS
Incubate the plates as indicated in Table 2.6.12.-2. Perform 5-1. AMOUNT USED FOR THE TEST
the counting.
Unless otherwise prescribed, use 10 g or 10 ml of the product
4-5-4-2. Plate-count methods. Perform plate-count methods to be examined taken with the precautions referred to above.
at least in duplicate for each medium and use the mean For fluids or solids in aerosol form, sample 10 containers.
count of the result. For transdermal patches, sample 10 patches.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 171
2.6.12. Total viable aerobic count EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The amount to be tested may be reduced for active substances Table 2.6.12.-4. – Most-probable-number values of
that will be formulated in the following conditions : the micro-organisms
amount per dosage unit (e.g. tablet, capsule, injection) is less Observed combinations of numbers of
than or equal to 1 mg or the amount per gram or millilitre tubes showing growth in each set MPN per
(for preparations not presented in dose units) is less than grams 95 per cent
Number of grams or millilitres of or per confidence
1 mg. In these cases, the amount to be tested is not less than product per tube millilitre of limits
the amount present in 10 dosage units or 10 g or 10 ml of 0.1 0.01 0.001 product
the product.
0 0 0 <3 0-9.4
For materials used as active substances where sample 0 0 1 3 0.1-9.5
quantity is limited or batch size is extremely small (i.e. less
than 1000 ml or 1000 g), the amount tested shall be 1 per 0 1 0 3 0.1-10
cent of the batch unless a lesser amount is prescribed or 0 1 1 6.1 1.2-17
justified and authorised.
0 2 0 6.2 1.2-17
For products where the total number of entities in a batch 0 3 0 9.4 3.5-35
is less than 200 (e.g. samples used in clinical trials), the 1 0 0 3.6 0.2-17
sample size may be reduced to 2 units, or 1 unit if the size
is less than 100. 1 0 1 7.2 1.2-17
1 0 2 11 4-35
Select the sample(s) at random from the bulk material or
from the available containers of the preparation. To obtain 1 1 0 7.4 1.3-20
the required quantity, mix the contents of a sufficient 1 1 1 11 4-35
number of containers to provide the sample.
1 2 0 11 4-35
5-2. EXAMINATION OF THE PRODUCT 1 2 1 15 5-38
5-2-1. Membrane filtration 1 3 0 16 5-38

Use a filtration apparatus designed to allow the transfer of 2 0 0 9.2 1.5-35

the filter to the medium. Prepare the sample using a method 2 0 1 14 4-35
that has been shown suitable as described in section 4 and
2 0 2 20 5-38
transfer the appropriate amount to each of 2 membrane
filters and filter immediately. Wash each filter following the 2 1 0 15 4-38
procedure shown to be suitable. 2 1 1 20 5-38

For the determination of TAMC, transfer one of the 2 1 2 27 9-94

membrane filters to the surface of casein soya bean digest 2 2 0 21 5-40
agar. For the determination of TYMC, transfer the other
membrane to the surface of Sabouraud-dextrose agar. 2 2 1 28 9-94
Incubate the plate of casein soya bean digest agar at 2 2 2 35 9-94
30-35 °C for 3-5 days and the plate of Sabouraud-dextrose
2 3 0 29 9-94
agar at 20-25 °C for 5-7 days. Calculate the number of CFU
per gram or per millilitre of product. 2 3 1 36 9-94
3 0 0 23 5-94
When examining transdermal patches, filter 10 per cent
of the volume of the preparation described under 4-5-1 3 0 1 38 9-104
separately through each of 2 sterile filter membranes. 3 0 2 64 16-181
Transfer one membrane to casein soya bean digest agar for
3 1 0 43 9-181
TAMC and the other membrane to Sabouraud-dextrose agar
for TYMC. 3 1 1 75 17-199
5-2-2. Plate-count methods 3 1 2 120 30-360
3 1 3 160 30-380
5-2-2-1. Pour-plate method.
3 2 0 93 18-360
Prepare the sample using a method that has been shown to be 3 2 1 150 30-380
suitable as described in section 4. Prepare for each medium
3 2 2 210 30-400
at least 2 Petri dishes for each level of dilution. Incubate the
plates of casein soya bean digest agar at 30-35 °C for 3-5 days 3 2 3 290 90-990
and the plates of Sabouraud-dextrose agar at 20-25 °C for 3 3 0 240 40-990
5-7 days. Select the plates corresponding to a given dilution
and showing the highest number of colonies less than 250 3 3 1 460 90-1980
for TAMC and 50 for TYMC. Take the arithmetic mean per 3 3 2 1100 200-4000
culture medium of the counts and calculate the number of
CFU per gram or per millilitre of product. 3 3 3 > 1100

172 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.13. Test for specified micro-organisms

5-2-2-2. Surface-spread method. sub-lethally injured organisms are relevant for the quality of
Prepare the sample using a method that has been shown the product, a resuscitation must be included in examination
to be suitable as described in section 4. Prepare at least 2 procedures that rely on selective media.
Petri dishes for each medium and each level of dilution. For If the product to be examined has antimicrobial activity, this
incubation and calculation of the number of CFU proceed as must be adequately neutralised.
described for the pour-plate method.
Enterobacteria and certain other gram-negative bacteria
5-2-3. Most-probable-number method
Although the test has been designed to detect bacteria
Prepare and dilute the sample using a method that has been belonging to the family of Enterobacteriaceae, it is
shown to be suitable as described in section 4. Incubate all recognised that other types of organisms (e.g. Aeromonas,
tubes at 30-35 °C for 3-5 days. Subculture if necessary, using Pseudomonas) may be recovered.
the procedure shown to be suitable. Record for each level
of dilution the number of tubes showing microbial growth. Detection of bacteria. Prepare the product to be examined
Determine the most probable number of micro-organisms as described in the general method 2.6.12, but using broth
per gram or millilitre of the product to be examined from medium D in place of buffered sodium chloride-peptone
Table 2.6.12.-4. solution pH 7.0, homogenise and incubate at 35-37 °C for
a time sufficient to revive the bacteria but not sufficient
5-3. INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS to encourage multiplication of the organisms (usually 2 h
The total aerobic microbial count (TAMC) is considered to be but not more than 5 h). Shake the container, transfer the
equal to the number of CFU found using casein soya bean quantity of the contents (homogenate A) corresponding to
digest agar ; if colonies of fungi are detected on this medium, 1 g or 1 ml of the product to 100 ml of enrichment medium E
they are counted as part of the TAMC. The total combined and incubate at 35-37 °C for 18-48 h. Subculture on plates
yeasts/mould count (TYMC) is considered to be equal to the of agar medium F. Incubate at 35-37 °C for 18-24 h. The
number of CFU found using Sabouraud-dextrose agar ; if product passes the test if there is no growth of colonies of
colonies of bacteria are detected on this medium, they are gram-negative bacteria on any plate.
counted as part of the TYMC. When the TYMC is expected to
exceed the acceptance criterion due to the bacterial growth, Quantitative evaluation. Inoculate suitable quantities of
Sabouraud-dextrose agar containing antibiotics may be used. enrichment broth medium E with homogenate A and/or
If the count is carried out by the MPN method the calculated dilutions of it containing respectively 0.1 g, 0.01 g and
value is the TAMC. 0.001 g (or 0.1 ml, 0.01 ml and 0.001 ml) of the product to
be examined. Incubate at 35-37 °C for 24-48 h. Subculture
When an acceptance criterion for microbiological quality is each of the cultures on a plate of agar medium F to obtain
prescribed it is interpreted as follows: selective isolation. Incubate at 35-37 °C for 18-24 h. Growth
— 101 CFU : maximum acceptable count = 20 ; of well-developed colonies, generally red or reddish, of
— 102 CFU : maximum acceptable count = 200 ; gram-negative bacteria constitutes a positive result. Note
the smallest quantity of the product that gives a positive
— 103 CFU : maximum acceptable count = 2000, and so forth. result and the largest quantity that gives a negative result.
The recommended solutions and media are described in Determine from Table 2.6.13.-1 the probable number of
general chapter 2.6.13 (under section B, Harmonised bacteria.
method).
Table 2.6.13.-1
Results for each quantity of product Probable number of
bacteria per gram
01/2008:20613 0.1 g or 0.01 g or 0.001 g or of product
0.1 ml 0.01 ml 0.001 ml
corrected 6.0
+ + + More than 103

2.6.13. MICROBIOLOGICAL + + − Less than 103 and

more than 102
EXAMINATION OF NON-STERILE + − − Less than 102 and
PRODUCTS : TEST FOR SPECIFIED − − −
more than 10
Less than 10
MICRO-ORGANISMS
This general chapter presents 2 sets of tests. The 1st set gives When testing transdermal patches, filter 50 ml of
the reference methods for determining compliance with preparation B as described in the general method 2.6.12
monographs. Reference to this chapter in a monograph through a sterile filter membrane, place the membrane
therefore implies compliance with the 1st set of tests, in 100 ml of enrichment broth medium E and incubate
unless use of the 2nd set of tests has been authorised. The at 35-37 °C for 18-24 h. After incubation, spread on agar
tests in the 2nd set also constitute official methods of the medium F for the detection of Enterobacteria and other
European Pharmacopoeia and may be referred to as such, gram-negative micro-organisms.
notably in applications for marketing authorisation. It Escherichia coli
is intended to replace the 1st set by the 2nd set once the
monographs concerned have been revised. The 2nd set Prepare the product to be examined as described in the
presents tests developed in co-operation with the Japanese general method 2.6.12 and use 10 ml or the quantity
Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopeia to corresponding to 1 g or 1 ml to inoculate 100 ml of broth
achieve harmonised requirements. medium A, homogenise and incubate at 35-37 °C for 18-48 h.
Shake the container, transfer 1 ml to 100 ml of broth
A. METHOD OF THE EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA medium G and incubate at 43-45 °C for 18-24 h. Subculture
on plates of agar medium H at 35-37 °C for 18-72 h. Growth
In this general method the use of certain selective media of red, non-mucoid colonies of gram-negative rods indicates
is proposed. A feature common to all selective media is the possible presence of E. coli. This is confirmed by
that sub-lethally injured organisms are not detected. As suitable biochemical tests, such as indole production. The

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 173
2.6.13. Test for specified micro-organisms EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

product passes the test if such colonies are not seen or if the Nutritive and selective properties of the media and validity
confirmatory biochemical tests are negative. of the test
Salmonella The tests described hereafter must be performed at least on
Prepare the product to be examined as described in the each lot of dehydrated media.
general method 2.6.12, but using broth medium A in Proceed as follows. Grow the following test strains
place of buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0, separately, in tubes containing suitable media such as those
homogenise and incubate at 35-37 °C for 18-24 h. Transfer indicated, at 30-35 °C for 18-24 h :
1 ml of the enrichment culture to 10 ml of broth medium I Staphylococcus aureus such as ATCC 6538 (NCIMB 9518, CIP 4.83) :
and incubate at 41-43 °C for 18-24 h. Subculture on at least broth medium A ;
2 different agar media chosen from among agar medium J, Pseudomonas aeruginosa such as ATCC 9027 (NCIMB 8626, CIP 82.118) :
agar medium K and agar medium L. Incubate at 35-37 °C for broth medium A ;
18-72 h. The probable presence of salmonellae is indicated Escherichia coli such as ATCC 8739 (NCIMB 8545, CIP 53.126) :
broth medium A ;
by the growth of cultures having the following appearance :
Salmonella typhimurium no strain number is recommended (a
— agar medium J : well-developed, colourless colonies ; salmonella not pathogenic for man, such as
Salmonella abony (NCTC 6017, CIP 80.39),
— agar medium K : well-developed, red colonies, with or may also be used) : broth medium A.
without black centres ;
Dilute portions of each of the cultures using buffered
— agar medium L : small, transparent, colourless or pink or sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0 to make test
opaque-white colonies, often surrounded suspensions containing about 1000 viable micro-organisms
by a pink or red zone. per millilitre. Mix equal volumes of each suspension and use
Transfer separately a few of the suspect colonies to agar 0.4 ml (approximately 100 micro-organisms of each strain)
medium M in tubes, using surface and deep inoculation. The as an inoculum in tests for S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli
presence of salmonellae is provisionally confirmed if in the and Salmonella in the presence and in the absence of the
deep inoculation but not in the surface culture there is a product to be examined. A positive result for the respective
change of colour from red to yellow and usually a formation micro-organisms must be obtained.
of gas, with or without production of hydrogen sulphide Clostridia
in the agar. Precise confirmation may be carried out by The tests described below are intended for distinct purposes.
appropriate biochemical and serological tests. The product The first method is intended for products where exclusion
passes the test if colonies of the type described do not appear of pathogenic clostridia is essential and it is necessary to
or if the confirmatory biochemical and serological tests are test for their absence. The products generally have a low
negative. total count. The second method is a semi-quantitative test
Pseudomonas aeruginosa for Clostridium perfringens and is intended for products
Prepare the product to be examined as described in the where the level of this species is a criterion of quality.
general method 2.6.12 and use 10 ml or the quantity 1. Test for Clostridia
corresponding to 1 g or 1 ml to inoculate 100 ml of Prepare the product to be examined as described in the
broth medium A, homogenise and incubate at 35-37 °C general method 2.6.12. Take 2 equal portions corresponding
for 18-48 h. Subculture on a plate of agar medium N to 1 g or 1 ml of the product to be examined. Heat 1 portion
and incubate at 35-37 °C for 18-72 h. If no growth of to 80 °C for 10 min and cool rapidly. Do not heat the
micro-organisms is detected, the product passes the test. If other portion. Transfer 10 ml of each of the homogenised
growth of gram-negative rods occurs, transfer some material portions to 2 containers (38 mm × 200 mm, or other suitable
of morphologically different, isolated colonies to broth containers) containing 100 ml of medium P. Incubate
medium A and incubate at 41-43 °C for 18-24 h. The product under anaerobic conditions at 35-37 °C for 48 h. After
passes the test if no growth occurs at 41-43 °C. incubation, make subcultures from each tube on medium Q
When testing transdermal patches, filter 50 ml of to which gentamicin has been added and incubate under
preparation A as described in the general method 2.6.12 anaerobic conditions at 35-37 °C for 48 h. If no growth of
through a sterile filter membrane and place in 100 ml of micro-organisms is detected, the product passes the test.
broth medium A and incubate at 35-37 °C for 18-48 h. After Where growth occurs, subculture each distinct colony form
incubation, spread on agar medium N. on culture medium Q, without gentamicin, and incubate
Staphylococcus aureus in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The occurrence
Prepare the product to be examined as described in the of only anaerobic growth of gram-positive bacilli (with or
general method 2.6.12 and use 10 ml or the quantity without endospores) giving a negative catalase reaction
corresponding to 1 g or 1 ml to inoculate 100 ml of indicates the presence of Clostridium spp. Compare, if
broth medium A, homogenise and incubate at 35-37 °C necessary, colony morphology on the 2 plates and apply the
for 18-48 h. Subculture on a plate of agar medium O catalase test to eliminate aerobic and facultatively anaerobic
and incubate at 35-37 °C for 18-72 h. Black colonies of Bacillus spp. that give a positive catalase reaction. This test
gram-positive cocci surrounded by a clear zone indicate may be applied to discrete colonies on agar, or indirectly
the presence of S. aureus. Confirmation may be effected following transfer to a glass slide, by application of a drop of
by suitable biochemical tests such as the coagulase test dilute hydrogen peroxide solution R. The formation of gas
and the deoxyribonuclease test. The product passes the bubbles indicates a positive catalase reaction.
test if colonies of the type described do not appear on agar 2. Count of Clostridium perfringens
medium O or if the confirmatory biochemical tests are Prepare the product to be examined as described in the
negative. general method 2.6.12, and prepare 1:100 and 1:1000
When testing transdermal patches, filter 50 ml of dilutions in buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution
preparation A as described in the general method 2.6.12 pH 7.0. Determine the most probable number of bacteria
through a sterile filter membrane and place in 100 ml of as described under total viable aerobic count 2.6.12, using
broth medium A and incubate at 35-37 °C for 18-48 h. After culture medium R in tubes or other suitable containers
incubation, spread on agar medium O. with a small Durham tube. Mix with minimum shaking and

174 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.13. Test for specified micro-organisms

incubate at 45.5-46.5 °C for 24-48 h. The containers showing Buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0
a blackening due to iron sulphide and abundant formation of Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3.6 g
gas in the Durham tube (at least 1/10 of the volume) indicate
the presence of Cl. perfringens. Estimate the most probable Disodium
dihydrate
hydrogen phosphate 7.2 g, equivalent to 0.067 M phosphate
number of Cl. perfringens by means of Table 2.6.13.-2.
Sodium chloride 4.3 g
Controls Peptone (meat or casein) 1.0 g
Use the following test strains : Purified water 1000 ml

For method 1 : Clostridium sporogenes, e.g. ATCC 19404 To this solution surface-active agents or inactivators of
(NCTC 532) or CIP 79.3 ; antimicrobial agents may be added, such as :
For method 2 : Clostridium perfringens, e.g. ATCC 13124 Polysorbate 80 1-10 g/l
(NCIMB 6125, NCTC 8237, CIP 103 409).
Sterilise by heating in an autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min.
If necessary, combine with Cl. sporogenes to check
selectivity and anaerobic conditions. Broth medium A (Casein soya bean digest broth)
Pancreatic digest of casein 17.0 g
Table 2.6.13.-2 – Most-probable-number (MPN) values Papaic digest of soya bean 3.0 g
of bacteria
Sodium chloride 5.0 g
3 tubes at each level of dilution 2.5 g
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
Number of positive tubes MPN Category* 95 per cent
Glucose monohydrate 2.5 g
per gram confidence
0.1 g 0.01 g 0.001 g 1 2 limits Purified water 1000 ml
0 0 0 <3 – –
x
Adjust the pH so that after sterilisation it is 7.3 ± 0.2.
0 1 0 3 <1 17
Sterilise by heating in an autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min.
1 0 0 3 x 1 21 Agar medium B (Casein soya bean digest agar)
1 0 1 7 x 2 27 Pancreatic digest of casein 15.0 g
1 1 0 7 x 2 28 Papaic digest of soya bean 5.0 g
1 2 0 11 x 4 35 Sodium chloride 5.0 g
2 0 0 9 x 2 38 Agar 15.0 g
2 0 1 14 x 5 48 Purified water 1000 ml
2 1 0 15 x 5 50
Adjust the pH so that after sterilisation it is 7.3 ± 0.2.
2 1 1 20 x 8 61 Sterilise by heating in an autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min.
2 2 0 21 x 8 63 Agar medium C (Sabouraud-glucose agar with antibiotics)
3 0 0 23 x 7 129 Peptones (meat and casein) 10.0 g

3 0 1 38 x 10 180 Glucose monohydrate 40.0 g

3 1 0 43 x 20 210 Agar 15.0 g

3 1 1 75 x 20 280 Purified water 1000 ml

3 2 0 93 x 30 390 Adjust the pH so that after sterilisation it is 5.6 ± 0.2. Sterilise

3 2 1 150 x 50 510 by heating in an autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min. Immediately
x before use, add 0.10 g of benzylpenicillin sodium and 0.10 g
3 2 2 210 80 640
of tetracycline per litre of medium as sterile solutions or,
3 3 0 240 x 100 1400 alternatively, add 50 mg of chloramphenicol per litre of
3 3 1 460 x 200 2400
medium before sterilisation.
3 3 2 1100 x 300 4800
Broth medium D (Lactose monohydrate broth)
Beef extract 3.0 g
3 3 3 > 1100 – –
Pancreatic digest of gelatin 5.0 g
* Category 1 : normal results, obtained in 95 per cent of cases.
Category 2 : less likely results, obtained in only 4 per cent of cases. These Lactose monohydrate 5.0 g
are not to be used for important decisions. Results that are even less likely Purified water 1000 ml
than those of category 2 are not mentioned and are always unacceptable.

The following section is published for information. Adjust the pH so that after sterilisation it is 6.9 ± 0.2.
Sterilise by heating in an autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min and
cool immediately.
RECOMMENDED SOLUTION AND CULTURE MEDIA Enrichment broth medium E (Enterobacteria enrichment
broth-Mossel)
The following solution and culture media have been found to
Pancreatic digest of gelatin 10.0 g
be satisfactory for the purposes for which they are prescribed
in the test for microbial contamination in the Pharmacopoeia. Glucose monohydrate 5.0 g
Other media may be used if they have similar nutritive and 20.0 g
Dehydrated ox bile
selective properties for the micro-organisms to be tested for.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 175
2.6.13. Test for specified micro-organisms EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2.0 g Agar medium J (Deoxycholate citrate agar)

Disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate 8.0 g Beef extract 10.0 g

Brilliant green 15 mg Meat peptone 10.0 g

Purified water 1000 ml Lactose monohydrate 10.0 g

Sodium citrate 20.0 g
Adjust the pH so that after heating it is 7.2 ± 0.2. Heat at
100 °C for 30 min and cool immediately. Ferric citrate 1.0 g
Agar medium F (Crystal violet, neutral red, bile agar with Sodium deoxycholate 5.0 g
glucose) Agar 13.5 g
Yeast extract 3.0 g
Neutral red 20 mg
Pancreatic digest of gelatin 7.0 g
Purified water 1000 ml
Bile salts 1.5 g
Lactose monohydrate 10.0 g Adjust the pH so that after heating it is 7.3 ± 0.2. Heat gently
to boiling and boil for 1 min, cool to 50 °C and pour into
Sodium chloride 5.0 g Petri dishes. Do not heat in an autoclave.
Glucose monohydrate 10.0 g Agar medium K (Xylose, lysine, deoxycholate agar)
Agar 15.0 g Xylose 3.5 g

Neutral red 30 mg L-Lysine 5.0 g

Crystal violet 2 mg Lactose monohydrate 7.5 g

Purified water 1000 ml Sucrose 7.5 g

Adjust the pH so that after heating it is 7.4 ± 0.2. Heat to Sodium chloride 5.0 g
boiling ; do not heat in an autoclave. Yeast extract 3.0 g
Broth medium G (MacConkey broth) Phenol red 80 mg
Pancreatic digest of gelatin 20.0 g
Agar 13.5 g
Lactose monohydrate 10.0 g
Sodium deoxycholate 2.5 g
Dehydrated ox bile 5.0 g
Sodium thiosulphate 6.8 g
Bromocresol purple 10 mg
Ferric ammonium citrate 0.8 g
Purified water 1000 ml
Purified water 1000 ml
Adjust the pH so that after sterilisation it is 7.3 ± 0.2. Adjust the pH so that after heating it is 7.4 ± 0.2. Heat just
Sterilise by heating in an autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min. to boiling, cool to 50 °C and pour into Petri dishes. Do not
Agar medium H (MacConkey agar) heat in an autoclave.
Pancreatic digest of gelatin 17.0 g Agar medium L (Brilliant green, phenol red, lactose
Peptones (meat and casein) 3.0 g monohydrate, sucrose agar)
Lactose monohydrate 10.0 g Peptones (meat and casein) 10.0 g

Sodium chloride 5.0 g Yeast extract 3.0 g

Bile salts 1.5 g Sodium chloride 5.0 g

Agar 13.5 g Lactose monohydrate 10.0 g

Neutral red 30.0 mg Sucrose 10.0 g

Crystal violet 1 mg Agar 20.0 g

Purified water 1000 ml Phenol red 80 mg

Brilliant green 12.5 mg
Adjust the pH so that after sterilisation it is 7.1 ± 0.2. Boil
for 1 min with constant shaking then sterilise by heating in Purified water 1000 ml
an autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min.
Heat to boiling for 1 min. Adjust the pH so that after
Broth medium I (Tetrathionate bile brilliant green broth) sterilisation it is 6.9 ± 0.2. Immediately before use, sterilise
Peptone 8.6 g by heating in an autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min, cool to
Ox bile, dried 8.0 g 50 °C and pour into Petri dishes.
Sodium chloride 6.4 g
Agar medium M (Triple sugar, iron agar)
Beef extract 3.0 g
Calcium carbonate 20.0 g
Yeast extract 3.0 g
Potassium tetrathionate 20.0 g
Peptones (casein and beef) 20.0 g
Brilliant green 70 mg
Sodium chloride 5.0 g
Purified water 1000 ml
Lactose monohydrate 10.0 g
Adjust the pH so that after heating it is 7.0 ± 0.2. Heat just Sucrose 10.0 g
to boiling. Do not re-heat.

176 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.13. Test for specified micro-organisms

Glucose monohydrate 1.0 g Medium Q (Columbia agar)

Ferric ammonium citrate 0.3 g Pancreatic digest of casein 10.0 g

Sodium thiosulphate 0.3 g Meat peptic digest 5.0 g

Phenol red 25 mg Heart pancreatic digest 3.0 g

Agar 12.0 g Yeast extract 5.0 g

Purified water 1000 ml Maize starch 1.0 g

Sodium chloride 5.0 g
Heat to boiling for 1 min with shaking. Adjust the pH so 10.0-15.0 g
Agar, according to gelling power
that after sterilisation it is 7.4 ± 0.2. Fill into tubes to 1/3 of
their height, sterilise by heating in an autoclave at 121 °C Purified water 1000 ml
for 15 min and allow to cool in a position that gives a deep
portion and a sloping surface. Hydrate the agar, dissolve by heating to boiling with
continuous stirring. If necessary, adjust the pH so that
Agar medium N (Cetrimide agar) after sterilisation it is 7.3 ± 0.2. Sterilise by heating in an
Pancreatic digest of gelatin 20.0 g autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min. Allow to cool to 45-50 °C ;
add, where necessary, gentamicin sulphate corresponding to
Magnesium chloride 1.4 g
20 mg of gentamicin base and pour into Petri dishes.
Dipotassium sulphate 10.0 g
Medium R (Lactose monohydrate sulphite medium)
Cetrimide 0.3 g Pancreatic digest of casein 5.0 g
Agar 13.6 g Yeast extract 2.5 g
Purified water 1000 ml Sodium chloride 2.5 g
Glycerol 10.0 ml Lactose monohydrate 10.0 g
Cysteine hydrochloride 0.3 g
Heat to boiling for 1 min with shaking. Adjust the pH so
that after sterilisation it is 7.2 ± 0.2. Sterilise by heating in Purified water 1000 ml
an autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min.
Dissolve, adjust to pH 7.1 ± 0.1 and fill to 8 ml in
Agar medium O (Baird-Parker agar) 16 mm × 160 mm tubes containing a small Durham tube.
Pancreatic digest of casein 10.0 g Sterilise by heating in an autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min and
store at 4 °C.
Beef extract 5.0 g
Before use, heat the medium for 5 min in a water-bath and
Yeast extract 1.0 g cool. Add to each tube 0.5 ml of a 12 g/l solution of sodium
Lithium chloride 5.0 g metabisulphite R and 0.5 ml of a 10 g/l solution of ferric
ammonium citrate, both solutions being freshly prepared
Agar 20.0 g
and filtered through membranes (pore size : 0.45 µm).
Glycine 12.0 g Agar medium S (R2A)
Sodium pyruvate 10.0 g Yeast extract 0.5 g
Purified water 950 ml Proteose peptone 0.5 g
Casein hydrolysate 0.5 g
Heat to boiling for 1 min with shaking. Adjust the pH so
that after sterilisation it is 6.8 ± 0.2. Sterilise by heating in Glucose 0.5 g
an autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min, cool to 45-50 °C and add Starch 0.5 g
10 ml of a sterile 10 g/l solution of potassium tellurite and
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 0.3 g
50 ml of egg-yolk emulsion.
Magnesium sulphate, anhydrous 0.024 g
Medium P (Reinforced medium for clostridia)
Beef extract 10.0 g Sodium pyruvate 0.3 g

Peptone 10.0 g Agar 15.0 g

Yeast extract 3.0 g Purified water 1000 ml

Soluble starch 1.0 g Adjust the pH so that after sterilisation it is 7.2 ± 0.2.
Glucose monohydrate 5.0 g Sterilise by heating in an autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min.
Cysteine hydrochloride 0.5 g NEUTRALISING AGENTS
Sodium chloride 5.0 g Neutralising agents may be used to neutralise the activity
of antimicrobial agents. They may be added to buffered
Sodium acetate 3.0 g sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0, preferably before
Agar 0.5 g sterilisation. If utilised, their efficacy and non-toxicity
towards micro-organisms are demonstrated.
Purified water 1000 ml
A typical neutralising fluid has the following composition :
Polysorbate 80 30 g
Hydrate the agar, dissolve by heating to boiling with
continuous stirring. If necessary, adjust the pH so that Lecithin (egg) 3g
after sterilisation it is about 6.8. Sterilise by heating in an
Histidine hydrochloride 1g
autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 177
2.6.13. Test for specified micro-organisms EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Peptone (meat or casein) 1g 3. GROWTH-PROMOTING AND INHIBITORY PROPERTIES

Sodium chloride 4.3 g OF THE MEDIA AND SUITABILITY OF THE TEST
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3.6 g
The ability of the test to detect micro-organisms in the
presence of the product to be tested must be established.
Disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate 7.2 g Suitability must be confirmed if a change in testing
Purified water 1000 ml performance, or the product, which may affect the outcome
of the test is introduced.
Sterilise by heating in an autoclave at 121 °C for 15 min. 3-1. PREPARATION OF TEST STRAINS
If the solution has insufficient neutralising capacity the Use standardised stable suspensions of test strains or
concentration of polysorbate 80 or lecithin may be increased. prepare them as stated below. Seed lot culture maintenance
Alternatively, the neutralisers mentioned in Table 2.6.13.-3 techniques (seed-lot systems) are used so that the viable
may be added. micro-organisms used for inoculation are not more than
5 passages removed from the original master seed-lot.
3-1-1. Aerobic micro-organisms. Grow each of the bacterial
test strains separately in casein soya bean digest broth or
Table 2.6.13.-3. – Inactivators for antimicrobial agents to be on casein soya bean digest agar at 30-35 °C for 18-24 h.
added to buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0 Grow the test strain for Candida albicans separately on
Type of an- Inactivator Concentration Comment Sabouraud-dextrose agar or in Sabouraud-dextrose broth at
timicrobial 20-25 °C for 2-3 days.
agent
— Staphylococcus aureus such as ATCC 6538, NCIMB 9518,
Phenolics Sodium 4 g/l Add after
laurilsulfate sterilisation of CIP 4.83 or NBRC 13276 ;
Polysorbate 80 30 g/l and 3 g/l buffered sodium — Pseudomonas aeruginosa such as ATCC 9027,
and lecithin chloride-peptone
solution pH 7.0 NCIMB 8626, CIP 82.118 or NBRC 13275 ;
Egg yolk 5 ml/l - 50 ml/l
— Escherichia coli such as ATCC 8739, NCIMB 8545,
Organo- Sodium 0.5 g/l - 5 g/l CIP 53.126 or NBRC 3972 ;
mercurials thioglycolate
Halogens Sodium 5 g/l
— Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serotype typhimurium,
thiosulphate such as ATCC 14028 or, as an alternative, Salmonella
Quaternary Egg yolk 5 ml/l - 50 ml/l Add after enterica ssp. enterica serotype abony such as
ammonium sterilisation of NBRC 100797, NCTC 6017 or CIP 80.39 ;
compounds buffered sodium
chloride-peptone — Candida albicans such as ATCC 10231, NCPF 3179,
solution pH 7.0 IP 48.72 or NBRC 1594.
Use buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0 or
B. HARMONISED METHOD phosphate buffer solution pH 7.2 to make test suspensions.
Use the suspensions within 2 h or within 24 h if stored at
2-8 °C.
1. INTRODUCTION 3-1-2. Clostridia. Use Clostridium sporogenes such as
The tests described hereafter will allow determination of the ATCC 11437 (NBRC 14293, NCIMB 12343, CIP 100651)
absence or limited occurrence of specified micro-organisms or ATCC 19404 (NCTC 532 or CIP 79.03) or NBRC 14293.
that may be detected under the conditions described. Grow the clostridial test strain under anaerobic conditions
in reinforced medium for clostridia at 30-35 °C for 24-48 h.
The tests are designed primarily to determine whether a As an alternative to preparing and then diluting down a
substance or preparation complies with an established fresh suspension of vegetative cells of Cl. sporogenes, a
specification for microbiological quality. When used for such stable spore suspension is used for test inoculation. The
purposes, follow the instructions given below, including the stable spore suspension may be maintained at 2-8 °C for a
number of samples to be taken, and interpret the results as validated period.
stated below.
3-2. NEGATIVE CONTROL
Alternative microbiological procedures, including automated To verify testing conditions, a negative control is performed
methods, may be used, provided that their equivalence to the using the chosen diluent in place of the test preparation.
Pharmacopoeia method has been demonstrated. There must be no growth of micro-organisms.
3-3. GROWTH PROMOTION AND INHIBITORY
2. GENERAL PROCEDURES PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA
The preparation of samples is carried out as described Test each batch of ready-prepared medium and each batch of
in general chapter 2.6.12 (under section B, Harmonised medium prepared either from dehydrated medium or from
method). ingredients.
Verify suitable properties of relevant media as described in
If the product to be examined has antimicrobial activity, this Table 2.6.13.-4.
is insofar as possible removed or neutralised as described
in general chapter 2.6.12 (under section B, Harmonised Test for growth promoting properties, liquid media :
method). inoculate a portion of the appropriate medium with a
small number (not more than 100 CFU) of the appropriate
If surface-active substances are used for sample preparation, micro-organism. Incubate at the specified temperature
their absence of toxicity for micro-organisms and their for not more than the shortest period of time specified
compatibility with inactivators used must be demonstrated in the test. Clearly visible growth of the micro-organism
as described in general chapter 2.6.12 (under section B, comparable to that previously obtained with a previously
Harmonised method). tested and approved batch of medium occurs.

178 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.13. Test for specified micro-organisms

Table 2.6.13.-4 – Growth promoting, inhibitory and indicative properties of media

Medium Property Test strains
Test for bile-tolerant gram-negative Enterobacteria enrichment Growth promoting E. coli
bacteria broth-Mossel P. aeruginosa
Inhibitory S. aureus
Violet red bile glucose agar Growth promoting + indicative E. coli
P. aeruginosa
Test for Escherichia coli MacConkey broth Growth promoting E. coli
Inhibitory S. aureus
MacConkey agar Growth promoting + indicative E. coli
Test for Salmonella Rappaport Vassiliadis Salmonella Growth promoting Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica
enrichment broth serotype typhimurium or Salmonella
enterica ssp. enterica serotype abony
Inhibitory S. aureus
Xylose, lysine, deoxycholate agar Growth promoting + indicative Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica
serotype typhimurium or Salmonella
enterica ssp. enterica serotype abony
Indicative E. coli
Test for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cetrimide agar Growth promoting P. aeruginosa
Inhibitory E. coli
Test for Staphylococcus aureus Mannitol salt agar Growth promoting + indicative S. aureus
Inhibitory E. coli
Test for clostridia Reinforced medium for clostridia Growth promoting Cl. sporogenes
Columbia agar Growth promoting Cl. sporogenes
Test for Candida albicans Sabouraud dextrose broth Growth promoting C. albicans
Sabouraud dextrose agar Growth promoting + indicative C. albicans

Test for growth promoting properties, solid media : perform Any antimicrobial activity of the product necessitates a
the surface-spread method, inoculating each plate with a modification of the test procedure (see 4-5-3 of general
small number (not more than 100 CFU) of the appropriate chapter 2.6.12 (under section B, Harmonised method)).
micro-organism. Incubate at the specified temperature for If for a given product the antimicrobial activity with respect
not more than the shortest period of time specified in the to a micro-organism for which testing is prescribed cannot
test. Growth of the micro-organism comparable to that be neutralised, then it is to be assumed that the inhibited
previously obtained with a previously tested and approved micro-organism will not be present in the product.
batch of medium occurs.
4. TESTING OF PRODUCTS
Test for inhibitory properties, liquid or solid media :
inoculate the appropriate medium with at least 100 CFU of 4-1. BILE-TOLERANT GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
the appropriate micro-organism. Incubate at the specified 4-1-1. Sample preparation and pre-incubation. Prepare a
temperature for not less than the longest period of time sample using a 1 in 10 dilution of not less than 1 g of the
specified in the test. No growth of the test micro-organism product to be examined as described in general chapter
occurs. 2.6.12 (under section B, Harmonised method), but using
casein soya bean digest broth as the chosen diluent, mix and
Test for indicative properties : perform the surface-spread incubate at 20-25 °C for a time sufficient to resuscitate the
method, inoculating each plate with a small number (not bacteria but not sufficient to encourage multiplication of the
more than 100 CFU) of the appropriate micro-organism. organisms (usually 2 h but not more than 5 h).
Incubate at the specified temperature for a period of
time within the range specified in the test. Colonies are 4-1-2. Test for absence. Unless otherwise prescribed, use the
comparable in appearance and indication reactions to those volume corresponding to 1 g of the product, as prepared in
previously obtained with a previously tested and approved 4-1-1, to inoculate enterobacteria enrichment broth-Mossel.
batch of medium. Incubate at 30-35 °C for 24-48 h. Subculture on plates of
violet red bile glucose agar. Incubate at 30-35 °C for 18-24 h.
3-4. SUITABILITY OF THE TEST METHOD The product complies with the test if there is no growth of
For each product to be tested, perform the sample colonies.
preparation as described in the relevant paragraph in
section 4. Add each test strain at the time of mixing, in 4-1-3. Quantitative test
the prescribed growth medium. Inoculate the test strains 4-1-3-1. Selection and subculture. Inoculate suitable
individually. Use a number of micro-organisms equivalent to quantities of enterobacteria enrichment broth-Mossel with
not more than 100 CFU in the inoculated test preparation. the preparation as described under 4-1-1 and/or dilutions
Perform the test as described in the relevant paragraph in of it containing respectively 0.1 g, 0.01 g and 0.001 g (or
section 4 using the shortest incubation period prescribed. 0.1 ml, 0.01 ml and 0.001 ml) of the product to be examined.
Incubate at 30-35 °C for 24-48 h. Subculture each of the
The specified micro-organisms must be detected with the cultures on a plate of violet red bile glucose agar. Incubate
indication reactions as described in section 4. at 30-35 °C for 18-24 h.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 179
2.6.13. Test for specified micro-organisms EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

4-1-3-2. Interpretation. Growth of colonies constitutes a corresponding to 1 patch of the preparation described in
positive result. Note the smallest quantity of the product general chapter 2.6.12 (4-5-1, under section B, Harmonised
that gives a positive result and the largest quantity that method) through a sterile filter membrane and place in
gives a negative result. Determine from Table 2.6.13.-5 the 100 ml of casein soya bean digest broth. Incubate at 30-35 °C
probable number of bacteria. for 18-24 h.
Table 2.6.13.-5 – Interpretation of results 4-4-2. Selection and subculture. Subculture on a plate of
Results for each quantity of product Probable
cetrimide agar and incubate at 30-35 °C for 18-72 h.
0.1 g or 0.01 g or 0.001 g or
number of 4-4-3. Interpretation. Growth of colonies indicates the
bacteria per possible presence of P. aeruginosa. This is confirmed by
0.1 ml 0.01 ml 0.001 ml gram or
millilitre of identification tests.
product The product complies with the test if colonies are not present
+ + + > 103 or if the confirmatory identification tests are negative.
+ + − < 103 and > 102 4-5. STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
+ − − < 102 and > 10 4-5-1. Sample preparation and pre-incubation. Prepare a
− − − sample using a 1 in 10 dilution of not less than 1 g of the
< 10
product to be examined as described in general chapter
4-2. ESCHERICHIA COLI 2.6.12 (under section B, Harmonised method), and use
10 ml or the quantity corresponding to 1 g or 1 ml to
4-2-1. Sample preparation and pre-incubation. Prepare a inoculate a suitable amount (determined as described
sample using a 1 in 10 dilution of not less than 1 g of the under 3-4) of casein soya bean digest broth and mix. When
product to be examined as described in general chapter testing transdermal patches, filter the volume of sample
2.6.12 (under section B, Harmonised method), and use 10 ml corresponding to 1 patch of the preparation described in
or the quantity corresponding to 1 g or 1 ml to inoculate general chapter 2.6.12 (4-5-1, under section B, Harmonised
a suitable amount (determined as described under 3-4) of method) through a sterile filter membrane and place in
casein soya bean digest broth, mix and incubate at 30-35 °C 100 ml of casein soya bean digest broth. Incubate at 30-35 °C
for 18-24 h. for 18-24 h.
4-2-2. Selection and subculture. Shake the container, 4-5-2. Selection and subculture. Subculture on a plate of
transfer 1 ml of casein soya bean digest broth to 100 ml of mannitol salt agar and incubate at 30-35 °C for 18-72 h.
MacConkey broth and incubate at 42-44 °C for 24-48 h.
Subculture on a plate of MacConkey agar at 30-35 °C for 4-5-3. Interpretation. The possible presence of S. aureus is
18-72 h. indicated by the growth of yellow/white colonies surrounded
by a yellow zone. This is confirmed by identification tests.
4-2-3. Interpretation. Growth of colonies indicates
the possible presence of E. coli. This is confirmed by The product complies with the test if colonies of the types
identification tests. described are not present or if the confirmatory identification
tests are negative.
The product complies with the test if no colonies are present
or if the identification tests are negative. 4-6. CLOSTRIDIA
4-3. SALMONELLA 4-6-1. Sample preparation and heat treatment. Prepare
the product to be examined as described in general chapter
4-3-1. Sample preparation and pre-incubation. Prepare the
2.6.12 (under section B, Harmonised method). Take 2 equal
product to be examined as described in general chapter
portions corresponding to not less than 1 g or 1 ml of the
2.6.12 (under section B, Harmonised method), and use the
product to be examined. Heat 1 portion at 80 °C for 10 min
quantity corresponding to not less than 10 g or 10 ml to
and cool rapidly. Do not heat the other portion.
inoculate a suitable amount (determined as described under
3-4) of casein soya bean digest broth, mix and incubate at 4-6-2. Selection and subculture. Transfer 10 ml of each of
30-35 °C for 18-24 h. the mixed portions to 2 containers (38 mm × 200 mm, or
other suitable containers) containing 100 ml of reinforced
4-3-2. Selection and subculture. Transfer 0.1 ml of casein
medium for clostridia. Incubate under anaerobic conditions
soya bean digest broth to 10 ml of Rappaport Vassiliadis
at 30-35 °C for 48 h. After incubation, make subcultures
Salmonella enrichment broth and incubate at 30-35 °C for
from each tube on Columbia agar and incubate under
18-24 h. Subculture on plates of xylose, lysine, deoxycholate
anaerobic conditions at 30-35 °C for 48 h.
agar. Incubate at 30-35 °C for 18-48 h.
4-3-3. Interpretation. The possible presence of Salmonella is 4-6-3. Interpretation. The occurrence of anaerobic growth of
indicated by the growth of well-developed, red colonies, with rods (with or without endospores) giving a negative catalase
or without black centres. This is confirmed by identification reaction indicates the presence of clostridia.
tests. If no anaerobic growth of micro-organisms is detected on
The product complies with the test if colonies of the types Columbia agar or the catalase test is positive, the product
described are not present or if the confirmatory identification complies with the test.
tests are negative. 4-7. CANDIDA ALBICANS
4-4. PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA 4-7-1. Sample preparation and pre-incubation. Prepare the
4-4-1. Sample preparation and pre-incubation. Prepare a product to be examined as described in general chapter
sample using a 1 in 10 dilution of not less than 1 g of the 2.6.12 (under section B, Harmonised method), and use 10 ml
product to be examined as described in general chapter or the quantity corresponding to not less than 1 g or 1 ml
2.6.12 (under section B, Harmonised method), and use to inoculate 100 ml of Sabouraud-dextrose broth and mix.
10 ml or the quantity corresponding to 1 g or 1 ml to Incubate at 30-35 °C for 3-5 days.
inoculate a suitable amount (determined as described 4-7-2. Selection and subculture. Subculture on a plate
under 3-4) of casein soya bean digest broth and mix. When of Sabouraud-dextrose agar and incubate at 30-35 °C for
testing transdermal patches, filter the volume of sample 24-48 h.

180 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.13. Test for specified micro-organisms

4-7-3. Interpretation. Growth of white colonies may Potato dextrose agar

indicate the presence of C. albicans. This is confirmed by Infusion from potatoes 200 g
identification tests.
Dextrose 20.0 g
The product complies with the test if such colonies are
Agar 15.0 g
not present or if the confirmatory identification tests are
negative. Purified water 1000 ml
The following section is given for information. Adjust the pH so that after sterilisation it is 5.6 ± 0.2 at
25 °C. Sterilise in an autoclave using a validated cycle.
5. RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS AND CULTURE MEDIA Sabouraud-dextrose broth
The following solutions and culture media have been Dextrose 20.0 g
found to be satisfactory for the purposes for which they Mixture of peptic digest of animal tissue and pancreatic 10.0 g
are prescribed in the test for microbial contamination in digest of casein (1:1)
the Pharmacopoeia. Other media may be used if they have Purified water 1000 ml
similar growth promoting and inhibitory properties.
Stock buffer solution. Place 34 g of potassium dihydrogen Adjust the pH so that after sterilisation it is 5.6 ± 0.2 at
phosphate in a 1000 ml volumetric flask, dissolve in 500 ml 25 °C. Sterilise in an autoclave using a validated cycle.
of purified water, adjust to pH 7.2 ± 0.2 with sodium Enterobacteria enrichment broth-Mossel
hydroxide, dilute to 1000.0 ml with purified water and mix. Pancreatic digest of gelatin 10.0 g
Dispense into containers and sterilise. Store at 2-8 °C. Glucose monohydrate 5.0 g
Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.2. Prepare a mixture of stock Dehydrated ox bile 20.0 g
buffer solution and purified water (1:800 V/V) and sterilise.
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2.0 g
Buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0
Disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate 8.0 g
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3.6 g
Brilliant green 15 mg
Disodium hydrogen phosphate 7.2 g, equivalent to 0.067 M phosphate
dihydrate Purified water 1000 ml
Sodium chloride 4.3 g
Adjust the pH so that after heating it is 7.2 ± 0.2 at 25 °C.
Peptone (meat or casein) 1.0 g
Heat at 100 °C for 30 min and cool immediately.
Purified water 1000 ml Violet red bile glucose agar
Yeast extract 3.0 g
Sterilise in an autoclave using a validated cycle.
Pancreatic digest of gelatin 7.0 g
Casein soya bean digest broth
Bile salts 1.5 g
Pancreatic digest of casein 17.0 g
Sodium chloride 5.0 g
Papaic digest of soya bean 3.0 g
Glucose monohydrate 10.0 g
Sodium chloride 5.0 g
Agar 15.0 g
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 2.5 g
Neutral red 30 mg
Glucose monohydrate 2.5 g
Crystal violet 2 mg
Purified water 1000 ml
Purified water 1000 ml
Adjust the pH so that after sterilisation it is 7.3 ± 0.2 at
25 °C. Sterilise in an autoclave using a validated cycle. Adjust the pH so that after heating it is 7.4 ± 0.2 at 25 °C.
Heat to boiling ; do not heat in an autoclave.
Casein soya bean digest agar
MacConkey broth
Pancreatic digest of casein 15.0 g
Pancreatic digest of gelatin 20.0 g
Papaic digest of soya bean 5.0 g
Lactose monohydrate 10.0 g
Sodium chloride 5.0 g
Dehydrated ox bile 5.0 g
Agar 15.0 g
Bromocresol purple 10 mg
Purified water 1000 ml
Purified water 1000 ml
Adjust the pH so that after sterilisation it is 7.3 ± 0.2 at Adjust the pH so that after sterilisation it is 7.3 ± 0.2 at
25 °C. Sterilise in an autoclave using a validated cycle. 25 °C. Sterilise in an autoclave using a validated cycle.
Sabouraud-dextrose agar MacConkey agar
Dextrose 40.0 g Pancreatic digest of gelatin 17.0 g
Mixture of peptic digest of animal tissue and pancreatic 10.0 g Peptones (meat and casein) 3.0 g
digest of casein (1:1)
Agar 15.0 g Lactose monohydrate 10.0 g
Sodium chloride 5.0 g
Purified water 1000 ml
Bile salts 1.5 g
Adjust the pH so that after sterilisation it is 5.6 ± 0.2 at Agar 13.5 g
25 °C. Sterilise in an autoclave using a validated cycle.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 181
2.6.14. Bacterial endotoxins EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Neutral red 30.0 mg Agar 15.0 g

Crystal violet 1 mg Phenol red 0.025 g
Purified water 1000 ml Purified water 1000 ml

Adjust the pH so that after sterilisation it is 7.1 ± 0.2 at Heat to boiling for 1 min with shaking. Adjust the pH so
25 °C. Boil for 1 min with constant shaking then sterilise in that after sterilisation it is 7.4 ± 0.2 at 25 °C. Sterilise in an
an autoclave using a validated cycle. autoclave using a validated cycle.
Rappaport Vassiliadis Salmonella enrichment broth Reinforced medium for clostridia
Soya peptone 4.5 g Beef extract 10.0 g

Magnesium chloride hexahydrate 29.0 g Peptone 10.0 g

Sodium chloride 8.0 g Yeast extract 3.0 g

Dipotassium phosphate 0.4 g Soluble starch 1.0 g

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 0.6 g Glucose monohydrate 5.0 g

Malachite green 0.036 g Cysteine hydrochloride 0.5 g

Purified water 1000 ml Sodium chloride 5.0 g

Sodium acetate 3.0 g
Dissolve, warming gently. Sterilise in an autoclave using a
validated cycle, at a temperature not exceeding 115 °C. The Agar 0.5 g
pH is to be 5.2 ± 0.2 at 25 °C after heating and autoclaving. Purified water 1000 ml
Xylose, lysine, deoxycholate agar
Xylose 3.5 g
Hydrate the agar, dissolve by heating to boiling with
continuous stirring. If necessary, adjust the pH so that after
L-Lysine 5.0 g sterilisation it is 6.8 ± 0.2 at 25 °C. Sterilise in an autoclave
Lactose monohydrate 7.5 g using a validated cycle.
Columbia agar
Sucrose 7.5 g
Pancreatic digest of casein 10.0 g
Sodium chloride 5.0 g
Meat peptic digest 5.0 g
Yeast extract 3.0 g
Heart pancreatic digest 3.0 g
Phenol red 80 mg
Yeast extract 5.0 g
Agar 13.5 g
Maize starch 1.0 g
Sodium deoxycholate 2.5 g
Sodium chloride 5.0 g
Sodium thiosulphate 6.8 g
Agar, according to gelling power 10.0-15.0 g
Ferric ammonium citrate 0.8 g
Purified water 1000 ml
Purified water 1000 ml
Hydrate the agar, dissolve by heating to boiling with
Adjust the pH so that after heating it is 7.4 ± 0.2 at 25 °C. continuous stirring. If necessary, adjust the pH so that after
Heat to boiling, cool to 50 °C and pour into Petri dishes. sterilisation it is 7.3 ± 0.2 at 25 °C. Sterilise in an autoclave
Do not heat in an autoclave. using a validated cycle. Allow to cool to 45-50 °C ; add, where
Cetrimide agar necessary, gentamicin sulphate corresponding to 20 mg of
gentamicin base and pour into Petri dishes.
Pancreatic digest of gelatin 20.0 g
Magnesium chloride 1.4 g
01/2008:20614
Dipotassium sulphate 10.0 g
Cetrimide 0.3 g 2.6.14. BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS
Agar 13.6 g
The test for bacterial endotoxins is used to detect or
Purified water 1000 ml quantify endotoxins of gram-negative bacterial origin
Glycerol 10.0 ml using amoebocyte lysate from horseshoe crab (Limulus
polyphemus or Tachypleus tridentatus). There are
3 techniques for this test : the gel-clot technique, which
Heat to boiling for 1 min with shaking. Adjust the pH so is based on gel formation ; the turbidimetric technique,
that after sterilisation it is 7.2 ± 0.2 at 25 °C. Sterilise in an based on the development of turbidity after cleavage of an
autoclave using a validated cycle. endogenous substrate ; and the chromogenic technique,
Mannitol salt agar based on the development of colour after cleavage of a
synthetic peptide-chromogen complex.
Pancreatic digest of casein 5.0 g
The following 6 methods are described in the present
Peptic digest of animal tissue 5.0 g chapter :
Beef extract 1.0 g Method A. Gel-clot method : limit test
D-Mannitol 10.0 g Method B. Gel-clot method : semi-quantitative test
Sodium chloride 75.0 g Method C. Turbidimetric kinetic method

182 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.14. Bacterial endotoxins

Method D. Chromogenic kinetic method Endotoxin limit : the endotoxin limit for active substances
administered parenterally, defined on the basis of dose, is
Method E. Chromogenic end-point method equal to :
Method F. Turbidimetric end-point method
Proceed by any of the 6 methods for the test. In the event
of doubt or dispute, the final decision is made based upon
method A unless otherwise indicated in the monograph. K = threshold pyrogenic dose of endotoxin per
The test is carried out in a manner that avoids endotoxin kilogram of body mass in a single hour period,
contamination. M = maximum recommended dose of product per
kilogram of body mass in a single hour period.
Apparatus
Depyrogenate all glassware and other heat-stable apparatus The endotoxin limit for active substances
in a hot-air oven using a validated process. A commonly used administered parenterally is specified in units such
minimum time and temperature is 30 minutes at 250 °C. If as IU/ml, IU/mg, IU/Unit of biological activity, etc., in
employing plastic apparatus, such as microtitre plates and monographs.
pipette tips for automatic pipetters, use apparatus shown Concentration of test solution :
to be free of detectable endotoxin and of interfering effects — in mg/ml if the endotoxin limit is specified by mass
for the test. (IU/mg),
NOTE : In this chapter, the term ‘tube’ includes all types of — in Units/ml if the endotoxin limit is specified by unit of
receptacles, for example microtitre plate wells. biological activity (IU/Unit),
Preparation of the standard endotoxin stock solution — in ml/ml if the endotoxin limit is specified by volume
The standard endotoxin stock solution is prepared from (IU/ml).
an endotoxin reference standard that has been calibrated λ the labelled lysate sensitivity in the gel-clot
=
against the International Standard, for example endotoxin technique (IU/ml) or the lowest point used
standard BRP. in the standard curve of the turbidimetric or
Endotoxin is expressed in International Units (IU). The chromogenic techniques.
equivalence in IU of the International Standard is stated by
the World Health Organisation. GEL-CLOT TECHNIQUE (METHODS A AND B)
NOTE : One International Unit (IU) of endotoxin is equal to The gel-clot technique allows detection or quantification
one Endotoxin Unit (E.U.). of endotoxins and is based on clotting of the lysate in the
Follow the specifications in the package leaflet and on the presence of endotoxins. The concentration of endotoxins
label for preparation and storage of the standard endotoxin required to cause the lysate to clot under standard conditions
stock solution. is the labelled lysate sensitivity. To ensure both the precision
and validity of the test, confirm the labelled lysate sensitivity
Preparation of the standard endotoxin solutions and perform the test for interfering factors as described
After vigorously mixing the standard endotoxin stock under 1. Preparatory testing.
solution, prepare appropriate serial dilutions of this solution 1. PREPARATORY TESTING
using water for bacterial endotoxins test (water for BET).
(i) Confirmation of the labelled lysate sensitivity
Use the solutions as soon as possible to avoid loss of activity
by adsorption. Confirm in 4 replicates the labelled sensitivity λ, expressed
in IU/ml, of the lysate solution prior to use in the test.
Preparation of the test solutions Confirmation of the lysate sensitivity is carried out when a
Prepare the test solutions by dissolving or diluting active new batch of lysate is used or when there is any change in
substances or medicinal products using water for BET. the experimental conditions which may affect the outcome
Some substances or preparations may be more appropriately of the test.
dissolved or diluted in other aqueous solutions. If necessary, Prepare standard solutions of at least 4 concentrations
adjust the pH of the test solution (or dilution thereof) so that equivalent to 2λ, λ, 0.5λ and 0.25λ by diluting the standard
the pH of the mixture of the lysate and test solution falls endotoxin stock solution with water for BET.
within the pH range specified by the lysate manufacturer.
This usually applies to a product with a pH in the range of 6.0 Mix a volume of the lysate solution with an equal volume
to 8.0. The pH may be adjusted by the use of acid, base or a of 1 of the standard solutions (such as 0.1 ml aliquots) in
suitable buffer, as recommended by the lysate manufacturer. each tube. When single test vials or ampoules containing
Acids and bases may be prepared from concentrates or lyophilised lysate are employed, add solutions directly to
solids with water for BET in containers free of detectable the vial or ampoule. Incubate the reaction mixture for a
endotoxin. Buffers must be validated to be free of detectable constant period according to the recommendations of the
endotoxin and interfering factors. lysate manufacturer (usually at 37 ± 1 °C for 60 ± 2 min),
avoiding vibration. Test the integrity of the gel : for tubes,
Determination of the Maximum Valid Dilution take each tube in turn directly from the incubator and invert
The Maximum Valid Dilution (MVD) is the maximum it through approximately 180° in one smooth motion. If a
allowable dilution of a sample at which the endotoxin limit firm gel has formed that remains in place upon inversion,
can be determined. Determine the MVD using the following record the result as positive. A result is negative if an intact
formulae : gel is not formed.
The test is not valid unless the lowest concentration of the
standard solutions shows a negative result in all replicate
tests.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 183
2.6.14. Bacterial endotoxins EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The end-point is the last positive result in the series of interference without loss of endotoxins, repeat the test for
decreasing concentrations of endotoxin. Calculate the mean interfering factors using the preparation being examined to
value of the logarithms of the end-point concentrations and which the standard endotoxin has been added and which has
then the antilogarithm of the mean value using the following then been submitted to the chosen treatment.
expression : 2. LIMIT TEST (METHOD A)
Geometric mean end-point concentration = (i) Procedure
Prepare solutions A, B, C and D as shown in Table 2.6.14.-2,
= sum of the log end-point concentrations of the and perform the test on these solutions following the
dilution series used, procedure described under 1. Preparatory testing, (i)
f = number of replicates. Confirmation of the labelled lysate sensitivity.

The geometric mean end-point concentration is the measured Table 2.6.14.-2

sensitivity of the lysate solution (IU/ml). If this is not less Solution Endotoxin concentration/ Solution Number of replicates
than 0.5λ and not more than 2λ, the labelled sensitivity is to which endotoxin is added
confirmed and is used in the tests performed with this lysate. A None/Diluted test solution 2
(ii) Test for interfering factors B 2λ/Diluted test solution 2
Prepare solutions A, B, C and D as shown in Table 2.6.14.-1, C 2λ/Water for BET 2
and use the test solutions at a dilution less than the MVD,
D None/Water for BET 2
not containing any detectable endotoxins, operating as
described under 1. Preparatory testing, (i) Confirmation of
Prepare solution A and solution B (positive product control)
the labelled lysate sensitivity.
using a dilution not greater than the MVD and treatments as
The geometric mean end-point concentrations of solutions B described in 1. Preparatory testing, (ii) Test for interfering
and C are determined using the expression described in 1. factors. Solutions B and C (positive controls) contain the
Preparatory testing, (i) Confirmation of the labelled lysate standard endotoxin at a concentration corresponding to
sensitivity. twice the labelled lysate sensitivity. Solution D (negative
The test for interfering factors is repeated when any changes control) consists of water for BET.
are made to the experimental conditions that are likely to (ii) Interpretation
influence the result of the test.
The test is not valid unless both replicates of the 2 positive
The test is not valid unless all replicates of solutions A and control solutions B and C are positive and those of the
D show no reaction and the result of solution C confirms negative control solution D are negative.
the labelled lysate sensitivity.
The preparation being examined complies with the test when
If the sensitivity of the lysate determined with solution B is a negative result is found for both replicates of solution A.
not less than 0.5λ and not greater than 2λ, the test solution
does not contain interfering factors under the experimental When a positive result is found for both replicates of
conditions used. Otherwise, the solution interferes with the solution A :
test. — if the preparation being examined is diluted to the MVD,
If the preparation being examined interferes with the test at it does not comply with the test,
a dilution less than the MVD, repeat the test for interfering — if the preparation being examined is diluted to a dilution
factors using a greater dilution, not exceeding the MVD. The less than the MVD, the test is repeated at a dilution not
use of a more sensitive lysate permits a greater dilution of greater than the MVD.
the preparation being examined and this may contribute to Repeat the test if a positive result is found for one replicate
the elimination of interference. of solution A and a negative result is found for the other.
Interference may be overcome by suitable treatment, such The preparation being examined complies with the test if a
as filtration, neutralisation, dialysis or heat treatment. To negative result is found for both replicates of solution A in
establish that the treatment chosen effectively eliminates the repeat test.

Table 2.6.14.–1
Solution Endotoxin concentration/ Solution to Diluent Dilution factor Initial endotoxin Number of replicates
which endotoxin is added concentration
A None/Test solution - - - 4
B 2λ/Test solution Test solution 1 2λ 4
2 1λ 4
4 0.5λ 4
8 0.25λ 4
C 2λ/Water for BET Water for BET 1 2λ 2
2 1λ 2
4 0.5λ 2
8 0.25λ 2
D None/Water for BET - - - 2
Solution A = solution of the preparation being examined that is free of detectable endotoxins.
Solution B = test for interference.
Solution C = control of the labelled lysate sensitivity.
Solution D = negative control (water for BET).

184 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.14. Bacterial endotoxins

3. SEMI-QUANTITATIVE TEST (METHOD B) The end-point-turbidimetric test (Method F) is based

(i) Procedure on the quantitative relationship between the endotoxin
concentration and the turbidity (absorbance or transmission)
The test quantifies bacterial endotoxins in the test solutionof the reaction mixture at the end of an incubation period.
by titration to an end-point. Prepare solutions A, B, C
and D as shown in Table 2.6.14.-3, and test these solutions The kinetic-turbidimetric test (Method C) is a method to
according to the procedure described under 1. Preparatory measure either the time (onset time) needed for the reaction
testing, (i) Confirmation of the labelled lysate sensitivity.mixture to reach a predetermined absorbance, or the rate of
turbidity development.
(ii) Calculation and interpretation
The test is carried out at the incubation temperature
The test is not valid unless the following 3 conditions are
recommended by the lysate manufacturer (usually 37 ± 1 °C).
met :
(a) both replicates of solution D (negative control) are 2. CHROMOGENIC TECHNIQUE (METHODS D AND E)
negative, This technique is used to measure the chromophore released
(b) both replicates of solution B (positive product control) from a suitable chromogenic peptide by the reaction
are positive, of endotoxins with the lysate. Depending on the test
principle employed, this technique is classified as being the
(c) the geometric mean end-point concentration of solution C end-point-chromogenic test or the kinetic-chromogenic test.
is in the range of 0.5λ to 2λ.
The end-point-chromogenic test (Method E) is based
To determine the endotoxin concentration of solution A,
on the quantitative relationship between the endotoxin
calculate the end-point concentration for each replicate
concentration and the quantity of chromophore released at
series of dilutions by multiplying each end-point dilution
the end of an incubation period.
factor by λ.
The endotoxin concentration in the test solution is the The kinetic-chromogenic test (Method D) measures either
geometric mean end-point concentration of the replicates the time (onset time) needed for the reaction mixture to
(see the expression given under 1. Preparatory testing, reach a predetermined absorbance, or the rate of colour
(i) Confirmation of the labelled lysate sensitivity). If the development.
test is conducted with a diluted test solution, calculate The test is carried out at the incubation temperature
the concentration of endotoxin in the original solution by recommended by the lysate manufacturer (usually 37 ± 1 °C).
multiplying the result by the dilution factor. 3. PREPARATORY TESTING
If none of the dilutions of the test solution is positive in a
To assure the precision or validity of the turbidimetric and
valid test, record the endotoxin concentration as less than λchromogenic tests, preparatory tests are conducted to assure
(or, if a diluted sample was tested, as less than λ × the lowest
that the criteria for the standard curve are satisfied and that
dilution factor of the sample). If all dilutions are positive, the
the test solution does not interfere with the test.
endotoxin concentration is recorded as equal to or greater
than the greatest dilution factor multiplied by λ (e.g. in Validation of the test method is required when any changes
Table 2.6.14.-3, the initial dilution factor × 8 × λ). are made to the experimental conditions that are likely to
influence the result of the test.
The preparation meets the requirements of the test if the
endotoxin concentration is less than that specified in the (i) Assurance of criteria for the standard curve
individual monograph. Using the standard endotoxin solution, prepare at least
3 endotoxin concentrations to generate the standard
curve. Perform the test using at least 3 replicates of each
PHOTOMETRIC TECHNIQUES (METHODS C, D, E AND F) standard endotoxin solution as recommended by the lysate
1. TURBIDIMETRIC TECHNIQUE (METHODS C AND F) manufacturer (volume ratios, incubation time, temperature,
This technique is a photometric test to measure the increase pH, etc.).
in turbidity. Based on the test principle employed, this If the desired range is greater than 2 log in the kinetic
technique is classified as being the end-point-turbidimetric methods, additional standards must be included to bracket
test or the kinetic-turbidimetric test. each log increase in the range of the standard curve.

Table 2.6.14.-3
Solution Endotoxin concentration/ Solution to Diluent Dilution factor Initial endotoxin Number of replicates
which endotoxin is added concentration
A None/Test solution Water for BET 1 - 2
2 - 2
4 - 2
8 - 2
B 2λ/Test solution 1 2λ 2
C 2λ/Water for BET Water for BET 1 2λ 2
2 1λ 2
4 0.5λ 2
8 0.25λ 2
D None/Water for BET - - - 2
Solution A = test solution at the dilution, not exceeding the MVD, with which the test for interfering factors was carried out. Subsequent dilution of the
test solution must not exceed the MVD. Use water for BET to make two dilution series of 1, 1/2, 1/4 and 1/8, relative to the dilution with which the test
for interfering factors was carried out. Other dilutions may be used as appropriate.
Solution B = solution A containing standard endotoxin at a concentration of 2λ (positive product control).
Solution C = 2 series of water for BET containing the standard endotoxin at concentrations of 2λ, λ, 0.5λ and 0.25λ.
Solution D = water for BET (negative control).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 185
2.6.14. Bacterial endotoxins EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The absolute value of the correlation coefficient, | r |, must (iii) Interpretation

be greater than or equal to 0.980, for the range of endotoxin The preparation being examined complies with the test if the
concentrations indicated by the lysate manufacturer. mean endotoxin concentration of the replicates of solution A,
(ii) Test for interfering factors after correction for dilution and concentration, is less than
Select an endotoxin concentration at or near the middle of the endotoxin limit for the product.
the endotoxin standard curve. 5. REAGENTS
Prepare solutions A, B, C and D as shown in Table 2.6.14.-4. (i) Lysate solution
Perform the test on at least 2 replicates of these solutions as Dissolve amoebocyte lysate in water for BET or in a buffer, as
recommended by the lysate manufacturer (volume of test recommended by the lysate manufacturer, by gentle stirring.
solution and lysate solution, volume ratio of test solution to Store the reconstituted lysate, refrigerated or frozen, as
lysate solution, incubation time, etc.). indicated by the manufacturer.
Table 2.6.14.-4. (ii) Amoebocyte lysate
Solution Endotoxin Solution to which Number of Amoebocyte lysate is a lyophilised product obtained
concentration endotoxin is added replicates from amoebocyte lysate from Horseshoe Crab (Limulus
A None Test solution Not less than 2 polyphemus or Tachypleus tridentatus). This reagent refers
B Middle concentration Test solution Not less than 2 only to a product manufactured in accordance with the
of the standard curve regulations of the competent authority.
C At least 3 concentra- Water for BET Each concentration Amoebocyte lysate reacts with some β-glucans in addition
tions (lowest concen- not less than 2 to endotoxins. Amoebocyte lysate preparations which do
tration is designated λ)
not react with glucans are available ; they are prepared by
D None Water for BET Not less than 2
removing from amoebocyte lysate the G factor, which reacts
Solution A = test solution, that may be diluted not to exceed the MVD. with glucans, or by inhibiting the G factor reacting system
Solution B = preparation to be examined at the same dilution as solution A, of amoebocyte lysate. These preparations may be used for
containing added endotoxin at a concentration equal to or near the middle endotoxin testing in the presence of glucans.
of the standard curve.
Solution C = standard endotoxin solution at the concentrations used in (iii) Water for BET (water for bacterial endotoxins test)
the validation of the method as described under 3. Preparatory testing, (i) Water for BET is water for injections R or water produced
Assurance of criteria for the standard curve (positive controls. by other procedures that shows no reaction with the lysate
Solution D = water for BET (negative control). employed at the detection limit of the reagent.
Calculate the mean recovery of the added endotoxin by
subtracting the mean endotoxin concentration in the The following section is published for information.
solution (if any) from that in the solution containing the
added endotoxin. Test for bacterial endotoxins: guidelines
The test solution is considered free of interfering
factors if under the conditions of the test, the measured 1. INTRODUCTION
concentration of the endotoxin added to the test solution Endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria are the
is within 50-200 per cent of the known added endotoxin most common cause of toxic reactions resulting from
concentration, after subtraction of any endotoxin detected in contamination of pharmaceutical products with pyrogens ;
the solution without added endotoxin. their pyrogenic activity is much higher than that of
When the endotoxin recovery is out of the specified ranges, most other pyrogenic substances. These endotoxins are
the interfering factors must be removed as described in the lipo-polysaccharides. Although there are a small number
section Gel-clot technique, under 1. Preparatory testing, of pyrogens which possess a different structure, the
(ii) Test for interfering factors. The efficiency of the treatment conclusion is generally justified that the absence of bacterial
is verified by repeating the test for interfering factors. endotoxins in a product implies the absence of pyrogenic
components, provided the presence of non-endotoxin
4. TEST pyrogenic substances can be ruled out.
(i) Procedure The presence of endotoxins in a product may be masked by
Follow the procedure described in 3. Preparatory testing, factors interfering with the reaction between the endotoxins
(ii) Test for interfering factors. and the amoebocyte lysate. Hence, the analyst who wishes to
(ii) Calculation replace the rabbit pyrogen test required in a pharmacopoeial
monograph by a test for bacterial endotoxins has to
Calculate the endotoxin concentration of each replicate of demonstrate that a valid test can be carried out on the
solution A using the standard curve generated by the series product concerned ; this may entail a procedure for removing
of positive controls, solution C. interfering factors.
The test is not valid unless the following 3 requirements are As indicated in the test for bacterial endotoxins, information
met : must be available on the 2 following aspects before a test on
(a) the result obtained with solution D (negative control) a sample can be regarded as valid.
does not exceed the limit of the blank value required in the 1.1. The suitability of the material to be used for the test has
description of the lysate employed, to be established. The absence of endotoxins in the water
(b) the results obtained with the series of positive controls, for BET and in the other reagents must be assured and the
solution C, comply with the requirements for validation sensitivity of the amoebocyte lysate must be checked to
defined under 3. Preparatory testing, (i) Assurance of criteria confirm the sensitivity declared by the manufacturer.
for the standard curve, 1.2. As the product to be examined may interfere with the
(c) the endotoxin recovery, calculated from the endotoxin test, the sensitivity of the amoebocyte lysate is determined
concentration found in solution B after subtracting the in the presence and in the absence of the product under
endotoxin concentration found in solution A, is within the examination. There must be no significant difference
range of 50-200 per cent. between the 2 sensitivity values.

186 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.14. Bacterial endotoxins

The test for bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) indicates methods For products in the solid state, this threshold concentration
for removing interfering factors ; in the case of interference, of endotoxin per mass unit or per International Unit (IU)
another test must be carried out after such a method has of product has to be translated into a concentration of
been applied to check whether the interference has indeed endotoxin per millilitre of solution to be tested, as the test
been neutralised or removed. can only be carried out on a solution. The case of products
This annex explains the reasons for the requirements in the that already exist in the liquid state (such as infusion fluids)
test for bacterial endotoxins, then deals with the reading and is discussed below.
interpretation of the results. Endotoxin limit : the endotoxin limit for active substances
Substitution of the rabbit pyrogen test required in a administered parenterally, defined on the basis of dose, is
pharmacopoeial monograph by an amoebocyte lysate test equal to, where :
constitutes the use of an alternative method of analysis and
hence requires validation ; some guidance on how to proceed
is given in section 11.
The reference method for bacterial endotoxins is stated in K = threshold pyrogenic dose of endotoxin per
the monograph on a given product ; where no method is kilogram of body mass in a single hour period,
stated, method A is the reference method. If a method other
M = maximum recommended dose of product per
than the reference method is to be used, the analyst must
demonstrate that the method is appropriate for this product kilogram of body mass in a single hour period.
and gives a result consistent with that obtained with the The endotoxin limit depends on the product and its route of
reference method (see also Section 13). administration and is stated in monographs. Values for K are
suggested in Table 2.6.14.-5.
2. METHOD
For other routes, the acceptance criterion for bacterial
The addition of endotoxins to amoebocyte lysate may result endotoxins is generally determined on the basis of results
in turbidity, precipitation or gelation (gel-clot) ; only the obtained during the development of the preparation.
gel-clot method was used in the Pharmacopoeia as an
evaluation criterion in the first type of test for bacterial Table 2.6.14.-5
endotoxins. The advantage was the simplicity of basing the Route of administration K (IU of endotoxin per kilogram of
decision to pass or fail the product under examination on the body mass per hour)
absence or presence of a gel-clot, visible with the naked eye. Intravenous 5.0
The quantitative methods described as methods C, D, E and F Intravanous, for 2.5
were developed later : they require more instrumentation, radiopharmaceuticals
but they are easier to automate for the regular testing of Intrathecal 0.2
large numbers of samples of the same product.
Endotoxins may be adsorbed onto the surface of tubes Which dilution of the product is to be used in the test to
or pipettes made from certain plastics or types of glass. obtain maximal assurance that a negative result means that
Interference may appear due to the release of substances the endotoxin concentration of the product is less than
from plastic materials. Hence, the materials used should be the endotoxin limit and that a positive result means that
checked ; subsequent batches of tubes or pipettes may have the lysate detected an endotoxin concentration equal to or
a slightly different composition, and therefore the analyst is greater than the endotoxin limit? This dilution depends on
advised to repeat such tests on starting with new batches the endotoxin limit and on the sensitivity of the lysate : it is
of materials. called the Maximum Valid Dilution (MVD) and its value may
The decision to use the test for bacterial endotoxins as a limit be calculated as follows :
test implies first, that a threshold endotoxin concentration
must be defined for the product to be tested and second, that
the objective of the test is to know whether the endotoxin
concentration in the product under examination is below or Concentration of test solution :
above this threshold. The quantitative methods C, D, E and F — in mg/ml if the endotoxin limit is specified by mass
make it possible to determine the endotoxin concentration (IU/mg),
in the sample under examination, but for compliance with — in Units/ml if the endotoxin limit is specified by unit of
the Pharmacopoeia and in routine quality control the final biological activity (IU/Unit),
question is whether or not this concentration exceeds a
defined limit. — in ml/ml if the endotoxin limit is specified by volume
(IU/ml).
In setting a threshold concentration of endotoxin for the
product to be tested, due attention should be paid to the λ = the labelled lysate sensitivity in the gel-clot
dose of the product : the threshold should be set so as to technique (IU/ml) or the lowest point used
ensure that as long as the endotoxin concentration in the in the standard curve of the turbidimetric or
product remains below this threshold even the maximal chromogenic techniques.
dose administered by the intended route per hour does not When the value of the maximum valid dilution is not a whole
contain sufficient endotoxin to cause a toxic reaction. number, a convenient whole number smaller than the MVD
When the endotoxin concentration in the product exactly may be used for routine purposes (which means preparing a
equals the threshold value, gelation will occur, as is the case solution of the product which is less diluted than the MVD
when the endotoxin concentration is much higher, and the indicates). In this case, a negative result indicates that the
product will fail the test, because the all-or-none character endotoxin concentration of the product lies below the limit
of the test makes it impossible to differentiate between a value. However, when the endotoxin concentration of the
concentration exactly equal to the threshold concentration product in such a test is less than the endotoxin limit but
and one that is higher. It is only when no gelation occurs that high enough to make the reaction with the lysate result
the analyst may conclude that the endotoxin concentration in a clot, the test may be positive under these conditions.
is below the threshold concentration. Hence, when a test with this ‘convenient’ dilution factor is

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 187
2.6.14. Bacterial endotoxins EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

positive, the product should be diluted to the MVD and the The positive end-point dilution factors in the gel-clot methods
test should be repeated. In any case of doubt or dispute the A and B are converted to logarithms. The reason is that if the
MVD must be used. frequency distribution of these logarithmic values is plotted,
This stresses the importance of the confirmation of the it usually approaches a normal distribution curve much more
sensitivity of the lysate. closely than the frequency distribution of the dilution factors
themselves ; in fact it is so similar that it is acceptable to use
Example the normal frequency distribution as a mathematical model
A 50 mg/ml solution of phenytoin sodium (intended for and to calculate confidence limits with Student’s t-test.
intravenous injection) has to be tested. Determine the MVD,
given the following variables : 7. PRELIMINARY TEST FOR INTERFERING FACTORS
M = maximum human dose = 15 mg per kilogram of Some products cannot be tested directly for the presence of
body mass per hour, endotoxins because they are not miscible with the reagents,
c they cannot be adjusted to pH 6.0 to 8.0 or they inhibit
= 50 mg/ml, or activate gel formation. Therefore a preliminary test is
K = 5 IU of endotoxin per kilogram of body mass per required to check for the presence of interfering factors ;
hour, when these are found the analyst must demonstrate that the
λ = 0.4 IU of endotoxin per millilitre. procedure to remove them has been effective.
The object of the preliminary test is to test the null
hypothesis that the sensitivity of the lysate in the presence of
the product under examination does not differ significantly
For routine tests on this product, it may be expedient to from the sensitivity of the lysate in the absence of the
dilute 1 ml of the solution to be tested to 20 ml (MVD/2 product. A simple criterion is used in methods A and B : the
rounded to the next lower whole number). However, if this null hypothesis is accepted when the sensitivity of the lysate
test result is positive the analyst will have to dilute 1 ml to in the presence of the product is at least 0.5 times and not
41.67 ml and repeat the test. A dilution to 41.67 ml is also more than twice the sensitivity of the lysate by itself.
necessary when the test is performed to settle a dispute. A classical approach would have been to calculate the means
of the log dilution factor for the lysate sensitivity with and
3. REFERENCE MATERIAL without the product and to test the difference between the
Endotoxin standard BRP is intended for use as the two means with Student’s t-test.
reference preparation. It has been assayed against the WHO The test for interfering factors in gel-clot methods A and B
International Standard for Endotoxin and its potency is requires the use of a sample of the product in which no
expressed in International Units of endotoxin per ampoule. endotoxins are detectable. This presents a theoretical
The International Unit of endotoxin is defined as the specific problem when an entirely new product has to be tested.
activity of a defined mass of the International Standard. Hence, a different approach was designed for quantitative
For routine purposes, another preparation of endotoxin methods C, D, E and F.
may be used, provided it has been assayed against the
International Standard for Endotoxin or the BRP and its 8. REMOVAL OF INTERFERING FACTORS
potency is expressed in International Units of endotoxin. The procedures to remove interfering factors must not
NOTE : 1 International Unit (IU) of endotoxin is equal to increase or decrease (for example, by adsorption) the amount
1 Endotoxin Unit (E.U.). of endotoxin in the product under examination. The correct
way of checking this is to apply the procedures to a spiked
4. WATER FOR BET sample of the product, that is, a sample to which a known
Testing the absence of endotoxin in this reagent by a amount of endotoxin has been added, and then to measure
technique derived from the rabbit pyrogen test was rejected the recovery of the endotoxin.
for practical and theoretical reasons : Methods C and D. If the nature of the product to be analysed
4.1. The rabbit test is not sensitive enough to detect shows interference which cannot be removed by classical
endotoxin in water for BET intended for tests on products methods, it may be possible to carry out the standard
with a very low endotoxin limit. curve in the same type of product freed from endotoxins by
4.2. The relatively low precision of the rising temperature appropriate treatment or by dilution of the product. The
response in rabbits would call for many replications in endotoxins test is then carried out by comparison with this
rabbits. standard curve.
4.3. The terms ‘pyrogens’ and ‘endotoxins’ denote groups of Ultrafiltration with cellulose triacetate asymmetric
entities that do not coincide completely. membrane filters has been found to be suitable in most
The text of the test for bacterial endotoxins indicates that cases. The filters should be properly validated, because
methods other than triple distillation may be used to prepare under some circumstances cellulose derivatives (β-D-glucans)
water for BET. Reverse osmosis has been used with good can cause false positive results.
results ; some analysts may prefer to distil the water more Polysulphone filters have been found to be unsuitable
than three times. Whatever method is used, the resultant because false positive results had been obtained by some
product must be free of detectable endotoxins. users.
5. pH OF THE MIXTURE 9. THE PURPOSE OF THE CONTROLS
In the test for bacterial endotoxins, optimum gel-clot occurs The purpose of the control made up with water for BET
for a mixture at pH 6.0 to 8.0. However, the addition of the and the reference preparation of endotoxin at twice the
lysate to the sample may result in a lowering of the pH. concentration of the labelled lysate sensitivity is to verify the
activity of the lysate at the time and under the conditions
6. VALIDATION OF THE LYSATE of the test. The purpose of the negative control is to verify
It is important to follow the manufacturer’s instructions for the absence of a detectable concentration of endotoxin in
the preparation of the solutions of the lysate. water for BET.

188 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.15. Prekallikrein activator

The positive control, which contains the product to be “The test and assays described are the official methods
examined at the concentration used in the test, is intended upon which the standards of the Pharmacopoeia are
to show the absence of inhibiting factors at the time and based. With the agreement of the competent authority,
under the conditions of the test. alternative methods of analysis may be used for control
purposes, provided that the methods used enable
10. READING AND INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS an unequivocal decision to be made as to whether
Minute amounts of endotoxin in the water for BET, or in compliance with the standards of the monographs would
any other reagent or material to which the lysate is exposed be achieved if the official methods were used. In the
during the test, may escape detection as long as they do not event of doubt or dispute, the methods of analysis of the
reach the sensitivity limit of the lysate. However, they may Pharmacopoeia are alone authoritative.”
raise the amount of endotoxin in the solution containing the The following procedures are suggested for validating a
product under examination to just above the sensitivity limit method for bacterial endotoxins other than the one implied
and cause a positive reaction. or indicated in the monograph.
The risk of this happening may be reduced by testing the 13.1. The procedure and the materials and reagents used
water for BET and the other reagents and materials with the in the method should be validated as described for the test
most sensitive lysate available, or at least one that is more concerned.
sensitive than the one used in the test on the product. Even 13.2. The presence of interfering factors (and, if needed, the
then, the risk of such a ‘false positive result’ cannot be ruled procedure for removing them) should be tested on samples
out completely. It should be realised, however, that in this of at least three production batches. It should be borne in
respect the test design is ‘fail-safe’ in contrast to a test design mind that methods D and E, using a chromogenic peptide,
permitting a false negative result, which could lead to the require reagents that are absent in methods A, B, C and F,
release of an unsatisfactory product, thus endangering the and hence compliance of methods A, B, C or F with the
patient’s health. requirements for interfering factors cannot be extrapolated
11. REPLACEMENT OF THE RABBIT PYROGEN TEST BY to method D or method E without further testing.
A TEST FOR BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS 14. VALIDATION OF THE TEST FOR NEW PRODUCTS
Monographs on pharmaceutical products intended for The procedures described under 13.1 and 13.2 should be
parenteral use that may contain toxic amounts of bacterial applied to all new products intended for parenteral use that
endotoxins require either a test for bacterial endotoxins or a have to be tested for the presence of bacterial endotoxins
rabbit pyrogen test. As a general policy : according to the requirements of the Pharmacopoeia.
11.1. In any individual monograph, when a test is required,
only one test is included, either that for pyrogens or that for 01/2008:20615
bacterial endotoxins.
11.2. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the test for 2.6.15. PREKALLIKREIN ACTIVATOR
bacterial endotoxins is preferred over the test for pyrogens,
since it is usually considered to provide equal or better Prekallikrein activator (PKA) activates prekallikrein to
protection to the patient. kallikrein and may be assayed by its ability to cleave a
11.3. Before including a test for bacterial endotoxins in chromophore from a synthetic peptide substrate so that the
a monograph, evidence is required that one of the tests rate of cleavage can be measured spectrophotometrically and
described in chapter 2.6.14 can be applied satisfactorily to the concentration of PKA calculated by comparison with a
the product in question. reference preparation calibrated in International Units.
11.4. The necessary information is sought from The International Unit is the activity of a stated amount of
manufacturers. Companies are invited to provide any the International Standard which consists of freeze-dried
validation data that they have concerning the applicability prekallikrein activator. The equivalence in International
of the test for bacterial endotoxins to the substances and Units of the International Standard is stated by the World
formulations of interest. Such data include details of sample Health Organisation.
preparation and of any procedures necessary to eliminate
REAGENTS
interfering factors. In addition, any available parallel data for
rabbit pyrogen testing that would contribute to an assurance Prekallikrein activator in albumin BRP is calibrated in
that the replacement of a rabbit pyrogen test by the test for International Units by comparison with the International
bacterial endotoxin is appropriate, must be provided. Standard.
Additional requirements are defined in the following sections. Buffer A. Dissolve 6.055 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)amin-
omethane R, 1.17 g of sodium chloride R, 50 mg of
12. USE OF A DIFFERENT BACTERIAL ENDOTOXIN hexadimethrine bromide R and 0.100 g of sodium azide R
TEST FROM THAT PRESCRIBED IN THE MONOGRAPH in water R. Adjust to pH 8.0 with 2 M hydrochloric acid R
When a test for bacterial endotoxins is prescribed in a and dilute to 1000 ml with water R.
monograph and none of the six methods (A to F) described Buffer B. Dissolve 6.055 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)amin-
in chapter 2.6.14 is specified, then method A, the gel-clot omethane R and 8.77 g of sodium chloride R in water R.
method limit test, has been validated for this product. If one Adjust to pH 8.0 with 2 M hydrochloric acid R and dilute to
of the other methods (B to F) is specified, this is the one 1000 ml with water R.
which has been validated for this product.
PREPARATION OF PREKALLIKREIN SUBSTRATE
13. VALIDATION OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS To avoid coagulation activation, blood or plasma used for
Replacement of a rabbit pyrogen test by a bacterial endotoxin the preparation of prekallikrein must come into contact
test, or replacement of a stated or implied method for only with plastics or silicone-treated glass surfaces.
bacterial endotoxins by another method, is to be regarded Draw 9 volumes of human blood into 1 volume of
as the use of an alternative method in the replacement of a anticoagulant solution (ACD, CPD or 38 g/l solution of
pharmacopoeial test, as described in the General Notices : sodium citrate R) to which 1 mg/ml of hexadimethrine

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 189
2.6.16. Tests for extraneous agents in viral vaccines EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

bromide R has been added. Centrifuge the mixture at species different from that used for the production of the
3600 g for 5 min. Separate the plasma and centrifuge again vaccine and free from extraneous agents. Where the use of
at 6000 g for 20 min to sediment platelets. Separate the SPF eggs is prescribed, the eggs are obtained from a flock
platelet-poor plasma and dialyse against 10 volumes of buffer free from specified pathogens (5.2.2).
A for 20 h. Apply the dialysed plasma to a chromatography
column containing agarose-DEAE for ion exchange VIRUS SEED LOT
chromatography R which has been equilibrated in buffer A Take samples of the virus seed lot at the time of harvesting
and is equal to twice the volume of the plasma. Elute from and, if they are not tested immediately, keep them at a
the column with buffer A at 20 ml/cm2/h. Collect the eluate temperature below − 40 °C.
in fractions and record the absorbance at 280 nm (2.2.25). Adult mice. Inoculate each of at least ten adult mice, each
Pool the fractions containing the first protein peak so that weighing 15 g to 20 g, intracerebrally with 0.03 ml and
the volume of the pool is about 1.2 times the volume of the intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml of the virus seed lot. Observe
platelet-poor plasma. the mice for at least 21 days. Carry out an autopsy of all mice
Test the substrate pool for absence of kallikrein activity by that die after the first 24 h of the test or that show signs
mixing 1 part with 20 parts of the pre-warmed chromogenic of illness and examine for evidence of viral infection, both
substrate solution to be used in the assay and incubate at by direct macroscopical observation and by subinoculation
37 °C for 2 min. The substrate is suitable if the increase of appropriate tissue suspensions by the intracerebral and
in absorbance is less than 0.001 per minute. Add to the intraperitoneal routes into at least five additional mice which
pooled solution 7 g/l of sodium chloride R and filter using are observed for 21 days. The virus seed lot complies with
a membrane filter (porosity 0.45 µm). Freeze the filtrate the test if no mouse shows evidence of infection attributable
in portions and store at − 25 °C ; the substrate may be to the seed lot. The test is not valid unless at least 80 per
freeze-dried before storage. cent of the original inoculated mice survive the observation
Carry out all procedures from the beginning of the period.
chromatography to freezing in portions during a single Suckling mice. Inoculate each of at least twenty mice,
working day. less than 24 h old, intracerebrally with 0.01 ml and
METHOD intraperitoneally with at least 0.1 ml of the virus seed lot.
Observe the mice daily for at least 14 days. Carry out an
The assay may be carried out using an automated enzyme autopsy of all mice that die after the first 24 h of the test
analyser or a suitable microtitre plate system allowing kinetic or that show signs of illness and examine for evidence of
measurements, with appropriate software for calculation of viral infection, both by direct macroscopical observation
results. Standards, samples and prekallikrein substrate may and by subinoculation of appropriate tissue suspensions by
be diluted as necessary using buffer B. the intracerebral and intraperitoneal routes into at least
Incubate diluted standards or samples with prekallikrein five additional suckling mice which are observed daily for
substrate for 10 min such that the volume of the undiluted 14 days. The virus seed lot passes the test if no mouse shows
sample does not exceed 1/10 of the total volume of the evidence of infection attributable to the seed lot. The test is
incubation mixture to avoid errors caused by variation in not valid unless at least 80 per cent of the original inoculated
ionic strength and pH in the incubation mixture. Incubate mice survive the observation period.
the mixture or a part thereof with at least an equal
volume of a solution of a suitable synthetic chromogenic Guinea-pigs. Inoculate intraperitoneally into each of at least
substrate, known to be specific for kallikrein (for example, five guinea pigs, each weighing 350 g to 450 g, 5.0 ml of
N-benzoyl-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-arginine 4-nitroanilide the virus seed lot. Observe the animals for at least 42 days
acetate R or D-prolyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-arginine-4- for signs of disease. Carry out an autopsy of all guinea-pigs
nitroanilide-dihydrochloride R), dissolved in buffer B. that die after the first 24 h of the test, or that show signs of
Record the rate of change in absorbance per minute for illness and examine macroscopically ; examine the tissues
2-10 min at the wavelength specific for the substrate used. both microscopically and culturally for evidence of infection.
Prepare a blank for each mixture of sample or standard using Euthanise animals that survive the observation period and
buffer B instead of prekallikrein substrate. examine in a similar manner. The virus seed lot passes the
test if no guinea-pig shows evidence of infection attributable
Depending on the method used, ∆A/min has to be corrected to the seed lot. The test is not valid unless at least 80 per
by subtracting the value obtained for the corresponding cent of the guinea-pigs survive the observation period.
blank without the prekallikrein substrate. The results may be
calculated using a standard curve, a parallel-line or a slope VIRUS SEED LOT AND VIRUS HARVESTS
ratio assay or any other suitable statistical method. Plot Take samples at the time of harvesting and, if not tested
a calibration curve using the values thus obtained for the immediately, keep them at a temperature below − 40 °C.
reference preparation and the respective concentrations ; use
the curve to determine the PKA activity of the preparation Bacterial and fungal sterility. A 10 ml sample complies with
to be examined. the test for sterility (2.6.1).
Mycoplasmas. A 10 ml sample complies with the test for
01/2008:20616 mycoplasmas (2.6.7).
Mycobacteria (2.6.2). A 5 ml sample is tested for the
2.6.16. TESTS FOR EXTRANEOUS presence of Mycobacterium spp. by culture methods known
AGENTS IN VIRAL VACCINES FOR to be sensitive for the detection of these organisms.
HUMAN USE Test in cell culture for other extraneous agents. Neutralised
samples equivalent, unless otherwise prescribed, to
In those tests that require prior neutralisation of the virus, 500 human doses of vaccine or 50 ml, whichever is the
use specific antibodies of non-human, non-simian origin ; if greater, are tested for the presence of extraneous agents
the virus has been propagated in avian tissues, the antibodies by inoculation into continuous simian kidney and human
must also be of non-avian origin. To prepare antiserum, cell cultures. If the virus is grown in human diploid cells,
use an immunising antigen produced in cell culture from a the neutralised virus harvest is also tested on a separate

190 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.17. Test for anticomplementary activity of immunoglobulin

culture of the diploid cells. If the vaccine virus is grown of SPF eggs. The control eggs comply with the test if no
in a cell system other than simian or human, cells of that evidence of the presence of haemagglutinating agents is
species, from a separate batch, are also inoculated. The found in either test.
cells are incubated at 36 ± 1 °C and observed for a period Avian leucosis viruses. Use a 10 ml sample of the pooled
of 14 days. The virus seed lot or harvest passes the tests if amniotic fluids from the control eggs. Carry out amplification
none of the cell cultures shows evidence of the presence by five passages in leucosis-free chick-embryo cell cultures ;
of any extraneous agents not attributable to accidental carry out a test for avian leucosis using cells from the fifth
contamination. The test is not valid unless at least 80 per passage. The control eggs comply with the test if no evidence
cent of the cell cultures remain viable. of the presence of avian leucosis viruses is found.
Avian viruses (only required for virus propagated in avian Other extraneous agents. Inoculate 5 ml samples of the
tissues). Neutralise a sample equivalent to 100 human doses pooled amniotic fluids from the control eggs into human and
or 10 ml, whichever is the greater. Using 0.5 ml per egg, simian cell cultures. Observe the cell cultures for 14 days.
inoculate a group of fertilised SPF eggs, 9 to 11 days old, The control eggs comply with the test if no evidence of the
by the allantoic route and a second group, 5 to 7 days old, presence of extraneous agents is found. The test is not valid
into the yolk sac. Incubate for 7 days. The virus seed lot or unless 80 per cent of the inoculated cultures survive to the
harvest complies with the test if the allantoic and yolk sac end of the observation period.
fluids show no sign of the presence of any haemagglutinating
agent and if all embryos and chorio-allantoic membranes,
examined for gross pathology, are normal. The test is not 01/2008:20617
valid unless at least 80 per cent of the inoculated eggs
survive for 7 days. 2.6.17. TEST FOR
PRODUCTION CELL CULTURE : CONTROL CELLS ANTICOMPLEMENTARY ACTIVITY OF
Examine the control cells microscopically for freedom from IMMUNOGLOBULIN
any virus causing cytopathic degeneration throughout the For the measurement of anticomplementary activity (ACA) of
time of incubation of the inoculated production cell cultures immunoglobulin, a defined amount of test material (10 mg
or for not less than 14 days beyond the time of inoculation of immunoglobulin) is incubated with a defined amount
of the production vessels, whichever is the longer. The test of guinea-pig complement (20 CH50) and the remaining
is not valid unless at least 80 per cent of the control cell complement is titrated ; the anticomplementary activity is
cultures survive to the end of the observation period. expressed as the percentage consumption of complement
At 14 days or at the time of the last virus harvest, whichever relative to the complement control considered as 100 per
is the longer, carry out the tests described below. cent.
Test for haemadsorbing viruses. Examine not fewer than The haemolytic unit of complement activity (CH50) is the
25 per cent of the control cultures for the presence of amount of complement that, in the given reaction conditions,
haemadsorbing viruses by the addition of guinea-pig red will produce the lysis of 2.5 × 108 out of a total of 5 × 108
blood cells. If the guinea-pig red blood cells have been optimally sensitised red blood cells.
stored, they shall have been stored at 5 ± 3 °C for not more Magnesium and calcium stock solution. Dissolve 1.103 g of
than 7 days. Read half of the cultures after incubation at calcium chloride R and 5.083 g of magnesium chloride R
5 ± 3 °C for 30 min and the other half after incubation at in water R and dilute to 25 ml with the same solvent.
20 °C to 25 °C for 30 min. No evidence of haemadsorbing Barbital buffer stock solution. Dissolve 207.5 g of sodium
agents is found. chloride R and 25.48 g of barbital sodium R in 4000 ml of
Tests in cell cultures for other extraneous agents. Pool the water R and adjust to pH 7.3 using 1 M hydrochloric acid.
supernatant fluids from the control cells and examine for Add 12.5 ml of magnesium and calcium stock solution and
the presence of extraneous agents by inoculation of simian dilute to 5000 ml with water R. Filter through a membrane
kidney and human cell cultures. If the vaccine virus is filter (pore size 0.22 µm). Store at 4 °C in glass containers.
grown in a cell system other than simian or human, cells of Gelatin solution. Dissolve 12.5 g of gelatin R in about
that species, but from a separate batch, are also inoculated. 800 ml of water R and heat to boiling in a water-bath. Cool
In each cell system, at least 5 ml is tested. Incubate the to 20 °C and dilute to 10 litres with water R. Filter through
inoculated cultures at a temperature of 36 ± 1 °C and a membrane filter (pore size : 0.22 µm). Store at 4 °C. Use
observe for a period of 14 days. No evidence of extraneous clear solutions only.
agents is found. Citrate solution. Dissolve 8.0 g of sodium citrate R, 4.2 g
If the production cell culture is maintained at a temperature of sodium chloride R and 20.5 g of glucose R in 750 ml of
different from 36 ± 1 °C, a supplementary test for extraneous water R. Adjust to pH 6.1 using a 100 g/l solution of citric
agents is carried out at the production temperature using acid R and dilute to 1000 ml with water R.
the same type of cells as used for growth of the virus. Gelatin barbital buffer solution. Add 4 volumes of gelatin
Avian leucosis viruses (required only if the virus is solution to 1 volume of barbital buffer stock solution and
propagated in avian tissues). Carry out a test for avian mix. Adjust to pH 7.3, if necessary, using 1 M sodium
leucosis viruses using 5 ml of the supernatant fluid from hydroxide or 1 M hydrochloric acid. Maintain at 4 °C.
the control cells. Prepare fresh solutions daily.
Stabilised sheep blood. Collect one volume of sheep blood
CONTROL EGGS into one volume of citrate solution and mix. Store at 4 °C for
Haemagglutinating agents. Examine 0.25 ml of the allantoic not less than 7 days and not more than 28 days. (Stabilised
fluid from each egg for haemagglutinating agents by mixing sheep blood and sheep red blood cells are available from a
directly with chicken red blood cells and after a passage in number of commercial sources.)
SPF eggs carried out as follows : inoculate a 5 ml sample of Haemolysin. Antiserum against sheep red blood cells
the pooled amniotic fluids from the control eggs in 0.5 ml prepared in rabbits. (Such antisera are available from a
volumes into the allantoic cavity and into the amniotic cavity number of commercial sources.)

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 191
2.6.17. Test for anticomplementary activity of immunoglobulin EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Guinea-pig complement. Prepare a pool of serum from the As the fully haemolysed control, prepare three tubes with
blood of not fewer than ten guinea-pigs. Separate the serum 1.4 ml of water R and 0.1 ml of 5 per cent sheep red cell
from the clotted blood by centrifugation at about 4 °C. Store suspension.
the serum in small amounts below − 70 °C. Incubate all tubes at 37 °C for 60 min and centrifuge at
METHOD 1000 g for 5 min. Measure the absorbance (2.2.25) of the
supernatants at 541 nm and calculate the percentage degree
Preparation of standardised 5 per cent sheep red blood cell of haemolysis in each tube using the expression :
suspension. Separate sheep red blood cells by centrifuging
an appropriate volume of stabilised sheep blood and wash
the cells at least three times with gelatin barbital buffer
solution and prepare as a 5 per cent V/V suspension in the
same solution. Measure the cell density of the suspension Aa = absorbance of tubes with haemolysin dilution,
as follows : add 0.2 ml to 2.8 ml of water R and centrifuge
the lysed solution for 5 min at 1000 g ; the cell density is Ab = mean absorbance of the three tubes with full
suitable if the absorbance (2.2.25) of the supernatant liquid haemolysis,
at 541 nm is 0.62 ± 0.01. Correct the cell density by adding A1 = mean absorbance of the three tubes with no
gelatin barbital buffer solution according to the formula : haemolysis.
Plot the percentage degree of haemolysis as the ordinate
against the corresponding reciprocal value of the haemolysin
dilution as the abscissa on linear graph paper. Determine
Vf = final adjusted volume, the optimal dilution of the haemolysin from the graph by
inspection. Select a dilution such that further increase in the
Vi = the initial volume, amount of haemolysin does not cause appreciable change
A = absorbance of the original suspension at 541 nm. in the degree of haemolysis. This dilution is defined as one
minimal haemolytic unit (1 MHU) in 1.0 ml. The optimal
The adjusted suspension contains about 1 × 109 cells/ml. haemolytic haemolysin dilution for preparation of sensitised
Haemolysin titration sheep red blood cells contains 2 MHU/ml.
Prepare haemolysin dilutions as shown in Table 2.6.17.-1. The haemolysin titration is not valid unless the maximum
Table 2.6.17.-1 degree of haemolysis is 50 per cent to 70 per cent. If the
maximum degree of haemolysis is not in this range, repeat
Required dilution Prepared using the titration with more or less diluted complement solution.
of haemolysin
Gelatin barbital buffer solution Haemolysin Preparation of optimised sensitised sheep red blood cells
(haemolytic system)
Volume Dilution Volume
(millilitres) (1 : ...) (millilitres) Prepare an appropriate volume of diluted haemolysin
7.5 0.65 undiluted 0.1 containing 2 MHU/ml and an equal volume of standardised
5 per cent sheep red blood cell suspension. Add the
10 0.90 undiluted 0.1
haemolysin dilution to the standardised cell suspension and
75 1.80 7.5 0.2 mix. Incubate at 37 °C for 15 min, store at 2 °C to 8 °C and
100 1.80 10 0.2
use within 6 h.
Titration of complement
150 1.00 75 1.0
Prepare an appropriate dilution of complement (for
200 1.00 100 1.0
example, 1:250) with gelatin barbital buffer solution and
300 1.00 150 1.0 perform the titration in duplicate as shown in Table 2.6.17.-2.
400 1.00 200 1.0 Add 0.2 ml of sensitised sheep red blood cells to each tube,
600 300
mix well and incubate at 37 °C for 60 min. Cool the tubes
1.00 1.0
in an ice-bath and centrifuge at 1000 g for 5 min. Measure
800 1.00 400 1.0 the absorbance of the supernatant liquid at 541 nm and
1200 1.00 600 1.0 calculate the degree of haemolysis (Y) using the expression :
1600 1.00 800 1.0
2400 1.00 1200 1.0
3200* 1.00 1600 1.0 Ac absorbance of tubes 1 to 12,
=
4800* 1.00 2400 1.0 Ab mean absorbance of tubes with 100 per cent
=
* discard 1.0 ml of the mixture. haemolysis,
A1 = mean absorbance of cell controls with 0 per cent
Add 1.0 ml of 5 per cent sheep red blood cell suspension to haemolysis.
each tube of the haemolysin dilution series, starting at the
1 :75 dilution, and mix. Incubate at 37 °C for 30 min. Plot Y/(1− Y) as the abscissa against the amount of diluted
Transfer 0.2 ml of each of these incubated mixtures to new complement in millilitres as the ordinate on log–log graph
tubes and add 1.10 ml of gelatin barbital buffer solution and paper. Fit the best line to the points and determine the
0.2 ml of diluted guinea-pig complement (for example, 1:150). ordinate for the 50 per cent haemolytic complement
Perform this in duplicate. dose where Y/(1− Y) = 1.0. Calculate the activity in
haemolytic units (CH50/ml) from the expression :
As the unhaemolysed cell control, prepare three tubes with
1.4 ml of gelatin barbital buffer solution and 0.1 ml of 5 per
cent sheep red blood cell suspension.

192 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.19. Test for neurovirulence of poliomyelitis vaccine (oral)

Cd = reciprocal value of the complement dilution,

Ca = volume of diluted complement in millilitres
resulting in 50 per cent haemolysis,
a = mean complement activity (CH50/ml) of
5 = scaling factor to take account of the number of
red blood cells. complement control,
b complement activity (CH50/ml) of tested sample.
=
The test is not valid unless the plot is a straight line between
15 per cent and 85 per cent haemolysis and the slope is The test is not valid unless :
0.15 to 0.40, and preferably 0.18 to 0.30. — the anticomplementary activities found for ACA negative
control and ACA positive control are within the limits
Table 2.6.17.-2 stated in the leaflet accompanying the reference
Tube Number Volume of diluted Volume of gelatin
preparation,
complement in millilitres barbital buffer solution — the complement activity of the complement control (a) is
(for example 1:250) in millilitres in the range 80 to 120 CH50/ml.
1 0.1 1.2
2 0.2 1.1
3 0.3 1.0 01/2008:20618
4 0.4 0.9
2.6.18. TEST FOR NEUROVIRULENCE
5 0.5 0.8
OF LIVE VIRUS VACCINES
6 0.6 0.7
For each test, use not fewer than ten monkeys that are
7 0.7 0.6
seronegative for the virus to be tested. For each monkey,
8 0.8 0.5 inject not more than 0.5 ml of the material to be examined
9 0.9 0.4
into the thalamic region of each hemisphere, unless
otherwise prescribed. The total amount of virus inoculated
10 1.0 0.3 in each monkey must be not less than the amount contained
11 1.1 0.2 in the recommended single human dose of the vaccine. As a
check against the introduction of wild neurovirulent virus,
12 1.2 0.1 keep a group of not fewer than four control monkeys as
Three tubes as cell — 1.3 cage-mates or in the immediate vicinity of the inoculated
control at 0 per cent monkeys. Observe the inoculated monkeys for 17 to 21 days
haemolysis for symptoms of paralysis and other evidence of neurological
Three tubes at 100 per — 1.3 ml of water involvement ; observe the control monkeys for the same
cent haemolysis
period plus 10 days. Animals that die within 48 h of injection
Test for anticomplementary activity are considered to have died from non-specific causes and
may be replaced. The test is not valid if: more than 20 per
Prepare a complement dilution having 100 CH50/ml by cent of the inoculated monkeys die from nonspecific causes ;
diluting titrated guinea-pig complement with gelatin barbital serum samples taken from the control monkeys at the time
buffer solution. If necessary, adjust the immunoglobulin to of inoculation of the test animals and 10 days after the latter
be examined to pH 7. Prepare incubation mixtures as follows are euthanised show evidence of infection by wild virus of
for an immunoglobulin containing 50 mg/ml : the type to be tested or by measles virus. At the end of the
observation period, carry out autopsy and histopathological
Table 2.6.17.-3 examinations of appropriate areas of the brain for evidence
Immunoglobulin Complement control of central nervous system involvement. The material
to be examined (in duplicate) complies with the test if there is no unexpected clinical or
Immunoglobulin (50 mg/ml) 0.2 ml — histopathological evidence of involvement of the central
Gelatin barbital buffer 0.6 ml 0.8 ml
nervous system attributable to the inoculated virus.
Complement 0.2 ml 0.2 ml

01/2008:20619
Carry out the test on the immunoglobulin to be examined
and prepare ACA negative and positive controls using
human immunoglobulin BRP, as indicated in the leaflet 2.6.19. TEST FOR NEUROVIRULENCE
accompanying the reference preparation. Higher or lower OF POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE (ORAL)
volumes of sample and of gelatin barbital buffer solution
are added if the immunoglobulin concentration varies from Monkeys used in the neurovirulence test comply with the
50 mg/ml ; for example, 0.47 ml of gelatin barbital buffer requirements given in the monograph on Poliomyelitis
solution is added to 0.33 ml of immunoglobulin containing vaccine oral (0215) and weigh not less than 1.5 kg. The
30 mg/ml to give 0.8 ml. Close the tubes and incubate at pathogenicity for Macaca or Cercopithecus monkeys
37 °C for 60 min. Add 0.2 ml of each incubation mixture is tested in comparison with that of a reference virus
to 9.8 ml of gelatin barbital buffer solution to dilute the preparation for neurovirulence testing by inoculation
complement. Perform complement titrations as described into the lumbar region of the central nervous system
above on each tube to determine the remaining complement after sedation with a suitable substance, for example,
activity (Table 2.6.17.-2). Calculate the anticomplementary ketamine hydrochloride. A sample of serum taken before
activity of the preparation to be examined relative to the the injection shall be shown not to contain neutralising
complement control considered as 100 per cent, from the antibody at a dilution of 1:4 when tested against not more
expression : than 1000 CCID50 of each of the three types of poliovirus.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 193
2.6.19. Test for neurovirulence of poliomyelitis vaccine (oral) EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Number of monkeys. The vaccine and the appropriate 3. Cellular infiltration with extensive neuronal damage,
homotypic reference virus are tested concurrently in
the same group of monkeys. Equal numbers of animals 4. Massive neuronal damage with or without cellular
are inoculated with the vaccine to be examined and the infiltration.
reference preparation. The animals are allocated randomly
to treatment groups and cages and their identity is coded so The scores are recorded on a standard form(1). A monkey with
that the treatment received by each animal is concealed from neuronal lesions in the sections but that shows no needle
the observers and the evaluators of the sections. The number tract is counted as positive. A monkey showing a needle tract
of monkeys inoculated is such that in the evaluation of both in the sections, but no neuronal lesions is not regarded as
the vaccine and the reference preparation not fewer than positive. A section that shows damage from trauma but no
eleven positive monkeys are included for type 1 and type specific virus lesions is not included in the score.
2 virus and not fewer than eighteen positive monkeys for
type 3 virus (positive monkeys are those that show specific Severity scores are based on hemisection readings of the
neuronal lesions of poliovirus in the central nervous system). lumbar (L), cervical (C) and brain (B) histological sections.
More than one batch of vaccine may be tested with the same The lesion score (LS) for each positive monkey is calculated
homotypic reference. Monkeys from the same quarantine as follows :
group are used wherever possible, otherwise monkeys from
two groups are used and equal numbers from each group are
treated with the vaccine and the reference preparation. If the
test is carried out on two working days, an equal number of
monkeys from each group are inoculated on each day with
the vaccine and the homotypic reference preparation.
Virus content. The virus contents of the vaccine and
the homotypic reference preparation are adjusted so as A mean lesion score is calculated for each group of positive
to be as near as possible equal and between 105.5 and monkeys.
106.5 CCID50/0.1 ml.
Evaluation. The comparison of the virus activity in the
Observation. All monkeys are observed for 17 to 22 days vaccine and the reference preparation is based on the
for signs of poliomyelitis or other virus infection. Monkeys activity in the lumbar enlargement of the cord and the
that survive the first 24 h but die before the 11th day after degree of spread of activity from this region to the cervical
inoculation are autopsied to determine whether poliomyelitis enlargement and the brain. Acceptance or rejection is based
was the cause of death. Animals that die from causes on the total score of all the test animals. Individual animals
other than poliomyelitis are excluded from the evaluation. showing evidence of unusually high activity, either in the
Animals that become moribund or are severely paralysed lumbar region or as the result of spread from this region,
are euthanised and autopsied. All animals that survive until are also taken into consideration in the final evaluation.
the end of the observation period are autopsied. The test The monovalent bulk passes the test if the required
is not valid if more than 20 per cent of the animals show number of animals is positive and if none of the clinical
intercurrent infection during the observation period. and histopathological examinations shows a significant
Number of sections examined. The lumbar cord, the cervical difference in pathogenicity between the vaccine virus and the
cord, the lower and upper medulla oblongata, the midbrain, reference material. Criteria for acceptance are given below.
the thalamus and the motor cortex of each monkey, as Criteria. A suitable number of neurovirulence qualifying
a minimum, are subjected to histological examination. tests (for example, four tests) is carried out on each reference
Sections are cut with a thickness of 15 µm and stained with vaccine (types 1, 2 and 3) to provide data on the activity
gallocyanin. The minimum number of sections examined of such vaccines that will serve as the basis of the criteria
is as follows : for vaccines to be tested. The overall mean lesion score (M)
(a) 12 sections representative of the whole of the lumbar for the replicate tests on each reference virus is calculated
enlargement, together with the pooled estimate of the within-test variance
(s2) and the within-test deviation (s).
(b) 10 sections representative of the whole of the cervical
enlargement, Validity criteria for the results of a test on a reference
preparation are established on the basis of the cumulative
(c) 2 sections from the medulla oblongata, data from the qualifying tests. No generally applicable
criteria can be given ; for laboratories with limited experience,
(d) 1 section from the pons and cerebellum,
the following empirical method for setting acceptable limits
(e) 1 section from the midbrain, for the mean lesion score for the reference preparation (Xref)
may be helpful (see Table 2.6.19.-1) :
(f) 1 section from the left and the right of the thalamus,
(g) 1 section from the left and the right motor cerebral cortex. Table 2.6.19.-1
Scoring of virus activity. For the evaluation of virus activity Lower limit Upper limit
in the hemisections of the spinal cord and brain-stem, a score
Types 1 and 2 M− s M+ s
system for the severity of lesions is used, differentiating
cellular infiltration and destruction of neurons as follows : Type 3 M − s/2 M+ s

1. Cellular infiltration only (the monkey is not counted as

positive), If the mean lesion score for the vaccine to be tested is Xtest
and C1, C2 and C3 are constants determined as described
2. Cellular infiltration with minimal neuronal damage, below, then :
(1) A suitable form is shown in the Requirements for Poliomyelitis Vaccine (Oral) (Requirements for Biological Substances No. 7, World Health Organization).

194 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.21. Nucleic acid amplification techniques

the vaccine is not acceptable if: 01/2008:20621

2.6.21. NUCLEIC ACID

the vaccine may be retested once if:
AMPLIFICATION TECHNIQUES
1. INTRODUCTION
Nucleic acid amplification techniques are based on 2 different
approaches :
If the vaccine is retested, the means of the lesion scores 1. amplification of a target nucleic acid sequence using, for
for the vaccine to be tested and the reference vaccine are example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), ligase chain
recalculated. The vaccine is not acceptable if : reaction (LCR), or isothermal ribonucleic acid (RNA)
amplification,
2. amplification of a hybridisation signal using, for example,
for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the branched DNA
The constants C1, C2 and C3 are calculated from the (bDNA) method. In this case signal amplification is
expressions : achieved without subjecting the nucleic acid to repetitive
cycles of amplification.
In this general chapter, the PCR method is described as the
reference technique. Alternative methods may be used, if
they comply with the quality requirements described below.
2. SCOPE
This section establishes the requirements for sample
preparation, in vitro amplification of DNA sequences and
detection of the specific PCR product. With the aid of PCR,
defined DNA sequences can be detected. RNA sequences can
also be detected following reverse transcription of the RNA to
complementary DNA (cDNA) and subsequent amplification.
N1 = number of positive monkeys per vaccine test, 3. PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD
N2 = number of positive monkeys in the two tests, PCR is a procedure that allows specific in vitro amplification
2.3 = normal deviate at the 1 per cent level, of segments of DNA or of RNA after reverse transcription
into cDNA.
2.6 = normal deviate at the 0.5 per cent level,
Following denaturation of double-stranded DNA into
1.6 = normal deviate at the 5 per cent level. single-stranded DNA, 2 synthetic oligonucleotide primers of
opposite polarity, anneal to their respective complementary
A neurovirulence test in which the mean lesion score for the sequences in the DNA to be amplified. The short
reference (Xref) is not compatible with previous experience double-stranded regions which form as a result of specific
is not used for assessing a test vaccine. If the test is valid, base pairing between the primers and the complementary
the mean lesion score for the vaccine to be tested (Xtest) DNA sequence, border the DNA segment to be amplified and
is calculated and compared with that of the homotypic serve as starting positions for in vitro DNA synthesis by
reference vaccine. means of a heat-stable DNA polymerase.
Amplification of the DNA occurs in cycles consisting of :
— heat denaturation of the nucleic acid (target sequence)
into 2 single strands ;
— specific annealing of the primers to the target sequence
under suitable reaction conditions ;
01/2008:20620
— extension of the primers, which are bound to both single
strands, by DNA polymerase at a suitable temperature
2.6.20. ANTI-A AND ANTI-B (DNA synthesis).
Repeated cycles of heat denaturation, primer annealing and
HAEMAGGLUTININS DNA synthesis results in an exponential amplification of the
(INDIRECT METHOD) DNA segment limited by the primers.
The specific PCR product known as an amplicon can be
Prepare in duplicate serial dilutions of the preparation to detected by a variety of methods of appropriate specificity
be examined in a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R. To and sensitivity.
each dilution of one series add an equal volume of a 5 per Multiplex PCR assays use several primer pairs designed
cent V/V suspension of group A1 red blood cells previously for simultaneous amplification of different targets in one
washed three times with the sodium chloride solution. To reaction.
each dilution of the other series add an equal volume of
a 5 per cent V/V suspension of group B red blood cells 4. TEST MATERIAL
previously washed three times with the sodium chloride Because of the high sensitivity of PCR, the samples must
solution. Incubate the suspensions at 37 °C for 30 min then be protected against external contamination with target
wash the cells three times with the sodium chloride solution. sequences. Sampling, storage and transport of the test
Leave the cells in contact with a polyvalent anti-human material are performed under conditions that minimise
globulin reagent for 30 min. Without centrifuging, examine degradation of the target sequence. In the case of RNA target
each suspension for agglutination under a microscope. sequences, special precautions are necessary since RNA is

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 195
2.6.21. Nucleic acid amplification techniques EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

highly sensitive to degradation by ribonucleases. Care must Detection of amplicons may also be achieved by using
be taken since some added reagents, such as anticoagulants probes labelled to permit a subsequent radioisotopic or
or preservatives, may interfere with the test procedure. immuno-enzyme-coupled detection.
5. TEST METHOD 6. EVALUATION AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
5.1. Prevention of contamination A valid result is obtained within a test only if the positive
The risk of contamination requires a strict segregation of the control(s) is unambiguously positive and the negative
areas depending on the material handled and the technology control(s) is unambiguously negative. Due to the very high
used. Points to consider include movement of personnel, sensitivity of the PCR method and the inherent risk of
gowning, material flow and air supply and decontamination contamination, it is necessary to confirm positive results by
procedures. repeating the complete test procedure in duplicate, where
possible on a new aliquot of the sample. The sample is
The system should be sub-divided into compartments such considered positive if at least one of the repeat tests gives a
as : positive result. As soon as a measurable target threshold is
— master-mix area (area where exclusively template-free defined, a quantitative test system is required.
material is handled, e.g. primers, buffers, etc.),
7. QUALITY ASSURANCE
— pre-PCR (area where reagents, samples and controls are
handled), 7.1. Validation of the PCR assay system
— PCR amplification (amplified material is handled in a The validation programme must include validation of
closed system), instrumentation and the PCR method employed. Reference
— post-PCR detection (the only area where the amplified should be made to the ICH guidelines (topic Q2B) Validation
material is handled in an open system). of Analytical Method : Methodology.
Appropriate official working reference preparations
5.2. Sample preparation or in-house reference preparations calibrated against
When preparing samples, the target sequence to be amplified International Standards for the target sequences for which
needs to be efficiently extracted or liberated from the test the test system will be used are indispensable for validation
material in a reproducible manner and in such a way that of a PCR test.
amplification under the selected reaction conditions is 7.1.1. Determination of the positive cut-off point
possible. A variety of physico-chemical extraction procedures
and/or enrichment procedures may be employed. During validation of qualitative tests, the positive cut-off
point must be determined. The positive cut-off point is
Additives present in test material may interfere with PCR. defined as the minimum number of target sequences per
The procedures described under 7.3.2. must be used as a volume sample which can be detected in 95 per cent of test
control for the presence of inhibitors originating from the runs. The positive cut-off point depends on interrelated
test material. factors such as the volume of the sample extracted and the
In the case of RNA-templates, care must be taken to avoid efficacy of the extraction methodology, the transcription of
ribonuclease activity. the target RNA into cDNA, the amplification process and
5.3. Amplification the detection.
PCR amplification of the target sequence is conducted To define the detection limit of the assay system, reference
under defined cycling conditions (temperature profile must be made to the positive cut-off point for each target
for denaturation of double-stranded DNA, annealing sequence and the test performance above and below the
and extension of primers ; incubation times at selected positive cut-off point.
temperatures ; ramp rates). These depend on various 7.1.2. Quantitative assay systems
parameters such as : For a quantitative assay, the following parameters are
— the length and base composition of primer and target determined during validation : accuracy, precision,
sequences ; specificity, quantitation limit, linearity, range and robustness.
— the type of DNA polymerase, buffer composition and 7.2. Quality control of reagents
reaction volume used for the amplification ; All reagents crucial for the methodology used have to
— the type of thermocycler used and the thermal be controlled prior to use in routine applications. Their
conductivity rate between the apparatus, reaction tube acceptance/withdrawal is based on pre-defined quality
and reaction fluid. criteria.
5.4. Detection Primers are a crucial component of the PCR assay and as
The amplicon generated by PCR may be identified by such their design, purity and the validation of their use
size, sequence, chemical modification or a combination in a PCR assay require careful attention. Primers may be
of these parameters. Detection and characterisation modified (for example, by conjugation with a fluorophore or
by size may be achieved by gel electrophoresis (using antigen) in order to permit a specific method of detection of
agarose or polyacrylamide slab gels or capillary the amplicon, provided such modifications do not inhibit
electrophoresis) or column chromatography (for example, accurate and efficient amplification of the target sequence.
liquid chromatography). Detection and characterisation 7.3. Run controls
by sequence composition may be achieved by the specific 7.3.1. External controls
hybridisation of probes having a sequence complementary to
the target sequence or by cleavage of the amplified material In order to minimise the risk of contamination and to ensure
reflecting target-specific restriction-enzyme sites. Detection adequate sensitivity, the following external controls are
and characterisation by chemical modification may be included in each PCR assay :
achieved, for example, by incorporation of a fluorophore — positive control : this contains a defined number of
into the amplicons and subsequent detection of fluorescence target-sequence copies, the number being close to the
following excitation. positive cut-off value, and determined individually for

196 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.21. Nucleic acid amplification techniques

each assay system and indicated as a multiple of the The specificity of nucleic acid amplification analytical
positive cut-off value of the assay system ; procedures is dependent on the choice of primers, the
— negative control : a sample of a suitable matrix already choice of probe (for analysis of the final product) and the
proven to be free of the target sequences. stringency of the test conditions (for both the amplification
and detection steps).
7.3.2. Internal control
When designing primers and probes, the specificity of
Internal controls are defined nucleic acid sequences the primers and probes to detect only HCV RNA should
containing, unless otherwise prescribed, the primer binding be investigated by comparing the chosen sequences with
sites. Internal controls must be amplified with defined sequences in published data banks. For HCV, primers
efficacy, and the amplicons must be clearly discernible. (and probes) will normally be chosen from areas of the 5’
Internal controls must be of the same type of nucleic acid non-coding region of the HCV genome which are highly
(DNA/RNA) as the material to be tested. The internal control conserved for all genotypes.
is preferably added to the test material before isolating
the nucleic acid and therefore acts as an overall control The amplified product should be unequivocally identified
(extraction, reverse transcription, amplification, detection). by using one of a number of methods such as amplification
with nested primers, restriction enzyme analysis, sequencing
7.3.3. Threshold control or hybridisation with a specific probe.
The threshold control for quantitative assays is a test sample In order to validate the specificity of the analytical procedure,
with the analyte at a concentration which is defined as the at least 100 HCV RNA-negative plasma pools should be
threshold not to be exceeded. It contains the analyte suitably tested and shown to be non-reactive. Suitable samples
calibrated in IU and is analysed in parallel in each run of a of non-reactive pools are available from the European
quantitative assay. Directorate for the Quality of Medicines.
7.4. External quality assessment The ability of the analytical procedure to detect all HCV
Participation in external quality assessment programmes genotypes will again depend on the choice of primers, probes
is an important PCR quality assurance procedure for each and method parameters. This ability should be demonstrated
laboratory and each operator. using characterised reference panels. However, in view of
The following section is published for information. the difficulty in obtaining samples of some genotypes (e.g.
genotype 6), the most prevalent genotypes (e.g. genotype 1
and 3 in Europe) should be detected at a suitable level.
Validation of nucleic acid amplification
techniques (NAT) for the detection of 3. DETECTION LIMIT
The detection limit of an individual analytical procedure is
hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in plasma the lowest amount of nucleic acid in a sample which can be
pools: guidelines detected but not necessarily quantitated as an exact value.
1. SCOPE The nucleic acid amplification analytical procedure used
for the detection of HCV RNA in plasma pools usually
The majority of nucleic acid amplification analytical yields qualitative results. The number of possible results
procedures are qualitative (quantal) tests for the presence of is limited to two, either positive or negative. Although
nucleic acid with some quantitative tests (either in-house or the determination of the detection limit is recommended,
commercial) being available. For the detection of HCV RNA for practical purposes, a positive cut-off point should be
contamination of plasma pools, qualitative tests are adequate determined for the nucleic acid amplification analytical
and may be considered to be a limit test for the control procedure. The positive cut-off point (as defined in the
of impurities as described in the Pharmeuropa Technical General Chapter (2.6.21)) is the minimum number of target
Guide for the elaboration of monographs, December 1999, sequences per volume sample which can be detected in
Chapter III “Validation of analytical procedures”. These 95 per cent of test runs. This positive cut-off point is
guidelines describe methods to validate only qualitative influenced by the distribution of viral genomes in the
nucleic acid amplification analytical procedures for assessing individual samples being tested and by factors such as
HCV RNA contamination of plasma pools. Therefore, enzyme efficiency and can result in different 95 per cent
the 2 characteristics regarded as the most important for cut-off values for individual analytical test runs.
validation of the analytical procedure are the specificity
and the detection limit. In addition, the robustness of the In order to determine the positive cut-off point, a
analytical procedure should be evaluated. dilution series of a working reagent or of the hepatitis C
virus BRP, which has been calibrated against the WHO
However, this document may also be used as a basis for the HCV International Standard 96/790, should be tested on
validation of nucleic acid amplification in general. different days to examine variation between test runs. At
For the purpose of this document, an analytical procedure is least 3 independent dilution series should be tested with a
defined as the complete procedure from extraction of nucleic sufficient number of replicates at each dilution to give a
acid to detection of the amplified products. total number of 24 test results for each dilution to enable a
Where commercial kits are used for part of or the complete statistical analysis of the results.
analytical procedure, documented validation points already For example, a laboratory could test 3 dilution series on
covered by the kit manufacturer can substitute for the different days with 8 replicates for each dilution, 4 dilution
validation by the user. Nevertheless, the performance series on different days with 6 replicates for each dilution,
of the kit with respect to its intended use has to be or 6 dilution series on different days with 4 replicates for
demonstrated by the user (e.g. detection limit, robustness, each dilution. In order to keep the number of dilutions at a
cross contamination). manageable level, a preliminary test (using, for example, log
dilutions of the plasma pool sample) should be done in order
2. SPECIFICITY to obtain a preliminary value for the positive cut-off point
Specificity is the ability to unequivocally assess nucleic acid (i.e. the highest dilution giving a positive signal). The range
in the presence of components which may be expected to of dilutions can then be chosen around the predetermined
be present. preliminary cut-off point (using, for example, a dilution

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 197
2.6.22. Activated coagulation factors EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

factor of 0.5 log or less and a negative plasma pool for the pool spiked with HCV RNA to a final concentration of
dilution matrix). The concentration of HCV RNA which can 3 times the previously determined 95 per cent cut-off value.
be detected in 95 per cent of test runs can then be calculated All results should be positive.
using an appropriate statistical evaluation. Operator qualification : an appropriate qualification
These results may also serve to demonstrate the intra-assay programme should be implemented for each operator
variation and the day-to-day variation of the analytical involved in the testing. To confirm successful training each
procedure. operator should test at least 8 replicate samples of a plasma
pool spiked with HCV RNA to a final concentration of
4. ROBUSTNESS 3 times the previously determined 95 per cent cut-off value.
The robustness of an analytical procedure is a measure of This test (8 replicate samples) should be repeated twice on
its capacity to remain unaffected by small but deliberate two separate days, i.e. a total of 24 tests performed on three
variations in method parameters and provides an indication different days. All results should be positive.
of its reliability during normal usage.
The evaluation of robustness should be considered during
the development phase. It should show the reliability of the 01/2008:20622
analytical procedure with respect to deliberate variations in
method parameters. For NAT, small variations in the method 2.6.22. ACTIVATED COAGULATION
parameters can be crucial. However, the robustness of the
method can be demonstrated during its development when
FACTORS
small variations in the concentrations of reagents (e.g. MgCl2, Where applicable, determine the amount of heparin
primers or dNTP) are tested. To demonstrate robustness, present (2.7.12) and neutralise the heparin, for example
at least 20 HCV RNA negative plasma pools (selected at by addition of protamine sulphate R (10 µg of protamine
random) spiked with HCV RNA to a final concentration of sulphate neutralises 1 IU of heparin). Prepare 1 to 10
3 times the previously determined 95 per cent cut-off value and 1 to 100 dilutions of the preparation to be examined
should be tested and found positive. using tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer solution
Problems with robustness may also arise with methods which pH 7.5 R. Place a series of polystyrene tubes in a water-bath
use an initial ultracentrifugation step prior to extraction at 37 °C and add to each tube 0.1 ml of platelet-poor
of the viral RNA. Therefore, to test the robustness of such plasma R and 0.1 ml of a suitable dilution of a phospholipid
methods, at least 20 plasma pools containing varying levels preparation to act as a platelet substitute. Allow to stand for
of HCV RNA, but lacking HCV specific antibodies, should 60 s. Add to each tube either 0.1 ml of 1 of the dilutions or
be tested and found positive. 0.1 ml of the buffer solution (control tube). To each tube
add immediately 0.1 ml of a 3.7 g/l solution of calcium
Cross contamination prevention should be demonstrated
chloride R previously heated to 37 °C, and measure, within
by the accurate detection of a panel of at least 20 samples
30 min of preparing the original dilution, the time that
consisting of alternate samples of negative plasma pools and
elapses between addition of the calcium chloride solution
negative plasma pools spiked with high concentrations of
and the formation of a clot. The test is not valid unless the
HCV (at least 102 times the 95 per cent cut-off value or at
coagulation time measured for the control tube is 200 s to
least 104 IU/ml).
350 s.
5. QUALITY ASSURANCE
For biological tests such as NAT, specific problems may arise 01/2008:20624
which may influence both the validation and interpretation
of results. The test procedures must be described precisely
in the form of standard operating procedures (SOPs). These 2.6.24. AVIAN VIRAL VACCINES :
should cover : TESTS FOR EXTRANEOUS AGENTS IN
— the mode of sampling (type of container, etc.), SEED LOTS
— the preparation of mini-pools (where appropriate),
GENERAL PROVISIONS
— the conditions of storage before analysis,
a) In the following tests, chickens and/or chicken material
— the exact description of the test conditions, including such as eggs and cell cultures shall be derived from chicken
precautions taken to prevent cross contamination or flocks free from specified pathogens (SPF) (5.2.2).
destruction of the viral RNA, reagents and reference
preparations used, b) Cell cultures for the testing of extraneous agents comply
with the requirements for the master cell seed of chapter
— the exact description of the apparatus used, 5.2.4. Cell cultures for the production of veterinary
— the detailed formulae for calculation of results, including vaccines, with the exception of the karyotype test and the
statistical evaluation. tumorigenicity test, which do not have to be carried out.
The use of a suitable run control (for example, an appropriate c) In tests using cell cultures, precise specifications are given
dilution of hepatitis C virus BRP or plasma spiked with an for the number of replicates, monolayer surface areas and
HCV sample calibrated against the WHO HCV International minimum survival rate of the cultures. Alternative numbers
Standard 96/790) can be considered a satisfactory system of replicates and cell surface areas are possible as well,
suitability check and ensures that the reliability of the provided that a minimum of 2 replicates are used, the total
analytical procedure is maintained whenever used. surface area and the total volume of test substance applied
Technical qualification : an appropriate installation and are not less than that prescribed here and the survival rate
operation qualification programme should be implemented requirements are adapted accordingly.
for each critical piece of the equipment used. Confirmation d) For a freeze-dried preparation, reconstitute using a
of analytical procedure performance after change of critical suitable liquid. Unless otherwise stated or justified, the test
equipment (e.g. thermocyclers) should be documented by substance must contain a quantity of virus equivalent to at
conducting a parallel test on 8 replicate samples of a plasma least 10 doses of vaccine in 0.1 ml of inoculum.

198 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.24. Avian viral vaccines : tests for extraneous agents in seed lots

e) If the virus of the seed lot would interfere with the same way as the 5 monolayers inoculated with the test
conduct and sensitivity of the test, neutralise the virus in the substance, as described below. Remove the culture medium
preparation with a monospecific antiserum. when the cells reach confluence. Inoculate 0.1 ml of test
substance onto each of the 5 monolayers. Allow adsorption
f) Monospecific antiserum and serum of avian origin used
for 1 h, add culture medium and incubate the cultures
for cell culture or any other purpose, in any of these tests,
for a total of at least 21 days, subculturing at 4- to 7- day
shall be free of antibodies against and free from inhibitory
intervals. Each passage is made with pooled cells and fluids
effects on the organisms listed hereafter under 7. Antibody
from all 5 monolayers after carrying out a freeze-thaw cycle.
specifications for sera used in extraneous agents testing.
Inoculate 0.1 ml of pooled material onto each of 5 recently
g) Where specified in a monograph or otherwise justified, prepared monolayers of about 25 cm2 each, at each passage.
if neutralisation of the virus of the seed lot is required but For the last passage, grow the cells also on a suitable
difficult to achieve, the in vitro tests described below are substrate so as to obtain an area of about 10 cm2 of cells from
adapted, as required, to provide the necessary guarantees of each of the monolayers for test A. The test is not valid if less
freedom from contamination with an extraneous agent. than 80 per cent of the monolayers survive after any passage.
h) Other types of tests than those indicated may be used Examine microscopically all the cell cultures frequently
provided they are at least as sensitive as those indicated throughout the entire incubation period for any signs
and of appropriate specificity. Nucleic acid amplification of cytopathic effect or other evidence of the presence of
techniques (2.6.21) give specific detection for many agents contaminating agents in the test substance. At the end of the
and can be used after validation for sensitivity and specificity. total incubation period, carry out the following procedures.

1. TEST FOR EXTRANEOUS AGENTS USING A. Fix and stain (with Giemsa or haematoxylin and eosin)
EMBRYONATED HENS’ EGGS about 10 cm2 of confluent cells from each of the
5 monolayers. Examine the cells microscopically for any
Use a test substance, diluted if necessary, containing a
cytopathic effect, inclusion bodies, syncytial formation,
quantity of neutralised virus equivalent to at least 10 doses
or any other evidence of the presence of contaminating
of vaccine in 0.2 ml of inoculum. Suitable antibiotics may
agents from the test substance.
be added. Inoculate the test substance into 3 groups of
10 embryonated hens’ eggs as follows :
B. Drain and wash about 25 cm2 of cells from each of the
— group 1 : 0.2 ml into the allantoic cavity of each 5 monolayers. Cover these cells with a 0.5 per cent
9- to 11-day-old embryonated egg, suspension of washed chicken erythrocytes (using at
least 1 ml of suspension for each 5 cm2 of cells). Incubate
— group 2 : 0.2 ml onto the chorio-allantoic membrane of the cells at 4 °C for 20 min and then wash gently in
each 9- to 11-day-old embryonated egg, phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4. Examine the cells
— group 3 : 0.2 ml into the yolk sac of each 5- to 6-day-old microscopically for haemadsorption attributable to the
embryonated egg. presence of a haemadsorbing agent in the test substance.
Candle the eggs in groups 1 and 2 daily for 7 days and the C. Test individual samples of the fluids from each cell
eggs in group 3 for 12 days. Discard embryos that die during culture using chicken erythrocytes for haemagglutination
the first 24 h as non-specific deaths ; the test is not valid attributable to the presence of a haemagglutinating agent
unless at least 6 embryos in each group survive beyond in the test substance.
the first 24 h after inoculation. Examine macroscopically
for abnormalities all embryos which die more than 24 h The test is not valid if there are any signs of extraneous
after inoculation, or which survive the incubation period. agents in the negative control cultures. The seed lot complies
Examine also the chorio-allantoic membranes of these eggs with the test if there is no evidence of the presence of any
for any abnormality and test the allantoic fluids for the extraneous agent.
presence of haemagglutinating agents.
Carry out a further embryo passage. Pool separately
material from live and from the dead and abnormal embryos. 3. TEST FOR AVIAN LEUCOSIS VIRUSES
Inoculate each pool into 10 eggs for each route as described
above, chorio-allantoic membrane material being inoculated Prepare at least 13 replicate monolayers of primary or
onto chorio-allantoic membranes, allantoic fluids into the secondary chick embryo fibroblasts from the tissues of
allantoic cavity and embryo material into the yolk sac. For 9- to 11-day-old embryos that are known to be genetically
eggs inoculated by the allantoic and chorio-allantoic routes, susceptible to subgroups A, B and J of avian leucosis
candle the eggs daily for 7 days, proceeding and examining viruses and that support the growth of exogenous but not
the material as described above. For eggs inoculated by the endogenous avian leucosis viruses (cells from C/E strain
yolk sac route, candle the eggs daily for 12 days, proceeding chickens are suitable). Each replicate shall have an area of
and examining the material as described above. about 50 cm2.
The seed lot complies with the test if no test embryo shows
macroscopic abnormalities or dies from causes attributable Remove the culture medium when the cells reach confluence.
to the seed lot and if examination of the chorio-allantoic Inoculate 0.1 ml of the test substance onto each of 5 of the
membranes and testing of the allantoic fluids show no replicate monolayers. Allow adsorption for 1 h, and add
evidence of the presence of any extraneous agent. culture medium. Inoculate 2 of the replicate monolayers with
subgroup A avian leucosis virus (not more than 10 CCID50
in 0.1 ml), 2 with subgroup B avian leucosis virus (not more
2. TEST IN CHICKEN KIDNEY CELLS
than 10 CCID50 in 0.1 ml) and 2 with subgroup J avian
Prepare 7 monolayers of chicken kidney cells, each leucosis virus (not more than 10 CCID50 in 0.1 ml) as positive
monolayer having an area of about 25 cm2. Maintain controls. Maintain not fewer than 2 non-inoculated replicate
2 monolayers as negative controls and treat these in the monolayers as negative controls.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 199
2.6.24. Avian viral vaccines : tests for extraneous agents in seed lots EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Incubate the cells for a total of at least 9 days, subculturing The seed lot complies with the test if there is no evidence of
at 3- to 4-day intervals. Retain cells from each passage level the presence of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus.
and harvest the cells at the end of the total incubation
period. Wash cells from each passage level from each
replicate and resuspend the cells at 107 cells per millilitre
in barbital-buffered saline for subsequent testing by a 5. TEST FOR CHICKEN ANAEMIA VIRUS
Complement Fixation for Avian Leucosis (COFAL) test or
in phosphate buffered saline for testing by Enzyme-Linked Prepare eleven 20 ml suspensions of the MDCC-MSBI cell
Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Then, carry out 3 cycles of line or another cell line of equivalent sensitivity in 25 cm2 cell
freezing and thawing to release any group-specific antigen culture flasks containing about 5 × 105 cells/ml. Inoculate
and perform a COFAL test or an ELISA test on each extract 0.1 ml of test substance into each of 5 flasks. Inoculate 4 of
to detect group-specific avian leucosis antigen if present. the suspensions with 10 CCID50 chicken anaemia virus as
positive controls. Maintain not fewer than 2 non-inoculated
suspensions. Maintain all the cell cultures for a total of at
The test is not valid if group-specific antigen is detected in least 24 days, subculturing 8 times at 3- to 4-day intervals.
fewer than 5 of the 6 positive control replicate monolayers or During the subculturing the presence of chicken anaemia
if a positive result is obtained in any of the negative control virus may be indicated by a metabolic colour change in
monolayers, or if the results for both of the 2 negative the infected cultures, the culture fluids become red in
control monolayers are inconclusive. If the results for more comparison with the control cultures. Examine the cells
than 1 of the test replicate monolayers are inconclusive, then microscopically for cytopathic effect. At this time or at the
further subcultures of reserved portions of the fibroblast end of the incubation period, centrifuge the cells from each
monolayers shall be made and tested until an unequivocal flask at low speed and resuspend at about 106 cells/ml and
result is obtained. If a positive result is obtained for any place 25 µl in each of 10 wells of a multi-well slide. Examine
of the test monolayers, then the presence of avian leucosis the cells by immunostaining.
virus in the test substance has been detected.
The test is not valid if chicken anaemia virus is detected
The seed lot complies with the test if there is no evidence of in fewer than 3 of the 4 positive controls or in any of the
the presence of any avian leucosis virus. non-inoculated controls. If the results for more than 1 of the
test suspensions are inconclusive, then further subcultures
of reserved portions of the test suspensions shall be made
and tested until an unequivocal result is obtained.
4. TEST FOR AVIAN RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUS
The seed lot complies with the test if there is no evidence of
the presence of chicken anaemia virus.
Prepare 11 monolayers of primary or secondary chick
embryo fibroblasts from the tissues of 9- to 11-day old chick
embryos or duck embryo fibroblasts from the tissues of
13- to 14-day-old embryos, each monolayer having an area 6. TEST FOR EXTRANEOUS AGENTS USING CHICKS
of about 25 cm2.
Inoculate each of at least 10 chicks, with the equivalent of
Remove the culture medium when the cells reach confluence. 100 doses of vaccine by the intramuscular route and with
Inoculate 0.1 ml of the test substance onto each of 5 the equivalent of 10 doses by eye-drop. Chicks that are
of the monolayers. Allow adsorption for 1 h, and add 2 weeks of age are used in the test except that if the seed
culture medium. Inoculate 4 of the monolayers with avian virus is pathogenic for birds of this age, older birds may
reticuloendotheliosis virus as positive controls (not more be used, if required and justified. In exceptional cases, for
than 10 CCID50 in 0.1 ml). Maintain 2 non-inoculated inactivated vaccines, the virus may be neutralised by specific
monolayers as negative controls. antiserum if the seed virus is pathogenic for birds at the
age of administration. Repeat these inoculations 2 weeks
later. Observe the chicks for a period of 5 weeks from the
Incubate the cells for a total of at least 10 days, subculturing day of the first inoculation. No antimicrobial agents shall be
twice at 3- to 4-day intervals. The test is not valid if fewer administered to the chicks during the test period. The test
than 3 of the 4 positive controls or fewer than 4 of the 5 test is not valid if fewer than 80 per cent of the chicks survive
monolayers or neither of the 2 negative controls survive to the end of the test period.
after any passage.
Collect serum from each chick at the end of the test period.
For the last subculture, grow the fibroblasts on a Test each serum sample for antibodies against each of the
suitable substrate so as to obtain an area of about agents listed below (with the exception of the virus type of
10 cm2 of confluent fibroblasts from each of the original the seed lot) using one of the methods indicated for testing
11 monolayers for the subsequent test : test about 10 cm2 for the agent.
of confluent fibroblasts derived from each of the original
11 monolayers by immunostaining for the presence of Clinical signs of disease in the chicks during the test period
avian reticuloendotheliosis virus. The test is not valid (other than signs attributable to the virus of the seed lot) and
if avian reticuloendotheliosis virus is detected in fewer the detection of antibodies in the chicks after inoculation,
than 3 of the 4 positive control monolayers or in any of the (with the exception of antibodies to the virus of the seed
negative control monolayers, or if the results for both of the lot) are classed as evidence of the presence of an extraneous
2 negative control monolayers are inconclusive. If the results agent in the seed lot.
for more than 1 of the test monolayers are inconclusive then
further subcultures of reserved portions of the fibroblast It is recommended that sera from these birds is retained so
monolayers shall be made and tested until an unequivocal that additional testing may be carried out if requirements
result is obtained. change.

200 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.24. Avian viral vaccines : tests for extraneous agents in seed lots

A. Standard tests The seed lot complies with the test if there is no evidence
of the presence of any extraneous agent.
Agent Type of test
D. Additional tests for goose extraneous agents
Avian adenoviruses, group 1 SN, EIA, AGP If the seed virus is of goose origin or was prepared in
Avian encephalomyelitis virus AGP, EIA goose substrates, tests for the following agents are also
carried out.
Avian infectious bronchitis virus EIA, HI
Agent Type of test
Avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus SN, EIA, IS
Duck and goose parvovirus SN, EIA
Avian leucosis viruses SN, EIA
Duck enteritis virus SN
Avian nephritis virus IS
Goose haemorrhagic polyomavirus test in goslings shown below
Avian orthoreoviruses IS, EIA or another suitable test
Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus AGP, IS, EIA Inoculate subcutaneously the equivalent of at least
Chicken anaemia virus IS, EIA, SN 10 doses to each of ten 1-day-old susceptible goslings.
Observe the goslings for 28 days. The test is not valid
Egg drop syndrome virus HI, EIA if more than 20 per cent of the goslings die from
Avian infectious bursal disease virus Serotype 1 : AGP, non-specific causes. The seed virus complies with the test
EIA, SN if no gosling dies from causes attributable to the seed lot.
Serotype 2 : SN
Influenza A virus AGP, EIA, HI 7. ANTIBODY SPECIFICATIONS FOR SERA USED IN
EXTRANEOUS AGENTS TESTING
Marek’s disease virus AGP
All batches of serum to be used in extraneous agents
Newcastle disease virus HI, EIA testing either to neutralise the vaccine virus (seed lot or
Turkey rhinotracheitis virus EIA
batch of finished product) and all batches of avian serum
used as a supplement for culture media used for tissue
Salmonella pullorum Agg culture propagation, shall be shown to be free of antibodies
Agg : agglutination against and free from inhibitory effects on the following
AGP : agar gel precipitation micro-organisms by suitably sensitive tests :
EIA : enzyme immunoassay (e.g. ELISA) Avian adenoviruses
IS : immunostaining (e.g. fluorescent antibody) Avian encephalomyelitis virus
HI : haemagglutination inhibition Avian infectious bronchitis viruses
SN : serum neutralisation Avian infectious bursal disease virus types 1 and 2
B. Additional tests for turkey extraneous agents Avian infectious haemorrhagic enteritis virus
If the seed virus is of turkey origin or was propagated Avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus
in turkey substrates, tests for antibodies against the Avian leucosis viruses
following agents are also carried out. Avian nephritis virus
Agent Type of test Avian paramyxoviruses 1 to 9
EIA
Avian orthoreoviruses
Chlamydia spp.
Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus
Avian infectious haemorrhagic enteritis virus AGP
Chicken anaemia virus
Avian paramyxovirus 3 HI Duck enteritis virus
Avian infectious bursal disease virus type 2 SN Duck hepatitis virus type I
Egg drop syndrome virus
A test for freedom from turkey lympho-proliferative
Fowl pox virus
disease virus is carried out by intraperitoneal inoculation
of twenty 4-week-old turkey poults. Observe the poults Influenza viruses
for 40 days. The test is not valid if more than 20 per cent Marek’s disease virus
of the poults die from non-specific causes. The seed lot Turkey herpesvirus
complies with the test if sections of spleen and thymus Turkey rhinotracheitis virus
taken from 10 poults 2 weeks after inoculation show no
Non-immune serum for addition to culture media can be
macroscopic or microscopic lesions (other than those
assumed to be free of antibodies against any of these viruses
attributable to the seed lot virus) and no poult dies from
if the agent is known not to infect the species of origin of
causes attributable to the seed lot.
the serum and it is not necessary to test the serum for such
C. Additional tests for duck extraneous agents antibodies. Monospecific antisera for virus neutralisation
If the seed virus is of duck origin or was propagated in can be assumed to be free of the antibodies against any of
duck substrates, tests for antibodies against the following these viruses if it can be shown that the immunising antigen
agents are also carried out. could not have been contaminated with antigens derived
from that virus and if the virus is known not to infect the
Agent Type of test species of origin of the serum ; it is not necessary to test the
Chlamydia spp. EIA
serum for such antibodies. It is not necessary to retest sera
obtained from birds from SPF chicken flocks (5.2.2).
Duck and goose parvoviruses SN, EIA
Batches of sera prepared for neutralising the vaccine virus
Duck enteritis virus SN must not be prepared from any passage level derived from
SN
the virus isolate used to prepare the master seed lot or from
Duck hepatitis virus type I
an isolate cultured in the same cell line.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 201
2.6.25. Avian live virus vaccines: extraneous agents in finished product EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:20625 Candle the eggs in groups 1 and 2 daily for 7 days and the
eggs in group 3 for 12 days. Discard embryos that die during
2.6.25. AVIAN LIVE VIRUS VACCINES : the first 24 h as non-specific deaths ; the test is not valid
unless at least 6 embryos in each group survive beyond
TESTS FOR EXTRANEOUS AGENTS IN the first 24 h after inoculation. Examine macroscopically
BATCHES OF FINISHED PRODUCT for abnormalities all embryos which die more than 24 h
after inoculation, or which survive the incubation period.
GENERAL PROVISIONS Examine also the chorio-allantoic membranes of these eggs
a) In the following tests, chickens and/or chicken material for any abnormality and test the allantoic fluids for the
such as eggs and cell cultures shall be derived from chicken presence of haemagglutinating agents.
flocks free from specified pathogens (SPF) (5.2.2). Carry out a further embryo passage. Pool separately
b) Cell cultures for the testing of extraneous agents comply material from live and from the dead and abnormal embryos.
with the requirements for the master cell seed of chapter Inoculate each pool into 10 eggs for each route as described
5.2.4. Cell cultures for the production of veterinary above, chorio-allantoic membrane material being inoculated
vaccines, with the exception of the karyotype test and the onto chorio-allantoic membranes, allantoic fluids into the
tumorigenicity test, which do not have to be carried out. allantoic cavity and embryo material into the yolk sac. For
c) In tests using cell cultures, precise specifications are given eggs inoculated by the allantoic and chorio-allantoic routes,
for the number of replicates, monolayer surface areas and candle the eggs daily for 7 days, proceeding and examining
minimum survival rate of the cultures. Alternative numbers the material as described above. For eggs inoculated by the
of replicates and cell surface areas are possible as well, yolk sac route, candle the eggs daily for 12 days, proceeding
provided that a minimum of 2 replicates are used, the total and examining the material as described above.
surface area and the total volume of vaccine test applied The batch of vaccine complies with the test if no test
are not less than that prescribed here and the survival rate embryo shows macroscopic abnormalities or dies from
requirements are adapted accordingly. causes attributable to the vaccine and if examination of the
d) In these tests, use the liquid vaccine or reconstitute a chorio-allantoic membranes and testing of the allantoic fluids
quantity of the freeze-dried preparation to be tested with the show no evidence of the presence of extraneous agents.
liquid stated on the label or another suitable diluent such as
water for injections. Unless otherwise stated or justified, the 2. TEST IN CHICKEN EMBRYO FIBROBLAST CELLS
test substance contains the equivalent of 10 doses in 0.1 ml Prepare 7 monolayers of primary or secondary chicken
of inoculum. embryo fibroblasts, from the tissues of 9- to 11-day-old
e) If the vaccine virus would interfere with the conduct and embryos, each monolayer having an area of about 25 cm2.
sensitivity of the test, neutralise the virus in the preparation Maintain 2 monolayers as negative controls and treat these
with a monospecific antiserum. in the same way as the 5 monolayers inoculated with the test
f) Where specified in a monograph or otherwise justified, if vaccine, as described below. Remove the culture medium
neutralisation of the vaccine virus is required but difficult to when the cells reach confluence. Inoculate 0.1 ml of test
achieve, the in vitro tests described below are adapted, as vaccine onto each of 5 of the monolayers. Allow adsorption
required, to provide the necessary guarantees of freedom for 1 h and add culture medium. Incubate the cultures
from contamination with an extraneous agent. Alternatively, for a total of at least 21 days, subculturing at 4- to 5-day
or in addition to in vitro tests conducted on the batch, a intervals. Each passage is made with pooled cells and fluids
test for extraneous agents may be conducted on chick sera from all 5 monolayers after carrying out a freeze-thaw cycle.
obtained from testing the batch of vaccine, as decribed under Inoculate 0.1 ml of pooled material onto each of 5 recently
6. Test for extraneous agents using chicks of chapter 2.6.24. prepared monolayers of chicken embryo fibroblast cells,
Test for extraneous agents in seed lots. each monolayer having an area of about 25 cm2 each as
g) Monospecific antiserum and serum of avian origin used for before. For the last passage, grow the cells also on 2
a suitable
cell culture and any other purpose, in any of these tests, shall substrate so as to obtain an area of about 10 cm of cells
be free of antibodies against and free from inhibitory effects from each of the monolayers, for test A. The test is not valid
on the organisms listed under 7. Antibody specifications for if less than 80 per cent of the test monolayers, or neither of
sera used in extraneous agents testing (2.6.24). the 2 negative control monolayers survive after any passage.
h) Other types of tests than those indicated may be used Examine microscopically all the cell cultures frequently
provided they are at least as sensitive as those indicated throughout the entire incubation period for any signs
and of appropriate specificity. Nucleic acid amplification of cytopathic effect or other evidence of the presence of
techniques (2.6.21) give specific detection for many agents contaminating agents in the test vaccine. At the end of the
and can be used after validation for sensitivity and specificity. total incubation period, carry out the following procedures.
1. TEST FOR EXTRANEOUS AGENTS USING A. Fix and stain (with Giemsa or haematoxylin and eosin)
EMBRYONATED HENS’ EGGS about 10 cm2 of confluent cells from each of the 5 original
monolayers. Examine the cells microscopically for any
Prepare the test vaccine, diluted if necessary, to contain cytopathic effect, inclusion bodies, syncytial formation, or
neutralised virus equivalent to 10 doses of vaccine in 0.2 ml any other evidence of the presence of a contaminating
of inoculum. Suitable antibiotics may be added. Inoculate agent from the test vaccine.
the test vaccine into 3 groups of 10 embryonated hens’ eggs
as follows : B. Drain and wash about 25 cm2 of cells from each of the
5 monolayers. Cover these cells with a 0.5 per cent
— group 1 : 0.2 ml into the allantoic cavity of each 9- to
suspension of washed chicken red blood cells (using at
11-day-old embryonated egg,
least 1 ml of suspension for each 5 cm2 of cells). Incubate
— group 2 : 0.2 ml onto the chorio-allantoic membrane of the cells at 4 °C for 20 min and then wash gently in
each 9- to 11-day-old embryonated egg, phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4. Examine the cells
— group 3 : 0.2 ml into the yolk sac of each 5- to 6-day-old microscopically for haemadsorption attributable to the
embryonated egg. presence of a haemadsorbing agent in the test vaccine.

202 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.25. Avian live virus vaccines: extraneous agents in finished product

C. Test individually samples of the fluid from each cell culture cells from the test monolayers, from the positive control
using chicken red blood cells for haemagglutination monolayers and from the negative control monolayers. Mix
attributable to the presence of a haemagglutinating agent an appropriate quantity of each with a suspension of freshly
in the test vaccine. prepared primary or secondary chick embryo fibroblasts
The test is not valid if there are any signs of extraneous and prepare 5, 4 and 2 monolayers, as before. The test is
agents in the negative control cultures. The batch of vaccine not valid if fewer than 4 of the 5 test monolayers or fewer
complies with the test if there is no evidence of the presence than 3 of the 4 positive controls or neither of the 2 negative
of any extraneous agent. control monolayers survive after any passage.
Examine microscopically all the cell cultures frequently
3. TEST FOR EGG DROP SYNDROME VIRUS throughout the entire incubation period for any signs of
Prepare 11 monolayers of chicken embryo liver cells, from cytopathic effect or other evidence of the presence of a
the tissues of 14- to 16-day-old embryos, each monolayer contaminating agent in the test vaccine.
having an area of about 25 cm2. Remove the culture medium For the last subculture, grow the cells on a suitable substrate
when the cells reach confluence. Inoculate 0.1 ml of test so as to obtain an area of about 10 cm2 of confluent cells
vaccine onto each of 5 of the monolayers (test monolayers). from each of the original 11 monolayers for the subsequent
Allow adsorption for 1 h, add culture medium. Inoculate 4 of test : test about 10 cm2 of confluent cells derived from each
the monolayers with a suitable strain of egg drop syndrome of the original 11 monolayers by immunostaining for the
virus (not more than 10 CCID50 in 0.1 ml) to serve as positive presence of Marek’s disease virus. The test is not valid if
control monolayers. Maintain 2 non-inoculated monolayers Marek’s disease virus is detected in fewer than 3 of the
as negative control monolayers. 4 positive control monolayers or in any of the negative
Incubate the cells for a total of at least 21 days, subculturing control monolayers, or if the results for both of the 2
every 4-5 days. Each passage is made as follows : carry out negative control monolayers are inconclusive.
a freeze-thaw cycle ; prepare separate pools of the cells plus
The batch of vaccine complies with the test if there is no
fluid from the test monolayers, from the positive control
evidence of the presence of Marek’s disease virus or any
monolayers and from the negative control monolayers ;
other extraneous agent.
inoculate 0.1 ml of the pooled material onto each of 5, 4
and 2 recently prepared monolayers of chicken embryo 5. TESTS FOR TURKEY RHINOTRACHEITIS VIRUS
liver cells, each monolayer having an area of about 25 cm2
as before. The test is not valid if fewer than 4 of the 5 test A. In chicken embryo fibroblasts
monolayers or fewer than 3 of the 4 positive controls or NOTE : this test can be combined with Test 2 by using
neither of the 2 negative control monolayers survive after the same test monolayers and negative controls,
any passage. for all stages up to the final specific test for turkey
Examine microscopically all the cell cultures at frequent rhinotracheitis virus on cells prepared from the last
intervals throughout the entire incubation period for subculture.
any signs of cytopathic effect or other evidence of the Prepare 11 monolayers of primary or secondary chick
presence of a contaminating agent in the test vaccine. embryo fibroblasts from the tissues of 9- to 11-day-old
At the end of the total incubation period, carry out the embryos, each monolayer having an area of about
following procedure : test separately, cell culture fluid 25 cm2. Remove the culture medium when the cells reach
from the test monolayers, positive control monolayers confluence. Inoculate 0.1 ml of test vaccine onto each of 5
and negative control monolayers, using chicken red blood of the monolayers (test monolayers). Allow adsorption
cells, for haemagglutination attributable to the presence of for 1 h, and add culture medium. Inoculate 4 of the
haemagglutinating agents. monolayers with a suitable strain of turkey rhinotracheitis
The test is not valid if egg drop syndrome virus is detected virus as positive controls (not more than 10 CCID50
in fewer than 3 of the 4 positive control monolayers or in in 0.1 ml). Maintain 2 non-inoculated monolayers as
any of the negative control monolayers, or if the results for negative controls.
both of the 2 negative control monolayers are inconclusive. Incubate the cultures for a total of at least 21 days,
If the results for more than 1 of the test monolayers are subculturing at 4- to 5-day intervals. Each passage is made
inconclusive then further subcultures of reserved portions as follows : carry out a freeze-thaw cycle ; prepare separate
of the monolayers shall be made and tested until an pools of the cells plus fluid from the test monolayers,
unequivocal result is obtained. from the positive control monolayers and from the
The batch of vaccine complies with the test if there is no negative control monolayers ; inoculate 0.1 ml of the
evidence of the presence of egg drop syndrome virus or any pooled material onto each of 5, 4 and 2 recently prepared
other extraneous agent. monolayers of chicken embryo fibroblasts cells, each
monolayer having an area of about 25 cm2 as before. The
4. TEST FOR MAREK’S DISEASE VIRUS test is not valid if fewer than 4 of the 5 test monolayers or
Prepare 11 monolayers of primary or secondary chick fewer than 3 of the 4 positive controls or neither of the
embryo fibroblasts from the tissues of 9- to 11-day-old 2 negative control monolayers survive after any passage.
embryos, each monolayer having an area of about 25 cm2. For the last subculture, grow the cells on a suitable
Remove the culture medium when the cells reach confluence. substrate so as to obtain an area of about 10 cm2 of
Inoculate 0.1 ml of test vaccine onto each of 5 of the confluent cells from each of the original 11 monolayers
monolayers (test monolayers). Allow adsorption for 1 h, and for the subsequent test : test about 10 cm2 of confluent
add culture medium. Inoculate 4 of the monolayers with cells derived from each of the original 11 monolayers by
a suitable strain of Marek’s disease virus (not more than immunostaining for the presence of turkey rhinotracheitis
10 CCID50 in 0.1 ml) to serve as positive controls. Maintain 2 virus. The test is not valid if turkey rhinotracheitis virus
non-inoculated monolayers as negative controls. is detected in fewer than 3 of the 4 positive control
Incubate the cultures for a total of at least 21 days, monolayers or in any of the negative control monolayers,
subculturing at 4- to 5-day intervals. Each passage is made or if the results for both of the 2 negative control
as follows : trypsinise the cells, prepare separate pools of the monolayers are inconclusive. If the results for both of

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 203
2.6.25. Avian live virus vaccines: extraneous agents in finished product EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

the 2 test monolayers are inconclusive then further test suspensions are inconclusive then further subcultures
subcultures of reserved portions of the fibroblasts shall be of reserved portions of the test suspensions shall be made
made and tested until an unequivocal result is obtained. and tested until an unequivocal result is obtained.
The batch of vaccine complies with the test if there is no The batch of vaccine complies with the test if there is no
evidence of the presence of turkey rhinotracheitis virus evidence of the presence of chicken anaemia virus.
or any other extraneous agent.
7. TEST FOR DUCK ENTERITIS VIRUS
B. In Vero cells
This test is carried out for vaccines prepared on duck or
Prepare 11 monolayers of Vero cells, each monolayer
goose substrates.
having an area of about 25 cm2. Remove the culture
medium when the cells reach confluence. Inoculate 0.1 ml Prepare 11 monolayers of primary or secondary Muscovy
of test vaccine onto each of 5 of the monolayers (test duck embryo liver cells, from the tissues of 21- or 22-day-old
monolayers). Allow adsorption for 1 h, and add culture embryos, each monolayer having an area of about 25 cm2.
medium. Inoculate 4 of the monolayers with a suitable Remove the culture medium when the cells reach confluence.
strain of turkey rhinotracheitis virus (not more than Inoculate 0.1 ml of test vaccine onto each of 5 of the
10 CCID50 in 0.1 ml) to serve as positive controls. Maintain monolayers (test monolayers). Allow adsorption for 1 h
2 non-inoculated monolayers as negative controls. and add culture medium. Inoculate 4 of the monolayers
with a suitable strain of duck enteritis virus (not more than
Incubate the cultures for a total of at least 21 days,
10 CCID50 in 0.1 ml) to serve as positive controls. Maintain
subculturing at 4- to 5-day intervals. Each passage is
2 non-inoculated monolayers as negative controls.
made as follows : carry out a freeze-thaw cycle. Prepare
separate pools of the cells plus fluid from the test Incubate the cultures for a total of at least 21 days,
monolayers, from the positive control monolayers and subculturing at 4- to 5-day intervals. Each passage is made
from the negative control monolayers. Inoculate 0.1 ml as follows : trypsinise the cells and prepare separate pools of
of the pooled material onto each of 5, 4 and 2 recently the cells from the test monolayers, from the positive control
prepared monolayers of Vero cells, each monolayer having monolayers and from the negative control monolayers. Mix
an area of about 25 cm2 as before. The test is not valid a portion of each with a suspension of freshly prepared
if fewer than 4 of the 5 test monolayers or fewer than primary or secondary Muscovy duck embryo liver cells to
3 of the 4 positive controls or neither of the 2 negative prepare 5, 4 and 2 monolayers, as before. The test is not valid
controls survive after any passage. if fewer than 4 of the 5 test monolayers or fewer than 3 of
the 4 positive controls or neither of the 2 negative controls
For the last subculture, grow the cells on a suitable
survive after any passage.
substrate so as to obtain an area of about 10 cm2 of
confluent cells from each of the original 11 monolayers For the last subculture, grow the cells on a suitable substrate
for the subsequent test : test about 10 cm2 of confluent so as to obtain an area of about 10 cm2 of confluent cells from
cells derived from each of the original 11 monolayers by each of the original 11 monolayers for the subsequent test :
immunostaining for the presence of turkey rhinotracheitis test about 10 cm2 of confluent cells derived from each of the
virus. The test is not valid if turkey rhinotracheitis original 11 monolayers by immunostaining for the presence
virus is detected in fewer than 3 of the 4 positive of duck enteritis virus. The test is not valid if duck enteritis
control monolayers or in any of the negative control virus is detected in fewer than 3 of the 4 positive control
monolayers, or if the results for both of the 2 negative monolayers or in any of the negative control monolayers, or
control monolayers are inconclusive. If the results for if the results for both of the 2 negative control monolayers
more than 1 of the test monolayers are inconclusive are inconclusive. If the results for more than 1 of the test
then further subcultures of reserved portions of the monolayers are inconclusive then further subcultures of
monolayers shall be made and tested until an unequivocal reserved portions of the monolayers shall be made and tested
result is obtained. until an unequivocal result is obtained.
The batch of vaccine complies with the test if there is no The batch of vaccine complies with the test if there is no
evidence of the presence of turkey rhinotracheitis virus evidence of the presence of duck enteritis virus or any other
or any other extraneous agent. extraneous agent.

6. TEST FOR CHICKEN ANAEMIA VIRUS 8. TEST FOR DUCK AND GOOSE PARVOVIRUSES
Prepare eleven 20 ml suspensions of the MDCC-MSBI cell This test is carried out for vaccines prepared on duck or
line or another cell line of equivalent sensitivity in 25 cm2 goose substrates.
flasks containing about 5 × 105 cells/ml. Inoculate 0.1 ml of Prepare a suspension of sufficient primary or secondary
test vaccine into each of 5 of these flasks. Inoculate 4 other Muscovy duck embryo fibroblasts from the tissues of 16- to
suspensions with 10 CCID50 chicken anaemia virus as 18-day-old embryos, to obtain not fewer than 11 monolayers,
positive controls. Maintain not fewer than 2 non-inoculated each having an area of about 25 cm2. Inoculate 0.5 ml of
suspensions. Maintain all the cell cultures for a total of at test vaccine into an aliquot of cells for 5 monolayers and
least 24 days, subculturing 8 times at 3- to 4-day intervals. seed into 5 replicate containers to form 5 test monolayers.
During the subculturing the presence of chicken anaemia Inoculate 0.4 ml of a suitable strain of duck parvovirus (not
virus may be indicated by a metabolic colour change in more than 10 CCID50 in 0.1 ml) into an aliquot of cells for
the infected cultures, the culture fluids becoming red in 4 monolayers and seed into 4 replicate containers to form
comparison with the control cultures. Examine the cells 4 positive control monolayers. Prepare 2 non-inoculated
microscopically for cytopathic effect. At this time or at the monolayers as negative controls.
end of the incubation period, centrifuge the cells from each Incubate the cultures for a total of at least 21 days,
flask at low speed, resuspend at about 106 cells per millilitre subculturing at 4- to 5-day intervals. Each passage is made
and place 25 µl in each of 10 wells of a multi-well slide. as follows : carry out a freeze-thaw cycle. Prepare separate
Examine the cells by immunostaining. pools of the cells plus fluid from the test monolayers, from
The test is not valid if chicken anaemia virus is detected the positive control monolayers and from the negative
in fewer than 3 of the 4 positive controls or in any of the control monolayers. Inoculate 0.5 ml, 0.4 ml and 0.2 ml of
non-inoculated controls. If the results for more than 1 of the the pooled materials into aliquots of a fresh suspension

204 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.6.27. Microbiological control of cellular products

of sufficient primary or secondary Muscovy duck embryo prepare a further 7 serial two-fold dilutions using PBS
fibroblast cells to prepare 5, 4 and 2 monolayers, as before. containing 2 g/l of bovine albumin R to give a total dilution
The test is not valid if fewer than 4 of the 5 test monolayers range from 1/2 to 1/256. Make 2 independent sets of
or fewer than 3 of the 4 positive controls or neither of the dilutions for each test sample. Add 20 µl of each dilution
2 negative controls survive after any passage. to the microtitre plate.
For the last subculture, grow the cells on a suitable substrate Prepare 3 per cent V/V suspensions of papain-treated
so as to obtain an area of about 10 cm2 of confluent cells D-positive (OR2R2) and D-negative (Orr) red cells in PBS
from each of the original 11 monolayers for the subsequent containing 2 g/l of bovine albumin R. Add 20 µl of D-positive
test : test about 10 cm2 of confluent cells derived from each cells to one dilution series of each of the test sample, the
of the original 11 monolayers by immunostaining for the reference preparation and the negative control, and 20 µl of
presence of duck or goose parvovirus. The test is not valid if D-negative cells to the other dilution series of each of the
duck parvovirus is detected in fewer than 3 of the 4 positive test samples, the reference preparation and the negative
control monolayers or in any of the negative control control. Mix by shaking the plate on a shaker for 10 s.
monolayers, or if the results for both of the 2 negative Centrifuge the plate at 80 g for 1 min to pellet the cells.
control monolayers are inconclusive.
Place the plate at an angle of approximately 70°. Read
The batch of vaccine complies with the test if there is no after 4-5 min (or until the cells have streamed in the wells
evidence of the presence of duck (or goose) parvovirus or containing the negative control and the wells where the
any other extraneous agent. D-negative cells have been added). A cell button at the
bottom of the well indicates a positive result. A stream of
cells represents a negative result.
Record the endpoint titre as the reciprocal of the highest
01/2008:20626 dilution that gives rise to a positive result.
The titre of the preparation to be examined is not greater
than the titre of the reference preparation.
2.6.26. TEST FOR ANTI-D ANTIBODIES
IN HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN FOR
INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION
01/2008:20627
MATERIALS
Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Dissolve 8.0 g of sodium 2.6.27. MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL
chloride R, 0.76 g of anhydrous disodium hydrogen
phosphate R, 0.2 g of potassium chloride R, 0.2 g of OF CELLULAR PRODUCTS
potassium dihydrogen phosphate R and 0.2 g of sodium
azide R in water R and dilute to 1000 ml with the same This test has been shown to be preferable to the test for
solvent. sterility (2.6.1) for certain cellular products, since it has
better sensitivity, has a broader range, and is more rapid.
Papain solution. Use serological grade papain from a It is applied instead of the test for sterility (2.6.1) where
commercial source, the activity of which has been validated. prescribed in a monograph. It may be carried out manually
Red blood cells. Use pooled red blood cells from not fewer or using an automated system.
than 3 donors of group OR2R2 and 3 donors of group Orr
respectively. Wash the cells 4 times with PBS or until the GENERAL PRECAUTIONS
supernatant is clear. Centrifuge the cells at 1800 g for 5 min The test is carried out under aseptic conditions according to
to pack. Treat the packed red cells with papain solution current regulations for potentially infective material.
according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Store in
Alsever’s solution for not more than 1 week. The precautions taken to avoid contamination are such that
they do not affect any micro-organisms that are to be revealed
Microtitre plates. Use V-bottomed rigid micro-titre plates. in the test. The test is performed under working conditions
Reference standards. Immunoglobulin (anti-D antibodies that are monitored regularly by appropriate sampling of the
test) BRP and Immunoglobulin (anti-D antibodies test working area and by carrying out appropriate controls.
negative control) BRP are suitable for use as the reference
preparation and negative control, respectively. GROWTH PROMOTION TEST
Use at least 2 suitable enriched culture media (for example,
METHOD blood culture media) intended for detection of fungi and
Reference preparation and negative control solutions. aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.
Reconstitute the reference preparation and the negative Confirm the sterility of each batch of medium by the
control according to instructions. Dilute the reconstituted incubation of representative containers at 35-37 °C for not
preparations with an equal volume of PBS containing 2 g/l less than 7 days.
of bovine albumin R and then prepare a further 7 serial Each batch of medium is tested by the supplier and/or
two-fold dilutions using PBS containing 2 g/l of bovine the user for its growth-promoting capacities by inoculating
albumin R to give a total dilution range from 1/2 to 1/256. duplicate test containers of each medium with 10-100 viable
Make 2 independent sets of dilutions for each preparation. micro-organisms of each of the strains listed in Table 2.6.27.-1,
Add 20 µl of each dilution to the microtitre plate. and incubating for either 7 days for automated detection or
Test solutions. Initially dilute the test samples to give a 14 days for visual detection of microbial growth at 35-37 °C.
starting immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration of 25 g/l The test media are satisfactory if there is clear evidence of
using PBS containing 2 g/l of bovine albumin R and then growth in all inoculated media containers within this period.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 205
2.6.27. Microbiological control of cellular products EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Table 2.6.27.-1. – Micro-organisms used for growth promo- — Yersinia enterocolitica, for example, ATCC 9610,
tion CIP 80.27, NCTC 12982.
Aerobic medium It may be necessary to modify the list of micro-organisms
depending on the origin of the cells and any micro-organisms
Staphylococcus aureus for example, ATCC 6538, CIP 4.83,
NCTC 10788, NCIMB 9518 previously found or associated with the particular type of
cells.
Bacillus subtilis for example, ATCC 6633, CIP 52.62,
NCIMB 8054 Other approaches to validation may also be used, for
example, interlaboratory comparison.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa for example, ATCC 9027, NCIMB 8626,
CIP 82.118 TESTING OF THE PREPARATION TO BE EXAMINED
Candida albicans for example, ATCC 10231, IP 48.72, Sample. A representative sample including cells and/or
NCPF 3179
medium is tested. The sample is added to the culture
Aspergillus niger for example, ATCC 16404, IP 1431.83, medium as soon as possible after collection. If it is not added
IMI 149007 promptly after collection, it is stored at 5 ± 3 °C to avoid
Anaerobic medium
phagocytosis of micro-organisms by cells present in certain
types of products (for example, neutrophils).
Clostridium sporogenes for example, ATCC 19404, CIP 79.3,
NCTC 532 or ATCC 11437 For haematopoietic products, the minimum amount to be
used for the test depending on the total volume of the
Bacteroides fragilis for example, ATCC 25285, CIP 77.16, product (V ml) is shown below.
NCTC 9343
Total product volume Inoculum volume
METHOD VALIDATION (millilitres)
Depending on the type of product, its method of preparation,
the inoculum volume used and the type of test system, the V ≥ 10 1 per cent of total volume
need for validation in the presence of the type of preparation 1 ≤ V < 10 100 µl
to be examined must be considered. Unless otherwise
justified and authorised, the test system is validated with V<1 Not applicable
respect to specificity (absence of false positive results),
sensitivity (limit of detection) and reproducibility. During For haematopoietic products that require dilution before
validation, particularly to determine the limit of detection, freezing, the inoculum volume must be increased by
the test is carried out using the preparation deliberately the dilution factor. For other cellular products, suitable
contaminated to different degrees with the following minimum amounts are defined in terms of volume or number
micro-organisms, chosen for the likelihood of contamination of doses.
and their growth requirements : Analysis. Samples are inoculated into containers of culture
— Aspergillus niger, for example, ATCC 16404, IP 1431.83, medium as soon as possible after collection and incubated
IMI 149007 ; at 35-37 °C for not less than 7 or 14 days, depending on
— Bacillus subtilis, for example, ATCC 6633, CIP 52.62, the detection system used. A suitable proportion of the
NCIMB 8054 ; inoculum is added to the medium to be incubated in aerobic
— Candida albicans, for example, ATCC 10231, IP 48.72, conditions and the remainder of the inoculum to the medium
NCPF 3179 ; to be incubated in anaerobic conditions.
— Clostridium sporogenes, for example, ATCC 19404, OBSERVATION AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
CIP 79.3, NCTC 532 or ATCC 11437 ;
— Propionibacterium acnes, for example, ATCC 11827 ; Examine media, visually or with automated systems at least
daily, and at the end of the observation period for evidence
— Pseudomonas aeruginosa, for example, ATCC 9027, of microbial growth. If no growth is observed during or at
NCIMB 8626, CIP 82.118 ; the end of the observation period, the product is ‘culture
— Staphylococcus aureus, for example, ATCC 6538, negative’ at the limit of detection. If growth is observed in a
CIP 4.83, NCTC 10788, NCIMB 9518 ; valid test, the product is ‘culture positive’; the contaminant
— Streptococcus pyogenes, for example, ATCC 19615, is identified to a suitable taxonomic level (genus, species)
CIP 1042.26, NCIMB 13285 ; and an antibiogram is established.

206 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

2.7. BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS

2.7. Biological assays.. .............................................................. 209 2.7.17. Assay of human antithrombin III.. ............................ 234
2.7.1. Immunochemical methods.. ......................................... 209 2.7.18. Assay of human coagulation factor II.. .................... 234
2.7.2. Microbiological assay of antibiotics.............................210 2.7.19. Assay of human coagulation factor X.. .................... 235
2.7.4. Assay of human coagulation factor VIII.. ...................216 2.7.20. In vivo assay of poliomyelitis vaccine
2.7.5. Assay of heparin...............................................................217 (inactivated).. ............................................................................ 235
2.7.6. Assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed).. ....................217 2.7.21. Assay of human von Willebrand factor.................... 237
2.7.7. Assay of pertussis vaccine............................................. 222 2.7.22. Assay of human coagulation factor XI..................... 238
2.7.8. Assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed)........................... 223 2.7.23. Numeration of CD34/CD45+ cells in
2.7.9. Test for Fc function of immunoglobulin.. ................. 227 haematopoietic products........................................................ 238
2.7.10. Assay of human coagulation factor VII.. ................. 228 2.7.24. Flow cytometry.. ........................................................... 240
2.7.11. Assay of human coagulation factor IX.. ................... 229 2.7.27. Flocculation value (Lf) of diphtheria and tetanus
2.7.12. Assay of heparin in coagulation factors.. ................ 230 toxins and toxoids (Ramon assay)........................................ 241
2.7.13. Assay of human anti-D immunoglobulin................. 230 2.7.28. Colony-forming cell assay for human
2.7.14. Assay of hepatitis A vaccine.. ..................................... 232 haematopoietic progenitor cells.. ......................................... 242
2.7.15. Assay of hepatitis B vaccine (rDNA)......................... 233 2.7.29. Nucleated cell count and viability............................. 243
2.7.16. Assay of pertussis vaccine (acellular)....................... 233

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 207
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

208 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.1. Immunochemical methods

2.7. BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS tubes, immunodiffusion methods may be performed using

different supports such as tubes, plates, slides, cells or
chambers.
01/2008:20701
Where the immunoprecipitating system consists of one
antigen combining with its corresponding antibody, the
2.7.1. IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS system is referred to as simple ; when it involves related but
Immunochemical methods are based on the selective, not serologically identical reactants, the system is complex
reversible and non-covalent binding of antigens by antibodies. and where several serologically unrelated reactants are
These methods are employed to detect or quantify either involved, the system is multiple.
antigens or antibodies. The formation of an antigen-antibody In simple diffusion methods, a concentration gradient is
complex may be detected, and the amount of complex formed established for only one of the reactants diffusing from
may be measured by a variety of techniques. The provisions an external source into the gel medium containing the
of this general method apply to immunochemical methods corresponding reactant at a comparatively low concentration.
using labelled or unlabelled reagents, as appropriate. Single radial immunodiffusion (SRID) is a simple
The results of immunochemical methods depend on the quantitative immunodiffusion technique. When the
experimental conditions and the nature and quality of the equilibrium between the external and the internal reactant
reagents used. It is essential to standardise the components has been established, the circular precipitation area,
of an immunoassay and to use, wherever available, originating from the site of the external reactant, is directly
international reference preparations for immunoassays. proportional to the amount of the antigen applied and
The reagents necessary for many immunochemical methods inversely proportional to the concentration of the antibody
are available as commercial assay kits, that is, a set including in the gel.
reagents (particularly the antigen or the antibody) and In double diffusion methods, concentration gradients are
materials intended for the in vitro estimation of a specified established for both reactants. Both antigen and antibody
substance as well as instructions for their proper use. diffuse from separate sites into an initially immunologically
The kits are used in accordance with the manufacturers’ neutral gel.
instructions ; it is important to ascertain that the kits are Comparative double diffusion methods are used for
suitable for the analysis of the substance to be examined, qualitatively comparing various antigens versus a suitable
with particular reference to selectivity and sensitivity. antibody or vice versa. The comparison is based on the
Guidance concerning immunoassay kits is provided by the presence or absence of interaction between the precipitation
World Health Organisation, Technical Report Series 658 patterns. Reactions of identity, non-identity or partial
(1981). identity of antigens/antibodies can be distinguished.
METHODS IN WHICH A LABELLED ANTIGEN OR A Immunoelectrophoretic methods
LABELLED ANTIBODY IS USED Immunoelectrophoresis (IE) is a qualitative technique
Methods using labelled substances may employ suitable combining 2 methods : gel electrophoresis followed by
labels such as enzymes, fluorophores, luminophores immunodiffusion.
and radioisotopes. Where the label is a radioisotope, Crossed immunoelectrophoresis is a modification of the IE
the method is described as a “radio-immunoassay”. The method. It is suitable both for qualitative and quantitative
recommendations for the measurement of radioactivity analysis. The first part of the procedure is an ordinary
given in the monograph on Radiopharmaceutical gel electrophoresis, after which a longitudinal gel strip,
Preparations (0125) are applicable to immunoassays containing the separated fractions to be determined, is cut
involving radioisotopes. All work with radioactive materials out and transferred to another plate. The electrophoresis
must be carried out in conformity with national legislation in the second direction is carried out perpendicular to
and internationally accepted codes of practice for protection the previous electrophoretic run in a gel containing a
against radiation hazards. comparatively low concentration of antibodies corresponding
to the antigens. For a given antibody concentration and gel
METHODS IN WHICH AN UNLABELLED ANTIGEN OR thickness, the relationship between the area of the respective
ANTIBODY IS USED precipitation peaks and the amount of the corresponding
Immunoprecipitation methods antigen is linear.
Immunoprecipitation methods include flocculation Electroimmunoassay, often referred to as rocket
and precipitation reactions. When a solution of an immuno-electrophoresis is a rapid quantitative method
antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody under for determining antigens with a charge differing from
suitable conditions, the reactants form flocculating or that of the antibodies or vice versa. The electrophoresis
precipitating aggregates. The ratio of the reactants which of the antigen to be determined is carried out in a gel
gives the shortest flocculation time or the most marked containing a comparatively lower concentration of the
precipitation is called the optimal ratio, and is usually corresponding antibody. The test material and dilutions
produced by equivalent amounts of antigen and antibody. of a standard antigen used for calibration are introduced
Immunoprecipitation can be assessed visually or by into different wells in the gel. During electrophoresis,
light-scattering techniques (nephelometric or turbidimetric migrating peak-shaped precipitation zones originating from
assay). An increase in sensitivity can be obtained by using the wells are developed. The front of the precipitate becomes
antigen- or antibody-coated particles (e.g. latex) as reactants. stationary when the antigen is no longer in excess. For a
In flocculation methods, stepwise dilutions of one of the given antibody concentration, the relationship between
reactants is usually used whereas, in immunodiffusion the distance travelled by the precipitate and the amount of
(ID) methods, the dilution is obtained by diffusion in a antigen applied is linear.
gel medium : concentration gradients of one or both of Counter-immunoelectrophoresis is a rapid quantitative
the reactants are obtained, thus creating zones in the method allowing concentration gradients of external antigen
gel medium where the ratio of the reactants favours and external antibody to be established in an electric
precipitation. While flocculation methods are performed in field depending on the different charges. Dilutions of a

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 209
2.7.2. Microbiological assay of antibiotics EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

standard for calibration and dilutions of the test material are Significant non-parallelism indicates that the antibody or
introduced into a row of wells in a gel and a fixed amount of antigen discriminates between test and standard, and the
the corresponding reactant is introduced into an opposite results are not valid.
row of wells. The titre of the test material may be determined In displacement immunoassays, the values for non-specific
as the highest dilution showing a precipitation line. binding and maximum displacement at high test or standard
A number of modifications of crossed immunoelectrophoresis concentration must not be significantly different. Differences
and electroimmunoassay methods exist. may indicate effects due to the matrix, either inhibition of
Other techniques combine separation of antigens by binding or degradation of tracer.
molecular size and serological properties.
Visualisation and characterisation of immunoprecipitation
lines 01/2008:20702
These may be performed by selective or non-selective stains, corrected 6.0
by fluorescence, by enzyme or isotope labelling or other
relevant techniques. Selective staining methods are usually
performed for characterisation of non-protein substances in 2.7.2. MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF
the precipitates. ANTIBIOTICS
In translucent gels such as agar or agarose, the precipitation The potency of an antibiotic is estimated by comparing the
line becomes clearly visible in the gel, provided that the inhibition of growth of sensitive micro-organisms produced
concentration of each of the reactants is appropriate. by known concentrations of the antibiotic to be examined
and a reference substance.
VALIDATION OF THE METHOD
The reference substances used in the assays are substances
Validation criteria whose activity has been precisely determined with reference
A quantitative immunochemical method is not valid unless : to the corresponding international standard or international
1) The antibody or antigen does not significantly discriminate reference preparation.
between the test and standard. For a labelled reactant, the The assay must be designed in a way that will permit
corresponding reactant does not significantly discriminate examination of the validity of the mathematical model on
between the labelled and unlabelled compound, which the potency equation is based. If a parallel-line model
2) The method is not affected by the assay matrix, that is chosen, the 2 log dose-response (or transformed response)
is, any component of the test sample or its excipients, lines of the preparation to be examined and the reference
which can vary between samples. These may include high preparation must be parallel ; they must be linear over the
concentrations of other proteins, salts, preservatives or range of doses used in the calculation. These conditions
contaminating proteolytic activity, must be verified by validity tests for a given probability,
usually P = 0.05. Other mathematical models, such as the
3) The limit of quantitation is below the acceptance criteria slope ratio model, may be used provided that proof of validity
stated in the individual monograph, is demonstrated.
4) The precision of the assay is such that the variance of Unless otherwise stated in the monograph, the confidence
the results meets the requirements stated in the individual limits (P = 0.95) of the assay for potency are not less than
monographs, 95 per cent and not more than 105 per cent of the estimated
5) The order in which the assay is performed does not give potency.
rise to systematic errors. Carry out the assay by method A or method B.
Validation methods
A. DIFFUSION METHOD
In order to verify these criteria, the validation design
includes the following elements : Liquefy a medium suitable for the conditions of the assay
and inoculate it at a suitable temperature, for example 48 °C
1) The assay is performed at least in triplicate, to 50 °C for vegetative forms, with a known quantity of a
2) The assay includes at least 3 different dilutions of the suspension of micro-organisms sensitive to the antibiotic to
standard preparation and 3 dilutions of sample preparations be examined, such that clearly defined zones of inhibition
of presumed activity similar to the standard preparation, of suitable diameter are produced with the concentrations
of the antibiotic used for the assay. Immediately pour into
3) The assay layout is randomised,
Petri dishes or large rectangular dishes a quantity of the
4) If the test sample is presented in serum or formulated with inoculated medium to form a uniform layer 2 mm to 5 mm
other components, the standard is likewise prepared, thick. Alternatively, the medium may consist of 2 layers, only
5) The test includes the measurement of non-specific binding the upper layer being inoculated.
of the labelled reactant, Store the dishes so that no appreciable growth or death of
6) For displacement immunoassay : the micro-organisms occurs before the dishes are used and
so that the surface of the medium is dry at the time of use.
(a) maximum binding (zero displacement) is determined,
Using the solvent and the buffer solution indicated in
(b) dilutions cover the complete response range from Table 2.7.2.-1, prepare solutions of the reference substance
values close to non-specific binding to maximum binding, and of the antibiotic to be examined having known
preferably for both standard and test preparations. concentrations and presumed to be of equal activity. Apply
the solutions to the surface of the medium, for example,
STATISTICAL CALCULATION in sterile cylinders of porcelain, stainless steel or other
To analyse the results, response curves for test and standard suitable material, or in cavities prepared in the agar. The
may be analysed by the methods described in 5.3. Statistical same volume of solution must be added to each cylinder or
Analysis of Results of Biological Assays and Tests. cavity. Alternatively, use sterile absorbent paper discs of

210 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.2. Microbiological assay of antibiotics

suitable quality ; impregnate the discs with the solutions of preferable to use a series of doses in geometric progression.
the reference substance or the solutions of the antibiotic to In routine assays when the linearity of the system has been
be examined and place on the surface of the agar. demonstrated over an adequate number of experiments
In order to assess the validity of the assay, use not fewer using a three-point assay, a two-point assay may be sufficient,
than 3 doses of the reference substance and 3 doses of subject to agreement by the competent authority. However,
the antibiotic to be examined having the same presumed in all cases of dispute, a three-point assay as described above
activity as the doses of the reference substance. It is must be applied.
Table 2.7.2.-1. — Diffusion assay
Solvent to be used
Buffer solution Medium and final Incubation
Antibiotic Reference substance in preparing the Micro-organism
(pH) pH (± 0.1 pH unit) temperature
stock solution
Saccharomyces
Dimethyl cerevisiae
Amphotericin B Amphotericin B CRS pH 10.5 (0.2 M) F - pH 6.1 35-37 °C
sulphoxide R ATCC 9763
IP 1432-83
Micrococcus luteus
0.01 M hydrochloric NCTC 7743
Bacitracin zinc Bacitracin zinc CRS pH 7.0 (0.05 M) A - pH 7.0 35-39 °C
acid CIP 53.160
ATCC 10240
Mycobacterium
Bleomycin smegmatis
Bleomycin sulphate Water R pH 6.8 (0.1 M) G - pH 7.0 35-37 °C
sulphate CRS
ATCC 607
Bordetella
bronchiseptica
NCTC 8344
CIP 53.157
Colistimethate Colistimethate ATCC 4617
Water R pH 6.0 (0.05 M) B - pH 7.3 35-39 °C
sodium sodium CRS
Escherichia coli
NCIB 8879
CIP 54.127
ATCC 10536
Bacillus subtilis A - pH 7.9 30-37 °C
NCTC 8236
CIP 1.83
Dihydrostreptomy- Dihydrostreptomy-
Water R pH 8.0 (0.05 M) Bacillus subtilis A - pH 7.9 30-37 °C
cin sulphate cin sulphate CRS
NCTC 10400
CIP 52.62
ATCC 6633
Bacillus pumilus
NCTC 8241
CIP 76.18
Erythromycin Methanol R (see the Bacillus subtilis
Erythromycin A CRS pH 8.0 (0.05 M) A - pH 7.9 30-37 °C
estolate monographs)
NCTC 10400
CIP 52.62
ATCC 6633
Bacillus subtilis E - pH 7.9 30-37 °C
NCTC 10400
CIP 52.62
Framycetin
Framycetin sulphate sulphate CRS Water R pH 8.0 (0.05 M) ATCC 6633
Bacillus pumilus E - pH 7.9 30-37 °C
NCTC 8241
CIP 76.18
Bacillus pumilus A - pH 7.9 35-39 °C
NCTC 8241
CIP 76.18
Gentamicin Staphylococcus A - pH 7.9 35-39 °C
Gentamicin sulphate Water R pH 8.0 (0.05 M) epidermidis
sulphate CRS
NCIB 8853
CIP 68.21
ATCC 12228
Bacillus subtilis
Methanol R (see the CIP 52.62
Josamycin Josamycin CRS pH 5.6 A - pH 6.6 35-37 °C
monograph) ATCC 6633
NCTC 10400
Bacillus subtilis
Josamycin Josamycin Methanol R (see the CIP 52.62
pH 5.6 A - pH 6.6 35-37 °C
propionate propionate CRS monograph) ATCC 6633
NCTC 10400

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 211
2.7.2. Microbiological assay of antibiotics EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Solvent to be used
Buffer solution Medium and final Incubation
Antibiotic Reference substance in preparing the Micro-organism
(pH) pH (± 0.1 pH unit) temperature
stock solution
Bacillus subtilis A - pH 7.9 30-37 °C
Kanamycin NCTC 10400
monosulphate CIP 52.62
ATCC 6633
Kanamycin
Water R pH 8.0 (0.05 M) Staphylococcus A - pH 7.9 35-39 °C
monosulphate CRS
aureus
Kanamycin acid NCTC 7447
sulphate
CIP 53.156
ATCC 6538 P
Bacillus pumilus E - pH 7.9 30-37 °C
NCTC 8241
Neomycin sulphate CIP 76.18
Neomycin sulphate for microbiological Water R pH 8.0 (0.05 M) Bacillus subtilis E - pH 7.9 30-37 °C
assay CRS NCTC 10400
CIP 52.62
ATCC 6633
Staphylococcus
Netilmicin aureus
Netilmicin sulphate Water R pH 8.0 ± 0.1 A - pH 7.9 32-35 °C
sulphate CRS ATCC 6538P
CIP 53.156
Candida tropicalis F - pH 6.0 30-37 °C
CIP 1433-83
pH 6.0 (0.05 M) NCYC 1393
Dimethylforma- containing 5 per Saccharomyces F - pH 6.0 30-32 °C
Nystatin Nystatin CRS
mide R cent V/V of dimeth- cerevisiae
ylformamide R NCYC 87
CIP 1432-83
ATCC 9763
Micrococcus luteus
Rifamycin NCTC 8340
Rifamycin sodium Methanol R pH 7.0 (0.05 M) A - pH 6.6 35-39 °C
sodium CRS CIP 53.45
ATCC 9341
Bacillus subtilis
NCTC 10400
Spiramycin Spiramycin CRS Methanol R pH 8.0 (0.05 M) A - pH 7.9 30-32 °C
CIP 52.62
ATCC 6633
Bacillus subtilis A - pH 7.9 30-37 °C
NCTC 8236
CIP 1.83
Streptomycin Streptomycin Bacillus subtilis A - pH 7.9 30-37 °C
Water R pH 8.0 (0.05 M)
sulphate sulphate CRS
NCTC 10400
CIP 52.62
ATCC 6633
Tylosin for A mixture of
2.5 per cent V/V Micrococcus luteus
veterinary use 40 volumes of
solution of NCTC 8340
methanol R and
Tylosin CRS methanol R in 0.1 M A - pH 8.0 32-35 °C
60 volumes of 0.1 M CIP 53.45
Tylosin tartrate for phosphate buffer
phosphate buffer ATCC 9341
veterinary use solution pH 7.0 R
solution pH 8.0 R
Bacillus subtilis
Vancomycin Vancomycin NCTC 8236
Water R pH 8.0 A - pH 8.0 37-39 °C
hydrochloride hydrochloride CRS CIP 52.62
ATCC 6633

Arrange the solutions on each Petri dish or on each Measure the diameters with a precision of at least 0.1 mm
rectangular dish according to a statistically suitable design, or the areas of the circular inhibition zones with a
except for small Petri dishes that cannot accommodate more corresponding precision and calculate the potency using
than 6 solutions, arrange the solutions of the antibiotic to appropriate statistical methods.
be examined and the solutions of the reference substance Use in each assay the number of replications per dose
in an alternate manner to avoid interaction of the more sufficient to ensure the required precision. The assay may be
concentrated solutions. repeated and the results combined statistically to obtain the
Incubate at a suitable temperature for about 18 h. A period required precision and to ascertain whether the potency of
of diffusion prior to incubation, usually 1 h to 4 h, at room the antibiotic to be examined is not less than the minimum
temperature or at about 4 °C, as appropriate, may be used required.
to minimise the effects of the variation in time between the
application of the solutions and to improve the regression
slope.

212 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.2. Microbiological assay of antibiotics

B. TURBIDIMETRIC METHOD Place all the tubes, randomly distributed or in a Latin square
or randomised block arrangement, in a water-bath or other
Inoculate a suitable medium with a suspension of the chosen suitable apparatus fitted with a means of bringing all the
micro-organism having a sensitivity to the antibiotic to be tubes rapidly to the appropriate incubation temperature
examined such that a sufficiently large inhibition of microbial and maintain them at that temperature for 3 h to 4 h,
growth occurs in the conditions of the test. Use a known taking precautions to ensure uniformity of temperature and
quantity of the suspension chosen so as to obtain a readily identical incubation time.
measurable opacity after an incubation period of about 4 h.
Use the inoculated medium immediately after its preparation. After incubation, stop the growth of the micro-organisms by
adding 0.5 ml of formaldehyde R to each tube or by heat
Using the solvent and the buffer solution indicated in treatment and measure the opacity to 3 significant figures
Table 2.7.2.-2 prepare solutions of the reference substance using suitable optical apparatus. Alternatively use a method
and of the antibiotic to be examined having known which allows the opacity of each tube to be measured after
concentrations presumed to be of equal activity. exactly the same period of incubation.
In order that the validity of the assay may be assessed,
use not fewer than 3 doses of the reference substance and Calculate the potency using appropriate statistical methods.
3 doses of the antibiotic to be examined having the same
presumed activity as the doses of the reference substance. It Linearity of the dose-response relationship, transformed or
is preferable to use a series of doses in geometric progression. untransformed, is often obtained only over a very limited
In order to obtain the required linearity, it may be necessary range. It is this range which must be used in calculating the
to select from a large number 3 consecutive doses, using activity and it must include at least 3 consecutive doses in
corresponding doses for the reference substance and the order to permit linearity to be verified. In routine assays
antibiotic to be examined. when the linearity of the system has been demonstrated
over an adequate number of experiments using a three-point
Distribute an equal volume of each of the solutions into assay, a two-point assay may be sufficient, subject to
identical test-tubes and add to each tube an equal volume of agreement by the competent authority. However, in all cases
inoculated medium (for example, 1 ml of the solution and of dispute, a three-point assay must be applied.
9 ml of the medium). For the assay of tyrothricin add 0.1 ml
of the solution to 9.9 ml of inoculated medium.
Use in each assay the number of replications per dose
Prepare at the same time 2 control tubes without antibiotic, sufficient to ensure the required precision. The assay may be
both containing the inoculated medium and to one of which repeated and the results combined statistically to obtain the
is added immediately 0.5 ml of formaldehyde R. These tubes required precision and to ascertain whether the potency of
are used to set the optical apparatus used to measure the the antibiotic to be examined is not less than the minimum
growth. required.

Table 2.7.2.-2. – Turbidimetric assay

Solvent to be used
Buffer solution Micro-organism Medium and final Incubation
Antibiotic Reference substance in preparing the
(pH) pH (± 0.1 pH unit) temperature
stock solution
Escherichia coli
Colistimethate Colistimethate NCIB 8666
Water R pH 7.0 C - pH 7.0 35-37 °C
sodium sodium CRS CIP 2.83
ATCC 9637
Klebsiella
pneumoniae
Dihydrostreptomy- Dihydrostreptomy- NCTC 7427
Water R pH 8.0 C - pH 7.0 35-37 °C
cin sulphate cin sulphate CRS
CIP 53.153
ATCC 10031
Klebsiella D - pH 7.0 35-37 °C
pneumoniae
Erythromycin NCTC 7427
estolate
CIP 53.153
Methanol R (see the ATCC 10031
Erythromycin A CRS pH 8.0
monographs) Staphylococcus C - pH 7.0 35-37 °C
aureus
Erythromycin NCTC 7447
ethylsuccinate
CIP 53.156
ATCC 6538 P
Staphylococcus
aureus
Framycetin NCTC 7447
Framycetin sulphate Water R pH 8.0 C - pH 7.0 35-37 °C
sulphate CRS
CIP 53.156
ATCC 6538 P
Staphylococcus
aureus
Gentamicin NCTC 7447
Gentamicin sulphate Water R pH 7.0 C - pH 7.0 35-37 °C
sulphate CRS
CIP 53.156
ATCC 6538 P

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 213
2.7.2. Microbiological assay of antibiotics EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Solvent to be used
Buffer solution Micro-organism Medium and final Incubation
Antibiotic Reference substance in preparing the
(pH) pH (± 0.1 pH unit) temperature
stock solution
Enterococcus hirae
CIP 58.55
* ATCC 10541
Gramicidin CRS Methanol R pH 7.0 C - pH 7.0 35-37 °C
Gramicidin Staphylococcus
aureus
ATCC 6538 P
*
Addition of a detergent may be necessary to avoid adsorption on the material during the dilutions, for example 0.1 mg/ml
of polysorbate 80 R
Staphylococcus
aureus
Josamycin CRS Methanol R (see the CIP 53.156
Josamycin pH 5.6 C - pH 8.0 35-37 °C
monograph)
ATCC 6538 P
NCTC 7447
Staphylococcus
aureus
Josamycin Josamycin Methanol R (see the CIP 53.156
pH 5.6 C - pH 8.0 35-37 °C
propionate propionate CRS monograph)
ATCC 6538 P
NCTC 7447
Kanamycin Staphylococcus
monosulphate aureus
Kanamycin NCTC 7447
Water R pH 8.0 C - pH 7.0 35-37 °C
monosulphate CRS
Kanamycin acid CIP 53.156
sulphate ATCC 6538 P
Staphylococcus
Neomycin sulphate aureus
Neomycin sulphate for microbiological Water R pH 8.0 NCTC 7447 C - pH 7.0 35-37 °C
assay CRS CIP 53.156
ATCC 6538 P
Escherichia coli
Rifamycin NCIB 8879
Rifamycin sodium Methanol R pH 7.0 C - pH 7.0 35-37 °C
sodium CRS CIP 54.127
ATCC 10536
Staphylococcus
aureus
Spiramycin Spiramycin CRS Methanol R pH 7.0 NCTC 7447 C - pH 7.0 35-37 °C
CIP 53.156
ATCC 6538 P
Klebsiella
pneumoniae
Streptomycin Streptomycin NCTC 7427
Water R pH 8.0 C - pH 7.0 35-37 °C
sulphate sulphate CRS
CIP 53.153
ATCC 10031
Tylosin for 2.5 per cent V/V Staphylococcus
veterinary use solution of aureus
Tylosin CRS methanol R in 0.1 M pH 7.0 NCTC 6571 C - pH 7.0 37 °C
Tylosin tartrate for phosphate buffer ATCC 9144
veterinary use solution pH 7.0 R CIP 53.154
Enterococcus hirae
Tyrothricin Gramicidin CRS Alcohol R Alcohol R C - pH 7.0 37 °C
ATCC 10541
Staphylococcus
Vancomycin Vancomycin aureus
Water R pH 8.0 C - pH 7.0 37-39 °C
hydrochloride hydrochloride CRS CIP 53.156
ATCC 6538 P

The following section is published for information. Preparation of inocula. Bacillus cereus var. mycoides ;
Bacillus subtilis ; Bacillus pumilus. Spore suspensions of
the organisms to be used as inocula are prepared as follows.
Recommended micro-organisms Grow the organism at 35-37 °C for 7 days on the surface
The following text details the recommended micro-organisms of a suitable medium to which has been added 0.001 g/l
and the conditions of use. Other micro-organisms may be of manganese sulphate R. Using sterile water R, wash
used provided that they are shown to be sensitive to the off the growth, which consists mainly of spores. Heat
antibiotic to be examined and are used in appropriate media the suspension at 70 °C for 30 min and dilute to give6 an
and appropriate conditions of temperature and pH. The appropriate concentration of spores, usually 10 × 10 to
concentrations of the solutions used should be chosen so 100 × 106 per millilitre. The spore suspensions may be stored
as to ensure that a linear relationship exists between the for long periods at a temperature not exceeding 4 °C.
logarithm of the dose and the response in the conditions
of the test.

214 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.2. Microbiological assay of antibiotics

Alternatively, spore suspensions may be prepared by Culture media. The following media or equivalent media
cultivating the organisms in medium C at 26 °C for 4-6 days, may be used.
then adding, aseptically, sufficient manganese sulphate R to Medium A
give a concentration of 0.001 g/l and incubating for a further
Peptone 6g
48 h. Examine the suspension microscopically to ensure that
adequate spore formation has taken place (about 80 per cent) Pancreatic digest of casein 4g
and centrifuge. Re-suspend the sediment in sterile water R 1.5 g
Beef extract
to give a concentration of 10 × 106 to 100 × 106 spores per
millilitre, and then heat to 70 °C for 30 min. Store the Yeast extract 3g
suspension at a temperature not exceeding 4 °C. Glucose monohydrate 1g

Bordetella bronchiseptica. Grow the test organism on Agar 15 g

medium B at 35-37 °C for 16-18 h. Wash off the bacterial Water to produce 1000 ml
growth with sterile water R and dilute to a suitable opacity.
Medium B
Staphylococcus aureus ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; 17 g
Pancreatic digest of casein
Escherichia coli ; Micrococcus luteus ; Staphylococcus
epidermidis. Prepare as described above for Papaic digest of soya bean 3g
B. bronchiseptica but using medium A and adjusting Sodium chloride 5g
the opacity to one which has been shown to produce a
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 2.5 g
satisfactory dose-response relationship in the turbidimetric
assay, or to produce clearly defined zones of inhibition of Glucose monohydrate 2.5 g
convenient diameter in the diffusion assay, as appropriate. 15 g
Agar
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Candida tropicalis. Grow the Polysorbate 80 10 g
test organism on medium F at 30-37 °C for 24 h. Wash off 1000 ml
Water to produce
the growth with a sterile 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R.
Dilute to a suitable opacity with the same solution. The polysorbate 80 is added to the hot solution of the other
Buffer solutions. Buffer solutions having a pH between 5.8 ingredients after boiling, and immediately before adjusting
and 8.0 are prepared by mixing 50.0 ml of 0.2 M potassium to volume.
dihydrogen phosphate R with the quantity of 0.2 M sodium Medium C
hydroxide indicated in Table 2.7.2.-3. Dilute with freshly 6g
Peptone
prepared distilled water R to produce 200.0 ml.
Beef extract 1.5 g

Table 2.7.2.-3. Yeast extract 3g

Sodium chloride 3.5 g

pH 0.2 M Sodium hydroxide (ml)
Glucose monohydrate 1g
5.8 3.72
Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 3.68 g
6.0 5.70
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1.32 g
6.2 8.60
Water to produce 1000 ml
6.4 12.60
6.6 17.80 Medium D
6.8 23.65 Heart extract 1.5 g

7.0 29.63 Yeast extract 1.5 g

7.2 35.00 Peptone-casein 5g

7.4 39.50 Glucose monohydrate 1g

7.6 42.80 Sodium chloride 3.5 g

7.8 45.20 Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 3.68 g

8.0 46.80 Potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1.32 g

Potassium nitrate 2g
These buffer solutions are used for all microbiological assays Water to produce 1000 ml
shown in Table 2.7.2.-1 with the exception of bleomycin
sulphate and amphotericin B. Medium E
Peptone 5g
For bleomycin sulphate, prepare the buffer solution
pH 6.8 as follows : dissolve 6.4 g of potassium dihydrogen Meat extract 3g
phosphate R and 18.9 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate R Disodium hydrogen phosphate,12H2O 26.9 g
in water R and dilute to 1000 ml with water R.
Agar 10 g
For amphotericin B, prepare the 0.2 M phosphate buffer Water to produce 1000 ml
solution pH 10.5 as follows : dissolve 35 g of dipotassium
hydrogen phosphate R in 900 ml of water R, add 20 ml of The disodium hydrogen phosphate is added as a sterile
1 M sodium hydroxide and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R. solution after sterilisation of the medium.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 215
2.7.4. Assay of human coagulation factor VIII EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Medium F variation, their essential features are described in the

Peptone 9.4 g following specification. Deviations from this description
Yeast extract 4.7 g
may be permissible provided that it has been shown, using
the International Standard for human blood coagulation
Beef extract 2.4 g factor VIII concentrate as the standard, that the results
Sodium chloride 10.0 g obtained do not differ significantly.
Glucose monohydrate 10.0 g It is important to demonstrate by validation the suitability
of the kit used, notably by checking the time course of
Agar 23.5 g factor Xa generation in order to determine the time taken to
Water to produce 1000 ml reach 50 per cent of the maximal factor Xa generation.

Medium G REAGENTS
Glycerol 10 g The coagulation factor reagent comprises purified proteins
Peptone 10 g derived from human or bovine sources. These include
factor X, factor IXa, and a factor VIII activator, usually
Meat extract 10 g
thrombin. These proteins are partly purified, preferably to at
Sodium chloride 3g least 50 per cent, and do not contain impurities that interfere
Agar 15 g
with the activation of factor VIII or factor X. Thrombin may
be present in its precursor form prothrombin, provided
Water to produce 1000 ml that its activation in the reagent is sufficiently rapid to
give almost instantaneous activation of factor VIII in the
pH 7.0 ± 0.1 after sterilisation. assay. Phospholipid may be obtained from natural sources
or be synthetically prepared, and must, to a substantial
01/2008:20704 extent, consist of the species phosphatidylserine. The
components of the complete reagent are usually divided
2.7.4. ASSAY OF HUMAN into at least 2 separate reagents, each lacking the ability to
generate factor Xa on its own. One of the reagents contains
COAGULATION FACTOR VIII calcium ions. After reconstitution, the reagents may be
Human coagulation factor VIII is assayed by its biological combined provided that no substantial amounts of factor Xa
activity as a cofactor in the activation of factor X by activated are generated in the absence of factor VIII. In the final
factor IX (factor IXa) in the presence of calcium ions and incubation mixture, factor VIII must be the only rate-limiting
phospholipid. The potency of a factor VIII preparation is component.
estimated by comparing the quantity necessary to achieve The 2nd step comprises the quantification of the formed
a certain rate of factor Xa formation in a test mixture factor Xa, employing a chromogenic substrate that is
containing the substances that take part in the activation of specific for factor Xa. Generally this consists of a derivatised
factor X, and the quantity of the International Standard, or short peptide of between 3 and 5 amino acids, joined to a
of a reference preparation calibrated in International Units, chromophore group. On cleavage of this group from the
required to produce the same rate of factor Xa formation. peptide substrate, its chromophoric properties shift to a
The International Unit is the factor VIII activity of a stated wavelength allowing its spectrophotometric quantification.
amount of the International Standard, which consists of The substrate must also contain appropriate inhibitors to
a freeze-dried human coagulation factor VIII concentrate. stop further factor Xa generation, e.g. chelating agents, and
The equivalence in International Units of the International to suppress thrombin activity.
Standard is stated by the World Health Organisation.
Human coagulation factor VIII BRP is calibrated in ASSAY PROCEDURE
International Units by comparison with the International Reconstitute the entire contents of 1 ampoule of the reference
Standard. preparation and of the preparation to be examined ; use
The chromogenic assay method consists of 2 consecutive immediately. Add sufficient prediluent to the reconstituted
steps : the factor VIII-dependent activation of factor X preparations to produce solutions containing 0.5-2.0 IU/ml.
in a coagulation-factor reagent composed of purified The prediluent consists of haemophilia A plasma, or of an
components, and the enzymatic cleavage of a chromogenic artificially prepared reagent that contains sufficient von
factor Xa substrate to yield a chromophore that can be Willebrand factor and that gives results that do not differ
quantified spectrophotometrically. Under appropriate assay significantly from those obtained employing haemophilia
conditions, there is a linear relation between the rate of plasma. The prediluted materials must be stable beyond the
factor Xa formation and the factor VIII concentration. The time required for the assay.
assay is summarised by the following scheme.
Prepare further dilutions of the reference and test
preparations using a non-chelating, appropriately buffered
solution, for example, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane
or imidazole, containing 1 per cent of human or bovine
albumin. Prepare at least 2 dilution series of at least 3 further
dilutions for each material. Prepare the dilutions such that
the final factor VIII concentration in the reaction mixture is
preferably below 0.01 IU/ml, during the step of factor Xa
generation.
Both steps employ reagents that may be obtained Prepare a control solution that includes all components
commercially from a variety of sources. Although the except factor VIII.
composition of individual reagents may be subject to some Prepare all dilutions in plastic tubes and use immediately.

216 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.6. Assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)

Step 1. Mix prewarmed dilutions of the factor VIII reference Dilute heparin sodium BRP with a 9 g/l solution of
preparation and of the preparation to be examined with an sodium chloride R to contain a precisely known number
appropriate volume of the prewarmed coagulation factor of International Units per millilitre and prepare a similar
reagent or a combination of its separate constituents, and solution of the preparation to be examined which is expected
incubate the mixture in plastic tubes or microplate wells to have the same activity. Using a 9 g/l solution of sodium
at 37 °C. Allow the activation of factor X to proceed for a chloride R, prepare from each solution a series of dilutions in
suitable time, terminating the reaction (step 2) when the geometric progression such that the clotting time obtained
factor Xa concentration has reached approximately 50 per with the lowest concentration is not less than 1.5 times
cent of the maximal (plateau) level. Appropriate activation the blank recalcification time, and that obtained with the
times are usually between 2 min and 5 min. highest concentration is such as to give a satisfactory log
Step 2. Terminate the activation by addition of a prewarmed dose-response curve, as determined in a preliminary test.
reagent containing a chromogenic substrate. Quantify Place 12 tubes in a bath of iced water, labelling them in
the rate of substrate cleavage, which must be linear with duplicate : T1, T2 and T3 for the dilutions of the preparation
the concentration of factor Xa formed, by measuring the to be examined and S1, S2 and S3 for the dilutions of the
absorbance change at an appropriate wavelength using reference preparation. To each tube add 1.0 ml of thawed
a spectrophotometer, either monitoring the absorbance plasma substrate R1 and 1.0 ml of the appropriate dilution of
continuously, thus allowing the initial rate of substrate the preparation to be examined or the reference preparation.
cleavage to be calculated, or terminating the hydrolysis After each addition, mix but do not allow bubbles to form.
reaction after a suitable interval by lowering the pH by Treating the tubes in the order S1, S2, S3, T1, T2, T3, transfer
addition of a suitable reagent, such as a 50 per cent V/V each tube to a water-bath at 37 °C, allow to equilibrate
solution of acetic acid, or a 1 M pH 3 citrate buffer solution. at 37 °C for about 15 min and add to each tube 1 ml of
Adjust the hydrolysis time to achieve a linear development a suitable APTT (Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time)
of chromophore over time. Appropriate hydrolysis times reagent containing phospholipid and a contact activator,
are usually between 3 min and 15 min, but deviations at a dilution giving a suitable blank recalcification time
are permissible if better linearity of the dose-response not exceeding 60 s. After exactly 2 min add 1 ml of a
relationship is thus obtained. 3.7 g/l solution of calcium chloride R previously heated
Calculate the potency of the test preparation by the usual to 37 °C and record as the clotting time the interval in
statistical methods (for example, 5.3). seconds between this last addition and the onset of clotting
determined by the chosen technique. Determine the blank
recalcification time at the beginning and at the end of the
procedure in a similar manner, using 1 ml of a 9 g/l solution
01/2008:20705 of sodium chloride R in place of one of the heparin dilutions ;
the 2 blank values obtained should not differ significantly.
Transform the clotting times to logarithms, using the mean
2.7.5. ASSAY OF HEPARIN value for the duplicate tubes. Repeat the procedure using
The anticoagulant activity of heparin is determined in vitro fresh dilutions and carrying out the incubation in the order
by comparing its ability in given conditions to delay the T1, T2, T3, S1, S2, S3. Calculate the results by the usual
clotting of recalcified citrated sheep plasma with the same statistical methods (5.3).
ability of a reference preparation of heparin calibrated in Carry out not fewer than 3 independent assays. For
International Units. each such assay prepare fresh solutions of the reference
The International Unit is the activity contained in a stated preparation and the preparation to be examined and use
amount of the International Standard, which consists another, freshly thawed portion of plasma substrate.
of a quantity of freeze-dried heparin sodium from pork Calculate the potency of the preparation to be examined,
intestinal mucosa. The equivalence in International Units of combining the results of these assays, by the usual statistical
the International Standard is stated by the World Health methods (5.3). When the variance due to differences between
Organisation. assays is significant at P = 0.01, a combined estimate of
Heparin sodium BRP is calibrated in International Units by potency may be obtained by calculating the non-weighted
comparison with the International Standard by means of mean of potency estimates.
the assay given below.
Carry out the assay using one of the following methods for
determining the onset of clotting and using tubes and other 01/2008:20706
equipment appropriate to the chosen method : corrected 6.0
a) direct visual inspection, preferably using indirect
illumination and viewing against a matt black 2.7.6. ASSAY OF DIPHTHERIA
background ;
b) spectrophotometric recording of the change in optical VACCINE (ADSORBED)
density at a wavelength of approximately 600 nm ; The potency of diphtheria vaccine is determined by
c) visual detection of the change in fluidity on manual tilting administration of the vaccine to guinea-pigs followed either
of the tubes ; by challenge with diphtheria toxin (method A or B) or by
d) mechanical recording of the change in fluidity on stirring, determination of the titre of antibodies against diphtheria
care being taken to cause the minimum disturbance of toxin or toxoid in the serum of guinea-pigs (method C).
the solution during the earliest phase of clotting. In both cases, the potency of the vaccine is calculated by
comparison with a reference preparation, calibrated in
ASSAY PROCEDURE International Units.
The volumes in the text are given as examples and may The International Unit is the activity contained in a stated
be adapted to the apparatus used provided that the ratios amount of the International Standard, which consists of
between the different volumes are respected. a quantity of diphtheria toxoid adsorbed on aluminium

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 217
2.7.6. Assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed) EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

hydroxide. The equivalence in International Units of the — the ratio of antitoxin titres or scores for the positive
International Standard is stated by the World Health serum control to the serum samples corresponding to
Organisation (WHO). the reference vaccine.
Diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed) BRP is suitable for use as a
reference preparation. METHOD A : INTRADERMAL CHALLENGE TEST IN
GUINEA-PIGS
The method chosen for the assay of diphtheria vaccine
(adsorbed) depends on the intended purpose. Method A or SELECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE TEST
B is used : ANIMALS
Use in the test healthy, white guinea-pigs from the same
1. during development of a vaccine, to assay batches stock and of a size suitable for the prescribed number of
produced to validate the production ; challenge sites, the difference in body mass between the
2. wherever revalidation is needed following a significant heaviest and the lightest animal being not greater than
change in the manufacturing process. 100 g. Use guinea-pigs of the same sex or with males and
females equally distributed between the groups. Distribute
Method A or B may also be used for the routine assay of the guinea-pigs in not fewer than 6 equal groups ; use groups
batches of vaccine, but in the interests of animal welfare, containing a number of animals sufficient to obtain results
method C is used wherever possible. that fulfil the requirements for a valid assay prescribed
Method C may be used, except as specified under 1 and 2 below. If the challenge toxin to be used has not been shown
above, after verification of the suitability of the method for to be stable or has not been adequately standardised, include
the product. For this purpose, a suitable number of batches 5 guinea-pigs as unvaccinated controls.
(usually 3) are assayed by method C and method A or B. SELECTION OF THE CHALLENGE TOXIN
Where different vaccines (monovalent or combinations) Select a preparation of diphtheria toxin containing 67 to
are prepared from diphtheria toxoid of the same origin, 133 lr/100 in 1 Lf and 25 000 to 50 000 minimal reacting
and with comparable levels (expressed in Lf/ml) of the doses for guinea-pig skin in 1 Lf. If the challenge toxin
same diphtheria toxoid, suitability demonstrated for the preparation has been shown to be stable, it is not necessary
combination with the highest number of components can be to verify the activity for every assay.
assumed to be valid for combinations with fewer components
PREPARATION OF THE CHALLENGE TOXIN SOLUTION
and for monovalent vaccines. Any combinations containing
a whole-cell pertussis component or containing haemophilus Immediately before use, dilute the challenge toxin with
type b conjugate vaccine with diphtheria toxoid or CRM 197 a suitable diluent to obtain a challenge toxin solution
diphtheria protein as carrier in the same vial must always containing about 0.0512 Lf in 0.2 ml. Prepare from this
be assessed separately. a further series of 5 four-fold dilutions containing about
0.0128, 0.0032, 0.0008, 0.0002 and 0.00005 Lf in 0.2 ml.
For combinations containing diphtheria and tetanus
DILUTION OF THE TEST AND REFERENCE
components, the serological assay (method C) can be
PREPARATIONS
performed with the same group of animals used for
the serological assay of the tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) Using a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R, prepare
(2.7.8) when the common immunisation conditions for dilutions of the vaccine to be examined and of the reference
the diphtheria and the tetanus components (for example, preparation, such that for each, the dilutions form a series
doses, duration) have been demonstrated to be valid for the differing by not more than 2.5-fold steps and in which the
combined vaccine. intermediate dilutions, when injected subcutaneously at a
dose of 1.0 ml per guinea-pig, will result in an intradermal
The design of the assays described below uses multiple score of approximately 3 when the animals are challenged.
dilutions for the test and reference preparations. Once the
IMMUNISATION AND CHALLENGE
analyst has sufficient experience with this method for a
given vaccine, it is possible to apply a simplified model such Allocate the dilutions, 1 to each of the groups of guinea-pigs,
as a single dilution for both test and reference preparations. and inject subcutaneously 1.0 ml of each dilution into each
Such a model enables the analyst to determine whether guinea-pig in the group to which that dilution is allocated.
the potency of the test preparation is significantly higher After 28 days, shave both flanks of each guinea-pig and inject
than the minimum required, but does not give information 0.2 ml of each of the 6 toxin dilutions intradermally into
on linearity, parallelism and the dose-response curve. The 6 separate sites on each of the vaccinated guinea-pigs in such
simplified model allows for a considerable reduction in the a way as to minimise interference between adjacent sites.
number of animals required and must be considered by each DETERMINATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE
analyst in accordance with the provisions of the European CHALLENGE TOXIN
Convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for If necessary, inject the unvaccinated control animals with
experimental and other scientific purposes. dilutions containing 80, 40, 20, 10 and 5 × 10-6 Lf of the
Where a single-dilution assay is used, production and test challenge toxin.
consistency over time are monitored via suitable indicators READING AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
and by carrying out a full multiple-dilution assay periodically, Examine all injection sites 48 h after injection of the
for example every 2 years. For serological assays, suitable challenge toxin and record the incidence of specific
indicators to monitor test consistency are : diphtheria erythema. Record also the number of sites
— the mean and standard deviation of relative antitoxin free from such reactions as the intra-dermal challenge
titres or scores of the serum samples obtained after score. Tabulate the intradermal challenge scores for all
administration of a fixed dose of the vaccine reference the animals receiving the same dilution of vaccine and use
preparation ; those data with a suitable transformation, such as (score)2
or arcsin ((score/6)2), to obtain an estimate of the relative
— the antitoxin titres or scores of run controls (positive and potency for each of the test preparations by parallel-line
negative serum samples) ; quantitative analysis.

218 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.6. Assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)

REQUIREMENTS FOR A VALID ASSAY DETERMINATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE

The test is not valid unless : CHALLENGE TOXIN
If necessary, allocate the challenge toxin solution and
— for both the vaccine to be examined and the reference the 3 dilutions made from it, 1 to each of the 4 groups of
preparation, the mean score obtained at the lowest dose 5 guinea-pigs, and inject subcutaneously 1.0 ml of each
level is less than 3 and the mean score at the highest dose solution into each guinea-pig in the group to which that
level is more than 3 ; solution is allocated.
— where applicable, the toxin dilution that contains READING AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
40 × 10-6 Lf gives a positive erythema in at least 80 per Count the number of surviving guinea-pigs 4 days after
cent of the control guinea-pigs and the dilution containing injection of the challenge toxin. Calculate the potency
20 × 10-6 Lf gives a positive erythema in less than 80 per of the vaccine to be examined relative to the potency of
cent of the guinea-pigs (if these criteria are not met a the reference preparation on the basis of the proportion
different toxin has to be selected) ; of animals surviving in each of the groups of vaccinated
guinea-pigs, using the usual statistical methods (for example,
— the confidence limits (P = 0.95) are not less than 50 per 5.3).
cent and not more than 200 per cent of the estimated
potency ; REQUIREMENTS FOR A VALID ASSAY
The test is not valid unless :
— the statistical analysis shows no deviation from linearity — for both the vaccine to be examined and the reference
and parallelism. preparation, the 50 per cent protective dose lies between
The test may be repeated but when more than 1 test is the largest and smallest doses of the preparations given
performed the results of all valid tests must be combined in to the guinea-pigs ;
the estimate of potency. — where applicable, the number of animals that die in the
4 groups of 5 injected with the challenge toxin solution
and its 3 dilutions indicates that the challenge dose was
METHOD B : LETHAL CHALLENGE TEST IN GUINEA-PIGS approximately 100 LD50 ;
SELECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE TEST — the confidence limits (P = 0.95) are not less than 50 per
ANIMALS cent and not more than 200 per cent of the estimated
Use in the test healthy guinea-pigs from the same stock, each potency ;
weighing 250-350 g. Use guinea-pigs of the same sex or with — the statistical analysis shows no deviation from linearity
males and females equally distributed between the groups. and parallelism.
Distribute the guinea-pigs in not fewer than 6 equal groups ; The test may be repeated but when more than 1 test is
use groups containing a number of animals sufficient to performed the results of all valid tests must be combined in
obtain results that fulfil the requirements for a valid assay the estimate of potency.
prescribed below. If the challenge toxin to be used has
not been shown to be stable or has not been adequately METHOD C. DETERMINATION OF ANTIBODIES IN
standardised, include 4 further groups of 5 guinea-pigs as GUINEA-PIGS
unvaccinated controls. SELECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE TEST
SELECTION OF THE CHALLENGE TOXIN ANIMALS
Select a preparation of diphtheria toxin containing not Use in the test healthy guinea-pigs from the same stock, each
less than 100 LD50 per millilitre. If the challenge toxin weighing 250-350 g. Use guinea-pigs of the same sex or with
preparation has been shown to be stable, it is not necessary males and females equally distributed between the groups.
to verify the lethal dose for every assay. Distribute the guinea-pigs in not fewer than 6 equal groups ;
use groups containing a number of animals sufficient to
PREPARATION OF THE CHALLENGE TOXIN SOLUTION obtain results that fulfil the requirements for a valid assay
Immediately before use, dilute the challenge toxin with prescribed below. Use a further group of non-vaccinated
a suitable diluent to obtain a challenge toxin solution guinea-pigs of the same origin to provide a negative serum
containing approximately 100 LD50 per millilitre. If control. If test consistency has been demonstrated, a
necessary, use portions of the challenge toxin solution reference negative serum control may be used.
diluted 1 to 32, 1 to 100 and 1 to 320 with the same diluent.
REFERENCE PREPARATION
DILUTION OF THE TEST AND REFERENCE Use a suitable reference preparation such as diphtheria
PREPARATIONS vaccine (adsorbed) BRP or a batch of vaccine shown to be
Using a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R, prepare effective in clinical studies, or a batch representative thereof,
dilutions of the vaccine to be examined and of the reference and which has been calibrated in International Units with
preparation, such that for each, the dilutions form a series reference to diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed) BRP or the
differing by not more than 2.5-fold steps and in which the International Standard for diphtheria toxoid (adsorbed).
intermediate dilutions, when injected subcutaneously at
DILUTION OF THE TEST AND REFERENCE
a dose of 1.0 ml per guinea-pig, protect approximately
PREPARATIONS
50 per cent of the animals from the lethal effects of the
subcutaneous injection of the quantity of diphtheria toxin Using a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R as diluent,
prescribed for this test. prepare serial dilutions of the vaccine to be examined and
the reference preparation ; series differing by 2.5- to 5-fold
IMMUNISATION AND CHALLENGE steps have been found to be suitable. Use not fewer than
Allocate the dilutions, 1 to each of the groups of guinea-pigs, 3 dilutions within the range of, for example, 0.5-16 IU/ml for
and inject subcutaneously 1.0 ml of each dilution into each the reference vaccine and within the range of, for example,
guinea-pig in the group to which that dilution is allocated. 1:2 to 1:125 for the vaccine to be examined. Use the dilutions
After 28 days, inject subcutaneously into each animal 1.0 ml for immunisation preferably within 1 h of preparation.
of the challenge toxin solution (100 LD50). Allocate 1 dilution to each group of guinea-pigs.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 219
2.7.6. Assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed) EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

IMMUNISATION — Diphtheria guinea-pig antiserum (for vaccines-human

Inject subcutaneously to each guinea-pig 1.0 ml of the use) (positive control serum), obtained by immunisation
dilution allocated to its group. of guinea-pigs using diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed) BRP.
BLOOD SAMPLING — Peroxidase conjugate. Peroxidase-conjugated rabbit or
35-42 days after immunisation, take a blood sample from goat antibody directed against guinea-pig IgG.
each vaccinated and control guinea-pig using a suitable — Diphtheria toxoid.
method.
— Carbonate coating buffer pH 9.6. Dissolve 1.59 g of
PREPARATION OF SERUM SAMPLES anhydrous sodium carbonate R and 2.93 g of sodium
Avoid frequent freezing and thawing of serum samples. To hydrogen carbonate R in 1000 ml of water R. Distribute
avoid microbial contamination, it is preferable to carry out into 150 ml bottles and sterilise by autoclaving at 121 °C
manipulations in a laminar-flow cabinet. for 15 min.
DETERMINATION OF ANTIBODY TITRE — Phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.4 (PBS). Dissolve with
Determine the relative antibody titre or score of each serum stirring 80.0 g of sodium chloride R, 2.0 g of potassium
sample by a suitable immunochemical method (2.7.1). The dihydrogen phosphate R, 14.3 g of disodium hydrogen
methods shown below (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay phosphate dihydrate R and 2.0 g of potassium chloride R
(ELISA) and Vero cell assay) have been found to be suitable. in 1000 ml of water R. Store at room temperature to
CALCULATION OF POTENCY prevent crystallisation. Dilute to 10 times its volume with
water R before use.
Calculate the potency of the vaccine to be examined in
International Units relative to the reference preparation, — Citric acid solution. Dissolve 10.51 g of citric acid R in
using the usual statistical methods (for example, 5.3). 1000 ml of water R and adjust the solution to pH 4.0 with
a 400 g/l solution of sodium hydroxide R.
REQUIREMENTS FOR A VALID ASSAY
The test is not valid unless : — Washing buffer. PBS containing 0.5 g/l of
polysorbate 20 R.
— the confidence limits (P = 0.95) are not less than 50 per
cent and not more than 200 per cent of the estimated — Diluent blocking buffer. PBS containing 0.5 g/l of
potency ; polysorbate 20 R and 25 g/l of dried skimmed milk.
— the statistical analysis shows a significant slope and — Peroxidase substrate. Shortly before use, dissolve 10 mg
no deviation from linearity and parallelism of the of diammonium 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-
dose-response curves (chapter 5.3 describes possible 6-sulphonate) R (ABTS) in 20 ml of citric acid solution.
alternatives if significant deviations are observed). Immediately before use add 5 µl of strong hydrogen
The test may be repeated but when more than 1 test is peroxide solution R.
performed the results of all valid tests must be combined in Method
the estimate of potency.
The description below is given as an example of a suitable
The following section is published for information. plate layout but others may be used. Wells 1A-H are for
negative control serum and wells 2A-H and 12A-H are for
Assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed) : positive control serum for assay monitoring. Wells 3-11A-H
are for test samples.
guidelines
Coat each well of the ELISA plates with 100 µl of diphtheria
METHOD C. DETERMINATION OF ANTIBODIES IN toxoid solution (0.5 Lf/ml in carbonate coating buffer
GUINEA-PIGS pH 9.6). Allow to stand overnight at 4 °C in a humid
PREPARATION OF SERUM SAMPLES atmosphere. To avoid temperature gradient effects, do not
For the preparation of serum samples, the following stack more than 4 plates high. On the following day, wash
technique has been found to be suitable. Invert the tubes the plates thoroughly with washing buffer. Block the plates
containing blood samples 6 times and allow to stand at 37 °C by addition of 100 µl of diluent block buffer to each well.
for 2 h, then at 4 °C for 2 h. Centrifuge at room temperature Incubate in a humid atmosphere at 37 °C for 1 h. Wash
at 800 g for 20 min. Transfer the serum to sterile tubes and the plates thoroughly with washing buffer. Place 100 µl of
store at a temperature below − 20 °C. At least a 40 per cent diluent block buffer in each well of the plates, except those
yield of serum is obtained by this procedure. of row A. Prepare suitable dilutions of negative control
serum, positive control serum (from about 0.01 IU/ml) and
DETERMINATION OF ANTIBODY TITRE test sera. Allocate the negative control serum to column 1,
The ELISA and Vero cell assays shown below are given as positive control serum to columns 2 and 12 and test sera
examples of immunochemical methods that have been found to columns 3-11 and add 100 µl of each serum to the first
to be suitable for the determination of antibody titre. 2 wells of the column to which it is allocated. Using a
Determination of antibody titre in guinea-pig serum by multichannel micropipette, make twofold serial dilutions
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Dilutions of from row B, down the plate to row H, by transferring 100 µl
test and reference sera are made on ELISA plates coated with from one well to the next well. Discard 100 µl from the
diphtheria toxoid. A positive guinea-pig serum control and a last row so that all wells contain 100 µl. Incubate at 37 °C
negative guinea-pig serum control are included on each plate for 2 h. Wash thoroughly with washing buffer. Prepare
to monitor the assay performance. Peroxidase-conjugated a suitable dilution (a 2000-fold dilution has been found
rabbit or goat antibody directed against guinea-pig-IgG is to be suitable) of peroxidase conjugate in diluent block
added, followed by a peroxidase substrate. Optical density is buffer and add 100 µl to each well. Incubate at 37 °C in a
measured and the relative antibody titre is calculated using humid atmosphere for 1 h. Wash the plates thoroughly with
the usual statistical methods (for example, 5.3). washing buffer. Add 100 µl of peroxidase substrate to each
well. Allow to stand at room temperature, protected from
Reagents and equipment light, for 30 min. Read the plates at 405 nm in the same
— ELISA plates : 96 wells, columns 1-12, rows A-H. order as addition of substrate was made.

220 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.6. Assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)

Determination of antibody titre in guinea-pig serum by — Medium C. To 22.0 ml of medium A add 0.44 ml of foetal
Vero cell assay. The method used relies either on metabolic bovine serum and 0.44 ml of penicillin/streptomycin
inhibition (method 1) or on cytotoxicity (method 2) as the solution.
end point, and on either microscopic (cell morphology) or Vero cells are cultured in tissue culture flasks (for example
visual (colour) inspection of the cells. 75 cm2/250 ml) in an incubator at 36 ± 1 °C, 5 per cent CO2
The limit of detection is specific for each antitoxin and is and 90 per cent relative humidity. Vero cells are first grown
usually between 0.015 IU/ml (method 1) and 0.05 IU/ml in the primary culture medium. After 2-3 days of growth,
(method 2). the primary culture medium is replaced by the maintenance
The endpoint is taken as the highest serum dilution culture medium. When a confluent monolayer is obtained,
protecting cells from the diphtheria toxin effect. The the culture supernatant is discarded and the cell layer washed
antitoxin activity is calculated with respect to guinea-pig or gently with modified D-PBS. Add a mixture of 1 volume of
WHO reference standard, and expressed in International trypsin solution and 1 volume of EDTA solution to the flask.
Units per millilitre. Swirl the flask gently and incubate in the CO2 incubator for
about 3 min until the cells start to break from the monolayer.
Reagents and equipment
Vigorously tap the side of the flask to make the cells fall.
— Flat-bottomed tissue culture plates: 96 wells, columns Resuspend the cells in 5-6 ml of fresh medium C to obtain
1-12, rows A-H. a homogeneous suspension. Prepare a cell suspension in
— 75 cm2 tissue culture flasks. medium C containing approximately 1 × 105 cells/ml.
— Diphtheria toxin. Place 25 µl of medium B in each well except those of
— Diphtheria guinea-pig antiserum (for vaccines-human column 1. Place 25 µl of the diphtheria guinea-pig antiserum
use) (positive control serum), obtained by immunisation (for vaccines-human use) (positive control serum, working
of guinea-pigs with diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed) BRP. dilution in medium B of 0.40 IU/ml) in wells A1, A2 and A11.
Place 25 µl of guinea-pig serum samples in wells B-G of
— Vero cells (African Green Monkey kidney cells). Cell columns 1, 2 and 11. Place 25 µl of negative control serum
passages from P2 to P15 are suitable for use. in row H of columns 1, 2 and 11. Using a multichannel
Method 1. The diphtheria toxin causes a cytopathogenic micropipette, make twofold serial dilutions across the plate
effect on Vero cells leading to cellular lysis. Antibodies (from column 2 up to column 10 for rows A-G and up to
directed against diphtheria toxin may inhibit this column 8 for row H). Discard 25 µl from the wells in column
cytopathogenic effect. Consequently, the potency of a 10 in rows A-G, and from well H8.
diphtheria vaccine may be indirectly determined with the
Reconstitute the diphtheria toxin with saline solution to give
help of this cell culture system if different serum dilutions
a solution of 50 IU/ml. Prepare a 50-fold dilution of this
from immunised animals are cultured with a constant toxin
diphtheria toxin dilution in medium B to obtain a working
concentration. In the Vero cell assay, yellow colour indicates
solution of 1.0 IU/ml. Add 25 µl of this working solution
viable cells, red colour dead cells. When only part of the
to wells A12 and B12 (toxin control). Make twofold serial
cells are dead, the colour may be orange.
dilutions by tranferring 25 µl from one well to the next, from
Reagents and equipment well B12 down to H12. Change the tip between each dilution.
— Modified MEM. Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) Discard 25 µl from well H12. Add 25 µl of medium B to wells
with Earle’s Salts, without L-glutamine and sodium B12-H12. Then, place 25 µl of the working dilution of the
bicarbonate. diphtheria toxin (1.0 IU/ml) in each well of rows A-H, from
— Modified medium 199. Medium 199, with Hanks’ column 1-10, except in wells H9 and H10 (cells only, without
Solution and L-glutamine, without sodium bicarbonate. serum and without toxin).
— Foetal bovine serum. Cover the plates with lids or sealer and shake gently.
Incubate the plates for at least 2 h in a humid container
— Sodium bicarbonate 7.5 per cent solution. in a CO2 incubator at 37 °C. Add 200 µl of cell suspension
— Trypsin solution : trypsin 2.5 per cent solution. containing 1 x 105 cells/ml to all the wells. Cover the plates
— EDTA solution : EDTA 0.02 per cent (Versene 1:5000) with sealer. Incubate at 37 °C for 5 days. Check for microbial
solution. contamination by microscopic examination.
— Modified D-PBS. Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline Yellow wells are recorded as negative and red wells indicate
(D-PBS), without calcium, or magnesium. dead cells and are recorded as positive. A colour between
— L-glutamine 200mM solution. yellow and red indicates a mixture of viable and dead cells
and is recorded as positive/negative. The results based on
— Penicillin/streptomycin solution. the change in colour can be confirmed by reading viable and
— Primary culture medium. To 50 ml of modified MEM add dead cells under the microscope.
440 ml of water R, 5 ml of L-glutamine 200 mM solution,
The potency of the guinea-pig antiserum samples is obtained
and 10 ml of sodium bicarbonate 7.5 per cent solution. To
by comparing the last well of the standard preparation
25 ml of this medium add 1.25 ml of foetal bovine serum.
showing complete neutralisation of the toxin, with the
— Maintenance culture medium. Similar to the primary last well of the sample demonstrating the same effect.
culture medium except that 0.5 ml instead of 1.25 ml of For calculations of potency, it must be remembered
foetal bovine serum is added to 20 ml of the enriched that the endpoint may be between a negative well and a
MEM medium. positive/negative well.
— Medium A. To 50.0 ml of modified medium 199 add Method 2 : Thiazolyl blue MTT is reduced to a blue/black
440.0 ml of water R, 5.0 ml of L-glutamine 200 mM formazan product by the mitochondrial dehydrogenase of
solution and 10.0 ml of sodium bicarbonate 7.5 per cent viable cells, and thus serves as a quantitative measure of
solution. living cells present, indicating when the toxin has been
— Medium B. To 150.0 ml of medium A add 3.0 ml of foetal neutralised by the antitoxin. White or colourless wells
bovine serum and 0.3 ml of penicillin/streptomycin indicate absence of viable cells due to insufficient antitoxin
solution. to neutralise the toxin.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 221
2.7.7. Assay of pertussis vaccine EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Reagents and equipment control), A11-H11 (serum control) and A12-H12 (toxin
— MEM (Minimal Essential Media). control). Add 100 µl of diluted toxin to well A12 and make
— Newborn calf serum. twofold serial dilutions by transferring 50 µl from one well
to the next working down the plate (from well A12-H12).
— Antibiotic solution (containing 10 000 units of penicillin, Discard 50 µl from well H12. Add 50 µl of complete medium
10 mg of streptomycin and 25 µg of amphotericin B per to wells H9 and H10.
millilitre).
Cover the plates with a lid or sealer and leave for 1 h at room
— L-glutamine 200mM solution. temperature to allow toxin neutralisation to occur. 50 µl of
— Trypsin-EDTA. cell suspension containing approximately 4 × 105 cells/ml
— Thiazolyl blue MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- is added to each well. The plates are sealed and incubated
diphenyltetrazolium bromide]. at 37 °C for 6 days. Check for microbial contamination
— 1 M HEPES buffer pH 8.1. Dissolve 18.75 g of HEPES by microscopic examination. 10 µl of thyazolyl blue MTT
in 82.5 ml of water R and 30.0 ml of 2 M sodium solution is added to each well. The plates are incubated at
hydroxide R. 37 °C for a further 2-4 h. Then, the medium is removed and
100 µl of extraction buffer pH 4.7 is added to each well. The
— Glucose solution (10 per cent). plates are incubated at 37 °C and left overnight to aid the
— Complete culture medium. Mix 200 ml of MEM with extraction process. Once extraction and solubilisation is
10 ml of newborn calf serum, 3.0 ml of 1 M HEPES buffer complete, plates are visually examined or read at 570 nm.
pH 8.1, 2.0 ml of glucose solution (10 per cent), 2.0 ml Blue/black wells are recorded as negative (all the cells
of antibiotic solution and 2.0 ml of L-glutamine 200mM are alive, toxin neutralisation by antitoxin) and white or
solution. colourless wells indicate dead cells (no toxin neutralisation)
— Phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.4 (PBS). Dissolve 10.0 g and are recorded as positive.
of sodium chloride R, 0.75 g of potassium chloride R, The potency of the test antitoxin is obtained by comparing
1.44 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate R, and 0.125 g the last well of the reference antitoxin preparation showing
of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R in water R, and neutralisation of the toxin, with the last well of the antitoxin
dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. Adjust the pH preparation demonstrating the same effect. The neutralising
(2.2.3) if necessary. Autoclave at 120 °C for 15 min. antibody titre of the sample being examined can be
— Thiazolyl blue MTT solution. Dissolve 0.1 g of thiazolyl calculated by multiplication of the dilution factor with total
blue MTT in 20 ml of PBS. Sterilise by filtration (0.2 µm) number of International Units per millilitre of the reference
and store in dark bottle. preparation at the end point. The test is valid if all the cells
— pH adjuster solution. Mix 40 ml of acetic acid R with in the toxin control are dead and reference antitoxin gives a
1.25 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid and 8.75 ml of water R. neutralisation in at least the first 2 dilutions tested.
— Extraction buffer pH 4.7. Dissolve 10 g of sodium
laurilsulfate R in water R and add 50 ml of 01/2008:20707
dimethylformamide R, and dilute to 100 ml with water R.
Adjust the pH (2.2.3) with an appropriate volume of pH 2.7.7. ASSAY OF PERTUSSIS VACCINE
adjuster solution.
Vero cells are cultured in tissue culture flasks (for example The potency of pertussis vaccine is determined by comparing
75 cm2/250 ml) in an incubator at 36 ± 1 °C, 5 per cent the dose necessary to protect mice against the effects
CO2 and 90 per cent relative humidity. Vero cells are grown of a lethal dose of Bordetella pertussis, administered
in the complete culture medium. After 6-7 days of growth, intracerebrally, with the quantity of a reference preparation,
a confluent monolayer is obtained, the culture supernatant calibrated in International Units, needed to give the same
is discarded and the cell layer is washed 3 times with protection.
trypsin-EDTA : gently pipette out the medium, add 0.5-1 ml The International Unit is the activity contained in a stated
of trypsin-EDTA, swirl the flask and tip the trypsin out. Do amount of the International Standard which consists of
this twice, and the 3rd time, place the flask in the incubator a quantity of dried pertussis vaccine. The equivalence in
for 5 min until the cells start to break from the monolayer. International Units of the International Standard is stated
Vigorously tap the side of the flask to make the cells fall. by the World Health Organisation.
Resuspend the cells in 6-25 ml of fresh complete culture Selection and distribution of the test animals. Use in
medium to obtain a homogeneous suspension. Prepare a the test, healthy mice less than 5 weeks old of a suitable
cell suspension in complete culture medium containing strain from the same stock, the difference in mass between
approximately 4 × 105 cells/ml. the heaviest and the lightest being not greater than 5 g.
Place 50 µl of complete culture medium in each well except Distribute the mice in 6 groups of not fewer than 16 and
those of column 1. Place 100 µl of diphtheria guinea pig 4 groups of 10. The mice must all be of the same sex or the
antiserum (for vaccines-human use) (positive control serum, males and females should be distributed equally between
working dilution in complete culture medium of 0.12 IU/ml) the groups.
in well A1 and 50 µl in well A11. Place 100 µl of guinea pig Selection of the challenge strain and preparation of the
test serum samples, diluted if necessary, in wells B1-G1. challenge suspension. Select a suitable strain of B. pertussis
Add 50 µl of the same sample to wells B11-G11 in the capable of causing the death of mice within 14 days of
corresponding row. Place 100 µl of negative control serum intracerebral injection. If more than 20 per cent of the mice
in well H1 and 50 µl in well H11. Using a multi-channel die within 48 h of the injection the strain is not suitable.
micropipette, make twofold serial dilutions by transferring Make one subculture from the strain and suspend the
50 µl from one well to the next working across the plate (from harvested B. pertussis in a solution containing 10 g/l of
column 1-10 for rows A-G and from column 1-8 for row H). casein hydrolysate R and 6 g/l of sodium chloride R and
Diphtheria toxin of known activity and Lf content is diluted having a pH of 7.0 to 7.2 or in another suitable solution.
to a suitable working stock containing at least 4 minimum Determine the opacity of the suspension. Prepare a series of
cytopathic doses in complete culture medium. Add 50 µl dilutions in the same solution and allocate each dilution to
of the diluted toxin to each well except H9 and H10 (cell a group of ten mice. Inject intracerebrally into each mouse

222 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.8. Assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed)

a dose (0.02 ml or 0.03 ml) of the dilution allocated to its The International Unit is the activity contained in a stated
group. After 14 days, count the number of mice surviving in amount of the International Standard for tetanus toxoid
each group. From the results, calculate the expected opacity (adsorbed). The equivalence in International Units of
of a suspension containing 100 LD50 in each challenge dose. the International Standard is stated by the World Health
For the test of the vaccine to be examined make a fresh Organisation.
subculture from the same strain of B. pertussis and prepare Tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) BRP is calibrated in
a suspension of the harvested organisms with an opacity International Units with reference to the International
corresponding to about 100 LD50 in each challenge dose. Standard.
Prepare 3 dilutions of the challenge suspension. The method chosen for the assay of tetanus vaccine
Determination of potency. Prepare 3 serial dilutions of (adsorbed) depends on the intended purpose. Method A or
the vaccine to be examined and 3 similar dilutions of the B is used :
reference preparation such that in each the intermediate 1. during development of a vaccine, to assay batches
dilution may be expected to protect about 50 per cent of produced to validate the production ;
the mice from the lethal effects of the challenge dose of B.
2. wherever revalidation is needed following a significant
pertussis. Suggested doses are 1/8, 1/40 and 1/200 of
change in the manufacturing process.
the human dose of the vaccine to be examined and 0.5 IU,
0.1 IU and 0.02 IU of the reference preparation, each dose Method A or B may also be used for the routine assay of
being contained in a volume not exceeding 0.5 ml. Allocate batches of vaccine, but in the interests of animal welfare,
6 dilutions one to each of the groups of not fewer than method C is used wherever possible.
16 mice and inject intraperitoneally into each mouse one Method C may be used, except as specified under 1 and 2
dose of the dilution allocated to its group. After 14 to above, after verification of the suitability of the method for
17 days inject intracerebrally into each animal in the groups the product. For this purpose, a suitable number of batches
of not fewer than 16, one dose of the challenge suspension. (usually 3) are assayed by method C and method A or B.
Allocate the challenge suspension and the 3 dilutions made Where different vaccines (monovalent or combinations) are
from it one to each of the groups of 10 mice and inject prepared from tetanus toxoid of the same origin and with
intracerebrally one dose of each suspension into each comparable levels (expressed in Lf/ml) of the same tetanus
mouse in the group to which that suspension is allocated. toxoid, suitability demonstrated for the combination with the
Exclude from consideration any mice that die within 48 h of highest number of components can be assumed to be valid
challenge. Count the number of mice surviving in each of the for combinations with fewer components and for monovalent
groups after 14 days. Calculate the potency of the vaccine vaccines. Any combinations containing a whole-cell pertussis
to be examined relative to the potency of the reference component or containing haemophilus type b conjugate
preparation on the basis of the numbers of animals surviving vaccine with tetanus toxoid in the same vial must always be
in each of the groups of not fewer than 16. assessed separately.
The test is not valid unless : For combinations containing diphtheria and tetanus
— for both the vaccine to be examined and the reference components, the serological assay (method C) can be
preparation, the 50 per cent protective dose lies between performed with the same group of animals used for the
the largest and the smallest doses given to the mice ; serological assay of the diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)
(2.7.6) when the common immunisation conditions for
— the number of animals which die in the four groups of ten the tetanus and the diphtheria components (for example,
injected with the challenge suspension and its dilutions doses, duration) have been demonstrated to be valid for the
indicates that the challenge dose is approximately combined vaccine.
100 LD50 ;
The design of the assays described below uses multiple
— and the statistical analysis shows no deviation from dilutions for the test and reference preparations. Based on
linearity or parallelism. the potency data obtained in multiple-dilution assays, it
The test may be repeated but when more than one test is may be possible to reduce the number of animals needed
performed the results of all valid tests must be combined. to obtain a statistically significant result by applying a
simplified model such as a single dilution for both test and
reference preparations. Such a model enables the analyst
to determine whether the potency of the test preparation
01/2008:20708 is significantly higher than the minimum required, but
corrected 6.0 does not give information on the dose-response curves
and their linearity, parallelism and significant slope. The
simplified model allows for a considerable reduction in the
2.7.8. ASSAY OF TETANUS VACCINE number of animals required and must be considered by each
(ADSORBED) analyst in accordance with the provisions of the European
Convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for
The potency of tetanus vaccine is determined by experimental and other scientific purposes.
administration of the vaccine to animals (guinea-pigs or mice)
followed either by challenge with tetanus toxin (method A Where a single-dilution assay is used, production and test
or B) or by determination of the titre of antibodies against consistency over time are monitored via suitable indicators
tetanus toxoid in the serum of the guinea-pigs (method C). and by carrying out a full multiple-dilution assay periodically,
In both cases, the potency of the vaccine is calculated for example every 2 years. For serological assays, suitable
by comparison with a reference vaccine, calibrated in indicators to monitor test consistency are :
International Units. For methods A and B, in countries where — the mean and standard deviation of relative antitoxin
the paralysis method is not obligatory, the LD50 method titres or scores of the serum samples obtained after
may be used. For the LD50 method, the number of animals administration of a fixed dose of the vaccine reference
and the procedure are identical to those described for the preparation ;
paralysis method, but the end-point is the death of the — the antitoxin titres or scores of run controls (positive and
animal rather than paralysis. negative serum samples) ;

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 223
2.7.8. Assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

— the ratio of antitoxin titres or scores for the positive of challenged animals without paralysis in each group of
serum control to the serum samples corresponding to vaccinated guinea-pigs, using the usual statistical methods
the reference vaccine. (for example, 5.3).
REQUIREMENTS FOR A VALID ASSAY
The test is not valid unless :
METHOD A. CHALLENGE TEST IN GUINEA-PIGS
— for both the vaccine to be examined and the reference
SELECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE TEST preparation, the 50 per cent protective dose lies between
ANIMALS the largest and smallest doses of the preparations given
Use in the test healthy guinea-pigs from the same stock, each to the guinea-pigs ;
weighing 250-350 g. Use guinea-pigs of the same sex or with
— where applicable, the number of paralysed animals in
males and females equally distributed between the groups.
the 3 groups of 5 injected with the dilutions of the
Distribute the guinea-pigs in not fewer than 6 equal groups ;
challenge toxin solution indicates that the challenge was
use groups containing a number of animals sufficient to
approximately 50 times the 50 per cent paralytic dose ;
obtain results that fulfil the requirements for a valid assay
prescribed below. If the activity of the challenge toxin has to — the confidence limits (P = 0.95) are not less than 50 per
be determined, include 3 further groups of 5 guinea-pigs as cent and not more than 200 per cent of the estimated
unvaccinated controls. potency ;
SELECTION OF THE CHALLENGE TOXIN — the statistical analysis shows a significant slope and
Select a preparation of tetanus toxin containing not less no deviation from linearity and parallelism of the
than 50 times the 50 per cent paralytic dose per millilitre. If dose-response curves (chapter 5.3 describes possible
the challenge toxin preparation has been shown to be stable, alternatives if significant deviations are observed).
it is not necessary to verify the paralytic dose for every assay. The test may be repeated but when more than 1 test is
performed the results of all valid tests must be combined in
PREPARATION OF THE CHALLENGE TOXIN SOLUTION the estimate of potency.
Immediately before use, dilute the challenge toxin with
a suitable diluent (for example, peptone buffered saline METHOD B. CHALLENGE TEST IN MICE
solution pH 7.4) to obtain a stable challenge toxin solution SELECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE TEST
containing approximately 50 times the 50 per cent paralytic ANIMALS
dose per millilitre. If necessary, use portions of the challengeUse in the test healthy mice from the same stock, about
toxin solution diluted 1 to 16, 1 to 50 and 1 to 160 with the 5 weeks old and from a strain shown to be suitable. Use mice
same diluent to determine the activity of the toxin. of the same sex or with males and females equally distributed
DILUTION OF THE TEST AND REFERENCE between the groups. Distribute the mice in not fewer than
PREPARATIONS 6 equal groups ; use groups containing a number of animals
Using a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R, prepare sufficient to obtain results that fulfil the requirements for
dilutions of the vaccine to be examined and of the reference a valid assay prescribed below. If the challenge toxin to
preparation, such that for each, the dilutions form a series be used has not been shown to be stable or has not been
differing by not more than 2.5-fold steps and in which the adequately standardised, include 3 further groups of not
intermediate dilutions, when injected subcutaneously at fewer than 5 mice to serve as unvaccinated controls.
a dose of 1.0 ml per guinea-pig, protect approximately SELECTION OF THE CHALLENGE TOXIN
50 per cent of the animals from the paralytic effects of the Select a preparation of tetanus toxin containing not less
subcutaneous injection of the quantity of tetanus toxin than 100 times the 50 per cent paralytic dose per millilitre. If
prescribed for this test. the challenge toxin preparation has been shown to be stable,
IMMUNISATION AND CHALLENGE it is not necessary to verify the paralytic dose for every assay.
Allocate the dilutions, 1 to each of the groups of guinea-pigs, PREPARATION OF THE CHALLENGE TOXIN SOLUTION
and inject subcutaneously 1.0 ml of each dilution into each Immediately before use, dilute the challenge toxin with
guinea-pig in the group to which that dilution is allocated. a suitable diluent (for example, peptone buffered saline
After 28 days, inject subcutaneously into each animal 1.0 ml solution pH 7.4) to obtain a stable challenge toxin solution
of the challenge toxin solution (containing 50 times the containing approximately 50 times the 50 per cent paralytic
50 per cent paralytic dose). dose in 0.5 ml. If necessary, use portions of the challenge
DETERMINATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE toxin solution diluted 1 to 16, 1 to 50 and 1 to 160 with the
CHALLENGE TOXIN same diluent to determine the activity of the toxin.
If necessary, allocate the 3 dilutions made from the challenge DILUTION OF THE TEST AND REFERENCE
toxin solution, 1 to each of the 3 groups of 5 guinea-pigs, PREPARATIONS
and inject subcutaneously 1.0 ml of each solution into Using a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R, prepare
each guinea-pig in the group to which that solution is dilutions of the vaccine to be examined and of the reference
allocated. The activity and stability of the challenge toxin preparation, such that for each, the dilutions form a series
are determined by carrying out a suitable number of differing by not more than 2.5-fold steps and in which the
determinations of the 50 per cent paralytic dose. It is then intermediate dilutions, when injected subcutaneously at a
not necessary to repeat the determination for each assay. dose of 0.5 ml per mouse, protect approximately 50 per cent
READING AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS of the animals from the paralytic effects of the subcutaneous
injection of the quantity of tetanus toxin prescribed for this
Examine the guinea-pigs twice daily. Remove and euthanise
test.
all animals showing definite signs of tetanus paralysis.
Count the number of guinea-pigs without paralysis 5 days IMMUNISATION AND CHALLENGE
after injection of the challenge toxin. Calculate the potency Allocate the dilutions, 1 to each of the groups of mice, and
of the vaccine to be examined relative to the potency of inject subcutaneously 0.5 ml of each dilution into each
the reference preparation on the basis of the proportion mouse in the group to which that dilution is allocated. After

224 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.8. Assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed)

28 days, inject subcutaneously into each animal 0.5 ml of DILUTION OF THE TEST AND REFERENCE
the challenge toxin solution (containing 50 times the 50 per PREPARATIONS
cent paralytic dose). Using a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R as diluent,
DETERMINATION OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE prepare serial dilutions of the vaccine to be examined and
CHALLENGE TOXIN the reference preparation ; series differing by 2.5- to 5-fold
steps have been found to be suitable. Use not fewer than
If necessary, allocate the 3 dilutions made from the challenge
3 dilutions within the range of, for example, 0.5-16 IU/ml for
toxin solution, 1 to each of the 3 groups of not fewer than
each series. Use the dilutions for immunisation preferably
5 mice, and inject subcutaneously 0.5 ml of each solution
within 1 h of preparation. Allocate 1 dilution to each group
into each mouse in the group to which that solution is
of guinea-pigs.
allocated.
IMMUNISATION
READING AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
Inject subcutaneously to each guinea-pig 1.0 ml of the
Examine the mice twice daily. Remove and euthanise all dilution allocated to its group.
animals showing definite signs of tetanus paralysis. Count
the number of mice without paralysis 4 days after injection BLOOD SAMPLING
of the challenge toxin. Calculate the potency of the vaccine 35-42 days after immunisation, take a blood sample from
to be examined relative to the potency of the reference each vaccinated and control guinea-pig using a suitable
preparation on the basis of the proportion of challenged method.
animals without paralysis in each group of vaccinated mice, PREPARATION OF SERUM SAMPLES
using the usual statistical methods (for example, 5.3). Avoid frequent freezing and thawing of serum samples. To
REQUIREMENTS FOR A VALID ASSAY avoid microbial contamination, it is preferable to carry out
The test is not valid unless : manipulations in a laminar-flow cabinet.
DETERMINATION OF ANTIBODY TITRE
— for both the vaccine to be examined and the reference Determine the relative antibody titre or score of each serum
preparation, the 50 per cent protective dose lies between sample by a suitable immunochemical method (2.7.1). The
the largest and smallest doses of the preparations given methods shown below (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
to the mice ; (ELISA) and toxin-binding inhibition (ToBI)) have been
— where applicable, the number of paralysed animals in the found to be suitable.
3 groups of not fewer than 5 injected with the dilutions of CALCULATION OF POTENCY
the challenge toxin solution, indicates that the challenge Calculate the potency of the vaccine to be examined in
dose was approximately 50 times the 50 per cent paralytic International Units relative to the reference preparation,
dose ; using the usual statistical methods (for example, 5.3).
— the confidence limits (P = 0.95) are not less than 50 per REQUIREMENTS FOR A VALID ASSAY
cent and not more than 200 per cent of the estimated The test is not valid unless :
potency ; — the confidence limits (P = 0.95) are not less than 50 per
cent and not more than 200 per cent of the estimated
— the statistical analysis shows a significant slope and potency ;
no deviation from linearity and parallelism of the
dose-response curves (chapter 5.3 describes possible — the statistical analysis shows a significant slope and
alternatives if significant deviations are observed). no deviation from linearity and parallelism of the
The test may be repeated but when more than 1 test is dose-response curves (chapter 5.3 describes possible
performed the results of all valid tests must be combined in alternatives if significant deviations are observed).
the estimate of potency. The test may be repeated but when more than 1 test is
performed the results of all valid tests must be combined in
the estimate of potency.
METHOD C. DETERMINATION OF ANTIBODIES IN
The following section is published for information.
GUINEA-PIGS
SELECTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE TEST
ANIMALS Assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) :
Use in the test healthy guinea-pigs from the same stock, each guidelines
weighing 250-350 g. Use guinea-pigs of the same sex or with
males and females equally distributed between the groups. METHOD A. CHALLENGE TEST IN GUINEA-PIGS
Distribute the guinea-pigs in not fewer than 6 equal groups ; READING AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
use groups containing a number of animals sufficient to In order to minimise suffering in the test animals, it is
obtain results that fulfil the requirements for a valid assay recommended to note the degree of paralysis on a scale
prescribed below. Use a further group of non-vaccinated such as that shown below. The scale gives typical signs
guinea-pigs of the same origin to provide a negative serum when subcutaneous injection of the challenge toxin is made
control. If test consistency has been demonstrated, a mid-ventrally, directly behind the sternum with the needle
reference negative serum control may be used. pointing towards the neck of the guinea-pig. Grade T3 is
REFERENCE PREPARATION taken as the end-point, but with experience grade T2 can
be used instead. Tetanus toxin produces in at least 1 of the
Use a suitable reference preparation such as tetanus vaccine forelimbs paralysis that can be recognised at an early stage.
(adsorbed) BRP or a batch of vaccine shown to be effective in The tetanus grades in guinea-pigs are characterised by the
clinical studies, or a batch representative thereof, and which following signs :
has been calibrated in International Units with reference
to tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) BRP or the International — T1 : slight stiffness of 1 forelimb, but difficult to observe ;
Standard for tetanus toxoid (adsorbed). — T2 : paresis of 1 forelimb which still can function ;

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 225
2.7.8. Assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

— T3 : paralysis of 1 forelimb. The animal moves reluctantly, — Carbonate coating buffer pH 9.6. Dissolve 1.59 g of
the body is often slightly banana-shaped owing to anhydrous sodium carbonate R and 2.93 g of sodium
scoliosis ; hydrogen carbonate R in 1000 ml of water R. Distribute
— T4 : the forelimb is completely stiff and the toes are into 150 ml bottles and sterilise by autoclaving at 121 °C
immovable. The muscular contraction of the forelimb is for 15 min.
very pronounced and usually scoliosis is observed ; — Phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.4 (PBS). Dissolve with
— T5 : tetanus seizures, continuous tonic spasm of muscles ; stirring 80.0 g of sodium chloride R, 2.0 g of potassium
dihydrogen phosphate R, 14.3 g of disodium hydrogen
— D : death. phosphate dihydrate R and 2.0 g of potassium chloride R
in 1000 ml of water R. Store at room temperature to
METHOD B. CHALLENGE TEST IN MICE prevent crystallisation. Dilute to 10 times its volume with
READING AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS water R before use.
In order to minimise suffering in the test animals, it is — Citric acid solution. Dissolve 10.51 g of citric acid R in
recommended to note the degree of paralysis on a scale 1000 ml of water R and adjust the solution to pH 4.0 with
such as that shown below. The scale gives typical signs a 400 g/l solution of sodium hydroxide R.
when injection of the challenge toxin is made in the dorsal — Washing buffer. PBS containing 0.5 g/l of
region, close to one of the hind legs. Grade T3 is taken as polysorbate 20 R.
the end-point, but with experience grade T2 can be used
instead. Tetanus toxin produces in the toxin-injected hind — Diluent block buffer. PBS containing 0.5 g/l of
leg paresis followed by paralysis that can be recognised at an polysorbate 20 R and 25 g/l of dried skimmed milk.
early stage. The tetanus grades in mice are characterised — Peroxidase substrate. Shortly before use, dissolve 10 mg
by the following signs : of diammonium 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-
— T1 : slight stiffness of toxin-injected hind leg, only 6-sulphonate) R (ABTS) in 20 ml of citric acid solution.
observed when the mouse is lifted by the tail ; Immediately before use add 5 µl of strong hydrogen
peroxide solution R.
— T2 : paresis of the toxin-injected hind leg, which still can Method
function for walking ;
The description below is given as an example of a suitable
— T3 : paralysis of the toxin-injected hind leg, which does plate layout but others may be used. Wells 1A-H are for
not function for walking ; negative control serum and wells 2A-H and 12A-H are for
— T4 : the toxin-injected hind leg is completely stiff with positive control serum for assay monitoring. Wells 3-11A-H
immovable toes ; are for test samples.
— T5 : tetanus seizures, continuous tonic spasm of muscles ; Coat each well of the ELISA plates with 100 µl of tetanus
— D : death. toxoid solution (0.5 Lf/ml in carbonate coating buffer
pH 9.6). Allow to stand overnight at 4 °C in a humid
METHOD C. DETERMINATION OF ANTIBODIES IN atmosphere. To avoid temperature gradient effects, do not
GUINEA-PIGS stack more than 4 plates high. On the following day, wash
the plates thoroughly with washing buffer. Block the plates
PREPARATION OF SERUM SAMPLES by addition of 100 µl of diluent block buffer to each well.
For the preparation of serum samples, the following Incubate in a humid atmosphere at 37 °C for 1 h. Wash
technique has been found to be suitable. Invert the tubes the plates thoroughly with washing buffer. Place 100 µl of
containing blood samples 6 times and allow to stand at 37 °C diluent block buffer in each well of the plates, except those
for 2 h, then at 4 °C for 2 h. Centrifuge at room temperature of row A. Prepare suitable dilutions of negative control
at 800 g for 20 min. Transfer the serum to sterile tubes and serum, positive control serum (from about 0.01 IU/ml) and
store at a temperature below − 20 °C. At least a 40 per cent test sera. Allocate the negative control serum to column 1,
yield of serum is obtained by this procedure. positive control serum to columns 2 and 12 and test sera
DETERMINATION OF ANTIBODY TITRE to columns 3-11 and add 100 µl of each serum to the first
The ELISA and ToBI tests shown below are given as 2 wells of the column to which it is allocated. Using a
examples of immunochemical methods that have been found multichannel micropipette, make twofold serial dilutions
to be suitable for the determination of antibody titre. from row B down the plate to row H, by transferring 100 µl
from one well to the next. Discard 100 µl from the last row
Determination of antibody titre in guinea-pig serum by so that all wells contain 100 µl. Incubate at 37 °C for 2 h.
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Dilutions of Wash thoroughly with washing buffer. Prepare a suitable
test and reference sera are made on ELISA plates coated with dilution (a 2000-fold dilution has been found to be suitable)
tetanus toxoid. A positive guinea-pig serum control and a of peroxidase conjugate in diluent block buffer and add
negative guinea-pig serum control are included on each plate 100 µl to each well. Incubate at 37 °C in a humid atmosphere
to monitor the assay performance. Peroxidase-conjugated for 1 h. Wash the plates thoroughly with washing buffer.
rabbit or goat antibody directed against guinea-pig-IgG is Add 100 µl of peroxidase substrate to each well. Allow to
added, followed by a peroxidase substrate. Optical density is stand at room temperature, protected from light, for 30 min.
measured and the relative antibody titre is calculated using Read the plates at 405 nm in the same order as addition of
the usual statistical methods (for example, 5.3). substrate was made.
Reagents and equipment Determination of antibody titre in guinea-pig serum by
— ELISA plates : 96 wells, columns 1-12, rows A-H. toxin- or toxoid-binding inhibition (ToBI). Tetanus toxin
— Clostridium tetani guinea-pig antiserum (for or toxoid is added to serial dilutions of test and reference
vaccines-human use) BRP (positive control serum). sera ; the serum/antigen mixtures are incubated overnight.
To determine unbound toxin or toxoid, the mixtures are
— Peroxidase conjugate. Peroxidase-conjugated rabbit or transferred to an ELISA plate coated with tetanus antitoxin.
goat antibody directed against guinea-pig IgG. Peroxidase-conjugated equine anti-tetanus IgG is added
— Tetanus toxoid. followed by a peroxidase substrate. Optical density is

226 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.9. Test for Fc function of immunoglobulin

measured and the antibody titre is calculated using the usual with washing solution. Transfer 100 µl of the pre-incubation
statistical methods (for example, 5.3). A positive control mixture from the polystyrene plates to the corresponding
serum and a negative control serum are included on each wells of the ELISA plates, starting with column 12 and
plate to monitor assay performance. then continuing from 1 to 11. Cover the plates with a lid.
Reagents and equipment Incubate at 37 °C in a humid atmosphere for 2 h. Wash the
— Round-bottomed, rigid polystyrene microtitre plates. ELISA plates thoroughly with washing solution. Make a
suitable dilution (a 4000-fold dilution has been found to be
— Flat-bottomed ELISA plates. suitable) of the peroxidase-conjugated equine anti-tetanus
— Tetanus toxin or tetanus toxoid. IgG in diluent buffer. Add 100 µl of the dilution to each well
— Clostridium tetani guinea-pig antiserum (for and cover the plates with a lid. Incubate at 37 °C in a humid
vaccines-human use) BRP (positive control serum). atmosphere for 1.5 h. Wash the ELISA plates thoroughly
— Equine anti-tetanus IgG. with washing solution. Add 100 µl of peroxidase substrate
— Peroxidase-conjugated equine anti-tetanus IgG. to each well. A blue colour develops. Incubate the plates at
room temperature. Stop the reaction at a given time (within
— Carbonate buffer pH 9.6. Dissolve 1.5 g of anhydrous 10 min) by the addition of 100 µl of 2 M sulphuric acid to
sodium carbonate R, 2.39 g of sodium hydrogen each well in the same order as the addition of substrate. The
carbonate R and 0.2 g of sodium azide R in 1000 ml of colour changes from blue to yellow. Measure the absorbance
water R, adjust to pH 9.6 and autoclave at 121 °C for at 450 nm immediately after addition of the sulphuric acid
20 min. or maintain the plates in the dark until reading.
— Sodium acetate buffer pH 5.5. Dissolve 90.2 g of
anhydrous sodium acetate R in 900 ml of water R,
adjust to pH 5.5 using a saturated solution of citric acid 01/2008:20709
monohydrate R and dilute to 1000 ml with water R.
— Phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.2 (PBS). Dissolve 135.0 g 2.7.9. TEST FOR Fc FUNCTION OF
of sodium chloride R, 20.55 g of disodium hydrogen IMMUNOGLOBULIN
phosphate dihydrate R and 4.80 g of sodium dihydrogen
phosphate monohydrate R in water R and dilute to Stabilised human blood. Collect group O human red blood
15 litres with the same solvent. Autoclave at 100 °C for into ACD anticoagulant solution. Store the stabilised blood
60 min. at 4 °C for not more than 3 weeks.
— Diluent buffer. PBS containing 5 g/l of bovine albumin R Phosphate buffered saline pH 7.2. Dissolve 1.022 g of
and 0.5 g/l of polysorbate 80 R. anhydrous disodium hydrogen phosphate R, 0.336 g of
anhydrous sodium dihydrogen phosphate R and 8.766 g
— Block buffer. PBS containing 5 g/l of bovine albumin R. of sodium chloride R in 800 ml of water R and dilute to
— Tetramethylbenzidine solution. 6 g/l solution of 1000 ml with the same solvent.
tetramethylbenzidine R in ethanol (96 per cent) R. Magnesium and calcium stock solution. Dissolve 1.103 g of
The substance dissolves within 30-40 min at room calcium chloride R and 5.083 g of magnesium chloride R
temperature. in water R and dilute to 25 ml with the same solvent.
— Peroxidase substrate. Mix 90 ml of water R, Barbital buffer stock solution. Dissolve 207.5 g of sodium
10 ml of sodium acetate buffer pH 5.5, 1.67 ml of chloride R and 25.48 g of barbital sodium R in 4000 ml of
tetramethylbenzidine solution and 20 µl of strong water R and adjust to pH 7.3 using 1 M hydrochloric acid.
hydrogen peroxide solution R. Add 12.5 ml of magnesium and calcium stock solution and
— Washing solution. Tap water containing 0.5 g/l of dilute to 5000 ml with water R. Filter through a membrane
polysorbate 80 R. filter (pore size 0.22 µm). Store at 4 °C in glass containers.
Method Albumin barbital buffer solution. Dissolve 0.150 g of bovine
Block the microtitre plates by placing in each well 150 µl of albumin R in 20 ml of barbital buffer stock solution and
block buffer. Cover the plates with a lid or sealer. Incubate dilute to 100 ml with water R.
in a humid atmosphere at 37 °C for 1 h. Wash the plates Tannic acid solution. Dissolve 10 mg of tannic acid R
thoroughly with washing solution. Place 100 µl of PBS in 100 ml of phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.2. Prepare
in each well. Place 100 µl of reference guinea-pig tetanus immediately before use.
antitoxin in the first well of a row. Place 100 µl of undiluted Guinea-pig complement. Prepare a pool of serum from the
test sera in the first well of the required number of rows. blood of not fewer than 10 guinea-pigs. Separate the serum
Using a multichannel micropipette, make twofold serial from the clotted blood by centrifugation at about 4 °C. Store
dilutions across the plate (up to column 10), by transferring the serum in small amounts below − 70 °C. Immediately
100 µl from one well to the next. Discard 100 µl from the last before starting complement-initiated haemolysis, dilute to
column so that all wells contain 100 µl. Prepare a 0.1 Lf/ml 125-200 CH50 per millilitre with albumin barbital buffer
solution of tetanus toxin or toxoid using PBS as diluent. Add solution and store in an ice-bath during the test.
40 µl of this solution to each well except those of column 12.
The wells of column 11 are a positive control. Add 40 µl of Rubella antigen. Suitable rubella antigen for
PBS to the wells of column 12 (negative control). Shake haemagglutination-inhibition titre (HIT). Titre > 256 HA units.
the plates gently and cover them with lids. Coat the ELISA Preparation of tanned human red blood cells. Separate
plates : immediately before use make a suitable dilution of human red blood cells by centrifuging an appropriate volume
equine anti-tetanus IgG in carbonate buffer pH 9.6 and add of stabilised human blood and wash the cells at least 3 times
100 µl to each well. Incubate the 2 series of plates overnight with phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.2 and suspend at 2 per
in a humid atmosphere at 37 °C. To avoid temperature cent V/V in phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.2. Dilute 0.1 ml
gradient effects, do not stack more than 4 plates high. Cover of tannic acid solution to 7.5 ml with phosphate-buffered
the plates with lids. On the following day, wash the ELISA saline pH 7.2 (final concentration 1.3 mg/l). Mix 1 volume
plates thoroughly with washing solution. Block the plates by of the freshly prepared dilution with 1 volume of human
placing in each well 125 µl of block buffer. Incubate at 37 °C red blood cell suspension and incubate at 37 °C for 10 min.
in a humid atmosphere for 1 h. Wash the plates thoroughly Collect the cells by centrifugation (400-800 g for 10 min),

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 227
2.7.10. Assay of human coagulation factor VII EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

discard the supernatant and wash the cells once with start of measurement (As) by extrapolating the curve, which
phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.2. Resuspend the tanned is almost linear and parallel to the time axis within the first
cells at 1 per cent V/V in phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.2. few minutes. Correct (Sexp) using the expression :
Antigen coating of tanned human red blood cells. Take a
suitable volume (Vs) of tanned cells, add 0.2 ml of rubella
antigen per 1.0 ml of tanned cells and incubate at 37 °C for
30 min. Collect the cells by centrifugation (400-800 g for Calculate the arithmetic mean of the values of S′ for each
10 min) and discard the supernatant, leaving a volume of preparation. Calculate the index of Fc function (IFc) from
200 µl. Add a volume of albumin barbital buffer solution the expression :
equivalent to the discarded supernatant, resuspend and
collect the cells as described and repeat the washing
procedure. Make up the remaining 200 µl to three-quarters
of Vs, thereby obtaining the initial volume (Vi). Mix 900 µl of
albumin barbital buffer solution with 100 µl of Vi, which is = arithmetic mean of the corrected slope for the
thereby reduced to the residual volume (Vr), and determine preparation to be examined,
the initial absorbance at 541 nm (A). Dilute Vr by a factor = arithmetic mean of the corrected slope for the
equal to A using albumin barbital buffer solution, thereby reference preparation,
obtaining the final adjusted volume Vf = Vr × A of sensitised
human red blood cells and adjusting A to 1.0 ± 0.1 for a = arithmetic mean of the corrected slope for the
tenfold dilution. complement control.
Calculate the index of Fc function for the preparation to be
Antibody binding of antigen-coated tanned human red
examined : the value is not less than that stated in the leaflet
blood cells. Prepare the following solutions in succession
accompanying the reference preparation.
and in duplicate, using for each solution a separate half-micro
cuvette (for example, disposable type) or test-tube :
01/2008:20710
(1) Test solutions. If necessary, adjust the immunoglobulin
to be examined to pH 7, for example by addition of 1 M 2.7.10. ASSAY OF HUMAN
sodium hydroxide. Dilute volumes of the preparation to be
examined containing 30 mg and 40 mg of immunoglobulin COAGULATION FACTOR VII
with albumin barbital buffer solution and adjust the volume
Human coagulation factor VII is assayed by its biological
to 900 µl.
activity as a factor VIIa-tissue factor complex in the activation
of factor X in the presence of calcium ions and phospholipids.
(2) Reference solutions. Prepare as for the test solutions The potency of a factor VII preparation is estimated by
using human immunoglobulin BRP. comparing the quantity necessary to achieve a certain rate
of factor Xa formation in a test mixture containing the
(3) Complement control. 900 µl of albumin barbital buffer substances that take part in the activation of factor X, and
solution. the quantity of the International Standard, or of a reference
preparation calibrated in International Units, required to
Add to each cuvette/test-tube 100 µl of sensitised human produce the same rate of factor Xa formation.
red blood cells and mix well.
The International Unit is the factor VII activity of a stated
amount of the International Standard, which consists of
Incubate at room temperature for 15 min, add 1000 µl freeze-dried plasma. The equivalence in International Units
of albumin barbital buffer solution, collect the cells by of the International Standard is stated by the World Health
centrifugation (1000 g for 10 min) of the cuvette/test-tube Organisation.
and remove 1900 µl of the supernatant. Replace the 1900 µl
with albumin barbital buffer solution and repeat the whole Human coagulation factor VII concentrate BRP is
of the washing procedure, finally leaving a volume of 200 µl. calibrated in International Units by comparison with the
Test samples may be stored in sealed cuvette/test-tubes at International Standard.
4 °C for 24 h. The chromogenic assay method consists of 2 consecutive
steps : the factor VII-dependent activation of factor X
Complement-initiated haemolysis. To measure haemolysis, reagent mixture containing tissue factor, phospholipids
add 600 µl of albumin barbital buffer solution warmed and calcium ions, followed by enzymatic cleavage of a
to 37 °C to the test sample, resuspend the cells carefully chromogenic factor Xa substrate into a chromophore that
by repeated pipetting (not fewer than 5 times) and place can be quantified spectrophotometrically. Under appropriate
the cuvette in the thermostatted cuvette holder of a assay conditions, there is a linear relation between the rate
spectrophotometer. After 2 min, add 200 µl of diluted of factor Xa formation and the factor VII concentration. The
guinea-pig complement (125-200 CH50/ml), mix thoroughly assay is summarised in the following scheme.
by pipetting twice and start immediately after the second
pipetting the time-dependent recording of absorbance
at 541 nm, using albumin barbital buffer solution as the
compensation liquid. Stop the measurement if absorbance
as a function of time has clearly passed the inflexion point.
Evaluation. Determine the slope (S) of the haemolysis
curve at the approximate inflexion point by segmenting the
steepest section in suitable time intervals ∆t (for example,
∆t = 1 min) and calculate S between adjacent intersection
points, expressed as ∆A per minute. The largest value for S
serves as (Sexp). In addition, determine the absorbance at the

228 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.11. Assay of human coagulation factor IX

Both steps employ reagents that may be obtained activation time is also chosen to achieve linear production of
commercially from a variety of sources. Although the factor Xa in time. Appropriate activation times are usually
composition of individual reagents may be subject to some between 2 min and 5 min, but deviations are permissible if
variation, their essential features are described in the acceptable linearity of the dose-response relationship is thus
following specification. obtained.
REAGENTS Step 2. Terminate the activation by the addition of a
prewarmed reagent containing a chromogenic substrate.
The coagulation factor reagent comprises purified proteins Quantify the rate of substrate cleavage, which must be linear
derived from human or bovine sources. These include with the concentration of factor Xa formed, by measuring
factor X and thromboplastin tissue factor/phospholipid as the absorbance change at an appropriate wavelength using
factor VII activator. These proteins are partly purified and a spectrophotometer, either monitoring the absorbance
do not contain impurities that interfere with the activation continuously, thus allowing the initial rate of substrate
of factor VII or factor X. Factor X is present in amounts cleavage to be calculated, or terminating the hydrolysis
giving a final concentration during the first step of the reaction after a suitable interval by lowering the pH by
assay of 10-350 nmol/litre, preferably 14-70 nmol/litre. the addition of a suitable reagent, such as acetic acid
Thromboplastin from natural sources (bovine or rabbit (500 g/l C2H4O2) or a citrate solution (1 mol/l) at pH 3.
brain) or synthetic preparations may be used as the tissue Adjust the hydrolysis time to achieve a linear development
factor/phospholipid component. Thromboplastin suitable of chromophore with time. Appropriate hydrolysis times
for use in prothrombin time determination is diluted 1:5 are usually between 3 min and 15 min, but deviations
2+
to 1:50 in buffer such that the final concentration of Ca are permissible if better linearity of the dose-response
is 15-25 mmol/litre. The final factor Xa generation is relationship is thus obtained.
performed in a solution containing human or bovine albumin
at a concentration such that adsorption losses do not occur Check the validity of the assay and calculate the potency
and which is appropriately buffered at pH 7.3-8.0. In the final of the test preparation by the usual statistical methods (for
incubation mixture, factor VII must be the only rate-limiting example, 5.3).
component and each reagent component must lack the
ability to generate factor Xa on its own. 01/2008:20711
The second step comprises the quantification of the formed
factor Xa employing a chromogenic substrate that is specific 2.7.11. ASSAY OF HUMAN
for factor Xa. Generally this consists of a short peptide of
between three and five amino acids, bound to a chromophore COAGULATION FACTOR IX
group. On cleavage of this group from the peptide substrate, The principle of the assay is to measure the ability of a
its absorption maximum shifts to a wavelength allowing its factor IX preparation to reduce the prolonged coagulation
spectrophotometric quantification. The substrate is usually time of factor IX-deficient plasma. The reaction is accelerated
dissolved in water R and used at a final concentration of by addition of a reagent containing phospholipid and a
0.2-2 mmol/litre. The substrate may also contain appropriate contact activator, e.g. kaolin, silica or ellagic acid. The
inhibitors to stop further factor Xa generation (addition of potency is assessed by comparing the dose-response curve
edetate). of the preparation to be examined to that of a reference
ASSAY PROCEDURE preparation, calibrated in International Units.
Reconstitute the entire contents of one ampoule of the The International Unit is the factor IX activity of a stated
reference preparation and the preparation to be examined by amount of the International Standard, which consists of
adding the appropriate quantity of water R ; use within 1 h. a freeze-dried concentrate of human coagulation factor IX.
Add sufficient prediluent to the reconstituted preparations The equivalence in International Units of the International
to produce solutions containing between 0.5 IU and 2.0 IU Standard is stated by the World Health Organisation.
of factor VII per millilitre. Human coagulation factor IX concentrate BRP is calibrated
Prepare further dilutions of reference and test preparations in International Units by comparison with the International
using an isotonic non-chelating buffer containing 1 per cent Standard.
of bovine or human albumin, buffered preferably between Reconstitute separately the preparation to be examined
pH 7.3 and 8.0. Prepare at least three separate, independent and the reference preparation as stated on the label
dilutions for each material, preferably in duplicate. Prepare and use immediately. Where applicable, determine the
the dilutions such that the final factor VII concentration is amount of heparin present (2.7.12) and neutralise the
below 0.005 IU/ml. heparin, for example by addition of protamine sulphate R
Prepare a control solution that includes all components (10 µg of protamine sulphate neutralises 1 IU of heparin).
except factor VII. Predilute the preparation to be examined and the reference
preparation in factor IX-deficient plasma (for example plasma
Prepare all dilutions in plastic tubes and use within 1 h. substrate R2) to produce solutions containing 0.5-2.0 IU/ml.
Step 1. Mix dilutions of the factor VII reference preparation Prepare at least 3 dilutions for each material, preferably
and the preparation to be examined with an appropriate in duplicate, using a suitable buffer solution (for example
volume of the prewarmed coagulation factor reagent or imidazole buffer solution pH 7.3 R) containing 10 g/l of
a combination of its separate constituents, and incubate bovine or human albumin. Use these dilutions immediately.
the mixture in plastic tubes or microplate wells at 37 °C. Use an apparatus suitable for measurement of coagulation
The concentrations of the various components during the times or carry out the assay with incubation tubes maintained
factor Xa generation must be as specified above under the in a water-bath at 37 °C. Place in each tube 0.1 ml of
description of the reagents. factor IX-deficient plasma (for example plasma substrate R2)
Allow the activation of factor X to proceed for a suitable and 0.1 ml of one of the dilutions of the reference preparation
time, usually terminating the reaction before the factor Xa or of the preparation to be examined. Add to each tube
concentration has reached its maximal level in order to 0.1 ml of a suitable Activated Partial Thromboplastin
obtain a satisfactory linear dose-response relationship. The Time (APTT) reagent containing phospholipid and contact

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 229
2.7.12. Assay of heparin in coagulation factors EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

activator and incubate the mixture for a recommended time thus allowing the initial rate of substrate cleavage to be
at 37 °C. To each tube, add 0.1 ml of a 3.7 g/l solution calculated. This rate must be linear with the concentration
of calcium chloride R previously heated to 37 °C. Using of residual factor Xa.
a timer, measure the coagulation time, i.e. the interval Check the validity of the assay and calculate the heparin
between the moment of the addition of the calcium chloride activity of the test preparation by the usual statistical
and the first indication of the formation of fibrin. The methods for a slope-ratio assay (for example, 5.3).
volumes given above may be adapted to the APTT reagent
and apparatus used. Calculate the potency using the usual
statistical methods (for example, 5.3). 01/2008:20713

2.7.13. ASSAY OF HUMAN ANTI-D

01/2008:20712 IMMUNOGLOBULIN
METHOD A
2.7.12. ASSAY OF HEPARIN IN The potency of human anti-D immunoglobulin is
COAGULATION FACTORS determined by comparing the quantity necessary to produce
agglutination of D-positive red blood cells with the quantity
Heparin is assayed as a complex with antithrombin III (AT) of a reference preparation, calibrated in International Units,
via its inhibition of coagulation factor Xa (anti-Xa activity). required to produce the same effect.
An excess of AT is maintained in the reaction mixture to The International Unit is the activity contained in a stated
ensure a constant concentration of the heparin-AT complex. amount of the International Reference Preparation. The
Factor Xa is neutralised by the heparin-AT complex and equivalence in International Units of the International
the residual factor Xa hydrolyses a specific chromogenic Reference Preparation is stated by the World Health
peptide substrate to release a chromophore. The quantity Organisation.
of chromophore is inversely proportional to the activity of
the heparin. Human anti-D immunoglobulin BRP is calibrated in
International Units by comparison with the International
Factor Xa chromogenic substrate. Specific chromogenic Standard and intended for use in the assay of human anti-D
substrate for factor Xa such as : N-benzoyl-L-isoleucyl-L- immunoglobulin.
glutamyl-glycyl-L-arginine-4-nitroanilide hydrochloride.
Use pooled D-positive red blood cells, collected not more
Reconstitute according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
than 7 days earlier and suitably stored, obtained from not
Dilution buffer. 6.05 g/l solution of tris(hydroxy- fewer than 4 group O R1R1 donors. To a suitable volume of
methyl)aminomethane R. Adjust to pH 8.4 if necessary the cells, previously washed 3 times with a 9 g/l solution
using hydrochloric acid R. of sodium chloride R, add an equal volume of bromelains
Test solution. Dilute the preparation to be examined with solution R, allow to stand at 37 °C for 10 min, centrifuge,
dilution buffer to obtain a solution expected to contain remove the supernatant liquid and wash 3 times with a 9 g/l
0.1 IU of heparin per millilitre. solution of sodium chloride R. Suspend 20 volumes of the
Reference solution. Dilute the heparin reference preparation red blood cells in a mixture of 15 volumes of inert serum,
with dilution buffer to obtain a solution containing 0.1 IU of 20 volumes of a 300 g/l solution of bovine albumin R and
heparin per millilitre. 45 volumes of a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R. Stand
the resulting suspension in iced water, stirring continuously.
The following working conditions apply to microtitre plates.
If the assay is carried out in tubes, the volumes are adjusted Using a calibrated automated dilutor, prepare suitable
while maintaining the proportions in the mixture. dilutions of the preparation to be examined and of the
reference preparation using as diluent a solution containing
Warm all solutions to 37 °C in a water-bath shortly before 5 g/l of bovine albumin R and 9 g/l of sodium chloride R.
the test.
Use a suitable apparatus for automatic continuous analysis.
Distribute in a series of wells, 20 µl of normal human plasma The following protocol is usually suitable : maintain the
and 20 µl of antithrombin III solution R1. Add to the wells a temperature in the manifold, except for the incubation coils,
series of volumes (20 µl, 60 µl, 100 µl and 140 µl) of the test at 15.0 °C. Pump into the manifold of the apparatus the red
solution or the reference solution and make up the volume blood cell suspension at a rate of 0.1 ml/min and a 3 g/l
in each well to 200 µl using dilution buffer (0.02-0.08 IU of solution of methylcellulose 450 R at a rate of 0.05 ml/min.
heparin per millilitre in the final reaction mixture). Introduce the dilutions of the preparation to be examined
End-point method. Transfer 40 µl from each well to a second and the reference preparation at a rate of 0.1 ml/min for
series of wells, add 20 µl of bovine factor Xa solution R and 2 min, followed by the diluent solution at a rate of 0.1 ml/min
incubate at 37 °C for 30 s. Add 40 µl of a 1 mmol/l solution for 4 min before the next dilution is introduced.
of factor Xa chromogenic substrate and incubate at 37 °C Introduce air at a rate of 0.6 ml/min. Incubate at 37 °C
for 3 min. Terminate the reaction by lowering the pH by the for 18 min and then disperse the rouleaux by introducing
addition of a suitable reagent, such as a 20 per cent V/V at a rate of 1.6 ml/min a 9 g/l solution of sodium
solution of glacial acetic acid R and measure the absorbance chloride R containing a suitable wetting agent (for example,
at 405 nm (2.2.25). Appropriate reaction times are usually polysorbate 20 R at a final concentration of 0.2 g/l)
between 3 min and 15 min, but deviations are permissible to prevent disruption of the bubble pattern. Allow the
if better linearity of the dose-response relationship is thus agglutinates to settle and decant twice, first at 0.4 ml/min
obtained. and then at 0.6 ml/min. Lyse the unagglutinated red blood
Kinetic method. Transfer 40 µl from each well to a second cells with a solution containing 5 g/l of octoxinol 10 R,
series of wells, add 20 µl of bovine factor Xa solution R and 0.2 g/l of potassium ferricyanide R, 1 g/l of sodium
incubate at 37 °C for 30 s. Add 40 µl of a 2 mmol/l solution hydrogen carbonate R and 0.05 g/l of potassium cyanide R
of factor Xa chromogenic substrate, incubate at 37 °C at a rate of 2.5 ml/min. A ten-minute delay coil is introduced
and measure the rate of substrate cleavage by continuous to allow for conversion of the haemoglobin. Continuously
measurement of the absorbance change at 405 nm (2.2.25), record the absorbance (2.2.25) of the haemolysate at a

230 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.13. Assay of human anti-D immunoglobulin

wavelength between 540 nm and 550 nm. Determine the to pH 7.2-7.3 (2.2.3) using 1 M sodium hydroxide or 1 M
range of antibody concentrations over which there is a linear hydrochloric acid, and dilute to 1000 ml with water R. Use
relationship between concentration and the resultant change directly from storage at 4 °C.
in absorbance (∆A). From the results, prepare a standard Glutaraldehyde solution. Immediately before use, add 90 µl
curve and use the linear portion of the curve to determine of a 250 g/l solution of glutaraldehyde R to 24 ml of cold
the activity of the preparation to be examined. PBS.
Calculate the potency of the preparation to be examined
using the usual statistical methods (5.3). Microtitre plates. Plates to be coated with red blood cells
are flat-bottomed polystyrene plates with surface properties
METHOD B optimised for enzyme immunoassay and high protein-binding
capacity. Plates used to prepare immunoglobulin dilutions
The potency of human anti-D immunoglobulin is are U or V-bottomed polystyrene or poly(vinyl chloride)
determined by competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay on plates.
erythrocyte-coated microtitre plates. The method is based
on the competitive binding between a polyclonal anti-D METHOD
immunoglobulin preparation and a biotinylated monoclonal Prepare a 0.1 per cent ( V/V) suspension of papain-treated
anti-D antibody directed against a D-antigen specific epitope. red blood cells in cold cell fixation buffer. Pipette 50 µl into
The activity of the preparation to be examined is compared each well of the flat-bottomed microtitre plate.
with a reference preparation calibrated in International Units. Centrifuge the plate at 350 g for 3 min, preferably at 4 °C.
The International Unit is the activity of a stated amount Without removing the supernatant, gently add 100 µl of
of International Reference Preparation. The equivalence glutaraldehyde solution to each well and leave for 10 min.
in International Units of the International Reference Drain the wells by quickly inverting the plate and wash
Preparation is stated by the World Health Organisation. 3 times with 250-300 µl of PBS. This may be done manually
Human anti-D immunoglobulin BRP is calibrated in or using a suitable automated plate washer. Either carry
International Units by comparison with the International out the assay as described below, or store the plate at 4 °C
Standard and intended for use in the assay of human anti-D after draining off the PBS and adding 100 µl of cell fixation
immunoglobulin. buffer per well and sealing with plastic film. Plates can be
MATERIALS stored at 4 °C for up to 1 month.
Reagents not specified are of analytical grade. Test solutions. For freeze-dried preparations, reconstitute
PBS (Phosphate-buffered saline). Dissolve 8.0 g of sodium as stated on the label. Prepare 4 independent replicates of
chloride R, 0.76 g of anhydrous disodium hydrogen 5 serial two-fold dilutions starting with 30 IU/ml in PBS
phosphate R, 0.2 g of potassium chloride R, 0.2 g of containing 10 g/l of bovine albumin R. If necessary, adjust
potassium dihydrogen phosphate R and 0.2 g of sodium the starting dilution to obtain responses falling in the linear
azide R in water R and dilute to 1000 ml with the same portion of the dose-response curve.
solvent. Reference solutions. Reconstitute the reference preparation
TBS (Tris-buffered saline). Dissolve 8.0 g of sodium according to instructions. Prepare 4 independent replicates
chloride R and 0.6 g of tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane R of 5 serial two-fold dilutions starting with 30 IU/ml in PBS
in water R. Adjust to pH 7.2 (2.2.3) with 1 M hydrochloric containing 10 g/l of bovine albumin R.
acid and dilute to 1000 ml with the same solvent. Using U or V-bottomed microtitre plates, add 35 µl of each of
Papain solution. Prepare a solution by stirring 1 g of the dilutions of the test solution or reference solution to each
papain R at 37 °C for 30 min in 10 ml of 0.067 M phosphate of a series of wells. To each well add 35 µl of biotinylated
buffer solution pH 5.4 R, centrifuge at 10 000 g for 5 min Brad-5 at 250 ng/ml.
and filter through a membrane with a pore size of 0.22 µm. Empty the wells of the red cell-coated plate by inverting and
To activate, combine 1 ml of the filtrate with 1 ml of a draining on a paper towel. Add 250 µl of PBS containing
48.44 g/l solution of L-cysteine R and 1 ml of a 3.72 g/l 20 g/l of bovine albumin R and leave at room temperature
solution of sodium edetate R and dilute to 10 ml with for 30 min.
0.067 M phosphate buffer solution pH 5.4 R. Freeze in
aliquots at − 20 °C or below. Empty the wells of the red cell-coated plate by inverting
and draining on a paper towel and transfer 50 µl from each
Red blood cells. Use pooled D-positive red blood cells
of the dilutions of the test solution or reference solution
obtained from not fewer than 3 group O R2R2 donors. Wash
containing biotinylated Brad-5 into the wells. Use 50 µl of
the cells 4 times with PBS. Centrifuge the cells at 1800 g for
PBS containing 10 g/l of bovine albumin R as negative
5 min, mix a suitable volume of prewarmed packed cells with
control. Seal the plate with plastic film and incubate at room
a suitable volume of prewarmed papain solution (2 volumes
temperature for 1 h.
to 1 volume has been found suitable) and incubate at 37 °C
for 10 min. Wash the cells 4 times with PBS. Store at 4 °C in Remove liquid from the wells of the red cell-coated plate and
an appropriate stabiliser for up to 1 week. wash 3 times with 250-300 µl of TBS.
Biotinylated Brad-5. Use according to instructions. Dilute the alkaline phosphatase-conjugated
Alkaline phosphatase-conjugated avidin/streptavidin avidin/streptavidin reagent in TBS containing
reagent. Preferably modified to combine high specific 10 g/l of bovine albumin R and add 50 µl to each well.
activity with low non-specific binding. Use according to Incubate for 30 min at room temperature.
instructions. Remove liquid from the wells of the red cell-coated plate and
Substrate solution. Use para-nitrophenyl phosphate wash 3 times with 250-300 µl of TBS.
according to instructions. Add 100 µl of substrate solution to each of the wells and
Cell fixation buffer. Dissolve 18.02 g of glucose R, 4.09 g of incubate at room temperature for 10 min in the dark. To
sodium chloride R, 1.24 g of boric acid R, 10.29 g of sodium stop the reaction, add 50 µl of 3 M sodium hydroxide to
citrate R and 0.74 g of sodium edetate R in water R. Adjust each of the wells.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 231
2.7.14. Assay of hepatitis A vaccine EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Measure the absorbances at 405 nm. and substract the into 4 wells of the same microtitre plate and add 50 µl of
negative control reading. Use the absorbance values in the PBS-BSA solution. Seal with plastic film and incubate at
linear range of the titration curve to estimate the potency 37 °C for 40 min.
of the preparation to be examined by the usual statistical Centrifuge the plates at 50 g for 3 min, discard the
methods (5.3). supernatant and wash the cells with 200-250 µl of PBS-BSA
solution. Repeat this at least once.
METHOD C
Centrifuge the plates at 50 g for 3 min, discard the
The potency of human anti-D immunoglobulin is determined supernatant and add 50 µl of the secondary antibody diluted
by flow cytometry in a microtitre plate format. The with PBS-BSA solution to a suitable protein concentration.
method is based on the specific binding between anti-D Seal with plastic film and incubate, protected from light, at
immunoglobulin and D-positive red blood cells. The activity room temperature for 20 min.
of the preparation to be examined is compared with a
reference preparation calibrated in International Units. Centrifuge the plates at 50 g for 3 min, discard the
supernatant and wash the cells with 200-250 µl of PBS-BSA
The International Unit is the activity of a stated amount solution. Repeat this at least once.
of International Reference Preparation. The equivalence
in International Units of the International Reference Centrifuge the plates at 50 g for 3 min, resuspend the cells
preparation is stated by the World Health Organisation. into 200-250 µl of PBS. Transfer the cell suspension into a
tube suitable for the flow cytometry equipment available and
Human anti-D immunoglobulin BRP is calibrated in further dilute by adding PBS to allow a suitable flow rate.
International Units by comparison with the International
Standard and intended for use in the assay of human anti-D Proceed immediately with measurement of the median
immunoglobulin. fluorescence intensity in a flow cytometer. Record at least
10 000 events without gating but excluding debris.
MATERIALS
Use the median fluorescence intensity in the linear range
Reagents not specified are of analytical grade. of the dose response curve to estimate the potency of the
PBS. Dissolve 8.0 g of sodium chloride R, 0.76 g of disodium preparation to be examined by the usual statistical methods
hydrogen phosphate R, 0.2 g of potassium chloride R and (5.3).
0.2 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R in water R and
dilute to 1000 ml with the same solvent.
01/2008:20714
PBS-BSA solution. PBS containing 10.0 g/l of bovine
albumin R.
Red blood cells. Use D-positive red blood cells obtained from
2.7.14. ASSAY OF HEPATITIS A
a group O R1R1 donor within 2 weeks of collection. Store VACCINE
if necessary in an appropriate stabiliser at 4 °C. Wash the
cells at least twice with PBS-BSA solution and prepare a The assay of hepatitis A vaccine is carried out either in vivo,
4
suspension containing 1 × 10 cells per microlitre but not by comparing in given conditions its capacity to induce
more than 5 × 104 cells per microlitre in PBS-BSA solution. specific antibodies in mice with the same capacity of a
reference preparation, or in vitro, by an immunochemical
Use D-negative red blood cells obtained from a group O rr determination of antigen content.
donor and prepared similarly.
Secondary antibody. Use a suitable fluorescent dye IN VIVO ASSAY
conjugated anti-IgG antibody-fragment specific for The test in mice shown below is given as an example of a
human IgG or parts of it. Store and use according to the method that has been found suitable for a given vaccine ;
manufacturer’s instructions. other validated methods may also be used.
Microtitres plates. Use flat-bottomed plates without surface Selection and distribution of the test animals. Use in the
treatment for enzyme immunoassays. test healthy mice from the same stock, about 5 weeks old
METHOD and from a strain shown to be suitable. Use animals of the
Test solutions. For freeze-dried preparations, reconstitute same sex. Distribute the animals in at least 7 equal groups
as stated on the label. Prepare at least 3 independent of a number suitable for the requirements of the assay.
replicates of at least 3 serial 1.5 or two-fold dilutions starting Determination of potency of the vaccine to be examined.
with a concentration in the range of 1.2-0.15 IU/ml using Using a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R containing
PBS/BSA solution as diluent. If necessary, adjust the the aluminium adjuvant used for the vaccine, prepare
starting dilution to obtain responses falling in the linear at least 3 dilutions of the vaccine to be examined and
portion of the dose-response curve. matching dilutions of the reference preparation. Allocate
Reference solutions. Reconstitute the reference preparation the dilutions one to each of the groups of animals and
according to instructions. Prepare at least 3 independent inject subcutaneously not more than 1.0 ml of each dilution
replicates of at least 3 serial 1.5 or two-fold dilutions starting into each animal in the group to which that dilution is
with a concentration in the range of 1.2-0.15 IU/ml using allocated. Maintain a group of unvaccinated controls,
PBS-BSA solution as diluent. If necessary, adjust the injected subcutaneously with the same volume of diluent.
starting dilution to obtain responses falling in the linear After 28 to 32 days, anaesthetise and bleed all animals,
portion of the dose-response curve. keeping the individual sera separate. Assay the individual
sera for specific antibodies against hepatitis A virus by a
Distribute 50 µl of the D-positive red blood cells into each suitable immunochemical method (2.7.1).
well of a microtitre plate. Add 50 µl of each of the dilutions
of the test solution or reference solution to each of a series Calculations. Carry out the calculations by the usual
of wells. Use 50 µl of PBS-BSA solution as negative control. statistical methods for an assay with a quantal response (5.3).
Distribute 50 µl of the D-negative red blood cells into From the distribution of reaction levels measured on
4 wells of the same microtitre plate and add 50 µl of the all the sera in the unvaccinated group, determine the
lowest dilution of the test preparation. To monitor spurious maximum reaction level that can be expected to occur in an
reactions distribute 50 µl of the D-positive red blood cells unvaccinated animal for that particular assay. Any response

232 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.16. Assay of pertussis vaccine (acellular)

in vaccinated animals that exceeds this level is by definition Calculations. Calculations are carried out by the usual
a seroconversion. statistical methods for an assay with a quantal response (5.3).
Make a suitable transformation of the percentage of animals From the distribution of reaction levels measured on all the
showing seroconversion in each group (for example, a sera in the unvaccinated group, the maximum reaction level
probit transformation) and analyse the data according to a that can be expected to occur in an unvaccinated animal
parallel-line log dose-response model. Determine the potency for that particular assay is determined. Any response in
of the test preparation relative to the reference preparation. vaccinated animals that exceeds this level is by definition a
Validity conditions. The test is not valid unless : seroconversion.
Make a suitable transformation of the percentage of animals
— for both the test and the reference vaccine, the ED50 lies
showing seroconversion in each group (for example, a
between the smallest and the largest doses given to the
probit transformation) and analyse the data according to a
animals,
parallel-line log dose-response model. Determine the potency
— the statistical analysis shows no significant deviation from of the test preparation relative to the reference preparation.
linearity or parallelism,
Validity conditions. The test is not valid unless :
— the confidence limits (P = 0.95) are not less than 33 per
— for both the test and the reference vaccine, the ED50 lies
cent and not more than 300 per cent of the estimated
between the smallest and the largest doses given to the
potency.
animals,
Potency requirement. The upper confidence limit (P = 0.95) — the statistical analysis shows no significant deviation from
of the estimated relative potency is not less than 1.0. linearity or parallelism,
IN VITRO ASSAY — the confidence limits (P = 0.95) are not less than 33 per
cent and not more than 300 per cent of the estimated
Carry out an immunochemical determination (2.7.1) of potency.
antigen content with acceptance criteria validated against
the in vivo test. The acceptance criteria are approved for a Potency requirement. The upper confidence limit (P = 0.95)
given reference preparation by the competent authority in of the estimated relative potency is not less than 1.0.
the light of the validation data.
IN VITRO ASSAY
Carry out an immunochemical determination (2.7.1) of
antigen content with acceptance criteria validated against
01/2008:20715 the in vivo test.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and
radio-immunoassay (RIA) using monoclonal antibodies
2.7.15. ASSAY OF HEPATITIS B specific for protection-inducing epitopes of HBsAg have been
VACCINE (rDNA) shown to be suitable. Suitable numbers of dilutions of the
vaccine to be examined and the reference preparation are
The assay of hepatitis B vaccine (rDNA) is carried out either used and a parallel-line model is used to analyse the data
in vivo, by comparing in given conditions its capacity to which may be suitably transformed. Kits for measuring
induce specific antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen HBsAg in vitro are commercially available and it is possible
(HBsAg) in mice or guinea-pigs with the same capacity of a to adapt their test procedures for use as an in vitro potency
reference preparation, or in vitro, by an immunochemical assay.
determination of the antigen content. The acceptance criteria are approved for a given reference
preparation by the competent authority in the light of the
IN VIVO ASSAY validation data.
Selection and distribution of the test animals. Use in the Hepatitis B vaccine (rDNA) method A BRP and hepatitis B
test healthy mice from the same stock, about 5 weeks old. vaccine (rDNA) method B BRP are suitable for the in vitro
The strain of mice used for this test must give a significant assay of certain vaccines as described in the accompanying
slope for the dose-response curve to the antigen ; mice with leaflet.
haplotype H-2q or H-2d are suitable. Healthy guinea-pigs
weighing 300 g to 350 g (about 7 weeks old) from the
same stock are also suitable. Use animals of the same sex.
Distribute the animals in at least 7 equal groups of a number 01/2008:20716
appropriate to the requirements of the assay.
Determination of potency of the vaccine to be examined.
Using a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R containing
2.7.16. ASSAY OF PERTUSSIS
the aluminium adjuvant used for the vaccine or another VACCINE (ACELLULAR)
appropriate diluent, prepare at least three dilutions of
the vaccine to be examined and matching dilutions of the The capacity of the vaccine to induce the formation of
reference preparation. Allocate the dilutions one to each of specific antibodies is compared with the same capacity of a
the groups of animals and inject intraperitoneally not more reference preparation examined in parallel ; antibodies are
than 1.0 ml of each dilution into each animal in the group determined using suitable immunochemical methods (2.7.1)
to which that dilution is allocated. One group of animals such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The
remains unvaccinated and is injected intraperitoneally with test in mice shown below uses a three-point model but, after
the same volume of diluent. After an appropriate time validation, for routine testing a single-dilution method may
interval (for example, 4 to 6 weeks), anaesthetise and bleed be used.
the animals, keeping the individual sera separate. Assay the Reference vaccine. A batch of vaccine shown to be effective
individual sera for specific antibodies against HBsAg by a in clinical trials or a batch representative thereof is used as
suitable immunochemical method (2.7.1). a reference vaccine. For the preparation of a representative

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 233
2.7.17. Assay of human antithrombin III EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

batch, strict adherence to the production process used for are mixed with a given quantity of thrombin and the
the batch tested in clinical trials is necessary. The stability of remaining thrombin activity is determined using a suitable
the reference vaccine shall be documented. chromogenic substrate.
Reference antiserum. Bordetella pertussis mouse The International Unit is the activity of a stated amount
antiserum BRP is suitable for use as a reference antiserum. of the International Standard for human antithrombin III
Requirement. The capacity of the vaccine to induce concentrate. The equivalence in International Units of
antibodies is not significantly (P = 0.95) less than that of the International Standard is stated by the World Health
the reference vaccine. Organisation.
The following test model is given as an example of a method Method. Prepare 2 independent series of 3 or 4 dilutions
that has been found to be satisfactory. in the range 1/75 to 1/200 from 1 IU/ml, for both the
Selection and distribution of test animals. Use in the test preparation to be examined and the reference preparation,
healthy mice (for example, CD1 strain) of the same stock, using tris-EDTA BSA buffer solution pH 8.4 R containing
about 5 weeks old. Distribute the animals in 6 groups of a 15 IU of heparin per millilitre.
number appropriate to the requirements of the assay. Use 3 Warm 200 µl of each dilution at 37 °C for 1-2 min. Add to
dilutions of the vaccine to be examined and 3 dilutions of a each dilution 200 µl of a solution of bovine thrombin R
reference preparation and attribute each dilution to a group containing 2 IU/ml in tris-EDTA BSA buffer solution
of mice. Inject intraperitoneally or subcutaneously into each pH 8.4 R. Mix and maintain at 37 °C for exactly 1 min.
mouse 0.5 ml of the dilution attributed to its group. Add 500 µl of a suitable chromogenic substrate (for
Collection of serum samples. 4 to 5 weeks after vaccination, example, D-phenylalanyl-L-pipecolyl-L-arginine-4-nitroanilide,
bleed the mice individually under anaesthesia. Store the reconstituted in water R to give a solution containing
sera at − 20 °C until tested for antibody content. 4 mmol/l and further diluted to a concentration suitable
for the assay using tris-EDTA BSA buffer solution pH 8.4 R
Antibody determination. Assay the individual sera for
without albumin). Immediately start measurement of the
content of specific antibodies to each component using a
change in absorbance at 405 nm (2.2.25), continuing the
validated method such as the ELISA test shown below.
measurement for at least 30 s. Calculate the rate of change
ELISA test. Microtitre plates (poly(vinyl chloride) or of absorbance (∆A/min). (Alternatively, an end-point assay
polystyrene as appropriate for the specific antigen) are may be used by stopping the reaction with acetic acid and
coated with the purified antigen at a concentration of 100 ng measuring the absorbance at 405 nm.)
per well. After washing, unreacted sites are blocked by
The rate of change of absorbance (∆A/min) is inversely
incubating with a solution of bovine serum albumin and then
proportional to antithrombin III activity.
washed. Two-fold dilutions of sera from mice immunised
with test or reference vaccines are made on the plates. After Check the validity of the assay and calculate the potency of
incubation at 22-25 °C for 1 h, the plates are washed. A the test preparation by the usual statistical methods (5.3).
suitable solution of anti-mouse IgG enzyme conjugate is
added to each well and incubated at 22-25 °C for 1 h. After 01/2008:20718
washing, a chromogenic substrate is added from which the
bound enzyme conjugate liberates a chromophore which 2.7.18. ASSAY OF HUMAN
can be quantified by measurement of absorbance (2.2.25).
The test conditions are designed to obtain a linear response COAGULATION FACTOR II
for absorbance with respect to antibody content over the Human coagulation factor II is assayed following specific
range of measurement used and absorbance values within activation to form factor IIa. Factor IIa is estimated by
the range 0.1 to 2.0. comparing its activity in cleaving a specific chromogenic
A reference antiserum of assigned potency is used in the test peptide substrate with the same activity of the International
and serves as the basis for calculation of the antibody levelsStandard or of a reference preparation calibrated in
in test sera. A standardised control serum is also included International Units.
in the test. The International Unit is the factor II activity of a stated
The test is not valid if : amount of the International Standard which consists of
— the value found for the control serum differs by more a freeze-dried concentrate of human blood coagulation
than 2 standard deviations from the assigned value, factor II. The equivalence in International Units of the
— the confidence limits (P = 0.95) are less than 50 per cent International Standard is stated by the World Health
or more than 200 per cent of the estimated potency. Organisation.
Calculations. The antibody titres in the sera of mice The chromogenic assay method consists of 2 steps :
immunised with reference and test vaccines are calculated snake venom-dependent activation of factor II, followed
and from the values obtained the potency of the test vaccine by enzymatic cleavage of a chromogenic factor IIa
substrate to form a chromophore that can be quantified
in relation to the reference vaccine is calculated by the usual
statistical methods (5.3). spectrophotometrically. Under appropriate assay conditions,
there is a linear relation between factor IIa activity and the
01/2008:20717 cleavage of the chromogenic substrate.
REAGENTS
2.7.17. ASSAY OF HUMAN Viper venom specific factor II activator (Ecarin). A protein
ANTITHROMBIN III derived from the venom of the saw-scaled viper (Echis
carinatus) which specifically activates factor II. Reconstitute
The antithrombin III content of the preparation to be according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Store the
examined is determined by comparing its ability to inactivate reconstituted preparation at 4 °C and use within 1 month.
thrombin in the presence of an excess of heparin with Factor IIa chromogenic substrate. Specific chromogenic
the same ability of a reference preparation of human substrate for factor IIa such as : H-D-phenylalanyl-L-
antithrombin III concentrate calibrated in International pipecolyl-L-arginine-4-nitroanilide dihydrochloride,
Units. Varying quantities of the preparation to be examined 4-toluenesulphonyl-glycyl-prolyl-L-arginine-4-nitroanilide, H-

234 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.20. In vivo assay of poliomyelitis vaccine (inactivated)

D-cyclohexylglycyl-α-aminobutyryl-L-arginine-4-nitroanilide, REAGENTS
D-cyclohexylglycyl-L-alanyl-L-arginine-4-nitroanilide diacetate.
Russell’s viper venom specific factor X activator (RVV). A
Reconstitute according to the manufacturer’s instructions. protein derived from the venom of Russell’s viper (Vipera
Dilution buffer. Solution containing 6.06 g/l of russelli) which specifically activates factor X. Reconstitute
tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R, 17.53 g/l of sodium according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Store the
chloride R, 2.79 g/l of (ethylenedinitrilo)tetra-acetic acid R reconstituted preparation at 4 °C and use within 1 month.
and 1 g/l of bovine albumin R or human albumin R. Adjust Factor Xa chromogenic substrate. Specific
to pH 8.4 if necessary, using hydrochloric acid R. chromogenic substrate for factor Xa such as :
N-α-benzyloxycarbonyl-D-arginyl-L-glycyl-L-arginine-4-
METHOD nitroanilide dihydrochloride, N-benzoyl-L-isoleucyl-L-
Test solution. Dilute the preparation to be examined with glutamyl-glycyl-L-arginine-4-nitroanilide hydrochloride,
dilution buffer to obtain a solution containing 0.015 IU of methanesulphonyl-D-leucyl-glycyl-L-arginine-4-nitroanilide,
factor II per millilitre. Prepare at least 3 further dilutions methoxycarbonyl-D-cyclohexylalanyl-glycyl-L-arginine-
in dilution buffer. 4-nitroanilide acetate. Reconstitute according to the
Reference solution. Dilute the reference preparation to be manufacturer’s instructions.
examined with dilution buffer to obtain a solution containing
0.015 IU of factor II per millilitre. Prepare at least 3 further Dilution buffer. Solution containing 3.7 g/l of
dilutions in dilution buffer. tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R, 18.0 g/l of
sodium chloride R, 2.1 g/l of imidazole R, 0.02 g/l of
Warm all solutions to 37 °C in a water-bath shortly before hexadimethrine bromide R and 1 g/l of bovine albumin R
the test. or human albumin R. Adjust to pH 8.4 if necessary using
The following working conditions apply to microtitre plates. hydrochloric acid R.
If the assay is carried out in tubes, the volumes are adjusted
while maintaining the proportions in the mixture. METHOD
Using a microtitre plate maintained at 37 °C, add 25 µl of Test solution. Dilute the preparation to be examined with
each dilution of the test solution or the reference solution to dilution buffer to obtain a solution containing 0.18 IU of
each of a series of wells. To each well add 125 µl of dilution factor X per millilitre. Prepare at least 3 further dilutions
buffer, then 25 µl of ecarin and incubate for exactly 2 min. in dilution buffer.
To each well add 25 µl of factor IIa chromogenic substrate. Reference solution. Dilute the reference preparation to be
Read the rate of change of absorbance (2.2.25) at 405 nm examined with dilution buffer to obtain a solution containing
continuously over a period of 3 min and obtain the mean rate 0.18 IU of factor X per millilitre. Prepare at least 3 further
of change of absorbance (∆A/min). If continuous monitoring dilutions in dilution buffer.
is not possible, read the absorbance at 405 nm at suitable Warm all solutions to 37 °C in a water-bath shortly before
consecutive intervals, for instance 40 s, plot the absorbances the test.
against time on a linear graph and calculate ∆A/min as the
slope of the line. From the ∆A/min values of each individual The following working conditions apply to microtitre plates.
dilution of standard and test preparations, calculate the If the assay is carried out in tubes, the volumes are adjusted
potency of the preparation to be examined and check the while maintaining the proportions in the mixture.
validity of the assay by the usual statistical methods (5.3). Using a microtitre plate maintained at 37 °C, add 12.5 µl of
each dilution of the test solution or the reference solution to
each of a series of wells. To each well add 25 µl of RVV and
incubate for exactly 90 s. To each well add 150 µl of factor Xa
chromogenic substrate, diluted 1 in 6 in dilution buffer.
01/2008:20719
Read the rate of change of absorbance (2.2.25) (at 405 nm
continuously over a period of 3 min and obtain the mean rate
2.7.19. ASSAY OF HUMAN of change of absorbance (∆A/min). If continuous monitoring
is not possible, read the absorbance at 405 nm at suitable
COAGULATION FACTOR X consecutive intervals, for instance 40 s, plot the absorbances
against time on a linear graph and calculate ∆A/min as the
Human coagulation factor X is assayed following specific
slope of the line. From the ∆A/min values of each individual
activation to form factor Xa. Factor Xa is estimated by
dilution of standard and test preparations, calculate the
comparing its activity in cleaving a specific chromogenic
potency of the preparation to be examined and check the
peptide substrate with the same activity of the International
validity of the assay by the usual statistical methods (5.3).
Standard or of a reference preparation calibrated in
International Units.
The International Unit is the factor X activity of a stated
amount of the International Standard which consists of a
freeze-dried concentrate of human coagulation factor X. 01/2008:20720
The equivalence in International Units of the International
Standard is stated by the World Health Organisation.
2.7.20. IN VIVO ASSAY OF
The chromogenic assay method consists of 2 steps :
snake venom-dependent activation of factor X, followed POLIOMYELITIS VACCINE
by enzymatic cleavage of a chromogenic factor Xa (INACTIVATED)
substrate to form a chromophore that can be quantified
spectrophotometrically. Under appropriate assay conditions, The capacity of the vaccine to induce the formation of
there is a linear relation between factor Xa activity and the neutralising antibodies is determined in vivo by one of the
cleavage of the chromogenic substrate. following methods.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 235
2.7.20. In vivo assay of poliomyelitis vaccine (inactivated) EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

TEST IN CHICKS OR GUINEA-PIGS — the statistical analysis shows no significant deviation from
Prepare a suitable series of not fewer than 3 dilutions of linearity or parallelism ;
the vaccine to be examined using a suitable buffered saline — the confidence limits (P = 0.95) are not less than 25 per
solution. Distribute either guinea-pigs weighing 250-350 g or cent and not more than 400 per cent of the estimated
3-week-old chicks into groups of 10, and allocate a group to potency.
each dilution of the vaccine. Inject intramuscularly into each
animal 0.5 ml of the dilution intended for its group. Bleed The following section is published for information.
the animals after 5-6 days and separate the sera. Examine the
sera for the presence of neutralising antibodies, at a dilution
of 1 in 4, to each of the human poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3. Guideline on waiving of the in vivo assay
Mix 100 CCID50 of virus with the dilution of serum and of poliomyelitis vaccine (inactivated) and
incubate at 37 °C for 4.5-6 h. Keep at 5 ± 3 °C for 12-18 h its combinations
where necessary for consistency of results. Inoculate the
mixtures into cell cultures for the detection of unneutralised This guideline applies to vaccines derived from wild strains
virus and read the results up to 7 days after inoculation. of poliovirus. The validation described should be carried
For each group of animals, note the number of sera that out for each product before waiving of the in vivo assay,
have neutralising antibodies and calculate the dilution of the and should be repeated wherever there is a substantial
vaccine that gives an antibody response in 50 per cent of the change to the manufacturing process that may affect the in
animals. Carry out in parallel a control test using a suitable vitro or in vivo assays.
reference preparation. The vaccine complies with the test if a The European convention on the protection of vertebrate
dilution of 1 to 100 or more produces an antibody response animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes
for each of the 3 types of virus in 50 per cent of the animals. requires that tests in animals shall not be carried out if
a scientifically satisfactory alternative is reasonably and
TEST IN RATS practically available. The aim of this guideline is therefore
to promote waiving of the in vivo assay wherever it can be
A suitable in vivo assay method consists of intramuscular shown for a given product that the in vitro assay (D-antigen
injection into the hind limb(s) of not fewer than 3 dilutions determination) gives sufficient assurance of satisfactory
of the vaccine to be examined and a reference vaccine, using potency for routine batch control.
for each dilution a group of 10 specific pathogen-free rats For the in vivo assay, the test in rats is considered to be
of a suitable strain. Use of 4 dilutions is often necessary the method of choice. For vaccines that are assayed using
to obtain valid results for all 3 serotypes. The number of chicks or guinea-pigs and that have an established record of
animals per group must be sufficient to obtain results that production history, the in vivo assay may be waived if the rat
meet the validity criteria ; groups of 10 rats are usually assay is also applied to the batches included in the validation
sufficient, although valid results may be obtained with fewer study described below. For vaccines not yet approved, the
animals per group. If animals of different sex are used, males results of the rat assay on all final bulks should be included
and females are evenly distributed between all groups. A in all data generated for demonstration of consistency of
weight range of 175-250 g has been found to be suitable. production before waiving of the in vivo assay.
An inoculum of 0.5 ml per rat is used. The dose range is
chosen such that a dose response to all 3 poliovirus types is Once the in vivo assay has been waived, batches of vaccine
obtained. Bleed the animals after 20-22 days. Neutralising will be released on the basis of the in vitro assay, and the
titres against all 3 poliovirus types are measured separately in vivo assay should not be used as an alternative for the
using 100 CCID50 of the Sabin strains as challenge viruses, release of a batch that fails the in vitro assay. Repetition
Vero or Hep2 as indicator cells, and neutralisation conditions of the in vitro assay may be performed according to an
of 3 h at 35-37 °C followed by 18 h at 2-8 °C where necessary authorised procedure.
for consistency of results. Results are read following fixation
PROCEDURE
and staining after 7 days of incubation at 35 °C. For a valid
antibody assay, the titre of each challenge virus must be The following conditions should be met before performance
shown to be within the range 10 CCID50 to 1000 CCID50 of the validation study :
and the neutralising antibody titre of a control serum must — appropriate experience of the rat assay ;
be within 2 twofold dilutions of the geometric mean titre — full validation of the D-antigen assay (linearity,
of the serum. The potency is calculated by comparison of repeatability, intermediate precision, accuracy and limits
the proportion of responders for the vaccine to be examined of quantification) ;
and the reference vaccine by the probit method or, after
validation, using a parallel-line model. For the probit method— establishment of acceptance criteria for the D-antigen
it is necessary to establish a cut-off neutralising antibody assay based on a suitable number of consecutive final lots ;
titre for each poliovirus type to define a responder. Due to — establishment of production consistency on recent final
interlaboratory variation, it is not possible to define cut-off bulks using the currently approved in vivo assay ; the
values that could be applied by all laboratories. Rather, the final bulks should correspond to the final lots used to
cut-off values are determined for each laboratory based on establish the acceptance criteria for the D-antigen assay
a minimum series of 3 tests with the reference vaccine. The and should represent different inactivated harvests of
mid-point on a log2 scale of the minimum and maximum each of the 3 types of poliovirus.
geometric mean titres of the series of 3 or more tests is usedThe validation study should be performed on :
as the cut-off value. For each of the 3 poliovirus types, the — a final bulk/lot that is representative of the current
potency of the vaccine is not significantly less than that of production method ;
the reference preparation. The test is not valid unless :
— 2 sub-potent batches prepared, for example, by heating
— for both the vaccine to be examined and the reference normal vaccine or mixing it with heat-treated vaccine ; the
vaccine, the ED50 lies between the smallest and the largest sub-potent batches should have expected titres of about
doses given to the animals ; half that of the representative final bulk/lot.

236 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.21. Assay of human von Willebrand factor

These batches are assayed using as reference standard a preparations to produce solutions containing 0.5-2.0 IU/ml.
homologous production batch : The prediluent consists of an isotonic non-chelating
— by the currently approved in vivo assay for the vaccine ; buffer containing, for example, 1-5 per cent of human or
— by the rat assay where this is not the currently approved bovine albumin, and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane or
in vivo assay ; imidazole, appropriately buffered.
— by the D-antigen assay. The test is performed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions with at least 2 dilution series with as many
Waiving of the in vivo assay is acceptable if the representative dilutions as are needed to obtain a total of at least 3 different
final bulk/lot complies with the in vivo and in vitro assays concentrations in the linear range of the assay.
and the sub-potent batches fail to comply. If a sub-potent
batch fails to comply with the D-antigen assay but complies Check the validity of the assay and calculate the potency
with the in vivo assay, the latter may be repeated. of the test preparation using the usual statistical methods
(for example, 5.3).
01/2008:20721 COLLAGEN-BINDING ASSAY
Collagen-binding is determined by an enzyme-linked
2.7.21. ASSAY OF HUMAN VON immunosorbent assay on collagen-coated microtitre
WILLEBRAND FACTOR plates. The method is based on the specific binding
of von Willebrand factor to collagen fibrils and the
The biological functions of human von Willebrand factor subsequent binding of polyclonal anti-von Willebrand factor
are numerous. At present, its ristocetin cofactor activity antibody conjugated to an enzyme, which on addition
and its collagen binding activity can be utilised for assays. of a chromogenic substrate yields a product that can be
The potency of human von Willebrand factor is determined quantitated spectrophotometrically. Under appropriate
by comparing, in given conditions, its activity with the conditions, there is a linear relationship between von
same activity of a reference preparation calibrated against Willebrand factor collagen-binding and absorbance.
the International Standard, in International Units where
applicable. REAGENTS
The International Unit is the activity of a stated amount of Collagen. Use native equine or human fibrils of collagen
the International Standard, which consists of a freeze-dried type I or III. For ease of handling, collagen solutions may
human von Willebrand factor concentrate. The equivalence be used.
in International Units of the International Standard is stated Collagen diluent. Dissolve 50 g of glucose R in water R,
by the World Health Organisation (WHO). adjust to pH 2.7-2.9 with 1 M hydrochloric acid and dilute
to 1000 ml with water R.
RISTOCETIN COFACTOR ASSAY Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Dissolve 8.0 g of sodium
The ristocetin cofactor activity of von Willebrand factor chloride R, 1.05 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate
is determined by measuring agglutination of a suspension dihydrate R, 0.2 g of sodium dihydrogen phosphate R and
of platelets in the presence of ristocetin A. The assay 0.2 g of potassium chloride R in water R. Adjust to pH 7.2
can be carried out for quantitative determinations by using 1 M sodium hydroxide or 1 M hydrochloric acid and
using automated instruments, or for semi-quantitative dilute to 1000 ml with water R.
determinations by visually assessing the endpoint of Washing buffer. PBS containing 1 g/l of polysorbate 20 R.
agglutination in a dilution series. Quantitative assays are
preferred. Blocking reagent. PBS containing 1 g/l of polysorbate 20 R
and 10 g/l of bovine serum albumin R.
REAGENTS Dilution buffer. PBS containing 1 g/l of polysorbate 20 R
Suspension of platelets. Use standardised and, for example, and 50 g/l of bovine serum albumin R.
formaldehyde- or paraformaldehyde-fixed preparations
of freshly isolated and washed human platelets. The Conjugate. Rabbit anti-human von Willebrand factor serum
suspension may also be freeze-dried. An appropriate amount horseradish peroxidase conjugate. Use according to the
of ristocetin A is added if necessary. Some platelet reagents manufacturer’s instructions.
may already contain ristocetin A. Substrate solution. Immediately before use, dissolve a tablet
Reference preparation. The reference preparation for von of o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride and a tablet of urea
Willebrand factor is the WHO International Standard for von hydrogen peroxide in 20 ml of water R or use a suitable
Willebrand factor concentrate. volume of hydrogen peroxide. Protect from light.
Microtitre plates. Flat-bottomed polystyrene plates with
METHOD surface properties optimised for enzyme immunoassay and
Semi-quantitative assay. Prepare suitable dilutions of the high protein-binding capacity.
preparation to be examined and of the reference preparation,
using as diluent a solution containing 9 g/l of sodium METHOD
chloride R and 10-50 g/l of human albumin R. Add to each Test solutions. Reconstitute the preparation to be examined
dilution an appropriate amount of the suspension of platelets as stated on the label. Dilute with dilution buffer to produce
and, if necessary, of ristocetin A. Mix on a glass slide by a solution containing approximately 1 IU of von Willebrand
moving it gently in circles for 1 min. Allow to stand for a factor. Prepare 2 series of at least 3 further dilutions using
further 1 min and read the result against a dark background dilution buffer.
with side lighting. The last dilution which clearly shows Reference solutions. Reconstitute the reference preparation
visible agglutination indicates the ristocetin cofactor titre of as directed. Dilute with dilution buffer to produce a solution
the sample. Use diluent as a negative control. containing approximately 1 IU of von Willebrand factor.
Quantitative Assay. Reconstitute the entire contents of Prepare 2 series of at least 3 further dilutions using dilution
1 ampoule of the reference preparation and the preparation buffer.
to be examined by adding the appropriate quantity of Allow the solution of collagen to warm to room temperature.
the recommended diluent (for example water R) ; use Dilute with collagen diluent to obtain a solution containing
immediately. Add sufficient prediluent to the reconstituted 30-75 µg/ml of collagen, mix gently to produce a uniform

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 237
2.7.22. Assay of human coagulation factor XI EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

suspension of collagen fibrils. Pipette 100 µl into each well Use an apparatus suitable for measurement of coagulation
of the microtitre plate. Cover the plate with plastic film times or perform the assay with incubation tubes maintained
and incubate at 37 °C overnight. Empty the wells of the in a water bath at 37 °C. Place in each tube 0.1 ml of
collagen-coated plate by inverting and draining on a paper factor XI-deficient plasma (for example plasma substrate R3)
towel. Add 250 µl of washing buffer. Empty the wells of the and 0.1 ml of one of the dilutions of the reference preparation
plate by inverting and draining on a paper towel. Repeat or of the preparation to be examined. Add to each tube
this operation 3 times. Add 250 µl of blocking reagent to 0.1 ml of a suitable Activated Partial Thromboplastin
each well, cover the plate with plastic film and incubate at Time (APTT) reagent containing phospholipid and contact
37 °C for 1 h. Empty the wells of the plate by inverting and activator and incubate the mixture for a recommended time
draining on a paper towel. Add 250 µl of washing buffer. at 37 °C. To each tube, add 0.1 ml of a 3.7 g/l solution
Empty the wells of the plate by inverting and draining on a of calcium chloride R previously heated to 37 °C. Using
paper towel. Repeat this operation 3 times. a timer, measure the coagulation time, i.e. the interval
Add 100 µl each of the test solutions or reference solutions between the moment of the addition of the calcium chloride
to the wells. Add 100 µl of dilution buffer to a series of wells and the first indication of the formation of fibrin. The
to serve as negative control. Cover the plate with plastic film volumes given above may be adapted to the APTT reagent
and incubate at 37 °C for 2 h. Empty the wells of the plate and apparatus used. Calculate the potency using the usual
by inverting and draining on a paper towel. Add 250 µl of statistical methods (for example, 5.3).
washing buffer. Empty the wells of the plate by inverting and
draining on a paper towel. Repeat this operation 3 times.
Prepare a suitable dilution of the conjugate (for example, 01/2008:20723
a dilution factor of 1 to 4000) with PBS containing 5 g/l
of bovine serum albumin R and add 100 µl to each well. 2.7.23. NUMERATION OF
Cover the plate with plastic film and incubate at 37 °C for
2 h. Empty the wells of the plate by inverting and draining CD34/CD45+ CELLS IN
on a paper towel. Add 250 µl of washing buffer. Empty the HAEMATOPOIETIC PRODUCTS
wells of the plate by inverting and draining on a paper towel.
Repeat this operation 3 times. This chapter describes immunolabelling and analysis
Add 100 µl of substrate solution to each of the wells and by flow cytometry (2.7.24) to determine the number of
incubate at room temperature for 20 min in the dark. Add CD34/CD45+ cells contained in haematopoietic products.
100 µl of 1 M hydrochloric acid to each of the wells. The determination is carried out by a single platform method
using calibrated fluorospheres, after lysis of the sample red
Measure the absorbance at 492 nm. Use the absorbance blood cells if necessary.
values to estimate the potency of the preparation to be
examined using the usual statistical methods (5.3). This method applies to all types of preparations and whole
blood. However, its level of precision makes it particularly
The assay is invalid if the absorbances measured for the
suitable for preparations containing very low percentages
negative controls are greater than 0.05.
of CD34/CD45+ cells.
Graft quality assessment by CD34/CD45+ cell
01/2008:20722 enumeration
A variety of studies have established that the 1-3 per cent
2.7.22. ASSAY OF HUMAN of cells in the bone marrow that express the CD34 cell
COAGULATION FACTOR XI surface antigen are capable of reconstituting long-term,
multilineage haematopoiesis after myeloablative therapy.
The principle of the assay is to measure the ability of a CD34/CD45+ cells are also found in the peripheral
factor XI preparation to reduce the prolonged coagulation circulation of normal individuals but are extremely rare
time of factor XI-deficient plasma. The reaction is accelerated (0.01-0.1 per cent). However, CD34/CD45+ cells may also
by addition of a reagent containing phospholipid and a be mobilised from marrow to the peripheral circulation
contact activator, e.g. kaolin, silica or ellagic acid. The in greater numbers by haematopoietic cytokines such as
potency is assessed by comparing the dose-response curve granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and/or chemotherapy.
of the preparation to be examined to that of a reference
The technique used for enumeration of CD34/CD45+ cells
preparation consisting of human normal plasma.
must meet the following requirements :
1 unit of factor XI is equal to the activity of 1 ml of human
— high sensitivity, since haematopoietic stem cells are rare
normal plasma. Human normal plasma is prepared by
events ;
pooling plasma units from not fewer than 30 donors and
stored at − 30 °C or lower. — accuracy, to provide clinically relevant results ;
Reconstitute separately the preparation to be examined — reproducibility, to provide clinically reliable results ;
and the reference preparation as stated on the label — speed, to provide real-time analysis.
and use immediately. Where applicable, determine the Selection of parameters
amount of heparin present (2.7.12) and neutralise the
heparin, for example by addition of protamine sulphate R The flow cytometry assay uses commercially available,
(10 µg of protamine sulphate neutralises 1 IU of heparin). directly conjugated fluorochrome-labelled monoclonal
Predilute the preparation to be examined and the reference antibodies, routine staining and whole blood lysing
preparation in factor XI-deficient plasma (for example procedures, and a gating strategy using light scatter and
plasma substrate R3) to produce solutions containing immunofluorescence analysis using a pan-CD45/CD34
0.5-2.0 units/ml. Prepare at least 3 appropriate dilutions for monoclonal antibody combination.
each material, preferably in duplicate, using a suitable buffer It is possible to determine CD34/CD45+ cell viability by
solution (for example imidazole buffer solution pH 7.3 R) appropriate nucleic acid staining with a stain that does
containing 10 g/l of bovine or human albumin. Use these not cross the intact cell membrane (for example, with
dilutions immediately. 7-aminoactinomycin D).

238 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.23. Numeration of CD34/CD45+ in haematopoietic products

Selection of monoclonal antibodies Specimen integrity and storage

CD34 antibodies. Use class III CD34 antibodies that Fresh (less than 24 h old) apheresis products, whole blood
detect all glycosylation variants of the molecule (for samples, umbilical cord blood specimens or bone marrow
example, clone 8G12 or 581). To detect rare events, use an samples can be processed. Old specimens (more than 24 h
antibody conjugated to the brightest fluorochrome excitable old) and specimens that have been frozen and thawed are
using an argon laser-based flow cytometer, for example stained with a viability dye. On receipt, the temperature
phycoerythrin (PE). within the package is verified.
CD45 antibodies. Pan-CD45 antibodies that detect all
isoforms and all glycoforms of this structure are required. TECHNIQUE
A CD45 antibody conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate
Sample preparation
(FITC) fluorochrome is generally used (for example, J33,
HLe1, 2D1). Ensure that the concentration of leucocytes is suitable prior
to staining with monoclonal antibodies. If necessary, dilute
Isotypic or isoclonic controls. A negative control is analysed
to detect any non-specific signal in the PE fluorescence the sample with medium that is compatible with the product
region. If using an isotypic control (a monoclonal antibody to be tested and the lysing system. Record the dilution
to an irrelevant antigen of the same isotype as the CD34 factor. It is recommended to perform the test with a negative
antibody employed), the PE-conjugated isotype is combined control.
with CD45-FITC (or PerCP). If using an isoclonic control, theFlow cytometry analysis
unconjugated (in excess) and PE-conjugated CD34 identical
Autostandardisation
monoclonal antibody is combined with conjugated CD45.
Alternative combinations may be used. For analysis of cells labelled with a commercially available
Absolute count of CD34/CD45+ kit, manufacturers have developed some quality tools
for setting the flow cytometer. These settings are then
Calibrated fluorospheres. Depending on the technique used, automatically transferred on protocol analysis of samples.
the internal standard either consists of calibrated beads Specific fluorospheres are used to set the photomultiplier
in suspension or is directly introduced into the associated tube (PMT) on target values, compensation is set and the
tubes by the manufacturer. system is checked using a control preparation.
The absolute count of the CD34/CD45+ cells per microlitre
is calculated using the following expression : System settings
— Discriminator/threshold : the forward angle light scatter
threshold is set to exclude debris (low forward scatter)
but not small lymphocytes from the light-scatter plot.
A = number of CD34/CD45+ cells counted ; — PMT high voltage settings : these must be consistent with
cell-surface marker analysis and established within each
B = number of fluorosphere singlets counted ; laboratory so that negative and positive cell populations
C = known fluorosphere concentration. of moderate antigen density can be distinguished ; PMT
voltages are reviewed and adjusted periodically according
Gating strategies to standardised laboratory procedures.
The purpose of sequential gating is to select the population — Compensation : this must be acceptable for the colour
of interest and simultaneously minimise interference spectra overlap (for example, FITC/PE) encountered
from debris and mature cells to which antibodies can in cell-surface marker analysis ; colour compensation
bind non-specifically. If using a commercial kit, apply is analysed and adjusted according to standardised
the gating recommended by the manufacturer. If using laboratory procedures.
an in-house assay, it is preferable to apply a currently
recommended strategy. A gating strategy that uses light — Flow rate : this must be consistent with routine
scattering parameters and CD34/CD45 fluorescence will cell-surface marker analysis.
aid in the accurate identification and enumeration of — Gating regions : the gating regions established for the
CD34/CD45+ cells. CD34/CD45 samples are maintained unaltered for the
Number of events analysed analysis of the negative region.
A sufficient number of events are analysed to maintain Calculation of absolute number of CD34/CD45+ cells
acceptable precision, for example not fewer than
100 CD34+ events and not fewer than 60 000 CD45+ events ; The absolute number of CD34/CD45+ cells is calculated
the total number of cells counted may be greater if the using the following expression :
percentage of CD34 is 0.1 per cent or less.
Specimen collection
Acid citrate dextrose (ACD) formula A is the anticoagulant n = total number of CD34/CD45+ cells per microlitre ;
used in apheresis procedures. This anticoagulant allows both D = dilution factor ;
an automated leucocyte count and flow cytometry evaluation
to be performed on the same specimen. Edetic acid (EDTA) V = volume of the product to be tested, in microlitres.
is the anticoagulant of choice for peripheral blood sampling.
Results are reported as both the percentage of
Specimen transport CD34/CD45+ cells and the absolute number per microlitre.
Transport conditions guarantee the physical and thermal They may also be reported as the absolute number per
safety of samples. kilogram of recipient body mass, where this is possible.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 239
2.7.24. Flow cytometry EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:20724 — diode lasers (blue, green, red, violet).

SIGNAL DETECTION
2.7.24. FLOW CYTOMETRY When a particle passes across the light beam, it scatters
Flow cytometry consists of a multiparametric analysis of some of the light in all directions. Fluorescent dyes, when
optical properties of individual particles in a fluidic system. added to the particle, give off their own light (fluorescence),
which is also radiated in all directions. 2 types of signals may
Cells or particles in suspension are individually distributed
thereby be generated :
into a linear array (stream), which flows through a detection
device. Solid tissues have to be reduced to a single-cell — scatter of light ;
suspension to be analysed. — fluorescence emission.
The spectrum of parameters measurable by flow cytometry The instrument’s light detectors collect some of this
includes volume and morphological complexity of cells scattered and fluorescent light and produce electronic
or cell-like structures, cell pigments, DNA content, RNA signals proportional to the amount of light collected.
content, proteins, cell surface markers, intracellular markers,
enzymatic activity, pH, membrane and fluidity. Scatter. 2 parameters of light scattering are measured :
It is possible to collect 2 morphological parameters — the amount scattered mainly forward (forward scatter
plus 1 or more fluorescence signals per single cell. The (FS))
multiparametric analysis allows the definition of cell — the amount scattered at 90° from the direction of the
populations by their phenotype. light beam (side scatter (SS)).
APPARATUS Forward scatter correlates with the cell volume while side
scatter is influenced by parameters such as the shape of
Focusing, magnifying, and choice of light source are the nucleus, the amount and type of cytoplasmic granules
optimised to allow the automatic detection and measurement or the membrane roughness, and correlates with the
of morphological differences and staining patterns. Flow morphological complexity of the cell, so that the higher the
cytofluorimetric analysis meets the following criteria : SS intensity, the higher the cell complexity. As a function of
— choice of light source depending on the parameters to the morphological characteristics of cells, scatter signals will
be analysed ; always be generated during a flow analysis ; they are defined
— adjustment of instrument settings depending on the cell as intrinsic parameters.
type to be analysed (for example, cell cultures, leucocytes, Fluorescence. Depending on the type and number of light
platelets, bacteria, spermatozoa, yeast) and the analysis sources, when a cell passes through the sensing area, it will
to be performed (for example, phenotyping, cell cycle, emit fluorescent light. Fluorescence signals are generated
apoptosis, cytokines, membrane fluidity, fluorescent from fluorescent dyes naturally present in the cells (for
protein). example, co-enzymes, chlorophyll, seaweed pigments) and/or
Flow cytometry is characterised by the automated from fluorescent probes taken up by the cells when stained
quantification of set parameters for a high number of for the analysis of specific characteristics (for example,
single cells during each analysis session. For example, fluorescent antibodies, nucleic acid dyes, pH probes, calcium
100 000 particles or more (practically unlimited) are analysed probes, fluorescent proteins). Nowadays, there is a large
one after the other, typically in about 1 min. The detection number and a wide range of different types of fluorescent
limit is as low as 100 fluorescent molecules per cell. probes available. The optical filters must be adapted to
A flow cytometer apparatus has 5 main components : the fluorochromes used and changed if necessary. Each
— a fluidic system and a flow cell ; fluorescent probe is characterised by its excitation spectrum
— a light source ; and its emission spectrum. They are chosen depending on
the nature of the excitation source and the detection system,
— a detection and Analogue to Digital Conversion (ADC) and according to the specific purpose of the analysis.
system ;
— an amplification system ; SIGNAL MANAGEMENT AND ANALOGUE TO DIGITAL
CONVERSION
— a computer provided with software for analysis of the
Scatter and fluorescence signals emitted by cells when
signals.
passing across the laser beam are sorted and addressed
FLUIDIC SYSTEM AND FLOW CELL to their detectors using optical filters. The detectors are
The single cell is exposed to the light source and detected in transducers (photomultiplier tubes (PMTs)) that convert
the flow cell. The fluidic system carries the suspended cells light signals radiated from the cells into voltage pulses.
individually from the sample tube to the laser intercept point. The process of counting each pulse in the appropriate
To achieve this, the sample stream is drawn out to a very thin channel is known as Analogue to Digital Conversion (ADC).
fluid thread by a sheath fluid in the flow cell (hydrodynamic The process is finally shown as a frequency histogram.
focusing). The light beam is focused in an elliptical shape, by
2 confocal lenses, into the flow cell channel through which Amplification. Voltage pulses need to be amplified for
the cells pass. The flow rate must be constant during routine optimal visualisation. The amplification process accentuates
cell surface marker analysis and must ensure a suitable the differences between cell signals, and consequently
distance between the cells to allow counting. increases the resolution among cell populations of different
characteristics (for example, the differentiation of viable
LIGHT SOURCES from non-viable cells, or non-specific fluorescence from
Commonly used light sources are : antigen-specific fluorescence after staining with a fluorescent
— lamps (mercury, xenon) ; monoclonal antibody).
— high power water-cooled lasers (argon, krypton, dye There are 2 methods of amplification : linear or logarithmic ;
laser) ; the choice between the 2 types is made for every single
— low power air-cooled lasers (argon (488 nm), signal according to the morphological characteristics of the
red helium-neon (633 nm), green helium-neon, cells and the staining reagents used (for example, fluorescent
helium-cadmium (UV)) ; monoclonal antibodies, nucleic acid dyes).

240 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.27. Flocculation value of toxins and toxoids (Ramon assay)

Linear amplification, which enhances the differences The 2nd, applied during data analysis, consists of the use of
among strong pulses, is used with those parameters that gating regions to restrict the analysis only to signals from
generate high intensity signals, for example : those populations that satisfy given morphological and
— cell scatters ; expression profile characteristics. 2 types of logical gating
are commonly used. The 1st is the morphological gate. The
— fluorescence from nucleic acid dyes for cell cycle studies. cell populations are identified using their morphological
Logarithmic amplification, in contrast, is for weak pulses signals (FS and SS). A region gate is drawn around the
and parameters or analysis conditions that may generate population of interest (for example, lymphocytes, viable
both weak and strong pulses, for example : cells) then the fluorescence plots are gated into the selected
— cell antigens ; region. The 2nd is the fluorescence-based gate. The cell
population of interest is identified on the basis of the
— scatter from platelets, bacteria, yeast ; expression intensity of an antigen or a dye, then a gate
— fluorescence from nucleic acid dyes for apoptosis studies. region is drawn around it. Afterwards the fluorescence plots
Compensation of fluorescence signals. Each fluorescent are gated into the selected region.
dye has an absorption wavelength spectrum and a higher The analysis software allows the creation of multiple gate
emission wavelength spectrum. When using 2 or more regions, using a sequential logic order. This feature is
fluorescent probes simultaneously for staining cells (for especially useful when studying rare cell populations or for
example, 4-antigen immunophenotyping), the fluorochromes sorting purposes.
emission spectra may overlap. As a consequence, each CONTROLS
fluorescence detector will sense its own specific fluorescent
light and a variable amount of light emitted by the other Internal control. The system’s optical alignment must be
fluorescent probes. This results in signal over-evaluation and validated before analysis using adapted fluorospheres and
poor separation of the cell populations. the optimum fluidic stability is checked. The data obtained
are reported and allow the periodical review of control values
The solution is in the use of an electronic matrix that allows against the mean performance value. A positive control is
the selective subtraction of the interfering signals from each highly desirable to prove that the test antibody is functional
fluorescence signal after detector sensing (fluorescence and to allow the proper setting of the flow cytometer. The
compensation). positive control must include samples known to be positive
Fluorescence compensation requires the use of fluorescence for the marker of interest.
calibrators, preferably positive cell samples stained with the External control. To ensure reliability in the data obtained
fluorochromes of interest, combined in a manner equivalent or to check inter-laboratory reproducibility, participation in
to that for the antibody used for the analysis. a proficiency testing study is recommended.
SIGNAL PLOTTING AND DISPLAY
After amplification and compensation, the signals are plotted 01/2008:20727
in 2 or 3 dimensions. Histograms show the signal intensities
versus the cell counts for a given parameter. Cytograms, in 2.7.27. FLOCCULATION VALUE (Lf) OF
which each dot represents a cell, result from the combination DIPHTHERIA AND TETANUS TOXINS
of 2 signal intensities (dual-parameter dot plots). The type
and number of plots and signal combinations are chosen on AND TOXOIDS (RAMON ASSAY)
the basis of the specimens and dyes used. When analysing The content of toxin or toxoid in a sample can be expressed
acquired data, the flow cytometry software can also generate as a flocculation value (Lf) using the Ramon assay. In this
other kinds of graphs (such as overlays, surface plots, assay, antitoxin is added in increasing concentrations to
tomograms, contour plots, density plots, overlay plots). a series of tubes containing a constant amount of toxin
Statistical data such as mean fluorescent intensities (and or toxoid. At the equivalence point of toxin/toxoid and
their shifts in time or their dependence on cell function) can antitoxin, flocculation occurs in 1 or more tubes. The first
also be used. tube in which flocculation occurs is used to determine the
DATA ANALYSIS Lf value of the sample.
Different kinds of cell populations may be present inside the The Lf value of a toxin or toxoid is determined by the number
cell suspensions to be analysed, some of which are unwanted of units of antitoxin that, when mixed with the sample,
(such as dead cells, debris or macro-aggregates), or simply produces an optimally flocculating mixture (Ramon assay).
not relevant for the analysis (for example, granulocytes Practical experience has shown that the results of the
when studying lymphocytes). This depends on the cell calibration of antitoxins in International Units (IU), for
sample type (whole blood, bone marrow, cell cultures, example by comparison to international antitoxin standards,
biological fluids, cell suspensions from solid tissues) and on depends on the immunochemical method used. For this
the handling procedures (for example, staining methods, reason, antitoxins used for the Ramon assay must be
lysis, fixation, cryopreservation, thawing, paraffin-embedded directly calibrated against the international biological
tissue preparation). reference reagents for diphtheria or tetanus toxoid for
As a consequence, not all the signals generated during a flocculation tests, using the principles described below.
flow cytometry analysis belong to the cells to be studied. The concentration thus determined may be indicated in
2 strategies are adopted to exclude unwanted and irrelevant Lf-equivalents per millilitre (Lf-eq./ml).
cell signals. By definition, 1 Lf is the quantity of toxin or toxoid that
The 1st is used during data acquisition. It is a noise threshold, flocculates in the shortest time with 1 Lf-eq. of specific
applied to 1 (or more) significant parameter(s), set to antitoxin.
acquire only the cells with signal intensities higher than the A range of volumes of the reference standard of antitoxin
pre-defined discrimination value for that parameter. Due adjusted to a concentration of 100 Lf-eq./ml is dispensed
to its characteristics of a strong signal with a low grade of into a series of, for example, 7 cm × 1 cm flocculation
interference, forward scatter is the parameter most often tubes. A sufficient quantity of a 9 g/l solution of sodium
used as discriminator. chloride R is added to each tube to give a constant total

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 241
2.7.28. CFC assay for human haematopoietic progenitor cells EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

volume of, for example, 1 ml. The test sample is diluted to Assay of low concentrations by blend flocculation
give an expected concentration of approximately 50 Lf/ml, For very low concentrations, it is preferable to measure toxin
and, for example, 1 ml aliquots of this dilution are dispensed or toxoid by the method of blend flocculation. This involves
into each of the tubes containing antitoxin. The tubes are comparison of the Lf value of a known toxin or toxoid and
properly mixed by shaking, then placed in a water-bath that of a mixture of the sample with that toxin or toxoid.
at a constant temperature between 30 °C and 52 °C, and
observed at regular intervals for the first appearance of When a toxin or toxoid with a known Lf value and a toxin or
floccules. This may require the use of a magnifying lens and toxoid with an unknown Lf value are flocculated together,
strong illumination. the mixture will flocculate as the sum of their values if they
are homogeneous. If non-homogenous toxins or toxoids
The first and the second mixtures to flocculate are recorded are mixed they will produce an aberrant pattern with
as well as the time taken for the first flocculation to appear. 2 flocculation maxima.
2 tubes may flocculate simultaneously.
The first tube to flocculate is the one that contains the
amount of antitoxin closest in equivalence to the amount of 01/2008:20728
antigen in the sample. The antitoxin content of this tube can
be used to calculate the Lf value of the sample. If 2 tubes
flocculate at the same time, the mean from the tubes are 2.7.28. COLONY-FORMING
given as the result. CELL ASSAY FOR HUMAN
The time taken for the first tube to flocculate (Kf) is a HAEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR
useful indicator of the quality of the antigen. If at a given
temperature and concentration of toxoid and antitoxin the
CELLS
Kf value is increased compared with normal, this indicates The haematopoietic system represents a continuum of cells
that the antigen has been damaged. The Kf value may also whose phenotype and properties change as they progress
change with the quality of the antitoxin used. from stem cells to differentiated cells.
Example Haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) are capable of
forming colonies or ‘cell clusters’ in cultures grown in
Tube A B C D E F semi-solid media and are said to be ‘clonogenic’. The
Antitoxin added 40 45 50 55 60 65 determination of the number of colony-forming cells (CFCs)
(Lf-eq.) in a cellular product is an indicator of the functional capacity
Antitoxin added 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 of the progenitor cells and is a predictor of haematopoietic
(ml) reconstitution. The measured number of CFCs correlates
Saline added 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 with the minimum number of progenitors present in the
(ml) sample.
Diluted sample 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
added CELL-SURFACE MARKERS
The capacity of colony-forming cells to give rise to
If in this example the first tube to flocculate is tube C then haematopoietic colonies in vitro and/or to reconstitute
the Lf value of the diluted sample is 50 Lf/ml. However, if the haematopoietic system has been correlated with the
the first tube to flocculate is tube A or tube F this does not expression of specific cell-surface antigens. The expression
indicate equivalence at that level. It would be necessary to of the membrane antigen CD34 is an accepted marker for
perform a repeat test using either a different dilution of test most of the haematopoietic progenitors and stem cells.
sample or selecting a different range of doses of reference
antitoxin. COLONY ASSAY SPECIFICITY
More precision can be obtained by making allowance for the Colony-forming cells are identified with a nomenclature
sequence of flocculation after the first tube. Thus, in the based on the lineages of mature cells present in the colony
example quoted, if the second tube to flocculate had been (for example, CFU-Mix, CFU-GEMM, CFU-GM, CFU-G,
tube D, the final value for the diluted sample would be 52, CFU-M, BFU-E, CFU-E, CFU-Meg) and are a population of
whereas if the second tube to flocculate was tube B, the final progenitors able to give rise to colonies containing one or
value would be 48. The test may be performed in duplicate more lineages of haematopoietic cells. No or low capacity for
with slightly different dilutions of the test sample. self-renewal has been ascribed to this population of human
HPCs compared with the most immature stem cells.
If there is no indication of the expected Lf value of the
sample available, it is advisable to obtain a rough estimate by The amount and type of growth factors supplied during the
use of a wider range of antitoxin content in the tubes before culture modulate the type and size of colonies that will be
proceeding to the final test. formed.
Greater specificity on the general class of HPCs and on
Example their relative proliferative potential is provided by the time
Tube A B C D E F required to differentiate in vitro into mature cells. The time
required by post-natal colony-forming cells to give rise to a
Antitoxin 20 30 45 70 100 150 colony formed of mature cells in vitro is 10-14 days.
content
(Lf-eq.)
QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR A CFC ASSAY
The level of toxin or toxoid and antitoxin concentration It is paramount for the overall quality of the colony-forming
in the test may be varied, but this will markedly affect the cell assay to apply a strictly standardised approach.
flocculation time, so that at very low levels the test will It is therefore recommended to carry out intra- and
take too long, whilst at a high concentration the onset inter-laboratory validations. The source of the materials,
of flocculation may be so rapid as to make it difficult to including reagents, growth factors and disposables, is
distinguish the first and second tubes to flocculate. identified.

242 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.29. Nucleated cell count and viability

The main factors affecting variability in the CFC assay are the must allow between 40 and 80 colonies per plate (Ø 35 mm)
number of cells plated and the identification of colonies. Up to be counted. The ‘target’ number of colonies per plate
to 15 per cent intra-laboratory variability may be observed may be obtained either from the percentage of CD34+ (or
for the same test. If it is necessary to evaluate the number concentration of CD34+ cells/ml) determined by flow
of colony-forming cells in a purified cell population, it is cytometry (2.7.24) or from different dilutions of the cell
possible to use a limiting dilution approach where the suspension (usually 2 concentrations are tested).
number of wells positive for cell proliferation is measured The plates are incubated in aerobic conditions with a carbon
with an automated system. dioxide concentration of 5 per cent, at 37 °C in a humid
The other main source of variability stems from the use of (saturated) atmosphere for 10-14 days, and the number of
undefined materials (for example, foetal bovine serum or colonies is then scored under an inverted microscope. Care
bovine serum albumin) in the CFC assay. These products must be taken when manipulating the dishes containing the
derive from pools of source materials and provide a colonies as the methylcellulose-based medium is viscous
non-specific stimulation of cellular proliferation. However, but not jellified. An inclined plate will result in mixed and
it is not uncommon to have batches with particular ‘comet’-shaped colonies making the scoring likely to be
characteristics that selectively stimulate the proliferation of incorrect.
specific haematopoietic lineages. IDENTIFICATION OF THE COLONIES
Finally, a low level of endotoxins (less than 0.01 IU/ml The size and structure of the colonies depend on the type
or less than 0.01 IU/mg) in all the materials used for the of mature cells that are their constituents. 50 cells per
clonogenic assay is advisable, as higher levels result first colony is usually considered a minimum. The presence of
in a progressive skewing of the haematopoietic lineages haemoglobinised cells identifies progenitors of the erythroid
expression in the cultures, and afterwards in a more general lineage. As the amount of mature cells for each lineage
inhibition of cell proliferation and clonogenesis. largely depends on the growth factors added to the cultures,
performing differentiated counts is not recommended unless
otherwise prescribed.
CFC CLONOGENIC ASSAY
EXPRESSION OF THE RESULTS
The CFC assay is based on the capacity of progenitor cells to The results of CFC culture are usually expressed as the
form a colony when plated in a semi-solid medium or in a gel arithmetic mean of the number of colonies counted in at least
in the presence of specific growth factors. Different types of 3 plates in the test. The mean number of colonies is then
semi-solid media may be used (for example, methylcellulose, related to 104 or 105 viable nucleated cells placed in culture.
collagen, agar and plasma-clot) depending on the desired
readout. Commercially available media usually give more
reproducible results.
MATERIALS
01/2008:20729
A validation is performed at least for the following critical
materials.
Growth factors. Both multilineage (such as Kit-ligand or 2.7.29. NUCLEATED CELL COUNT AND
stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage VIABILITY
colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)) and lineage-specific
(erythropoietin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor The determination of the quality of cell suspensions requires
(G-CSF)) growth factors are required to obtain the highest accurate measurements of both cell concentration and
number of colonies from a cell suspension containing a percentage of viable cells. These data are essential to the
mixed population of HPCs. decision-making process for preparing cellular products
Other media components. Media may be supplemented by and for maintaining optimum culture conditions. The cell
serum (notably by foetal bovine serum) and/or albumin. count may be expressed as the number of cells per volume
of cell suspension and the cell viability as the number of
CELL CULTURE viable cells per volume of cell suspension. The cell-count
Cells. The sample placed in culture must be representative of procedure may be performed manually (haemocytometer) or
the cellular product injected. Cell suspensions are required with an automated apparatus (for example, particle counter,
for this assay. In the case of bone marrow aspirates, such flow cytometer). Other methods than that described below
suspensions can be obtained by forcing the bone marrow may be used.
through a sieve or through progressively smaller calibre
needles. Repeated passages through a 21-gauge needle CELL NUMBER
are usually sufficient to disperse cell clusters into a cell MANUAL COUNTING
suspension. Description of the apparatus and test principle. The
PLATING AND SCORING following materials are required :
The cells diluted in the culture medium are mixed in the — a haemocytometer : a specialised microscope counting
semi-solid medium. It is common to plate 1 ml of the mixture chamber available in different designs. It consists of a
in an untreated sterile Petri dish (Ø 35 mm). thick slide and a coverslip mounted to delimit a chamber
Because of the viscosity of the medium, the solution cannot with a specific volume for each design. The thick slide
be plated with air displacement pipettes and the use of of the various haemocytometers consists of counting
syringes equipped with large bore (≤ 18-gauge) needles is chambers separated by deep groves to avoid cross-filling.
required. The counting chamber is etched in the glass and contains
a grid which is specific for each model ;
The number of cells to be plated depends on the HPC
concentration in the sample to be tested. So that no colony — a light microscope - low power 10× to 40× magnification ;
is derived from 2 different HPCs, the number of cells plated — pipettes of a suitable volume range.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 243
2.7.29. Nucleated cell count and viability EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The haemocytometer is used to quantify the number of cells MANUAL DYE-EXCLUSION METHOD
in a given solution by calculation of the cell concentration Test principle. This test is based on the exclusion of the
per millilitre (C) using the following expression : dye from viable cells whereas dead or damaged cells absorb
the dye and are coloured. It provides information on the
cytoplasmic membrane integrity but its results do not
a = number of cells counted ; necessarily reflect cell functionality. Recently trypsinised
or thawed viable cells may have leaky membranes, causing
d = dilution factor (where applicable) ; them to absorb the dye.
n = factor varying with the volume of the Dye. Trypan blue is the stain most commonly used to
haemocytometer chamber. distinguish between viable and non-viable cells, but other
It is possible to distinguish between mixed cell populations suitable dyes such as erythrosin B or nigrosin may also be
provided they differ in size or pigmentation (for example, used. It is an acid dye (Mr 961), an anion with 4 sulphonate
leukocytes and erythrocytes). groups that can easily bind to proteins ; therefore the protein
concentration of the preparation to be tested must be as low
Preparation of the counting chamber and analysis. Mount as possible.
the coverslip (slightly moistened on the edges) on the slide.
Move the coverslip back and forth over the slide, pressing Test conditions. Dye fixation is strongly influenced by pH,
slightly on the sides. Prepare a suitable dilution of the cell within a range of 6.6 to 7.6. Fixation is optimal at pH 7.5.
suspension in isotonic buffer or in haemolysis buffer. The other conditions, such as the dye concentration and the
staining time are validated.
Add an appropriate volume of the dilution to the counting
chamber. The liquid is added to the border of the coverslip Storage conditions of the dye : Generally a 0.4 or 0.5 per
and is drained inside the chamber by capillarity. Carefully cent trypan blue solution in sterile phosphate-buffered saline
place the haemocytometer under the microscope and focus. is used. Store protected from light and air.
Count the cells in a zone of the grid. Calculate the cell Test preparation and analysis. Stain the cell suspension at
concentration in the diluted and original samples. the required dilution (usually in phosphate-buffered saline)
To increase the accuracy of the measurement, it is important with, for example, a trypan blue solution having a final
to respect the following basic precautions : concentration of 0.1 to 0.2 per cent. Mix gently. Incubate
— use only suitably thickened coverslips ; for not more than 2-4 min at room temperature. Mix gently
and place a suitable volume in a counting chamber. Count
— wherever possible, count more than 100 cells (if necessary, without delay.
count more areas) ;
Determine the percentage of viable cells from the ratio of
— where cell clustering is detected (i.e. the cell suspension the number of unstained cells to the total number of cells
is not monocellular), resuspend the cells before sampling under a light microscope, considering all stained cells as
and count again ; dead cells. Viability (V) is calculated as a percentage using
— avoid underfilling or overflowing the chamber, otherwise the following expression :
the volume will no longer be accurate.
AUTOMATED COUNTING METHODS
Particle counters based on conductivity variation.
Electronic particle counting devices measure the size and n = number of unstained (viable) cells ;
number of particles in a solution. N = total number of cells (stained and unstained).
Particle counters are calibrated before use with a solution
of particles of known concentration and size. To allow the It is essential that the incubation time be not more than 4 min
counting of larger particles, tubes fitted with differently as the number of stained cells may increase significantly
calibrated orifices are available. These apparatuses do not afterwards. For a new determination, it may therefore be
allow the discrimination between dead and live cells. As necessary to prepare a new test.
cell debris may also generate pulses that may cause errors, AUTOMATED METHODS
counters are also fitted with a threshold control allowing
only larger particles to be counted. Flow cytometry
The apparatus must be qualified for the counting of cellular Test principle. The test is based on the ability of certain
products (in terms of linearity, accuracy, etc.). dyes to cross damaged membranes and bind to DNA by
Particle counters based on flow cytometry (2.7.24). The intercalating between bases so that dead cells may fluoresce
flow cytometer is calibrated with reference particles of and be detected by flow cytometry (2.7.24). Non-viable cells
known concentration and size to give an absolute cell are evaluated and discriminated by focusing on positive
number per volume. However, a calibrating solution is no staining whereas viable cells remain unstained. This analysis
longer necessary in instruments using 2 electrodes inserted is generally performed with 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD)
in the sampling chamber where the fixed size of the sampling or propidium iodide (PI) but other suitable dyes may also
chamber and distance between the 2 electrodes allow the be used.
measurement of the content of a fixed volume. This type Dye. 7-AAD and PI are given as examples of
of instrument rarely needs to be calibrated after the initial membrane-impermeants that may be used as viability dyes.
setting. 7-AAD is an analogue of actinomycin D that contains a
substituted amino group at position 7 of the chromophore.
VIABILITY It intercalates between cytosine and guanine DNA bases.
This section applies to cell staining by viability dyes and The spectral properties of 7-AAD make this molecule
manual or automated analysis, under a light microscope or particularly suitable for flow-cytometry analysis. The
by flow cytometry, of a cell suspension in order to determine maximum absorption of the 7-AAD/DNA complex is situated
the percentage of viable cells. in the green spectral region and is thus suitable for an
Depending on the type of cells and the method used, the argon laser-equipped cytometer (excitation wavelength of
results may differ. 488 nm). The deep red fluorescence emission of the 7-AAD

244 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.7.29. Nucleated cell count and viability

viability dye (635 nm to 675 nm) eases the use of the probe Incubation is performed at room temperature protected from
in combination with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) light. Where necessary, lysis of red blood cells is performed
and phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated antibodies, because in using, for example, ammonium chloride. If not, add buffer
contrast to PI, the 7-AAD/DNA complex shows minimal alone.
overlap with FITC and PE. Percentages of viable cells are directly given by the flow
PI binds to double-stranded DNA by intercalating between cytometer and deduced from the analysis of positive cells
bases with little or no sequence preference and with a (dead cells) in the SS/7-AAD or SS/PI cytogram (dot plots).
stoichiometry of 1 dye molecule per 4-5 DNA base pairs. Positive controls may consist of stabilised cells (dead cells)
Once the dye is bound to nucleic acids, its fluorescence mixed with fresh viable cells at a target value.
is enhanced 20- to 30-fold, the fluorescence excitation
maximum is shifted around 30-40 nm towards the red and Digital imaging of stained cells. Digital imaging allows the
the fluorescence emission maximum (615 nm) is shifted automation of dye-exclusion methods. The cell suspension
around 15 nm towards the blue. Although its absorptivity and viability-dye solution are directly mixed by a machine.
is quite low, PI exhibits a sufficiently large Stokes shift The system, which allows sample aspiration, reagent
to allow simultaneous detection of nucleic acids and handling, and subsequent instrument cleaning is fully
fluorescein-labelled antibodies, provided that the suitable automated. Once the cellular suspension has been aspirated
optical filters are used. and mixed with the dye solution, it is pumped to the flow
Storage conditions of nucleic acid dye solution : 5 ± 3 °C. cell for imaging. The stained cell suspension is aspirated
through a chamber where stroboscopic light allows a camera
Test preparation and analysis. In the case of haematopoietic to photograph the flowing cells. The images are digitalised
cells, the dye may be added after CD45 labelling to obtain and the number of dead or live cells counted by the software.
a better separation of cells from debris and platelets with
a side scatter (SS)/CD45+ gating region. The incubation
conditions of the cell suspension with the dye are validated
previously.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 245
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

246 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

2.8. METHODS IN
PHARMACOGNOSY
2.8. Methods in pharmacognosy.. .......................................... 249 2.8.10. Solubility in alcohol of essential oils.. ..................... 250
2.8.1. Ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid.. ........................... 249 2.8.11. Assay of 1,8-cineole in essential oils.. ...................... 250
2.8.2. Foreign matter................................................................. 249 2.8.12. Determination of essential oils in herbal drugs.. .. 251
2.8.3. Stomata and stomatal index.. ...................................... 249 2.8.13. Pesticide residues......................................................... 252
2.8.4. Swelling index................................................................. 249 2.8.14. Determination of tannins in herbal drugs.. ............ 255
2.8.5. Water in essential oils.................................................... 249 2.8.15. Bitterness value.. .......................................................... 255
2.8.6. Foreign esters in essential oils.. .................................. 250 2.8.16. Dry residue of extracts................................................ 256
2.8.7. Fatty oils and resinified essential oils in essential 2.8.17. Loss on drying of extracts.. ........................................ 256
oils............................................................................................... 250 2.8.18. Determination of aflatoxin B1 in herbal drugs.. .... 256
2.8.8. Odour and taste of essential oils................................. 250 2.8.20. Herbal drugs : sampling and sample preparation.. 258
2.8.9. Residue on evaporation of essential oils................... 250

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 247
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

248 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.8.5. Water in essential oils

2.8. METHODS IN (4) The paracytic (parallel-celled) type : the stoma has on
each side one or more subsidiary cells parallel to the long
PHARMACOGNOSY axis of the pore and guard cells.
STOMATAL INDEX

01/2008:20801

2.8.1. ASH INSOLUBLE IN S = the number of stomata in a given area of leaf,

HYDROCHLORIC ACID E = the number of epidermal cells (including
Ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid is the residue obtained trichomes) in the same area of leaf.
after extracting the sulphated or total ash with hydrochloric For each sample of leaf, make not fewer than
acid, calculated with reference to 100 g of drug. 10 determinations and calculate the mean.
To the crucible containing the residue from the determination
of sulphated or total ash, add 15 ml of water R and 10 ml
of hydrochloric acid R, cover with a watch-glass, boil the
mixture gently for 10 min and allow to cool. Filter through
an ashless filter, wash the residue with hot water R until the
filtrate is neutral, dry, ignite to dull redness, allow to cool in
a desiccator and weigh. Reheat until the difference between
2 consecutive weighings is not more than 1 mg.

01/2008:20802

2.8.2. FOREIGN MATTER

Herbal drugs should be free from moulds, insects and other
animal contamination.
Foreign matter is material consisting of any or all of the
following :
1) Foreign organs : matter coming from the source plant
but not defined as the drug, Figure 2.8.3.-1
2) Foreign elements : matter not coming from the source
plant and either of vegetable or mineral origin.
DETERMINATION OF FOREIGN MATTER 01/2008:20804
Weigh 100 g to 500 g of the substance to be examined, or
the minimum quantity prescribed in the monograph, and 2.8.4. SWELLING INDEX
spread it out in a thin layer. Examine for foreign matter by
inspection with the unaided eye or by use of a lens (6 ×). The swelling index is the volume in millilitres occupied by
Separate foreign matter and weigh it and calculate the 1 gram of a drug, including any adhering mucilage, after it
percentage present. has swollen in an aqueous liquid for 4 h.
In a 25 ml ground-glass stoppered cylinder graduated over
a height of 125 ± 5 mm in 0.5 ml divisions, place 1.0 g of
the drug, whole or of the degree of comminution prescribed
01/2008:20803 in the monograph. Unless otherwise prescribed, moisten
the drug with 1.0 ml of alcohol R, add 25 ml of water R
2.8.3. STOMATA AND STOMATAL and close the cylinder. Shake vigorously every 10 min for
1 h. Allow to stand for 3 h. At 90 min after the beginning of
INDEX the test, release any large volumes of liquid retained in the
STOMATA layer of the drug and any particles of the drug floating at the
surface of the liquid by rotating the cylinder about a vertical
There are several types of stomata (see Figure 2.8.3.-1), axis. Measure the volume occupied by the drug, including
distinguished by the form and arrangement of the any adhering mucilage. Carry out 3 tests at the same time.
surrounding cells :
The swelling index is given by the mean of the 3 tests.
(1) The anomocytic (irregular-celled) type : the stoma is
surrounded by a varying number of cells in no way differing
from those of the epidermis generally,
(2) The anisocytic (unequal-celled) type : the stoma is usually 01/2008:20805
surrounded by 3 subsidiary cells, of which one is markedly
smaller than the others,
2.8.5. WATER IN ESSENTIAL OILS
(3) The diacytic (cross-celled) type : the stoma is accompanied
by 2 subsidiary cells, whose common wall is at right angles Mix 10 drops of the essential oil with 1 ml of carbon
to the guard cells, disulphide R. The solution remains clear on standing.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 249
2.8.6. Foreign esters in essential oils EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:20806 During the test, the level of water in the bath is maintained
about 50 mm beneath the level of the cover.
2.8.6. FOREIGN ESTERS IN
ESSENTIAL OILS 01/2008:20810
Heat 1 ml of the essential oil for 2 min on a water-bath with
3.0 ml of a freshly prepared 100 g/l solution of potassium 2.8.10. SOLUBILITY IN ALCOHOL OF
hydroxide R in alcohol R. No crystals are formed within ESSENTIAL OILS
30 min, even after cooling.
Place 1.0 ml of the essential oil in a 25 ml or 30 ml
glass-stoppered cylinder. Place in a constant temperature
01/2008:20807 device, maintained at a temperature of 20 ± 0.2 °C. Using
a burette of at least 20 ml capacity, add the alcohol of the
2.8.7. FATTY OILS AND RESINIFIED strength prescribed in the monograph by increments of
ESSENTIAL OILS IN ESSENTIAL OILS 0.1 ml until solution is complete and then continue adding by
increments of 0.5 ml to a total of 20 ml, shaking frequently
Allow 1 drop of the essential oil to fall onto filter paper. The and vigorously. Record the volume of alcohol added when
drop evaporates completely within 24 h without leaving any a clear solution has been obtained and, if the solution
translucent or greasy spot. becomes cloudy or opalescent before 20 ml of alcohol has
been added, record the volume added when the cloudiness
01/2008:20808 or opalescence appears and, where applicable, the volume
added when the cloudiness or opalescence disappears.
2.8.8. ODOUR AND TASTE OF If a clear solution has not been obtained when 20 ml of
alcohol of the prescribed strength has been added, repeat
ESSENTIAL OILS the test using the next highest concentration of alcohol.
Mix 3 drops of the essential oil with 5 ml of 90 per cent V/V An essential oil is said to be “soluble in n volumes and more
alcohol R and stir in 10 g of powdered sucrose R. The odour of alcohol of given strength t” when the clear solution in n
and taste are similar to that of the plant or parts of the plant volumes remains clear when compared with the undiluted
from which the essential oil has been obtained. oil after further addition of alcohol of the same strength up
to a total of 20 volumes of alcohol.
01/2008:20809 An essential oil is said to be “soluble in n volumes of alcohol
of given strength t, becoming cloudy when diluted” when the
clear solution in n volumes becomes cloudy in n1 volumes
2.8.9. RESIDUE ON EVAPORATION OF (n1 less than 20) and stays so after further gradual addition
ESSENTIAL OILS of alcohol of the same strength up to a total of 20 volumes
of alcohol.
The residue on evaporation of an essential oil is the
percentage by mass of the oil which remains after An essential oil is said to be “soluble in n volumes of
evaporation on a water-bath under the conditions specified alcohol of given strength t with cloudiness between n1 and
below. n2 volumes” when the clear solution in n volumes becomes
cloudy in n1 volumes (n1 less than 20) and stays so after
Apparatus. The apparatus (see Figure 2.8.9.-1) consists of : further gradual addition of alcohol of the same strength up
— Water-bath with a cover having holes of 70 mm diameter, to a total of n2 volumes of alcohol and then becomes clear
— Evaporating dish of heat-resistant glass which is inert to (n2 less than 20).
the contents, An essential oil is said to be “soluble with opalescence”
— Desiccator. when the alcoholic solution shows a bluish tinge, similar
to that of a standard of opalescence freshly prepared as
follows : mix 0.5 ml of silver nitrate solution R2 and 0.05 ml
of nitric acid R ; add 50 ml of a 12 mg/l solution of sodium
chloride R ; mix and allow to stand protected from light for
5 min.

01/2008:20811

2.8.11. ASSAY OF 1,8-CINEOLE IN

ESSENTIAL OILS
Weigh 3.00 g of the oil, recently dried with anhydrous
sodium sulphate R, into a dry test-tube and add 2.10 g of
melted cresol R. Place the tube in the apparatus for the
Figure 2.8.9.-1. determination of freezing point (2.2.18) and allow to cool,
Dimensions in millimetres stirring continuously. When crystallisation takes place there
Method. Weigh the evaporating dish after having heated it is a small rise in temperature. Note the highest temperature
on the water-bath for 1 h and cooled it in the desiccator. reached (t1).
Weigh into the evaporating dish 5.00 g of the essential oil, Remelt the mixture on a water-bath at a temperature
unless otherwise prescribed. Heat the oil on the vigorously that does not exceed t1 by more than 5 °C and place the
boiling water-bath in a draught-free atmosphere for the tube in the apparatus, maintained at a temperature 5 °C
prescribed time. Allow to cool in the desiccator and weigh. below t1. When crystallisation takes place, or when the

250 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.8.12. Determination of essential oils in herbal drugs

temperature of the mixture has fallen 3 °C below t1, stir — the bulb-shaped swelling L has a capacity of about 2 ml ;
continuously. Note the highest temperature at which the
— M is a three-way tap ;
mixture crystallises (t2). Repeat the operation until 2 highest
values obtained for t2 do not differ by more than 0.2 °C. If — the junction B is at a level 20 mm higher than the
supercooling occurs, induce crystallisation by adding a small uppermost graduation ;
crystal of the complex consisting of 3.00 g of cineole R and (c) a suitable heating device, allowing a fine control ;
2.10 g of melted cresol R. If t2 is below 27.4 °C, repeat the
determination after the addition of 5.10 g of the complex. (d) a vertical support with a horizontal ring covered with
insulating material.
The content of cineole corresponding to the highest
temperature observed (t2) is given in Table 2.8.11.-1. If
5.10 g of the complex has been added, calculate the cineole
content per cent m/m from the expression :

where A is the value found in Table 2.8.11.-1.

The content of cineole, corresponding to the highest
temperature observed (t2), is obtained, where necessary, by
interpolation.
Table 2.8.11.-1
t2 cineole t2 cineole t2 cineole t2 cineole
°C per °C per °C per °C per
cent m/m cent m/m cent m/m cent m/m
24 45.5 32 56.0 40 67.0 48 82.0
25 47.0 33 57.0 41 68.5 49 84.0
26 48.5 34 58.5 42 70.0 50 86.0
27 49.5 35 60.0 43 72.5 51 88.5
28 50.5 36 61.0 44 74.0 52 91.0
29 52.0 37 62.5 45 76.0 53 93.5
30 53.5 38 63.5 46 78.0 54 96.0
31 54.5 39 65.0 47 80.0 55 99.0

01/2008:20812
corrected 6.0

2.8.12. DETERMINATION OF
Figure 2.8.12.-1. - Apparatus for the determination of
ESSENTIAL OILS IN HERBAL DRUGS essential oils in herbal drugs
The determination of essential oils in herbal drugs is carried Dimensions in millimetres
out by steam distillation in a special apparatus in the Method. Use a thoroughly cleaned apparatus. Carry out the
conditions described below. The distillate is collected in the assay according to the nature of the drug to be examined.
graduated tube, using xylene to take up the essential oil ; the Place the prescribed volume of distillation liquid in the
aqueous phase is automatically returned to the distillation flask, add a few pieces of porous porcelain and attach the
flask. condenser assembly. Introduce water R through the filling
Apparatus. The apparatus comprises the following parts : funnel N until it is at the level B. Remove the stopper K′
and introduce the prescribed quantity of xylene R, using
(a) a suitable round-bottomed flask with a short, ground-glass a pipette with its tip at the bottom of the tube K. Replace
neck having an internal diameter of about 29 mm at the the stopper K′ and ensure that the orifice coincides with the
wide end ; vent. Heat the liquid in the flask to boiling and adjust the
(b) a condenser assembly (see Figure 2.8.12.-1) that closely distillation rate to 2-3 ml/min, unless otherwise prescribed.
fits the flask, the different parts being fused into one piece ; To determine the rate of distillation, during distillation
the glass used has a low coefficient of expansion : lower the level of the water by means of the three-way tap
— the stopper K′ is vented and the tube K has an orifice until the meniscus is at the level of the lower mark (a) (see
of diameter about 1 mm that coincides with the vent ; Figure 2.8.12.-2). Close the tap and measure the time taken
the wide end of the tube K is of ground-glass and has an for the liquid to reach the upper mark (b). Open the tap
internal diameter of 10 mm ; and continue the distillation, modifying the heat to regulate
the distillation rate. Distil for 30 min. Stop the heating and
— a pear-shaped swelling, J, of 3 ml capacity ; after at least 10 min read off the volume of xylene in the
— the tube JL is graduated in 0.01 ml ; graduated tube.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 251
2.8.13. Pesticide residues EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

If the drug is intended for the preparation of extracts,

tinctures or other pharmaceutical forms whose preparation
method modifies the content of pesticides in the finished
product, the limits are calculated using the following
expression :

E = extraction factor of the method of preparation,

Figure 2.8.12.-2 determined experimentally.
Introduce into the flask the prescribed quantity of the drug Higher limits can also be authorised, in exceptional cases,
and continue the distillation as described above for the especially when a plant requires a particular cultivation
time and at the rate prescribed. Stop the heating and after method or has a metabolism or a structure that gives rise to
10 min read the volume of liquid collected in the graduated a higher than normal content of pesticides.
tube and subtract the volume of xylene previously noted.
The competent authority may grant total or partial
The difference represents the quantity of essential oil in the
exemption from the test when the complete history (nature
mass of the drug taken. Calculate the result as millilitres
and quantity of the pesticides used, date of each treatment
per kilogram of drug.
during cultivation and after the harvest) of the treatment of
When the essential oil is to be used for other analytical the batch is known and can be checked precisely.
purposes, the water-free mixture of xylene and essential
Sampling
oil may be recovered as follows : remove the stopper K′
and introduce 0.1 ml of a 1 g/l solution of sodium Method. For containers up to 1 kg, take one sample from
fluoresceinate R and 0.5 ml of water R. Lower the mixture the total content, thoroughly mixed, sufficient for the tests.
of xylene and essential oil into the bulb-shaped swelling L For containers between 1 kg and 5 kg, take three samples,
by means of the three-way tap, allow to stand for 5 min and equal in volume, from the upper, middle and lower parts of
lower the mixture slowly until it just reaches the level of the the container, each being sufficient to carry out the tests.
tap M. Open the tap anti-clockwise so that the water flows out Thoroughly mix the samples and take from the mixture an
of the connecting tube BM. Wash the tube with acetone R amount sufficient to carry out the tests. For containers of
and with a little toluene R introduced through the filling more than 5 kg, take three samples, each of at least 250 g
funnel N. Turn the tap anti-clockwise in order to recover the from the upper, middle and lower parts of the container.
mixture of xylene and essential oil in an appropriate flask. Thoroughly mix the samples and take from the mixture an
amount sufficient to carry out the tests.
Size of sampling. If the number (n) of containers is three or
fewer, take samples from each container as indicated above
01/2008:20813 under Method. If the number of containers is more than
three, take samples from containers as indicated
under Method, rounding up to the nearest unit if necessary.
2.8.13. PESTICIDE RESIDUES The samples are to be analysed immediately to avoid possible
degradation of the residues. If this is not possible, the
Definition. For the purposes of the Pharmacopoeia, samples are stored in airtight containers suitable for food
a pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances contact, at a temperature below 0 °C, protected from light.
intended for preventing, destroying or controlling any pest,
unwanted species of plants or animals causing harm during Reagents. All reagents and solvents are free from any
or otherwise interfering with the production, processing, contaminants, especially pesticides, that might interfere
storage, transport or marketing of herbal drugs. The item with the analysis. It is often necessary to use special quality
includes substances intended for use as growth-regulators, solvents or, if this is not possible, solvents that have recently
defoliants or desiccants and any substance applied to crops been re-distilled in an apparatus made entirely of glass. In
either before or after harvest to protect the commodity from any case, suitable blank tests must be carried out.
deterioration during storage and transport. Apparatus. Clean the apparatus and especially glassware to
Limits. Unless otherwise indicated in the monograph, ensure that they are free from pesticides, for example, soak
the drug to be examined at least complies with the limits for at least 16 h in a solution of phosphate-free detergent,
indicated in Table 2.8.13.-1. The limits applying to pesticides rinse with large quantities of distilled water R and wash with
that are not listed in the table and whose presence is acetone and hexane or heptane.
suspected for any reason comply with the limits set by Qualitative and quantitative analysis of pesticide residues.
European Community directives 76/895 and 90/642, The analytical procedures used are validated according
including their annexes and successive updates. Limits for to the regulations in force. In particular, they satisfy the
pesticides that are not listed in Table 2.8.13.-1 nor in EC following criteria :
directives are calculated using the following expression : — the chosen method, especially the purification steps, are
suitable for the combination pesticide residue/substance
to be analysed, and not susceptible to interference from
co-extractives ; the limits of detection and quantification
ADI = acceptable daily intake, as published by are measured for each pesticide-matrix combination to
be analysed,
FAO-WHO, in milligrams per kilogram of body
mass, — between 70 per cent to 110 per cent of each pesticide is
M recovered,
= body mass in kilograms (60 kg),
— the repeatability of the method is not less than the values
MDD = daily dose of the drug, in kilograms. indicated in Table 2.8.13.-2,

252 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.8.13. Pesticide residues

— the reproducibility of the method is not less than the The following section is published for information.
values indicated in Table 2.8.13.-2,
— the concentration of test and reference solutions and the Test for pesticides
setting of the apparatus are such that a linear response is
ORGANOCHLORINE, ORGANOPHOSPHORUS AND
obtained from the analytical detector.
PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES
Table 2.8.13.-1 The following methods may be used, in connection with
the general method above. Depending on the substance
Substance Limit being examined, it may be necessary to modify, sometimes
(mg/kg) extensively, the procedure described hereafter. In any case,
Alachlor 0.02 it may be necessary to use, in addition, another column
Aldrin and Dieldrin (sum of) 0.05 with a different polarity or another detection method (mass
spectrometry...) or a different method (immunochemical
Azinphos-methyl 1.0 methods...) to confirm the results obtained.
Bromopropylate 3.0 This procedure is valid only for the analysis of samples of
Chlordane (sum of cis-, trans - and Oxythlordane) 0.05 herbal drugs containing less than 15 per cent of water.
Samples with a higher content of water may be dried,
Chlorfenvinphos 0.5 provided it has been shown that the drying procedure does
Chlorpyrifos 0.2 not affect significantly the pesticide content.
Chlorpyrifos-methyl 0.1 1. EXTRACTION
To 10 g of the substance being examined, coarsely
Cypermethrin (and isomers) 1.0
powdered, add 100 ml of acetone R and allow to stand
DDT (sum of p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE and p,p′-TDE) 1.0 for 20 min. Add 1 ml of a solution containing 1.8 µg/ml
0.5
of carbophenothion R in toluene R. Homogenise using a
Deltamethrin
high-speed blender for 3 min. Filter and wash the filter cake
Diazinon 0.5 with two quantities, each of 25 ml, of acetone R. Combine
Dichlorvos 1.0 the filtrate and the washings and heat using a rotary
evaporator at a temperature not exceeding 40 °C until the
Dithiocarbamates (as CS2) 2.0 solvent has almost completely evaporated. To the residue
Endosulfan (sum of isomers and Endosulfan sulphate) 3.0 add a few millilitres of toluene R and heat again until the
acetone is completely removed. Dissolve the residue in 8 ml
Endrin 0.05
of toluene R. Filter through a membrane filter (45 µm), rinse
Ethion 2.0 the flask and the filter with toluene R and dilute to 10.0 ml
Fenitrothion 0.5
with the same solvent (solution A).
2. PURIFICATION
Fenvalerate 1.5
2.1. Organochlorine, organophosphorus and
Fonofos 0.05
pyrethroid insecticides. Examine by size-exclusion
Heptachlor (sum of Heptachlor and Heptachlorepoxide) 0.05 chromatography (2.2.30).
Hexachlorobenzene 0.1 The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (other than γ) 0.3 — a stainless steel column 0.30 m long and 7.8 mm in
internal diameter packed with styrene-divinylbenzene
Lindane (γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane) 0.6 copolymer R (5 µm),
Malathion 1.0 — as mobile phase toluene R at a flow rate of 1 ml/min.
Methidathion 0.2 Performance of the column. Inject 100 µl of a solution
containing 0.5 g/l of methyl red R and 0.5 g/l of oracet blue
Parathion 0.5
2R R in toluene R and proceed with the chromatography.
Parathion-methyl 0.2 The column is not suitable unless the colour of the eluate
Permethrin 1.0
changes from orange to blue at an elution volume of about
10.3 ml. If necessary calibrate the column, using a solution
Phosalone 0.1 containing, in toluene R, at a suitable concentration, the
Piperonyl butoxide 3.0 insecticide to be analysed with the lowest molecular mass
(for example, dichlorvos) and that with the highest molecular
Pirimiphos-methyl 4.0 mass (for example, deltamethrin). Determine which fraction
Pyrethrins (sum of) 3.0 of the eluate contains both insecticides.
Quintozene (sum of quintozene, pentachloroaniline and 1.0 Purification of the test solution. Inject a suitable volume
methyl pentachlorophenyl sulphide) of solution A (100 µl to 500 µl) and proceed with the
chromatography. Collect the fraction as determined above
Table 2.8.13.-2 (solution B). Organophosphorus insecticides are usually
eluted between 8.8 ml and 10.9 ml. Organochlorine and
Concentration of Repeatability Reproducibility pyrethroid insecticides are usually eluted between 8.5 ml
the pesticide (difference, (difference, and 10.3 ml.
(mg/kg) ± mg/kg) ± mg/kg)
2.2. Organochlorine and pyrethroid insecticides. In
0.010 0.005 0.01
a chromatography column, 0.10 m long and 5 mm in
0.100 0.025 0.05 internal diameter, introduce a piece of defatted cotton and
1.000 0.125 0.25
0.5 g of silica gel treated as follows : heat silica gel for
chromatography R in an oven at 150 °C for at least 4 h.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 253
2.8.13. Pesticide residues EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Allow to cool and add dropwise a quantity of water R Table 2.8.13.-3

corresponding to 1.5 per cent of the mass of silica gel used ; Substance Relative retention times
shake vigorously until agglomerates have disappeared
Dichlorvos 0.20
and continue shaking for 2 h using a mechanical shaker.
Condition the column using 1.5 ml of hexane R. Prepacked Fonofos 0.50
columns containing about 0.50 g of a suitable silica gel may Diazinon 0.52
also be used provided they are previously validated.
Parathion-methyl 0.59
Concentrate solution B in a current of helium for
Chlorpyrifos-methyl 0.60
chromatography R or oxygen-free nitrogen R almost to
dryness and dilute to a suitable volume with toluene R Pirimiphos-methyl 0.66
(200 µl to 1 ml according to the volume injected in the 0.67
Malathion
preparation of solution B). Transfer quantitatively onto
the column and proceed with the chromatography using Parathion 0.69
1.8 ml of toluene R as the mobile phase. Collect the eluate Chlorpyrifos 0.70
(solution C).
Methidathion 0.78
3. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
Ethion 0.96
3.1. Organophosphorus insecticides. Examine by gas
chromatography (2.2.28), using carbophenothion R as Carbophenothion 1.00
internal standard. It may be necessary to use a second Azinphos-methyl 1.17
internal stan-dard to identify possible interference with the
Phosalon 1.18
peak corresponding to carbophenothion.
Test solution. Concentrate solution B in a current of helium The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
for chromatography R almost to dryness and dilute to 100 µl — a fused silica column 30 m long and 0.32 mm in internal
with toluene R. diameter the internal wall of which is covered with a layer
0.25 µm thick of poly(dimethyl)(diphenyl)siloxane R,
Reference solution. Prepare at least three solutions in — hydrogen for chromatography R as the carrier gas. Other
toluene R containing the insecticides to be determined and gases such as helium for chromatography R or nitrogen
carbophenothion at concentrations suitable for plotting a for chromatography R may also be used, provided the
calibration curve. chromatography is suitably validated,
The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using : — an electron-capture detector,
— a device allowing direct cold on-column injection,
— a fused-silica column 30 m long and 0.32 mm in internal maintaining the temperature of the column at 80 °C for
diameter the internal wall of which is covered with a layer 1 min, then raising it at a rate of 30 °C/min to 150 °C,
0.25 µm thick of poly(dimethyl)siloxane R, maintaining at 150 °C for 3 min, then raising the temperature
— hydrogen for chromatography R as the carrier gas. Other at a rate of 4 °C/min to 280 °C and maintaining at this
gases such as helium for chromatography R or nitrogen temperature for 1 min, and maintaining the temperature
for chromatography R may also be used provided the of the injector port at 250 °C and that of the detector at
chromatography is suitably validated. 275 °C. Inject the chosen volume of each solution. When the
chromatograms are recorded in the prescribed conditions,
— a phosphorus-nitrogen flame-ionisation detector or a the relative retention times are approximately those listed
atomic emission spectrometry detector, in Table 2.8.13.-4. Calculate the content of each insecticide
from the peak areas and the concentrations of the solutions.
maintaining the temperature of the column at 80 °C for
1 min, then raising it at a rate of 30 °C/min to 150 °C, Table 2.8.13.-4
maintaining at 150 °C for 3 min, then raising the temperature Substance Relative rentention times
at a rate of 4 °C/min to 280 °C and maintaining at this α-Hexachlorocyclohexane 0.44
temperature for 1 min, and maintaining the temperature
of the injector port at 250 °C and that of the detector at Hexachlorobenzene 0.45
275 °C. Inject the chosen volume of each solution. When the β-Hexachlorocyclohexane 0.49
chromatograms are recorded in the prescribed conditions,
Lindane 0.49
the relative retention times are approximately those listed
in Table 2.8.13.-3. Calculate the content of each insecticide δ-Hexachlorocyclohexane 0.54
from the peak areas and the concentrations of the solutions.
-Hexachlorocyclohexane 0.56
3.2. Organochlorine and pyrethroid insecticides. Examine 0.61
Heptachlor
by gas chromatography (2.2.28), using carbophenothion as
the internal standard. It may be necessary to use a second Aldrin 0.68
internal standard to identify possible interference with the cis-Heptachlor-epoxide 0.76
peak corresponding to carbophenothion
o,p′-DDE 0.81
Test solution. Concentrate solution C in a current of helium
α-Endosulfan 0.82
for chromatography R or oxygen-free nitrogen R almost to
dryness and dilute to 500 µl with toluene R. Dieldrin 0.87
p,p′-DDE 0.87
Reference solution. Prepare at least three solutions in
toluene R containing the insecticides to be determined and o,p′-DDD 0.89
carbophenothion at concentrations suitable for plotting a
Endrin 0.91
calibration curve.

254 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.8.15. Bitterness value

Substance Relative rentention times 01/2008:20815

β-Endosulfan 0.92
o,p′-DDT 0.95 2.8.15. BITTERNESS VALUE
Carbophenothion 1.00 The bitterness value is the reciprocal of the dilution of a
p,p′-DDT 1.02 compound, a liquid or an extract that still has a bitter taste.
It is determined by comparison with quinine hydrochloride,
cis-Permethrin 1.29
the bitterness value of which is set at 200 000.
trans-Permethrin 1.31
Determination of the correction factor
Cypermethrin* 1.40
A taste panel comprising at least 6 persons is recommended.
Fenvalerate* 1.47 and 1.49 The mouth must be rinsed with water R before tasting.
Deltamethrin 1.54 To correct for individual differences in tasting bitterness
* The substance shows several peaks.
amongst the panel members it is necessary to determine a
correction factor for each panel member.
Stock solution. Dissolve 0.100 g of quinine hydrochloride R
01/2008:20814 in water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same solvent.
Dilute 1.0 ml of this solution to 100.0 ml with water R.
2.8.14. DETERMINATION OF TANNINS Reference solutions. Prepare a series of dilutions by placing
IN HERBAL DRUGS in a first tube 3.6 ml of the stock solution and increasing the
volume by 0.2 ml in each subsequent tube to a total of 5.8 ml ;
Carry out all the extraction and dilution operations dilute the contents of each tube to 10.0 ml with water R.
protected from light.
Determine as follows the dilution with the lowest
In the case of a herbal drug or a dry extract, to the stated concentration that still has a bitter taste. Take 10.0 ml of the
amount of the powdered drug (180) (2.9.12) or the extract in weakest solution into the mouth and pass it from side to side
a 250 ml round-bottomed flask add 150 ml of water R. Heat over the back of the tongue for 30 s. If the solution is not
on a water-bath for 30 min. Cool under running water and found to be bitter, spit it out and wait for 1 min. Rinse the
transfer quantitatively to a 250 ml volumetric flask. Rinse mouth with water R. After 10 min, use the next dilution in
the round-bottomed flask and collect the washings in the order of increasing concentration.
volumetric flask, then dilute to 250.0 ml with water R. Allow
the solids to settle and filter the liquid through a filter paper Calculate the correction factor k for each panel member
125 mm in diameter. Discard the first 50 ml of the filtrate. from the expression :
In the case of a liquid extract or a tincture, dilute the stated
amount of the liquid extract or tincture to 250.0 ml with
water R. Filter the mixture through a filter paper 125 mm in
diameter. Discard the first 50 ml of the filtrate. n = number of millilitres of the stock solution in the
Total polyphenols. Dilute 5.0 ml of the filtrate to 25.0 ml dilution of lowest concentration that is judged to
with water R. Mix 2.0 ml of this solution with 1.0 ml of be bitter.
phosphomolybdotungstic reagent R and 10.0 ml of water R Persons who are unable to taste any bitterness when using
and dilute to 25.0 ml with a 290 g/l solution of sodium the reference solution prepared from 5.8 ml of stock solution
carbonate R. After 30 min measure the absorbance (2.2.25) have to be excluded from the panel.
at 760 nm (A1), using water R as the compensation liquid.
Polyphenols not adsorbed by hide powder. To 10.0 ml of the Sample preparation
filtrate, add 0.10 g of hide powder CRS and shake vigorously If necessary, reduce the sample to a powder (710) (2.9.12).
for 60 min. Filter and dilute 5.0 ml of the filtrate to 25.0 ml To 1.0 g of sample add 100 ml of boiling water R. Heat on a
with water R. Mix 2.0 ml of this solution with 1.0 ml of water-bath for 30 min, stirring continuously. Allow to cool
phosphomolybdotungstic reagent R and 10.0 ml of water R and dilute to 100 ml with water R. Shake vigorously and
and dilute to 25.0 ml with a 290 g/l solution of sodium filter, discarding the first 2 ml of the filtrate. The filtrate is
carbonate R. After 30 min measure the absorbance (2.2.25) labelled C-1 and has a dilution factor (DF) of 100.
at 760 nm (A2), using water R as the compensation liquid. If liquids have to be examined, 1 ml of the liquid is diluted
Standard. Dissolve immediately before use 50.0 mg of with a suitable solvent to 100 ml and designated C-1.
pyrogallol R in water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the
same solvent. Dilute 5.0 ml of the solution to 100.0 ml Determination of the bitterness value
with water R. Mix 2.0 ml of this solution with 1.0 ml of Test solutions :
phosphomolybdotungstic reagent R and 10.0 ml of water R
and dilute to 25.0 ml with a 290 g/l solution of sodium 10.0 ml of C-1 is diluted with water R to (DF = 1000)
carbonate R. After 30 min measure the absorbance (2.2.25) 100 ml : C-2
at 760 nm (A3), using water R as the compensation liquid. 10.0 ml of C-2 is diluted with water R to (DF = 10 000)
Calculate the percentage content of tannins expressed as 100 ml : C-3
pyrogallol from the expression : 20.0 ml of C-3 is diluted with water R to (DF = 50 000)
100 ml : C-3A
10.0 ml of C-3 is diluted with water R to (DF = 100 000)
100 ml : C-4
m1 = mass of the sample to be examined, in grams, Starting with dilution C-4 each panel member determines
the dilution which still has a bitter taste. This solution is
m2 = mass of pyrogallol, in grams. designated D. Note the DF of solution D is Y.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 255
2.8.16. Dry residue of extracts EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Starting with solution D prepare the following sequence of microbial spoilage, and invades all types of organic substrates
dilutions : whenever and wherever the conditions are favourable for
its growth. Favourable conditions include high moisture
Solution D (ml) 1.2 1.5 2.0 3.0 6.0 8.0
content and high temperature. At least 13 different types
water R (ml) 8.8 8.5 8.0 7.0 4.0 2.0 of aflatoxin are produced in nature and most of these are
known to be highly toxic and carcinogenic. Aflatoxin B1 is
Determine the number of millilitres of solution D which, considered the most toxic. Herbal drugs that are subject to
when diluted to 10.0 ml with water R, still has a bitter contamination by aflatoxins are tested by a validated method.
taste (X).
Unless otherwise indicated in the monograph, herbal
Calculate the bitterness value for each panel member from
drugs contain not more than 2 µg/kg of aflatoxin B1. The
the expression :
competent authority may also require compliance with a
limit of 4 µg/kg for the sum of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2.
The method described below is cited as an example of a
method that has been shown to be suitable for devil’s claw
Calculate the bitterness value of the sample to be examined
root, ginger and senna pods. Its suitability for other herbal
as the average value for all panel members.
drugs must be demonstrated or another validated method
used.

01/2008:20816 METHOD
Liquid chromatography (2.2.29).
2.8.16. DRY RESIDUE OF EXTRACTS
Aflatoxins are subject to light degradation. Carry out
In a flat-bottomed dish about 50 mm in diameter and about the determination protected from daylight by using
30 mm in height, introduce rapidly 2.00 g or 2.0 ml of UV-absorbing foil on windows in combination with
the extract to be examined. Evaporate to dryness on a subdued light, or curtains or blinds in combination with
water-bath and dry in an oven at 100-105 °C for 3 h. Allow artificial light (fluorescent tubes are acceptable). Protect
to cool in a desiccator over diphosphorus pentoxide R or aflatoxin-containing solutions from daylight.
anhydrous silica gel R and weigh. Calculate the result as a
mass percentage or in grams per litre. Rinse glassware before use with a 10 per cent V/V solution
of sulphuric acid R and then rinse carefully with distilled
water R until no more acid is present.
Test solution. Use an immunoaffinity column containing
01/2008:20817 antibodies against aflatoxin B with a capacity of not less
1
than 100 ng of aflatoxin B1 and which gives a recovery of
2.8.17. LOSS ON DRYING OF not less than 80 per cent when a solution of 5 ng of aflatoxin
B1 in a mixture of 12.5 ml of methanol R and 87.5 ml of
EXTRACTS water R is passed through. Allow the immunoaffinity column
In a flat-bottomed dish about 50 mm in diameter and about to reach room temperature. To 5.00 g of the powdered
30 mm in height, weigh rapidly 0.50 g of the extract to be drug (500) (2.9.12) add 100 ml of a mixture of 30 volumes
examined, finely powdered. Dry in an oven at 100-105 °C of water R and 70 volumes of methanol R and extract by
for 3 h. Allow to cool in a desiccator over diphosphorus sonication for 30 min. Filter through folded filter paper.
pentoxide R or anhydrous silica gel R and weigh. Calculate Pipette 10.0 ml of the clear filtrate into a 150 ml conical
the result as a mass percentage. flask. Add 70 ml of water R. Pass 40 ml through the
immunoaffinity column at a flow rate of 3 ml/min (not
exceeding 5 ml/min). Wash the column with 2 volumes, each
of 10 ml, of water R at a flow rate not exceeding 5 ml/min
and dry by applying a slight vacuum for 5-10 s or by passing
01/2008:20818 air through the immunoaffinity column by means of a
syringe for 10 s. Apply 0.5 ml of methanol R to the column
2.8.18. DETERMINATION OF and allow to pass through by gravity. Collect the eluate in
a 5 ml volumetric flask. After 1 min, apply a 2nd portion
AFLATOXIN B1 IN HERBAL DRUGS of 0.5 ml of methanol R. After a further 1 min, apply a 3rd
CAUTION : aflatoxins are very toxic and carcinogenic. portion of 0.5 ml of methanol R. Collect most of the applied
Perform manipulations under an extraction hood whenever elution solvent by pressing air through or applying vacuum
possible. Take particular precautions, such as use of a to the column. Dilute to 5 ml with water R and shake well.
glove box, when toxins are in dry form because of their If the solution is clear it can be used directly for analysis.
electrostatic properties and the tendency to disperse Otherwise, pass it through a disposable filter unit prior to
through the working areas. Decontamination procedures injection. Use a disposable filter unit (e.g. 0.45 µm pore size
for laboratory wastes of aflatoxins were developed by the polytetrafluoroethylene filter) that has been shown not to
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). cause loss of aflatoxin by retention.
Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins produced Aflatoxin B1 primary stock solution. Dissolve aflatoxin B1 R
mainly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. in a mixture of 2 volumes of acetonitrile R and 98 volumes
These fungi are common and widespread in nature and are of toluene R to give a 10 µg/ml solution. To determine the
most often found when certain grains are grown under exact concentration of aflatoxin B1 in the stock solution,
conditions of stress such as drought. The mould occurs record the absorption curve (2.2.25) between 330 nm and
in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains undergoing 370 nm in quartz cells.

256 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.8.18. Determination of aflatoxin B1 in herbal drugs

Calculate the aflatoxin B1 mass concentration, in micrograms Injection : 500 µl.

per millilitre, using the following expression : Post-column derivatisation with pyridinium hydrobromide
perbromide (PBPB) :
— pulseless pump ;
— T-piece with zero dead volume ;
A = absorbance determined at the maximum of the
absorption curve ; — polytetrafluoroethylene reaction tube, l = 0.45 m,
Ø = 0.5 mm ;
M = molar mass of aflatoxin B1 (312 g/mol) ;
— mobile phase A ;
= molar absorptivity of aflatoxin B1 in the
2
toluene-acetonitrile mixture (1930 m /mol) ; — post-column derivatisation reagent : dissolve 50 mg of
pyridinium hydrobromide perbromide R in 1000 ml of
l = optical path length of the cell (1 cm).
water R (store protected from light and use within 4 days) ;
Aflatoxin B1 secondary stock solution. Prepare a secondary — flow rate of the derivatisation reagent : 0.4 ml/min.
stock solution containing 100 ng/ml aflatoxin B1 by diluting
aflatoxin B1 primary stock solution with a mixture of Post-column derivatisation with photochemical reactor
2 volumes of acetonitrile R and 98 volumes of toluene R. (PHRED)
Wrap the flask tightly in aluminium foil and store it below — reactor unit with one 254 nm low pressure mercury UV
4 °C. Before use, do not remove the aluminium foil until the bulb (minimum 8 W) ;
contents have reached room temperature. If the solution has — polished support plate ;
to be stored for a long period (for example, 1 month), weigh
the flask and record the mass before and after each use of — knitted reactor coil : polytetrafluoroethylene tubing
the solution. knitted tightly around the UV bulb, l = 25 m, Ø = 0.25 mm,
Aflatoxin B1 standard solutions. Place the volumes of nominal void volume 1.25 ml ;
aflatoxin secondary stock solution indicated in Table — exposure time : 2 min ;
2.8.18.-1 in separate 250 ml volumetric flasks. Pass a stream — mobile phase A.
of nitrogen through at room temperature until the solvent
has just evaporated. To each flask, add 75 ml of methanol R, Post-column derivatisation with electrochemically
allow the aflatoxin B1 to dissolve and dilute to 250 ml with generated bromine (KOBRA) :
water R. — KOBRA-cell : electrochemical cell that generates a
reactive form of bromine for derivatisation of aflatoxins,
Table 2.8.18.-1. – Aflatoxin B1 standard solutions
resulting in enhanced fluorescence ; available from
Volume of secondary
Final concentration various commercial suppliers ;
Standard solution of standard solution
stock solution (µl) — Derivation direct-current supply in series with the
(ng/ml)
1 125 0.05 KOBRA-cell, providing a constant current of about
100 µA ;
2 250 0.1
— polytetrafluoroethylene reaction tube, l = 0.12 m,
3 500 0.2 Ø = 0.25 mm ;
4 750 0.3 — mobile phase B.
5 1000 0.4 Elution order : aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin B2,
aflatoxin B1.
Calibration curve. Prepare the calibration curve using
aflatoxin B1 standard solutions 1 to 5, which cover a range Calculation : calculate the calibration curve y = ax + b, with
equivalent to 1-8 µg/kg of aflatoxin B1 in the herbal drug. aflatoxin B1 concentration (ng/ml) on the x-axis and the
Check the plot for linearity. If the content of aflatoxin B1 in signal (S) on the y-axis. The aflatoxin B1 concentration (C)
the sample to be examined is outside of the calibration range, in a measured solution is equal to .
the test solution must be diluted to an aflatoxin content that Calculate the aflatoxin B1 content of the herbal drug, in
is appropriate for the established calibration curve. nanograms per gram, using the following expression :
Column :
— size : l = 0.25 m, Ø = 4.6 mm ;
— stationary phase : octadecylsilyl silica gel for
chromatography R (5 µm). m = mass of the herbal drug taken for analysis, in
Mobile phase : grams ;
— mobile phase A (for post-column derivatisation with V1 = volume of the solvent used for extraction, in
photochemical reactor or pyridinium bromide) : millilitres ;
acetonitrile R, methanol R, water R (2:3:6 V/V/V) ; Vi = aliquot taken for immunoaffinity clean-up, in
— mobile phase B (for post-column derivatisation with millilitres ;
electrochemically derived bromine) : add 0.12 g of V2 = final volume of solution after elution from the
potassium bromide R and 350 µl of dilute nitric acid R1 immunoaffinity column and dilution, in millilitres ;
per litre of mobile phase A. C = measured aflatoxin B1 concentration of the test
Flow rate : 1 ml/min. solution, in nanograms per millilitre.
Detection : fluorescence detector with a 360 nm excitation The presence of aflatoxin B1 may be confirmed by recording
filter and a 420 nm cut-off emission filter, or equivalent. the chromatogram without post-column derivatisation,
Recommended settings for adjustable detectors are 365 nm which leads to a large decrease (greater than 10-fold) in the
(excitation wavelength) and 435 nm (emission wavelength). response due to aflatoxin B1.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 257
2.8.20. Herbal drugs : sampling and sample preparation EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:20820 Prepare the bulk sample by combining and thoroughly

mixing the samples taken from each of the randomly selected
2.8.20. HERBAL DRUGS : SAMPLING containers (see Table 2.8.20.-1).
AND SAMPLE PREPARATION
In order to reduce the effect of sampling in qualitative and
quantitative analysis, it is necessary to ensure that the TEST SAMPLE
composition of the sample used is representative of the batch
of material being examined. The following procedures are Unless otherwise prescribed in the monograph, prepare the
the minimum considered applicable for herbal drugs. NOTE : test sample as follows.
other procedures may be used if they can be demonstrated
to produce representative batch samples.
Reduce the size of the bulk sample by quartering (see Note
BULK SAMPLE below) or by any other method that produces a homogeneous
Where external examination of containers, markings and sample, making sure that each retained portion remains
labels of a batch indicate that it can be considered to be representative of the whole, until the minimum retained
homogeneous, sample the number of randomly selected quantity complies with the following conditions.
containers indicated below. Where a batch cannot be
considered to be homogeneous, divide it into sub-batches Type of herbal drug Minimum weight of test sample
that are as homogeneous as possible, then sample each
sub-batch as a homogeneous batch using, as a minimum, the Roots, rhizomes, bark, herbs 500 g or mass of whole sample if
bulk sample is less than 500 g
number of randomly selected containers indicated below.
Leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits 250 g or mass of whole sample if
Number of containers bulk sample is less than 250 g
Number of containers in batch (N)
to be sampled (n) Broken or fragmented drugs 125 g
1-3 all (where average mass of the pieces
is less than 0.5 g)
>3 n* =
* round n up to the next integer NOTE : quartering consists of placing the bulk sample,
Take one sample from each container to be sampled. The thoroughly mixed, as a level and square-shaped heap
sample is taken from the upper, middle or lower section of and dividing it diagonally into 4 equal parts. 2 opposite
the container, such that the samples taken are representative quarters are retained and carefully remixed. The process is
of different parts of the containers. In the case of large bales repeated as necessary until the required minimum mass is
or bags, samples must be taken from a depth of at least obtained for the test sample.
10 cm. The mass of the material taken from each container
is such that the total mass of the bulk sample complies with Mill the test sample in a single pass through a 1 mm screen
the following values. or the screen size specified in the monograph. The use of a
milling machine is recommended.
Minimum mass of samples as a
Mass of herbal drug in the
percentage of the mass of the
batch (kg)
batch of herbal drug Pass the milled sample through a 1 mm standard sieve or the
< 50 1.00* sieve specified in the monograph. The residue retained on
the sieve must not be more than 10 per cent of the total mass
50 - 100 0.50
of the milled sample, of which not more than 2 per cent of
> 100 - 250 0.25 the total mass of the milled sample may be of a particle size
> 250 - 500 0.20
greater than 1.5 mm or 1.5 times the specified particle size
in the monograph. If these conditions are met, the sample
> 500 - 1000 0.18 and residue are to be well mixed to form the test sample for
> 1000 - 2500 0.15 analysis.
> 2500 - 5000 0.10
In those cases where these requirements are not met, the
> 5000 - 10 000 0.08 test sample for analysis is composed of the 2 parts measured
> 10 000 - 25 000 0.05 separately. Therefore, the quantity required for each analysis
is derived by weighing proportional quantities of the powder
NOTE : if the mass of the batch is greater than 25 000 kg, it is divided and the residue.
into sub-batches, and the procedure is applied to each sub-batch as
though it were a homogeneous batch.
* subject to a minimum total mass of 125 g for the bulk sample ; if this NOTE : for determination of microscopic characters, a
minimum requirement represents more than 10.0 per cent of the mass of portion of the milled test sample is re-milled through a
herbal drug in the batch, the whole batch may be used as the sample. 0.355 mm screen.

258 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.8.20. Herbal drugs : sampling and sample preparation

Table 2.8.20.-1. – Operation of the sampling procedure in order to obtain the prescribed bulk sample
Mass of herbal
drug in container 0.5 1 5
(kg)
Total mass of No. of No. of Total mass No. of No. of Total mass No. of No. of Total mass
herbal drug in containers containers to of samples containers containers to of samples containers containers to of samples
the batch (kg) in batch be sampled (g) in batch be sampled (g) in batch be sampled (g)
0.5 1 1 125 – – – – – –

1 2 2 125 1 1 125 – – –

5 10 5 125 5 4 125 1 1 125

10 20 6 125 10 5 125 2 2 125
25 – – – 25 6 250 5 4 250
100 – – – 100 11 500 20 6 500
250 – – – – – – 50 9 625
500 – – – – – – 100 11 1000
Mass of herbal
drug in container 25 125 500
(kg)
Total mass of No. of No. of Total mass No. of No. of Total mass No. of No. of Total mass
herbal drug in containers containers to of samples containers containers to of samples containers containers to of samples
the batch (kg) in batch be sampled (g) in batch be sampled (g) in batch be sampled (g)
25 1 1 250 – – – – – –

100 4 3 500 – – – – – –

250 10 5 625 2 2 625 – – –

500 20 6 1000 4 3 1000 1 1 1000

1000 40 8 1800 8 4 1800 2 2 1800
2000 80 10 3000 16 5 3000 4 3 3000
3000 120 12 3000 24 6 3000 6 4 3000
5000 200 16 5000 40 8 5000 10 5 5000
10 000 400 21 8000 80 10 8000 20 6 8000
25 000 800 30 12 500 160 14 12 500 40 8 12 500

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 259
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

260 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

2.9. PHARMACEUTICAL
TECHNICAL PROCEDURES
2.9. Pharmaceutical technical procedures.. ......................... 263 2.9.20. Particulate contamination : visible particles.. ........ 302
2.9.1. Disintegration of tablets and capsules....................... 263 2.9.22. Softening time determination of lipophilic
2.9.2. Disintegration of suppositories and pessaries.. ....... 265 suppositories............................................................................. 302
2.9.3. Dissolution test for solid dosage forms.. ................... 266 2.9.23. Pycnometric density of solids.................................... 304
2.9.4. Dissolution test for transdermal patches.. ................ 275 2.9.25. Dissolution test for medicated chewing gums....... 304
2.9.5. Uniformity of mass of single-dose preparations....... 278 2.9.26. Specific surface area by gas adsorption.................. 306
2.9.6. Uniformity of content of single-dose preparations.. 278 2.9.27. Uniformity of mass of delivered doses from multidose
2.9.7. Friability of uncoated tablets.. ..................................... 278 containers.................................................................................. 309
2.9.8. Resistance to crushing of tablets................................ 279 2.9.29. Intrinsic dissolution..................................................... 309
2.9.9. Measurement of consistency by penetrometry.. ...... 279 2.9.31. Particle size analysis by laser light diffraction.. .....311
2.9.10. Ethanol content and alcoholimetric tables.. .......... 281 2.9.33. Characterisation of crystalline and partially
2.9.11. Test for methanol and 2-propanol.. .......................... 282 crystalline solids by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD).. ...314
2.9.12. Sieve test.. ...................................................................... 283 2.9.36. Powder flow................................................................... 320
2.9.14. Specific surface area by air permeability.. .............. 283 2.9.37. Optical microscopy....................................................... 323
2.9.15. Apparent volume.. ........................................................ 285 2.9.38. Particle-size distribution estimation by analytical
2.9.16. Flowability...................................................................... 286 sieving.. ...................................................................................... 325
2.9.17. Test for extractable volume of parenteral 2.9.40. Uniformity of dosage units......................................... 327
preparations.............................................................................. 287 2.9.41. Friability of granules and spheroids.. ...................... 330
2.9.18. Preparations for inhalation : aerodynamic assessment 2.9.42. Dissolution test for lipophilic solid dosage forms.. 332
of fine particles.. ...................................................................... 287 2.9.43. Apparent dissolution.. ................................................. 332
2.9.19. Particulate contamination : sub-visible particles... 300

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 261
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

262 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.1. Disintegration of tablets and capsules

2.9. PHARMACEUTICAL disc is made of a suitable, transparent plastic material

having a specific gravity of 1.18-1.20. 5 parallel 2 ± 0.1 mm
TECHNICAL PROCEDURES holes extend between the ends of the cylinder. One of
the holes is centered on the cylindrical axis. The other
holes are centered 6 ± 0.2 mm from the axis on imaginary
01/2008:20901 lines perpendicular to the axis and parallel to each other.
4 identical trapezoidal-shaped planes are cut into the wall
2.9.1. DISINTEGRATION OF TABLETS of the cylinder, nearly perpendicular to the ends of the
cylinder. The trapezoidal shape is symmetrical ; its parallel
AND CAPSULES sides coincide with the ends of the cylinder and are parallel
This test is provided to determine whether tablets or capsules to an imaginary line connecting the centres of 2 adjacent
disintegrate within the prescribed time when placed in a holes 6 mm from the cylindrical axis. The parallel side of
liquid medium under the experimental conditions presented the trapezoid on the bottom of the cylinder has a length
below. of 1.6 ± 0.1 mm and its bottom edges lie at a depth of
For the purposes of this test, disintegration does not 1.6 ± 0.1 mm from the cylinder’s circumference. The parallel
imply complete dissolution of the unit or even of its active side of the trapezoid on the top of the cylinder has a length
constituent. Complete disintegration is defined as that of 9.4 ± 0.2 mm and its centre lies at a depth of 2.6 ± 0.1 mm
state in which any residue of the unit, except fragments of from the cylinder’s circumference. All surfaces of the disc
insoluble coating or capsule shell, remaining on the screen are smooth.
of the test apparatus or adhering to the lower surface of the If the use of discs is specified, add a disc to each tube and
discs, if used, is a soft mass having no palpably firm core. operate the apparatus as directed under Procedure. The
Use apparatus A for tablets and capsules that are not discs conform to the dimensions shown in Figure 2.9.1.-1.
greater than 18 mm long. For larger tablets or capsules use The use of automatic detection employing modified discs
apparatus B. is permitted where the use of discs is specified or allowed.
Such discs must comply with the requirements of density
TEST A - TABLETS AND CAPSULES OF NORMAL SIZE and dimension given in this chapter.
Apparatus. The apparatus consists of a basket-rack assembly, Procedure. Place 1 dosage unit in each of the 6 tubes of the
a 1 litre, low-form beaker, 149 ± 11 mm in height and having basket and, if prescribed, add a disc. Operate the apparatus
an inside diameter of 106 ± 9 mm for the immersion fluid, using the specified medium, maintained at 37 ± 2 °C, as
a thermostatic arrangement for heating the fluid between the immersion fluid. At the end of the specified time, lift
35 °C and 39 °C, and a device for raising and lowering the the basket from the fluid and observe the dosage units :
basket in the immersion fluid at a constant frequency rate all of the dosage units have disintegrated completely. If
between 29 and 32 cycles per minute, through a distance 1 or 2 dosage units fail to disintegrate, repeat the test on
of 55 ± 2 mm. The volume of the fluid in the vessel is such 12 additional dosage units. The requirements of the test are
that at the highest point of the upward stroke the wire mesh met if not less than 16 of the 18 dosage units tested have
remains at least 15 mm below the surface of the fluid, and disintegrated.
descends to not less than 25 mm from the bottom of the
vessel on the downward stroke. At no time should the top TEST B – LARGE TABLETS AND LARGE CAPSULES
of the basket-rack assembly become submerged. The time Apparatus. The main part of the apparatus (Figure 2.9.1.-2)
required for the upward stroke is equal to the time required is a rigid basket-rack assembly supporting 3 cylindrical
for the downward stroke, and the change in stroke direction transparent tubes 77.5 ± 2.5 mm long, 33.0 mm ± 0.5 mm in
is a smooth transition, rather than an abrupt reversal of internal diameter, and with a wall thickness of 2.5 ± 0.5 mm.
motion. The basket-rack assembly moves vertically along its Each tube is provided with a cylindrical disc 31.4 ± 0.13 mm
axis. There is no appreciable horizontal motion or movement in diameter and 15.3 ± 0.15 mm thick, made of transparent
of the axis from the vertical. plastic with a relative density of 1.18-1.20. Each disc is
Basket-rack assembly. The basket-rack assembly consists of pierced by 7 holes, each 3.15 ± 0.1 mm in diameter, 1 in
6 open-ended transparent tubes, each 77.5 ± 2.5 mm long the centre and the other 6 spaced equally on a circle of
and having an inside diameter of 21.85 ± 1.15 mm and a wall radius 4.2 mm from the centre of the disc. The tubes are
1.9 ± 0.9 mm thick ; the tubes are held in a vertical position held vertically by 2 separate and superimposed rigid plastic
by 2 plates, each 90 ± 2 mm in diameter and 6.75 ± 1.75 mm plates 97 mm in diameter and 9 mm thick, with 3 holes.
in thickness, with 6 holes, each 24 ± 2 mm in diameter, The holes are equidistant from the centre of the plate and
equidistant from the centre of the plate and equally spaced equally spaced. Attached to the under side of the lower plate
from one another. Attached to the under surface of the is a piece of woven gauze made from stainless steel wire
lower plate is a woven stainless steel wire cloth, which has a 0.63 ± 0.03 mm in diameter and having mesh apertures of
plain square weave with 2.0 ± 0.2 mm mesh apertures and 2.0 ± 0.2 mm. The plates are held rigidly in position and
with a wire diameter of 0.615 ± 0.045 mm. The parts of the 77.5 mm apart by vertical metal rods at the periphery. A
apparatus are assembled and rigidly held by means of 3 bolts metal rod is also fixed to the centre of the upper plate to
passing through the 2 plates. A suitable means is provided enable the assembly to be attached to a mechanical device
to suspend the basket-rack assembly from the raising and capable of raising and lowering it smoothly at a constant
lowering device using a point on its axis. frequency of between 29 and 32 cycles per minute, through
The design of the basket-rack assembly may be varied a distance of 55 ± 2 mm.
somewhat provided the specifications for the glass The assembly is suspended in the specified liquid medium in
tubes and the screen mesh size are maintained. The a suitable vessel, preferably a 1 litre beaker. The volume of
basket-rack assembly conforms to the dimensions shown in the liquid is such that when the assembly is in the highest
Figure 2.9.1.-1. position the wire mesh is at least 15 mm below the surface
Discs. The use of discs is permitted only where specified of the liquid, and when the assembly is in the lowest position
or allowed. Each tube is provided with a cylindrical disc the wire mesh is at least 25 mm above the bottom of the
9.5 ± 0.15 mm thick and 20.7 ± 0.15 mm in diameter. The beaker and the upper open ends of the tubes remain above

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 263
2.9.1. Disintegration of tablets and capsules EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

the surface of the liquid. A suitable device maintains the and, if prescribed, add a disc ; suspend the assembly in
temperature of the liquid at 35-39 °C. the beaker containing the specified liquid. Operate the
apparatus for the prescribed period, withdraw the assembly
The design of the basket-rack assembly may be varied and examine the state of the tablets or capsules. To pass the
provided the specifications for the tubes and wire mesh are test, all 6 of the tablets or capsules must have disintegrated.
maintained.
Method. Test 6 tablets or capsules either by using
2 basket-rack assemblies in parallel or by repeating the
procedure. In each of the 3 tubes, place 1 tablet or capsule

Figure 2.9.1.-1. – Disintegration apparatus A

Dimensions in millimetres

264 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.2. Disintegration of suppositories and pessaries

Figure 2.9.1.-2. – Disintegration apparatus B

Dimensions in millimetres

01/2008:20902 c) there is softening of the sample that may be accompanied

by appreciable change of shape without complete separation
of the components, the softening is such that the suppository
2.9.2. DISINTEGRATION OF or pessary no longer has a solid core offering resistance to
pressure of a glass rod,
SUPPOSITORIES AND PESSARIES d) rupture of the gelatin shell of rectal or vaginal capsules
occurs allowing release of the contents,
The disintegration test determines whether the suppositories e) no residue remains on the perforated disc or if a residue
or pessaries soften or disintegrate within the prescribed remains, it consists only of a soft or frothy mass having
time when placed in a liquid medium in the experimental no solid core offering resistance to pressure of a glass rod
conditions described below. (vaginal tablets).
Disintegration is considered to be achieved when : Apparatus. The apparatus (Figure 2.9.2.-1) consists of a
sleeve of glass or suitable transparent plastic, of appropriate
a) dissolution is complete, thickness, to the interior of which is attached by means of
three hooks a metal device consisting of two perforated
b) the components of the suppository or pessary have
stainless metal discs each containing 39 holes 4 mm in
separated : melted fatty substances collect on the surface of
diameter ; the diameter of the discs is similar to that of the
the liquid, insoluble powders fall to the bottom and soluble
interior of the sleeve ; the discs are about 30 mm apart.
components dissolve, depending on the type of preparation,
The test is carried out using three such apparatuses each
the components may be distributed in one or more of these
containing a single sample. Each apparatus is placed in a
ways,

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 265
2.9.3. Dissolution test for solid dosage forms EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

beaker with a capacity of at least 4 litres filled with water

maintained at 36-37 °C, unless otherwise prescribed. The
apparatuses may also be placed together in a vessel with a
capacity of at least 12 litres. The beaker is fitted with a slow
stirrer and a device that will hold the cylinders vertically not
less than 90 mm below the surface of the water and allow
them to be inverted without emerging from the water.
Method. Use three suppositories or pessaries. Place each
one on the lower disc of a device, place the latter in the sleeve
and secure. Invert the apparatuses every 10 min. Examine
the samples after the period prescribed in the monograph.
To pass the test all the samples must have disintegrated.

A. glass plate D. water

B. vaginal tablet E. dish, beaker
C. water surface

Figure 2.9.2.-2.

01/2008:20903

2.9.3. DISSOLUTION TEST FOR SOLID

DOSAGE FORMS
This test is provided to determine compliance with the
dissolution requirements for solid dosage forms administered
orally. In this chapter, a dosage unit is defined as 1 tablet or
1 capsule or the amount specified.
APPARATUS
Apparatus 1 (Basket apparatus). The assembly consists
of the following : a vessel, which may be covered, made
of glass or other inert, transparent material(1) ; a motor ; a
drive shaft ; and a cylindrical basket (stirring element). The
vessel is partially immersed in a suitable water-bath of any
convenient size or heated by a suitable device such as a
heating jacket. The water-bath or heating device permits
maintaining the temperature inside the vessel at 37 ± 0.5 °C
during the test and keeping the dissolution medium in
constant, smooth motion. No part of the assembly, including
the environment in which the assembly is placed, contributes
Figure 2.9.2.-1. — Apparatus for disintegration of significant motion, agitation, or vibration beyond that due
suppositories and pessaries to the smoothly rotating stirring element. Apparatus that
Dimensions in millimetres permits observation of the preparation and stirring element
during the test is preferable. The vessel is cylindrical, with a
METHOD OF OPERATION FOR VAGINAL TABLETS hemispherical bottom and a capacity of 1 litre. Its height is
Use the apparatus described above, arranged so as to rest 160-210 mm and its inside diameter is 98-106 mm. Its sides
on the hooks (see Figure 2.9.2.-2). Place it in a beaker of are flanged at the top. A fitted cover may be used to retard
suitable diameter containing water maintained at 36-37 °C evaporation(2). The shaft is positioned so that its axis is not
with the level just below the upper perforated disc. Using more than 2 mm at any point from the vertical axis of the
a pipette, adjust the level with water at 36-37 °C until a vessel and rotates smoothly and without significant wobble
uniform film covers the perforations of the disc. Use three that could affect the results. A speed-regulating device is
vaginal tablets. Place each one on the upper plate of an used that allows the shaft rotation speed to be selected and
apparatus and cover the latter with a glass plate to maintain maintained at a specified rate, within ± 4 per cent.
appropriate conditions of humidity. Examine the state of the Shaft and basket components of the stirring element are
samples after the period prescribed in the monograph. To fabricated of stainless steel, type 316 or equivalent, to the
pass the test all the samples must have disintegrated. specifications shown in Figure 2.9.3.-1.
(1) The materials must not sorb, react, or interfere with the preparation to be tested.
(2) If a cover is used, it provides sufficient openings to allow ready insertion of the thermometer and withdrawal of samples.

266 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.3. Dissolution test for solid dosage forms

inert, rigid blade and shaft comprise a single entity. A

suitable two-part detachable design may be used provided
the assembly remains firmly engaged during the test. The
paddle blade and shaft may be coated with a suitable coating
so as to make them inert. The dosage unit is allowed to sink
to the bottom of the vessel before rotation of the blade is
started. A small, loose piece of non-reactive material, such
as not more than a few turns of wire helix, may be attached
to dosage units that would otherwise float. An alternative
sinker device is shown in Figure 2.9.3.-3. Other validated
sinker devices may be used.
Apparatus 3 (Reciprocating cylinder). The assembly
consists of a set of cylindrical, flat-bottomed glass vessels ; a
set of glass reciprocating cylinders ; inert fittings (stainless
steel type 316 or other suitable material) and screens that
are made of suitable nonsorbing and nonreactive material,
and that are designed to fit the tops and bottoms of the
reciprocating cylinders ; a motor and drive assembly to
reciprocate the cylinders vertically inside the vessels, and if
desired, index the reciprocating cylinders horizontally to a
different row of vessels. The vessels are partially immersed
in a suitable water-bath of any convenient size that permits
holding the temperature at 37 ± 0.5 °C during the test. No
part of the assembly, including the environment in which
the assembly is placed, contributes significant motion,
agitation, or vibration beyond that due to the smooth,
vertically reciprocating cylinder. A device is used that allows
the reciprocation rate to be selected and maintained at the
specified dip rate, within ± 5 per cent. An apparatus that
permits observation of the preparations and reciprocating
cylinders is preferable. The vessels are provided with an
evaporation cap that remains in place for the duration of the
test. The components conform to the dimensions shown in
Figure 2.9.3.-4 unless otherwise specified.
Apparatus 4 (Flow-through cell). The assembly consists
of a reservoir and a pump for the dissolution medium ; a
flow-through cell ; a water-bath that maintains the dissolution
medium at 37 ± 0.5 °C. Use the specified cell size.
The pump forces the dissolution medium upwards through
the flow-through cell. The pump has a delivery range
between 240 ml/h and 960 ml/h, with standard flow rates
of 4 ml/min, 8 ml/min, and 16 ml/min. It must deliver a
constant flow (± 5 per cent of the nominal flow rate) ; the flow
1) Screen with welded seam : 0.25-0.31 mm wire
profile is sinusoidal with a pulsation of 120 ± 10 pulses/min.
diameter with wire opening of 0.36-0.44 mm. Non-pulsated flow may also be used.
After welding the screen may be slighty altered. The flow-through cell (see Figures 2.9.3.-5 and 2.9.3.-6) of
2) Maximum allowable runout at “A” is 1.0 mm transparent and inert material is mounted vertically, with a
when the part is rotated on center line axis with filter system that prevents escape of undissolved particles
basket mounted.
from the top of the cell ; standard cell diameters are 12 mm
Figure 2.9.3.-1. — Apparatus 1, Basket stirring element and 22.6 mm ; the bottom cone is usually filled with small
Dimensions in millimetres glass beads of about 1 mm diameter, with 1 bead of about
A basket having a gold coating of about 2.5 µm (0.0001 inch) 5 mm positioned at the apex to protect the fluid entry tube ; a
thick may be used. The dosage unit is placed in a dry basket tablet holder (see Figures 2.9.3.-5 and 2.9.3.-6) is available for
at the beginning of each test. The distance between the positioning of special dosage forms. The cell is immersed in a
inside bottom of the vessel and the bottom of the basket is water-bath, and the temperature is maintained at 37 ± 0.5 °C.
maintained at 25 ± 2 mm during the test. The apparatus uses a clamp mechanism and 2 O-rings for the
Apparatus 2 (Paddle apparatus). Use the assembly from fixation of the cell assembly. The pump is separated from
Apparatus 1, except that a paddle formed from a blade and a the dissolution unit in order to shield the latter against any
shaft is used as the stirring element. The shaft is positioned vibrations originating from the pump. The position of the
so that its axis is not more than 2 mm from the vertical axis pump must not be on a level higher than the reservoir flasks.
of the vessel, at any point, and rotates smoothly without Tube connections are as short as possible. Use suitably inert
significant wobble that could affect the results. The vertical tubing, such as polytetrafluoroethylene, with a 1.6 mm inner
center line of the blade passes through the axis of the shaft diameter and inert flanged-end connections.
so that the bottom of the blade is flush with the bottom of Apparatus suitability. The determination of suitability of
the shaft. The paddle conforms to the specifications shown the apparatus to perform dissolution testing must include
in Figure 2.9.3.-2. The distance of 25 ± 2 mm between the conformance to the dimensions and tolerances of the
bottom of the blade and the inside bottom of the vessel apparatus as given above. In addition, critical test parameters
is maintained during the test. The metallic or suitably that have to be monitored periodically during use include

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 267
2.9.3. Dissolution test for solid dosage forms EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

A and B dimensions do not vary more than 0.5 mm when part is rotated on center line axis.
Tolerances are ± 1.0 mm unless otherwise stated.
Figure 2.9.3.-2. — Apparatus 2, Paddle stirring element
Dimensions in millimetres
volume and temperature of the dissolution medium, rotation PROCEDURE
speed (Apparatus 1 and 2, dip rate (Apparatus 3), and flow APPARATUS 1 AND 2
rate of medium (Apparatus 4).
Conventional-release solid dosage forms
Determine the acceptable performance of the dissolution Procedure. Place the stated volume of the dissolution
test assembly periodically. medium (± 1 per cent) in the vessel of the specified apparatus.

268 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.3. Dissolution test for solid dosage forms

Assemble the apparatus, equilibrate the dissolution medium Method A

to 37 ± 0.5 °C, and remove the thermometer. The test may — Acid stage. Place 750 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid
also be carried out with the thermometer in place, provided in the vessel, and assemble the apparatus. Allow the
it is shown that results equivalent to those obtained without medium to equilibrate to a temperature of 37 ± 0.5 °C.
the thermometer are obtained. Place 1 dosage unit in the apparatus, cover the vessel
Place 1 dosage unit in the apparatus, taking care to exclude and operate the apparatus at the specified rate. After 2 h
air bubbles from the surface of the dosage unit. Operate of operation in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, withdraw an
the apparatus at the specified rate. Within the time interval aliquot of the fluid and proceed immediately as directed
specified, or at each of the times stated, withdraw a specimen under Buffer stage. Perform an analysis of the aliquot
from a zone midway between the surface of the dissolution using a suitable assay method.
medium and the top of the rotating basket or blade, not less — Buffer stage. Complete the operations of adding the
than 1 cm from the vessel wall. Where multiple sampling buffer and adjusting the pH within 5 min. With the
times are specified, replace the aliquots withdrawn for apparatus operating at the rate specified, add to the fluid
analysis with equal volumes of fresh dissolution medium at in the vessel 250 ml of 0.20 M solution of trisodium
37 °C or, where it can be shown that replacement of the phosphate dodecahydrate R that has been equilibrated to
medium is not necessary, correct for the volume change in 37 ± 0.5 °C. Adjust, if necessary, with 2 M hydrochloric
the calculation. Keep the vessel covered for the duration of acid R or 2 M sodium hydroxide R to a pH of 6.8 ± 0.05.
the test and verify the temperature of the medium at suitable Continue to operate the apparatus for 45 min, or for the
times. Perform the analysis using a suitable assay method(3). specified time. At the end of the time period, withdraw
Repeat the test with additional dosage units. an aliquot of the fluid and perform the analysis using a
If automated equipment is used for sampling or the suitable assay method.
apparatus is otherwise modified, verification that the Method B
modified apparatus will produce results equivalent to those — Acid Stage. Place 1000 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid
obtained with the apparatus described in this chapter, is in the vessel and assemble the apparatus. Allow the
necessary. medium to equilibrate to a temperature of 37 ± 0.5 °C.
Dissolution medium. A suitable dissolution medium is Place 1 dosage unit in the apparatus, cover the vessel,
used. The volume specified refers to measurements made and operate the apparatus at the specified rate. After 2 h
between 20 °C and 25 °C. If the dissolution medium is a of operation in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, withdraw an
buffered solution, adjust the solution so that its pH is within aliquot of the fluid, and proceed immediately as directed
0.05 units of the specified pH. Dissolved gases can cause under Buffer stage. Perform an analysis of the aliquot
bubbles to form, which may change the results of the test. using a suitable assay method.
In such cases, dissolved gases must be removed prior to — Buffer stage. For this stage of the procedure use buffer
testing(4). that has previously been equilibrated to a temperature
Time. Where a single time specification is given, the test of 37 ± 0.5 °C. Drain the acid from the vessel and add
may be concluded in a shorter period if the requirement 1000 ml of pH 6.8 phosphate buffer, prepared by mixing
for minimum amount dissolved is met. Samples are to be 3 volumes of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid with 1 volume of
withdrawn only at the stated times, within a tolerance of 0.20 M solution of trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate R
± 2 per cent. and adjusting, if necessary, with 2 M hydrochloric acid R
or 2 M sodium hydroxide R to a pH of 6.8 ± 0.05. This
Prolonged-release solid dosage forms
may also be accomplished by removing from the apparatus
Procedure. Proceed as described for conventional-release the vessel containing the acid and replacing it with
dosage forms. another vessel, containing the buffer and transferring the
Dissolution medium. Proceed as described for dosage unit to the vessel containing the buffer. Continue
conventional-release dosage forms. to operate the apparatus for 45 min, or for the specified
time. At the end of the time period, withdraw an aliquot
Time. The test-time points, generally 3, are expressed in
of the fluid and perform the analysis using a suitable
hours.
assay method.
Delayed-release solid dosage forms Time. All test times stated are to be observed within a
Procedure. Use Method A or Method B. tolerance of ± 2 per cent, unless otherwise specified.

A : acid-resistant wire clasp

B : acid-resistant wire support

Figure 2.9.3.-3. — Alternative sinker

Dimensions in millimetres

(3) Test specimens are filtered immediately upon sampling unless filtration is demonstrated to be unnecessary. Use an inert filter that does not cause adsorption of the active substance or
contain extractable substances that would interfere with the analysis.
(4) A method of deaeration is as follows : heat the medium, while stirring gently, to about 41 °C, immediately filter under vacuum using a filter having a porosity of 0.45 µm or less, with
vigorous stirring, and continue stirring under vacuum for about 5 min. Other validated deaeration techniques for removal of dissolved gases may be used.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 269
2.9.3. Dissolution test for solid dosage forms EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

APPARATUS 3
Conventional-release solid dosage forms
Procedure. Place the stated volume of the dissolution
medium (± 1 per cent) in each vessel of the apparatus.
Assemble the apparatus, equilibrate the dissolution medium
to 37 ± 0.5 °C, and remove the thermometer. Place 1
dosage unit in each of the reciprocating cylinders, taking care
to exclude air bubbles from the surface of each dosage unit,
and immediately operate the apparatus as specified. During
the upward and downward stroke, the reciprocating cylinder
moves through a total distance of 9.9-10.1 cm. Within the
time interval specified, or at each of the times stated, raise
the reciprocating cylinders and withdraw a portion of the
medium from a zone midway between the surface of the
dissolution medium and the bottom of each vessel. Perform
the analysis as directed. If necessary, repeat the test with
additional dosage units.
Replace the aliquot withdrawn for analysis with equal
volumes of fresh dissolution medium at 37 °C or, where
it can be shown that replacement of the medium is not
necessary, correct for the volume change in the calculation.
Keep the vessel covered with the evaporation cap for the
duration of the test and verify the temperature of the
medium at suitable times.
Dissolution medium. Proceed as described for
conventional-release dosage forms under Apparatus 1 and 2.
Time. Proceed as described for conventional-release dosage
forms under Apparatus 1 and 2.
Prolonged-release dosage forms
Procedure. Proceed as described for conventional-release
dosage forms under Apparatus 3.
Dissolution medium. Proceed as described for
prolonged-release dosage forms under Apparatus 1 and 2.
Time. Proceed as described for prolonged-release dosage
forms under Apparatus 1 and 2.
Delayed-release dosage forms
Procedure. Proceed as described for delayed-release dosage
forms, Method B, under Apparatus 1 and 2, using one row
of vessels for the acid stage media and the following row of
vessels for the buffer stage media, and using the volume of
medium specified (usually 300 ml).
Time. Proceed as directed for delayed-release dosage forms
under Apparatus 1 and 2.
APPARATUS 4
Conventional-release dosage forms
Procedure. Place the glass beads into the cell specified.
Place 1 dosage unit on top of the beads or, if specified,
on a wire carrier. Assemble the filter head and fix the
parts together by means of a suitable clamping device.
Introduce by the pump the dissolution medium warmed to
37 ± 0.5 °C through the bottom of the cell to obtain the
flow rate specified and measured with an accuracy of 5 per
cent. Collect the eluate by fractions at each of the times
stated. Perform the analysis as directed. Repeat the test with
additional dosage units.
Dissolution medium. Proceed as described for
conventional-release dosage forms under Apparatus 1 and 2
Time. Proceed as described for conventional-release dosage
forms under Apparatus 1 and 2.
Figure 2.9.3.-4. — Apparatus 3, glass vessel and
reciprocating cylinder Prolonged-release dosage forms
Dimensions in millimetres unless otherwise specified Procedure. Proceed as described for conventional-release
dosage forms under Apparatus 4.
Dissolution medium. Proceed as described for
conventional-release dosage forms under Apparatus 4.

270 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.3. Dissolution test for solid dosage forms

Figure 2.9.3.-5. — Apparatus 4, large cell for tablets and capsules (top), tablet holder for the large cell (bottom)
Dimensions in millimetres unless otherwise specified
Time. Proceed as described for conventional-release dosage INTERPRETATION
forms under Apparatus 4. Conventional-release solid dosage forms
Delayed-release dosage forms Unless otherwise specified, the requirements are met
Procedure. Proceed as described for delayed-release dosage if the quantities of active substance dissolved from the
forms under Apparatus 1 and 2, using the specified media. dosage units tested conform to Table 2.9.3.-1. Continue
testing through the 3 levels unless the results conform at
Time. Proceed as described for delayed-release dosage forms either S1 or S2. The quantity Q, is the specified amount of
under Apparatus 1 and 2. dissolved active substance, expressed as a percentage of the

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 271
2.9.3. Dissolution test for solid dosage forms EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Figure 2.9.3.-6. — Apparatus 4, small cell for tablets and capsules (top), tablet holder for the small cell (bottom)
Dimensions in millimetres unless otherwise specified

labelled content ; the 5 per cent, 15 per cent, and 25 per cent Prolonged-release dosage forms
values in the Table are percentages of the labelled content Unless otherwise specified, the requirements are met
so that these values and Q are in the same terms. if the quantities of active substance dissolved from the
Table 2.9.3.-1 dosage units tested conform to Table 2.9.3.-2. Continue
testing through the 3 levels unless the results conform at
Level Number Acceptance criteria either L1 or L2. Limits on the amounts of active substance
tested dissolved are expressed in terms of the percentage of labelled
S1 6 Each unit is not less than Q + 5 per cent. content. The limits embrace each value of Qi, the amount
S2 6 Average of 12 units (S1 + S2) is equal to or greater than Q, dissolved at each specified fractional dosing interval. Where
and no unit is less than Q − 15 per cent. more than one range is specified, the acceptance criteria
S3 12 Average of 24 units (S1 + S2 + S3) is equal to or greater apply individually to each range.
than Q, not more than 2 units are less than Q − 15 per
cent, and no is less than Q − 25 per cent.

272 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.3. Dissolution test for solid dosage forms

Table 2.9.3.-2 — the apparatus to be used, and in cases where the

Acceptance criteria
flow-through apparatus is specified, which flow-through
Level Number
tested cell is to be used ;
L1 6 No individual value lies outside each of the stated ranges — the composition, the volume and the temperature of the
and no individual value is less than the stated amount dissolution medium ;
at the final test time.
L2 6 The average value of the 12 units (L1 + L2) lies within — the rotation speed or the flow rate of the dissolution
each of the stated ranges and is not less than the stated medium ;
amount at the final test time ; none is more than 10 per
cent of labelled content outside each of the stated ranges ;
— the time, the method and the amount for sampling of the
and none is more than 10 per cent of labelled content test solution or the conditions for continuous monitoring ;
below the stated amount at the final test time. — the method of analysis ;
L3 12 The average value of the 24 units (L1 + L2 + L3) lies within
each of the stated ranges, and is not less than the stated — the acceptance criteria.
amount at the final test time ; not more than 2 of the The choice of apparatus to be used depends on the
24 units are more than 10 per cent of labelled content
outside each of the stated ranges ; not more than 2 of the physico-chemical characteristics of the dosage form. When a
24 units are more than 10 per cent of labelled content large quantity of dissolution medium is required to ensure
below the stated amount at the final test time ; and none sink conditions, or when a change of pH is necessary, the
of the units is more than 20 per cent of labelled content flow-through apparatus may be preferred.
outside each of the stated ranges or more than 20 per
cent of labelled content below the stated amount at the
final test time. EXPERIMENTAL TESTING CONDITIONS
Delayed-release dosage forms The use of the basket and the paddle apparatus and the
reciprocating cylinder apparatus is generally based on the
Acid stage. Unless otherwise specified, the requirements of principle of operating under "sink conditions", i.e. in such
this portion of the test are met if the quantities, based on a manner that the material already in solution does not
the percentage of the labelled content of active substance exert a significant modifying effect on the rate of dissolution
dissolved from the units tested conform to Table 2.9.3.-3. of the remainder. "Sink conditions" normally occur in a
Continue testing through the 3 levels unless the results of volume of dissolution medium that is at least 3 to 10 times
both acid and buffer stages conform at an earlier level. the saturation volume.
Table 2.9.3.-3 In general, an aqueous medium is used. The composition of
the medium is chosen on the basis of the physico-chemical
Level Number Acceptance criteria characteristics of the active substance(s) and excipient(s)
tested
within the range of conditions to which the dosage form is
A1 6 No individual value exceeds 10 per cent dissolved.
likely to be exposed after its administration. This applies in
A2 6 The average value of the 12 units (A1 + A2) is not more particular to the pH and the ionic strength of the dissolution
than 10 per cent dissolved, and no individual unit is medium.
greater than 25 per cent dissolved.
A3 12 The average value of the 24 units (A1 + A2 + A3) is not The pH of the dissolution medium is usually set between pH 1
more than 10 per cent dissolved, and no individual unit and 8. In justified cases, a higher pH may be needed. For
is greater than 25 per cent dissolved. the lower pH values in the acidic range, 0.1 M hydrochloric
acid is normally used. Recommended dissolution media are
Buffer stage. Unless otherwise specified, the requirements
described hereafter.
are met if the quantities of active substance dissolved from
the units tested conform to Table 2.9.3.-4. Continue testing Water is recommended as a dissolution medium only when it
through the 3 levels unless the results of both stages conform is proven that the pH variations do not have an influence on
at an earlier level. The value of Q in Table 2.9.3.-4 is 75 per the dissolution characteristics.
cent dissolved unless otherwise specified. The quantity, Q, is In specific cases, dissolution media may contain enzymes,
the specified total amount of active substance dissolved in surfactants, further inorganic substances and organic
both the acid and buffer stages, expressed as a percentage of substances. For the testing of preparations containing
the labelled content. The 5 per cent, 15 per cent and 25 per poorly aqueous-soluble active substances, modification
cent values in the Table are percentages of the labelled of the medium may be necessary. In such circumstances,
content so that these values and Q are in the same terms. a low concentration of surfactant is recommended ; it is
recommended to avoid the use of organic solvents.
Table 2.9.3.-4
Gases dissolved in the dissolution medium can affect the
Level Number Acceptance criteria results of the dissolution test. This is true, in particular,
tested
for the flow-through apparatus where de-aeration of the
B1 6 No unit is less than Q + 5 per cent.
medium is necessary to avoid the formation of gas bubbles
B2 6 The average value of the 12 units (B1 + B2) is equal to or in the flow-through cell. A suitable method of de-aeration is
greater than Q, and no unit is less than Q − 15 per cent. as follows : heat the medium while stirring gently to about
B3 12 The average value of the 24 units (B1 + B2 + B3) is equal 41 °C, immediately filter under vacuum using a filter with
to or greater than Q, not more than 2 units are less than a porosity of 0.45 µm or less, with vigorous stirring, and
Q − 15 per cent, and no unit is less than Q − 25 per cent.
continue stirring under vacuum for about 5 min. Other
de-aeration techniques for removal of dissolved gases may
The following section is published for information be used.
Using the paddle or basket apparatus, the volume of
Guidance on dissolution testing dissolution medium is normally 500-1000 ml. A stirring
speed of between 50 r/min and 100 r/min is normally
In the determination of the dissolution rate of the active chosen ; it must not exceed 150 r/min.
substance(s) of a solid dosage form, the following are to be For the flow-through apparatus, the liquid flow rate is
specified : normally set between 4 ml/min and 50 ml/min.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 273
2.9.3. Dissolution test for solid dosage forms EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

RECOMMENDED DISSOLUTION MEDIA — Buffer solution pH 7.2 R.

The following dissolution media may be used. — 0.33 M phosphate buffer solution pH 7.5 R.
Table 2.9.3.-5. – Examples of dissolution media Table 2.9.3.-7. – Phosphate buffer solutions
pH 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8
pH Dissolution media
NaOH
pH 1.0 HCl 18.0 28.0 40.5 58.0 82.0 112.0
(ml)
pH 1.2 NaCl, HCl pH 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.0
pH 1.5 NaCl, HCl NaOH
145.5 173.5 195.5 212.0 222.5 230.5
(ml)
pH 4.5 Phosphate or acetate buffer
Simulated intestinal fluid pH 6.8
pH 5.5 and 5.8 Phosphate or acetate buffer
Mix 250.0 ml of a solution containing 6.8 g of potassium
pH 6.8 Phosphate buffer dihydrogen phosphate R, 77.0 ml of 0.2 M sodium
pH 7.2 and 7.5 Phosphate buffer hydroxide and 500 ml of water R. Add 10.0 g of pancreas
powder R, mix and adjust the pH (2.2.3), if necessary. Dilute
The composition and preparation of these various media are to 1000.0 ml with water R.
indicated below.
Artificial gastric juice
Hydrochloric acid media Dissolve 2.0 g of sodium chloride R and 3.2 g of pepsin
— 0.2 M hydrochloric acid, powder R in water R. Add 80 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid
— 0.2 M sodium chloride. Dissolve 11.69 g of sodium and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R. If required, pepsin
chloride R in water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the powder may be omitted.
same solvent. Increasing pH
For preparing media with the following pH, place 250.0 ml For a test involving increasing pH, one of the following
of 0.2 M sodium chloride in a 1000 ml volumetric flask, add sequences may be used :
the specified volume of 0.2 M hydrochloric acid, then dilute Time (h) 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7
to 1000.0 ml with water R (see Table 2.9.3.-6.).
pH 1.0
The hydrochloric acid media may also be prepared by
replacing sodium chloride by potassium chloride. pH 1.2 6.8

Acetate buffer solutions pH 1.2 2.5 4.5 7.0 7.5

— 2 M acetic acid. Dilute 120.0 g of glacial acetic acid R pH 1.5 4.5 7.2
to 1000.0 ml with water R.
To achieve this pH variation, it is possible either :
— Acetate buffer solution pH 4.5. Dissolve 2.99 g of sodium
acetate R in water R. Add 14.0 ml of 2 M acetic acid and — to substitute one buffer solution for another (whole
dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R. substitution) ;
— to remove only half of the medium each time (half change
— Acetate buffer solution pH 5.5. Dissolve 5.98 g of sodium method) and replace it with a buffer solution of higher
acetate R in water R. Add 3.0 ml of 2 M acetic acid and pH : the initial pH is 1.2 and the second solution is
dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R. phosphate buffer solution pH 7.5 ;
— Acetate buffer solution pH 5.8. Dissolve 6.23 g of sodium — to an initial solution at pH 1.5, add a dose of a powder
acetate R in water R. Add 2.1 ml of 2 M acetic acid and mixture containing tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R
dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R. and anhydrous sodium acetate R to obtain pH 4.5 and a
Phosphate buffer solutions second dose to obtain pH 7.2, as described below :
For preparing buffers with the pH values indicated in — hydrochloric acid pH 1.5. Dissolve 2 g of sodium
Table 2.9.3.-7, place 250.0 ml of 0.2 M potassium dihydrogen chloride R in water R, add 31.6 ml of hydrochloric
phosphate R in a 1000 ml volumetric flask, add the specified acid R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R ;
volume of 0.2 M sodium hydroxide, then dilute to 1000.0 ml — buffer solution pH 4.5. Mix 2.28 g of
with water R. tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R with
Other phosphate buffer solutions 1.77 g of anhydrous sodium acetate R. Dissolve this
mixture in the hydrochloric acid solution pH 1.5
— Phosphate buffer solution pH 4.5. Dissolve 13.61 g of described above ;
potassium dihydrogen phosphate R in 750 ml of water R.
— buffer solution pH 7.2. Mix 2.28 g of
Adjust the pH (2.2.3) if necessary with 0.1 M sodium
tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R with
hydroxide or with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Dilute to
1.77 g of anhydrous sodium acetate R. Dissolve this
1000.0 ml with water R.
mixture in the buffer solution pH 4.5 described above.
— Phosphate buffer solution pH 5.5 R. The flow-through cell may be used for the continuous change
— Phosphate buffer solution pH 6.8 R1. of pH.

Table 2.9.3.-6. – Hydrochloric acid media

pH 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2

HCl
425.0 336.0 266.0 207.0 162.0 130.0 102.0 81.0 65.0 51.0 39.0
(ml)

274 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.4. Dissolution test for transdermal patches

QUALIFICATION AND VALIDATION one at a pre-set time period of testing in an adequate buffer
Due to the nature of the test method, quality by design is an solution (preferably pH 6.8). Unless otherwise specified, the
important qualification aspect for in vitro dissolution test value of Q is 75 per cent.
equipment. Any irregularities such as vibration or undesired
agitation by mechanical imperfections are to be avoided. 01/2008:20904
Qualification of the dissolution test equipment has to
consider the dimensions and tolerances of the apparatus. 2.9.4. DISSOLUTION TEST FOR
Critical test parameters, such as temperature and volume
of dissolution medium, rotation speed or liquid flow rate, TRANSDERMAL PATCHES
sampling probes and procedures have to be monitored This test is used to determine the dissolution rate of the
periodically during the periods of use. active ingredients of transdermal patches.
The performance of the dissolution test equipment may be
1. DISK ASSEMBLY METHOD
monitored by testing a reference product which is sensitive
to hydrodynamic conditions. Such tests may be performed Equipment. Use the paddle and vessel assembly from the
periodically or continuously for comparative reasons with paddle apparatus described in the dissolution test for solid
other laboratories. oral dosage forms (2.9.3) with the addition of a stainless
steel disk assembly (SSDA) in the form of a net with an
During testing, critical inspection and observation are aperture of 125 µm (see Figure 2.9.4.-1).
required. This approach is especially important to explain
any out-lying results.
Validation of automated systems, whether concerning
the sampling and analytical part or the dissolution
media preparation and test performance, has to consider
accuracy, precision, and the avoidance of contamination
by any dilutions, transfers, cleaning and sample or solvent
preparation procedures.

DISSOLUTION SPECIFICATIONS
FOR ORAL DOSAGE FORMS
The dissolution specification is expressed as the quantity Q
of the active substance as a percentage of the content stated
on the product label, which is dissolved in a specified time
frame.
Conventional-release dosage forms
Unless otherwise specified, the value of Q is 75 per cent. In
most cases, when tested under reasonable and justified test
conditions at least 75 per cent of the active substance is
released within 45 min. Typically, one limit is specified to
ensure that most of the active substance is dissolved within
the pre-set time period.
In cases where a longer release time than that recommended
above is justified, limits at 2 time intervals may be specified.
Prolonged-release dosage forms Figure 2.9.4.-1. — Disk assembly
A manufacturer’s dissolution specification for The SSDA holds the system at the bottom of the vessel
prolonged-release dosage forms is normally expected to and is designed to minimise any dead volume between the
consist of 3 or more points. The first specification point is SSDA and the bottom of the vessel. The SSDA holds the
intended to prevent unintended rapid release of the active patch flat, with the release surface uppermost and parallel
substance (‘dose dumping’). It is therefore set after a testing to the bottom of the paddle blade. A distance of 25 ± 2 mm
period corresponding to a dissolved amount of typically between the bottom of the paddle blade and the surface of
20 per cent to 30 per cent. The second specification point the SSDA is maintained during the test (see Figure 2.9.4.-2).
defines the dissolution pattern and so is set at around The temperature is maintained at 32 ± 0.5 °C. The vessel
50 per cent release. The final specification point is intended may be covered during the test to minimise evaporation.
to ensure almost complete release which is generally Procedure. Place the prescribed volume of the dissolution
understood as more than 80 per cent release. medium in the vessel and equilibrate the medium to the
Delayed-release dosage forms prescribed temperature. Apply the patch to the SSDA,
ensuring that the release surface of the patch is as flat
A delayed-release dosage form may release the active as possible. The patch may be attached to the SSDA by a
substance(s) fractionally or totally according to the prescribed adhesive or by a strip of a double-sided adhesive
formulation design when tested in different dissolution tape. The adhesive or tape are previously tested for the
media, e.g. in increasing pH conditions. Dissolution absence of interference with the assay and of adsorption of
specifications have, therefore, to be decided from case to the active ingredient(s). Press the patch, release surface
case. facing up, onto the side of the SSDA made adhesive. The
Gastro-resistant dosage forms require at least 2 specification applied patch must not overlap the borders of the SSDA.
points in a sequential test and 2 different specifications in For this purpose and provided that the preparation is
a parallel test. In a sequential test, the first specification homogeneous and uniformly spread on the outer covering,
point is set after 1 h or 2 h in acidic medium and the second an appropriate and exactly measured piece of the patch

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 275
2.9.4. Dissolution test for transdermal patches EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

may be cut and used for testing the dissolution rate. This cover is held in place by nuts screwed onto bolts projecting
procedure may also be necessary to achieve appropriate from the support. The cover is sealed to the support by a
sink conditions. This procedure must not be applied to rubber ring set on the reservoir.
membrane-type patches. Place the patch mounted on the
SSDA flat at the bottom of the vessel with the release surface
facing upwards. Immediately rotate the paddle at 100 r/min,
for example. At predetermined intervals, withdraw a sample
from the zone midway between the surface of the dissolution
medium and the top of the blade, not less than 1 cm from
the vessel wall.
Perform the assay on each sample, correcting for any volume
losses, as necessary. Repeat the test with additional patches.

Figure 2.9.4.-2. — Paddle and disk

2. CELL METHOD Figure 2.9.4.-3. — Extraction cell

Equipment. Use the paddle and vessel assembly from the Extraction cell. The cell holds the patch flat, with the
paddle apparatus described in the dissolution test for solid release surface uppermost and parallel to the bottom of
oral dosage forms (2.9.3) with the addition of the extraction the paddle blade. A distance of 25 ± 2 mm is maintained
cell (cell). between the paddle blade and the surface of the patch
(see Figure 2.9.4.-4). The temperature is maintained at
The cell is made of chemically inert materials and consists 32 ± 0.5 °C. The vessel may be covered during the test to
of a support, a cover and, if necessary, a membrane placed minimise evaporation.
on the patch to isolate it from the medium that may modify
or adversely affect the physico-chemical properties of the Procedure. Place the prescribed volume of the dissolution
patch (see Figure 2.9.4.-3). medium in the vessel and equilibrate the medium to the
prescribed temperature. Precisely centre the patch in the
Support. The central part of the support forms a cavity cell with the releasing surface uppermost. Close the cell, if
intended to hold the patch. The cavity has a depth of 2.6 mm necessary applying a hydrophobic substance (for example,
and a diameter that is appropriate to the size of the patch to petrolatum) to the flat surfaces to ensure the seal, and
be examined. The following diameters can be used : 27 mm, ensure that the patch stays in place. Introduce the cell flat
38 mm, 45 mm, 52 mm, corresponding to volumes of 1.48 ml, into the bottom of the vessel with the cover facing upwards.
2.94 ml, 4.13 ml, 5.52 ml, respectively. Immediately rotate the paddle, at 100 r/min for example. At
predetermined intervals, withdraw a sample from the zone
Cover. The cover has a central opening with a diameter midway between the surface of the dissolution medium and
selected according to the size of the patch to be examined. the top of the paddle blade, not less than 1 cm from the
The patch can thus be precisely centred, and its releasing vessel wall.
surface limited. The following diameters may be used :
20 mm, 32 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm corresponding to areas of Perform the assay on each sample, correcting for any volume
3.14 cm2, 8.03 cm2, 12.56 cm2, 19.63 cm2, respectively. The losses, as necessary. Repeat the test with additional patches.

276 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.4. Dissolution test for transdermal patches

Procedure. Place the prescribed volume of the dissolution

medium in the vessel and equilibrate the medium to the
prescribed temperature. Remove the protective liner from
the patch and place the adhesive side on a piece of suitable
inert porous membrane that is at least 1 cm larger on all
sides than the patch. Place the patch on a clean surface with
the membrane in contact with this surface. Two systems for
adhesion to the cylinder may be used :
— apply a suitable adhesive to the exposed membrane
borders and, if necessary, to the back of the patch,
— apply a double-sided adhesive tape to the external wall
of the cylinder.
Using gentle pressure, carefully apply the non-adhesive side
of the patch to the cylinder, so that the release surface is in
contact with the dissolution medium and the long axis of the
patch fits around the circumference of the cylinder.
The system for adhesion used is previously tested for absence
of interference with the assay and of adsorption of the active
ingredient(s).
Figure 2.9.4.-4. — Paddle over extraction cell Place the cylinder in the apparatus, and immediately rotate
the cylinder at 100 r/min, for example. At determined
intervals, withdraw a sample of dissolution medium from a
3. ROTATING CYLINDER METHOD zone midway between the surface of the dissolution medium
and the top of the rotating cylinder, and not less than 1 cm
Equipment. Use the assembly of the paddle apparatus from the vessel wall.
described in the dissolution test for solid oral dosage forms
(2.9.3). Replace the paddle and shaft with a stainless steel Perform the assay on each sample as directed in the
cylinder stirring element (cylinder) (see Figure 2.9.4.-5). The individual monograph, correcting for any volume withdrawn,
patch is placed on the cylinder at the beginning of each as necessary. Repeat the test with additional patches.
test. The distance between the inside bottom of the vessel Interpretation. The requirements are met if the quantity
and the cylinder is maintained at 25 ± 2 mm during the test. of active ingredient(s) released from the patch, expressed
The temperature is maintained at 32 ± 0.5 °C. The vessel is as the amount per surface area per time unit, is within the
covered during the test to minimise evaporation. prescribed limits at the defined sampling times.

Figure 2.9.4.-5. — Cylinder stirring element

Dimensions in centimetres

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 277
2.9.5. Uniformity of mass of single-dose preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:20905 The test is not required for multivitamin and trace-element

preparations and in other justified and authorised
2.9.5. UNIFORMITY OF MASS OF circumstances.
Method. Using a suitable analytical method, determine the
SINGLE-DOSE PREPARATIONS individual contents of active substance(s) of 10 dosage units
Weigh individually 20 units taken at random or, for taken at random.
single-dose preparations presented in individual containers, Apply the criteria of test A, test B or test C as specified in the
the contents of 20 units, and determine the average mass. monograph for the dosage form in question.
Not more than 2 of the individual masses deviate from the
TEST A
average mass by more than the percentage deviation shown
in Table 2.9.5.-1 and none deviates by more than twice that Tablets, powders for parenteral use, ophthalmic inserts,
percentage. suspensions for injection. The preparation complies with
the test if each individual content is between 85 per cent and
For capsules and powders for parenteral use, proceed as 115 per cent of the average content. The preparation fails to
described below. comply with the test if more than one individual content is
CAPSULES outside these limits or if one individual content is outside the
limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent of the average content.
Weigh an intact capsule. Open the capsule without losing
any part of the shell and remove the contents as completely If one individual content is outside the limits of 85 per
as possible. For soft shell capsules, wash the shell with a cent to 115 per cent but within the limits of 75 per cent to
suitable solvent and allow to stand until the odour of the 125 per cent, determine the individual contents of another
solvent is no longer perceptible. Weigh the shell. The mass 20 dosage units taken at random. The preparation complies
of the contents is the difference between the weighings. with the test if not more than one of the individual contents
Repeat the procedure with another 19 capsules. of the 30 units is outside 85 per cent to 115 per cent of the
average content and none is outside the limits of 75 per cent
Table 2.9.5.-1 to 125 per cent of the average content.
Pharmaceutical Form Average Mass Percentage TEST B
deviation
Tablets (uncoated and Capsules, powders other than for parenteral use, granules,
80 mg or less 10
film-coated) suppositories, pessaries. The preparation complies with the
More than 80 mg and test if not more than one individual content is outside the
7.5
less than 250 mg
limits of 85 per cent to 115 per cent of the average content
250 mg or more 5 and none is outside the limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent
Capsules, granules Less than 300 mg 10 of the average content. The preparation fails to comply with
(uncoated, single-dose) the test if more than 3 individual contents are outside the
and powders (single-dose) 300 mg or more 7.5
limits of 85 per cent to 115 per cent of the average content
Powders for parenteral use* More than 40 mg 10 or if one or more individual contents are outside the limits of
(single-dose) 75 per cent to 125 per cent of the average content.
Suppositories and pessaries All masses 5
If 2 or 3 individual contents are outside the limits of 85 per
Powders for eye-drops and Less than 300 mg 10 cent to 115 per cent but within the limits of 75 per cent to
powders for eye lotions 300 mg or more 7.5 125 per cent, determine the individual contents of another
(single-dose)
20 dosage units taken at random. The preparation complies
* When the average mass is equal to or below 40 mg, the preparation with the test if not more than 3 individual contents of the
is not submitted to the test for uniformity of mass but to the test for
uniformity of content of single-dose preparations (2.9.6). 30 units are outside the limits of 85 per cent to 115 per
cent of the average content and none is outside the limits of
POWDERS FOR PARENTERAL USE 75 per cent to 125 per cent of the average content.
Remove any paper labels from a container and wash and dry TEST C
the outside. Open the container and without delay weigh
Transdermal patches. The preparation complies with the
the container and its contents. Empty the container as
test if the average content of the 10 dosage units is between
completely as possible by gentle tapping, rinse it if necessary
90 per cent and 110 per cent of the content stated on the
with water R and then with alcohol R and dry at 100-105 °C
label and if the individual content of each dosage unit is
for 1 h, or, if the nature of the container precludes heating
between 75 per cent and 125 per cent of the average content.
at this temperature, dry at a lower temperature to constant
mass. Allow to cool in a desiccator and weigh. The mass of
the contents is the difference between the weighings. Repeat 01/2008:20907
the procedure with another 19 containers.
2.9.7. FRIABILITY OF UNCOATED
TABLETS
01/2008:20906 This chapter provides guidelines for the friability
determination of compressed, uncoated tablets. The test
2.9.6. UNIFORMITY OF CONTENT OF procedure presented in this chapter is generally applicable
SINGLE-DOSE PREPARATIONS to most compressed tablets. Measurement of tablet friability
supplements other physical strength measurements, such as
The test for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations tablet breaking force.
is based on the assay of the individual contents of active Use a drum, with an internal diameter between 283-291 mm
substance(s) of a number of single-dose units to determine and a depth between 36-40 mm, of transparent synthetic
whether the individual contents are within limits set with polymer with polished internal surfaces, and subject to
reference to the average content of the sample. minimum static build-up (see Figure 2.9.7.-1.). One side of

278 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.9. Measurement of consistency by penetrometry

the drum is removable. The tablets are tumbled at each turn crushing surfaces of the jaws are flat and larger than the
of the drum by a curved projection with an inside radius zone of contact with the tablet. The apparatus is calibrated
between 75.5-85.5 mm that extends from the middle of the using a system with a precision of 1 newton.
drum to the outer wall. The outer diameter of the central
ring is between 24.5-25.5 mm. The drum is attached to the OPERATING PROCEDURE
horizontal axis of a device that rotates at 25 ± 1 rpm. Thus, Place the tablet between the jaws, taking into account, where
at each turn the tablets roll or slide and fall onto the drum applicable, the shape, the break-mark and the inscription ;
wall or onto each other. for each measurement orient the tablet in the same way with
respect to the direction of application of the force. Carry out
the measurement on 10 tablets, taking care that all fragments
of tablets have been removed before each determination.
This procedure does not apply when fully automated
equipment is used.
EXPRESSION OF RESULTS
Express the results as the mean, minimum and maximum
values of the forces measured, all expressed in newtons.
Indicate the type of apparatus and, where applicable, the
orientation of the tablets.

01/2008:20909
Figure 2.9.7.-1. — Tablet friability apparatus
For tablets with a unit mass equal to or less than 650 mg, 2.9.9. MEASUREMENT OF
take a sample of whole tablets corresponding as near as
possible to 6.5 g. For tablets with a unit mass of more than CONSISTENCY BY PENETROMETRY
650 mg, take a sample of 10 whole tablets. The tablets are
carefully dedusted prior to testing. Accurately weigh the This test is intended to measure, under determined and
tablet sample, and place the tablets in the drum. Rotate the validated conditions, the penetration of an object into the
drum 100 times, and remove the tablets. Remove any loose product to be examined in a container with a specified shape
dust from the tablets as before, and accurately weigh. and size.
Generally, the test is run once. If obviously cracked, cleaved, APPARATUS
or broken tablets are present in the tablet sample after The apparatus consists of a penetrometer made up of a stand
tumbling, the sample fails the test. If the results are difficult and a penetrating object. A suitable apparatus is shown in
to interpret or if the weight loss is greater than the targeted Figure 2.9.9.-1.
value, the test is repeated twice and the mean of the 3 tests
determined. A maximum loss of mass (obtained from a single
test or from the mean of 3 tests) not greater than 1.0 per
cent is considered acceptable for most products.
If tablet size or shape causes irregular tumbling, adjust the
drum base so that the base forms an angle of about 10° with
the horizontal and the tablets no longer bind together when
lying next to each other, which prevents them from falling
freely.
Effervescent tablets and chewable tablets may have different
specifications as far as friability is concerned. In the case
of hygroscopic tablets, a humidity-controlled environment
is required for testing.
A drum with dual scooping projections, or apparatus with
more than one drum, for the running of multiple samples at
one time, are also permitted.

01/2008:20908

2.9.8. RESISTANCE TO CRUSHING OF

TABLETS
This test is intended to determine, under defined conditions,
the resistance to crushing of tablets, measured by the force
needed to disrupt them by crushing.
APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of 2 jaws facing each other, one of
which moves towards the other. The flat surfaces of the
jaws are perpendicular to the direction of movement. The Figure 2.9.9.-1. — Penetrometer

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 279
2.9.9. Measurement of consistency by penetrometry EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

A. Scale showing the depth of penetration, graduated in PROCEDURE

tenths of millimetres.
Prepare the test samples by one of the following procedures :
B. Vertical shaft to maintain and guide the penetrating
object. A. Carefully and completely fill three containers, without
forming air bubbles. Level if necessary to obtain a flat
C. Device to retain and to release the penetrating object surface. Store the samples at 25 ± 0.5 °C for 24 h, unless
automatically and for a constant time. otherwise prescribed.
D. Device to ensure that the penetrating object is vertical B. Store three samples at 25 ± 0.5 °C for 24 h. Apply a
and that the base is horizontal. suitable shear to the samples for 5 min. Carefully and
E. Penetrating object (see Figures 2.9.9.-2 and 3). completely fill three containers, without forming air
bubbles, and level if necessary to obtain a flat surface.
F. Container.
C. Melt three samples and carefully and completely fill
G. Horizontal base. three containers, without forming air bubbles. Store
H. Control for the horizontal base. the samples at 25 ± 0.5 °C for 24 h, unless otherwise
prescribed.
The stand is made up of : Determination of penetration. Place the test sample
— a vertical shaft to maintain and guide the penetrating on the base of the penetrometer. Verify that its surface
object, is perpendicular to the vertical axis of the penetrating
object. Bring the temperature of the penetrating object to
— a horizontal base, 25 ± 0.5 °C and then adjust its position such that its tip just
touches the surface of the sample. Release the penetrating
— a device to ensure that the penetrating object is vertical, object and hold it free for 5 s. Clamp the penetrating object
— a device to check that the base is horizontal, and measure the depth of penetration. Repeat the test with
the two remaining containers.
— a device to retain and release the penetrating object,
— a scale showing the depth of penetration, graduated in
EXPRESSION OF THE RESULTS
tenths of a millimetre.
The penetrating object, made of a suitable material, has a The penetration is expressed in tenths of a millimetre as
smooth surface, and is characterised by its shape, size and the arithmetic mean of the three measurements. If any of
mass. the individual results differ from the mean by more than
3 per cent, repeat the test and express the results of the
Suitable penetrating objects are shown in Figures 2.9.9.-2 six measurements as the mean and the relative standard
and 2.9.9.-3. deviation.

Figure 2.9.9.-2. – Cone (m = 102.5 g), suitable container (d = 102 mm or 75 mm, h ≥ 62 mm)
and shaft (l = 162 mm ; m = 47.5 g).
Dimensions in millimetres

280 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.10. Ethanol content and alcoholimetric tables

Figure 2.9.9.-3 — Micro-cone (m = 7.0 g), suitable container and shaft (l = 116 mm ; m = 16.8 g)
Dimensions in millimetres
01/2008:20910 condenser. Distil and collect not less than 90 ml of distillate
in a 100 ml volumetric flask. Adjust the temperature to
2.9.10. ETHANOL CONTENT AND 20 ± 0.1 °C and dilute to 100.0 ml with distilled water R at
20 ± 0.1 °C. Determine the relative density at 20 ± 0.1 °C
ALCOHOLIMETRIC TABLES using a pycnometer.
This method is intended only for the examination of liquid Table 2.9.10.-1. - Relationship between density, relative
pharmaceutical preparations containing ethanol. These density and ethanol content
preparations also contain dissolved substances which ρ20
must be separated from the ethanol to be determined by Relative density of the Ethanol content in
(kg·m− 3) distillate measured in air per cent V/V
distillation. When distillation would distil volatile substances
other than ethanol and water the appropriate precautions at 20 °C
are stated in the monograph. 968.0 0.9697 25.09
The ethanol content of a liquid is expressed as the number of 968.5 0.9702 24.64
volumes of ethanol contained in 100 volumes of the liquid,
969.0 0.9707 24.19
the volumes being measured at 20 ± 0.1 °C. This is known as
the “percentage of ethanol by volume” (per cent V/V). The 969.5 0.9712 23.74
content may also be expressed in grams of ethanol per 100 g 970.0 0.9717 23.29
of the liquid. This is known as the “percentage of ethanol by
mass” (per cent m/m). 970.5 0.9722 22.83
The relation between the density at 20 ± 0.1 °C, the relative 971.0 0.9727 22.37
density (corrected to vacuum) and the ethanol content of a
971.5 0.9733 21.91
mixture of water and ethanol is given in the tables of the
International Organisation for Legal Metrology (1972), 972.0 0.9738 21.45
International Recommendation No. 22. 972.5 0.9743 20.98
Apparatus. The apparatus (see Figure 2.9.10.-1) consists of a 973.0 0.9748 20.52
round-bottomed flask (A) fitted with a distillation head (B)
with a steam trap and attached to a vertical condenser (C). 973.5 0.9753 20.05
The latter is fitted at its lower part with a tube (D) which 974.0 0.9758 19.59
carries the distillate into the lower part of a 100 ml or 250 ml
volumetric flask. The volumetric flask is immersed in a 974.5 0.9763 19.12
mixture of ice and water (E) during the distillation. A disc 975.0 0.9768 18.66
having a circular aperture 6 cm in diameter is placed under
975.5 0.9773 18.19
flask (A) to reduce the risk of charring of any dissolved
substances. 976.0 0.9778 17.73
Method 976.5 0.9783 17.25
Pycnometer method. Transfer 25.0 ml of the preparation 977.0 0.9788 16.80
to be examined, measured at 20 ± 0.1 °C, to the distillation
flask. Dilute with 100 ml to 150 ml of distilled water R and 977.5 0.9793 16.34
add a few pieces of pumice. Attach the distillation head and

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 281
2.9.11. Test for methanol and 2-propanol EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

ρ20 Relative density of the Ethanol content in Hydrometer method. Transfer 50.0 ml of the preparation
(kg·m− 3) distillate measured in air per cent V/V to be examined, measured at 20 ± 0.1 °C, to the distillation
at 20 °C flask, add 200 ml to 300 ml of distilled water R and distil, as
978.0 0.9798 15.88 described above, into a volumetric flask until at least 180 ml
has been collected. Adjust the temperature to 20 ± 0.1 °C
978.5 0.9803 15.43 and dilute to 250.0 ml with distilled water R at 20 ± 0.1 °C.
979.0 0.9808 14.97 Transfer the distillate to a cylinder whose diameter is at least
979.5 0.9813 14.52 6 mm wider than the bulb of the hydrometer. If the volume is
insufficient, double the quantity of the sample and dilute the
980.0 0.9818 14.07 distillate to 500.0 ml with distilled water R at 20 ± 0.1 °C.
980.5 0.9823 13.63 Multiply the strength by five to allow for the dilution during
981.0 0.9828 13.18
the determination. After calculation of the ethanol content
using the Table 2.9.10.-1 round off the result to one decimal
981.5 0.9833 12.74 place.
982.0 0.9838 12.31
982.5 0.9843 11.87
983.0 0.9848 11.44
983.5 0.9853 11.02
984.0 0.9858 10.60
984.5 0.9863 10.18
985.0 0.9868 9.76
985.5 0.9873 9.35
986.0 0.9878 8.94
986.5 0.9883 8.53
987.0 0.9888 8.13
987.5 0.9893 7.73
988.0 0.9898 7.34
988.5 0.9903 6.95
989.0 0.9908 6.56
989.5 0.9913 6.17
990.0 0.9918 5.79
990.5 0.9923 5.42
991.0 0.9928 5.04
991.5 0.9933 4.67
992.0 0.9938 4.30
992.5 0.9943 3.94
993.0 0.9948 3.58
993.5 0.9953 3.22
994.0 0.9958 2.86
994.5 0.9963 2.51
995.0 0.9968 2.16
Figure 2.9.10.-1. – Apparatus for the determination of
ethanol content
995.5 0.9973 1.82 Dimensions in millimetres
996.0 0.9978 1.47
01/2008:20911
996.5 0.9983 1.13
997.0 0.9988 0.80 2.9.11. TEST FOR METHANOL AND
997.5 0.9993 0.46 2-PROPANOL
998.0 0.9998 0.13 Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28).
Internal standard solution. Prepare a solution containing
The values indicated in Table 2.9.10.-1, column 3, are 2.5 per cent V/V of propanol R in ethanol R1.
multiplied by four to obtain the percentage of ethanol by Test solution (a). To a certain amount of the distillate add
volume (V/V) contained in the preparation. After calculation 2.0 ml of the internal standard solution ; adjust the ethanol
of the ethanol content using the Table, round off the result content (2.9.10) to 10.0 per cent V/V by dilution to 50 ml
to one decimal place. with water R or addition of ethanol R1.

282 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.14. Specific surface area by air permeability

Test solution (b). Adjust the ethanol content (2.9.10) of Moderately fine powder. Not less than 95 per cent by mass
a certain amount of the distillate to 10.0 per cent V/V by passes through a number 355 sieve and not more than
dilution to 50 ml with water R or addition of ethanol R1. 40 per cent by mass passes through a number 180 sieve.
Reference solution (a). Prepare 50 ml of a solution Fine powder. Not less than 95 per cent by mass passes
containing 2.0 ml of the internal standard solution, 3.0 ml of through a number 180 sieve and not more than 40 per cent
ethanol R1, 0.05 per cent V/V of 2-propanol R and sufficient by mass passes through a number 125 sieve.
anhydrous methanol R to give a total of 0.05 per cent V/V Very fine powder. Not less than 95 per cent by mass passes
of methanol taking into account the methanol content of through a number 125 sieve and not more than 40 per cent
ethanol R1. by mass passes through a number 90 sieve.
Reference solution (b). Prepare a 10.0 per cent V/V solution If a single sieve number is given, not less than 97 per cent of
of ethanol R1 containing 0.0025 per cent V/V of each the powder passes through the sieve of that number, unless
methanol R and 2-propanol R. otherwise prescribed.
Column : Assemble the sieves and operate in a suitable manner until
— material : fused silica, sifting is practically complete. Weigh the separated fractions
— size : l = 30 m, Ø = 0.53 mm, of the powder.
— stationary phase : poly[(cyanopropyl)(phenyl)][dimeth-
yl]siloxane R (film thickness 3 µm).
01/2008:20914
Carrier gas : helium for chromatography R.
Flow rate : 2 ml/min. 2.9.14. SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA BY
Split ratio : 1:10.
AIR PERMEABILITY
Temperature :
The test is intended for the determination of the specific
Time Temperature
surface area of dry powders expressed in square metres per
(min) (°C)
gram in the sub-sieve region. The effect of molecular flow
Column 0-5 35 (“slip flow”) which may be important when testing powders
5 - 15 35 - 85 consisting of particles less than a few micrometres is not
taken into account in the equation used to calculate the
Injection port 250
specific surface area.
Detector 250
APPARATUS
Detection : flame ionisation. The apparatus consists of the following parts :
Injection : 1.0 µl. (a) a permeability cell (see Figure 2.9.14.-1), which consists
System suitability : of a cylinder with an inner diameter of 12.6 ± 0.1 mm (A),
— propanol : there is no peak corresponding to propanol in constructed of glass or non-corroding metal. The bottom
the chromatogram obtained with test solution (b), of the cell forms an airtight connection (for example, via
an adapter) with the manometer (Figure 2.9.14.-2). A ledge
— peak-to-valley ratio : minimum 15, where Hp = height 0.5 mm to 1 mm in width is located 50 ± 15 mm from the top
above the baseline of the peak due to 2-propanol and of the cell. It is an integral part of the cell or firmly fixed
Hv = height above the baseline of the lowest point of so as to be airtight. It supports a perforated metal disk (B),
the curve separating this peak from the peak due to constructed of non-corroding metal. The disk has a thickness
ethanol in the chromatogram obtained with the reference of 0.9 ± 0.1 mm and is perforated with thirty to forty holes
solution (a), 1 mm in diameter evenly distributed over this area.
— signal-to-noise ratio : minimum 10 for the peaks due to The plunger (C) is made of non-corroding metal and fits
methanol and 2-propanol in the chromatogram obtained into the cell with a clearance of not more than 0.1 mm.
with reference solution (b). The bottom of the plunger has sharp square edges at right
The content of methanol and 2-propanol is calculated with angles to the principal axis. There is an air vent 3 mm long
reference to the original sample. and 0.3 mm deep on one side of the plunger. The top of the
plunger has a collar such that when the plunger is placed in
the cell and the collar is brought into contact with the top of
01/2008:20912 the cell, the distance between the bottom of the plunger and
the top of the perforated disk (B) is 15 ± 1 mm.
The filter paper disks (D) have smooth edges and the same
2.9.12. SIEVE TEST diameter as the inside of the cell.
The degree of fineness of a powder may be expressed by (b) a U-tube manometer (E) (Figure 2.9.14.-2) is made of
reference to sieves that comply with the specifications for nominal 9 mm outer diameter and 7 mm inner diameter
non-analytical sieves (2.1.4). glass tubing with standard walls. The top of one arm of
Where the degree of fineness of powders is determined by the manometer forms an airtight connection with the
sieving, it is defined in relation to the sieve number(s) used permeability cell (F). The manometer arm connected to
either by means of the following terms or, where such terms the permeability cell has a line etched around the tube at
cannot be used, by expressing the fineness of the powder as 125 mm to 145 mm below the top of the side outlet and
a percentage m/m passing the sieve(s) used. three other lines at distances of 15 mm, 70 mm and 110 mm
above that line (G). The side outlet 250 mm to 305 mm
The following terms are used in the description of powders : above the bottom of the manometer is used to evacuate the
Coarse powder. Not less than 95 per cent by mass passes manometer arm connected to the permeability cell. A tap is
through a number 1400 sieve and not more than 40 per cent provided on the side outlet not more than 50 mm from the
by mass passes through a number 355 sieve. manometer arm.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 283
2.9.14. Specific surface area by air permeability EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The manometer is mounted firmly in such a manner that the METHOD

arms are vertical. It is filled to the lowest mark with dibutyl If prescribed, dry the powder to be examined and sift
phthalate R containing a lipophilic dye. through a suitable sieve (for example no. 125) to disperse
agglomerates. Calculate the mass (M) of the powder to be
used from the following expression :

(1)

V = bulk volume of the compacted bed of powder,

ρ = density of the substance to be examined in grams
per millilitre,
= porosity of the compacted bed of powder.
Assume first a porosity of 0.5 and introduce this value in
Eq. 1 to calculate the mass (M) of the powder to be examined.
Place a filter paper disk on top of the perforated metal
disk (B). Weigh the calculated mass (M) of the powder
to be examined to the nearest 1 mg. Carefully transfer
the powder into the cleaned, tared permeability cell and
carefully tap the cell so that the surface of the powder bed
is level and cover it with a second filter paper disk. Slowly
compact the powder by means of the plunger, avoiding
rotary movement. Maintain the pressure until the plunger
is completely inserted into the permeability cell. If this is
not possible, decrease the quantity of the powder used. If,
on the contrary, there is not enough resistance, increase the
quantity of the powder. In this case calculate the porosity
again. After at least 10 s, remove the plunger.
Attach the permeability cell to the tube of the manometer by
means of an airtight connection. Evacuate the air from the
manometer by means of a rubber bulb until the level of the
coloured liquid is at the highest mark. Close the tap and
check that the apparatus is airtight by closing the upper end
Figure 2.9.14.-1. – Permeability cell of the cell, for example with a rubber stopper. Remove the
Dimensions in millimetres stopper and, using a timer, measure the time taken for the
liquid to fall from the second to the third mark.
Using the measured flow time, calculate the specific surface
area (S), expressed in square metres per gram, from the
following expression :

(2)

t = flow time in seconds,

η = dynamic viscosity of air in millipascal seconds
(see Table 2.9.14.-1),
K = apparatus constant determined according to
Equation (4),
ρ = density of the substance to be examined in grams
per millilitre,
= porosity of the compacted bed of powder.

CALIBRATION OF THE APPARATUS

The bulk volume of the compacted bed of powder is
determined by the mercury displacement method as follows :
Place two filter paper disks in the permeability cell, pressing
down the edges with a rod slightly smaller than the cell
diameter until the filter disks lie flat on the perforated metal
disk ; fill the cell with mercury, removing any air bubbles
adhering to the wall of the cell and wipe away the excess to
create a plane surface of mercury at the top of the cell. If the
cell is made of material that will amalgamate, grease the cell
and the metal disk first with a thin layer of liquid paraffin.
Figure 2.9.14.-2. – Manometer Pour out the mercury into a tared beaker and determine the
Dimensions in millimetres mass (MA) and the temperature of the mercury.

284 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.15. Apparent volume

Make a compacted bed using the reference powder and 01/2008:20915

again fill the cell with mercury with a planar surface at the
top of the cell. Pour out the mercury in a tared beaker and
again determine the mass of the mercury (MB). Calculate the
bulk volume (V) of the compacted bed of powder from the 2.9.15. APPARENT VOLUME
following expression :
The test for apparent volume is intended to determine under
(3) defined conditions the apparent volumes, before and after
settling, the ability to settle and the apparent densities of
divided solids (for example, powders, granules).
= difference between the determined
masses of mercury in grams,
ρHg = density of mercury at the determined
temperature in grams per millilitre. APPARATUS
Repeat the procedure twice, changing the powder each
time ; the range of values for the calculated volume (V) is The apparatus (see Figure 2.9.15.-1) consists of the following :
not greater than 0.01 ml. Use the mean value of the three
determined volumes for the calculations. — a settling apparatus capable of producing in 1 min
The apparatus constant K is determined using a reference 250 ± 15 taps from a height of 3 ± 0.2 mm. The support
powder with known specific surface area and density as for the graduated cylinder, with its holder, has a mass
follows : of 450 ± 5 g ;
Calculate the required quantity of the reference powder to
— a 250 ml graduated cylinder (2 ml intervals) with a mass
be used (Eq. 1) using the stated density and the determined
of 220 ± 40 g.
volume of the compacted powder bed (Eq. 3).
Homogenise and loosen up the powder by shaking it for
2 min in a 100 ml bottle. Prepare a compacted powder bed
and measure the flow time of air as previously described. METHOD
Calculate the apparatus constant (K) from the following
expression : Into the dry cylinder, introduce without compacting 100.0 g
(m g) of the substance to be examined. If this is not possible,
(4) select a test sample with an apparent volume between 50 ml
and 250 ml and specify the mass in the expression of results.
Secure the cylinder in its holder. Read the unsettled apparent
Ssp = stated specific surface area of the reference volume V0 to the nearest millilitre. Carry out 10, 500 and
powder, 1250 taps and read the corresponding volumes V10, V500 and
ρ density of the substance to be examined in grams V1250, to the nearest millilitre. If the difference between V500
=
per millilitre, and V1250 is greater than 2 ml, carry out another 1250 taps.
= porosity of the compacted bed of powder,
t = flow time in seconds,
EXPRESSION OF THE RESULTS
η dynamic viscosity of air in millipascal seconds
=
(see Table 2.9.14.-1). a) Apparent volumes :
The density of mercury and the viscosity of air over a range
of temperatures are shown in Table 2.9.14.-1. — apparent volume before settling or bulk volume : V0 ml.
Table 2.9.14.-1.
Temperature Density of mercury Viscosity of air (η) — apparent volume after settling or settled volume : V1250 ml
(°C) (g/ml) (mPa·s)
or V2500 ml.
16 13.56 0.01800 0.1342
b) Ability to settle : difference V10 ml − V500 ml.
17 13.56 0.01805 0.1344
18 13.55 0.01810 0.1345 c) Apparent densities :
19 13.55 0.01815 0.1347
The apparent densities are expressed as follows :
20 13.55 0.01819 0.1349
21 13.54 0.01824 0.1351 — apparent density before settling or density of bulk
product : m/V0 (grams per millilitre) (poured density).
22 13.54 0.01829 0.1353
23 13.54 0.01834 0.1354 — apparent density after settling or density of settled
24
product : m/V1250 or m/V2500 (grams per millilitre) (tapped
13.54 0.01839 0.1356
density).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 285
2.9.16. Flowability EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Figure 2.9.15.-1
01/2008:20916 c) as a plot of the mass against the flow time ;
d) as an infinite time, if the entire sample fails to flow
through.
2.9.16. FLOWABILITY
The test for flowability is intended to determine the ability of
divided solids (for example, powders and granules) to flow
vertically under defined conditions.

APPARATUS
According to the flow properties of the material to be tested,
funnels with or without stem, with different angles and
orifice diameters are used. Typical apparatuses are shown
in Figures 2.9.16.-1 and 2.9.16.-2. The funnel is maintained
upright by a suitable device. The assembly must be protected
from vibrations.

METHOD
Into a dry funnel, whose bottom opening has been blocked
by suitable means, introduce without compacting a test
sample weighed with 0.5 per cent accuracy. The amount
of the sample depends on the apparent volume and the
apparatus used. Unblock the bottom opening of the funnel
and measure the time needed for the entire sample to flow
out of the funnel. Carry out three determinations.

EXPRESSION OF RESULTS
The flowability is expressed in seconds and tenths of seconds,
related to 100 g of sample. Nozzle Diameter (d) of the outflow
The results depend on the storage conditions of the material opening (millimetres)
to be tested. 1 10 ± 0.01
The results can be expressed as the following : 2 15 ± 0.01
a) the mean of the determinations, if none of the individual 3 25 ± 0.01
values deviates from the mean value by more than 10 per
cent ; Figure 2.9.16.-1. — Flow funnel and nozzle. Nozzle is made
of stainless, acid-resistant steel (V4A,CrNi)
b) as a range, if the individual values deviate from the mean
Dimensions in millimetres
value by more than 10 per cent ;

286 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.18. Preparations for inhalation

The volume is not less than the nominal volume in case of

containers examined individually, or, in case of containers
with a nominal volume of 2 ml or less, is not less than
the sum of the nominal volumes of the containers taken
collectively.
MULTI-DOSE CONTAINERS
For injections in multidose containers labelled to yield a
specific number of doses of a stated volume, select one
container and proceed as directed for single-dose containers
using the same number of separate syringe assemblies as the
number of doses specified.
The volume is such that each syringe delivers not less than
the stated dose.
CARTRIDGES AND PREFILLED SYRINGES
Select 1 container if the nominal volume is 10 ml or more, 3
containers if the nominal volume is more than 3 ml and less
than 10 ml, or 5 containers if the nominal volume is 3 ml
or less. If necessary, fit the containers with the accessories
required for their use (needle, piston, syringe) and transfer
Figure 2.9.16.-2 the entire contents of each container without emptying the
needle into a dry tared beaker by slowly and constantly
Dimensions in millimetres depressing the piston. Determine the volume in millilitres
calculated as the mass in grams divided by the density.
The volume measured for each of the containers is not less
than the nominal volume.

01/2008:20917 PARENTERAL INFUSIONS

Select one container. Transfer the contents into a dry
measuring cylinder of such a capacity that the volume to
2.9.17. TEST FOR EXTRACTABLE be determined occupies at least 40 per cent of the nominal
VOLUME OF PARENTERAL volume of the cylinder. Measure the volume transferred.
PREPARATIONS The volume is not less than the nominal volume.

Suspensions and emulsions are shaken before withdrawal of

the contents and before the determination of the density.
Oily and viscous preparations may be warmed according to 01/2008:20918
the instructions on the label, if necessary, and thoroughly
shaken immediately before removing the contents. The
contents are then cooled to 20-25 °C before measuring the
2.9.18. PREPARATIONS FOR
volume. INHALATION : AERODYNAMIC
ASSESSMENT OF FINE PARTICLES
SINGLE-DOSE CONTAINERS
This test is used to determine the fine particle characteristics
Select 1 container if the nominal volume is 10 ml or more, of the aerosol clouds generated by preparations for
3 containers if the nominal volume is more than 3 ml and inhalation.
less than 10 ml, or 5 containers if the nominal volume Unless otherwise justified and authorised, one of the
is 3 ml or less. Take up individually the total contents of following apparatus and test procedures is used.
each container selected into a dry syringe of a capacity not
exceeding 3 times the volume to be measured, and fitted Stage mensuration is performed periodically together with
with a 21-gauge needle not less than 2.5 cm in length. Expel confirmation of other dimensions critical to the effective
any air bubbles from the syringe and needle, then discharge operation of the impactor.
the contents of the syringe without emptying the needle into Re-entrainment (for apparatus D and E). To ensure efficient
a standardised dry cylinder (graduated to contain rather particle capture, coat each plate with glycerol, silicone oil
than to deliver the designated volumes) of such size that the or similar high viscosity liquid, typically deposited from
volume to be measured occupies at least 40 per cent of its a volatile solvent. Plate coating must be part of method
graduated volume. Alternatively, the volume of the contents validation and may be omitted where justified and authorised.
in millilitres may be calculated as the mass in grams divided Mass balance. The total mass of the active substance is not
by the density. less than 75 per cent and not more than 125 per cent of
For containers with a nominal volume of 2 ml or less, the average delivered dose determined during testing for
the contents of a sufficient number of containers may be uniformity of delivered dose. This is not a test of the inhaler
pooled to obtain the volume required for the measurement but it serves to ensure that the results are valid.
provided that a separate, dry syringe assembly is used for
each container. The contents of containers holding 10 ml or APPARATUS A - GLASS IMPINGER
more may be determined by opening them and emptying the The apparatus is shown in Figure 2.9.18.-1 (see also
contents directly into the graduated cylinder or tared beaker. Table 2.9.18.-1).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 287
2.9.18. Preparations for inhalation EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Table 2.9.18.-1. – Component specification for apparatus A Introduce the liquid preparation for inhalation into the
in Figure 2.9.18.-1 reservoir of the nebuliser. Fit the mouthpiece and connect it
by means of an adapter to the device.
Code Item Description Dimen-
sions* Switch on the pump of the apparatus and after 10 s switch
A Mouthpiece Moulded rubber adapter for actuator on the nebuliser.
adaptor mouthpiece.
After 60 s, unless otherwise justified, switch off the
B Throat Modified round-bottomed flask : 50 ml nebuliser, wait for about 5 s and then switch off the pump of
— ground-glass inlet socket 29/32 the apparatus. Dismantle the apparatus and wash the inner
surface of the upper impingement chamber collecting the
— ground-glass outlet cone 24/29
washings in a volumetric flask. Wash the inner surface of
C Neck Modified glass adapter : the lower impingement chamber collecting the washings in a
— ground-glass inlet socket 24/29 second volumetric flask. Finally, wash the filter preceding
the pump and its connections to the lower impingement
— ground-glass outlet cone 24/29 chamber and combine the washings with those obtained
Lower outlet section of from the lower impingement chamber. Determine the
precision-bore glass tubing : amount of active substance collected in each of the 2 flasks.
— bore diameter 14 Express the results for each of the 2 parts of the apparatus
as a percentage of the total amount of active substance.
Selected bore light-wall glass tubing :
— external diameter 17
D Upper Modified round-bottomed flask 100 ml
impingement — ground-glass inlet socket 24/29
chamber — ground-glass outlet cone 24/29
E Coupling tube Medium-wall glass tubing :
— ground-glass cone 14/23
Bent section and upper vertical
section :
— external diameter 13
Lower vertical section :
— external diameter 8
F Screwthread, Plastic screw cap 28/13
side-arm Silicone rubber ring 28/11
adaptor PTFE washer 28/11
Glass screwthread :
— thread size 28
Side-arm outlet to vacuum pump :
— minimum bore diameter 5
G Lower jet Modified polypropylene filter holder see
assembly connected to lower vertical section Figure
of coupling tube by PTFE tubing. 2.9.18.-1
Acetal circular disc with the centres
of four jets arranged on a projected
circle of diameter 5.3 mm with an
integral jet spacer peg : 10
— peg diameter 2
— peg protrusion 2 Figure 2.9.18.-1. – Apparatus A : glass impinger
H Lower Conical flask Dimensions in millimetres (tolerances ± 1 mm unless
250 ml
impingement — ground-glass inlet socket 24/29
otherwise prescribed)
chamber Procedure for pressurised inhalers
* Dimensions in millimetres, unless otherwise stated.
Place the actuator adapter in position at the end of the throat
so that the mouthpiece end of the actuator, when inserted
Procedure for nebulisers
to a depth of about 10 mm, lines up along the horizontal
Introduce 7 ml and 30 ml of a suitable solvent into the upper axis of the throat and the open end of the actuator, which
and lower impingement chambers, respectively. accepts the pressurised container, is uppermost and in the
same vertical plane as the rest of the apparatus.
Connect all the component parts. Ensure that the assembly
is vertical and adequately supported and that the jet spacer Introduce 7 ml and 30 ml of a suitable solvent into the upper
peg of the lower jet assembly just touches the bottom of and lower impingement chambers, respectively.
the lower impingement chamber. Connect a suitable pump Connect all the component parts. Ensure that the assembly
fitted with a filter (of suitable pore size) to the outlet of the is vertical and adequately supported and that the lower
apparatus. Adjust the air flow through the apparatus, as jet-spacer peg of the lower jet assembly just touches the
measured at the inlet to the throat, to 60 ± 5 litres/min. bottom of the lower impingement chamber. Connect a

288 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.18. Preparations for inhalation

suitable pump to the outlet of the apparatus. Adjust the air surface of the impaction plate is slightly raised above the
flow through the apparatus, as measured at the inlet to the edge of the metal frame. A recess around the perimeter
throat, to 60 ± 5 litres/min. of the horizontal partition wall guides the position of the
Prime the metering valve by shaking for 5 s and discharging glass cylinder. The glass cylinders are sealed against the
once to waste ; after not less than 5 s, shake and discharge horizontal partition walls with gaskets (M) and clamped
again to waste. Repeat a further 3 times. together by 6 bolts (N). The sampling ports are sealed by
Shake for about 5 s, switch on the pump to the apparatus stoppers. The bottom-side of the lower partition wall of
and locate the mouthpiece end of the actuator in the adapter, stage 4 has a concentrical protrusion fitted with a rubber
discharge once immediately. Remove the assembled inhaler O-ring (P) which seals against the edge of a filter placed in
from the adapter, shake for not less than 5 s, relocate the the filter holder. The filter holder (R) is constructed as a
mouthpiece end of the actuator in the adapter and discharge basin with a concentrical recess in which a perforated filter
again. Repeat the discharge sequence. The number of support (S) is flush-fitted. The filter holder is dimensioned
discharges should be minimised and typically would not for 76 mm diameter filters. The assembly of impaction stages
be greater than 10. After the final discharge wait for not is clamped onto the filter holder by 2 snap-locks (T). Connect
less than 5 s and then switch off the pump. Dismantle the an induction port (see Figure 2.9.18.-7) onto the stage 1
apparatus. inlet jet tube of the impinger. A rubber O-ring on the jet
tube provides an airtight connection to the induction port. A
Wash the inner surface of the inlet tube to the lower suitable mouthpiece adapter is used to provide an airtight
impingement chamber and its outer surface that projects seal between the inhaler and the induction port. The front
into the chamber with a suitable solvent, collecting the face of the inhaler mouthpiece must be flush with the front
washings in the lower impingement chamber. Determine face of the induction port.
the content of active substance in this solution. Calculate
the amount of active substance collected in the lower
impingement chamber per discharge and express the results
as a percentage of the dose stated on the label.
Procedure for powder inhalers
Introduce 7 ml and 30 ml of a suitable solvent into the upper
and lower impingement chambers, respectively.
Connect all the component parts. Ensure that the assembly
is vertical and adequately supported and that the jet-spacer
peg of the lower jet assembly just touches the bottom of the
lower impingement chamber. Without the inhaler in place,
connect a suitable pump to the outlet of the apparatus.
Adjust the air flow through the apparatus, as measured at
the inlet to the throat, to 60 ± 5 litres/min.
Prepare the inhaler for use and locate the mouthpiece in
the apparatus by means of a suitable adapter. Switch on the
pump for 5 s. Switch off the pump and remove the inhaler.
Repeat the discharge sequence. The number of discharges
should be minimised and typically would not be greater
than 10. Dismantle the apparatus.
Wash the inner surface of the inlet tube to the lower
impingement chamber and its outer surface that projects
into the chamber with a suitable solvent, collecting the
washings in the lower impingement chamber. Determine
the content of active substance in this solution. Calculate
the amount of active substance collected in the lower
impingement chamber per discharge and express the results
as a percentage of the dose stated on the label.

Fine particle dose and particle size

distribution
APPARATUS C - MULTI-STAGE LIQUID IMPINGER
The multi-stage liquid impinger consists of impaction
stages 1 (pre-separator), 2, 3 and 4 and an integral filter
stage (stage 5), see Figures 2.9.18.-4/6. An impaction stage
comprises an upper horizontal metal partition wall (B)
through which a metal inlet jet tube (A) with its impaction Figure 2.9.18.-4. – Apparatus C : multi-stage liquid impinger
plate (D) is protruding. A glass cylinder (E) with sampling
port (F) forms the vertical wall of the stage, and a lower Procedure for pressurised inhalers
horizontal metal partition wall (G) through which the Dispense 20 ml of a solvent, capable of dissolving the
tube (H) connects to the next lower stage. The tube into active substance into each of stages 1 to 4 and replace the
stage 4 (U) ends in a multi-jet arrangement. The impaction stoppers. Tilt the apparatus to wet the stoppers, thereby
plate (D) is secured in a metal frame (J) which is fastened neutralising electrostatic charge. Place a suitable filter
by 2 wires (K) to a sleeve (L) secured on the jet tube. The capable of quantitatively collecting the active substance
horizontal face of the collection plate is perpendicular to in stage 5 and assemble the apparatus. Place a suitable
the axis of the jet tube and centrally aligned. The upper mouthpiece adapter in position at the end of the induction

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 289
2.9.18. Preparations for inhalation EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Figure 2.9.18.-5. – Apparatus C : details of jet tube and impaction plate. Inserts show end of multi-jet tube U leading to
stage 4. (Numbers and lowercase letters refer to Table 2.9.18.-3 and uppercase letters refer to Figure 2.9.18.-4).

Figure 2.9.18.-6. – Apparatus C : details of the filter stage (stage 5). Numbers refer to dimensions (Ø = diameter).
Uppercase letters refer to Table 2.9.18.-2.
Dimensions in millimetres unless otherwise stated
port so that the mouthpiece end of the actuator, when apparatus, as measured at the inlet to the induction port, to
inserted, lines up along the horizontal axis of the induction 30 litres/min (± 5 per cent). Switch off the pump.
port and the inhaler is positioned in the same orientation as Unless otherwise prescribed in the patient instructions,
intended for use. Connect a suitable vacuum pump to the shake the inhaler for 5 s and discharge 1 delivery to
outlet of the apparatus and adjust the air flow through the waste. Switch on the pump to the apparatus, locate the
mouthpiece end of the actuator in the adapter and discharge

290 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.18. Preparations for inhalation

the inhaler into the apparatus, depressing the valve for a Code* Item Description Dimen-
sions**
sufficient time to ensure complete discharge. Wait for 5 s N Bolt Metal bolt with nut (6 pairs)
before removing the assembled inhaler from the adapter.
Repeat the procedure. The number of discharges should be — length 205
minimised and typically would not be greater than 10. The — diameter 4
number of discharges is sufficient to ensure an accurate and
precise determination of the fine particle dose. After the P O-ring Rubber O-ring
final discharge, wait for 5 s and then switch off the pump. — diameter × thickness 66.34 × 2.62
Dismantle the filter stage of the apparatus. Carefully remove Q O-ring Rubber O-ring
the filter and extract the active substance into an aliquot
of the solvent. Remove the induction port and mouthpiece — diameter × thickness 29.1 × 1.6
adapter from the apparatus and extract the active substance R Filter holder Metal housing with stand and see Figure
into an aliquot of the solvent. If necessary, rinse the inside of outlet 2.9.18.-6
the inlet jet tube to stage 1 with solvent, allowing the solvent S Filter support Perforated sheet metal
to flow into the stage. Extract the active substance from the — diameter 65
inner walls and the collection plate of each of the 4 upper
stages of the apparatus into the solution in the respective — hole diameter 3
stage by carefully tilting and rotating the apparatus, — distance between holes 4
observing that no liquid transfer occurs between the stages. (centre-points)
T Snap-locks
Using a suitable method of analysis, determine the quantity
of active substance contained in each of the aliquots of U Multi-jet tube Jet tube (H) ending in multi-jet see inserts
arrangement. Figure
solvent. 2.9.18.-5
Calculate the fine particle dose (see Calculations). * Refers to Figure 2.9.18.-4.
** Measures in millimetres with tolerances according to iso 2768-m
Table 2.9.18.-2. – Component specification for apparatus C unless otherwise stated.
in Figures 2.9.18.-4/6
Table 2.9.18.-3. – Dimensions(1) of jet tube with impaction
Code* Item Description Dimen-
sions** plate of apparatus C
A,H Jet tube Metal tube screwed onto partition see Figure Type Code(2) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Filter
wall sealed by gasket (C), polished 2.9.18.-5
inner surface (stage 5)
B,G Partition wall Circular metal plate Distance 1 9.5 5.5 4.0 6.0 n.a.
(-.0+.5) (-.0+.5) (-.0+.5) (-.0+.5)
— diameter 120
Distance 2 26 31 33 30.5 0
— thickness see Figure
2.9.18.-5 Distance 3 8 5 5 5 5
C Gasket e.g. PTFE to fit jet Distance 4 3 3 3 3 n.a.
tube
D Impaction Porosity 0 sintered-glass disk Distance 5 0 3 3 3 3
(3)
plate — diameter see Figure Distance 6 20 25 25 25 25
2.9.18.-5
Distance 7 n.a. n.a. n.a. 8.5 n.a.
E Glass cylinder Plane polished cut glass tube
Diameter c 25 14 8.0 21 14
— height, including gaskets 46
(± .1)
— outer diameter 100 Diameter d 50 30 20 30 n.a.
— wall thickness 3.5 Diameter e 27.9 16.5 10.5 23.9 n.a.
— sampling port (F) diameter 18 Diameter f 31.75 22 14 31 22
(-.0+.5)
— stopper in sampling port ISO
24/25 Diameter g 25.4 21 13 30 21
J Metal frame L-profiled circular frame with slit Diameter h n.a. n.a. n.a. 2.70 n.a.
— inner diameter to fit (± .5)
impaction Diameter j n.a. n.a. n.a. 6.3 n.a.
plate n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Diameter k 12.6
— height 4
Radius(4) r 16 22 27 28.5 0
— thickness of horizontal section 0.5
Radius s 46 46 46 46 n.a.
— thickness of vertical section 2
Radius t n.a. 50 50 50 50
K Wire Steel wire interconnecting metal
frame and sleeve (2 for each frame) Angle w 10° 53° 53° 53° 53°
— diameter 1
Angle u n.a. n.a. n.a. 45° n.a.
L Sleeve Metal sleeve secured on jet tube
by screw Angle v n.a. n.a. n.a. 60° n.a.
— inner diameter to fit jet
tube (1) Measures in millimetres with tolerances according to ISO 2768-m
unless otherwise stated
— height 6
(2) Refer to Figure 2.9.18.-5
— thickness 5 (3) Including gasket
M Gasket e.g. silicone to fit glass (4) Relative centreline of stage compartment
cylinder n.a. = not applicable

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 291
2.9.18. Preparations for inhalation EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Procedure for powder inhalers Connect a flowmeter to the induction port. Use a flowmeter
Place a suitable low resistance filter capable of quantitatively calibrated for the volumetric flow leaving the meter, or
collecting the active substance in stage 5 and assemble calculate the volumetric flow leaving the meter (Qout) using
the apparatus. Connect the apparatus to a flow system the ideal gas law. For a meter calibrated for the entering
according to the scheme specified in Figure 2.9.18.-8 and volumetric flow (Qin), use the following expression :
Table 2.9.18.-4. Unless otherwise defined, conduct the test at
the flow rate, Qout, used in the test for uniformity of delivered
dose, drawing 4 litres of air from the mouthpiece of the
inhaler and through the apparatus.
P0 = atmospheric pressure,
∆P = pressure drop over the meter.

Note
(1) Material may be aluminium, stainless steel or other suitable material.
(2) Machine from 38 mm bar stock.
(3) Bore 19 mm hole through bar.
(4) Cut tube to exact 45° as shown.
(5) The inner bores and tapers should be smooth — surface roughness Ra approx. 0.4 µm.
(6) Mill joining cads of stock to provide a liquid tight leak-free seal.
(7) Set up a holding fixture for aligning the inner 19 mm bore and for drilling and tapping M4 × 0.7 threads. There must be virtually no
mismatch of the inner bores in the miter joint.

Figure 2.9.18.-7. – Induction port

Dimensions in millimetres unless otherwise stated

292 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.18. Preparations for inhalation

Adjust the flow control valve to achieve steady flow through the apparatus by opening the valve for the required time,
the system at the required rate, Qout (± 5 per cent). Switch T (± 5 per cent). Repeat the procedure. The number of
off the pump. Ensure that critical flow occurs in the flow discharges should be minimised and typically would not be
control valve by the following procedure. greater than 10. The number of discharges is sufficient to
ensure an accurate and precise determination of fine particle
dose.
Dismantle the filter stage of the apparatus. Carefully remove
the filter and extract the active substance into an aliquot
of the solvent. Remove the induction port and mouthpiece
adapter from the apparatus and extract the active substance
into an aliquot of the solvent. If necessary, rinse the inside of
the inlet jet tube to stage 1 with solvent, allowing the solvent
to flow into the stage. Extract the active substance from the
inner walls and the collection plate of each of the 4 upper
stages of the apparatus into the solution in the respective
stage by carefully tilting and rotating the apparatus,
observing that no liquid transfer occurs between the stages.
Using a suitable method of analysis, determine the amount of
active substance contained in each of the aliquots of solvent.
Calculate the fine particle dose (see Calculations).
Figure 2.9.18.-8. – Experimental set-up for testing powder
inhalers APPARATUS D - ANDERSEN CASCADE IMPACTOR
Table 2.9.18.-4. – Component specification for The Andersen 1 ACFM non-viable cascade impactor
Figure 2.9.18.-8 consists of 8 stages together with a final filter. Material of
Item Description
construction may be aluminium, stainless steel or other
Code
suitable material. The stages are clamped together and
A Connector ID ≥ 8 mm, e.g., short metal coupling, with sealed with O-rings. Critical dimensions applied by the
low-diameter branch to P3. manufacturer of apparatus D are provided in Table 2.9.18.-5.
B Vacuum A length of suitable tubing having an In use, some occlusion and wear of holes will occur.
tubing ID ≥ 8 mm and an internal volume of
25 ± 5 ml.
In-use mensuration tolerances need to be justified. In the
C 2-way solenoid A 2-way, 2-port solenoid valve having a
configuration used for pressurised inhalers (Figure 2.9.18.-9)
valve minimum airflow resistance orifice with the entry cone of the impactor is connected to an induction
ID ≥ 8 mm and an opening time ≤ 100 ms. port (see Figure 2.9.18.-7). A suitable mouthpiece adapter
(e.g. type 256-A08, Bürkert GmbH, is used to provide an airtight seal between the inhaler and
D-74653 Ingelfingen), or equivalent. the induction port. The front face of the inhaler mouthpiece
D Vacuum pump Pump must be capable of drawing the must be flush with the front face of the induction port.
required flow rate through the assembled
apparatus with the powder inhaler in the In the configuration for powder inhalers, a pre-separator
mouthpiece adapter (e.g. product type 1023, is placed above the top stage to collect large masses of
1423 or 2565, Gast Manufacturing Inc., non-respirable powder. It is connected to the induction
Benton Harbor, MI 49022), or equivalent.
Connect the pump to the 2-way solenoid port as shown in Figure 2.9.18.-10. To accommodate high
valve using short and/or wide (ID ≥ 10 mm) flow rates through the impactor, the outlet nipple, used to
vacuum tubing and connectors to minimise connect the impactor to the vacuum system is enlarged to
pump capacity requirements. have an internal diameter of greater than or equal to 8 mm.
E Timer Timer capable to drive the 2-way solenoid
valve for the required duration (e.g. type Table 2.9.18.-5. – Critical dimensions for apparatus D
G814, RS Components International, Corby,
NN17 9RS, UK), or equivalent. Description Number Dimension (mm)
P2 Pressure Determine under steady-state flow condition Stage 0 nozzle diameter 96 2.55 ± 0.025
P3 measurements with an absolute pressure transducer.
F Flow control Adjustable regulating valve with maximum Stage 1 nozzle diameter 96 1.89 ± 0.025
valve Cv ≥ 1, (e.g. type 8FV12LNSS, Parker Stage 2 nozzle diameter 400 0.914 ± 0.0127
Hannifin plc., Barnstaple, EX31 1NP, UK), or
equivalent. Stage 3 nozzle diameter 400 0.711 ± 0.0127
With the inhaler in place and the test flow rate established, Stage 4 nozzle diameter 400 0.533 ± 0.0127
measure the absolute pressure on both sides of the control
Stage 5 nozzle diameter 400 0.343 ± 0.0127
valve (pressure reading points P2 and P3 in Figure 2.9.18.-8).
A ratio P3/P2 of less than or equal to 0.5 indicates critical Stage 6 nozzle diameter 400 0.254 ± 0.0127
flow. Switch to a more powerful pump and re-measure the 201 0.254 ± 0.0127
Stage 7 nozzle diameter
test flow rate if critical flow is not indicated.
Dispense 20 ml of a solvent, capable of dissolving the active Procedure for pressurised inhalers
substance into each of the 4 upper stages of the apparatus Assemble the Andersen impactor with a suitable filter
and replace the stoppers. Tilt the apparatus to wet the in place. Ensure that the system is airtight. In that
stoppers, thereby neutralising electrostatic charge. Place a respect, follow the manufacturer’s instructions. Place a
suitable mouthpiece adapter in position at the end of the suitable mouthpiece adapter in position at the end of the
induction port. induction port so that the mouthpiece end of the actuator,
Prepare the powder inhaler for use according to patient when inserted, lines up along the horizontal axis of the
instructions. With the pump running and the 2-way induction port and the inhaler unit is positioned in the same
solenoid valve closed, locate the mouthpiece of the inhaler orientation as the intended use. Connect a suitable pump to
in the mouthpiece adapter. Discharge the powder into the outlet of the apparatus and adjust the air flow through

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 293
2.9.18. Preparations for inhalation EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Figure 2.9.18.-9. – Apparatus D : Andersen cascade impactor used for pressurised inhalers
the apparatus, as measured at the inlet to the induction port, Dismantle the apparatus. Carefully remove the filter and
to 28.3 litres/min (± 5 per cent). Switch off the pump. extract the active substance into an aliquot of the solvent.
Unless otherwise prescribed in the patient instructions, Remove the induction port and mouthpiece adapter from the
shake the inhaler for 5 s and discharge one delivery to apparatus and extract the active substance into an aliquot
waste. Switch on the pump to the apparatus, locate the of the solvent. Extract the active substance from the inner
mouthpiece end of the actuator in the adapter and discharge walls and the collection plate of each of the stages of the
the inverted inhaler into the apparatus, depressing the valve apparatus into aliquots of solvent.
for a sufficient time to ensure complete discharge. Wait for Using a suitable method of analysis, determine the quantity
5 s before removing the assembled inhaler from the adapter. of active substance contained in each of the aliquots of
Repeat the procedure. The number of discharges should be solvent.
minimised and typically would not be greater than 10. The Calculate the fine particle dose (see Calculations).
number of discharges is sufficient to ensure an accurate and
precise determination of the fine particle dose. After the
final discharge, wait for 5 s and then switch off the pump.

294 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.18. Preparations for inhalation

Figure 2.9.18.-10. – Connection of the induction port to the preseparator of the Andersen cascade impactor
Dimensions in millimetres unless otherwise stated

Procedure for powder inhalers P0 = atmospheric pressure,

The aerodynamic cut-off diameters of the individual stages ∆P = pressure drop over the meter.
of this apparatus are currently not well-established at flow
rates other than 28.3 litres/min. Users must justify and Adjust the flow control valve to achieve steady flow through
validate the use of the impactor in the chosen conditions, the system at the required rate, Qout (± 5 per cent). Ensure
when flow rates different from 28.3 litres/min are selected. that critical flow occurs in the flow control valve by the
procedure described for Apparatus C. Switch off the pump.
Assemble the Andersen impactor with the pre-separator and Prepare the powder inhaler for use according to the
a suitable filter in place and ensure that the system is airtight. patient instructions. With the pump running and the 2-way
Depending on the product characteristics, the pre-separator solenoid valve closed, locate the mouthpiece of the inhaler
may be omitted, where justified and authorised. Stages 6 in the mouthpiece adapter. Discharge the powder into
and 7 may also be omitted at high flow rates, if justified. The the apparatus by opening the valve for the required time,
pre-separator may be coated in the same way as the plates T (± 5 per cent). Repeat the discharge sequence. The number
or may contain 10 ml of a suitable solvent. Connect the of discharges should be minimised and typically would not
apparatus to a flow system according to the scheme specified be greater than 10. The number of discharges is sufficient
in Figure 2.9.18.-8 and Table 2.9.18.-4. to ensure an accurate and precise determination of fine
Unless otherwise defined, conduct the test at the flow particle dose.
rate, Qout, used in the test for uniformity of delivered dose Dismantle the apparatus. Carefully remove the filter and
drawing 4 litres of air from the mouthpiece of the inhaler extract the active substance into an aliquot of the solvent.
and through the apparatus. Remove the pre-separator, induction port and mouthpiece
adapter from the apparatus and extract the active substance
Connect a flowmeter to the induction port. Use a flowmeter into an aliquot of the solvent. Extract the active substance
calibrated for the volumetric flow leaving the meter, or from the inner walls and the collection plate of each of the
calculate the volumetric flow leaving the meter (Qout) using stages of the apparatus into aliquots of solvent.
the ideal gas law. For a meter calibrated for the entering Using a suitable method of analysis, determine the quantity
volumetric flow (Qin), use the following expression : of active substance contained in each of the aliquots of
solvent.
Calculate the fine particle dose (see Calculations).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 295
2.9.18. Preparations for inhalation EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

APPARATUS E typically with powder inhalers, and connects between the

Apparatus E is a cascade impactor with 7 stages and a induction port and the impactor. A suitable mouthpiece
micro-orifice collector (MOC). Over the flow rate range of adapter is used to provide an airtight seal between the
30 litres/min to 100 litres/min the 50 per cent-efficiency inhaler and the induction port.
cut-off diameters (D50 values) range between 0.24 µm to Apparatus E contains a terminal Micro-Orifice
11.7 µm, evenly spaced on a logarithmic scale. In this flow Collector (MOC) that for most formulations will eliminate the
range, there are always at least 5 stages with D50 values need for a final filter as determined by method validation.
between 0.5 µm and 6.5 µm. The collection efficiency curves The MOC is an impactor plate with nominally 4032 holes,
for each stage are sharp and minimise overlap between each approximately 70 µm in diameter. Most particles not
stages. captured on stage 7 of the impactor will be captured on
Material of construction may be aluminium, stainless steel the cup surface below the MOC. For impactors operated at
or other suitable material. 60 litres/min, the MOC is capable of collecting 80 per cent
of 0.14 µm particles. For formulations with a significant
The impactor configuration has removable impaction cups fraction of particles not captured by the MOC, there is an
with all the cups in one plane (Figures 2.9.18.-11/14). There optional filter holder that can replace the MOC or be placed
are 3 main sections to the impactor ; the bottom frame that downstream of the MOC (a glass fibre filter is suitable).
holds the impaction cups, the seal body that holds the
jets and the lid that contains the interstage passageways Procedure for pressurised inhalers
(Figures 2.9.18.-11/12). Multiple nozzles are used at all but Place cups into the apertures in the cup tray. Insert the cup
the first stage (Figure 2.9.18.-13). The flow passes through tray into the bottom frame, and lower into place. Close the
the impactor in a saw-tooth pattern. impactor lid with the seal body attached and operate the
handle to lock the impactor together so that the system is
Critical dimensions are provided in Table 2.9.18.-6. airtight.
In routine operation, the seal body and lid are held together Connect an induction port with internal dimensions defined
as a single assembly. The impaction cups are accessible in Figure 2.9.18.-7 to the impactor inlet. Place a suitable
when this assembly is opened at the end of an inhaler test. mouthpiece adapter in position at the end of the induction
The cups are held in a support tray, so that all cups can be port so that the mouthpiece end of the actuator, when
removed from the impactor simultaneously by lifting out the inserted, lines up along the horizontal axis of the induction
tray. port. The front face of the inhaler mouthpiece must be flush
An induction port with internal dimensions (relevant to the with the front face of the induction port. When attached to
airflow path) defined in Figure 2.9.18.-7 connects to the the mouthpiece adapter, the inhaler is positioned in the same
impactor inlet. A pre-separator can be added when required, orientation as intended for use. Connect a suitable pump to

Figure 2.9.18.-11. – Apparatus E (shown with the pre-separator in place)

296 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.18. Preparations for inhalation

Figure 2.9.18.-12. – Apparatus E showing component parts

the outlet of the apparatus and adjust the air flow through Unless otherwise prescribed in the patient instructions,
the apparatus, as measured at the inlet to the induction port, shake the inhaler for 5 s and discharge 1 delivery to waste.
to 30 litres/min (± 5 per cent). Switch off the pump. Switch on the pump to the apparatus. Prepare the inhaler
for use according to the patient instructions, locate the
Table 2.9.18.-6. – Critical dimensions for apparatus E mouthpiece end of the actuator in the adapter and discharge
Description Dimension the inhaler into the apparatus, depressing the valve for a
(mm) sufficient time to ensure a complete discharge. Wait for 5 s
Pre-separator (dimension a - see Figure 2.9.18.-15) 12.8 ± 0.05 before removing the assembled inhaler from the adapter.
Repeat the procedure. The number of discharges should be
Stage 1* Nozzle diameter 14.3 ± 0.05
minimised, and typically would not be greater than 10. The
Stage 2* Nozzle diameter 4.88 ± 0.04 number of discharges is sufficient to ensure an accurate and
2.185 ± 0.02
precise determination of the fine particle dose. After the
Stage 3* Nozzle diameter
final discharge, wait for 5 s and then switch off the pump.
Stage 4* Nozzle diameter 1.207 ± 0.01 Dismantle the apparatus and recover the active substance
Stage 5* Nozzle diameter 0.608 ± 0.01 as follows : remove the induction port and mouthpiece
adapter from the apparatus and recover the deposited active
Stage 6* Nozzle diameter 0.323 ± 0.01
substance into an aliquot of solvent. Open the impactor by
Stage 7* Nozzle diameter 0.206 ± 0.01 releasing the handle and lifting the lid. Remove the cup tray,
MOC* approx. 0.070
with the collection cups, and recover the active substance in
each cup into an aliquot of solvent.
Cup depth (dimension b - see Figure 2.9.18.-14) 14.625 ± 0.10 Using a suitable method of analysis, determine the quantity
Collection cup surface roughness (Ra) 0.5 - 2 µm of active substance contained in each of the aliquots of
solvent.
Stage 1 nozzle to seal body distance** - dimension c 0 ± 1.18
Calculate the fine particle dose (see Calculations).
Stage 2 nozzle to seal body distance** - dimension c 5.236 ± 0.736
Procedure for powder inhalers
Stage 3 nozzle to seal body distance** - dimension c 8.445 ± 0.410
Assemble the apparatus with the pre-separator
Stage 4 nozzle to seal body distance** - dimension c 11.379 ± 0.237 (Figure 2.9.18.-15). Depending on the product
13.176 ± 0.341
characteristics, the pre-separator may be omitted, where
Stage 5 nozzle to seal body distance** - dimension c
justified.
Stage 6 nozzle to seal body distance** - dimension c 13.999 ± 0.071 Place cups into the apertures in the cup tray. Insert the cup
Stage 7 nozzle to seal body distance** - dimension c 14.000 ± 0.071 tray into the bottom frame, and lower into place. Close the
impactor lid with the seal body attached and operate the
MOC nozzle to seal body distance** - dimension c 14.429 to 14.571
handle to lock the impactor together so that the system is
* See Figure 2.9.18.-13 airtight.
** See Figure 2.9.18.-14 When used, the pre-separator should be assembled as follows :
assemble the pre-separator insert into the pre-separator base.
Fit the pre-separator base to the impactor inlet. Add 15 ml

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 297
2.9.18. Preparations for inhalation EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Stage 4
52 holes

Figure 2.9.18.-13. – Apparatus E : nozzle configuration

Figure 2.9.18.-14. – Apparatus E : configuration of interstage passageways

Figure 2.9.18.-15. – Apparatus E : pre-separator configuration

of the solvent used for sample recovery to the central cup of inhaler, when inserted, lines up along the horizontal axis of
the pre-separator insert. Place the pre-separator body on top the induction port. The front face of the inhaler mouthpiece
of this assembly and close the 2 catches. must be flush with the front face of the induction port. When
Connect an induction port with internal dimensions defined attached to the mouthpiece adapter, the inhaler is positioned
in Figure 2.9.18.-7 to the impactor inlet or pre-separator in the same orientation as intended for use. Connect the
inlet. Place a suitable mouthpiece adapter in position at the apparatus to a flow system according to the scheme specified
end of the induction port so that the mouthpiece end of the in Figure 2.9.18.-8 and Table 2.9.18.-4.

298 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.18. Preparations for inhalation

Unless otherwise prescribed, conduct the test at the flow active substance into an aliquot of solvent. When used,
rate, Qout, used in the test for uniformity of delivered dose remove the pre-separator from the impactor, being careful to
drawing 4 litres of air from the mouthpiece of the inhaler avoid spilling the cup liquid into the impactor. Recover the
and through the apparatus. Connect a flowmeter to the active substance from the pre-separator.
induction port. Use a flowmeter calibrated for the volumetric Open the impactor by releasing the handle and lifting the lid.
flow leaving the meter, or calculate the volumetric flow Remove the cup tray, with the collection cups, and recover
leaving the meter (Qout) using the ideal gas law. For a meter the active substance in each cup into an aliquot of solvent.
calibrated for the entering volumetric flow (Qin), use the
following expression : Using a suitable method of analysis, determine the quantity
of active substance contained in each of the aliquots of
solvent.
Calculate the fine particle dose (see Calculations).
P0 = atmospheric pressure, CALCULATIONS
∆P = pressure drop over the meter. From the analysis of the solutions, calculate the mass of
active substance deposited on each stage per discharge and
Adjust the flow control valve to achieve steady flow through the mass of active substance per discharge deposited in the
the system at the required rate, Qout (± 5 per cent). Ensure induction port, mouthpiece adapter and when used, the
that critical flow occurs in the flow control valve by the pre-separator.
procedure described for Apparatus C. Switch off the pump.
Starting at the final collection site (filter or MOC),
Prepare the powder inhaler for use according to the derive a table of cumulative mass versus cut-off
patient instructions. With the pump running and the 2-way diameter of the respective stage (see Tables 2.9.18.-7
solenoid valve closed, locate the mouthpiece of the inhaler for Apparatus C, 2.9.18.-8 for Apparatus D, 2.9.18.-9 for
in the mouthpiece adapter. Discharge the powder into Apparatus E). Calculate by interpolation the mass of the
the apparatus by opening the valve for the required time, active substance less than 5 µm. This is the Fine Particle
T (± 5 per cent). Repeat the discharge sequence. The number Dose (FPD).
of discharges should be minimised and typically would not
be greater than 10. The number of discharges is sufficient If necessary, and where appropriate (e.g., where there is a
to ensure an accurate and precise determination of fine log-normal distribution), plot the cumulative fraction of active
particle dose. substance versus cut-off diameter (see Tables 2.9.18.-7/9)
on log probability paper, and use this plot to determine
Dismantle the apparatus and recover the active substance as values for the Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD)
follows : remove the induction port and mouthpiece adapter and Geometric Standard Deviation (GSD) as appropriate.
from the pre-separator, when used, and recover the deposited Appropriate computational methods may also be used.

Table 2.9.18.-7. – Calculations for Apparatus C. Use q = , where Q is the test flow rate in litres per minute
(Qout for powder inhalers)
Cut-off diameter Mass of active substance deposited Cumulative mass of active substance Cumulative fraction of active substance
(µm) per discharge deposited per discharge (per cent)
d4 = 1.7 × q mass from stage 5, m5* c4 = m 5 f4 = (c4/c) × 100
d3 = 3.1 × q mass from stage 4, m4 c3 = c4 + m 4 f3 = (c3/c) × 100
d2 = 6.8 × q mass from stage 3, m3 c2 = c3 + m 3 f2 = (c2/c) × 100
mass from stage 2, m2 c = c2 + m 2 100
* Stage 5 is the filter stage

Table 2.9.18.-8. – Calculations for Apparatus D when used at a flow rate of 28.3 litres/min
Cut-off diameter Mass of active substance deposited Cumulative mass of active substance Cumulative fraction of active
(µm) per discharge deposited per discharge substance (per cent)
d7 = 0.4 mass from stage 8, m8 c 7 = m8 f7 = (c7/c) × 100
d6 = 0.7 mass from stage 7, m7 c6 = c7 + m 7 f6 = (c6/c) × 100
d5 = 1.1 mass from stage 6, m6 c5 = c6 + m 6 f5 = (c5/c) × 100
d4 = 2.1 mass from stage 5, m5 c4 = c5 + m 5 f4 = (c4/c) × 100
d3 = 3.3 mass from stage 4, m4 c3 = c4 + m 4 f3 = (c3/c) × 100
d2 = 4.7 mass from stage 3, m3 c2 = c3 + m 3 f2 = (c2/c) × 100
d1 = 5.8 mass from stage 2, m2 c1 = c2 + m 2 f1 = (c1/c) × 100
d0 = 9.0 mass from stage 1, m1 c0 = c1 + m 1 f0 = (c0/c) × 100
mass from stage 0, m0 c = c0 + m 0 100

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 299
2.9.19. Particulate contamination : sub-visible particles EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Table 2.9.18.-9. – Calculations for Apparatus E. Use q = (60/Q)x, where Q is the test flow rate in litres per minute,
and x is listed in the table
Cut-off diameter x Mass of active substance Cumulative mass of active substance Cumulative fraction of active
(µm) deposited per discharge deposited per discharge substance (per cent)
d7 = 0.34 × q 0.67 mass from MOC or terminal c 7 = m8 F7 = (c7/c) × 100
filter, m8
d6 = 0.55 × q 0.60 mass from stage 7, m7 c6 = c7 + m 7 F6 = (c6/c) × 100
d5 = 0.94 × q 0.53 mass from stage 6, m6 c5 = c6 + m 6 F5 = (c5/c) × 100
d4 = 1.66 × q 0.47 mass from stage 5, m5 c4 = c5 + m 5 F4 = (c4/c) × 100
d3 = 2.82 × q 0.50 mass from stage 4, m4 c3 = c4 + m 4 F3 = (c3/c) × 100
d2 = 4.46 × q 0.52 mass from stage 3, m3 c2 = c3 + m 3 F2 = (c2/c) × 100
d1 = 8.06 × q 0.54 mass from stage 2, m2 c1 = c2 + m 2 F1 = (c1/c) × 100
mass from stage 1, m1 c = c1 + m 1 100

01/2008:20919 General precautions

The test is carried out under conditions limiting particulate
2.9.19. PARTICULATE contamination, preferably in a laminar-flow cabinet.
Very carefully wash the glassware and filtration equipment
CONTAMINATION : SUB-VISIBLE used, except for the membrane filters, with a warm detergent
PARTICLES solution and rinse with abundant amounts of water to
remove all traces of detergent. Immediately before use, rinse
Particulate contamination of injections and infusions the equipment from top to bottom, outside and then inside,
consists of extraneous, mobile undissolved particles, other with particle-free water R.
than gas bubbles, unintentionally present in the solutions.
Take care not to introduce air bubbles into the preparation
For the determination of particulate contamination to be examined, especially when fractions of the preparation
2 procedures, Method 1 (Light Obscuration Particle Count are being transferred to the container in which the
Test) and Method 2 (Microscopic Particle Count Test), determination is to be carried out.
are specified hereinafter. When examining injections and In order to check that the environment is suitable for the
infusions for sub-visible particles, Method 1 is preferably test, that the glassware is properly cleaned and that the
applied. However, it may be necessary to test some water to be used is particle-free, the following test is carried
preparations by the light obscuration particle count test out : determine the particulate contamination of 5 samples
followed by the microscopic particle count test to reach a of particle-free water R, each of 5 ml, according to the
conclusion on conformance to the requirements. method described below. If the number of particles of
Not all parenteral preparations can be examined for 10 µm or greater size exceeds 25 for the combined 25 ml,
sub-visible particles by one or both of these methods. When the precautions taken for the test are not sufficient. The
Method 1 is not applicable, e.g. in case of preparations preparatory steps must be repeated until the environment,
having reduced clarity or increased viscosity, the test is glassware and water are suitable for the test.
carried out according to Method 2. Emulsions, colloids, and
Method
liposomal preparations are examples. Similarly, products
that produce air or gas bubbles when drawn into the sensor Mix the contents of the sample by slowly inverting the
may also require microscopic particle count testing. If the container 20 times successively. If necessary, cautiously
viscosity of the preparation to be tested is sufficiently high remove the sealing closure. Clean the outer surfaces of
so as to preclude its examination by either test method, the container opening using a jet of particle-free water R
a quantitative dilution with an appropriate diluent may and remove the closure, avoiding any contamination of the
be made to decrease viscosity, as necessary, to allow the contents. Eliminate gas bubbles by appropriate measures
analysis to be performed. such as allowing to stand for 2 min or sonicating.
The results obtained in examining a discrete unit or group For large-volume parenterals, single units are tested. For
of units for particulate contamination cannot be extrapolated small-volume parenterals less than 25 ml in volume, the
with certainty to other units that remain untested. Thus, contents of 10 or more units are combined in a cleaned
statistically sound sampling plans must be developed if container to obtain a volume of not less than 25 ml ; where
valid inferences are to be drawn from observed data to justified and authorised, the test solution may be prepared by
characterise the level of particulate contamination in a large mixing the contents of a suitable number of vials and diluting
group of units. to 25 ml with particle-free water R or with an appropriate
solvent without contamination of particles when particle-free
METHOD 1. LIGHT OBSCURATION PARTICLE COUNT water R is not suitable. Small-volume parenterals having a
TEST volume of 25 ml or more may be tested individually.
Use a suitable apparatus based on the principle of light Powders for parenteral use are reconstituted with
blockage which allows an automatic determination of the particle-free water R or with an appropriate solvent without
size of particles and the number of particles according to contamination of particles when particle-free water R is
size. not suitable.
The number of test specimens must be adequate to provide a
The apparatus is calibrated using suitable certified reference
statistically sound assessment. For large-volume parenterals
materials consisting of dispersions of spherical particles of
or for small-volume parenterals having a volume of 25 ml
known sizes between 10 µm and 25 µm. These standard
or more, fewer than 10 units may be tested, based on an
particles are dispersed in particle-free water R. Care must be
appropriate sampling plan.
taken to avoid aggregation of particles during dispersion.

300 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.19. Particulate contamination : sub-visible particles

Remove 4 portions, each of not less than 5 ml, and count

the number of particles equal to or greater than 10 µm
and 25 µm. Disregard the result obtained for the first
portion, and calculate the mean number of particles for the
preparation to be examined.
Evaluation
For preparations supplied in containers with a nominal
volume of more than 100 ml, apply the criteria of test 1.A.
For preparations supplied in containers with a nominal
volume of less than 100 ml, apply the criteria of test 1.B.
For preparations supplied in containers with a nominal
volume of 100 ml, apply the criteria of test 1.B
If the average number of particles exceeds the limits, test the
preparation by the microscopic particle count test.
Test 1.A — Solutions for infusion or solutions for injection Figure 2.9.19.-1. — Circular diameter graticule
supplied in containers with a nominal content of more General precautions
than 100 ml
The test is carried out under conditions limiting particulate
The preparation complies with the test if the average number contamination, preferably in a laminar-flow cabinet.
of particles present in the units tested does not exceed 25 per
millilitre equal to or greater than 10 µm and does not exceed Very carefully wash the glassware and filter assembly used,
3 per millilitre equal to or greater than 25 µm. except for the membrane filter, with a warm detergent
solution and rinse with abundant amounts of water to remove
Test 1.B — Solutions for infusion or solutions for injection all traces of detergent. Immediately before use, rinse both
supplied in containers with a nominal content of less than sides of the membrane filter and the equipment from top to
100 ml bottom, outside and then inside, with particle-free water R.
The preparation complies with the test if the average number In order to check that the environment is suitable for the
of particles present in the units tested does not exceed test, that the glassware and the membrane filter are properly
6000 per container equal to or greater than 10 µm and does cleaned and that the water to be used is particle-free, the
not exceed 600 per container equal to or greater than 25 µm. following test is carried out : determine the particulate
contamination of a 50 ml volume of particle-free water R
according to the method described below. If more than
METHOD 2. MICROSCOPIC PARTICLE COUNT TEST 20 particles 10 µm or larger in size or if more than 5 particles
Use a suitable binocular microscope, filter assembly for 25 µm or larger in size are present within the filtration area,
retaining particulate contamination and membrane filter for the precautions taken for the test are not sufficient. The
examination. preparatory steps must be repeated until the environment,
glassware, membrane filter and water are suitable for the
The microscope is equipped with an ocular micrometer test.
calibrated with an objective micrometer, a mechanical stage
capable of holding and traversing the entire filtration area Method
of the membrane filter, 2 suitable illuminators to provide Mix the contents of the samples by slowly inverting the
episcopic illumination in addition to oblique illumination, container 20 times successively. If necessary, cautiously
and is adjusted to 100 ± 10 magnifications. remove the sealing closure. Clean the outer surfaces of
the container opening using a jet of particle-free water R
The ocular micrometer is a circular diameter graticule (see and remove the closure, avoiding any contamination of the
Figure 2.9.19.-1) and consists of a large circle divided by contents.
crosshairs into quadrants, transparent and black reference
circles 10 µm and 25 µm in diameter at 100 magnifications, For large-volume parenterals, single units are tested. For
and a linear scale graduated in 10 µm increments. It is small-volume parenterals less than 25 ml in volume, the
calibrated using a stage micrometer that is certified by either contents of 10 or more units are combined in a cleaned
a domestic or international standard institution. A relative container ; where justified and authorised, the test solution
error of the linear scale of the graticule within ± 2 per cent may be prepared by mixing the contents of a suitable number
is acceptable. The large circle is designated the graticule of vials and diluting to 25 ml with particle-free water R
field of view (GFOV). or with an appropriate solvent without contamination
of particles when particle-free water R is not suitable.
2 illuminators are required. One is an episcopic brightfield Small-volume parenterals having a volume of 25 ml or more
illuminator internal to the microscope, the other is an may be tested individually.
external, focusable auxiliary illuminator adjustable to give
reflected oblique illumination at an angle of 10-20°. Powders for parenteral use are constituted with
particle-free water R or with an appropriate solvent without
The filter assembly for retaining particulate contamination contamination of particles when particle-free water R is
consists of a filter holder made of glass or other suitable not suitable.
material, and is equipped with a vacuum source and a
suitable membrane filter. The number of test specimens must be adequate to provide a
statistically sound assessment. For large-volume parenterals
The membrane filter is of suitable size, black or dark grey or for small-volume parenterals having a volume of 25 ml
in colour, non-gridded or gridded, and 1.0 µm or finer in or more, fewer than 10 units may be tested, based on an
nominal pore size. appropriate sampling plan.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 301
2.9.20. Particulate contamination : visible particles EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Wet the inside of the filter holder fitted with the membrane 01/2008:20920
filter with several millilitres of particle-free water R. Transfer
to the filtration funnel the total volume of a solution pool or 2.9.20. PARTICULATE
of a single unit, and apply vacuum. If needed, add stepwise
a portion of the solution until the entire volume is filtered. CONTAMINATION : VISIBLE
After the last addition of solution, begin rinsing the inner PARTICLES
walls of the filter holder by using a jet of particle-free
water R. Maintain the vacuum until the surface of the Particulate contamination of injections and infusions
membrane filter is free from liquid. Place the filter in a Petri consists of extraneous, mobile undissolved particles, other
dish and allow the filter to air-dry with the cover slightly than gas bubbles, unintentionally present in the solutions.
ajar. After the filter has been dried, place the Petri dish on The test is intended to provide a simple procedure for the
the stage of the microscope, scan the entire membrane filter visual assessment of the quality of parenteral solutions as
under the reflected light from the illuminating device, and regards visible particles. Other validated methods may be
count the number of particles that are equal to or greater used.
than 10 µm and the number of particles that are equal to
or greater than 25 µm. Alternatively, partial filter count APPARATUS
and determination of the total filter count by calculation is The apparatus (see Figure 2.9.20.-1) consists of a viewing
allowed. Calculate the mean number of particles for the station comprising :
preparation to be examined. — a matt black panel of appropriate size held in a vertical
position,
The particle sizing process with the use of the circular — a non-glare white panel of appropriate size held in a
diameter graticule is carried out by transforming mentally vertical position next to the black panel,
the image of each particle into a circle and then comparing it
— an adjustable lampholder fitted with a suitable, shaded,
to the 10 µm and 25 µm graticule reference circles. Thereby
white-light source and with a suitable light diffuser (a
the particles are not moved from their initial locations within
viewing illuminator containing two 13 W fluorescent
the graticule field of view and are not superimposed on the
tubes, each 525 mm in length, is suitable). The intensity
reference circles for comparison. The inner diameter of the
of illumination at the viewing point is maintained between
transparent graticule reference circles is used to size white
2000 lux and 3750 lux, although higher values are
and transparent particles, while dark particles are sized
preferable for coloured glass and plastic containers.
by using the outer diameter of the black opaque graticule
reference circles.

In performing the microscopic particle count test do not

attempt to size or enumerate amorphous, semi-liquid, or
otherwise morphologically indistinct materials that have the
appearance of a stain or discoloration on the membrane
filter. These materials show little or no surface relief and
present a gelatinous or film-like appearance. In such cases
the interpretation of enumeration may be aided by testing
a sample of the solution by the light obscuration particle
count test.
Evaluation
Figure 2.9.20.-1. — Apparatus for visible particles
For preparations supplied in containers with a nominal
volume of more than 100 ml, apply the criteria of test 2.A. METHOD
Remove any adherent labels from the container and wash
For preparations supplied in containers with a nominal and dry the outside. Gently swirl or invert the container,
volume of less than 100 ml, apply the criteria of test 2.B. ensuring that air bubbles are not introduced, and observe for
about 5 s in front of the white panel. Repeat the procedure in
For preparations supplied in containers with a nominal front of the black panel. Record the presence of any particles.
volume of 100 ml, apply the criteria of test 2.B.
01/2008:20922
Test 2.A — Solutions for infusion or solutions for injection
supplied in containers with a nominal content of more
than 100 ml 2.9.22. SOFTENING TIME
DETERMINATION OF LIPOPHILIC
The preparation complies with the test if the average number SUPPOSITORIES
of particles present in the units tested does not exceed 12 per
millilitre equal to or greater than 10 µm and does not exceed The test is intended to determine, under defined conditions,
2 per millilitre equal to or greater than 25 µm. the time which elapses until a suppository maintained in
water softens to the extent that it no longer offers resistance
Test 2.B — Solutions for infusion or solutions for injection when a defined weight is applied.
supplied in containers with a nominal content of less than
100 ml APPARATUS A
The apparatus (see Figure 2.9.22.-1) consists of a glass tube
The preparation complies with the test if the average number 15.5 mm in internal diameter with a flat bottom and a length
of particles present in the units tested does not exceed of about 140 mm. The tube is closed by a removable plastic
3000 per container equal to or greater than 10 µm and does cover having an opening 5.2 mm in diameter. The apparatus
not exceed 300 per container equal to or greater than 25 µm. comprises a rod 5.0 mm in diameter which becomes wider

302 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.22. Softening time determination of lipophilic suppositories

towards the lower end, reaching a diameter of 12 mm. A The rod consists of 2 parts, a lower part made of plastic
metal needle 2 mm in length and 1 mm in diameter is fixed material and an upper part made of plastic material or metal
on the flat underside. with a weight disk. The upper and lower parts are either
fitted together (manual version) or separate (automated
version). The weight of the entire rod is 30 ± 0.4 g. The
upper part of the rod carries a sliding mark ring. When the
rod is introduced into the glass tube so that it touches the
bottom, the mark ring is adjusted to coincide with the upper
level of the plastic cover.
Method. Place the glass tube containing 10 ml of water in
a water-bath and equilibrate at 36.5 ± 0.5 °C. Fix the glass
tube vertically and immerse to a depth of at least 7 cm
below the surface but without touching the bottom of the
water-bath. Introduce a suppository, tip first, into the tube
followed by the rod with the free gliding plastic cover into
the glass tube until the metal needle touches the flat end of
the suppository. Put the cover on the tube (beginning of
time measurement). Note the time which elapses until the
rod sinks down to the bottom of the glass tube and the mark
ring reaches the upper level of the plastic cover.

APPARATUS B
The apparatus (see Figure 2.9.22.-2) consists of a
water-bath (B) into which an inner tube (A) is inserted and
fixed with a stopper. The inner tube is closed by a stopper
at the bottom. The apparatus is fitted with a thermometer.
2 insets are available :
— a glass rod (C1) in the form of a tube sealed at both ends,
carrying a rim at its lower end weighed with lead shot,
which has a weight of 30 ± 0.4 g,
Figure 2.9.22.-1. — Apparatus A for measuring the softening — a penetration inset (C2) consisting of a rod (7.5 ± 0.1 g)
time of lipophilic suppositories in a tube which has an enlargement for the suppository,
Dimensions in millimetres both made of stainless steel.

Figure 2.9.22.-2. — Apparatus B for measuring the softening time of lipophilic suppositories
Dimensions in millimetres

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 303
2.9.23. Pycnometric density of solids EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Method. Pour 5 ml of water at 36.5 ± 0.5 °C into the inner METHOD

tube (A), introduce a suppository with the tip downwards Weigh the test cell of the pycnometer and record the mass.
and onto that, place the inset (C1 or C2). Note the time Fill the test cell with a given mass of powder of the substance
which elapses between this moment and the moment when to be examined. Seal the test cell in the pycnometer. Remove
the lower, rimmed end of the glass rod (C1) or the steel volatile contaminants in the powder by degassing the powder
rod (C2) reaches the narrowed part of the inner glass tube. under a constant purge of gas ; occasionally, powders may
Melting or dissolution is then considered as complete. initially have to be degassed under vacuum. Record the
system reference pressure (Pr) as indicated by the manometer
01/2008:20923 while the valve that connects the reference cell with the test
cell is open. Close the valve to separate the reference cell
2.9.23. PYCNOMETRIC DENSITY OF from the test cell. Pressurise the test cell with the gas to an
SOLIDS initial pressure (Pi) and record the value obtained. Open the
valve to connect the reference cell with the test cell. Record
The test for pycnometric density of solids is intended to the final pressure (Pf). Repeat the measurement sequence
determine the volume occupied by a known mass of powder for the same powder sample until consecutive measurements
by measuring the volume of gas displaced under defined of the sample volume (Vs) agree to within 0.5 per cent. The
conditions. Hence, its pycnometric density is calculated. sample volume is expressed in cubic centimetres. Unload the
test cell and measure the final powder mass (m) expressed
APPARATUS in grams.
The apparatus (see Figure 2.9.23.-1) consists of the following :
— a sealed test cell, with an empty cell volume (Vc), EXPRESSION OF THE RESULTS
connected through a valve to a reference cell, with a The sample volume (Vs) is given by the expression :
reference volume (Vr),
— a system capable of pressurising the test cell with the
measurement gas until a defined pressure (P) indicated
by a manometer,
— the system is connected to a source of measurement The density (ρ) is given by the equation :
gas, which is preferably helium, unless another gas is
specified(5).

01/2008:20925

2.9.25. DISSOLUTION TEST FOR

MEDICATED CHEWING GUMS
PRINCIPLE
The test is used to determine the dissolution rate of active
substances in medicated chewing gums. This is done by
applying a mechanical kneading procedure to a piece of gum
placed in a small chamber designed to simulate the process
of chewing.
APPARATUS
The chewing apparatus (Figure 2.9.25.-1) consists of:
— 1 chewing chamber,
Vr = reference volume
— 1 vertical piston,
Vc = cell volume — 2 horizontal pistons with O-rings and sealing rings.
Vs = sample volume The chewing chamber consists of 4 individual parts :
M = manometer — 1 central chamber,
Figure 2.9.23.-1. – Schematic diagram of a gas pycnometer — 1 funnel (Figure 2.9.25.-2),
The temperature of the gas pycnometer is between 15 °C — 2 guides with bushes (Figure 2.9.25.-3).
and 30 °C and must not vary by more than 2 °C during the Funnel and guides are mounted on the central chamber. The
course of measurement. O-rings are incorporated in the piston recess with the sealing
The apparatus is calibrated which means that the volumes ring round it ; the sealing rings ensure that the chamber is
(Vc) and (Vr) are determined, using calibrated, polished watertight. The horizontal pistons are placed in the chewing
3
steel balls having a total volume (around 6 cm ) known to chamber through the guides.
the nearest 0.001 cm3. The procedure described below is The gum is artificially chewed by the horizontal pistons, and
followed in two runs. Firstly, with an empty test cell and the vertical piston ensures that the gum stays in the right
secondly with the steel balls placed in the test cell. The place between chews.
volumes (Vc) and (Vr) are calculated using the equation for Machine speed is controlled to ensure a constant cycle. One
the sample volume taking into account that the volume is cycle (chew) is defined as follows : the horizontal pistons
zero in the first run. start from their outermost position, move to their innermost
(5) If gases other than helium are used, it would not be surprising to obtain values different from those obtained with helium, since the penetration of the gas is dependent on the size of
the pore as well as the cross-sectional area of the penetrating molecule. For example, the pycnometric density of porous materials will be overestimated by a measure using nitrogen
by comparison with helium.

304 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.25. Dissolution test for medicated chewing gums

A. Horizontal piston C. Chewing chamber E. Vertical piston

B. Guide D. Funnel

Figure 2.9.25.-1 – Chewing chamber and pistons

(dimensions in millimetres)
position and back to their outermost position. Within one — composition, volume and temperature of the dissolution
cycle, the vertical piston moves from its lowest position to its medium,
uppermost position and back to its lowest position. — number of chews per minute,
Each horizontal piston has a stroke of 25.0 mm. The — time and sampling method,
maximum distance between these 2 pistons is 50 mm. — whether the analysis is performed on the gum residue or
The minimum distance between the 2 horizontal pistons on the dissolution medium,
is 0.1 mm to 1.0 mm. The vertical piston has a stroke of
22.0 mm. — method of analysis.
Horizontal piston movement is controlled, so that the Place the prescribed volume of dissolution medium in
2 pistons are at their innermost position at the same time. the chewing chamber, usually 20 ml of phosphate buffer
Vertical piston movement is controlled, so it does not conflict solution pH 6.0 R2. Maintain the medium temperature at
with the movement of the horizontal pistons. 37 ± 0.5 °C using an electrical device with external control.
Set the piston speed at the prescribed number of chews per
If necessary, the machine can be constructed so that the minute (usually 60). Accurately weigh a portion of gum or
horizontal pistons rotate around their own axes in opposite the whole gum, put it into the chewing chamber and start
direction to each other by the end of the chew in order to the machine.
obtain maximum chewing.
All parts of the apparatus that may come in contact with the SAMPLING AND EVALUATION
preparation or the dissolution medium are chemically inert Stop the apparatus at the prescribed time. Remove the
and do not adsorb, react or interfere with the sample. gum residue and take a sample of the dissolution medium.
Determine the content of active substance(s) by a suitable
PROCEDURE method. Medium replacement may be made after each
For each determination, the following information is needed : sampling procedure ; compensation by calculation of medium

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 305
2.9.26. Specific surface area by gas adsorption EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

volume change or sample dilution is needed. Alternatively, between the adsorbate gas molecules and the adsorbent
determine the content of active substance(s) remaining surface of the test powder. The determination is usually
in the gum residue. Carry out the test successively on carried out at the temperature of liquid nitrogen. The
6 medicated chewing gums. amount of gas adsorbed can be measured by a volumetric or
The quantity of active substance(s) dissolved in a specified continuous flow procedure.
time is expressed as a percentage of the content stated on
the label. BRUNAUER, EMMETT AND TELLER (BET) THEORY AND
SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA DETERMINATION
MULTI-POINT MEASUREMENT
The data are treated according to the Brunauer, Emmett and
Teller (BET) adsorption isotherm equation :

(1)

P = partial vapour pressure of adsorbate gas in

equilibrium with the surface at 77.4 K (b.p. of
liquid nitrogen), in pascals,
Po = saturated pressure of adsorbate gas, in pascals,
Va = volume of gas adsorbed at standard temperature
and pressure (STP) [273.15 K and atmospheric
pressure (1.013 × 105 Pa)], in millilitres,
Vm = volume of gas adsorbed at STP to produce an
apparent monolayer on the sample surface, in
millilitres,
C = dimensionless constant that is related to the
Figure 2.9.25.-2 – Funnel
enthalpy of adsorption of the adsorbate gas on
(dimensions in millimetres) the powder sample.
A value of Va is measured at each of not less than 3 values of
P/Po.
Then the BET value

is plotted against P/Po according to equation (1). This

plot should yield a straight line usually in the approximate
relative pressure range 0.05 to 0.3. The data are considered
acceptable if the correlation coefficient, r, of the linear
regression is not less than 0.9975 ; that is, r2 is not less than
0.995. From the resulting linear plot, the slope, which is
equal to (C − 1)/VmC, and the intercept, which is equal to
1/VmC, are evaluated by linear regression analysis. From
these values, Vm is calculated as 1/(slope + intercept), while
C is calculated as (slope/intercept) + 1. From the value of
Vm so determined, the specific surface area, S, in m2·g–1, is
calculated by the equation :

Figure 2.9.25.-3 – Guide (section G-G)

(2)
(dimensions in millimetres)
N = Avogadro constant (6.022 × 1023 mol− 1),
01/2008:20926
a = effective cross-sectional area of one adsorbate
molecule, in square metres (0.162 nm2 for
2.9.26. SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA BY nitrogen and 0.195 nm2 for krypton),
GAS ADSORPTION m = mass of test powder, in grams,
INTRODUCTION 22400 = volume occupied by 1 mole of the adsorbate
The specific surface area of a powder is determined by gas at STP allowing for minor departures from
physical adsorption of a gas on the surface of the solid and the ideal, in millilitres.
by calculating the amount of adsorbate gas corresponding to A minimum of 3 data points is required. Additional
a monomolecular layer on the surface. Physical adsorption measurements may be carried out, especially when
results from relatively weak forces (van der Waals forces) non-linearity is obtained at a P/Po value close to 0.3.

306 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.26. Specific surface area by gas adsorption

Because non-linearity is often obtained at a P/Po value Conditions. The outgassing conditions must be
below 0.05, values in this region are not recommended. demonstrated to yield reproducible BET plots, a constant
The test for linearity, the treatment of the data, and the weight of test powder, and no detectable physical or chemical
calculation of the specific surface area of the sample are changes in the test powder.
described above. The outgassing conditions defined by the temperature,
SINGLE-POINT MEASUREMENT pressure and time should be chosen so that the original
Normally, at least 3 measurements of Va each at different surface of the solid is reproduced as closely as possible.
values of P/Po are required for the determination of specific Outgassing of many substances is often achieved by applying
surface area by the dynamic flow gas adsorption technique a vacuum, by purging the sample in a flowing stream of a
(Method I) or by volumetric gas adsorption (Method II). non-reactive, dry gas, or by applying a desorption-adsorption
However, under certain circumstances described below, it cycling method. In either case, elevated temperatures
may be acceptable to determine the specific surface area are sometimes applied to increase the rate at which
of a powder from a single value of Va measured at a single the contaminants leave the surface. Caution should be
value of P/Po such as 0.300 (corresponding to 0.300 mole exercised when outgassing powder samples using elevated
of nitrogen or 0.001038 mole fraction of krypton), using the temperatures to avoid affecting the nature of the surface and
following equation for calculating Vm : the integrity of the sample.
If heating is employed, the recommended temperature
and time of outgassing are as low as possible to achieve
(3) reproducible measurement of specific surface area in an
acceptable time. For outgassing sensitive samples, other
The specific surface area is then calculated from the value of outgassing methods such as the desorption-adsorption
Vm by equation (2) given above. cycling method may be employed.
The single-point method may be employed directly for a series Adsorbate
of powder samples of a given material for which the material The standard technique is the adsorption of nitrogen of
constant C is much greater than unity. These circumstances analytical quality at liquid nitrogen temperature.
may be verified by comparing values of specific surface area For powders of low specific surface area (< 0.2 m2·g− 1) the
determined by the single-point method with that determined proportion adsorbed is low. In such cases the use of krypton
by the multiple-point method for the series of powder at liquid nitrogen temperature is preferred because the low
samples. Close similarity between the single-point values and vapour pressure exerted by this gas greatly reduces error.
multiple-point values suggests that 1/C approaches zero. The use of larger sample quantities where feasible (equivalent
The single-point method may be employed indirectly for a to 1 m2 or greater total surface area using nitrogen) may
series of very similar powder samples of a given material for compensate for the errors in determining low surface areas.
which the material constant C is not infinite but may be All gases used must be free from moisture.
assumed to be invariant. Under these circumstances, the Quantity of sample
error associated with the single-point method can be reduced
Accurately weigh a quantity of the test powder such that the
or eliminated by using the multiple-point method to evaluate
total surface of the sample is at least 1 m2 when the adsorbate
C for one of the samples of the series from the BET plot,
is nitrogen and 0.5 m2 when the adsorbate is krypton.
from which C is calculated as (1 + slope/intercept). Then Vm
is calculated from the single value of Va measured at a single Lower quantities of sample may be used after appropriate
value of P/Po by the equation : validation.
MEASUREMENTS
Because the amount of gas adsorbed under a given pressure
tends to increase on decreasing the temperature, adsorption
(4)
measurements are usually made at a low temperature.
Measurement is performed at 77.4 K, the boiling point of
The specific surface area is calculated from Vm by equation (2) liquid nitrogen.
given above. Method I : the dynamic flow method
Principle
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
In the dynamic flow method (see Figure 2.9.26.-1), the
This section describes the methods to be used for the sample recommended adsorbate gas is dry nitrogen or krypton,
preparation, the dynamic flow gas adsorption technique while helium is employed as a diluent gas, which is not
(Method I) and the volumetric gas adsorption technique adsorbed under the recommended conditions.
(Method II). A minimum of 3 mixtures of the appropriate adsorbate gas
SAMPLE PREPARATION with helium are required within the P/Po range 0.05 to 0.30.
Outgassing The gas detector-integrator should provide a signal that is
Before the specific surface area of the sample can be approximately proportional to the volume of the gas passing
determined, it is necessary to remove gases and vapours that through it under defined conditions of temperature and
may have become physically adsorbed onto the surface after pressure. For this purpose, a thermal conductivity detector
manufacture and during treatment, handling and storage. If with an electronic integrator is one among various suitable
outgassing is not achieved, the specific surface area may be types. A minimum of 3 data points within the recommended
reduced or may be variable because an intermediate area range of 0.05 to 0.30 for P/Po is to be determined.
of the surface is covered with molecules of the previously Procedure
adsorbed gases or vapours. The outgassing conditions are A known mixture of the gases, usually nitrogen and helium,
critical for obtaining the required precision and accuracy is passed through a thermal conductivity cell, through the
of specific surface area measurements on pharmaceuticals sample, again through the thermal conductivity cell and
because of the sensitivity of the surface of the materials. then to a recording potentiometer.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 307
2.9.26. Specific surface area by gas adsorption EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Immerse the sample cell in liquid nitrogen, then the sample Procedure
adsorbs nitrogen from the mobile phase. This unbalances
Admit a small amount of dry nitrogen into the sample tube
the thermal conductivity cell, and a pulse is generated on
to prevent contamination of the clean surface, remove the
a recorder chart.
sample tube, insert the stopper, and weigh it. Calculate
Remove from the coolant ; this gives a desorption peak equal the weight of the sample. Attach the sample tube to the
in area and in the opposite direction to the adsorption peak. volumetric apparatus. Cautiously evacuate the sample down
Since this is better defined than the adsorption peak, it is to the specified pressure (e.g. between 2 Pa and 10 Pa).
the one used for the determination. Alternatively, some instruments operate by evacuating to a
defined rate of pressure change (e.g. less than 13 Pa/30 s)
To effect the calibration, inject a known quantity of adsorbate and holding for a defined period of time before commencing
into the system, sufficient to give a peak of similar magnitude the next step.
to the desorption peak and obtain the proportion of gas If the principle of operation of the instrument requires the
volume per unit peak area. determination of the dead volume in the sample tube, for
example, by the admission of a non-adsorbed gas, such as
Use a nitrogen/helium mixture for a single-point helium, this procedure is carried out at this point, followed
determination and several such mixtures or premixing by evacuation of the sample. The determination of dead
2 streams of gas for a multiple-point determination. volume may be avoided using difference measurements, that
Calculation is essentially the same as for the volumetric is, by means of reference and sample tubes connected by a
method. differential transducer. The adsorption of nitrogen gas is
then measured as described below.
Method II : the volumetric method
Raise a Dewar vessel containing liquid nitrogen at 77.4 K
Principle up to a defined point on the sample cell. Admit a sufficient
volume of adsorbate gas to give the lowest desired relative
In the volumetric method (see Figure 2.9.26.-2), the pressure. Measure the volume adsorbed, Va. For multipoint
recommended adsorbate gas is nitrogen which is admitted measurements, repeat the measurement of Va at successively
into the evacuated space above the previously outgassed higher P/Po values. When nitrogen is used as the adsorbate
powder sample to give a defined equilibrium pressure, P, of gas, P/Po values of 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 are often suitable.
the gas. The use of a diluent gas, such as helium, is therefore
unnecessary, although helium may be employed for other REFERENCE MATERIALS
purposes, such as to measure the dead volume.
Periodically verify the functioning of the apparatus using
Since only pure adsorbate gas, instead of a gas mixture, is appropriate reference materials of known surface area, such
employed, interfering effects of thermal diffusion are avoided as α-alumina, which should have a specific surface area
in this method. similar to that of the sample to be examined.

Figure 2.9.26.-1. — Schematic diagram of the dynamic flow method apparatus

308 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.29. Intrinsic dissolution

Figure 2.9.26.-2. — Schematic diagram of the volumetric method apparatus

01/2008:20927 influenced by extrinsic factors (test conditions), such as
hydrodynamics, temperature, viscosity, pH, buffer strength
2.9.27. UNIFORMITY OF MASS and ionic strength of the dissolution medium.
The assessment of intrinsic dissolution rate of a solid
OF DELIVERED DOSES FROM substance involves the preparation of a compact. Assurance
MULTIDOSE CONTAINERS of appropriate compaction properties of the powder to be
tested is needed prior to performing the test.
The following test is intended for oral dosage forms such
The intrinsic dissolution rate is determined by exposing a
as granules, powders for oral use and liquids for oral use,
constant area of the compacted substance to an appropriate
which are supplied in multidose containers provided at
dissolution medium, while maintaining constant stirring
manufacture with a measuring device.
rate, temperature, ionic strength and pH.
Weigh individually 20 doses taken at random from one or The intrinsic dissolution rate is expressed in terms of
more containers with the measuring device provided and dissolved mass of substance per time per exposed area,
determine the individual and average masses. Not more than typically in milligrams per minute per square centimetre
2 of the individual masses deviate from the average mass (mg·min− 1·cm− 2).
by more than 10 per cent and none deviates by more than
20 per cent. APPARATUS
A typical apparatus consists of a punch and die fabricated
out of hardened steel. The base of the die has 3 threaded
01/2008:20929 holes for the attachment of a surface plate made of polished
steel, providing a mirror-smooth base for the compact.
2.9.29. INTRINSIC DISSOLUTION The die has a 0.1-1.0 cm diameter cavity into which a
measured amount of the powder to be tested is placed. The
The test is intended to determine the intrinsic dissolution punch is then inserted in the die cavity and the material is
rate of pure solid substances following compaction. It is compressed, generally using a benchtop hydraulic press. A
carried out under specified experimental conditions such hole through the head of the punch allows insertion of a
that a practical measure of the intrinsic dissolution rate is metal rod to facilitate removal from the die after the test. A
obtained. compact is formed in the cavity with a single face of defined
The intrinsic dissolution rate is a theoretical value referring area exposed on the bottom of the die (Figure 2.9.29.-1). The
to pure solid substances having null porosity, but, practically, bottom of the die cavity is threaded so that at least 50-75 per
intrinsic dissolution rate is determined on substances having cent of the compact can dissolve without falling out of the
a minimal porosity. die. The top of the die has a threaded shoulder that allows
it to be attached to a holder. The holder is mounted on
PRINCIPLE a laboratory stirring device, and the entire die, with the
The intrinsic dissolution rate is defined as the dissolution compact still in place, is immersed in the dissolution medium
rate of pure substances following compaction under the and rotated by the stirring device.
condition of constant surface area. Its assessment is useful
PROCEDURE
in the characterisation of active substances and excipients.
Weigh the material onto a piece of weighing paper. Attach
The dissolution rate of pure substances can be affected by all
the surface plate to the underside of the die, and secure it
the solid state properties such as crystal habit, crystallinity,
with the 3 provided screws. Transfer the sample of powder
amorphism, polymorphism, pseudo-polymorphism, particle
tested into the die cavity. Place the punch into the chamber,
size and specific surface area. In addition, it can also be

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 309
2.9.29. Intrinsic dissolution EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

A. Surface plate C. Neoprene gasket E. Holder and shaft assembly

B. Die D. Punch F. Die underside

Figure 2.9.29.-1. – Typical apparatus used to obtain the compact for the determination of the intrinsic dissolution
Dimensions in millimetres
and secure the metal plate on the top of the assembly. of solute, the use of a relatively small volume of medium
Compress the powder using a hydraulic press by applying a may be necessary as a consequence of the limited surface
suitable pressure for a sufficient dwell time to ensure a stable available for dissolution.
compact with minimal porosity ; the disintegration of the Warm the dissolution medium to the temperature chosen for
compact has to be prevented as far as possible, since it would the test. Lower the test head into position before rotation.
cause an increase in surface area and hence in dissolution Care should be taken to ensure that air bubbles are excluded
rate. Detach the surface plate, and screw the die with punch from the surface of the compact as this could decrease the
still in place into the holder. Tighten securely. Remove compact surface in contact with the dissolution medium.
all loose powder from the surface of the die by blowing Operate the apparatus immediately at the speed of rotation
compressed air or nitrogen across the surface of the compact. chosen for the test.
Collect samples at fixed time intervals and assay them by
Slide the die-holder assembly into the dissolution test means of an analytical method of suitable sensitivity and
chuck and tighten. Position the shaft in the spindle so accuracy.
that when the test head is lowered, the exposed surface of
the compact will be 3.8 cm from the bottom of the vessel. ASSESSMENT OF THE RESULTS
The disc assembly is aligned to minimise wobble and air The data for the cumulative amount dissolved at each time
bubbles are not allowed to form as this could decrease the point are corrected for sampling losses. To calculate the
compact surface in contact with the dissolution medium. intrinsic dissolution rate, plot the cumulative amount of
If possible, sink conditions are maintained throughout the sample dissolved per unit area of the compact against time.
test. However, in order to obtain detectable concentrations The cumulative amount dissolved per unit area is given by

310 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.31. Particle size analysis by laser light diffraction

the cumulative amount dissolved at each time point divided This chapter provides guidance for the measurement of size
by the surface area exposed. Linear regression is then distributions of particles in different dispersed systems, for
performed on the normalised experimental data relevant example, powders, sprays, aerosols, suspensions, emulsions,
to an appropriate time interval preceding the possible and gas bubbles in liquids, through analysis of their angular
disintegration of the compact. The intrinsic dissolution rate light-scattering patterns. It does not address specific
of the substance tested, expressed in milligrams per minute requirements of particle size measurement of specific
per square centimetre, is determined from the slope of the products.
regression line. The result for intrinsic dissolution rate must
be accompanied by a statement of the precise conditions of PRINCIPLE
compact preparation and test method (dissolution medium,
volume of medium used, stirring rate, temperature etc.). A representative sample, dispersed at an adequate
concentration in a suitable liquid or gas, is passed through
NOTE : when necessary and justified, an apparatus with a a beam of monochromatic light, usually a laser. The light
different configuration may be used, such as a die holder that
scattered by the particles at various angles is measured by a
holds the compact in a fixed vertical position, with agitation
multi-element detector. Numerical values representing the
provided by a paddle positioned at a defined distance from scattering pattern are then recorded for subsequent analysis.
the surface of the compact. These scattering pattern values are then transformed, using
an appropriate optical model and mathematical procedure, to
01/2008:20931
yield the proportion of total volume to a discrete number of
size classes, forming a volumetric particle-size distribution.
2.9.31. PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS
BY LASER LIGHT DIFFRACTION APPARATUS
The method is based on the ISO standards 13320-1(1999) An example of a set-up of a laser light diffraction instrument
and 9276-1(1998). is given in Figure 2.9.31.-1. Other equipment may be used.
INTRODUCTION The instrument comprises a laser light source, beam
processing optics, a sample measurement region (or cell), a
The laser light diffraction technique used for the
Fourier lens, and a multi-element detector for measuring the
determination of particle-size distribution is based on the
scattered light pattern. A data system is also required for
analysis of the diffraction pattern produced when particles
deconvolution of the scattering data into a volumetric size
are exposed to a beam of monochromatic light. Historically,
distribution and associated data analysis and reporting.
the early laser diffraction instruments only used scattering
at small angles. However, the technique has since been The particles can enter the laser beam in 2 positions. In
broadened to include laser light scattering in a wider angular the conventional case the particles enter the parallel beam
range and application of the Mie theory, in addition to the before the collecting lens and within its working distance. In
Fraunhofer approximation and anomalous diffraction. so-called reversed Fourier optics the particles enter behind
The technique cannot distinguish between scattering the collecting lens and thus, in a converging beam. The
by single particles and scattering by clusters of primary advantage of the conventional set-up is that a reasonable
particles, i.e. by agglomerates or aggregates. As most path length for the sample is allowed within the working
particulate samples contain agglomerates or aggregates and distance of the lens. The second set-up allows only small path
as the focus of interest is generally on the size distribution lengths but enables measurement of scattered light at larger
of primary particles, the clusters are usually dispersed into angles, which is useful when submicron particles are present.
primary particles before measurement. The interaction of the incident light beam and the ensemble
For non-spherical particles, an equivalent sphere-size of dispersed particles results in a scattering pattern with
distribution is obtained because the technique assumes different light intensities at various angles. The total angular
spherical particles in its optical model. The resulting intensity distribution, consisting of both direct and scattered
particle-size distribution may differ from those obtained light, is then focused onto a multi-element detector by a lens
by methods based on other physical principles (e.g. or a series of lenses. These lenses create a scattering pattern
sedimentation, sieving). that, within limits, does not depend on the location of the

1. Obscuration detector 5. Scattered light not collected by lens (4) 9. Working distance of lens (4)
2. Scattered beam 6. Particle ensemble 10. Multi-element detector
3. Direct beam 7. Light source laser 11. Focal distance of lens (4)
4. Fourier lens 8. Beam processing unit

Figure 2.9.31.-1. - Example of a set-up of a laser light diffraction instrument

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 311
2.9.31. Particle size analysis by laser light diffraction EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

particles in the light beam. Hence, the continuous angular Optimisation of the liquid dispersion. Liquids, surfactants,
intensity distribution is converted into a discrete spatial and dispersing aids used to disperse powders must :
intensity distribution on a set of detector elements. — be transparent at the laser wavelength and practically free
It is assumed that the measured scattering pattern of the from air bubbles or particles ;
particle ensemble is identical to the sum of the patterns from — have a refractive index that differs from that of the test
all individual single scattering particles presented in random material ;
relative positions. Note that only a limited angular range — be non-solvent of the test material (pure liquid or
of scattered light is collected by the lens(es) and, therefore, pre-filtered, saturated solution) ;
by the detector.
— not alter the size of the test materials (e.g. by solubility,
DEVELOPMENT OF THE METHOD solubility enhancement, or recrystallisation effects) ;
Traditionally, the measurement of particle size using laser — favour easy formation and stability of the dispersion ;
diffraction has been limited to particles in the range of — be compatible with the materials used in the instrument
approximately 0.1 µm to 3 mm. Because of recent advances (such as O-rings, gaskets, tubing, etc.) ;
in lens and equipment design, newer instruments are capable — possess a suitable viscosity to facilitate recirculation,
of exceeding this range routinely. With the validation report stirring and filtration.
the user demonstrates the applicability of the method for Surfactants and/or dispersing aids are often used to wet
its intended use. the particles and to stabilise the dispersion. For weak acids
Sampling. The sampling technique must be adequate to and weak bases, buffering of the dispersing medium at low
obtain a representative sample of a suitable volume for the or high pH respectively can assist in identifying a suitable
particle-size measurement. dispersant.
Evaluation of the dispersion procedure. The dispersion A preliminary check of the dispersion quality can be
procedure must be adjusted to the purpose of the performed by visual or microscopic inspection. It is also
measurement. The purpose may be such that it is preferable possible to take fractional samples out of a well-mixed stock
to deagglomerate clusters into primary particles as far as dispersion. Such stock dispersions are formed by adding
possible, or it may be desirable to retain clusters as intact as a liquid to the sample while mixing it with, for example, a
possible. In this sense, the particles of interest may be either glass rod, a spatula or a vortex mixer. Care must be taken
primary particles or clusters. to ensure a representative transfer of the sample and that
For the development of a method it is highly advisable to settling of larger particles does not occur.
check that comminution of the particles does not occur, Optimisation of the gas dispersion. For sprays and dry
and conversely, that dispersion of particles or clusters powder dispersions, a compressed gas free from oil, water
is satisfactory. This can usually be done by changing and particles may be used. To remove such materials from
the dispersing energy and monitoring the change of the the compressed gas, a dryer with a filter can be used. Any
particle-size distribution. The measured size distribution vacuum unit should be located away from the measurement
must not change significantly when the sample is well zone, so that its output does not disturb the measurement.
dispersed and the particles are neither fragile nor soluble. In Determination of the concentration range. In order to
addition, the particles of interest can be inspected visually or produce an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio in the detector,
with the aid of a microscope. Moreover, if the manufacturing the particle concentration in the dispersion must exceed a
process (e.g. crystallisation, milling) of the material has minimum level. Likewise, it must be below a maximum level
changed, the applicability of the method must be verified in order to avoid multiple scattering. The concentration
(e.g. by microscopic comparison). range is influenced by the width of the laser beam, the path
Sprays, aerosols and gas bubbles in a liquid should be length of the measurement zone, the optical properties of
measured directly, provided that their concentration is the particles, and the sensitivity of the detector elements.
adequate, because sampling or dilution generally alters the In view of the above, measurements must be performed
particle-size distribution. at different particle concentrations to determine the
In other cases (such as emulsions, pastes and powders), appropriate concentration range for any typical sample
representative samples may be dispersed in suitable of material. (Note : in different instruments, particle
liquids. Dispersing aids (wetting agents, stabilisers) and/or concentrations are usually represented by differently scaled
mechanical forces (e.g. agitation, sonication) are often and differently named numbers, e.g. obscuration, optical
applied for deagglomeration or deaggregation of clusters and concentration, proportional number of total mass).
stabilisation of the dispersion. For these liquid dispersions, Selection of an appropriate optical model. Most instruments
a recirculating system is most commonly used, consisting of use either the Fraunhofer or the Mie theory, though other
an optical measuring cell, a dispersion bath usually equipped approximation theories are sometimes applied for calculation
with stirrer and ultrasonic elements, a pump, and tubing. of the scattering matrix. The choice of the theoretical model
Non-recirculating, stirred cells are useful when only small depends on the intended application and the different
amounts of a sample are available or when special dispersion assumptions (size, absorbance, refractive index, roughness,
liquids are used. crystal orientation, mixture, etc.) made for the test material.
Dry powders can also be converted into aerosols through If the refractive index values (real and imaginary parts
the use of suitable dry powder dispersers, which apply for the used wavelength) are not exactly known, then the
mechanical force for deagglomeration or deaggregation. Fraunhofer approximation or the Mie theory with a realistic
Generally, the dispersers use the energy of compressed estimate of the refractive index can be used. The former has
gas or the differential pressure of a vacuum to disperse the advantages that it is simple, it does not need refractive
the particles to an aerosol, which is blown through the index values and it is extremely useful for analysis of powders
measuring zone, usually into the inlet of a vacuum unit that coarser than about 1-2 µm ; the latter usually provides
collects the particles. However, for free flowing, coarser less-biased particle-size distributions for small particles. In
particles or granules the effect of gravity may be sufficient to order to obtain traceable results, it is essential to document
disperse the particles adequately. the refractive index values used, since small differences in

312 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.31. Particle size analysis by laser light diffraction

the values assumed for the real and imaginary part of the and calculated scattering patterns (e.g. least squares), some
complex refractive index may cause significant differences in constraints (e.g. non-negativity for amounts of particles),
the measured particle-size distributions. Small values of the and/or some smoothing of the size distribution curve.
imaginary part of the refractive index (about 0.01 - 0.1 i) are The algorithms used are specific to each make and model
often applied to allow the correction of the absorbance for of equipment, and are proprietary. The differences in the
the surface roughness of the particles. algorithms between different instruments may give rise to
Repeatability. The attainable repeatability of the differences in the calculated particle size statistics.
method mainly depends on the characteristics of the Replicates. It is recommended that the number of replicate
material (milled/not milled, robust/fragile, width of its size measurements (with individual sample preparations) to be
distribution, etc.), whereas the required repeatability depends performed per sample is defined, in a substance-specific
on the purpose of the measurement. Mandatory limits method.
cannot be specified in this monograph, as repeatabilities
(different sample preparations) may vary appreciably from REPORTING OF RESULTS
one substance to another. However, it is good practice to aim The particle size analysis data are usually reported as
at acceptance criteria for repeatability such as srel ≤ 10 per cumulative undersize distribution and/or as density
cent [n = 6] for any central value of the distribution (e.g. distribution by volume. The symbol x is used to denote the
for x50). Values at the sides of the distribution (e.g. x10 and particle size, which in turn is defined as the diameter of a
x90) are oriented towards less stringent acceptance criteria volume-equivalent sphere. Q3(x) denotes the volume fraction
such as srel ≤ 15 per cent [n = 6]. Below 10 µm, these values undersize at the particle size x. In a graphical representation,
must be doubled. x is plotted on the abscissa and the dependent variable Q3
on the ordinate. Most common characteristic values are
MEASUREMENT calculated from the particle size distribution by interpolation.
Precautions. The instructions given in the apparatus manual The particle sizes at the undersize values of 10 per cent,
are followed : 50 per cent, and 90 per cent (denoted as x10, x50, and x90
— never look into the direct path of the laser beam or its respectively) are frequently used. x50 is also known as the
reflections ; median particle size. It is recognised that the symbol d is
also widely used to designate the particle size, thus the
— earth all apparatus components to prevent ignition of symbol x may be replaced by d.
solvents or dust explosions ;
Moreover, sufficient information must be documented
— check the apparatus set-up (e.g. warm-up, required about the sample, the sample preparation, the dispersion
measuring range and lens, appropriate working distance, conditions, and the cell type. As the results depend on the
position of the detector, no direct bright daylight) ; particular instrument, data analysis program, and optical
— in the case of wet dispersions, avoid air bubbles, model used, these details must also be documented.
evaporation of liquid, schlieren or other inhomogeneities
in the dispersion ; similarly, avoid improper mass-flow CONTROL OF THE APPARATUS PERFORMANCE
from the disperser or turbulent air-flow in the case of dry Use the apparatus according to the manufacturer’s
dispersions ; such effects can cause erroneous particle-size instructions and carry out the prescribed verifications at an
distributions. appropriate frequency, according to the use of the apparatus
Measurement of the light scattering of dispersed sample(s). and substances to be tested.
After proper alignment of the optical part of the instrument, Calibration. Laser diffraction systems, although assuming
a blank measurement of the particle-free dispersion medium idealised properties of the particles, are based on first
must be performed. The background signal must be below principles of laser light scattering. Thus, calibration in the
an appropriate threshold. strict sense is not required. However, it is still necessary
Generally, the time for measurement permits a large number to confirm that the instrument is operating correctly. This
of detector scans or sweeps at short time intervals. For each can be undertaken using any certified or standard reference
detector element, an average signal is calculated, sometimes material that is acceptable in industrial practice. The entire
together with its standard deviation. The magnitude of measurement procedure is examined, including sample
the signal from each detector element depends upon collection, sample dispersion, sample transport through
the detection area, the light intensity and the quantum the measuring zone, measurement, and the deconvolution
efficiency. The co-ordinates (size and position) of the procedure. It is essential that the total operational procedure
detector elements together with the focal distance of the is fully described.
lens determine the range of scattering angles for each The preferred certified or standard reference materials
element. Most instruments also measure the intensity consist of spherical particles of a known distribution
of the central (unscattered) laser beam. The ratio of the ranging over one decade of size. They must be certified
intensity of a dispersed sample to that in its absence (a blank as to the mass-percentage size distribution by an absolute
measurement) indicates the proportion of scattered light and technique, if available, and used in conjunction with an
hence the particle concentration. agreed, detailed operation procedure. It is essential that the
Conversion of scattering pattern into particle-size real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index
distribution. This deconvolution step is the inverse of the of the material are indicated if the Mie theory is applied
calculation of a scattering pattern for a given particle-size in data analysis. The representation of the particle-size
distribution. The assumption of spherical particle shape distribution by volume will equal that of the distribution by
is particularly important as most algorithms use the mass, provided that the density of the particles is the same
mathematical solution for scattering from spherical particles. for all size fractions.
Furthermore, the measured data always contain some The response of a laser diffraction instrument is considered
random and systematic errors, which may vitiate the size to meet the requirements if the mean value of x50 from at least
distributions. Several mathematical procedures have been 3 independent measurements does not deviate by more than
developed for use in the available instruments. They 3 per cent from the certified range of values of the certified
contain some weighting of deviations between measured or standard reference material, i.e. the mean value together

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 313
2.9.33. Characterisation of crystalline solids by XRPD EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

with its standard deviation. The mean values for x10 and x90 particle orientation within the sample) ; and diffraction line
must not deviate by more than 5 per cent from the certified profiles (depending on instrumental resolution, crystallite
range of values. Below 10 µm, these values must be doubled. size, strain and specimen thickness).
Although the use of materials consisting of spherical Experiments giving angular positions and intensities of
particles is preferable, non-spherical particles may also be lines can be used for applications such as qualitative phase
employed. Preferably, these particles have certified or typical analysis (for example, identification of crystalline phases)
values from laser diffraction analyses performed according and quantitative phase analysis of crystalline materials. An
to an agreed, detailed operating procedure. The use of estimate of the amorphous and crystalline fractions(6) can
reference values from methods other than laser diffraction also be made.
may cause a significant bias. The reason for this bias is that In addition, analysis of line-profile broadening can also
the different principles inherent in the various methods may allow the determination of crystallite size (size of coherently
lead to different sphere-equivalent diameters for the same scattering domains) and micro-strain.
non-spherical particle.
The X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) method provides an
In addition to the certified reference materials mentioned
advantage over other means of analysis in that it is usually
above, product samples of typical composition and
non-destructive in nature (specimen preparation is usually
particle-size distribution for a specified class of products
limited to grinding to ensure a randomly oriented sample).
can also be used, provided their particle-size distribution
XRPD investigations can also be carried out under in situ
has proven to be stable over time. The results must comply
conditions on specimens exposed to non-ambient conditions,
with previously determined data, with the same precision
such as low or high temperature and humidity.
and bias as for the certified reference material.
Verification of the system. In addition to the calibration, PRINCIPLE
the performance of the apparatus must be verified at regular
time intervals or as frequently as appropriate. This can be X-ray diffraction results from the interaction between
undertaken using any suitable material as mentioned in the X-rays and electron clouds of atoms. Depending on the
previous paragraph. atomic arrangement, interferences arise from the scattered
X-rays. These interferences are constructive when the path
The verification of the system is based on the concept that the difference between 2 diffracted X-ray waves differs by an
equipment, electronics, software and analytical operations integral number of wavelengths. This selective condition
constitute an integral system, which can be evaluated is described by the Bragg equation, also called Bragg’s law
as an entity. Thus the entire measurement procedure is (see Figure 2.9.33.-1) :
examined, including sample collection, sample dispersion,
sample transport through the measuring zone, and the
measurement and deconvolution procedure. It is essential
that the total operational procedure is fully described. The wavelength λ of the X-rays is of the same order of
In general, unless otherwise specified in the individual magnitude as the distance between successive crystal lattice
monograph, the response of a laser diffraction instrument is planes, or dhkl (also called ‘d-spacings’). θhkl is the angle
considered to meet the requirements if the x50 value does not between the incident ray and the family of lattice planes,
deviate by more than 10 per cent from the range of values of and sinθhkl is inversely proportional to the distance between
the reference material, i.e. the mean value together with its successive crystal planes or d-spacings.
standard deviation. If optionally the values at the sides of the The direction and spacing of the planes with reference to
distribution are evaluated (e.g. x10 and x90), then these values the unit cell axes are defined by the Miller indices {hkl}.
must not deviate by more than 15 per cent from the certified These indices are the reciprocals, reduced to the next-lower
range of values. Below 10 µm, these values must be doubled. integer, of the intercepts that a plane makes with the unit
cell axes. The unit cell dimensions are given by the spacings
a, b and c and the angles between them, α, β, and γ.
The interplanar spacing for a specified set of parallel hkl
01/2008:20933 planes is denoted by dhkl. Each such family of planes may
show higher orders of diffraction where the d values for the
2.9.33. CHARACTERISATION OF related families of planes nh, nk, nl are diminished by the
factor 1/n (n being an integer : 2,3,4, etc.).
CRYSTALLINE AND PARTIALLY Every set of planes throughout a crystal has a corresponding
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS BY X-RAY Bragg diffraction angle, θhkl, associated with it (for a specific
POWDER DIFFRACTION (XRPD) wavelength λ).
A powder specimen is assumed to be polycrystalline so that
Every crystalline phase of a given substance produces a at any angle θhkl there are always crystallites in an orientation
characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern. allowing diffraction according to Bragg’s law(7). For a given
Diffraction patterns can be obtained from a randomly X-ray wavelength, the positions of the diffraction peaks (also
oriented crystalline powder composed of crystallites or referred to as ‘lines’, ‘reflections’ or ‘Bragg reflections’)
crystal fragments of finite size. Essentially 3 types of are characteristic of the crystal lattice (d-spacings), their
information can be derived from a powder diffraction theoretical intensities depend on the crystallographic unit
pattern : angular position of diffraction lines (depending on cell content (nature and positions of atoms), and the line
geometry and size of the unit cell) ; intensities of diffraction profiles on the perfection and extent of the crystal lattice.
lines (depending mainly on atom type and arrangement, and Under these conditions the diffraction peak has a finite
(6) There are many other applications of the X-ray powder diffraction technique that can be applied to crystalline pharmaceutical substances such as : determination of crystal structures,
refinement of crystal structures, determination of crystallographic purity of crystalline phases, characterisation of crystallographic texture, etc. These applications are not described in this chapter.
(7) An ‘ideal’ powder for diffraction experiments consists of a large number of small, randomly oriented spherical crystallites (coherently diffracting crystalline domains). If this number is
sufficiently large, there are always enough crystallites in any diffracting orientation to give reproducible diffraction patterns. To obtain a precise measurement of the intensity of diffracted X-rays,
it is recommended that the crystallite size be small, i.e. typically 10 µm or less, depending on the characteristics of the specimen (X-ray absorption, shape, etc.) and the diffraction geometry.

314 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.33. Characterisation of crystalline solids by XRPD

intensity arising from atomic arrangement, type of atoms, simplest instruments used to measure powder patterns are
thermal motion and structural imperfections, as well as from powder cameras. Of the various camera types available, there
instrument characteristics. are 3 commonly employed instruments : the Debye-Scherrer,
The main characteristics of diffraction line profiles the Gandolfi and the Guinier focusing cameras. Replacement
are 2θ position, peak height, peak area and shape of photographic film as the detection method by photon
(characterised by, for example, peak width or asymmetry, detectors has led to the design of diffractometers in which
analytical function, empirical representation). An example the geometric arrangement of the optics is not truly focusing
of the type of powder patterns obtained for 5 different solidbut parafocusing, such as in the Bragg-Brentano geometry.
phases of a substance(8) are shown in Figure 2.9.33.-2. The Bragg-Brentano parafocusing configuration is currently
the most widely used and is therefore briefly described here.
In addition to the diffraction peaks, an X-ray diffraction
experiment also generates a more-or-less uniform A given instrument may provide a horizontal or vertical
background, upon which the peaks are superimposed. θ/2θ geometry or a vertical θ/θ geometry. For both
Besides specimen preparation, other factors contribute to geometries, the incident X-ray beam forms an angle θ with
the background, for instance the sample holder, diffuse the specimen plane and the diffracted X-ray beam forms
scattering from air and equipment, other instrumental an angle 2θ with the direction of the incident X-ray beam
parameters such as detector noise, general radiation from (an angle θ with the specimen plane). The basic geometric
the X-ray tube, etc. The peak to background ratio can be arrangement is represented in Figure 2.9.33.-3. The divergent
increased by minimising background and by choosing beam of radiation from the X-ray tube (the so-called ‘primary
prolonged exposure times. beam’) passes through the parallel plate collimators and a
divergence slit assembly and illuminates the flat surface of
APPARATUS the specimen. All the rays diffracted by suitably oriented
Instrument set-up. X-ray diffraction experiments are usually crystallites in the specimen at an angle 2θ converge to a line
performed using powder diffractometers or powder cameras. at the receiving slit. A second set of parallel plate collimators
and a scatter slit may be placed either behind or before the
A powder diffractometer generally comprises 5 main parts : receiving slit. The axes of the line focus and of the receiving
an X-ray source ; incident beam optics, which may perform slit are at equal distances from the axis of the goniometer.
monochromatisation, filtering, collimation and/or focusing The X-ray quanta are counted by a radiation detector, usually
of the beam ; a goniometer ; diffraction beam optics, which a scintillation counter, a sealed-gas proportional counter,
may perform monochromatisation, filtering, collimation and or a position-sensitive or solid-state detector. The receiving
focusing or parallelising of the beam ; and a detector. Data slit assembly and the detector are coupled together and
collection and data processing systems are also required and move tangentially to the focusing circle. For θ/2θ scans the
are generally included in current diffraction measurement goniometer rotates the specimen about the same axis as that
equipment. of the detector, but at half the rotational speed, in a θ/2θ
Depending on the type of analysis to be performed motion. The surface of the specimen thus remains tangential
(phase identification, quantitative analysis, lattice to the focusing circle. The parallel plate collimator limits the
parameters determination, etc.), different XRPD instrument axial divergence of the beam and hence partially controls the
configurations and performance levels are required. The shape of the diffracted line profile.

Figure 2.9.33.-1. – Diffraction of X-rays by a crystal according to Bragg’s law

(8) These diffraction patterns were collected on a Siemens D500 diffractometer (Bragg-Brentano geometry) using a pure monochromatic CuKα1 radiation (λ = 0.1540598 nm) selected with
an incident-beam curved-crystal germanium monochromator with asymmetric focusing (short focal distance 124 mm, long focal distance 216 mm). Detection of signal was achieved using a
scintillation detector. To reduce the effect of transparency of the specimens, a thin layer of powder was deposited on an oriented single crystal silicon wafer. The alignment of the diffractometer
was checked by means of the OOI reflections of fluorophlogopite mica (NIST SRM 675). The zero error was estimated as less than 0.01° (2θ). The instrumental resolution function of the set-up
exhibits a shallow minimum of 0.065° (2θ) at about 40° (2θ) and has twice this value at 130° (2θ). For each phase, the diffraction pattern was scanned with the same step length of 0.02° (2θ),
but with different fixed counting times [form A : 30 s ; form B : 48 s ; form C : 48 s ; form D : 40 s ; amorphous phase : 10 s].

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 315
2.9.33. Characterisation of crystalline solids by XRPD EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Figure 2.9.33.-2. – X-ray powder patterns collected for 5 different solid phases of a substance
(the intensities are normalised)

A Bragg-Brentano diffractometer may also be used in powder diffraction generally correspond to the Kα radiation
transmission mode. The advantage with this technology is to from the anode. Consequently, it is advantageous to make
lessen the effects due to preferred orientation. A capillary ofthe X-ray beam ‘monochromatic’ by eliminating all the other
about 0.5-2 mm thickness can also be used for small sample components of the emission spectrum. This can be partly
amounts. obtained using Kβ filters, i.e. metal filters selected as having
an absorption edge between the Kα and Kβ wavelengths
X-ray radiation. In the laboratory, X-rays are obtained
emitted by the tube.
by bombarding a metal anode with electrons emitted by
the thermionic effect and accelerated in a strong electric Such a filter is usually inserted between the X-ray tube
field (using a high-voltage generator). Most of the kinetic and the specimen. Another, more-and-more-commonly
energy of the electrons is converted to heat, which limits the used way to obtain a monochromatic X-ray beam is via
power of the tubes and requires efficient anode cooling. A a large monochromator crystal (usually referred to as a
20- to 30-fold increase in brilliance can be obtained using ‘monochromator’). This crystal is placed before or behind
rotating anodes and by using X-ray optics. Alternatively, the specimen and diffracts the different characteristic peaks
X-ray photons may be produced in a large-scale facility of the X-ray beam (i.e. Kα and Kβ) at different angles, so that
(synchrotron). only one of them may be selected to enter into the detector.
It is even possible to separate Kα1 and Kα2 radiations by
The spectrum emitted by an X-ray tube operating at using a specialised monochromator. Unfortunately, the
sufficient voltage consists of a continuous background gain in getting a monochromatic beam by using a filter or
of polychromatic radiation and additional characteristic a monochromator is counteracted by a loss in intensity.
radiation that depends on the type of anode. Only Another way of separating Kα and Kβ wavelengths is
this characteristic radiation is used in X-ray diffraction by using curved X-rays mirrors that can simultaneously
experiments. The principal radiation sources utilised monochromate and focus or parallelise the X-ray beam.
for X-ray diffraction are vacuum tubes utilising copper, RADIATION PROTECTION. Exposure of any part of the
molybdenum, iron, cobalt or chromium as anodes ; copper, human body to X-rays can be injurious to health. It is
molybdenum or cobalt X-rays are employed most commonly therefore essential that whenever X-ray equipment is used,
for organic substances (the use of cobalt anodes can be adequate precautions are taken to protect the operator
especially preferred to separate distinct X-ray lines). The and any other person in the vicinity. Recommended
choice of radiation to be used depends on the absorption practice for radiation protection as well as limits for the
characteristics of the specimen and possible fluorescence levels of X-radiation exposure are those established by
by atoms present in the specimen. The wavelengths used in national legislation in each country. If there are no official

316 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.33. Characterisation of crystalline solids by XRPD

A. X-ray tube C. sample E. receiving slit G. detector receiving slit J. diffractometer circle
B. divergence slit D. anti-diffusion slit F. monochromator H. detector K. focusing circle

Figure 2.9.33.-3. – Geometric arrangement of the Bragg-Brentano parafocusing geometry

regulations or recommendations in a country, the latest 10 µm. However, excessive milling (crystallite sizes less
recommendations of the International Commission on than approximately 0.5 µm) may cause line broadening and
Radiological Protection should be applied. significant changes to the sample itself such as :
— specimen contamination by particles abraded from the
SPECIMEN PREPARATION AND MOUNTING milling instruments (mortar, pestle, balls, etc.) ;
The preparation of the powdered material and mounting — reduced degree of crystallinity ;
of the specimen in a suitable holder are critical steps in
many analytical methods, and are particularly so for X-ray — solid-state transition to another polymorph ;
powder diffraction analysis, since they can greatly affect — chemical decomposition ;
the quality of the data to be collected(9). The main sources — introduction of internal stress ;
of error due to specimen preparation and mounting are — solid-state reactions.
briefly discussed here for instruments in Bragg-Brentano Therefore, it is advisable to compare the diffraction pattern
parafocusing geometry. of the non-ground specimen with that corresponding to a
SPECIMEN PREPARATION specimen of smaller particle size (e.g. a milled specimen).
In general, the morphology of many crystalline particles If the X-ray powder pattern obtained is of adequate quality
tends to give a specimen that exhibits some degree of considering its intended use, then grinding may not be
preferred orientation in the specimen holder. This is required.
particularly evident for needle-like or plate-like crystals when It should be noted that if a sample contains more than one
size reduction yields finer needles or platelets. Preferred phase and if sieving is used to isolate particles to a specific
orientation in the specimen influences the intensities of size, the initial composition may be altered.
various reflections, so that some are more intense and others
are less intense, compared to what would be expected from SPECIMEN MOUNTING
a completely random specimen. Several techniques can Effect of specimen displacement. A specimen surface that
be employed to improve randomness in the orientation of is offset by D with reference to the diffractometer rotation
crystallites (and therefore to minimise preferred orientation), axis causes systematic errors that are very difficult to avoid
but further reduction of particle size is often the best and entirely, resulting in absolute D·cosθ shifts(10) in 2θ positions
simplest approach. The optimum number of crystallites (typically of the order of 0.01° in 2θ at low angles (cosθ 1)
depends on the diffractometer geometry, the required for a displacement D = 15 µm) and asymmetric broadening
resolution and the specimen attenuation of the X-ray beam. of the profile towards low 2θ values. Use of an appropriate
In some cases, particle sizes as large as 50 µm will provide internal standard allows the detection and correction of
satisfactory results in phase identification. For quantitative this effect simultaneously with that arising from specimen
XRPD analysis, it is often recommended that the specimen transparency. This is by far the largest source of errors in
have coherent domains (crystallites) with a size less than data collected on well-aligned diffractometers.

(9) Similarly, changes in the specimen can occur during data collection in the case of a non-equilibrium specimen (temperature, humidity).
(10) Note that a goniometer zero alignment shift would result in constant shift on all observed 2θ-line positions, in other words, the whole diffraction pattern is in this case translated by an
offset of Z° in 2θ.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 317
2.9.33. Characterisation of crystalline solids by XRPD EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Effect of specimen thickness and transparency. When The calibration is usually performed using certified reference
the XRPD method in reflection mode is applied, it is often standards (choice is dependent on type of analysis). The
preferable to work with specimens of ‘infinite thickness’. overall diffractometer performance should be tested and
This means that, for a given mass attenuation and bulk monitored periodically using working standards and/or
density of the specimen and a given range of diffraction reference standards (depending on the type of analysis).
angles, the diffracted intensity from the back of the specimen
is negligible. For quantitative analysis, to ensure that the QUALITATIVE PHASE ANALYSIS (IDENTIFICATION OF
diffracted intensity is at least 99.9 per cent of the maximum PHASES)
attainable by increasing the specimen thickness t, the The identification of the phase composition of an unknown
thickness must be at least : sample by XRPD is usually based on the visual or
computer-assisted comparison of a portion of its X-ray
powder pattern to the experimental or calculated pattern
of a reference material. Ideally, these reference patterns
— µ′ = mass attenuation coefficient (often referred to as the are collected on well-characterised single-phase specimens.
mass absorption coefficient) ; This approach makes it possible in most cases to identify
— ρ′ = bulk density of the specimen. a crystalline substance by its 2θ diffraction angles or
µ′ is additive for the mass attenuation coefficients of the d-spacings and by its relative intensities. The computer-aided
individual elements that constitute the material. It is comparison of the diffraction pattern of the unknown
independent of the physical state of the material. sample to the comparison data can be based either on a
more-or-less extended 2θ-range of the whole diffraction
For specimens with low attenuation (such as organic pattern or on a set of reduced data derived from the pattern.
materials where the linear absorption coefficients are very For example, the list of d-spacings and normalised intensities
small), the diffracted intensity appears to originate from a Inorm, a so-called (d, Inorm)-list extracted from the pattern, is
position below the surface resulting in line shifts and changes the crystallographic fingerprint of the material, and can be
in line widths. This effect, referred to as the transparency compared to (d, Inorm)-lists of single-phase samples compiled
effect, is large for thick specimens with low attenuation and in databases.
can lead to angular errors of as much as a tenth of a degree.
For such specimens, a precise measurement of line positions For most organic crystals, when using Cu Kα radiation, it is
can be carried out on a specimen that is as thin as possible, appropriate to record the diffraction pattern in a 2θ-range
but which still gives acceptable diffraction intensities. It is from as near 0° as possible to at least 40°. The agreement
advisable to use a non-diffracting substrate (zero background in the 2θ-diffraction angles between specimen and reference
holder), for example a plate of single crystalline silicon cut is within 0.1° for the same crystal form, while relative
parallel to the 510 lattice planes(11). One advantage of the intensities between specimen and reference may vary
transmission mode is that problems with sample height and considerably due to preferred orientation effects. For other
specimen transparency are less important. types of samples (e.g. inorganic salts), it may be necessary
to extend the 2θ-region scanned to well beyond 40°. It is
The use of an appropriate internal standard allows the generally sufficient to scan past the 10 strongest reflections
detection and correction of this effect simultaneously with identified in single phase X-ray powder diffraction database
that arising from specimen displacement. files.
DIFFRACTOMETER ALIGNMENT It is sometimes difficult or even impossible to identify phases
in the following cases :
Goniometers and the corresponding incident and diffracted
X-ray beam optics have many mechanical parts that need — non-crystallised or amorphous substances ;
adjustment. The degree of alignment or misalignment — the components to be identified are present in low mass
directly influences the quality of the results of an XRPD fractions of the analyte amounts (generally less than
investigation. Therefore, the different components of 10 per cent m/m) ;
the diffractometer must be carefully adjusted (optical — pronounced preferred orientation effects ;
and mechanical systems, etc.) to adequately minimise — the phase has not been filed in the database used ;
systematic errors, while optimising the intensities received — formation of solid solutions ;
by the detector. The search for maximum intensity and
— presence of disordered structures that alter the unit cell ;
maximum resolution is always antagonistic when aligning a
diffractometer. Hence, the best compromise must be sought — the specimen comprises too many phases ;
whilst performing the alignment procedure. There are many — presence of lattice deformations ;
different configurations and each supplier’s equipment — structural similarity of different phases.
requires specific alignment procedures.
QUANTITATIVE PHASE ANALYSIS
CALIBRATION, PERFORMANCE TESTING AND If the sample under investigation is a mixture of 2 or more
MONITORING OF DIFFRACTOMETERS known phases, of which not more than 1 is amorphous,
To establish the magnitude of potential errors in the the percentage (by volume or by mass) of each crystalline
diffractometer, a calibration curve, using a proper calibrant, phase and of the amorphous phase can, in many cases, be
whether internal or external, can be prepared after the determined. Quantitative phase analysis can be based on
alignment of the diffractometer for each of the following : the integrated intensities, on the peak heights of several
— angular calibration ; individual diffraction lines(12), or on the full pattern. These
integrated intensities, peak heights or full-pattern data
— intensity calibration ; points are compared to the corresponding values of reference
— line shape calibration. materials. These reference materials shall be single-phase
(11) In the case of a thin specimen with low attenuation, accurate measurements of line positions can be made with focusing diffractometer configurations in either transmission or reflection
geometry. Accurate measurements of line positions on specimens with low attenuation are preferably made using diffractometers with parallel beam optics. This helps to reduce the
effects of specimen thickness.
(12) If the crystal structures of all components are known, the Rietveld method can be used to quantify them with good accuracy. If the crystal structures of the components are not known, the
Pawley method or Partial Least Squares (PLS) method can be used.

318 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.33. Characterisation of crystalline solids by XRPD

or a mixture of known phases. The difficulties encountered — if the sample consists of one amorphous and one
during quantitative analysis are due to specimen preparation crystalline fraction, either as a 1-phase or a 2-phase
(the accuracy and precision of the results require in mixture, with the same elemental composition, the
particular homogeneity of all phases and a suitable particle amount of the crystalline phase (‘the degree of
size distribution in each phase) and to matrix effects. crystallinity’) can be estimated by measuring 3 areas of
MATRIX EFFECTS the diffractogram :
Matrix-effects corrections consist of eliminating or estimating A = total area of the peaks arising from diffraction
the absorption phenomenon, except in the case of mixtures from the crystalline fraction of the sample ;
of polymorphic samples in which all phases have the same B = total area below area A ;
absorption coefficients. However, it should be noted that in
the case of organic systems, such effects are rather limited, C = background area (due to air scattering,
hence corrections can in many such cases be neglected. fluorescence, equipment, etc).
POLYMORPHIC SAMPLES When these areas have been measured, the degree of
For a sample composed of 2 polymorphic phases a and b, crystallinity can be roughly estimated using the following
the following relationship can be written for the fraction Fa formula :
of phase a :

It is noteworthy that this method does not yield absolute

degree-of-crystallinity values and hence is generally used for
The fraction is derived by measuring the intensity ratio comparative purposes only.
between the 2 phases, knowing the value of the constant K. More sophisticated methods are also available, such as the
K is the ratio of the absolute intensities of the 2 pure Ruland method.
polymorphic phases Ioa/Iob. Its value can be determined by
measuring standard samples. OBTAINING STRUCTURAL INFORMATION FROM XRPD
PATTERN
METHODS USING A STANDARD
The most commonly used methods for quantitative analysis Powder X-ray diffraction has been an important standard
are : tool for many decades for identifying and characterising
crystalline materials. Recent developments in XRPD
— the ‘external standard method’; methods also allow some relevant structural information to
— the ‘internal standard method’; be extracted from accurate XRPD data, as briefly described
— the ‘spiking method’ (often also called the ‘standard below.
addition method’). Determination of lattice parameters. In an X-ray powder
The ‘external standard method’ is the most general method diffraction pattern, each line can be associated with a
and consists of comparing the X-ray diffraction pattern of d-spacing and the Miller indices {hkl} of the corresponding
the mixture, or the respective line intensities, with those family or families of planes, if the unit cell of the lattice
measured in a reference mixture or with the theoretical is known (crystal system, Bravais lattice, approximate
intensities of a structural model, if it is fully known. lattice parameters). The d-spacings measured from the
To limit errors due to matrix effects, an internal referencediffractogram are related to the lattice parameters by
geometric relations involving the Miller indices of the planes
material with crystallite size and X-ray absorption coefficient
comparable to those of the components of the sample, and considered. If the material studied consists of crystalline
phases for which the corresponding lattice parameters are
with a diffraction pattern that does not overlap at all that of
the sample to be analysed, can be used. A known quantity approximately known, the lattice parameters can be refined
of this reference material is added to the sample to be by a least squares method using the whole powder pattern
analysed and to each of the reference mixtures. Under these or a list of indexed d-spacings.
conditions, a linear relationship between line intensity andIf the material studied consists of an unknown crystalline
concentration exists. This application, called the ‘internalphase, the determination of the lattice parameters requires
standard method’, requires a precise measurement of ab initio indexing of the XRPD pattern. This results in
diffraction intensities. Miller indices being attributed to each line of the observed
In the ‘spiking method’ (or ‘standard addition method’), diffractogram. It can be accomplished by comparison with
some of the pure phase a is added to the mixture containing a reference pattern or by automatic indexing programs.
the unknown concentration of a. Multiple additions are Whether the mathematical solution found by an automatic
made to prepare an intensity-versus-concentration plot in indexing program is the true crystallographic unit cell
which the negative x intercept is the concentration of the or only a ‘pseudo-cell’ depends on the completeness and
phase a in the original sample. uncertainty of the experimental data and on the size and
symmetry of the unit cell.
ESTIMATE OF THE AMORPHOUS AND CRYSTALLINE
FRACTIONS Structure solution. In general, the determination of crystal
structures is performed from X-ray diffraction data obtained
In a mixture of crystalline and amorphous phases, the using single crystals. However, when substances cannot
crystalline and amorphous fractions can be estimated in be prepared in the appropriate pure crystallographic form,
several ways. The choice of the method used depends on the this conventional approach cannot be employed. Recent
nature of the sample : developments based on high-resolution X-ray diffraction
— if the sample consists of crystalline fractions and an techniques using powders have led to significant progress
amorphous fraction of different chemical compositions, in crystal structure determination. Crystal structures can
the amounts of each of the individual crystalline phases sometimes be determined from sufficiently well-resolved
may be estimated using appropriate standard substances powder diffraction data by applying trial and error,
as described above ; the amorphous fraction is then Patterson methods and/or direct methods. However, crystal
deduced indirectly by subtraction ; structure analysis of organic crystals is a challenging task,

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 319
2.9.36. Powder flow EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

since the lattice parameters are comparatively large, the results. It bears repeating that no simple powder flow method
symmetry is low and the scattering properties are normally will adequately or completely characterise the wide range of
very low. For any given crystalline form of a substance, flow properties experienced in the pharmaceutical industry.
knowledge of the crystal structure allows the calculation An appropriate strategy may well be the use of multiple
of the corresponding XRPD pattern, thereby providing a standardised test methods to characterise the various aspects
‘preferred-orientation-free’ reference XRPD pattern, which of powder flow as needed by the pharmaceutical scientist.
can then be used for batch comparisons.
Refinement of crystal structures. Refinement of crystal
structures consists of minimising the difference between ANGLE OF REPOSE
the intensities of the experimental diffraction pattern of a The angle of repose has been used in several branches of
crystalline substance and the intensities calculated from a science to characterise the flow properties of solids. Angle
structural model sufficiently close to the true structure. The of repose is a characteristic related to interparticulate
minimisation is carried out using a least squares method friction, or resistance to movement between particles. Angle
(or other procedure) to refine the structural parameters of repose test results are reported to be very dependent
of the model (unit cell dimensions, atom co-ordinates, site upon the method used. Experimental difficulties arise due
occupancies) and the atomic displacement parameters, to segregation of material and consolidation or aeration of
until a satisfactory agreement between calculated and the powder as the cone is formed. Despite its difficulties, the
observed intensities is obtained. This application requires method continues to be used in the pharmaceutical industry,
accurate diffraction data (intensity and position), containing and a number of examples demonstrating its value in
sufficient information to estimate the structural parameters predicting manufacturing problems appear in the literature.
concerned. Structure refinement is most often carried out by
Rietveld-type methods, but the integrated intensity method The angle of repose is the constant, three-dimensional angle
can also be applied. (relative to the horizontal base) assumed by a cone-like
pile of material formed by any of several different methods,
described briefly below.
Basic methods for angle of repose
A variety of angle of repose test methods are described in the
01/2008:20936 literature. The most common methods for determining the
static angle of repose can be classified based on 2 important
experimental variables :
2.9.36. POWDER FLOW
— the height of the ‘funnel’ through which the powder
The widespread use of powders in the pharmaceutical passes may be fixed relative to the base, or the height may
industry has generated a variety of methods for characterising be varied as the pile forms ;
powder flow. Not surprisingly, scores of references appear
in the pharmaceutical literature, attempting to correlate — the base upon which the pile forms may be of fixed
the various measures of powder flow to manufacturing diameter or the diameter of the powder cone may be
properties. The development of such a variety of test allowed to vary as the pile forms.
methods was inevitable ; powder behavior is multifaceted Variations in angle of repose methods
and thus complicates the effort to characterise powder flow.
Variations of the above methods have also been used to some
The purpose of this chapter is to review the methods extent in the pharmaceutical literature :
for characterising powder flow that have appeared
most frequently in the pharmaceutical literature. In — drained angle of repose : this is determined by allowing
addition, while it is clear that no single and simple test an excess quantity of material positioned above a fixed
method can adequately characterise the flow properties diameter base to "drain" from the container. Formation
of pharmaceutical powders, this chapter proposes the of a cone of powder on the fixed diameter base allows
standardisation of test methods that may be valuable during determination of the drained angle of repose ;
pharmaceutical development.
— dynamic angle of repose : this is determined by filling a
4 commonly reported methods for testing powder flow are : cylinder (with a clear, flat cover on one end) and rotating
— angle of repose, it at a specified speed. The dynamic angle of repose is the
angle (relative to the horizontal) formed by the flowing
— compressibility index or Hausner ratio, powder. The internal angle of kinetic friction is defined by
— flow rate through an orifice, the plane separating those particles sliding down the top
layer of the powder and those particles that are rotating
— shear cell. with the drum (with roughened surface).
In addition, numerous variations of each of these basic General scale of flowability for angle of repose
methods are available. Given the number of test methods
and variations, standardising the test methodology, where While there is some variation in the qualitative description
possible, would be advantageous. of powder flow using the angle of repose, much of the
pharmaceutical literature appears to be consistent with the
With this goal in mind, the most frequently used methods classification by Carr(1), which is shown in Table 2.9.36.-1.
are discussed below. Important experimental considerations There are examples in the literature of formulations with
are identified and recommendations are made regarding an angle of repose in the range of 40-50 degrees that
standardisation of the methods. In general, any method manufactured satisfactorily. When the angle of repose
of measuring powder flow must be practical, useful, exceeds 50 degrees, the flow is rarely acceptable for
reproducible and sensitive, and must yield meaningful manufacturing purposes.

320 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.36. Powder flow

Table 2.9.36.-1. – Flow properties and corresponding compressibility index and the Hausner ratio are calculated
angles of repose(1) as follows :
Flow property Angle of repose (degrees)
Excellent 25-30
Good 31-35
Fair (aid not needed) 36-40
Passable (may hang up) 41-45 Alternatively, the compressibility index and Hausner ratio
46-55
may be calculated using measured values of bulk density
Poor (must agitate, vibrate)
(ρbulk) and tapped density (ρtapped) as follows :
Very poor 56-65
Very, very poor > 66
(1) Carr RL. Evaluating flow properties of solids. Chem. Eng 1965 ;
72:163-168.

Experimental considerations for angle of repose

Angle of repose is not an intrinsic property of the powder, In a variation of these methods, the rate of consolidation
that is to say, it is very much dependent upon the method is sometimes measured rather than, or in addition to,
used to form the cone of powder. On this subject, the the change in volume that occurs on tapping. For the
existing literature raises these important considerations : compressibility index and the Hausner ratio, the generally
— the peak of the cone of powder can be distorted by the accepted scale of flowability is given in Table 2.9.36.-2.
impact of powder from above. By carefully building the
Table 2.9.36.-2. – Scale of flowability(1)
powder cone, the distortion caused by impact can be
minimised ; Compressibility Flow character Hausner ratio
index (per cent)
— the nature of the base upon which the powder cone is 1-10 Excellent 1.00-1.11
formed influences the angle of repose. It is recommended
that the powder cone be formed on a ‘common base’, 11-15 Good 1.12-1.18
which can be achieved by forming the cone of powder on 16-20 Fair 1.19-1.25
a layer of powder. This can be done by using a base of
fixed diameter with a protruding outer edge to retain a 21-25 Passable 1.26-1.34
layer of powder upon which the cone is formed. 26-31 Poor 1.35-1.45
Recommended procedure for angle of repose 32-37 Very poor 1.46-1.59
Form the angle of repose on a fixed base with a retaining lip > 38 Very, very poor > 1.60
to retain a layer of powder on the base. The base must be
free of vibration. Vary the height of the funnel to carefully (1) Carr RL. Evaluating flow properties of solids. Chem Eng 1965 ;
72:163-168.
build up a symmetrical cone of powder. Care must be
taken to prevent vibration as the funnel is moved. The Experimental considerations for the compressibility index
funnel height is maintained at approximately 2-4 cm from and Hausner ratio
the top of the powder pile as it is being formed in order to Compressibility index and Hausner ratio are not intrinsic
minimise the impact of falling powder on the tip of the cone. properties of the powder, that is to say, they are dependent
If a symmetrical cone of powder cannot be successfully upon the methodology used. The existing literature
or reproducibly prepared, this method is not appropriate. points out several important considerations affecting the
Determine the angle of repose by measuring the height of determination of the unsettled apparent volume, V0, of the
the cone of powder and calculating the angle of repose, α, final tapped volume, Vf, of the bulk density, ρbulk, and of the
from the following equation : tapped density, ρtapped :
— the diameter of the cylinder used,
— the number of times the powder is tapped to achieve the
tapped density,
COMPRESSIBILITY INDEX AND HAUSNER RATIO — the mass of material used in the test,
In recent years the compressibility index and the closely — rotation of the sample during tapping.
related Hausner ratio have become the simple, fast, and Recommended procedure for compressibility index and
popular methods of predicting powder flow characteristics. Hausner ratio
The compressibility index has been proposed as an indirect
measure of bulk density, size and shape, surface area, Use a 250 ml volumetric cylinder with a test sample mass
moisture content, and cohesiveness of materials, because of 100 g. Smaller amounts and volumes may be used, but
all of these can influence the observed compressibility variations in the method must be described with the results.
index. The compressibility index and the Hausner ratio are An average of 3 determinations is recommended.
determined by measuring both the bulk volume and tapped FLOW THROUGH AN ORIFICE
volume of a powder.
The flow rate of a material depends upon many factors, some
Basic methods for compressibility index and Hausner ratio of which are particle-related and some related to the process.
While there are some variations in the method of determining Monitoring the rate of flow of material through an orifice
the compressibility index and Hausner ratio, the basic has been proposed as a better measure of powder flowability.
procedure is to measure the unsettled apparent volume, (V0), Of particular significance is the utility of monitoring flow
and the final tapped volume, (Vf), of the powder after tapping continuously, since pulsating flow patterns have been
the material until no further volume changes occur. The observed even for free-flowing materials. Changes in flow

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 321
2.9.36. Powder flow EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

rate as the container empties can also be observed. Empirical is less than twice the diameter of the column. The orifice
equations relating flow rate to the diameter of the opening, must be circular and the cylinder must be free of vibration.
particle size, and particle density have been determined. General guidelines for dimensions of the cylinder are as
However, determining the flow rate through an orifice is follows :
useful only with free-flowing materials. — diameter of the opening greater than 6 times the diameter
The flow rate through an orifice is generally measured as of the particles,
the mass per time flowing from any of a number of types of — diameter of the cylinder greater than twice the diameter
containers (cylinders, funnels, hoppers). Measurement of the of the opening.
flow rate can be in discrete increments or continuous.
Use of a hopper as the container may be appropriate and
Basic methods for flow through an orifice representative of flow in a production situation. It is not
There are a variety of methods described in the literature. advisable to use a funnel, particularly one with a stem,
The most common for determining the flow rate through an because flow rate will be determined by the size and length
orifice can be classified based on 3 important experimental of the stem as well as the friction between the stem and the
variables : powder. A truncated cone may be appropriate, but flow
will be influenced by the powder-wall friction coefficient,
— the type of container used to contain the powder. thus, selection of an appropriate construction material is
Common containers are cylinders, funnels, and hoppers important.
from production equipment ;
For the opening in the cylinder, use a flat-faced bottom
— the size and shape of the orifice used. The orifice plate with the option to vary orifice diameter to provide
diameter and shape are critical factors in determining maximum flexibility and better ensure a powder-over-powder
powder flow rate ; flow pattern. Rate measurement can be either discrete or
— the method of measuring powder flow rate. Flow rate can continuous. Continuous measurement using an electronic
be measured continuously using an electronic balance balance can more effectively detect momentary flow rate
with some sort of recording device (strip chart recorder, variations.
computer). It can also be measured in discrete samples
(for example, the time it takes for 100 g of powder to pass SHEAR CELL METHODS
through the orifice to the nearest tenth of a second or the In an effort to put powder flow studies and hopper design
amount of powder passing through the orifice in 10 s to on a more fundamental basis, a variety of powder shear
the nearest tenth of a gram). testers and methods that permit more thorough and
Variations in methods for flow through an orifice precisely defined assessment of powder flow properties
have been developed. Shear cell methodology has been
Either mass flow rate or volume flow rate can be determined. used extensively in the study of pharmaceutical materials.
Mass flow rate is the easier of the methods, but it biases the From these methods, a wide variety of parameters can be
results in favour of high-density materials. Since die fill is obtained, including the yield loci representing the shear
volumetric, determining volume flow rate may be preferable. stress-shear strain relationship, the angle of internal friction,
A vibrator is occasionally attached to facilitate flow from the the unconfined yield strength, the tensile strength, and a
container, however, this appears to complicate interpretation variety of derived parameters such as the flow factor and
of results. A moving orifice device has been proposed to other flowability indices. Because of the ability to control
more closely simulate rotary press conditions. The minimum experimental parameters more precisely, flow properties
diameter orifice through which powder flows can also be can also be determined as a function of consolidation load,
identified. time, and other environmental conditions. These methods
General scale of flowability for flow through an orifice have been successfully used to determine critical hopper and
No general scale is available because flow rate is critically bin parameters.
dependent on the method used to measure it. Comparison Basic methods for shear cell
between published results is difficult. One type of shear cell is the cylindrical shear cell which is
Experimental considerations for flow through an orifice split horizontally, forming a shear plane between the lower
Flow rate through an orifice is not an intrinsic property of the stationary base and the upper moveable portion of the shear
powder. It is very much dependent upon the methodology cell ring. After powder bed consolidation in the shear cell
used. The existing literature points out several important (using a well-defined procedure), the force necessary to shear
considerations affecting these methods : the powder bed by moving the upper ring is determined.
Annular shear cell designs offer some advantages over the
— the diameter and shape of the orifice, cylindrical shear cell design, including the need for less
— the type of container material (metal, glass, plastic), material. A disadvantage, however, is that because of its
design, the powder bed is not sheared as uniformly because
— the diameter and height of the powder bed. material on the outside of the annulus is sheared more
Recommended procedure for flow through an orifice than material in the inner region. A third type of shear cell
Flow rate through an orifice can be used only for materials (plate-type) consists of a thin sandwich of powder between a
that have some capacity to flow. It is not useful for cohesive lower stationary rough surface and an upper rough surface
materials. Provided that the height of the powder bed (the that is moveable.
‘head’ of powder) is much greater than the diameter of the All of the shear cell methods have their advantages and
orifice, the flow rate is virtually independent of the powder disadvantages, but a detailed review is beyond the scope of
head. It is advisable to use a cylinder as the container, this chapter. As with the other methods for characterising
because the walls of the container must have little effect powder flow, many variations are described in the literature.
on flow. This configuration results in flow rate being A significant advantage of shear cell methodology in general
determined by the movement of powder over powder, rather is a greater degree of experimental control. The methodology
than powder along the wall of the container. Powder flow generally is rather time-consuming and requires significant
rate often increases when the height of the powder column amounts of material and a well-trained operator.

322 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.37. Optical microscopy

Recommendations for shear cell must be calibrated separately. To calibrate the ocular scale,
The many existing shear cell configurations and test the stage micrometer scale and the ocular scale must be
methods provide a wealth of data and can be used very aligned. In this way, a precise determination of the distance
effectively to characterise powder flow. They are also between ocular stage divisions can be made. Several different
helpful in the design of equipment such as hoppers and magnifications may be necessary to characterise materials
bins. Because of the diversity of available equipment and having a wide particle size distribution.
experimental procedures, no specific recommendations Photographic characterisation. If particle size is to be
regarding methodology are presented in this chapter. determined by photographic methods, take care to ensure
It is recommended that the results of powder flow that the object is sharply focused at the plane of the
characterisation using shear cell methodology include a photographic emulsion. Determine the actual magnification
complete description of equipment and methodology used. by photographing a calibrated stage micrometer, using
photographic film of sufficient speed, resolving power, and
contrast. Exposure and processing must be identical for
photographs of both the test sample and the determination
01/2008:20937 of magnification. The apparent size of a photographic image
is influenced by the exposure, development, and printing
processes as well as by the resolving power of the microscope.
2.9.37. OPTICAL MICROSCOPY Preparation of the mount. The mounting medium will vary
Optical microscopy for particle characterisation can generally according to the physical properties of the test sample.
be applied to particles of 1 µm and greater. The lower Sufficient, but not excessive, contrast between the sample
limit is imposed by the resolving power of the microscope. and the mounting medium is required to ensure adequate
The upper limit is less definite and is determined by the detail of the sample edge. The particles must rest in one
increased difficulty associated with the characterisation of plane and be adequately dispersed to distinguish individual
larger particles. Various alternative techniques are available particles of interest. Furthermore, the particles must be
for particle characterisation outside the applicable range of representative of the distribution of sizes in the material and
optical microscopy. Optical microscopy is particularly useful must not be altered during preparation of the mount. Care
for characterising particles that are not spherical. This must be taken to ensure that this important requirement
method may also serve as a base for the calibration of faster is met. Selection of the mounting medium must include a
and more routine methods that may be developed. consideration of the analyte solubility.
Crystallinity characterisation. The crystallinity of a material
Apparatus. Use a microscope that is stable and protected
may be characterised to determine compliance with the
from vibration. The microscope magnification (product of the
crystallinity requirement where stated in the individual
objective magnification, ocular magnification, and additional
monograph of a drug substance. Unless otherwise specified
magnifying components) must be sufficient to allow adequate
in the individual monograph, mount a few particles of the
characterisation of the smallest particles to be classified in
sample in mineral oil on a clean glass slide. Examine the
the test sample. The greatest numerical aperture of the
mixture using a polarising microscope : the particles show
objective is sought for each magnification range. Polarising
birefringence (interference colors) and extinction positions
filters may be used in conjunction with suitable analysers
when the microscope stage is revolved.
and retardation plates. Colour filters of relatively narrow
spectral transmission are used with achromatic objectives, Limit test of particle size by microscopy. Weigh a suitable
and are preferable with apochromats ; they are required quantity of the powder to be examined (for example,
for appropriate colour rendition in photomicrography. 10-100 mg), and suspend it in 10 ml of a suitable medium in
Condensers, corrected at least for spherical aberration are which the powder does not dissolve, adding, if necessary,
used in the microscope substage and with the lamp. The a wetting agent. A homogeneous suspension of particles
numerical aperture of the substage condenser matches that can be maintained by suspending the particles in a medium
of the objective under the conditions of use ; this is affected of similar or matching density and by providing adequate
by the actual aperture of the condenser diaphragm and the agitation. Introduce a portion of the homogeneous
presence of immersion oils. suspension into a suitable counting cell, and scan under a
microscope an area corresponding to not less than 10 µg of
Adjustment. The precise alignment of all elements of the powder to be examined. Count all the particles having
the optical system and proper focusing are essential. The a maximum dimension greater than the prescribed size
focusing of the elements is done in accordance with the limit. The size limit and the permitted number of particles
recommendations of the microscope manufacturer. Critical exceeding the limit are defined for each substance.
axial alignment is recommended.
Particle size characterisation. The measurement of particle
Illumination. A requirement for good illumination is a size varies in complexity depending on the shape of the
uniform and adjustable intensity of light over the entire field particle, and the number of particles characterised must be
of view ; Köhler illumination is preferred. With coloured sufficient to ensure an acceptable level of uncertainty in the
particles, choose the colour of the filters so as to control the measured parameters. Additional information on particle
contrast and detail of the image. size measurement, sample size, and data analysis is available,
Visual characterisation. The magnification and numerical for example, in ISO 9276. For spherical particles, size is
aperture must be sufficiently high to allow adequate defined by the diameter. For irregular particles, a variety of
resolution of the images of the particles to be characterised. definitions of particle size exist. In general, for irregularly
Determine the actual magnification using a calibrated stage shaped particles, characterisation of particle size must also
micrometer to calibrate an ocular micrometer. Errors can be include information on the type of diameter measured as well
minimised if the magnification is sufficient that the image of as information on particle shape. Several commonly used
the particle is at least 10 ocular divisions. Each objective measurements of particle size are defined in Figure 2.9.37.-1.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 323
2.9.37. Optical microscopy EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

powder must be checked using appropriate magnification.

The following defines some commonly used descriptors of
particle shape (see Figure 2.9.37.-2).
— acicular : slender, needle-like particle of similar width
and thickness,
— columnar : long, thin particle with a width and thickness
that are greater than those of an acicular particle,
— flake : thin, flat particle of similar length and width,
— plate : flat particle of similar length and width but with
greater thickness than a flake particle,
— lath : long, thin, blade-like particle,
— equant : particle of similar length, width, and thickness ;
both cubical and spherical particles are included.
General observations. A particle is generally considered
to be the smallest discrete unit. A particle may be a liquid
or semi-solid droplet ; a single crystal or polycrystalline ;
amorphous or an agglomerate. Particles may be associated.
This degree of association may be described by the following
terms :
Figure 2.9.37.-1. – Commonly used measurements of
particle size — lamellar : stacked plates,
— aggregate : mass of adhered particles,
— Feret’s diameter : the distance between imaginary — agglomerate : fused or cemented particles,
parallel lines tangent to a randomly oriented particle and
perpendicular to the ocular scale, — conglomerate : mixture of 2 or more types of particles,
— spherulite : radial cluster,
— Martin’s diameter : the diameter of the particle at the — drusy : particle covered with tiny particles.
point that divides a randomly oriented particle into
2 equal projected areas, Particle condition may be described by the following terms :
— edges : angular, rounded, smooth, sharp, fractured,
— projected area diameter : the diameter of a circle that has — optical : color (using proper color balancing filters),
the same projected area as the particle, transparent, translucent, opaque,
— length : the longest dimension from edge to edge of a — defects : occlusions, inclusions.
particle oriented parallel to the ocular scale, Surface characteristics may be described as :
— cracked : partial split, break, or fissure,
— width : the longest dimension of the particle measured at
— smooth : free of irregularities, roughness, or projections,
right angles to the length.
— porous : having openings or passageways,
Particle shape characterisation. For irregularly shaped
particles, characterisation of particle size must also include — rough : bumpy, uneven, not smooth,
information on particle shape. The homogeneity of the — pitted : small indentations.

Figure 2.9.37.-2. – Commonly used descriptions of particle shape

324 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.38. Particle-size distribution estimation by analytical sieving

01/2008:20938 the weight of material retained on each sieve is accurately

determined. The test gives the weight percentage of powder
in each sieve size range.
2.9.38. PARTICLE-SIZE This sieving process for estimating the particle-size
distribution of a single pharmaceutical powder is generally
DISTRIBUTION ESTIMATION BY intended for use where at least 80 per cent of the particles
ANALYTICAL SIEVING are larger than 75 µm. The size parameter involved in
determining particle-size distribution by analytical sieving
Sieving is one of the oldest methods of classifying powders is the length of the side of the minimum square aperture
and granules by particle-size distribution. When using through which the particle will pass.
a woven sieve cloth, the sieving will essentially sort the
particles by their intermediate size dimension (i.e., breadth TEST SIEVES
or width). Mechanical sieving is most suitable where the Test sieves suitable for pharmacopoeial tests conform to the
majority of the particles are larger than about 75 µm. For most current edition of ISO 3310-1 : Test sieves – Technical
smaller particles, their light weight provides insufficient force requirements and testing - Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire
during sieving to overcome the surface forces of cohesion cloth (see Table 2.9.38.-1). Unless otherwise specified in the
and adhesion that cause the particles to stick to each other monograph, use those ISO sieves listed as principal sizes
and to the sieve, and thus cause particles that would be in Table 2.9.38.-1 that are recommended in the particular
expected to pass through the sieve to be retained. For such region.
materials other means of agitation such as air-jet sieving or
sonic sifting may be more appropriate. Nevertheless, sieving Table 2.9.38.-1.
can sometimes be used for some powders or granules having ISO Nominal Aperture US Recom- European Japanese
median particle sizes smaller than 75 µm where the method Sieve mended Sieve Sieve No.
Princi- Supplementary No. USP Sieves No.
can be validated. In pharmaceutical terms, sieving is usually pal sizes sizes (mesh)
the method of choice for classification of the coarser grades R 20/3 R 20 R 40/3
of single powders or granules. It is a particularly attractive
method in that powders and granules are classified only on 11.20 mm 11.20 mm 11.20 mm 11 200
the basis of particle size, and in most cases the analysis can 10.00 mm
be carried out in the dry state.
9.50 mm
Among the limitations of the sieving method are the need 9.00 mm
for an appreciable amount of sample (normally at least 25 g,
8.00 mm 8.00 mm 8.00 mm
depending on the density of the powder or granule, and the
diameter of the test sieves) and difficulty in sieving oily or 7.10 mm
other cohesive powders or granules that tend to clog the 6.70 mm
sieve openings. The method is essentially a two-dimensional
estimate of size because passage through the sieve aperture 6.30 mm
is frequently more dependent on maximum width and 5.60 mm 5.60 mm 5.60 mm 5600 3.5
thickness than on length.
5.00 mm
This method is intended for estimation of the total 4.75 mm 4
particle-size distribution of a single material. It is not
intended for determination of the proportion of particles 4.50 mm
passing or retained on 1 or 2 sieves. 4.00 mm 4.00 mm 4.00 mm 5 4000 4000 4.7

Estimate the particle-size distribution as described under Dry 3.55 mm

sieving method, unless otherwise specified in the individual 3.35 mm 6 5.5
monograph. Where difficulty is experienced in reaching the
endpoint (i.e., material does not readily pass through the 3.15 mm
sieves) or when it is necessary to use the finer end of the 2.80 mm 2.80 mm 2.80 mm 7 2800 2800 6.5
sieving range (below 75 µm), serious consideration must be
2.50 mm
given to the use of an alternative particle-sizing method.
2.36 mm 8 7.5
Sieving is carried out under conditions that do not cause the
2.24 mm
test sample to gain or lose moisture. The relative humidity of
the environment in which the sieving is carried out must be 2.00 mm 2.00 mm 2.00 mm 10 2000 2000 8.6
controlled to prevent moisture uptake or loss by the sample. 1.80 mm
In the absence of evidence to the contrary, analytical test
sieving is normally carried out at ambient humidity. Any 1.70 mm 12 10
special conditions that apply to a particular material must be 1.60 mm
detailed in the individual monograph.
1.40 mm 1.40 mm 1.40 mm 14 1400 1400 12
Principles of analytical sieving. Analytical test sieves are
constructed from a woven-wire mesh, which is of simple 1.25 mm
weave that is assumed to give nearly square apertures and 1.18 mm 16 14
is sealed into the base of an open cylindrical container. The
1.12 mm
basic analytical method involves stacking the sieves on top
of one another in ascending degrees of coarseness, and then 1.00 mm 1.00 mm 1.00 mm 18 1000 1000 16
placing the test powder on the top sieve. The nest of sieves 900 µm
is subjected to a standardised period of agitation, and then

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 325
2.9.38. Particle-size distribution estimation by analytical sieving EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

ISO Nominal Aperture US Recom- European Japanese Calibration and recalibration of test sieves is in accordance
Sieve mended Sieve Sieve No. with the most current edition of ISO 3310-1. Sieves are
Princi- Supplementary No. USP Sieves No.
pal sizes sizes (mesh) carefully examined for gross distortions and fractures,
R 20/3 R 20 R 40/3 especially at their screen frame joints, before use. Sieves may
be calibrated optically to estimate the average opening size,
850 µm 20 18 and opening variability, of the sieve mesh. Alternatively,
800 µm for the evaluation of the effective opening of test sieves
in the size range of 212-850 µm, standard glass spheres
710 µm 710 µm 710 µm 25 710 710 22
are available. Unless otherwise specified in the individual
630 µm monograph, perform the sieve analysis at controlled room
600 µm 30 26 temperature and at ambient relative humidity.
560 µm Cleaning test sieves. Ideally, test sieves are cleaned using
500 µm 500 µm 500 µm 35 500 500 30
only a low-pressure air jet or a liquid stream. If some
apertures remain blocked by test particles, careful gentle
450 µm brushing may be used as a last resort.
425 µm 40 36 Test sample. If the test sample mass is not given in the
400 µm monograph for a particular material, use a test sample
having a mass between 25-100 g, depending on the bulk
355 µm 355 µm 355 µm 45 355 355 42 density of the material, for test sieves having a 200 mm
315 µm diameter. For 76 mm sieves, the amount of material that
can be accommodated is approximately 1/7 that which
300 µm 50 50
can be accommodated by a 200 mm sieve. Determine the
280 µm most appropriate mass for a given material by test sieving
250 µm 250 µm 250 µm 60 250 250 60
accurately weighed samples of different masses, such as 25 g,
50 g, and 100 g, for the same time period on a mechanical
224 µm shaker (note : if the test results are similar for the 25 g and
212 µm 70 70 50 g samples, but the 100 g sample shows a lower percentage
through the finest sieve, the 100 g sample size is too large).
200 µm Where only a sample of 10-25 g is available, smaller diameter
180 µm 180 µm 180 µm 80 180 180 83 test sieves conforming to the same mesh specifications may
be substituted, but the endpoint must be redetermined. The
160 µm
use of tests samples having a smaller mass (e.g. down to 5 g)
150 µm 100 100 may be needed. For materials with low apparent particle
140 µm
density, or for materials mainly comprising particles with a
highly iso-diametrical shape, sample masses below 5 g for a
125 µm 125 µm 125 µm 120 125 125 119 200 mm screen may be necessary to avoid excessive blocking
112 µm of the sieve. During validation of a particular sieve analysis
method, it is expected that the problem of sieve blocking will
106 µm 140 140 have been addressed.
100 µm
If the test material is prone to absorbing or losing significant
90 µm 90 µm 90 µm 170 90 90 166 amounts of water with varying humidity, the test must be
80 µm carried out in an appropriately controlled environment.
Similarly, if the test material is known to develop an
75 µm 200 200
electrostatic charge, careful observation must be made to
71 µm ensure that such charging does not influence the analysis.
63 µm 63 µm 63 µm 230 63 63
An antistatic agent, such as colloidal silicon dioxide and/or
235
aluminum oxide, may be added at a 0.5 per cent (m/m) level
56 µm to minimise this effect. If both of the above effects cannot
53 µm 270 282 be eliminated, an alternative particle-sizing technique must
be selected.
50 µm
Agitation methods. Several different sieve and
45 µm 45 µm 45 µm 325 45 45 330 powder-agitation devices are commercially available, all of
40 µm which may be used to perform sieve analyses. However, the
different methods of agitation may give different results for
38 µm 38 391
sieve analyses and endpoint determinations because of the
different types and magnitudes of the forces acting on the
Sieves are selected to cover the entire range of particle individual particles under test. Methods using mechanical
sizes present in the test sample. A nest of sieves having agitation or electromagnetic agitation, and that can induce
a progression of the area of the sieve openings is either a vertical oscillation or a horizontal circular motion,
recommended. The nest of sieves is assembled with the or tapping or a combination of both tapping and horizontal
coarsest screen at the top and the finest at the bottom. circular motion are available. Entrainment of the particles
Use micrometres or millimetres in denoting test sieve in an air stream may also be used. The results must
openings (Note : mesh numbers are provided in the table for indicate which agitation method was used and the agitation
conversion purposes only). parameters used (if they can be varied), since changes in the
agitation conditions will give different results for the sieve
Test sieves are made from stainless steel or, less preferably, analysis and endpoint determination, and may be sufficiently
from brass or other suitable non-reactive wire. different to give a failing result under some circumstances.

326 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.40. Uniformity of dosage units

Endpoint determination. The test sieving analysis is for the material to develop an electrostatic charge. For the
complete when the mass on any of the test sieves does not above reasons endpoint determination is particularly critical,
change by more than 5 per cent or 0.1 g (10 per cent in the and it is very important to confirm that the oversize material
case of 76 mm sieves) of the previous mass on that sieve. If comprises single particles and is not composed of aggregates.
less than 5 per cent of the total sample mass is present on
a given sieve, the endpoint for that sieve is increased to a INTERPRETATION
mass change of not more than 20 per cent of the previous The raw data must include the mass of test sample, the total
mass on that sieve. sieving time, the precise sieving methodology, and the set
If more than 50 per cent of the total sample mass is found values for any variable parameters, in addition to the masses
on any one sieve, unless this is indicated in the monograph, retained on the individual sieves and in the pan.
the test is repeated, but with the addition to the sieve nest It may be convenient to convert the raw data into a
of a more coarse sieve intermediate between that carrying cumulative mass distribution, and if it is desired to express
the excessive mass and the next coarsest sieve in the original the distribution in terms of a cumulative mass undersize,
nest i.e., addition of the ISO series sieve omitted from the the range of sieves used must include a sieve through which
nest of sieves. all the material passes. If there is evidence on any of the
test sieves that the material remaining on it is composed of
SIEVING METHODS aggregates formed during the sieving process, the analysis
Mechanical agitation (Dry sieving method). Tare each is invalid.
test sieve to the nearest 0.1 g. Place an accurately weighed
quantity of test sample on the top (coarsest) sieve, and
replace the lid. Agitate the nest of sieves for 5 min, then 01/2008:20940
carefully remove each sieve from the nest without loss of
material. Reweigh each sieve, and determine the mass of 2.9.40. UNIFORMITY OF
material on each one. Determine the mass of material in the
collecting pan in a similar manner. Re-assemble the nest DOSAGE UNITS
of sieves, and agitate for 5 min. Remove and weigh each To ensure the consistency of dosage units, each unit in
sieve as previously described. Repeat these steps until the a batch should have an active substance content within
endpoint criteria are met (see Endpoint determination under a narrow range around the label claim. Dosage units are
Test sieves). Upon completion of the analysis, reconcile the defined as dosage forms containing a single dose or a part
masses of material. Total losses must not exceed 5 per cent of a dose of an active substance in each dosage unit. The
of the mass of the original test sample. uniformity of dosage units specification is not intended
Repeat the analysis with a fresh sample, but using a single to apply to suspensions, emulsions, or gels in single-dose
sieving time equal to that of the combined times used above. containers intended for cutaneous administration.
Confirm that this sieving time conforms to the requirements The term “Uniformity of dosage unit” is defined as the
for endpoint determination. When this endpoint has been degree of uniformity in the amount of the active substance
validated for a specific material, then a single fixed time among dosage units. Therefore, the requirements of this
of sieving may be used for future analyses, providing the chapter apply to each active substance being comprised
particle size distribution falls within normal variation. in dosage units containing one or more active substances,
If there is evidence that the particles retained on any sieve are unless otherwise specified elsewere in this Pharmacopoeia.
aggregates rather than single particles, the use of mechanical
The uniformity of dosage units can be demonstrated by
dry sieving is unlikely to give good reproducibility, and a
either of 2 methods : content uniformity or mass variation
different particle size analysis method must be used.
(see Table 2.9.40.-1).
Air-entrainment methods (Air-jet and sonic-sifter sieving). The test for content uniformity of preparations presented
Different types of commercial equipment that use a moving in dosage units is based on the assay of the individual
air current are available for sieving. A system that uses a contents of active substance(s) of a number of dosage units
single sieve at a time is referred to as, air-jet, sieving. It uses to determine whether the individual contents are within the
the same general sieving methodology as that described limits set. The content uniformity method may be applied in
under Dry sieving method, but with a standardised air jet all cases.
replacing the normal agitation mechanism. It requires
sequential analyses on individual sieves starting with the The test for mass variation is applicable for the following
finest sieve to obtain a particle size distribution. Air jet dosage forms :
sieving often includes the use of finer test sieves than used (1) solutions enclosed in single-dose containers and in soft
in ordinary dry sieving. This technique is more suitable capsules ;
where only oversize or undersize fractions are needed. (2) solids (including powders, granules and sterile solids)
In the sonic sifting method, a nest of sieves is used, and the that are packaged in single-dose containers and contain no
test sample is carried in a vertically oscillating column of active or inactive added substances ;
air that lifts the sample and then carries it back against the (3) solids (including sterile solids) that are packaged in
mesh openings at a given number of pulses per minute. It single-dose containers, with or without active or inactive
may be necessary to lower the sample amount to 5 g, when added substances, that have been prepared from true
sonic sifting is employed. solutions and freeze-dried in the final containers and are
The air-jet sieving and sonic sieving methods may be useful labelled to indicate this method of preparation ;
for powders or granules when the mechanical sieving (4) hard capsules, uncoated tablets, or film-coated tablets,
techniques are incapable of giving a meaningful analysis. containing 25 mg or more of an active substance comprising
These methods are highly dependent upon proper dispersion 25 per cent or more, by mass, of the dosage unit or, in
of the powder in the air current. This requirement may be the case of hard capsules, the capsule contents, except
hard to achieve if the method is used at the lower end of the that uniformity of other active substances present in lesser
sieving range (i.e., below 75 µm), when the particles tend proportions is demonstrated by meeting content uniformity
to be more cohesive, and especially if there is any tendency requirements.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 327
2.9.40. Uniformity of dosage units EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Table 2.9.40.-1. – Application of Content Unformity (CU) and Mass Variation (MV) test for dosage forms
Dosage forms Type Sub-Type Dose and ratio of active substance
≥ 25 mg and ≥ 25 per < 25 mg or < 25 per cent
cent
Tablets uncoated MV CU
coated film-coated MV CU
others CU CU
Capsules hard MV CU
soft suspensions, emulsions, gels CU CU
solutions MV MV
Solids in single-dose single component MV MV
containers
multiple components solution freeze-dried in final MV MV
container
others CU CU
Solutions enclosed in MV MV
single-dose containers
Others CU CU

The test for content uniformity is required for all dosage percentage of label claim (see Calculation of Acceptance
forms not meeting the above conditions for the mass Value). Assume that the concentration (mass of active
variation test. Alternatively, products that do not meet substance per mass of dosage unit) is uniform. Select not
the 25 mg/25 per cent threshold limit may be tested for less than 30 dosage units, and proceed as follows for the
uniformity of dosage units by mass variation instead of dosage form designated.
the content uniformity test on the following condition : Uncoated or film-coated tablets. Accurately weigh 10 tablets
the concentration Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of individually. Calculate the active substance content,
the active substance in the final dosage units is not more expressed as percentage of label claim, of each tablet from
than 2 per cent, based on process validation data and the mass of the individual tablets and the result of the assay.
development data, and if there has been regulatory approval Calculate the acceptance value.
of such a change. The concentration RSD is the RSD of
the concentration per dosage unit (m/m or m/V), where Hard capsules. Accurately weigh 10 capsules individually,
concentration per dosage unit equals the assay result per taking care to preserve the identity of each capsule. Remove
dosage unit divided by the individual dosage unit mass. See the contents of each capsule by suitable means. Accurately
the RSD formula in Table 2.9.40.-2. weigh the emptied shells individually, and calculate for each
capsule the net mass of its contents by subtracting the mass
CONTENT UNIFORMITY of the shell from the respective gross mass. Calculate the
active substance content in each capsule from the mass of
Select not less than 30 units, and proceed as follows for product removed from the individual capsules and the result
the dosage form designated. Where different procedures of the assay. Calculate the acceptance value.
are used for assay of the preparation and for the content
uniformity test, it may be necessary to establish a correction Soft capsules. Accurately weigh 10 intact capsules
factor to be applied to the results of the latter. individually to obtain their gross masses, taking care to
preserve the identity of each capsule. Then cut open
Solid dosage forms. Assay 10 units individually using an the capsules by means of a suitable clean, dry cutting
appropriate analytical method. Calculate the acceptance instrument such as scissors or a sharp open blade, and
value (see Table 2.9.40.-2). remove the contents by washing with a suitable solvent.
Liquid dosage forms. Assay 10 units individually using Allow the occluded solvent to evaporate from the shells at
an appropriate analytical method. Carry out the assay on room temperature over a period of about 30 min, taking
the amount of well-mixed material that is removed from an precautions to avoid uptake or loss of moisture. Weigh the
individual container in conditions of normal use. Express individual shells, and calculate the net contents. Calculate
the results as delivered dose. Calculate the acceptance value the active substance content on each capsule from the mass
(see Table 2.9.40.-2). of product removed from the individual capsules and the
Calculation of Acceptance Value result of the assay. Calculate the acceptance value.
Calculate the Acceptance Value (AV) using the formula : Solid dosage forms other than tablets and capsules.
Proceed as directed for hard capsules, treating each unit as
described therein. Calculate the acceptance value.
Liquid dosage forms. Accurately weigh the amount of
in which the terms are as defined in Table 2.9.40.-2. liquid that is removed from each of 10 individual containers
in conditions of normal use. If necessary, compute the
MASS VARIATION equivalent volume after determining the density. Calculate
Carry out an assay for the active substance(s) on a the active substance content in each container from the mass
representative sample of the batch using an appropriate of product removed from the individual containers and the
analytical method. This value is result A, expressed as result of the assay. Calculate the acceptance value.

328 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.40. Uniformity of dosage units

Table 2.9.40.-2.
Variable Definition Conditions Value

Mean of individual contents (x1,

x2,..., xn), expressed as a percentage
of the label claim

x1, x2,..., xn Individual contents of the

dosage units tested, expressed
as a percentage of the label claim

n Sample size (number of

dosage units in a sample)

k Acceptability constant If n = 10, then 2.4

If n = 30, then 2.0

s Sample standard deviation

RSD Relative standard deviation

(the sample standard deviation
expressed as a percentage of
the mean)

M (case 1) Reference value If 98.5 per cent ≤ ≤ 101.5 per M=

To be applied when T ≤ 101.5 cent, then (AV = ks)

If < 98.5 per cent, then M = 98.5 per cent

(AV = 98.5 − + ks)

If > 101.5 per cent, then M = 101.5 per cent

(AV = − 101.5 + ks)

M (case 2) Reference value If 98.5 per cent ≤ ≤ T, then M=

To be applied when T > 101.5 (AV = ks)

If < 98.5 per cent, then M = 98.5 per cent

(AV = 98.5 − + ks)

If > T, then M = T per cent

(AV = − T + ks)

Acceptance value (AV) General formula :

Calculations are specified above

for the different cases.

L1 Maximum allowed acceptance value L1 = 15.0 unless otherwise specified

L2 Maximum allowed range for On the low side, no dosage unit L2 = 25.0 unless otherwise specified
deviation of each dosage unit tested result can be less than 0.75 M while
from the calculated value of M on the high side, no dosage unit
result can be greater than 1.25 M
(This is based on L2 value of 25.0)

T Target test sample amount at

time of manufacture

Calculation of Acceptance Value. Calculate the acceptance where

value (AV) as shown in content uniformity, except that
the individual contents of the units are replaced with the
individual estimated contents defined below.
x1, x2,..., xn = individual estimated contents of the w1, w2,..., wn = individual masses of the dosage units
dosage units tested, tested,
A = content of active substance (percentage of
label claim) obtained using an appropriate
analytical method,
= mean of individual masses (w1, w2,..., wn).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 329
2.9.41. Friability of granules and spheroids EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

CRITERIA in the formation of fragments of granules or spheroids,

Apply the following criteria, unless otherwise specified. occurring when the granules or spheroids are subjected
to mechanical strain during handling (tumbling, vibration,
Solid and liquid dosage forms. The requirements for dosage fluidisation, etc.). Examples of changes are abrasion,
uniformity are met if the acceptance value of the first breakage or deformation of granules or spheroids.
10 dosage units is less than or equal to L1. If the acceptance
value is greater than L1, test the next 20 dosage units and METHOD A
calculate the acceptance value. The requirements are met if Apparatus (fluidised-bed apparatus). The apparatus (see
the final acceptance value of the 30 dosage units is less than Figure 2.9.41.-1) consists of a glass cylinder (A) with a
or equal to L1 and no individual content of the dosage unit conical lower part. The cylinder is provided with a sieve
is less than (1 − L2 × 0.01)M nor more than (1 + L2 × 0.01)M lid (B) having an aperture size of 500 µm or any other
in calculation of acceptance value under content uniformity suitable sieve. The conical end is connected to a U-shaped
or under mass variation. Unless otherwise specified, L1 glass tube (C) that can be disconnected from the cylinder
is 15.0 and L2 is 25.0. for removal of the granules or spheroids. The U-tube is
attached to a T-coupling (D). One inlet of the T-coupling is
joined by a silicone tube to a manometer for regulating the
01/2008:20941 compressed-air flow (use compressed air complying with
the test for water in the monograph Medicinal air (1238)),
the other one is connected via a silicone tube to a by-pass
2.9.41. FRIABILITY OF GRANULES flowmeter (E) (0.10-1.00 m3·h− 1).
AND SPHEROIDS Procedure. The following procedure is usually suitable.
Remove the fine particles by sieving (sieve having an aperture
This chapter describes 2 methods for determination of the size of 710 µm or any other suitable sieve). Introduce about
friability of granules and spheroids, which may be used 8.0 g (m1) of granules or spheroids into the cylinder (A).
during development studies. It is recognised, however, that Close the apparatus with the sieve lid (B). Adjust the flow
many methods with equal suitability may be used. rate of the compressed air to 0.45 m3·h− 1. After 15 min,
This test is intended to determine, under defined conditions, remove the granules or spheroids from the apparatus
the friability of granules and spheroids. Friability is defined by disconnecting the U-tube and weigh again (m2). Test
as a reduction in the mass of the granules or spheroids or 3 samples and calculate the mean value. It is recommended

Figure 2.9.41.-1. – Fluidised-bed apparatus

330 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.41. Friability of granules and spheroids

to spray the inside of the apparatus with an antistatic agent frequency can be adjusted, using a scale, to a value in the
every 3 determinations in order to prevent electrostatic range 0-400 oscillations/min. The duration can be set to a
charging. value in the range 0-9999 s.
Procedure. The following procedure is usually suitable.
Loss on drying. Dry in an oven at 105 °C, unless otherwise Remove the fine particles by sieving (sieve having an
prescribed. Alternatively, other drying conditions as aperture size of 355 µm or any other suitable sieve). In the
described in general method 2.2.32 may be used. glass container, weigh about 10.00 g (m1) of the granules or
Calculation spheroids. Install the container in the apparatus. Shake for
240 s at the highest frequency for hard granules or spheroids,
or for 120 s at a lower frequency (e.g. 140 oscillations/min)
for soft granules or spheroids. Sieve (355 µm, or the same
sieve as used previously) and weigh the granules or spheroids
again (m2). Test 3 samples and calculate the mean value.
F = friability ;
Loss on drying. Dry in an oven at 105 °C, unless otherwise
T1 = percentage loss on drying before the test (mean prescribed. Alternatively, other drying conditions as
of 2 determinations) ; described in general method 2.2.32 may be used.
T2 = percentage loss on drying after the test (mean of
2 determinations) ; Calculation
m1 = mass of the granules or spheroids before the test,
in grams ;
m2 = mass of the granules or spheroids after the test,
in grams.
F = friability ;
T1 = percentage loss on drying before the test (mean
of 2 determinations) ;
METHOD B T2 = percentage loss on drying after the test (mean of
2 determinations) ;
Apparatus (oscillating apparatus). The apparatus (see m1
Figure 2.9.41.-2) consists of a 105 ml glass container, = mass of the granules or spheroids before the test,
containing the granules or spheroids to be examined, which in grams ;
is subjected to horizontal oscillations. The frequency and m2 = mass of the granules or spheroids after the test,
duration of the oscillations can be varied continuously. The in grams.

Figure 2.9.41.-2. – Oscillating apparatus

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 331
2.9.42. Dissolution test for lipophilic solid dosage forms EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:20942

2.9.42. DISSOLUTION TEST FOR

LIPOPHILIC SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
APPARATUS
The apparatus (see Figure 2.9.42.-1) consists of :
— A reservoir for the dissolution medium.
— A pump that forces the dissolution medium upwards
through the flow-through cell.
— A flow-through cell shown in Figure 2.9.42.-2 specifically
intended for lipophilic solid dosage forms such
as suppositories and soft capsules. It consists of
3 transparent parts which fit into each other. The lower
part (1) is made up of 2 adjacent chambers connected to
an overflow device.
The dissolution medium passes through chamber A and
is subjected to an upwards flow. The flow in chamber B is
downwards directed to a small-size bore exit which leads
upwards to a filter assembly. The middle part (2) of the
cell has a cavity designed to collect lipophilic excipients
which float on the dissolution medium. A metal grill
serves as a rough filter. The upper part (3) holds a
filter unit for paper, glass fibre or cellulose filters. Figure 2.9.42.-2. — Flow-through cell
— A water-bath that will maintain the dissolution medium at Dimensions in millimetres
37 ± 0.5 °C.
SAMPLING AND EVALUATION
Samples are always collected at the outlet of the cell,
irrespective of whether the circuit is opened or closed.
Filter the liquid removed using an inert filter of appropriate
pore size that does not cause significant adsorption of the
active substance from the solution and does not contain
substances extractable by the dissolution medium that would
interfere with the prescribed analytical method. Proceed
with analysis of the filtrate as prescribed.
The quantity of the active substance dissolved in a specified
time is expressed as a percentage of the content stated on
the label.

Figure 2.9.42.-1. — Flow-through apparatus

Dissolution medium. If the dissolution medium is buffered, 01/2008:20943
adjust its pH to within ± 0.05 units of the prescribed value.
Remove any dissolved gases from the dissolution medium 2.9.43. APPARENT DISSOLUTION
before the test since they can cause the formation of bubbles
that significantly affect the results. This method is mainly used to determine the apparent
dissolution rate of pure solid substances. It may also be
METHOD used for the determination of the apparent dissolution rate
of active substances in preparations presented as powders
Place 1 unit of the preparation to be examined in chamber A. or granules.
Close the cell with the prepared filter assembly. At the
beginning of the test, chamber A requires air removal via APPARATUS
a small orifice connected to the filter assembly. Heat the All parts of the apparatus that may come into contact
dissolution medium to an appropriate temperature taking with the sample or the dissolution medium are chemically
the melting point of the preparation into consideration. inert and do not adsorb, react with, or interfere with the
Using a suitable pump, introduce the warmed dissolution test sample. No part of the assembly or its environment
medium through the bottom of the cell to obtain a suitable contributes significant motion, agitation or vibration beyond
continuous flow through an open or closed circuit at the that resulting from the flow-through system.
prescribed rate (± 5 per cent). When the dissolution medium
reaches the overflow, air starts to escape through the Apparatus that permits observation of the sample is
capillary and chamber B fills with the dissolution medium. preferable.
The preparation spreads through the dissolution medium The apparatus (see Figure 2.9.43.-1) consists of :
according to its physico-chemical properties. — a reservoir for the dissolution medium ;
In justified and authorised cases, representative fractions of — a pump that forces the dissolution medium upwards
large volume suppositories may be tested. through the flow-through cell ;

332 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 2.9.43. Apparent dissolution

A. reservoir for dissolution medium B. pump C. thermostatically controlled flow-through cell and filter D. collecting vessels for analysis

Figure 2.9.43.-1. – Flow-through apparatus

— a flow-through cell, preferably of transparent material, contain substances extractable by the dissolution medium
mounted vertically with a filter system preventing escape that would interfere with the prescribed analytical method.
of undissolved particles ; Proceed with the analysis of the filtrate as prescribed.
— a water-bath that will maintain the dissolution medium at
the chosen temperature (generally 37 ± 0.5 °C). ASSESSMENT OF THE RESULTS
The flow-through cell shown in Figure 2.9.43.-2 consists of When the test is performed for batch release purposes, an
3 parts that fit into each other. The lower part supports a adequate number of replicates is carried out.
system of grids and filters on which the powder is placed.
The middle part, which fits onto the lower part, contains an The results are expressed as :
insert that sieves the sample when the dissolution medium — the amount of dissolved substance by time unit (if the
flows through the cell. This insert is made up of 2 parts : a dissolution is linear) ;
conical sieve that is placed on the sample and a clip placed
midway down the middle part to hold the sieve in place when — the dissolution time of the whole sample and at
the dissolution medium passes through. A 2nd filtration appropriate intermediate stages.
assembly (grid and filter) is placed on top of the middle part
before fitting the upper part through which the dissolution
medium flows out of the cell.
DISSOLUTION MEDIUM
If the dissolution medium is buffered, adjust its pH to
within ± 0.05 units. Remove any dissolved gases from the
dissolution medium before the test, since they can cause the
formation of bubbles, which significantly affect the results.
METHOD
Place a bead of 5 ± 0.5 mm diameter at the bottom of the
cone of the lower part followed by glass beads of suitable
size, preferably of 1 ± 0.1 mm diameter. Place a sieve (with
0.2 mm apertures), a suitable filter and a 2nd sieve on top
of the lower part. Fit the middle part onto the lower part.
Weigh the assembly. Place the sample on the filtration
assembly and weigh the sample in the cell. Place the sieve
of the insert, cone upwards, on the sample, and position
the clip midway down the middle part. Place a sieve (with
0.2 mm apertures) and a suitable filter on top of the middle
part. Fit the upper part. Heat the dissolution medium to the
chosen temperature. Using a suitable pump, introduce the
dissolution medium through the bottom of the cell to obtain
a suitable continuous flow through an open or closed circuit
at the prescribed rate ± 5 per cent.
SAMPLING
Samples of dissolution medium are collected at the outlet A. lower part C. clip E. middle part
of the cell, irrespective of whether the circuit is opened or
closed. B. sieve D. insert F. upper part
Immediately filter the liquid removed using an inert filter
of appropriate pore size that does not cause significant Figure 2.9.43.-2. – Flow-through cell
adsorption of the substances from the solution and does not Dimensions in millimetres

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 333
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

334 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

3. MATERIALS FOR
CONTAINERS AND
CONTAINERS

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 335
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

336 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

3.1. MATERIALS USED FOR

THE MANUFACTURE OF
CONTAINERS
3.1. Materials used for the manufacture of containers.. ... 339 3.1.7. Poly(ethylene - vinyl acetate) for containers and tubing
3.1.1. Materials for containers for human blood and blood for total parenteral nutrition preparations.. ...................... 356
components............................................................................... 339 3.1.8. Silicone oil used as a lubricant.. ................................. 358
3.1.1.1. Materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) for 3.1.9. Silicone elastomer for closures and tubing.. ............ 358
containers for human blood and blood components....... 339 3.1.10. Materials based on non-plasticised poly(vinyl chloride)
3.1.1.2. Materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) for containers for non-injectable, aqueous solutions.. .... 360
for tubing used in sets for the transfusion of blood and 3.1.11. Materials based on non-plasticised poly(vinyl
blood components.. ................................................................. 342 chloride) for containers for dry dosage forms for oral
3.1.3. Polyolefines...................................................................... 344 administration.. ........................................................................ 362
3.1.4. Polyethylene without additives for containers 3.1.13. Plastic additives.. .......................................................... 364
for parenteral preparations and for ophthalmic 3.1.14. Materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl chloride)
preparations.............................................................................. 348 for containers for aqueous solutions for intravenous
3.1.5. Polyethylene with additives for containers infusion.. .................................................................................... 366
for parenteral preparations and for ophthalmic 3.1.15. Polyethylene terephthalate for containers for
preparations.............................................................................. 349 preparations not for parenteral use..................................... 369
3.1.6. Polypropylene for containers and closures for
parenteral preparations and ophthalmic preparations.. . 352

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 337
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

338 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.1.1. Plasticised PVC materials for containers for blood

01/2008:30100 PRODUCTION
Materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) are
3.1. MATERIALS USED FOR produced by polymerisation methods which guarantee a
residual vinyl chloride content of less than 1 ppm. The
THE MANUFACTURE OF production method used is validated in order to demonstrate
that the product complies with the following test :
CONTAINERS Vinyl chloride. Not more than 1 ppm, determined by
The materials described in this chapter are used for the head-space gas chromatography (2.2.28), using ether R as
manufacture of containers for pharmaceutical use. Their use the internal standard.
may also be considered for the manufacture of part or all of
objects used for medico-surgical purposes. Internal standard solution. Using a microsyringe, inject
10 µl of ether R into 20.0 ml of dimethylacetamide R,
Materials and polymers other than those described in the immersing the tip of the needle in the solvent. Immediately
Pharmacopoeia may be used subject to approval in each case before use, dilute the solution to 1000 times its volume with
by the competent authority responsible for the licensing for dimethylacetamide R.
sale of the preparation in the container.
Test solution. Place 1.000 g of the material to be examined
in a 50 ml vial and add 10.0 ml of the internal standard
solution. Close the vial and secure the stopper. Shake,
01/2008:30101 avoiding contact between the stopper and the liquid. Place
the vial in a water-bath at 60 ± 1 °C for 2 h.
3.1.1. MATERIALS FOR CONTAINERS Vinyl chloride primary solution. Prepare under a ventilated
FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD hood. Place 50.0 ml of dimethylacetamide R in a 50 ml vial,
stopper the vial, secure the stopper and weigh to the nearest
COMPONENTS 0.1 mg. Fill a 50 ml polyethylene or polypropylene syringe
with gaseous vinyl chloride R, allow the gas to remain in
NOTE : for materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl contact with the syringe for about 3 min, empty the syringe
chloride) for containers for aqueous solutions for and fill again with 50 ml of gaseous vinyl chloride R. Fit a
intravenous infusion, see text 3.1.14. hypodermic needle to the syringe and reduce the volume of
Plastic containers for the collection, storage, processing gas in the syringe from 50 ml to 25 ml. Inject the remaining
and administration of blood and its components may be 25 ml of vinyl chloride slowly into the vial shaking gently
manufactured from one or more polymers, if necessary with and avoiding contact between the liquid and the needle.
certain additives. Weigh the vial again ; the increase in mass is about 60 mg
If all or part of the container consists of a material described (1 µl of the solution thus obtained contains about 1.2 µg of
in a text of the Pharmacopoeia, the quality of the material vinyl chloride). Allow to stand for 2 hours. Keep the primary
is controlled by the methods indicated in that text. (See solution in a refrigerator.
3.1.1.1. Materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl chloride)
for containers for human blood and blood components). Vinyl chloride standard solution. To 1 volume of
the vinyl chloride primary solution add 3 volumes of
In normal conditions of use the materials and containers dimethylacetamide R.
made from such materials do not release monomers, or other
substances, in amounts likely to be harmful nor do they Reference solutions. Place 10.0 ml of the internal standard
lead to any abnormal modifications of the blood or blood solution in each of six 50 ml vials. Close the vials and secure
components. the stoppers. Inject 1 µl, 2 µl, 3 µl, 5 µl and 10 µl, respectively,
of the vinyl chloride standard solution into five of the vials.
The six solutions thus obtained contain, respectively, 0 µg,
about 0.3 µg, 0.6 µg, 0.9 µg, 1.5 µg and 3 µg of vinyl chloride.
01/2008:90001 Shake, avoiding contact between the stopper and the liquid.
corrected 6.0 Place the vials in a water-bath at 60 ± 1 °C for 2 h.
The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
3.1.1.1. MATERIALS BASED
— a stainless steel column 3 m long and 3 mm in internal
ON PLASTICISED POLY(VINYL diameter packed with silanised diatomaceous earth for
CHLORIDE) FOR CONTAINERS gas chromatography R impregnated with 5 per cent m/m
FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND BLOOD of dimethylstearylamide R and 5 per cent m/m of
macrogol 400 R,
COMPONENTS
— nitrogen for chromatography R as the carrier gas at a
DEFINITION flow rate of 30 ml/min,
Materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) contain
not less than 55 per cent of poly(vinyl chloride) and contain — a flame-ionisation detector,
various additives, in addition to the high-molecular-mass
maintaining the temperature of the column at 45 °C, that
polymer obtained by polymerisation of vinyl chloride.
of the injection port at 100 °C and that of the detector at
Materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) for 150 °C.
containers for human blood and blood components are
defined by the nature and the proportions of the substances Inject 1 ml of the head-space of each vial. Calculate the
used in their manufacture. content of vinyl chloride.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 339
3.1.1.1. Plasticised PVC materials for containers for blood EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Additives B. Examine the residue C obtained in the test for

A certain number of additives are added to the polymers to plastic additives 01, 04 and 05 by infrared absorption
optimise their chemical, physical and mechanical properties spectrophotometry (2.2.24), comparing with the spectrum
in order to adapt them for the intended use. All these obtained with plastic additive 01 CRS.
additives are chosen from the following list which specifies
TESTS
for each product the maximum allowable content :
If necessary, before use, cut samples of the material to be
— not more than 40 per cent of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
examined into pieces of maximum dimension on a side of
(plastic additive 01),
not greater than l cm.
— not more than 1 per cent of zinc octanoate (zinc
2-ethylhexanoate) (plastic additive 02), Solution S1. Place 5.0 g of the material to be examined
in a combustion flask. Add 30 ml of sulphuric acid R and
— not more than 1 per cent of calcium stearate or zinc heat until a black, syrupy mass is obtained. Cool and add
stearate or 1 per cent of a mixture of the two, carefully 10 ml of strong hydrogen peroxide solution R.
— not more than 1 per cent of N,N’-diacylethylenediamines Heat gently. Allow to cool and add 1 ml of strong hydrogen
(plastic additive 03), peroxide solution R ; repeat by alternating evaporation and
— not more than 10 per cent of one of the following addition of hydrogen peroxide solution until a colourless
epoxidised oils or 10 per cent of a mixture of the two : liquid is obtained. Reduce the volume to about 10 ml. Cool
and dilute to 50.0 ml with water R.
— epoxidised soya oil (plastic additive 04), of which the
oxiran oxygen content is 6 per cent to 8 per cent and Solution S2. Place 25 g of the material to be examined in a
the iodine value is not greater than 6, borosilicate-glass flask. Add 500 ml of water for injections R
— epoxidised linseed oil (plastic additive 05), of which and cover the neck of the flask with a borosilicate-glass
the oxiran oxygen content is not greater than 10 per beaker. Heat in an autoclave at 121 ± 2 °C for 20 min. Allow
cent and the iodine value is not greater than 7. to cool and decant the solution. Make the volume up to
500 ml.
Very low amounts of antioxidants added to the vinyl chloride
monomer may be detected in the polymer. Appearance of solution S2. Solution S2 is clear (2.2.1) and
colourless (2.2.2, Method II).
No antioxidant additive may be added to the polymer.
Acidity or alkalinity. To 100 ml of solution S2, add 0.15 ml
Ultramarine blue is the only colouring material permitted of BRP indicator solution R. Not more than 1.5 ml of 0.01 M
to be added. sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour of the
The supplier of the material must be able to demonstrate indicator to blue. To 100 ml of solution S2 add 0.2 ml of
that the qualitative and quantitative composition of the type methyl orange solution R. Not more than 1.0 ml of 0.01 M
sample is satisfactory for each production batch. hydrochloric acid is required to initiate the colour change
of the indicator from yellow to orange.
CHARACTERS
Absorbance (2.2.25). Evaporate 100.0 ml of solution S2 to
Colourless or pale yellow powder, beads, granules or, after
dryness. Dissolve the residue in 5.0 ml of hexane R. From
transformation, translucent sheets of varying thickness or
250 nm to 310 nm the absorbance is not greater than 0.25.
containers, with a slight odour. On combustion it gives off
dense, black smoke. Reducing substances. Carry out the test within 4 h of
preparation of solution S2. To 20.0 ml of solution S2 add
IDENTIFICATION 1 ml of dilute sulphuric acid R and 20.0 ml of 0.002 M
If necessary, before use, cut the samples of the material to potassium permanganate. Boil under a reflux condenser for
be examined into pieces of maximum dimension on a side 3 min and cool immediately. Add 1 g of potassium iodide R
of not greater than 1 cm. and titrate immediately with 0.01 M sodium thiosulphate,
using 0.25 ml of starch solution R as indicator. Carry out a
To 2.0 g of the material to be examined add 200 ml of
blank titration using 20 ml of water for injections R. The
peroxide-free ether R and heat under a reflux condenser for
difference between the two titration volumes is not more
8 h. Separate the residue B and the solution A by filtration.
than 2.0 ml.
Evaporate solution A to dryness under reduced pressure
in a water-bath at 30 °C. Dissolve the residue in 10 ml of Primary aromatic amines. To 2.5 ml of solution A1 obtained
toluene R (solution A1). Dissolve the residue B in 60 ml during the identification, add 6 ml of water R and 4 ml of
of ethylene chloride R, heating on a water-bath under a 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Shake vigorously and discard the
reflux condenser. Filter. Add the solution dropwise and with upper layer. To the aqueous layer add 0.4 ml of a freshly
vigorous shaking to 600 ml of heptane R heated almost prepared 10 g/l solution of sodium nitrite R. Mix and
to boiling. Separate the coagulum B1 and the organic allow to stand for 1 min. Add 0.8 ml of a 25 g/l solution of
solution by hot filtration. Allow the latter to cool ; separate ammonium sulphamate R, allow to stand for 1 min and
the precipitate B2 that forms and filter through a tared add 2 ml of a 5 g/l solution of naphthylethylenediamine
sintered-glass filter (40) (2.1.2). dihydrochloride R. After 30 min, any colour in the solution is
not more intense than that in a standard prepared at the same
A. Dissolve the coagulum B1 in 30 ml of tetrahydrofuran R time in the same manner replacing the aqueous layer with a
and add, in small volumes with shaking, 40 ml of mixture of 1 ml of a 0.01 g/l solution of naphthylamine R in
ethanol R. Separate the precipitate B3 by filtration and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, 5 ml of water R and 4 ml of 0.1 M
dry in vacuo at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C over hydrochloric acid instead of the aqueous layer (20 ppm).
diphosphorus pentoxide R. Dissolve a few milligrams of
precipitate B3 in l ml of tetrahydrofuran R, place a few Plastic additives 01, 04 and 05. Examine by thin-layer
drops of the solution obtained on a sodium chloride plate chromatography (2.2.27), using a TLC silica gel GF254
and evaporate to dryness in an oven at 100 °C to 105 °C. plate R (1 mm thick).
Examine by infrared absorption spectrophotometry Reference solutions. Prepare 0.1 mg/ml solutions of plastic
(2.2.24), comparing with the spectrum obtained with additive 01 CRS, plastic additive 04 CRS and plastic
poly(vinyl chloride) CRS. additive 05 CRS, respectively, in toluene R.

340 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.1.1. Plasticised PVC materials for containers for blood

Apply to the plate as a band 30 mm by 3 mm, 0.5 ml of Carry out the determination using the emission of calcium
solution A1 obtained during the identification. Apply to at 315.89 nm, the spectral background being taken at
the plate 5 µl of each reference solution. Develop over a 315.60 nm.
path of 15 cm using toluene R. Dry the plate carefully. Verify the absence of calcium in the hydrochloric acid used.
Examine in ultraviolet light at 254 nm and locate the zone
corresponding to plastic additive 01 (RF about 0.4). Remove Tin. Not more than 20.0 ppm of Sn, examined by atomic
the area of silica gel corresponding to this zone and shake emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Method I).
with 40 ml of ether R for 1 min. Filter, rinse with two Test solution. Dilute solution S1 ten times with water R
quantities, each of 10 ml of ether R, add the rinsings to the immediately before use.
filtrate and evaporate to dryness. The residue C weighs not Reference solution. Introduce 2 ml of tin standard solution
more than 40 mg. (5 ppm (Sn) R) into a 50 ml flask containing 5 ml of a 20 per
Expose the plate to iodine vapour for 5 min. Examine cent V/V solution of sulphuric acid R and dilute to 50 ml
the chromatogram and locate the band corresponding to with water R immediately before use.
plastic additives 04 and 05 (RF = 0). Remove the area of Carry out the determination using the emission of tin
silica gel corresponding to this zone. Similarly remove at 189.99 nm, the spectral background being taken at
a corresponding area of silica gel as a blank reference. 190.10 nm.
Separately shake both samples for 15 min with 40 ml of Verify the absence of tin in the sulphuric acid used.
methanol R. Filter, rinse with two quantities, each of 10 ml
Zinc. Not more than 0.20 per cent of Zn, determined by
of methanol R, add the rinsings to the filtrate and evaporate
atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I).
to dryness. The difference between the masses of both
residues is not more than 10 mg. Test solution. Dilute solution S1 100 times with 0.1 M
hydrochloric acid.
Plastic additive 03. Wash precipitate B2 obtained during
the identification and contained in the tared sintered-glass Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
filter (40) (2.1.2) with ethanol R. Dry to constant mass zinc standard solution (100 ppm Zn) R, diluted with 0.1 M
over diphosphorus pentoxide R and weigh the filter. The hydrochloric acid.
precipitate weighs not more than 20 mg. Measure the absorbance at 213.9 nm using a zinc
hollow-cathode lamp as the source of radiation and an
Examine the residue by infrared absorption air-acetylene flame.
spectrophotometry (2.2.24), comparing with the
spectrum obtained with plastic additive 03 CRS. Verify the absence of zinc in the hydrochloric acid used.
Barium. Not more than 5.0 ppm of Ba, examined by atomic Heavy metals (2.4.8). To 10 ml of solution S1 add 0.5 ml
emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Method I). of phenolphthalein solution R and then strong sodium
hydroxide solution R until a pale pink colour is obtained.
Test solution. Ignite 1.0 g of the substance to be examined Dilute to 25 ml with water R. 12 ml of the solution complies
in a silica crucible. Take up the residue with 10 ml of with limit test A (50 ppm). Prepare the standard using lead
hydrochloric acid R and evaporate to dryness on a standard solution (2 ppm Pb) R.
water-bath. Take up the residue with 20 ml of 0.1 M
hydrochloric acid. Water extractable substances. Evaporate 50 ml of
solution S2 to dryness on a water-bath and dry in an oven
Reference solution. A solution containing 0.25 ppm of at 100-105 °C to constant mass. Carry out a blank test with
barium prepared by dilution of barium standard solution 50.0 ml of water for injections R. The residue weighs not
(50 ppm Ba) R with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. more than 7.5 mg (0.3 per cent) taking into account the
Carry out the determination using the emission of barium blank test.
at 455.40 nm, the spectral background being taken at
455.30 nm. ASSAY
Verify the absence of barium in the hydrochloric acid used. Carry out the oxygen-flask method (2.5.10) using 50.0 mg.
Absorb the combustion products in 20 ml of 1 M sodium
Cadmium. Not more than 0.6 ppm of Cd, determined by hydroxide. To the solution obtained add 2.5 ml of nitric
atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I). acid R, 10.0 ml of 0.1 M silver nitrate, 5 ml of ferric
Test solution. Evaporate 10 ml of solution S1 to dryness. ammonium sulphate solution R2 and 1 ml of dibutyl
Take up the residue using 5 ml of a 1 per cent V/V solution phthalate R. Titrate with 0.05 M ammonium thiocyanate
of hydrochloric acid R, filter and dilute the filtrate to 10.0 ml until a reddish-yellow colour is obtained. Carry out a blank
with the same acid solution. test.
Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using 1 ml of 0.1 M silver nitrate is equivalent to 6.25 mg of
cadmium standard solution (0.1 per cent Cd) R, diluted poly(vinyl chloride).
with a 1 per cent V/V solution of hydrochloric acid R. In addition, the following tests are carried out on the sterile
Measure the absorbance at 228.8 nm using a cadmium and empty containers.
hollow-cathode lamp as the source of radiation and an Solution S3. If the container to be examined contains an
air-acetylene flame. anticoagulant solution, empty the container and wash the
Verify the absence of cadmium in the hydrochloric acid used. inside with 250 ml of water for injections R at 20 ± 1 °C
and discard the washings before the preparation of solution
Calcium. Not more than 0.07 per cent of Ca, examined by S3. Introduce into the container a volume of water for
atomic emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22, injections R corresponding to the volume of solution.
Method I). Close the container and heat in an autoclave so that the
Test solution. Use the test solution prepared for the temperature of the liquid is maintained at 110 °C for 30 min.
determination of barium. After cooling, fill the container with water for injections R
Reference solution. A solution containing 50.0 ppm of to its nominal volume and homogenise.
calcium prepared by dilution of calcium standard solution Reference solution. Heat water for injections R in a
(400 ppm Ca) R with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. borosilicate-glass flask in an autoclave at 110 °C for 30 min.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 341
3.1.1.2. Plasticised PVC materials for transfusion of blood EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Reducing substances. Immediately after preparation of in a water-bath maintained at 37 ± 1 °C for 60 ± 1 min

solution S3, transfer to a borosilicate-glass flask a volume without shaking. Remove the container from the water-bath,
corresponding to 8 per cent of the nominal volume of the invert it gently ten times and transfer the contents to a glass
container. At the same time, prepare a blank using an equal flask. Immediately measure the absorbance at the maximum
volume of the freshly prepared reference solution in another at 272 nm, using the extraction solvent as compensation
borosilicate-glass flask. To each solution add 20.0 ml of liquid.
0.002 M potassium permanganate and 1 ml of dilute Determine the concentration of plastic additive 01 in
sulphuric acid R. Allow to stand protected from light for milligrams per 100 ml of extract from the calibration curve.
15 min. To each solution add 0.1 g of potassium iodide R. The concentration does not exceed :
Allow to stand protected from light for 5 min and titrate — 10 mg per 100 ml for containers of nominal volume
immediately with 0.01 M sodium thiosulphate, using 0.25 ml greater than 300 ml but not greater than 500 ml ;
of starch solution R as indicator. The difference between the
two titrations is not more than 2.0 ml. — 13 mg per 100 ml for containers of nominal volume
greater than 150 ml but not greater than 300 ml ;
Acidity or alkalinity. To a volume of solution S3
— 14 mg per 100 ml for containers of nominal volume up
corresponding to 4 per cent of the nominal capacity of the
to 150 ml.
container add 0.1 ml of phenolphthalein solution R. The
solution remains colourless. Add 0.4 ml of 0.01 M sodium Where containers contain an anticoagulant solution, this
hydroxide. The solution is pink. Add 0.8 ml of 0.01 M solution complies with the monograph on Anticoagulant
hydrochloric acid and 0.1 ml of methyl red solution R. The and preservative solutions for human blood (0209) and the
solution is orange-red or red. following additional test.
Chlorides (2.4.4). 15 ml of solution S3 complies with the Absorbance (2.2.25). Measure the absorbance of the
limit test for chlorides (0.4 ppm). Prepare the standard anticoagulant solution from the container between
using a mixture of 1.2 ml of chloride standard solution 250 nm and 350 nm, using as the compensation liquid an
(5 ppm Cl) R and 13.8 ml of water R. anticoagulant solution of the same composition that has not
been in contact with a plastic material. The absorbance at
Ammonium (2.4.1). Dilute 5 ml of solution S3 to 14 ml with the maximum at 280 nm is not greater than 0.5.
water R. The solution complies with limit test A (2 ppm).
Water extractable substances. Evaporate 100 ml of solution 01/2008:90002
S3 to dryness on a water-bath. Dry in an oven to constant corrected 6.0
mass at 100-105 °C. Carry out a blank test using 100 ml of
the reference solution. The residue from solution S3 weighs
not more than 3 mg, taking into account the blank test. 3.1.1.2. MATERIALS BASED
Absorbance (2.2.25). Measure the absorbance of solution ON PLASTICISED POLY(VINYL
S3 from 230 nm to 360 nm, using the reference solution CHLORIDE) FOR TUBING USED IN
as compensation liquid. At wavelengths from 230 nm SETS FOR THE TRANSFUSION OF
to 250 nm, the absorbance is not greater than 0.30. At
wavelengths from 251 nm to 360 nm, the absorbance is not BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS
greater than 0.10.
DEFINITION
Extractable plastic additive 01. Use as the extraction Materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl chloride for
solvent, alcohol R diluted with water R to have a relative transfusion of blood and blood components contain not less
density (2.2.5) of 0.9389 to 0.9395, measured with a than 55 per cent of poly(vinyl chloride) with di(2-ethylhexyl)
densimeter. phthalate (plastic additive 01) as plasticiser.
Stock solution. Dissolve 0.100 g of plastic additive 01 CRS
in the extraction solvent and dilute to 100.0 ml with the PRODUCTION
same solvent. Materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) are
Standard solutions : produced by polymerisation methods which guarantee a
(a) Dilute 20.0 ml of the stock solution to 100.0 ml with the residual vinyl chloride content of less than 1 ppm. The
extraction solvent, production method used is validated in order to demonstrate
that the product complies with the following test :
(b) Dilute 10.0 ml of the stock solution to 100.0 ml with the
extraction solvent, Vinyl chloride. Not more than 1 ppm, determined by
head-space gas chromatography (2.2.28), using ether R as
(c) Dilute 5.0 ml of the stock solution to 100.0 ml with the the internal standard.
extraction solvent,
Internal standard solution. Using a microsyringe, inject
(d) Dilute 2.0 ml of the stock solution to 100.0 ml with the 10 µl of ether R into 20.0 ml of dimethylacetamide R,
extraction solvent, immersing the tip of the needle in the solvent. Immediately
(e) Dilute 1.0 ml of the stock solution to 100.0 ml with the before use, dilute the solution to 1000 times its volume with
extraction solvent. dimethylacetamide R.
Measure the absorbances (2.2.25) of the standard solutions Test solution. Place 1.000 g of the material to be examined
at the maximum at 272 nm, using the extraction solvent as in a 50 ml vial and add 10.0 ml of the internal standard
compensation liquid and plot a curve of absorbance against solution. Close the vial and secure the stopper. Shake,
the concentration of plastic additive 01. avoiding contact between the stopper and the liquid. Place
Extraction procedure. Using the donor tubing and the the vial in a water-bath at 60 ± 1 °C for 2 h.
needle or adapter, fill the empty container with a volume Vinyl chloride primary solution. Prepare under a ventilated
equal to half the nominal volume with the extraction solvent, hood. Place 50.0 ml of dimethylacetamide R in a 50 ml vial,
previously heated to 37 °C in a well-stoppered flask. Expel stopper the vial, secure the stopper and weigh to the nearest
the air completely from the container and seal the donor 0.1 mg. Fill a 50 ml polyethylene or polypropylene syringe
tubing. Immerse the filled container in a horizontal position with gaseous vinyl chloride R, allow the gas to remain in

342 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.1.2. Plasticised PVC materials for transfusion of blood

contact with the syringe for about 3 min, empty the syringe TESTS
and fill again with 50 ml of gaseous vinyl chloride R. Fit a If necessary, cut the material to be examined into pieces
hypodermic needle to the syringe and reduce the volume of with a maximum dimension on a side of not greater than
gas in the syringe from 50 ml to 25 ml. Inject the remaining 1 cm.
25 ml of vinyl chloride slowly into the vial shaking gently
and avoiding contact between the liquid and the needle. Solution S1. Place 5.0 g of the material to be examined
Weigh the vial again ; the increase in mass is about 60 mg in a combustion flask. Add 30 ml of sulphuric acid R and
(1 µl of the solution thus obtained contains about 1.2 µg heat until a black, syrupy mass is obtained. Cool and add
of vinyl chloride). Allow to stand for 2 h. Keep the primary carefully 10 ml of strong hydrogen peroxide solution R.
solution in a refrigerator. Heat gently. Allow to cool and add 1 ml of strong hydrogen
peroxide solution R ; repeat by alternating evaporation and
Vinyl chloride standard solution. To 1 volume of addition of hydrogen peroxide solution until a colourless
the vinyl chloride primary solution add 3 volumes of liquid is obtained. Reduce the volume to about 10 ml. Cool
dimethylacetamide R. and dilute to 50.0 ml with water R.
Reference solutions. Place 10.0 ml of the internal standard Solution S2. Place 25 g of the material to be examined in a
solution in each of six 50 ml vials. Close the vials and secure borosilicate-glass flask. Add 500 ml of water R and cover the
the stoppers. Inject 1 µl, 2 µl, 3 µl, 5 µl and 10 µl, respectively,
neck of the flask with a borosilicate-glass beaker. Heat in an
of the vinyl chloride standard solution into five of the vials. autoclave at 121 ± 2 °C for 20 min. Allow to cool and decant
The six solutions thus obtained contain respectively, 0 µg, the solution and make up to a volume of 500 ml.
about 0.3 µg, 0.6 µg, 0.9 µg, 1.5 µg and 3 µg of vinyl chloride.Appearance of solution S2. Solution S2 is clear (2.2.1) and
Shake, avoiding contact between the stopper and the liquid. colourless (2.2.2, Method II).
Place the vials in a water-bath at 60 ± 1 °C for 2 h.
Plastic additive 01. Examine by thin-layer chromatography
The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using : (2.2.27), using a TLC silica gel G plate R.
— a stainless steel column 3 m long and 3 mm in internal Test solution. To 2.0 g of the material to be examined add
diameter packed with silanised diatomaceous earth for 200 ml of peroxide-free ether R and heat under a reflux
gas chromatography R impregnated with 5 per cent m/m condenser for 8 h. Separate the residue and the solution
of dimethylstearylamide R and 5 per cent m/m of by filtration and evaporate the solution to dryness under
macrogol 400 R, reduced pressure in a water-bath at 30 °C. Dissolve the
— nitrogen for chromatography R as the carrier gas at a residue in 10 ml of toluene R.
flow rate of 30 ml/min, Reference solution. Dissolve 0.8 g of plastic additive 01 CRS
— a flame-ionisation detector, in toluene R and dilute to 10 ml with the same solvent.
Apply separately to the plate as a band 30 mm by 3 mm
maintaining the temperature of the column at 45 °C, that 0.5 ml of the test solution and 5 µl of the reference solution.
of the injection port at 100 °C and that of the detector at Develop over a path of 15 cm using toluene R. Dry the plate
150 °C. carefully. Examine the chromatogram obtained in ultraviolet
Inject 1 ml of the head-space of each vial. Calculate the light at 254 nm and locate the zone corresponding to plastic
content of vinyl chloride. additive 01. Remove the area of silica gel corresponding to
The supplier of the material must be able to demonstrate this zone and shake with 40 ml of ether R. Filter without
that the qualitative and quantitative composition of the type loss and evaporate to dryness. The residue weighs not more
sample is satisfactory for each production batch. than 40 mg.
Barium. Not more than 5.0 ppm of Ba, examined by atomic
CHARACTERS emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Method I).
Almost colourless or pale-yellow material in the form of Test solution. Ignite 1.0 g of the substance to be examined
powder, beads, granules or, after transformation, tubes in a silica crucible. Take up the residue with 10 ml of
with a slight odour. On combustion it gives off dense, black hydrochloric acid R and evaporate to dryness on a
smoke. water-bath. Take up the residue with 20 ml of 0.1 M
hydrochloric acid.
IDENTIFICATION Reference solution. A solution containing 0.25 ppm of
barium prepared by dilution of barium standard solution
If necessary, cut samples of the material to be examined (50 ppm Ba) R with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid.
into pieces of maximum dimension on a side of not greater
than 1 cm. Carry out the determination using the emission of barium
at 455.40 nm, the spectral background being taken at
A. To 0.5 g add 30 ml of tetrahydrofuran R. Heat with 455.30 nm.
stirring on a water-bath under a hood for 10 min. The Verify the absence of barium in the hydrochloric acid used.
material dissolves completely. Add methanol R dropwise
with stirring. A granular precipitate is formed. Filter the Cadmium. Not more than 0.6 ppm of Cd, determined by
precipitate and dry at 60 °C. Examine the precipitate by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.23, Method I).
infrared absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24). Dissolve Test solution. Evaporate 10.0 ml of solution S1 to dryness.
50 mg in 2 ml of tetrahydrofuran R and pour on a glass Take up the residue using 5 ml of a 1 per cent V/V solution
slide. Dry in an oven at 80 °C, remove the film and fix of hydrochloric acid R, filter and dilute the filtrate to 10.0 ml
on a suitable mount. Examine by infrared absorption with the same acid.
spectrophotometry (2.2.24), comparing with the spectrum Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
obtained with poly(vinyl chloride) CRS. cadmium standard solution (0.1 per cent Cd) R, diluted
B. Examine the residue obtained in the test Plastic with a 1 per cent V/V solution of hydrochloric acid R.
additive 01 by infrared absorption spectrophotometry Measure the absorbance at 228.8 nm using a cadmium
(2.2.24), comparing with the spectrum obtained with hollow-cathode lamp as source of radiation and an
plastic additive 01 CRS. air-acetylene flame.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 343
3.1.3. Polyolefines EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Verify the absence of cadmium in the hydrochloric acid used. Water extractable substances. Evaporate 50.0 ml of solution
Tin. Not more than 20.0 ppm of Sn, examined by atomic S3 to dryness on a water-bath and dry to constant mass in
emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Method I). an oven at 100 °C to 105 °C. Carry out a blank test using
50.0 ml of water for injections R. The residue obtained with
Test solution. Dilute solution S1 ten times with water R solution S3 is not greater than 1.5 mg, taking account of
immediately before use. the blank test.
Reference solution. Introduce 2 ml of tin standard solution
(5 ppm Sn) R into a 50 ml flask containing 5 ml of a 20 per 01/2008:30103
cent V/V solution of sulphuric acid R and dilute to 50 ml corrected 6.0
with water R immediately before use.
Carry out the determination using the emission of tin 3.1.3. POLYOLEFINES
at 189.99 nm, the spectral background being taken at DEFINITION
190.10 nm.
Polyolefines are obtained by polymerisation of ethylene or
Verify the absence of tin in the sulphuric acid used. propylene or by copolymerisation of these substances with
Heavy metals (2.4.8). To 10 ml of solution S1 add 0.5 ml not more than 25 per cent of higher homologues (C4 to C10)
of phenolphthalein solution R and then strong sodium or of carboxylic acids or of esters. Certain materials may be
hydroxide solution R until a pale pink colour is obtained. mixtures of polyolefines.
Dilute to 25 ml with water R. 12 ml of the solution complies PRODUCTION
with limit test A for heavy metals (50 ppm). Prepare the
standard using lead standard solution (2 ppm Pb) R. A certain number of additives are added to the polymer in
order to optimise their chemical, physical and mechanical
properties in order to adapt them for the intended use. All
ASSAY of these additives are chosen from the appended list which
To 0.500 g add 30 ml of tetrahydrofuran R and heat with specifies for each product the maximum allowable content.
stirring on a water-bath under a hood for 10 min. The They may contain at most 3 antioxidants, one or several
material dissolves completely. Add 60 ml of methanol R lubricants or antiblocking agents as well as titanium dioxide
dropwise with stirring. A granular precipitate of poly(vinyl as an opacifying agent when the material must provide
chloride) is formed. Allow to stand for a few minutes. protection from light.
Continue addition of methanol R until no further — butylhydroxytoluene (plastic additive 07) (not more than
precipitation is observed. Transfer to a sintered-glass filter 0.125 per cent),
(40) (2.1.2), using three small quantities of methanol R to — pentaerythrityl tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-
aid transfer and to wash the precipitate. Dry the filter and hydroxyphenyl)propionate] (plastic additive 09) (not more
the precipitate to constant mass at 60 °C and weigh. than 0.3 per cent),
In addition, carry out the following tests on sterilised sets. — 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-s-triazine-2,4,
Solution S3. Make a closed circulation system from three 6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, (plastic additive 13) (not more than
sets and a 300 ml borosilicate-glass vessel. Fit to the vessel 0.3 per cent),
a thermostat device that maintains the temperature of — octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate
the liquid in the vessel at 37 ± 1 °C. Circulate 250 ml of (plastic additive 11) (not more than 0.3 per cent),
water for injections R through the system in the direction — ethylene bis[3,3-bis[3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-
used for transfusion for 2 h at a rate of 1 litre per hour (for hydroxyphenyl]butanoate] (plastic additive 08)
example using a peristaltic pump applied to as short a piece (not more than 0.3 per cent),
of suitable silicone tubing as possible). Collect the whole of — dioctadecyl disulphide (plastic additive 15) (not more
the solution and allow to cool. than 0.3 per cent),
Appearance of solution. Solution S3 is clear (2.2.1) and — 4,4′,4″-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzene-1,3,5-triyltrismeth-
colourless (2.2.2, Method II). ylene)trio[2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol] (plastic
Acidity or alkalinity. To 25 ml of solution S3 add 0.15 ml of additive 10) (not more than 0.3 per cent),
BRP indicator solution R. Not more than 0.5 ml of 0.01 M — 2,2′-bis(octadecyloxy)-5,5′-spirobi[1,3,2-dioxa-
sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour of the phosphinane] (plastic additive 14) (not more than 0.3 per
indicator to blue. To 25 ml of solution S3 add 0.2 ml of cent),
methyl orange solution R. Not more than 0.5 ml of 0.01 M — didodecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate (plastic additive 16) (not
hydrochloric acid is required to initiate the colour change more than 0.3 per cent),
of the indicator from yellow to orange. — dioctadecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate (plastic additive 17) (not
Absorbance (2.2.25). Examined from 230 nm to 250 nm, more than 0.3 per cent),
solution S3 shows no absorbance greater than 0.30. — tris[2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl] phosphite (plastic
Examined from 251 nm to 360 nm, solution S3 shows no additive 12) (not more than 0.3 per cent),
absorbance greater than 0.15. — plastic additive 18 (not more than 0.1 per cent),
Reducing substances. Carry out the test within 4 h of — copolymer of dimethyl succinate and (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-
preparation of solution S3. To 20.0 ml of solution S3 add 1 ml tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)ethanol (plastic additive 22) (not
of dilute sulphuric acid R and 20.0 ml of 0.002 M potassium more than 0.3 per cent).
permanganate. Boil for 3 min and cool immediately. Add The total of antioxidant additives listed above does not
1 g of potassium iodide R and titrate with 0.01 M sodium exceed 0.3 per cent.
thiosulphate using 0.25 ml of starch solution R as indicator.
Carry out a blank test using 20 ml of water for injections R. — hydrotalcite (not more than 0.5 per cent),
The difference between the titration volumes is not greater — alkanamides (not more than 0.5 per cent),
than 2.0 ml. — alkenamides (not more than 0.5 per cent),

344 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.3. Polyolefines

— sodium silico-aluminate (not more than 0.5 per cent), Allow to cool to 60 °C and add with continued stirring 120 ml
— silica (not more than 0.5 per cent), of methanol R. Filter the solution through a sintered-glass
— sodium benzoate (not more than 0.5 per cent), filter (16) (2.1.2). Rinse the flask and the filter with 25 ml of
a mixture of 40 ml of toluene R and 60 ml of methanol R,
— fatty acid esters or salts (not more than 0.5 per cent), add the rinsings to the filtrate and dilute to 250 ml with the
— trisodium phosphate (not more than 0.5 per cent), same mixture of solvents. Prepare a blank solution.
— liquid paraffin (not more than 0.5 per cent), Solution S3. Place 100 g in a conical borosilicate-glass flask
— zinc oxide (not more than 0.5 per cent), with a ground-glass neck. Add 250 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric
— talc (not more than 0.5 per cent), acid and boil under a reflux condenser with constant stirring
— magnesium oxide (not more than 0.2 per cent), for 1 h. Allow to cool and decant the solution.
— calcium stearate or zinc stearate or a mixture of both (not Appearance of solution S1. Solution S1 is clear (2.2.1) and
more than 0.5 per cent), colourless (2.2.2, Method II).
— titanium dioxide (not more than 4 per cent). Acidity or alkalinity. To 100 ml of solution S1, add 0.15 ml
The supplier of the material must be able to demonstrate of BRP indicator solution R. Not more than 1.5 ml of 0.01 M
that the qualitative and quantitative composition of the type sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour of the
sample is satisfactory for each production batch. indicator to blue. To 100 ml of solution S1 add 0.2 ml of
methyl orange solution R. Not more than 1 ml of 0.01 M
CHARACTERS hydrochloric acid is required to initiate the colour change
Powder, beads, granules or, after transformation, sheets of the indicator from yellow to orange.
of varying thickness or containers. They are practically Absorbance (2.2.25). At wavelengths from 220 nm to
insoluble in water, soluble in hot aromatic hydrocarbons, 340 nm, the absorbance of solution S1 is not greater
practically insoluble in ethanol, in hexane and in methanol. than 0.2.
They soften at temperatures between 65 °C and 165 °C. Reducing substances. To 20 ml of solution S1 add 1 ml of
They burn with a blue flame. dilute sulphuric acid R and 20 ml of 0.002 M potassium
IDENTIFICATION permanganate. Boil under a reflux condenser for 3 min
If necessary, cut samples of the material to be examined and cool immediately. Add 1 g of potassium iodide R and
into pieces of maximum dimension on a side of not greater titrate immediately with 0.01 M sodium thiosulphate, using
than 1 cm. 0.25 ml of starch solution R as indicator. Carry out a blank
titration. The difference between the titration volumes is
A. To 0.25 g add 10 ml of toluene R and boil under a not more than 3.0 ml.
reflux condenser for about 15 min. Place a few drops
of the solution obtained on a sodium chloride slide and Substances soluble in hexane. Place 10 g in a 250 ml
evaporate the solvent in an oven at 80 °C. Examine by conical borosilicate-glass flask with a ground-glass neck. Add
infrared absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24). The 100 ml of hexane R and boil under a reflux condenser for
spectrum of the material to be examined shows maxima 4 h, stirring constantly. Cool in iced water and filter rapidly
in particular at some of the following wave-numbers : (the filtration time must be less than 5 min ; if necessary
2920 cm , 2850 cm , 1475 cm , 1465 cm , 1380 cm , the filtration may be accelerated by applying pressure to
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1

1170 cm− 1, 735 cm− 1, 720 cm− 1 ; the spectrum obtained the solution) through a sintered-glass filter (16) (2.1.2)
is identical to the spectrum obtained with the material maintaining the solution at about 0 °C. Evaporate 20 ml of
selected for the type sample. If the material to be the filtrate in a tared borosilicate-glass dish on a water-bath.
examined is in the form of sheets, the identification may Dry the residue in an oven at 100-105 °C for 1 h. The mass
be determined directly on a cut piece of suitable size. of the residue obtained must be within 10 per cent of that
of the residue obtained with the type sample and does not
B. It complies with the supplementary tests corresponding
exceed 5 per cent.
to the additives present.
C. In a platinum crucible, mix about 20 mg with 1 g of Extractable aluminium. Not more than 1.0 ppm of
potassium hydrogen sulphate R and heat until completely extractable Al, determined by atomic emission spectrometry
melted. Allow to cool and add 20 ml of dilute sulphuric in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Method I).
acid R. Heat gently. Filter the resulting solution. To Test solution. Use solution S3.
the filtrate add 1 ml of phosphoric acid R and 1 ml of Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
strong hydrogen peroxide solution R. If the substance is aluminium standard solution (200 ppm Al) R, diluted with
opacified with titanium dioxide, an orange-yellow colour 0.1 M hydrochloric acid.
develops. Carry out the determination using the emission of aluminium
TESTS at 396.15 nm, the spectral background being taken as
396.25 nm.
If necessary, cut samples of the material to be examined
into pieces of maximum dimension on a side of not greater Verify the absence of aluminium in the hydrochloric acid
than 1 cm. used.
Solution S1. Use solution S1 within 4 h of preparation. Extractable titanium. Not more than 1.0 ppm of extractable
Place 25 g in a borosilicate-glass flask with a ground-glass Ti, determined by atomic emission spectrometry in an argon
neck. Add 500 ml of water for injections R and boil under a plasma (2.2.22, Method I).
reflux condenser for 5 h. Allow to cool and decant. Reserve Test solution. Use solution S3.
a portion of the solution for the test for appearance of Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
solution S1 and filter the rest through a sintered-glass titanium standard solution (100 ppm Ti) R, diluted with
filter (16) (2.1.2). 0.1 M hydrochloric acid.
Solution S2. Place 2.0 g in a conical borosilicate-glass flask Carry out the determination using the emission of titanium
with a ground-glass neck. Add 80 ml of toluene R and boil at 336.12 nm, the spectral background being taken as
under a reflux condenser with constant stirring for 90 min. 336.16 nm.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 345
3.1.3. Polyolefines EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Verify the absence of titanium in the hydrochloric acid used. Test solution S22. Evaporate 50 ml of solution S2 to dryness
Extractable zinc. Not more than 1.0 ppm of extractable in vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the residue with 5.0 ml of
Zn, determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23, methylene chloride R. Prepare a blank solution from the
Method I). blank solution corresponding to solution S2.
Test solution. Use solution S3. Test solution S23. Evaporate 50 ml of solution S2 to dryness
in vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the residue in 5.0 ml of a mixture
Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using of equal volumes of acetonitrile R and a 10 g/l solution of
zinc standard solution (10 ppm Zn) R, diluted with 0.1 M tert-butylhydroperoxide R in tetrahydrofuran R. Close the
hydrochloric acid. flask and allow to stand for 1 h. Prepare a blank solution
Measure the absorbance at 213.9 nm using a zinc using the blank of solution S2.
hollow-cathode lamp as a source of radiation and an Of the following reference solutions, prepare only those that
air-acetylene flame. are necessary for the analysis of the phenolic antioxidants
Verify the absence of zinc in the hydrochloric acid used. stated in the composition of the substance to be examined.
Extractable heavy metals (2.4.8). Evaporate 50 ml of Reference solution (a). Dissolve 25.0 mg of
solution S3 to about 5 ml on a water-bath and dilute to butylhydroxytoluene CRS (plastic additive 07) and
20.0 ml with water R. 12 ml of the solution complies with 60.0 mg of plastic additive 08 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture
limit test A for heavy metals (2.5 ppm). Prepare the standard of equal volumes of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R.
using 2.5 ml of lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R. Dilute 2.0 ml to 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of
Sulphated ash (2.4.14). Not more than 1.0 per cent, acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R.
determined on 5.0 g. This limit does not apply to material Reference solution (b). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
that has been opacified with titanium dioxide. additive 09 CRS and 60.0 mg of plastic additive 10 CRS in
10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R and
SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml to 50.0 ml with a mixture
These tests are to be carried out, in whole or in part, only of equal volumes of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R.
if required by the stated composition or the use of the Reference solution (c). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
material. additive 11 CRS and 60.0 mg of plastic additive 12 CRS in
Phenolic antioxidants. Examine by liquid chromatography 10.0 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute 2.0 ml to 50.0 ml
(2.2.29). with methylene chloride R.
The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using : Reference solution (d). Dissolve 25.0 mg of plastic
additive 07 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes
— a stainless steel column 0.25 m long and 4.6 mm in of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml to
internal diameter packed with octadecylsilyl silica gel for 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R
chromatography R (5 µm), and tetrahydrofuran R.
— as mobile phase one of the 4 following mixtures : Reference solution (e). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
Mobile phase 1 at a flow rate of 2 ml/min : 30 volumes of additive 08 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes
water R, 70 volumes of acetonitrile R, of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml to
Mobile phase 2 at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min : 10 volumes 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R
of water R, 30 volumes of tetrahydrofuran R, 60 volumes and tetrahydrofuran R.
of acetonitrile R, Reference solution (f). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
Mobile phase 3 at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min : 5 volumes additive 13 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes
of water R, 45 volumes of 2-propanol R, 50 volumes of of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml to
methanol R, 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R
Mobile phase 4 at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min : 20 volumes and tetrahydrofuran R.
of tetrahydrofuran R, 80 volumes of acetonitrile R, Reference solution (g). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
— as detector a spectrophotometer set at 280 nm for mobile additive 09 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes
phases 1 to 3, and set at 270 nm for mobile phase 4. of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml to
50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R
The chromatographic system must ensure the following : and tetrahydrofuran R.
— a resolution of not less than 8.0 between the peaks Reference solution (h). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
corresponding to plastic additive 07 and plastic additive 10 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes
additive 08, with mobile phase 1, of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml to
— a resolution of not less than 2.0 between the peaks 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R
corresponding to plastic additive 09 and plastic and tetrahydrofuran R.
additive 10, with mobile phase 2, Reference solution (i). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
— a resolution of not less than 2.0 between the peaks additive 11 CRS in 10.0 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute
corresponding to plastic additive 11 and plastic 2.0 ml to 50.0 ml with methylene chloride R.
additive 12, with mobile phase 3, Reference solution (j). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
— a resolution of not less than 6.0 between the 2 principal additive 12 CRS in 10.0 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute
peaks (approximate retention times of 3.5 and 5.8) in the 2.0 ml to 50.0 ml with methylene chloride R.
chromatogram obtained with plastic additive 18, with Reference solution (k). Dissolve 20.0 mg of plastic
mobile phase 4. additive 18 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal
Test solution S21. Evaporate 50 ml of solution S2 to volumes of acetonitrile R and a 10 g/l solution of
dryness in vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the residue in 5.0 ml tert-butylhydroperoxide R in tetrahydrofuran R. Allow to
of a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R and stand in a closed container for 1 h. Dilute 2.0 ml of the
tetrahydrofuran R. Prepare a blank solution from the blank solution to 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of
solution corresponding to solution S2. acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R.

346 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.3. Polyolefines

If the substance to be examined contains plastic additive 07 Apply separately to the plate 20 µl of test solution S24, 20 µl
and/or plastic additive 08, use mobile phase 1 and inject of reference solution (p) and 20 µl of each of the reference
20 µl of test solution S21, 20 µl of the corresponding blank solutions corresponding to all the phenolic and non-phenolic
solution, 20 µl of reference solution (a), and either 20 µl each antioxidants mentioned in the type composition of the
of reference solutions (d) or (e) or 20 µl each of reference material to be examined.
solutions (d) and (e). Develop over a path of 18 cm using hexane R. Allow the
If the substance to be examined contains one or more of the plate to dry. Develop a second time over a path of 17 cm
following antioxidants : using methylene chloride R. Allow the plate to dry and
— plastic additive 09, examine in ultraviolet light at 254 nm. Spray with alcoholic
iodine solution R and examine in ultraviolet light at 254 nm
— plastic additive 10, after 10-15 min. Any spots in the chromatogram obtained
— plastic additive 11, with test solution S24 are not more intense than the spots in
the corresponding positions in the chromatograms obtained
— plastic additive 12,
with the reference solutions. The test is not valid unless the
— plastic additive 13, chromatogram obtained with reference solution (p) shows
use mobile phase 2 and inject 20 µl of test solution S21, 2 clearly separated spots.
20 µl of the corresponding blank solution, 20 µl of reference Plastic additive 22. Examine by liquid chromatography
solution (b) and 20 µl of each of the reference solutions (2.2.29).
of the antioxidants on the list above that are stated in the
composition. Test solution. Evaporate 25 ml of solution S2 to dryness in
vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the residue in 10 ml of toluene R
If the substance to be examined contains plastic additive 11 and 10 ml of a 10 g/l solution of tetrabutylammonium
and/or plastic additive 12, use mobile phase 3 and inject hydroxide R in a mixture of 35 volumes of toluene R and
20 µl of test solution S22, 20 µl of the corresponding blank 65 volumes of ethanol R. Boil under a reflux condenser for
solution, 20 µl of reference solution (c), and either 20 µl of 3 h. Allow to cool and filter if necessary.
reference solution (i) or (j) or 20 µl of reference solutions
(i) and (j). Reference solution. Dissolve 30 mg of plastic
additive 22 CRS in 50 ml of toluene R. Add 1 ml of this
If the substance to be examined contains plastic additive 18, solution to 25 ml of blank solution S2 and evaporate
use mobile phase 4 and inject 20 µl of test solution S23, to dryness in vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the residue
20 µl of the corresponding blank solution, and 20 µl of in 10 ml of toluene R and 10 ml of a 10 g/l solution
reference solution (k). of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide R in a mixture of
In all cases, record the chromatogram for 30 min ; the 35 volumes of toluene R and 65 volumes of ethanol R. Boil
chromatograms corresponding to test solutions S21, S22 under a reflux condenser for 3 h. Allow to cool and filter
and S23 only show peaks due to antioxidants stated in if necessary.
the composition and minor peaks that also appear in the The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
chromatograms corresponding to the blank solutions. The
areas of the peaks corresponding to test solutions S21, S22 — a stainless steel column 0.25 m long and 4.6 mm in
and S23 are less than the corresponding areas of the peaks internal diameter packed with aminopropylsilyl silica gel
in the chromatograms obtained with reference solutions (d) for chromatography R (5 µm),
to (k). — as mobile phase at a flow rate of 2 ml/min a mixture of
Non-phenolic antioxidants. Examine by thin-layer 11 volumes of ethanol R and 89 volumes of hexane R,
chromatography (2.2.27), using a TLC silica gel GF254 — as detector a spectrophotometer set at 227 nm.
plate R. Inject 20 µl of each solution. Record the chromatograms
Test solution S24. Evaporate 100 ml of solution S2 to for 10 min. When the chromatograms are recorded in the
dryness in vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the residue in 2 ml of prescribed conditions the resolution between the peaks
acidified methylene chloride R. corresponding respectively to the “diol” and diluent of the
Reference solution (l). Dissolve 60 mg of plastic reference solution is at least 7.
additive 14 CRS in 10 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute In the chromatogram obtained with the test solution, the
2 ml of the solution to 10 ml with acidified methylene area of the peak corresponding to the “diol” component
chloride R. from plastic additive 22 is less than the corresponding peak
Reference solution (m). Dissolve 60 mg of plastic in the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution.
additive 15 CRS in 10 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute Amides and stearates. Examine by thin-layer
2 ml of the solution to 10 ml with acidified methylene chromatography (2.2.27), using 2 plates of the TLC silica
chloride R. gel GF254 plate R type.
Reference solution (n). Dissolve 60 mg of plastic Test solution. Use test solution S24 described in the test
additive 16 CRS in 10 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute for non-phenolic antioxidants.
2 ml of the solution to 10 ml with acidified methylene
chloride R. Reference solution (q). Dissolve 20 mg of stearic acid
(plastic additive 19 CRS) in 10 ml of methylene chloride R.
Reference solution (o). Dissolve 60 mg of plastic
additive 17 CRS in 10 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute Reference solution (r). Dissolve 40 mg of oleamide (plastic
2 ml of the solution to 10 ml with acidified methylene additive 20 CRS) in 20 ml of methylene chloride R.
chloride R. Reference solution (s). Dissolve 40 mg of erucamide (plastic
Reference solution (p). Dissolve 60 mg of plastic additive 21 CRS) in 20 ml of methylene chloride R.
additive 16 CRS and 60 mg of plastic additive 17 CRS in Apply to the 2 plates 10 µl of test solution S24. Apply 10 µl
10 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute 2 ml of the solution to of reference solution (q) to the first plate and 10 µl each of
10 ml with acidified methylene chloride R. reference solutions (r) and (s) to the second plate.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 347
3.1.4. Polyethylene without additives for containers EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Develop the first plate over a path of 10 cm using a Solution S1. Place 25 g in a borosilicate-glass flask with a
mixture of 25 volumes of ethanol R and 75 volumes of ground-glass neck. Add 500 ml of water for injections R
trimethylpentane R. Allow the plate to dry in air. Spray and heat under a reflux condenser for 5 h. Allow to cool and
with a 2 g/l solution of dichlorophenolindophenol, sodium decant. Keep part of the solution for the test for appearance
salt R in ethanol R and heat in an oven at 120 °C for a few of solution. Filter the rest through a sintered glass filter (16)
minutes to intensify the spots. Any spot corresponding to (2.1.2). Use solution S1 within 4 h of preparation.
plastic additive 19 in the chromatogram obtained with test Solution S2. Place 2.0 g in a conical borosilicate-glass flask
solution S24 is identical in position to (RF about 0.5) but not with a ground-glass neck. Add 80 ml of toluene R and
more intense than the spot in the chromatogram obtained boil under a reflux condenser with constant stirring for
with reference solution (q). 1 h 30 min. Allow to cool to 60 °C and add with continued
Develop the second plate over a path of 13 cm using stirring 120 ml of methanol R. Filter the solution through a
hexane R. Allow the plate to dry in air. Develop a second sintered-glass filter (16) (2.1.2). Rinse the flask and the filter
time over a path of 10 cm using a mixture of 5 volumes with 25 ml of a mixture of 40 ml of toluene R and 60 ml of
of methanol R and 95 volumes of methylene chloride R. methanol R, add the rinsings to the filtrate and dilute to
Allow the plate to dry. Spray with a 40 g/l solution of 250 ml with the same mixture of solvents. Prepare a blank
phosphomolybdic acid R in ethanol R. Heat in an oven solution.
at 120 °C until spots appear. Any spots corresponding to Solution S3. Place 100 g in a conical borosilicate-glass flask
plastic additive 20 or plastic additive 21 in the chromatogram with a ground-glass neck. Add 250 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric
obtained with test solution S24 are identical in position to acid and boil under a reflux condenser with constant stirring
(RF about 0.2) but not more intense than the corresponding for 1 h. Allow to cool and decant the solution.
spots in the chromatograms obtained with reference
solutions (r) and (s). Appearance of solution. Solution S1 is clear (2.2.1) and
colourless (2.2.2, Method II).
Acidity or alkalinity. To 100 ml of solution S1 add 0.15 ml
01/2008:30104 of BRP indicator solution R. Not more than 1.5 ml of 0.01 M
corrected 6.0 sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour of the
indicator to blue. To 100 ml of solution S1 add 0.2 ml of
3.1.4. POLYETHYLENE WITHOUT methyl orange solution R. Not more than 1.0 ml of 0.01 M
hydrochloric acid is required to reach the beginning of the
ADDITIVES FOR CONTAINERS FOR colour change of the indicator from yellow to orange.
PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS AND Absorbance (2.2.25). At wavelengths from 220 nm to
FOR OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS 340 nm, the absorbance of solution S1 is not greater
than 0.2.
DEFINITION
Reducing substances. To 20 ml of solution S1 add 1 ml of
Polyethylene without additives is obtained by the dilute sulphuric acid R and 20 ml of 0.002 M potassium
polymerisation of ethylene under high pressure in the permanganate. Boil under a reflux condenser for 3 min
presence of oxygen or free-radical-forming initiators as and cool immediately. Add l g of potassium iodide R and
catalyst. titrate immediately with 0.01 M sodium thiosulphate, using
CHARACTERS 0.25 ml of starch solution R as indicator. Carry out a blank
titration. The difference between the titration volumes is
Beads, granules, powder or, after transformation, translucent not more than 0.5 ml.
sheets of varying thickness or containers, practically
insoluble in water, soluble in hot aromatic hydrocarbons, Substances soluble in hexane. Place 10 g in a 250 ml
practically insoluble in ethanol, in hexane and in methanol. conical borosilicate-glass flask with a ground-glass neck. Add
It softens at temperatures beginning at 65 °C. 100 ml of hexane R and boil under a reflux condenser for
4 h, stirring constantly. Cool in iced water and filter rapidly
The relative density (2.2.5) of the material is 0.910 to 0.937. through a sintered-glass filter (16) (2.1.2) maintaining the
IDENTIFICATION solution at 0 °C (the filtration time must be less than 5 min ;
if necessary the filtration may be accelerated by applying
If necessary, cut the material to be examined into pieces of pressure to the solution). Evaporate 20 ml of the filtrate in a
maximum dimension on a side of not greater than 1 cm. tared glass dish on a water-bath. Dry the residue in an oven
A. To 0.25 g add 10 ml of toluene R and boil under a at 100-105 °C for 1 h. The mass of the residue obtained is
reflux condenser for about 15 min. Place a few drops of within 10 per cent of the residue obtained with the type
the solution on a sodium chloride disc and evaporate sample and does not exceed 5 per cent.
the solvent in an oven at 80 °C. Examine by infrared
absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24). The spectrum of Additives. Examine by thin-layer chromatography (2.2.27),
the substance to be examined shows maxima in particular using a TLC silica gel G plate R.
at some of the following wave-numbers : 2920 cm− 1, Test solution. Evaporate 50 ml of solution S2 to dryness in
2850 cm− 1, 1465 cm− 1, 730 cm− 1, 720 cm− 1 ; the spectrum vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the evaporation residue with 5 ml
obtained is identical to that obtained with the material of methylene chloride R. Prepare a blank solution from the
selected for the type sample. If the material to be blank solution corresponding to solution S2.
examined is in the form of sheets, the identification may Reference solution. Dissolve 20 mg of plastic
be performed directly on a cut piece of suitable size. additive 15 CRS and 20 mg of plastic additive 08 CRS in
B. The substance to be examined complies with the test for methylene chloride R and dilute to 10 ml with the same
additives (see Tests). solvent.
Apply to the plate 10 µl of each solution. Develop over a
TESTS path of 13 cm using hexane R. Allow the plate to dry in
If necessary, cut the material to be examined into pieces of air. Carry out a second development over a path of 10 cm
maximum dimension on a side of not greater than 1 cm. using a mixture of 5 volumes of methanol R and 95 volumes

348 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.5. Polyethylene with additives for containers

of methylene chloride R. Allow the plate to dry in air, — 2,2′-bis(octadecyloxy)-5,5′-spirobi[1,3,2-dioxa-

spray with a 40 g/l solution of phosphomolybdic acid R phosphinane] (plastic additive 14) (not more than 0.3 per
in alcohol R and heat at 120 °C until the spots appear in cent),
the chromatogram obtained with the reference solution. — didodecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate (plastic additive 16) (not
No spot appears in the chromatogram obtained with the more than 0.3 per cent),
test solution, except for a spot which may be at the solvent
front from the first development and which corresponds — dioctadecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate (plastic additive 17) (not
to oligomers. Disregard any spots corresponding to those more than 0.3 per cent),
obtained in the chromatogram with the blank solution. The — tris [2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl] phosphite (plastic
chromatogram obtained with the reference solution shows additive 12) (not more than 0.3 per cent).
two distinct spots. The total of antioxidant additives listed above does not
Extractable heavy metals (2.4.8). Evaporate 50 ml of exceed 0.3 per cent.
solution S3 to about 5 ml on a water-bath and dilute to 20 ml — hydrotalcite (not more than 0.5 per cent),
with water R. 12 ml of solution complies with limit test A for
heavy metals (2.5 ppm). Prepare the standard using 2.5 ml — alkanamides (not more than 0.5 per cent),
of lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R. — alkenamides (not more than 0.5 per cent),
Sulphated ash (2.4.14). Not more than 0.02 per cent, — sodium silico-aluminate (not more than 0.5 per cent),
determined on 5.0 g. — silica (not more than 0.5 per cent),
— sodium benzoate (not more than 0.5 per cent),
— fatty acid esters or salts (not more than 0.5 per cent),
01/2008:30105 — trisodium phosphate (not more than 0.5 per cent),
corrected 6.0
— liquid paraffin (not more than 0.5 per cent),
— zinc oxide (not more than 0.5 per cent),
3.1.5. POLYETHYLENE WITH — magnesium oxide (not more than 0.2 per cent),
ADDITIVES FOR CONTAINERS FOR — calcium stearate or zinc stearate or a mixture of both (not
PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS AND more than 0.5 per cent),
FOR OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS — titanium dioxide (not more than 4 per cent) only for
materials for containers for ophthalmic use.
DEFINITION
The supplier of the material must be able to demonstrate
Polyethylene with additives is obtained by the polymerisation that the qualitative and quantitative composition of the type
of ethylene under pressure in the presence of a catalyst or sample is satisfactory for each production batch.
by copolymerisation of ethylene with not more than 25 per
cent of higher alkene homologues (C3 to C10). CHARACTERS
Powder, beads, granules or, after transformation, translucent
PRODUCTION
sheets of varying thicknesses or containers. It is practically
A certain number of additives are added to the polymer in insoluble in water, soluble in hot aromatic hydrocarbons,
order to optimise their chemical, physical and mechanical practically insoluble in ethanol, in hexane and in methanol.
properties in order to adapt them for the intended use. All It softens at temperatures between 70 °C and 140 °C.
these additives are chosen from the appended list which
The relative density (2.2.5) of the material is 0.890 to 0.965.
specifies for each product the maximum allowable content.
They may contain at most three antioxidants, one or several IDENTIFICATION
lubricants or antiblocking agents as well as titanium dioxide If necessary, cut the material to be examined into pieces of
as an opacifying agent when the material must provide maximum dimension on a side of not greater than 1 cm.
protection from light.
A. To 0.25 g add 10 ml of toluene R and boil under a
— butylhydroxytoluene (plastic additive 07) (not more than reflux condenser for about 15 min. Place a few drops of
0.125 per cent), the solution on a sodium chloride disc and evaporate
— pentaerythrityl tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- the solvent in an oven at 80 °C. Examine by infrared
hydroxyphenyl)propionate] (plastic additive 09) (not more absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24). The spectrum of
than 0.3 per cent), the material to be examined shows maxima in particular
— 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-s-triazine-2,4, at some of the following wave-numbers : 2920 cm− 1,
6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (plastic additive 13) (not more than 2850 cm− 1, 1465 cm− 1, 1375 cm− 1, 1170 cm− 1, 730 cm− 1,
0.3 per cent), 720 cm− 1 ; the spectrum obtained is identical to the
spectrum obtained with the material selected for the type
— octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, sample. If the material to be examined is in the form of
(plastic additive 11) (not more than 0.3 per cent), sheets, the identification may be performed directly on
— ethylene bis[3,3-bis[3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4- a cut piece of suitable size.
hydroxyphenyl]butanoate] (plastic additive 08) B. It complies with the supplementary tests corresponding
(not more than 0.3 per cent), to the additives present (see Tests).
— dioctadecyl disulphide (plastic additive 15) (not more C. In a platinum crucible, mix about 20 mg with 1 g of
than 0.3 per cent), potassium hydrogen sulphate R and heat until completely
— 4,4′,4″-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzene-1,3,5-triyltrismeth- melted. Allow to cool and add 20 ml of dilute sulphuric
ylene)tris[2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol] (plastic acid R. Heat gently. Filter the resulting solution. To
additive 10) (not more than 0.3 per cent), the filtrate add 1 ml of phosphoric acid R and 1 ml of

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 349
3.1.5. Polyethylene with additives for containers EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

strong hydrogen peroxide solution R. If the substance is Carry out the determination using the emission of aluminium
opacified with titanium dioxide, an orange-yellow colour at 396.15 nm, the spectral background being taken as
develops. 396.25 nm.
Verify the absence of aluminium in the hydrochloric acid
TESTS
used.
If necessary, cut the material to be examined into pieces of
maximum dimension on a side of not greater than 1 cm. Extractable chromium. Not more than 0.05 ppm of
extractable Cr, determined by atomic emission spectrometry
Solution S1. Place 25 g in a borosilicate-glass flask with a in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Method I).
ground-glass neck. Add 500 ml of water for injections R Test solution. Use solution S3.
and boil under a reflux condenser for 5 h. Allow to cool
and decant. Reserve a portion of the solution for the test Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
for appearance of solution and filter the rest through chromium standard solution (100 ppm Cr) R, diluted with a
a sintered-glass filter (16) (2.1.2). Use within 4 h of mixture of 2 volumes of hydrochloric acid R and 8 volumes
preparation. of water R.
Carry out the determination using the emission of chromium
Solution S2. Place 2.0 g in a conical borosilicate-glass flask
at 205.55 nm, the spectral background being taken as
with a ground-glass neck. Add 80 ml of toluene R and boil
205.50 nm.
under a reflux condenser with constant stirring for 90 min.
Allow to cool to 60 °C and add with continued stirring 120 ml Verify the absence of chromium in the hydrochloric acid
of methanol R. Filter the solution through a sintered-glass used.
filter (16) (2.1.2). Rinse the flask and the filter with 25 ml of Extractable titanium. Not more than 1.0 ppm of extractable
a mixture of 40 ml of toluene R and 60 ml of methanol R, Ti, determined by atomic emission spectrometry in an argon
add the rinsings to the filtrate and dilute to 250.0 ml with plasma (2.2.22, Method I).
the same mixture of solvents. Prepare a blank solution. Test solution. Use solution S3.
Solution S3. Place 100 g in a conical borosilicate-glass flask Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
with a ground-glass neck. Add 250 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric titanium standard solution (100 ppm Ti) R, diluted with
acid and boil under a reflux condenser with constant stirring 0.1 M hydrochloric acid.
for 1 h. Allow to cool and decant the solution. Carry out the determination using the emission of titanium
Appearance of solution. Solution S1 is clear (2.2.1) and at 336.12 nm, the spectral background being taken as
colourless (2.2.2, Method II). 336.16 nm.
Acidity or alkalinity. To 100 ml of solution S1 add 0.15 ml Verify the absence of titanium in the hydrochloric acid used.
of BRP indicator solution R. Not more than 1.5 ml of 0.01 M Extractable vanadium. Not more than 0.1 ppm of extractable
sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour of the V, determined by atomic emission spectrometry in an argon
indicator to blue. To 100 ml of solution S1 add 0.2 ml of plasma (2.2.22, Method I).
methyl orange solution R. Not more than 1.0 ml of 0.01 M Test solution. Use solution S3.
hydrochloric acid is required to reach the beginning of the Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
colour change of the indicator from yellow to orange. vanadium standard solution (1 g/l V) R, diluting with a
Absorbance (2.2.25). At wavelengths from 220 nm to mixture of 2 volumes of hydrochloric acid R and 8 volumes
340 nm, the absorbance of solution S1 is not greater of water R.
than 0.2. Carry out the determination using the emission of vanadium
Reducing substances. To 20 ml of solution S1 add 1 ml of at 292.40 nm, the spectral background being taken as
dilute sulphuric acid R and 20 ml of 0.002 M potassium 292.35 nm.
permanganate. Boil under a reflux condenser for 3 min Verify the absence of vanadium in the hydrochloric acid used.
and cool immediately. Add 1 g of potassium iodide R and Extractable zinc. Not more than 1.0 ppm of extractable
titrate immediately with 0.01 M sodium thiosulphate, using Zn, determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23,
0.25 ml of starch solution R as indicator. Carry out a blank Method I).
titration. The difference between the titration volumes is
not more than 0.5 ml. Test solution. Use solution S3.
Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
Substances soluble in hexane. Place 10 g in a 250 ml
zinc standard solution (10 ppm Zn) R, diluted with 0.1 M
conical borosilicate-glass flask with a ground-glass neck. Add
hydrochloric acid.
100 ml of hexane R and boil under a reflux condenser for
4 h, stirring constantly. Cool in iced water and filter rapidly Measure the absorbance at 213.9 nm using a zinc
through a sintered-glass filter (16) (2.1.2) maintaining the hollow-cathode lamp as a source of radiation and an
solution at 0 °C (the filtration time must be less than 5 min ; air-acetylene flame.
if necessary the filtration may be accelerated by applying Extractable zirconium. Not more than 0.1 ppm of
pressure to the solution). Evaporate 20 ml of the filtrate in a extractable Zr, determined by atomic emission spectrometry
tared borosilicate-glass dish on a water-bath. Dry the residue in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Method I).
in an oven at 100-105 °C for 1 h. The mass of the residue Test solution. Use solution S3.
obtained must be within 10 per cent of the residue obtained Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
with the type sample and does not exceed 5 per cent. zirconium standard solution (1 g/l Zr) R, diluted with a
Extractable aluminium. Not more than 1.0 ppm of mixture of 2 volumes of hydrochloric acid R and 8 volumes
extractable Al, determined by atomic emission spectrometry of water R.
in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Method I). Carry out the determination using the emission of zirconium
Test solution. Use solution S3. at 343.82 nm, the spectral background being taken as
Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using 343.92 nm.
aluminium standard solution (200 ppm Al) R, diluted with Verify the absence of zirconium in the hydrochloric acid
0.1 M hydrochloric acid. used.

350 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.5. Polyethylene with additives for containers

Extractable heavy metals (2.4.8). Evaporate 50 ml of Reference solution (c). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
solution S3 to about 5 ml on a water-bath and dilute to additive 11 CRS and 60.0 mg of plastic additive 12 CRS
20.0 ml with water R. 12 ml of solution complies with limit in 10.0 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute 2.0 ml of the
test A for heavy metals (2.5 ppm). Prepare the standard solution to 50.0 ml with methylene chloride R.
using 2.5 ml of lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R. Reference solution (d). Dissolve 25.0 mg of
Sulphated ash (2.4.14). Not more than 1.0 per cent, butylhydroxytoluene CRS (plastic additive 07) in
determined on 5.0 g. This limit does not apply to material 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R
opacified with titanium dioxide. and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml of the solution to
50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R
SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS and tetrahydrofuran R.
These tests are to be carried out, in whole or in part, only if Reference solution (e). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
required by the stated composition of the material. additive 08 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes
of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml of
Phenolic antioxidants. Examine by liquid chromatography the solution to 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of
(2.2.29). acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R.
The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using : Reference solution (f). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
— a stainless steel column 0.25 m long and 4.6 mm in additive 13 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes
internal diameter packed with octadecylsilyl silica gel for of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml of
chromatography R (5 µm), the solution to 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of
acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R.
— as mobile phase one of the 3 following mixtures :
Reference solution (g). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
Mobile phase 1 at a flow rate of 2 ml/min : 30 volumes of additive 09 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes
water R, 70 volumes of acetonitrile R, of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml of
Mobile phase 2 at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min : 10 volumes the solution to 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of
of water R, 30 volumes of tetrahydrofuran R, 60 volumes acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R.
of acetonitrile R, Reference solution (h). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
Mobile phase 3 at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min : 5 volumes additive 10 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes
of water R, 45 volumes of 2-propanol R, 50 volumes of of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml of
methanol R, the solution to 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of
acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R.
— as detector a spectrophotometer set at 280 nm.
Reference solution (i). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
The chromatographic system must ensure the following : additive 11 CRS in 10.0 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute
— a resolution of not less than 8.0 between the peaks 2.0 ml of the solution to 50.0 ml with methylene chloride R.
corresponding respectively to plastic additive 07 and Reference solution (j). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
plastic additive 08, with mobile phase 1, additive 12 CRS in 10.0 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute
— a resolution of not less than 2.0 between the peaks 2.0 ml of the solution to 50.0 ml with methylene chloride R.
corresponding respectively to plastic additive 09 and If the substance to be examined contains plastic additive 07
plastic additive 10, with mobile phase 2, and/or plastic additive 08, use mobile phase 1 and inject
— a resolution of not less than 2.0 between the peaks 20 µl of test solution S21, 20 µl of the corresponding
corresponding respectively to plastic additive 11 and blank solution, 20 µl of reference solution (a), and either
plastic additive 12, with mobile phase 3. 20 µl of reference solution (d) or (e), or 20 µl of reference
solutions (d) and (e).
Test solution S21. Evaporate 50 ml of solution S2 to If the substance to be examined contains one or more of the
dryness in vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the residue with following antioxidants :
5.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R and
tetrahydrofuran R. Prepare a blank solution from the blank — plastic additive 09,
solution corresponding to solution S2. — plastic additive 10,
Test solution S22. Evaporate 50 ml of solution S2 to — plastic additive 11,
dryness in vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the residue with 5.0 ml — plastic additive 12,
of methylene chloride R. Prepare a blank solution from the — plastic additive 13,
blank solution corresponding to solution S2.
use mobile phase 2 and inject 20 µl of test solution S21,
Of the following reference solutions, only prepare those that 20 µl of the corresponding blank solution, 20 µl of reference
are necessary for the analysis of the phenolic antioxidants solution (b) and 20 µl of the reference solutions of the
stated in the composition of the substance to be examined. antioxidants on the list above that are stated in the
Reference solution (a). Dissolve 25.0 mg of composition.
butylhydroxytoluene CRS (plastic additive 07) and If the substance to be examined contains plastic additive 11
60.0 mg of plastic additive 08 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture and/or plastic additive 12, use mobile phase 3 and inject
of equal volumes of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. 20 µl of test solution S22, 20 µl of the corresponding blank
Dilute 2.0 ml of the solution to 50.0 ml with a mixture of solution, 20 µl of reference solution (c), and either 20 µl of
equal volumes of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. reference solution (i) or (j), or 20 µl of reference solutions (i)
Reference solution (b). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic and (j).
additive 09 CRS and 60.0 mg of plastic additive 10 CRS In all cases record the chromatograms for 30 min ; the
in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R chromatograms corresponding to test solutions S21
and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml of the solution to and S22 only show peaks due to antioxidants stated in
50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R the composition and minor peaks that also appear in the
and tetrahydrofuran R. chromatograms corresponding to the blank solutions. The

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 351
3.1.6. Polypropylene for containers and closures EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

areas of the peaks of test solutions S21 and S22 are less than dichlorophenolindophenol sodium salt R in ethanol R and
the areas of the corresponding peaks in the chromatograms heat in an oven at 120 °C for a few minutes to intensify the
obtained with reference solutions (d) to (j). spots. Any spot corresponding to plastic additive 19 in the
Non-phenolic antioxidants. Examine by thin-layer chromatogram obtained with test solution S23 is identical in
chromatography (2.2.27), using a TLC silica gel GF254 position (RF about 0.5) but not more intense than the spot
plate R. in the same location in the chromatogram obtained with
reference solution (p).
Test solution S23. Evaporate 100 ml of solution S2 to
dryness in vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the residue in 2 ml of Develop the second plate over a path of 13 cm using
acidified methylene chloride R. hexane R. Allow the plate to dry in air. Develop a second
time over a path of 10 cm using a mixture of 5 volumes
Reference solution (k). Dissolve 60 mg of plastic of methanol R and 95 volumes of methylene chloride R.
additive 14 CRS in methylene chloride R and dilute to 10 ml Allow the plate to dry. Spray with a 40 g/l solution of
with the same solvent. Dilute 2 ml of the solution to 10 ml phosphomolybdic acid R in ethanol R. Heat in an oven
with acidified methylene chloride R. at 120 °C until spots appear. Any spots corresponding to
Reference solution (l). Dissolve 60 mg of plastic plastic additive 20 or plastic additive 21 in the chromatogram
additive 15 CRS in methylene chloride R and dilute to 10 ml obtained with test solution S23 are identical in position
with the same solvent. Dilute 2 ml of the solution to 10 ml (RF about 0.2) but not more intense than the corresponding
with acidified methylene chloride R. spots in the chromatograms obtained with reference
Reference solution (m). Dissolve 60 mg of plastic solutions (q) and (r).
additive 16 CRS in methylene chloride R and dilute to 10 ml
with the same solvent. Dilute 2 ml of the solution to 10 ml 01/2008:30106
with acidified methylene chloride R. corrected 6.0
Reference solution (n). Dissolve 60 mg of plastic
additive 17 CRS in methylene chloride R and dilute to 10 ml 3.1.6. POLYPROPYLENE FOR
with the same solvent. Dilute 2 ml of the solution to 10 ml
with acidified methylene chloride R. CONTAINERS AND CLOSURES FOR
Reference solution (o). Dissolve 60 mg of plastic PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS AND
additive 16 CRS and 60 mg of plastic additive 17 CRS in OPHTHALMIC PREPARATIONS
methylene chloride R and dilute to 10 ml with the same
solvent. Dilute 2 ml of the solution to 10 ml with acidified DEFINITION
methylene chloride R. Polypropylene consists of the homopolymer of propylene
Apply separately to the plate 20 µl of test solution S23, or of a copolymer of propylene with not more than 25 per
20 µl of reference solution (o) and 20 µl of the reference cent of ethylene or of a mixture (alloy) of polypropylene with
solutions corresponding to all the phenolic and non-phenolic not more than 25 per cent of polyethylene. It may contain
antioxidants mentioned in the type composition of the additives.
material to be examined.
PRODUCTION
Develop over a path of 18 cm using hexane R. Allow the
plate to dry. Develop a second time over a path of 17 cm A certain number of additives are added to the polymer in
using methylene chloride R. Allow the plate to dry and order to optimise their chemical, physical and mechanical
examine in ultraviolet light at 254 nm. Spray with alcoholic properties in order to adapt them for the intended use. All
iodine solution R and examine in ultraviolet light at 254 nm these additives are chosen from the appended list which
after 10-15 min. Any spots in the chromatogram obtained specifies for each product the maximum allowable content.
with test solution S23 are not more intense than the spots They may contain at most three antioxidants, one or
in the same locations in the chromatograms obtained with several lubricants or antiblocking agents as well as titanium
the reference solutions. The test is not valid unless the dioxide as opacifying agent when the material must provide
chromatogram obtained with reference solution (o) shows protection from light.
two clearly separated spots. — butylhydroxytoluene (plastic additive 07) (not more than
Amides and stearates. Examine by thin-layer 0.125 per cent),
chromatography (2.2.27), using 2 plates of the TLC silica — pentaerythrityl tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-
gel GF254 plates R type. hydroxyphenyl)propionate] (plastic additive 09) (not more
Test solution. Use test solution S23 described in the test than 0.3 per cent),
for non-phenolic antioxidants. — 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-s-triazine-2,4,
Reference solution (p). Dissolve 20 mg of stearic acid CRS 6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (plastic additive 13) (not more than
(plastic additive 19) in methylene chloride R and dilute to 0.3 per cent),
10 ml with the same solvent. — octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate,
Reference solution (q). Dissolve 40 mg of plastic (plastic additive 11) (not more than 0.3 per cent),
additive 20 CRS in methylene chloride R and dilute to 20 ml — ethylene bis[3,3-bis[3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-
with the same solvent. hydroxyphenyl]butanoate] (plastic additive 08)
Reference solution (r). Dissolve 40 mg of plastic (not more than 0.3 per cent),
additive 21 CRS in methylene chloride R and dilute to 20 ml — dioctadecyl disulphide (plastic additive 15) (not more
with the same solvent. than 0.3 per cent),
Apply to each of the 2 plates 10 µl of test solution S23. — 2,2′,2″,6,6′,6″-hexa-tert-butyl-4,4′,4″-[(2,4,6-trimethyl-
Apply 10 µl of reference solution (p) to the first and 10 µl of 1,3,5-benzenetriyl)trismethylene]triphenol (plastic
reference solutions (q) and (r) to the second. Develop the additive 10) (not more than 0.3 per cent),
first plate over a path of 10 cm using a mixture of 25 volumes — 2,2′-bis(octadecyloxy)-5,5′-spirobi[1,3,2-dioxa-
of ethanol R and 75 volumes of trimethylpentane R. Allow phosphinane] (plastic additive 14) (not more than 0.3 per
the plate to dry in air. Spray with a 2 g/l solution of cent),

352 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.6. Polypropylene for containers and closures

— didodecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate (plastic additive 16) (not Solution S1. Use solution S1 within 4 h of preparation.
more than 0.3 per cent), Place 25 g in a borosilicate-glass flask with a ground-glass
— dioctadecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate (plastic additive 17) (not neck. Add 500 ml of water for injections R and boil under a
more than 0.3 per cent), reflux condenser for 5 h. Allow to cool and decant. Reserve a
portion of the solution for the test for appearance of solution
— tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (plastic additive 12)
and filter the rest through a sintered-glass filter (16) (2.1.2).
(not more than 0.3 per cent),
The total of antioxidant additives listed above does not Solution S2. Place 2.0 g in a conical borosilicate-glass flask
exceed 0.3 per cent. with a ground-glass neck. Add 80 ml of toluene R and
boil under a reflux condenser with constant stirring for
— hydrotalcite (not more than 0.5 per cent), 1 h 30 min. Allow to cool to 60 °C and add with continued
— alkanamides (not more than 0.5 per cent), stirring 120 ml of methanol R. Filter the solution through a
— alkenamides (not more than 0.5 per cent), sintered-glass filter (16) (2.1.2). Rinse the flask and the filter
— sodium silico-aluminate (not more than 0.5 per cent), with 25 ml of a mixture of 40 ml of toluene R and 60 ml of
methanol R, add the rinsings to the filtrate and dilute to
— silica (not more than 0.5 per cent), 250.0 ml with the same mixture of solvents. Prepare a blank
— sodium benzoate (not more than 0.5 per cent), solution.
— fatty acid esters or salts (not more than 0.5 per cent), Solution S3. Place 100 g in a conical borosilicate-glass flask
— trisodium phosphate (not more than 0.5 per cent), with a ground-glass neck. Add 250 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric
— liquid paraffin (not more than 0.5 per cent), acid and boil under a reflux condenser with constant stirring
for 1 h. Allow to cool and decant the solution.
— zinc oxide (not more than 0.5 per cent),
Appearance of solution. Solution S1 is not more opalescent
— talc (not more than 0.5 per cent),
than reference suspension II (2.2.1) and is colourless (2.2.2,
— magnesium oxide (not more than 0.2 per cent), Method II).
— calcium stearate or zinc stearate or a mixture of both (not Acidity or alkalinity. To 100 ml of solution S1 add 0.15 ml
more than 0.5 per cent), of BRP indicator solution R. Not more than 1.5 ml of 0.01 M
— titanium dioxide (not more than 4 per cent) only for sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour of the
materials for containers for ophthalmic use. indicator to blue. To 100 ml of solution S1 add 0.2 ml of
The supplier of the material must be able to demonstrate methyl orange solution R. Not more than 1.0 ml of 0.01 M
that the qualitative and quantitative composition of the type hydrochloric acid is required to reach the beginning of the
sample is satisfactory for each production batch. colour change of the indicator from yellow to orange.
Absorbance (2.2.25). At wavelengths from 220 nm to
CHARACTERS
340 nm, the absorbance of solution S1 is not greater than
Powder, beads, granules or, after transformation, translucent 0.2.
sheets of varying thicknesses or containers. It is practically
insoluble in water, soluble in hot aromatic hydrocarbons, Reducing substances. To 20 ml of solution S1 add 1 ml of
practically insoluble in ethanol, in hexane and in methanol. dilute sulphuric acid R and 20 ml of 0.002 M potassium
It softens at temperatures beginning at about 120 °C. permanganate. Boil under a reflux condenser for 3 min
and cool immediately. Add 1 g of potassium iodide R and
IDENTIFICATION titrate immediately with 0.01 M sodium thiosulphate, using
If necessary, cut the material to be examined into pieces of 0.25 ml of starch solution R as indicator. Carry out a blank
maximum dimension on a side of not greater than 1 cm. titration. The difference between the titration volumes is
not more than 0.5 ml.
A. To 0.25 g add 10 ml of toluene R and boil under a reflux
condenser for about 15 min. Place a few drops of the Substances soluble in hexane. Place 10 g in a 250 ml
hot solution on a sodium chloride disc and evaporate conical borosilicate-glass flask with a ground-glass neck. Add
the solvent in an oven at 80 °C. Examine by infrared 100 ml of hexane R and boil under a reflux condenser for
absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24). The spectrum 4 h, stirring constantly. Cool in iced water and filter rapidly
obtained with the material to be examined presents a through a sintered-glass filter (16) (2.1.2) maintaining the
certain number of maxima, in particular at 1375 cm− 1, solution at 0 °C (the filtration time must be less than 5 min ;
1170 cm− 1, 995 cm− 1 and 970 cm− 1. The spectrum if necessary the filtration may be accelerated by applying
obtained is identical to the spectrum obtained with the pressure to the solution). Evaporate 20 ml of the filtrate in
material selected for the type sample. If the material to be a tared glass dish on a water-bath. Dry the residue in an
examined is in the form of sheets, the identification may oven at 100 °C to 105 °C for 1 h. The mass of the residue
be performed directly on a cut piece of suitable size. obtained must be within 10 per cent of the residue obtained
with the type sample and does not exceed 5 per cent.
B. It complies with the supplementary tests corresponding
to the additives present (see Tests). Extractable aluminium. Not more than 1.0 ppm of
C. In a platinum crucible, mix about 20 mg with 1 g of extractable Al, determined by atomic emission spectrometry
potassium hydrogen sulphate R and heat until completely in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Method I).
melted. Allow to cool and add 20 ml of dilute sulphuric Test solution. Use solution S3.
acid R. Heat gently. Filter the resulting solution. To Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
the filtrate add 1 ml of phosphoric acid R and 1 ml of aluminium standard solution (200 ppm Al) R, diluted with
strong hydrogen peroxide solution R. If the substance is 0.1 M hydrochloric acid.
opacified with titanium dioxide, an orange-yellow colour
develops. Carry out the determination using the emission of aluminium
at 396.15 nm, the spectral background being taken as
TESTS 396.25 nm.
If necessary, cut the material to be examined into pieces of Verify the absence of aluminium in the hydrochloric acid
maximum dimension on a side of not greater than 1 cm. used.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 353
3.1.6. Polypropylene for containers and closures EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Extractable chromium. Not more than 0.05 ppm of Phenolic antioxidants. Examine by liquid chromatography
extractable Cr, determined by atomic emission spectrometry (2.2.29).
in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Method I).
The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
Test solution. Use solution S3.
— a stainless steel column 0.25 m long and 4.6 mm in
Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using internal diameter packed with octadecylsilyl silica gel for
chromium standard solution (100 ppm Cr) R, diluting with chromatography R (5 µm),
a mixture of 2 volumes of hydrochloric acid R and 8 volumes
of water R. — as mobile phase one of the three following mixtures :
Carry out the determination using the emission of chromium Mobile phase 1 at a flow rate of 2 ml/min : 30 volumes of
at 205.55 nm, the spectral background being taken as water R, 70 volumes of acetonitrile R,
205.50 nm. Mobile phase 2 at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min : 10 volumes
Verify the absence of chromium in the hydrochloric acid of water R, 30 volumes of tetrahydrofuran R, 60 volumes
used. of acetonitrile R,
Extractable titanium. Not more than 1.0 ppm of extractable Mobile phase 3 at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min : 5 volumes
Ti, determined by atomic emission spectrometry in an argon of water R, 45 volumes of 2-propanol R, 50 volumes of
plasma (2.2.22, Method I). methanol R,
Test solution. Use solution S3. — as detector a spectrophotometer set at 280 nm.
Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using The chromatographic system must ensure the following :
titanium standard solution (100 ppm Ti) R, diluted with — a resolution of not less than 8.0 between the peaks
0.1 M hydrochloric acid. corresponding respectively to plastic additive 07 and
Carry out the determination using the emission of titanium plastic additive 08, with mobile phase 1,
at 336.12 nm, the spectral background being taken as
— a resolution of not less than 2.0 between the peaks
336.16 nm.
corresponding respectively to plastic additive 09 and
Verify the absence of titanium in the hydrochloric acid used. plastic additive 10, with mobile phase 2,
Extractable vanadium. Not more than 0.1 ppm of extractable — a resolution of not less than 2.0 between the peaks
V, determined by atomic emission spectrometry in an argon corresponding respectively to plastic additive 11 and
plasma (2.2.22, Method I). plastic additive 12, with mobile phase 3.
Test solution. Use solution S3. Test solution S21. Evaporate 50 ml of solution S2 to
Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using dryness in vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the residue with
vanadium standard solution (1 g/l V) R, diluted with a 5.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R and
mixture of 2 volumes of hydrochloric acid R and 8 volumes tetrahydrofuran R. Prepare a blank solution from the blank
of water R. solution corresponding to solution S2.
Carry out the determination using the emission of vanadium Test solution S22. Evaporate 50 ml of solution S2 to dryness
at 292.40 nm, the spectral background being taken as in vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the residue with 5.0 ml of
292.35 nm. methylene chloride R. Prepare a blank solution from the
blank solution corresponding to solution S2.
Verify the absence of vanadium in the hydrochloric acid used.
Of the following reference solutions, only prepare those that
Extractable zinc. Not more than 1.0 ppm of extractable are necessary for the analysis of the phenolic antioxidants
Zn, determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23, stated in the composition of the substance to be examined.
Method I).
Reference solution (a). Dissolve 25.0 mg of
Test solution. Use solution S3. butylhydroxytoluene CRS (plastic additive 07) and
Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using 60.0 mg of plastic additive 08 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture
zinc standard solution (10 ppm Zn) R, diluted with 0.1 M of equal volumes of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R.
hydrochloric acid. Dilute 2.0 ml of the solution to 50.0 ml with a mixture of
equal volumes of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R.
Measure the absorbance at 213.9 nm using a zinc
hollow-cathode lamp as a source of radiation and an Reference solution (b). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
air-acetylene flame. additive 09 CRS and 60.0 mg of plastic additive 10 CRS
in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R
Verify the absence of zinc in the hydrochloric acid used.
and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml of the solution to
Extractable heavy metals (2.4.8). Concentrate 50 ml of 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R
solution S3 to about 5 ml on a water-bath and dilute to and tetrahydrofuran R.
20.0 ml with water R. 12 ml of the solution complies with
limit test A for heavy metals (2.5 ppm). Prepare the standard Reference solution (c). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic
using 2.5 ml of lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R. additive 11 CRS and 60.0 mg of plastic additive 12 CRS in
10 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute 2.0 ml of the solution
Sulphated ash (2.4.14). Not more than 1.0 per cent, to 50.0 ml with methylene chloride R.
determined on 5.0 g. This limit does not apply to material
that has been opacified with titanium dioxide. Reference solution (d). Dissolve 25.0 mg of
butylhydroxytoluene CRS (plastic additive 07) in
10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R
SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS
and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml of the solution to
These tests are to be carried out, in whole or in part, only if 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R
required by the stated composition of the material. and tetrahydrofuran R.

354 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.6. Polypropylene for containers and closures

Reference solution (e). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic Reference solution (k). Dissolve 60 mg of plastic
additive 08 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes additive 14 CRS in methylene chloride R and dilute to 10 ml
of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml of with the same solvent. Dilute 2 ml of the solution to 10 ml
the solution to 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of with acidified methylene chloride R.
acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R.
Reference solution (l). Dissolve 60 mg of plastic
Reference solution (f). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic additive 15 CRS in methylene chloride R and dilute to 10 ml
additive 13 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes with the same solvent. Dilute 2 ml of the solution to 10 ml
of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml of with acidified methylene chloride R.
the solution to 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of
acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. Reference solution (m). Dissolve 60 mg of plastic
Reference solution (g). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic additive 16 CRS in methylene chloride R and dilute to 10 ml
additive 09 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes with the same solvent. Dilute 2 ml of the solution to 10 ml
of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml of with acidified methylene chloride R.
the solution to 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of Reference solution (n). Dissolve 60 mg of plastic
acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. additive 17 CRS in methylene chloride R and dilute to 10 ml
Reference solution (h). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic with the same solvent. Dilute 2 ml of the solution to 10 ml
additive 10 CRS in 10.0 ml of a mixture of equal volumes with acidified methylene chloride R.
of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2.0 ml of Reference solution (o). Dissolve 60 mg of plastic
the solution to 50.0 ml with a mixture of equal volumes of additive 16 CRS and 60 mg of plastic additive 17 CRS in
acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. methylene chloride R and dilute to 10 ml with the same
Reference solution (i). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic solvent. Dilute 2 ml of the solution to 10 ml with acidified
additive 11 CRS in 10.0 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute methylene chloride R.
2.0 ml of the solution to 50.0 ml with methylene chloride R.
Apply separately to the plate 20 µl of test solution S23,
Reference solution (j). Dissolve 60.0 mg of plastic 20 µl of reference solution (o) and 20 µl of the reference
additive 12 CRS in 10.0 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute solutions corresponding to all the phenolic and non-phenolic
2.0 ml of the solution to 50.0 ml with methylene chloride R. antioxidants mentioned in the type composition of the
If the substance to be examined contains plastic additive 07 material to be examined. Develop over a path of 18 cm using
and/or plastic additive 08, use mobile phase 1 and inject hexane R. Allow the plate to dry. Develop a second time
20 µl of test solution S21, 20 µl of the corresponding blank over a path of 17 cm using methylene chloride R. Allow
solution and 20 µl of reference solution (a), and either the plate to dry and examine in ultraviolet light at 254 nm.
20 µl of reference solution (d) or (e), or 20 µl of reference Spray with alcoholic iodine solution R and examine in
solutions (d) and (e). ultraviolet light at 254 nm after 10 min to 15 min. Any spots
If the substance to be examined contains one or more of the in the chromatogram obtained with test solution S23 are
following antioxidants : not more intense than the spots in the same locations in
the chromatograms obtained with the reference solutions.
— plastic additive 09,
The test is not valid unless the chromatogram obtained with
— plastic additive 10, reference solution (o) shows two clearly separated spots.
— plastic additive 11, Amides and stearates. Examine by thin-layer
— plastic additive 12, chromatography (2.2.27), using 2 plates of the TLC silica
— plastic additive 13, gel GF254 plate R type.
use mobile phase 2 and inject 20 µl of test solution Test solution. Use solution S23 described in the test for
S21, 20 µl of the corresponding blank solution, 20 µl of non-phenolic antioxidants.
reference solution (b) and 20 µl of the reference solutions
of the antioxidants on the list above that are stated in the Reference solution (p). Dissolve 20 mg of stearic acid CRS
composition. (plastic additive 19) in methylene chloride R and dilute to
10 ml with the same solvent.
If the substance to be examined contains plastic additive 11
and/or plastic additive 12, use mobile phase 3 and inject Reference solution (q). Dissolve 40 mg of plastic
20 µl of test solution S22, 20 µl of the corresponding blank additive 20 CRS in methylene chloride R and dilute to 20 ml
solution, 20 µl of reference solution (c), and either 20 µl of with the same solvent.
reference solution (i) or (j), or 20 µl of reference solutions Reference solution (r). Dissolve 40 mg of plastic
(i) and (j). additive 21 CRS in methylene chloride R and dilute to 20 ml
In all cases record the chromatogram for 30 min ; the with the same solvent.
chromatograms corresponding to test solutions S21 and
S22 only show peaks due to antioxidants stated in the Apply to each of the two plates 10 µl of solution S23. Apply
composition and minor peaks that also appear in the 10 µl of reference solution (p) to the first and 10 µl each of
chromatograms corresponding to the blank solutions. The reference solutions (q) and (r) to the second. Develop the
areas of the peaks of test solutions S21 and S22 are less than first plate over a path of 10 cm using a mixture of 25 volumes
the areas of the corresponding peaks in the chromatograms of ethanol R and 75 volumes of trimethylpentane R. Allow
obtained with reference solutions (d) to (j). the plate to dry in air. Spray with a 2 g/l solution of
dichlorophenolindophenol sodium salt R in ethanol R and
Non-phenolic antioxidants. Examine by thin-layer heat in an oven at 120 °C for a few minutes to intensify the
chromatography (2.2.27), using a TLC silica gel GF254 spots. Any spot corresponding to plastic additive 19 in the
plate R. chromatogram obtained with test solution S23 is identical in
Test solution S23. Evaporate 100 ml of solution S2 to position (RF about 0.5) but not more intense than the spot
dryness in vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the residue with 2 ml of in the same position in the chromatogram obtained with
acidified methylene chloride R. reference solution (p).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 355
3.1.7. Poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) for containers and tubing EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Develop the second plate over a path of 13 cm using CHARACTERS

hexane R. Allow the plate to dry in air. Develop a second Beads, granules or, after transformation, translucent sheets
time over a path of 10 cm using a mixture of 5 volumes of or tubing of varying thickness or samples of finished objects,
methanol R and 95 volumes of methylene chloride R. Allow practically insoluble in water, soluble in hot aromatic
the plate to dry. hydrocarbons, practically insoluble in ethanol, in methanol
Spray with a 40 g/l solution of phosphomolybdic acid R and in hexane, which dissolves, however, low molecular mass
in ethanol R. Heat in an oven at 120 °C until spots appear. polymers. It burns with a blue flame. The temperature at
Any spots corresponding to plastic additive 20 or plastic which the substance softens changes with the vinyl acetate
additive 21 in the chromatogram obtained with test solution content ; it decreases from about 100 °C for contents of a
S23 are identical in position (RF about 0.2) but not more few per cent to about 70 °C for contents of 30 per cent.
intense than the corresponding spots in the chromatograms
obtained with reference solutions (q) and (r). IDENTIFICATION
If necessary, cut the material to be examined into pieces of
maximum dimension on a side of not greater than 1 cm.
01/2008:30107
To 0.25 g add 10 ml of toluene R and boil under a reflux
condenser for about 15 min. Place a few drops of the solution
3.1.7. POLY(ETHYLENE - VINYL obtained on a disc of sodium chloride and evaporate the
ACETATE) FOR CONTAINERS AND solvent in an oven at 80 °C. Examine by infrared absorption
spectrophotometry (2.2.24). The spectrum obtained shows
TUBING FOR TOTAL PARENTERAL absorption maxima corresponding to vinyl acetate at the
NUTRITION PREPARATIONS following positions : 1740 cm− 1, 1375 cm− 1, 1240 cm− 1,
1020 cm− 1, 610 cm− 1, and maxima corresponding to ethylene
DEFINITION at the following positions : 2920 cm− 1 to 2850 cm− 1,
Poly(ethylene - vinyl acetate), complying with the following 1470 cm− 1, 1460 cm− 1, 1375 cm− 1, 730 cm− 1, 720 cm− 1. The
requirements, is suitable for the manufacture of containers spectrum obtained is, in addition, identical to the spectrum
and tubing for total parenteral nutrition preparations. obtained with the type sample provided by the manufacturer.
Poly(ethylene - vinyl acetate) is obtained by copolymerisation If the material to be examined is in the form of sheets, the
of mixtures of ethylene and vinyl acetate. This copolymer spectrum may be determined directly on a cut piece of
contains a defined quantity of not more than 25 per cent of suitable size.
vinyl acetate for material to be used for containers and not
more than 30 per cent for material to be used for tubing. TESTS
If necessary, cut the material to be examined into pieces of
PRODUCTION maximum dimension on a side of not greater than 1 cm.
A certain number of additives are added to the polymer in
order to optimise their chemical, physical and mechanical Solution S1. Place 2.0 g in a borosilicate-glass flask with a
properties in order to adapt them for the intended use. All ground-glass neck. Add 80 ml of toluene R and heat under a
these additives are chosen from the appended list which reflux condenser with constant agitation for 90 min. Allow
specifies for each product the maximum allowable content. to cool to 60 °C and add 120 ml of methanol R to the
flask with constant stirring. Filter the solution through a
Poly(ethylene - vinyl acetate) may contain not more than sintered-glass filter (16) (2.1.2). Rinse the flask and the filter
three of the following antioxidants : with 25 ml of a mixture of 40 ml of toluene R and 60 ml of
— butylhydroxytoluene (plastic additive 07) (not more than methanol R, add the rinsing mixture to the filtrate and dilute
0.125 per cent), to 250 ml with the same mixture of solvents.
— pentaerythrityl tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- Solution S2. Use within 4 h of preparation. Place 25 g in a
hydroxyphenyl)propionate] (plastic additive 09) (not more borosilicate-glass flask with a ground-glass neck. Add 500 ml
than 0.2 per cent), of water for injections R and boil under a reflux condenser
— octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate for 5 h. Allow to cool and decant. Reserve a portion of the
(plastic additive 11) (not more than 0.2 per cent), solution for the test for appearance of solution S2 and filter
— tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (plastic additive 12) the rest through a sintered-glass filter (16) (2.1.2).
(not more than 0.2 per cent), Appearance of solution S2. Solution S2 is clear (2.2.1) and
— 2,2′,2″,6,6′,6″-hexa-tert-butyl-4,4′,4″-[(2,4,6-trimethyl- colourless (2.2.2, Method II).
1,3,5-benzenetriyl)trismethylene]triphenol (plastic Acidity or alkalinity. To 100 ml of solution S2 add 0.15 ml
additive 10) (not more than 0.2 per cent). of BRP indicator solution R. Not more than 1.0 ml of 0.01 M
It may also contain : sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour of the
— oleamide (plastic additive 20) (not more than 0.5 per cent), indicator to blue. To 100 ml of solution S2 add 0.2 ml of
methyl orange solution R. Not more than 1.5 ml of 0.01 M
— erucamide (plastic additive 21) (not more than 0.5 per hydrochloric acid is required to reach the beginning of the
cent), colour change of the indicator from yellow to orange.
— calcium stearate or zinc stearate or a mixture of both (not Absorbance (2.2.25). At wavelengths from 220 nm to
more than 0.5 per cent), 340 nm, the absorbance of solution S2 is not greater than
— calcium carbonate or potassium hydroxide (not more 0.2.
than 0.5 per cent of each),
Reducing substances. To 20 ml of solution S2 add 1 ml of
— colloidal silica (not more than 0.2 per cent). dilute sulphuric acid R and 20 ml of 0.002 M potassium
The supplier of the material must be able to demonstrate permanganate. Boil under a reflux condenser for 3 min
that the qualitative and quantitative composition of the type and cool immediately. Add 1 g of potassium iodide R and
sample is satisfactory for each production batch. titrate immediately with 0.01 M sodium thiosulphate, using

356 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.7. Poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) for containers and tubing

0.25 ml of starch solution R as indicator. Carry out a blank Mobile phase 2 : 5 volumes of water R, 45 volumes of
titration. The difference between the titration volumes is 2-propanol R, 50 volumes of methanol R,
not more than 0.5 ml. — as detector a spectrophotometer set at 280 nm.
Amides and stearic acid. Examine by thin-layer Using mobile phase 1, inject 20 µl of test solution (a)
chromatography (2.2.27), using 2 plates of the TLC silica and 20 µl of reference solution (a). The chromatogram
gel GF254 plate R type. obtained with test solution (a) shows only principal peaks
Test solution. Evaporate 100 ml of solution S1 to dryness corresponding to the peaks in the chromatogram obtained
in vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the residue in 2 ml of acidified with reference solution (a) with a retention time greater than
methylene chloride R. 2 min.
Reference solution (a). Dissolve 20 mg of stearic acid CRS The areas of the peaks in the chromatogram obtained
(plastic additive 19) in 10 ml of methylene chloride R. with test solution (a) are not greater than those of the
Reference solution (b). Dissolve 40 mg of plastic corresponding peaks in the chromatogram obtained with
additive 20 CRS in 10 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute reference solution (a), except for the last peak eluted in the
1 ml of the solution to 5 ml with methylene chloride R. chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a).
Reference solution (c). Dissolve 40 mg of plastic The test is not valid unless, with mobile phase 1, the number
additive 21 CRS in 10 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute of theoretical plates calculated for the peak corresponding
1 ml of the solution to 5 ml with methylene chloride R. to plastic additive 07 is at least 2500 and the resolution
between the peaks corresponding to plastic additive 09 and
Apply separately 10 µl of each solution to the two plates. plastic additive 10 is not less than 2.0.
Develop the first plate over a path of 10 cm using a If the chromatogram obtained with test solution (a) shows
mixture of 25 volumes of ethanol R and 75 volumes of a peak with the same retention time as the last antioxidant
trimethylpentane R. Allow the plate to dry. Spray with eluted from reference solution (a), use mobile phase 2 as
a 2 g/l solution of dichlorophenolindophenol sodium follows.
salt R in ethanol R and heat in an oven at 120 °C for a few
Inject 20 µl of test solution (b) and 20 µl of reference
minutes to intensify the spots. Any spot corresponding
solution (b). The chromatogram obtained with test
to plastic additive 19 in the chromatogram obtained with
solution (b) shows only principal peaks corresponding to
the test solution is not more intense than the spot in the
the peaks in the chromatogram obtained with reference
chromatogram obtained with reference solution (a).
solution (b) with a retention time greater than 3 min.
Develop the second plate over a path of 13 cm using
The areas of the peaks in the chromatogram obtained
hexane R. Allow the plate to dry. Develop a second time over
with test solution (b) are not greater than those of the
a path of 10 cm using a mixture of 5 volumes of methanol R
corresponding peaks in the chromatogram obtained with
and 95 volumes of methylene chloride R. Allow the plate
reference solution (b).
to dry. Spray with a 40 g/l solution of phosphomolybdic
acid R in ethanol R. Heat in an oven at 120 °C until spots The test is not valid unless the resolution between the peaks
appear. Any spots corresponding to plastic additive 21 or corresponding to plastic additive 11 and plastic additive 12
plastic additive 20 in the chromatogram obtained with the is at least 2.0.
test solution are not more intense than the spots in the Substances soluble in hexane. Place 5 g in a
chromatograms obtained with reference solutions (b) and (c) borosilicate-glass flask with a ground-glass neck. Add 50 ml
respectively. of hexane R, fit a condenser and boil under reflux on a
Phenolic antioxidants. Examine by liquid chromatography water-bath with constant stirring for 4 h. Cool in iced-water ;
(2.2.29). a gel may form. Adapt a cooling jacket filled with iced water
to a sintered-glass filter (16) (2.1.2) fitted with a device
Test solution (a). Evaporate 50 ml of solution S1 to dryness allowing pressure to be applied during filtration. Allow the
in vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the residue in 5.0 ml of a mixture filter to cool for 15 min. Filter the hexane solution applying
of equal volumes of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. a gauge pressure of 27 kPa and without washing the residue ;
Test solution (b). Evaporate 50 ml of solution S1 to the filtration time must not exceed 5 min. Evaporate 20 ml
dryness in vacuo at 45 °C. Dissolve the residue in 5.0 ml of of the solution to dryness on a water-bath. Dry at 100 °C for
methylene chloride R. 1 h. The mass of the residue is not greater than 40 mg (2 per
Reference solution (a). Dissolve 25 mg of cent) for copolymer to be used for containers and not greater
butylhydroxytoluene CRS (plastic additive 07), than 0.1 g (5 per cent) for copolymer to be used for tubing.
40 mg of plastic additive 10 CRS, 40 mg of plastic Sulphated ash (2.4.14). Not more than 1.2 per cent,
additive 09 CRS and 40 mg of plastic additive 11 CRS in determined on 5.0 g.
10 ml of a mixture of equal volumes of acetonitrile R and
tetrahydrofuran R. Dilute 2 ml to 50.0 ml with a mixture of ASSAY
equal volumes of acetonitrile R and tetrahydrofuran R. Introduce 0.250 g to 1.000 g of the substance to be
Reference solution (b). Dissolve 40 mg of plastic examined, according to the vinyl acetate content of the
additive 11 CRS and 40 mg of plastic additive 12 CRS in copolymer to be examined, into a 300 ml conical flask with a
10 ml of methylene chloride R. Dilute 2 ml to 50.0 ml with ground-glass neck containing a magnetic stirrer. Add 40 ml
methylene chloride R. of xylene R. Boil under a reflux condenser with stirring for
The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using : 4 h. Stirring continuously, allow to cool until precipitation
begins before slowly adding 25.0 ml of alcoholic potassium
— a stainless steel column 0.25 m long and 4.6 mm in
hydroxide solution R1. Boil again under a reflux condenser
internal diameter packed with octadecylsilyl silica gel for
with stirring for 3 h. Allow to cool with continued stirring,
chromatography R (5 µm),
rinse the condenser with 50 ml of water R and add 30.0 ml
— as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min one of the of 0.05 M sulphuric acid to the flask. Transfer the contents
two following mixtures : of the flask into a 400 ml beaker ; rinse the flask with two
Mobile phase 1 : 10 volumes of water R, 30 volumes of quantities, each of 50 ml, of a 200 g/l solution of anhydrous
tetrahydrofuran R, 60 volumes of acetonitrile R, sodium sulphate R and three quantities, each of 20 ml, of

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 357
3.1.8. Silicone oil used as a lubricant EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

water R and add all the rinsings to the beaker containing Mineral oils. Place 2 ml in a test-tube and examine in
the initial solution. Titrate the excess sulphuric acid ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescence is not more
with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide, determining the end-point intense than that of a solution containing 0.1 ppm of quinine
potentiometrically (2.2.20). Carry out a blank titration. sulphate R in 0.005 M sulphuric acid examined in the same
1 ml of 0.05 M sulphuric acid is equivalent to 8.609 mg of conditions.
vinyl acetate. Phenylated compounds. The refractive index (2.2.6) is not
greater than 1.410.
Heavy metals. Mix 1.0 g with methylene chloride R and
dilute to 20 ml with the same solvent. Add 1.0 ml of a freshly
01/2008:30108 prepared 0.02 g/l solution of dithizone R in methylene
chloride R, 0.5 ml of water R and 0.5 ml of a mixture of
3.1.8. SILICONE OIL USED AS A 1 volume of dilute ammonia R2 and 9 volumes of a 2 g/l
solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride R. At the same
LUBRICANT time, prepare a standard as follows : to 20 ml of methylene
chloride R add 1.0 ml of a freshly prepared 0.02 g/l solution
of dithizone R in methylene chloride R, 0.5 ml of lead
standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R and 0.5 ml of a mixture of
1 volume of dilute ammonia R2 and 9 volumes of a 2 g/l
solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride R. Immediately
shake each solution vigorously for 1 min. Any red colour
DEFINITION in the test solution is not more intense than that in the
standard (5 ppm).
Silicone oil used as a lubricant is a poly(dimethylsiloxane)
obtained by hydrolysis and polycondensation of Volatile matter. Not more than 2.0 per cent, determined on
dichlorodimethylsilane and chlorotrimethylsilane. Different 2.00 g by heating in an oven at 150 °C for 24 h. Carry out
grades exist which are characterised by a number indicating the test using a dish 60 mm in diameter and 10 mm deep.
the nominal viscosity placed after the name.
LABELLING
Silicone oil used as lubricants have a degree of polymerisation
The label indicates the nominal viscosity by a number placed
(n = 400 to 1200) such that their kinematic viscosities are
2 −1 2 −1 after the name of the product. The label also states that the
nominally between 1000 mm ·s and 30 000 mm ·s .
contents are to be used as a lubricant.
CHARACTERS
Clear, colourless liquids of various viscosities, practically
insoluble in water and in methanol, miscible with ethyl 01/2008:30109
acetate, with methyl ethyl ketone and with toluene, very
slightly soluble in ethanol.
3.1.9. SILICONE ELASTOMER FOR
IDENTIFICATION CLOSURES AND TUBING
A. It is identified by its kinematic viscosity at 25 °C (see
DEFINITION
Tests).
Silicone elastomer complying with the following
B. Examine by infrared absorption spectrophotometry
requirements is suitable for the manufacture of closures and
(2.2.24), comparing with the spectrum obtained with
tubing.
silicone oil CRS. The region of the spectrum from
850 cm− 1 to 750 cm− 1 is not taken into account since it Silicone elastomer is obtained by cross-linking a linear
may show slight differences depending on the degree of polysiloxane constructed mainly of dimethylsiloxy units with
polymerisation. small quantities of methylvinylsiloxy groups ; the chain ends
are blocked by trimethylsiloxy or dimethylvinylsiloxy groups.
C. Heat 0.5 g in a test-tube over a small flame until white
fumes begin to appear. Invert the tube over a second The general formula of the polysiloxane is :
tube containing 1 ml of a 1 g/l solution of chromotropic
acid, sodium salt R in sulphuric acid R so that the fumes
reach the solution. Shake the second tube for about 10 s
and heat on a water-bath for 5 min. The solution is violet.
D. In a platinum crucible, prepare the sulphated ash (2.4.14)
using 50 mg. The residue is a white powder that gives the
reaction of silicates (2.3.1).
TESTS
Acidity. To 2.0 g add 25 ml of a mixture of equal volumes of The cross-linking is carried out in the hot state either with :
ethanol R and ether R, previously neutralised to 0.2 ml of
bromothymol blue solution R1 and shake. Not more than — 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide for extruded products,
0.15 ml of 0.01 M sodium hydroxide is required to change — 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide or dicumyl peroxide or
the colour of the solution to blue. OO-(1,1-dimethylethyl) O-isopropyl monoperoxycarbonate
or 2,5-bis[(1,1-dimethylethyl)dioxy]-2,5-dimethylhexane
Viscosity (2.2.10). Determine the dynamic viscosity at 25 °C. for moulded products,
Calculate the kinematic viscosity taking the relative density
to be 0.97. The kinematic viscosity is not less than 95 per or
cent and not more than 105 per cent of the nominal viscosity — by hydrosilylation by means of polysiloxane with -SiH
stated on the label. groups using platinum as a catalyst.

358 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.9. Silicone elastomer for closures and tubing

In all cases, appropriate additives are used such as silica the filtrate and close the container immediately to avoid
and sometimes small quantities of organosilicon additives evaporation. At wavelengths from 250 nm to 340 nm, the
(α,ω-dihydroxypolydimethylsiloxane). absorbance (2.2.25) is not greater than 0.4.
Mineral oils. Place 2 g in a 100 ml conical flask containing
30 ml of a mixture of 5 volumes of ammonia R and
CHARACTERS 95 volumes of pyridine R. Allow to stand for 2 h, shaking
frequently. Decant the pyridine solution and examine
A transparent or translucent material, practically insoluble in ultraviolet light at 365 nm. The fluorescence is not
in organic solvents, some of which, for example cyclohexane, greater than that of a solution containing 1 ppm of quinine
hexane and methylene chloride, cause a reversible swelling sulphate R in 0.005 M sulphuric acid examined in the same
of the material. conditions.
Volatile matter. Weigh 10.0 g of the substance previously
IDENTIFICATION stored for 48 h in a desiccator over anhydrous calcium
chloride R. Heat in an oven at 200 °C for 4 h, allow to cool
A. Examine by infrared absorption spectrophotometry in a desiccator and weigh again. For silicone elastomer
recording the spectrum by the multiple reflection method prepared using peroxides, the volatile matter is not greater
for solids (2.2.24), comparing with the spectrum obtained than 0.5 per cent. For silicone elastomer prepared using
with silicone elastomer CRS. platinum, the volatile matter is not greater than 2.0 per cent.

B. Heat 1.0 g in a test-tube over a small flame until white Silicone elastomer prepared using peroxides complies with
fumes begin to appear. Invert the tube over a second the following additional test:
tube containing 1 ml of a 1 g/l solution of chromotropic
acid, sodium salt R in sulphuric acid R so that the fumes Residual peroxides. Place 5 g in a borosilicate-glass flask,
reach the solution. Shake the second tube for about 10 s add 150 ml of methylene chloride R and close the flask. Stir
and heat on a water-bath for 5 min. The solution is violet. with a mechanical stirrer for 16 h. Filter rapidly, collecting
the filtrate in a flask with a ground-glass neck. Replace the
C. 50 mg of the residue of combustion gives the reaction of air in the container with oxygen-free nitrogen R, introduce
silicates (2.3.1). 1 ml of a 200 g/l solution of sodium iodide R in anhydrous
acetic acid R, close the flask, shake thoroughly and allow to
stand protected from light for 30 min. Add 50 ml of water R
TESTS and titrate immediately with 0.01 M sodium thiosulphate,
using 0.25 ml of starch solution R as indicator. Carry out
If necessary, cut the material into pieces of maximum a blank titration. The difference between the titration
dimension on a side of not greater than 1 cm. volumes is not greater than 2.0 ml (0.08 per cent calculated
as dichlorobenzoyl peroxide).
Solution S. Place 25 g in a borosilicate-glass flask with a
ground-glass neck. Add 500 ml of water R and boil under
a reflux condenser for 5 h. Allow to cool and decant the Silicone elastomer prepared using platinum complies with
solution. the following additional test:

Appearance of solution. Solution S is clear (2.2.1). Platinum. In a quartz crucible, ignite 1.0 g of the material
to be examined, raising the temperature gradually until
Acidity or alkalinity. To 100 ml of solution S add 0.15 ml a white residue is obtained. Transfer the residue to a
of bromothymol blue solution R1. Not more than 2.5 ml of graphite crucible. To the quartz crucible add 10 ml of a
0.01 M sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour of freshly prepared mixture of 1 volume of nitric acid R and
the indicator to blue. To a further 100 ml of solution S, add 3 volumes of hydrochloric acid R, heat on a water-bath for
0.2 ml of methyl orange solution R. Not more than 1.0 ml of 1 min to 2 min and transfer to the graphite crucible. Add
0.01 M hydrochloric acid is required to reach the beginning 5 mg of potassium chloride R and 5 ml of hydrofluoric
of the colour change of the indicator from yellow to orange. acid R and evaporate to dryness on a water-bath. Add 5 ml
Relative density (2.2.5). 1.05 to 1.25, determined using a of hydrofluoric acid R and evaporate to dryness again ;
density bottle with ethanol R as the immersion liquid. repeat this operation twice. Dissolve the residue in 5 ml of
1 M hydrochloric acid, warming on a water-bath. Allow to
Reducing substances. To 20 ml of solution S add 1 ml of cool and add the solution to 1 ml of a 250 g/l solution of
dilute sulphuric acid R and 20 ml of 0.002 M potassium stannous chloride R in 1 M hydrochloric acid, rinse the
permanganate. Allow to stand for 15 min. Add 1 g of graphite crucible with a few millilitres of 1 M hydrochloric
potassium iodide R and titrate immediately with 0.01 M acid and dilute to 10.0 ml with the same acid. Prepare
sodium thiosulphate using 0.25 ml of starch solution R as simultaneously a standard as follows : to 1 ml of a 250 g/l
indicator. Carry out a blank titration using 20 ml of water R solution of stannous chloride R in 1 M hydrochloric acid
instead of solution S. The difference between the titration add 1.0 ml of platinum standard solution (30 ppm Pt) R and
volumes is not more than 1.0 ml. dilute to 10.0 ml with 1 M hydrochloric acid. The colour
Substances soluble in hexane. Evaporate 25 ml of the of the test solution is not more intense than that of the
solution obtained in the test for phenylated compounds in standard (30 ppm).
a glass evaporating dish on a water-bath and dry in an oven
at 100 °C to 105 °C for 1 h. The residue weighs not more
than 15 mg (3 per cent).
Phenylated compounds. Place 2.0 g in a borosilicate-glass LABELLING
flask with a ground-glass neck and add 100 ml of hexane R.
Boil under a reflux condenser for 4 h. Cool, then filter The label states whether the material was prepared using
rapidly through a sintered-glass filter (16) (2.1.2). Collect peroxides or platinum.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 359
3.1.10. Non-plasticised PVC materials for non-injectable solutions EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:30110 Reference solutions. Place 10.0 ml of the internal standard

corrected 6.0 solution in each of six 50 ml vials. Close the vials and secure
the stoppers. Inject 1 µl, 2 µl, 3 µl, 5 µl and 10 µl, respectively,
of the vinyl chloride standard solution into five of the vials.
3.1.10. MATERIALS BASED ON The six solutions thus obtained contain respectively, 0 µg,
NON-PLASTICISED POLY(VINYL about 0.3 µg, 0.6 µg, 0.9 µg, 1.5 µg and 3 µg of vinyl chloride.
CHLORIDE) FOR CONTAINERS Shake, avoiding contact between the stopper and the liquid.
Place the vials in a water-bath at 60 ± 1 °C for 2 h.
FOR NON-INJECTABLE, AQUEOUS The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
SOLUTIONS — a stainless steel column 3 m long and 3 mm in internal
diameter packed with silanised diatomaceous earth for
DEFINITION gas chromatography R impregnated with 5 per cent m/m
Materials based on non-plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) that of dimethylstearylamide R and 5 per cent m/m of
comply with the following specifications are suitable for macrogol 400 R,
the manufacture of containers for non-injectable aqueous — nitrogen for chromatography R as the carrier gas at a
solutions. They may also be used for solid forms for oral flow rate of 30 ml/min,
administration and in some cases, subject to special studies — a flame-ionisation detector,
on the compatibility of the container with its contents, these
materials may be suitable for the preparation of containers maintaining the temperature of the column at 45 °C, that
for suppositories. They consist of one or more poly(vinyl of the injection port at 100 °C and that of the detector at
chloride/vinyl acetate) or of a mixture of poly(vinyl chloride) 150 °C.
and poly(vinyl acetate) or of poly(vinyl chloride). Inject 1 ml of the head-space of each vial. Calculate the
content of vinyl chloride.
They contain not more than 1 ppm of vinyl chloride.
In order to obtain the required mechanical and stability
The chlorine content expressed in poly(vinyl chloride) is not characteristics, materials based on non-plasticised poly(vinyl
less than 80 per cent. chloride) may contain :
They may contain not more than 15 per cent of copolymers — not more than 8 per cent of epoxidised soya oil of which
based on acrylic and/or methacrylic acids and/or their the oxiran oxygen content is 6 per cent to 8 per cent and
esters, and/or on styrene and/or butadiene. the iodine value is not greater than 6,
— not more than 1.5 per cent of calcium salt or zinc salts of
PRODUCTION
aliphatic fatty acids with more than seven carbon atoms
Materials based on non-plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) are or not more than 1.5 per cent of their mixture,
produced by polymerisation methods which guarantee a — not more than 1.5 per cent of liquid paraffin,
residual vinyl chloride content of less than 1 ppm. The
production method used is validated in order to demonstrate — not more than 1.5 per cent of waxes,
that the product complies with the following test : — not more than 2 per cent of hydrogenated oils or esters of
aliphatic fatty acids,
Vinyl chloride. Not more than 1 ppm, determined by
head-space gas chromatography (2.2.28), using ether R as — not more than 1.5 per cent of macrogol esters,
the internal standard. — not more than 1.5 per cent of sorbitol,
Internal standard solution. Using a microsyringe, inject — not more than 1 per cent of 2,4-dinonylphenyl phosphite,
10 µl of ether R into 20.0 ml of dimethylacetamide R, or di(4-nonylphenyl) phosphite or tris(nonylphenyl)
immersing the tip of the needle in the solvent. Immediately phosphite.
before use, dilute the solution to 1000 times its volume with They may contain one of the following groups of stabilisers :
dimethylacetamide R. — not more than 0.25 per cent of tin as di(isooctyl)
Test solution. Place 1.000 g of the material to be examined 2,2′-[(dioctylstannylene)bis(thio)]diacetate
in a 50 ml vial and add 10.0 ml of the internal standard containing about 27 per cent of tri(isooctyl)
solution. Close the vial and secure the stopper. Shake, 2,2′,2″-[(monooctylstannylidyne)tris(thio)]triacetate,
avoiding contact between the stopper and the liquid. Place — not more than 0.25 per cent of tin as a mixture
the vial in a water-bath at 60 ± 1 °C for 2 h. containing not more than 76 per cent of di(isooctyl)
Vinyl chloride primary solution. Prepare under a ventilated 2,2′-[(dimethylstannylene)bis(thio)]diacetate
hood. Place 50.0 ml of dimethylacetamide R in a 50 ml vial, and not more than 85 per cent of tri(isooctyl)
stopper the vial, secure the stopper and weigh to the nearest 2,2′,2″-[(monomethylstannylidyne)tris(thio)]triacetate ;
0.1 mg. Fill a 50 ml polyethylene or polypropylene syringe (isooctyl is e.g. 2-ethylhexyl),
with gaseous vinyl chloride R, allow the gas to remain in — not more than 1 per cent of 1-phenyleicosane-1,3-dione
contact with the syringe for about 3 min, empty the syringe (benzoylstearoylmethane) or 2-(4-dodecylphenyl)indole
and fill again with 50 ml of gaseous vinyl chloride R. Fit a or didodecyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-
hypodermic needle to the syringe and reduce the volume of dicarboxylate or 1 per cent of a mixture of two of these.
gas in the syringe from 50 ml to 25 ml. Inject these 25 ml They may contain a colorant or pigment.
of vinyl chloride slowly into the vial, shaking gently and They may be opacified by titanium dioxide.
avoiding contact between the liquid and the needle. Weigh The supplier of the material must be able to demonstrate
the vial again ; the increase in mass is about 60 mg (1 µl of that the qualitative and quantitative composition of the type
the solution thus obtained contains about 1.2 µg of vinyl sample is satisfactory for each production batch.
chloride). Allow to stand for 2 h. Keep the primary solution
in a refrigerator. CHARACTERS
Vinyl chloride standard solution. To 1 volume of Powder, beads, granules, sheets of varying thicknesses
the vinyl chloride primary solution add 3 volumes of or samples taken from finished objects, insoluble in
dimethylacetamide R. water, soluble in tetrahydrofuran, slightly soluble in

360 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.10. Non-plasticised PVC materials for non-injectable solutions

methylene chloride, insoluble in ethanol. They burn with Verify the absence of cadmium in the hydrochloric acid used.
an orange-yellow flame edged with green, giving off thick Examined at 228.8 nm, the absorbance of the test solution is
black smoke. not greater than that of the reference solution (0.6 ppm).
IDENTIFICATION Tin-stabilised materials. To 0.10 ml of solution S2 in a
Dissolve the residue (A) (see Tests : solution S2) in 5 ml test tube add 0.05 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid, 0.5 ml of
of tetrahydrofuran R. Apply a few drops of the solution potassium iodide solution R and 5 ml of alcohol R. Mix
to a sodium chloride plate and evaporate to dryness in an thoroughly and wait for 5 min. Add 9 ml of water R and
oven at 100 °C to 105 °C. Examine by infrared absorption 0.1 ml of a 5 g/l solution of sodium sulphite R and mix
spectrophotometry (2.2.24). The material to be examined thoroughly. Add 1.5 ml of dithizone solution R freshly
shows absorption maxima at 2975 cm− 1, 2910 cm− 1, diluted one-hundred-fold with methylene chloride R, shake
2865 cm− 1, 1430 cm− 1, 1330 cm− 1, 1255 cm− 1, 690 cm− 1, for 15 s and allow to stand for 2 min. At the same time
615 cm− 1. In addition, the spectrum obtained is identical to prepare a reference solution in the same manner using 0.1 ml
that of the material selected for the type sample. of tin standard solution.
Any violet colour in the lower layer obtained with solution S2
TESTS is not more intense than that obtained with the reference
If necessary, cut the material into pieces with a maximum solution (0.25 per cent of Sn). The greenish-blue colour of
dimension on a side of not greater than 1 cm. dithizone solution turns pink in the presence of tin.
Solution S1. Place 25 g in a borosilicate-glass flask. Add Tin stock solution. Dilute 81 mg of plastic additive 23 CRS in
500 ml of water R and cover the neck of the flask with a 100 ml volumetric flask to 100 ml with tetrahydrofuran R.
aluminium foil or a borosilicate-glass beaker. Heat in an Tin standard solution. Dilute 20 ml of tin stock solution in a
autoclave for 121 ± 2 °C for 20 min. Allow to cool and allow 100 ml volumetric flask to 100 ml with alcohol R.
the solids to settle.
Non-tin stabilised materials. To 5 ml of solution S2 in a
Solution S2. Dissolve 5.0 g in 80 ml of tetrahydrofuran R test tube add 0.05 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid and 0.5 ml
and dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent. Filter if necessary of potassium iodide solution R. Mix thoroughly and wait
(the solution may remain opalescent). Dilute 20 ml of the for 5 min. Add 9 ml of water R and 0.1 ml of a 5 g/l
solution and add dropwise with gentle shaking 70 ml of solution of sodium sulphite R and mix thoroughly. If the
alcohol R. Cool in ice for 1 h. Filter or centrifuge. Wash the solution obtained is not colourless, add the sodium sulphite
residue A with alcohol R and add the washings to the filtrate solution in 0.05 ml fractions. Add 1.5 ml of dithizone
or the centrifugation liquid. Dilute to 100 ml with alcohol R. solution R freshly diluted one hundred times with methylene
Solution S3. Place 5 g in a borosilicate-glass flask with a chloride R, shake for 15 s and allow to stand for 2 min. At
ground-glass neck. Add 100 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid the same time prepare a standard in the same manner using
and boil under a reflux condenser for 1 h. Allow to cool and 0.05 ml of tin standard solution.
allow the solids to settle. Any violet colour in the lower layer obtained with solution S2
Appearance of solution S1. Solution S1 is not more is not more intense than that obtained with the reference
opalescent than reference suspension II (2.2.1) and is solution (25 ppm of Sn).
colourless (2.2.2, Method II). Extractable heavy metals (2.4.8). 12 ml of solution S3
Absorbance of solution S1 (2.2.25). Evaporate to dryness complies with limit test A for heavy metals (20 ppm).
100 ml of solution S1. Dissolve the residue in 5 ml of Prepare the standard using 10 ml of lead standard solution
hexane R. Filter if necessary through a filter previously (1 ppm Pb) R.
rinsed with hexane R. At wavelengths from 250 nm to Extractable zinc. Examine by atomic absorption
310 nm, the absorbance of the filtrate is not greater spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I).
than 0.25. Test solution. Solution S3 diluted ten times with water R.
Absorbance of solution S2 (2.2.25). At wavelengths from Reference solution. A solution containing 0.50 ppm
250 nm to 330 nm, the absorbance of solution S2 is not of zinc prepared by dilution of zinc standard solution
greater than 0.2 for tin-stabilised materials or 0.4 for other (5 mg/ml Zn) R with 0.01 M hydrochloric acid.
materials.
Verify the absence of zinc in the hydrochloric acid used.
Extractable barium. Examine by atomic emission Examined at 214.0 nm, the absorbance of the test
spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Method I). solution is not greater than that of the reference solution
Test solution. Solution S3. (1.00 × 102 ppm).
Reference solution. A solution containing 0.1 ppm of Sulphated ash (2.4.14). Not more than 1.0 per cent,
barium prepared by dilution of barium standard solution determined on 1.0 g. When the materials are opacified using
(50 ppm Ba) R with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. titanium dioxide, the content of sulphated ash does not
Carry out the determination using the emission of barium exceed 4.0 per cent.
at 455.40 nm, the spectral background being taken at
455.30 nm. ASSAY
Verify the absence of barium in the hydrochloric acid used. Carry out the oxygen-flask method (2.5.10) using 50.0 mg
Examined at 455.40 nm, the emission of the test solution is of the substance to be examined. Absorb the combustion
not greater than that of the reference solution (2.0 ppm). products in 20 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide. To the solution
obtained add 2.5 ml of nitric acid R, 10.0 ml of 0.1 M silver
Extractable cadmium. Examine by atomic absorption nitrate, 5 ml of ferric ammonium sulphate solution R2 and
spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I). 1 ml of dibutyl phthalate R. Titrate with 0.05 M ammonium
Test solution. Solution S3. thiocyanate until a reddish-yellow colour is obtained. Carry
Reference solution. A solution containing 0.03 ppm of out a blank titration.
cadmium prepared by diluting cadmium standard solution 1 ml of 0.1 M silver nitrate is equivalent to 6.25 mg of
(0.1 per cent Cd) R with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. poly(vinyl chloride).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 361
3.1.11. Non-plasticised PVC materials for dry dosage forms (oral) EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:30111 the vials. The 6 solutions thus obtained contain respectively,

corrected 6.0 0 µg, about 0.3 µg, 0.6 µg, 0.9 µg, 1.5 µg and 3 µg of vinyl
chloride. Shake, avoiding contact between the stopper and
3.1.11. MATERIALS BASED ON the liquid. Place the vials in a water-bath at 60 ± 1 °C for 2 h.
The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
NON-PLASTICISED POLY(VINYL — a stainless steel column 3 m long and 3 mm in internal
CHLORIDE) FOR CONTAINERS FOR diameter packed with silanised diatomaceous earth for
DRY DOSAGE FORMS FOR ORAL gas chromatography R impregnated with 5 per cent m/m
of dimethylstearylamide R and 5 per cent m/m of
ADMINISTRATION macrogol 400 R,
DEFINITION — nitrogen for chromatography R as the carrier gas at a
Materials based on non-plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) for flow rate of 30 ml/min,
containers for dry dosage forms for oral administration are — a flame-ionisation detector,
suitable for the manufacture of sheets or containers. maintaining the temperature of the column at 45 °C, that
They consist of one or more poly(vinyl chloride/vinyl of the injection port at 100 °C and that of the detector at
acetate) or of a mixture of poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(vinyl 150 °C.
acetate) or of poly(vinyl chloride). Inject 1 ml of the head-space of each vial. Calculate the
They contain not more than 1 ppm of vinyl chloride. content of vinyl chloride.
The chlorine content expressed in poly(vinyl chloride) is not Additives
less than 80 per cent. In order to obtain the required mechanical and stability
They may contain not more than 15 per cent of copolymers characteristics, materials based on non-plasticised poly(vinyl
based on acrylic and/or methacrylic acids and/or their chloride) may contain :
esters, and/or on styrene and/or butadiene. — not more than 2 per cent of epoxidised soya oil of which
the oxiran oxygen content is 6 per cent to 8 per cent and
PRODUCTION the iodine value is not greater than 6 for tin-stabilised
Materials based on non-plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) are materials,
produced by polymerisation methods which guarantee a — not more than 3 per cent of epoxidised soya oil of which
residual vinyl chloride content of less than 1 ppm. The the oxiran oxygen content is 6 per cent to 8 per cent and
production method used is validated in order to demonstrate the iodine value is not greater than 6 for non-tin-stabilised
that the product complies with the following test for vinyl materials,
chloride. — not more than 1.5 per cent of calcium, magnesium or
Vinyl chloride. Not more than 1 ppm, determined by zinc salts of aliphatic fatty acids with more than 7 carbon
head-space gas chromatography (2.2.28), using ether R as atoms or not more than 1.5 per cent of their mixture,
the internal standard. — not more than 4 per cent of waxes,
Internal standard solution. Using a microsyringe, inject — not more than 1.5 per cent of liquid paraffin,
10 µl of ether R into 20.0 ml of dimethylacetamide R, — not more than 2 per cent of hydrogenated oils or esters of
immersing the tip of the needle in the solvent. Immediately aliphatic fatty acids,
before use, dilute the solution to 1000 times its volume with
dimethylacetamide R. — not more than 4 per cent for the percentage sum of the
3 lubricants above,
Test solution. Place 1.000 g of the material to be examined
in a 50 ml vial and add 10.0 ml of the internal standard — not more than 1.5 per cent of macrogol esters,
solution. Close the vial and secure the stopper. Shake, — not more than 1.5 per cent of sorbitol,
avoiding contact between the stopper and the liquid. Place — not more than 1 per cent of 2,4-dinonylphenyl phosphite,
the vial in a water-bath at 60 ± 1 °C for 2 h. or di(4-nonylphenyl) phosphite or tris(nonylphenyl)
Vinyl chloride primary solution. Prepare under a ventilated phosphite,
hood. Place 50.0 ml of dimethylacetamide R in a 50 ml vial, — not more than 1 per cent of calcium carbonate,
stopper the vial, secure the stopper and weigh to the nearest — not more than 1 per cent of silica.
0.1 mg. Fill a 50 ml polyethylene or polypropylene syringe They may contain one of the following groups of stabilisers :
with gaseous vinyl chloride R, allow the gas to remain in
— not more than 0.25 per cent of tin as di(isooctyl)
contact with the syringe for about 3 min, empty the syringe
2,2′-[(dioctylstannylene)bis(thio)]diacetate
and fill again with 50 ml of gaseous vinyl chloride R. Fit a
containing about 27 per cent of tri(isooctyl)
hypodermic needle to the syringe and reduce the volume of
2,2′2″-[(monooctylstannylidyne)tris(thio)]triacetate,
gas in the syringe from 50 ml to 25 ml. Inject these 25 ml
of vinyl chloride slowly into the vial, shaking gently and — not more than 0.25 per cent of tin as a mixture
avoiding contact between the liquid and the needle. Weigh containing not more than 76 per cent of di(isooctyl)
the vial again ; the increase in mass is about 60 mg (1 µl of 2,2′-[(dimethylstannylene)bis(thio)]diacetate
the solution thus obtained contains about 1.2 µg of vinyl and not more than 85 per cent of tri(isooctyl)
chloride). Allow to stand for 2 h. Keep the primary solution 2,2′,2″-[(monomethylstannylidyne)tris(thio)]triacetate ;
in a refrigerator. (isooctyl is e.g. 2-ethylhexyl),
Vinyl chloride standard solution. To 1 volume of — not more than 1 per cent of 1-phenyleicosane-1,3-dione
the vinyl chloride primary solution add 3 volumes of (benzoylstearoylmethane).
dimethylacetamide R. They may contain a colorant or pigment.
Reference solutions. Place 10.0 ml of the internal standard They may be opacified by titanium dioxide.
solution in each of six 50 ml vials. Close the vials and The supplier of the material must be able to demonstrate
secure the stoppers. Inject 1 µl, 2 µl, 3 µl, 5 µl and 10 µl, that the qualitative and quantitative composition of the type
respectively, of the vinyl chloride standard solution into 5 of sample is satisfactory for each production batch.

362 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.11. Non-plasticised PVC materials for dry dosage forms (oral)

CHARACTERS 0.1 ml of a 5 g/l solution of sodium sulphite R and mix

thoroughly. Add 1.5 ml of dithizone solution R freshly
Powder, beads, granules, sheets of varying thicknesses diluted one-hundred-fold with methylene chloride R, shake
or samples taken from finished objects, insoluble in for 15 s and allow to stand for 2 min. At the same time
water, soluble in tetrahydrofuran, slightly soluble in prepare a reference solution in the same manner using 0.1 ml
methylene chloride, insoluble in ethanol. They burn with of tin standard solution.
an orange-yellow flame edged with green, giving off thick
black smoke. Any violet colour in the lower layer obtained with solution S2
is not more intense than that obtained with the reference
solution (0.25 per cent Sn). The greenish-blue colour of
dithizone solution turns pink in the presence of tin.
IDENTIFICATION
Tin stock solution. Dilute 81 mg of plastic additive 23 CRS in
a 100 ml volumetric flask to 100 ml with tetrahydrofuran R.
Dissolve residue A (see Tests : solution S2) in 5 ml of
tetrahydrofuran R. Apply a few drops of the solution Tin standard solution. Dilute 20 ml of tin stock solution in a
to a sodium chloride plate and evaporate to dryness in 100 ml volumetric flask to 100 ml with alcohol R.
an oven at 100-105 °C. Examine by infrared absorption
spectrophotometry (2.2.24). The material to be examined Non tin-stabilised materials. To 5 ml of solution S2 in a test
shows absorption maxima at 2975 cm− 1, 2910 cm− 1, tube add 0.05 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid and 0.5 ml of
2865 cm− 1, 1430 cm− 1, 1330 cm− 1, 1255 cm− 1, 690 cm− 1, potassium iodide solution R. Mix thoroughly and wait for
615 cm− 1. In addition, the spectrum obtained is identical to 5 min. Add 9 ml of water R and 0.1 ml of a 5 g/l solution
that of the material selected for the type sample. of sodium sulphite R and mix thoroughly. If the solution
obtained is not colourless, add the sodium sulphite solution
in 0.05 ml fractions. Add 1.5 ml of dithizone solution R
freshly diluted 100 times with methylene chloride R, shake
TESTS for 15 s and allow to stand for 2 min. At the same time
prepare a standard in the same manner using 0.05 ml of tin
standard solution.
If necessary, cut the material into pieces with a maximum
dimension on a side of not greater than 1 cm. Any violet colour in the lower layer obtained with solution S2
Solution S1. Place 25 g in a borosilicate glass flask. Add is not more intense than that obtained with the reference
500 ml of water R and cover the neck of the flask with solution (25 ppm of Sn).
aluminium foil or a borosilicate glass beaker. Heat in an Extractable heavy metals (2.4.8). 12 ml of solution S3
autoclave for 121 ± 2 °C for 20 min. Allow to cool and allow complies with limit test A (20 ppm). Prepare the standard
the solids to settle. using 10 ml of lead standard solution (1 ppm Pb) R.
Solution S2. Dissolve 5.0 g in 80 ml of tetrahydrofuran R Extractable zinc. Examine by atomic absorption
and dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent. Filter if necessary spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I).
(the solution may remain opalescent). Dilute 20 ml of the
solution and add dropwise with gentle shaking 70 ml of Test solution. Solution S3 diluted 10 times with water R.
alcohol R. Cool in ice for 1 h. Filter or centrifuge (residue A).
Wash residue A with alcohol R and add the washings to the Reference solution. A solution containing 0.50 ppm
filtrate or the centrifugation liquid. Dilute to 100 ml with of zinc prepared by dilution of zinc standard solution
alcohol R. (5 mg/ml Zn) R with 0.01 M hydrochloric acid.
Solution S3. Place 5 g in a borosilicate-glass flask with a Verify the absence of zinc in the hydrochloric acid used.
ground-glass neck. Add 100 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid
and boil under a reflux condenser for 1 h. Allow to cool and Examined at 214.0 nm, the absorbance of the test
allow the solids to settle. solution is not greater than that of the reference solution
Appearance of solution S1. Solution S1 is not more (1.00 × 102 ppm).
opalescent than reference suspension II (2.2.1) and is Sulphated ash (2.4.14). Not more than 1.0 per cent,
colourless (2.2.2, Method II). determined on 1.0 g. When the materials are opacified using
Absorbance of solution S1 (2.2.25). Evaporate to dryness titanium dioxide, the content of sulphated ash does not
100 ml of solution S1. Dissolve the residue in 5 ml of exceed 4.0 per cent.
hexane R. Filter if necessary through a filter previously
rinsed with hexane R. At wavelengths from 250 nm to
310 nm, the absorbance of the filtrate is not greater than 0.3. ASSAY
Absorbance of solution S2 (2.2.25). For material that does
not contain 1-phenyleicosane-1,3-dione, at wavelengths Carry out the oxygen-flask method (2.5.10) using 50.0 mg
from 250 nm to 330 nm, the absorbance of solution S2 of the substance to be examined. Absorb the combustion
is not greater than 0.5. For material that contains products in 20 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide. To the solution
1-phenyleicosane-1,3-dione, at wavelengths from 250 nm to obtained add 2.5 ml of nitric acid R, 10.0 ml of 0.1 M silver
330 nm, the absorbance of a tenfold dilution of solution S2 nitrate, 5 ml of ferric ammonium sulphate solution R2 and
in alcohol R is not greater than 0.4. 1 ml of dibutyl phthalate R. Titrate with 0.05 M ammonium
thiocyanate until a reddish-yellow colour is obtained. Carry
Tin-stabilised materials. To 0.10 ml of solution S2 in a out a blank titration.
test tube add 0.05 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid, 0.5 ml of
potassium iodide solution R and 5 ml of alcohol R. Mix 1 ml of 0.1 M silver nitrate is equivalent to 6.25 mg of
thoroughly and wait for 5 min. Add 9 ml of water R and poly(vinyl chloride).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 363
3.1.13. Plastic additives EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:30113 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol
synonyms : — butylhydroxytoluene,
3.1.13. PLASTIC ADDITIVES — 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methylphenol,
NOTE : the nomenclature given first is according to the — 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol.
IUPAC rules. The synonym given in bold corresponds to
the name given in the texts of Chapter 3. The synonym
corresponding to the rules of the texts of “Chemical add08. C50H66O8. [32509-66-3]. PM RN 53670.
Abstracts” is also given.
add01. C24H38O4. [117-81-7]. PM RN 74640.

(2RS)-2-ethylhexyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate
synonyms : — di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate,
— 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, ethylene bis[3,3-bis[3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-
bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester. hydroxyphenyl]butanoate]
add02. C16H30O4Zn. [136-53-8]. PM RN 54120. synonyms : — ethylene bis[3,3-bis[3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-
4-hydroxyphenyl]butanoate],
— butanoic acid, 3,3-bis[3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-
hydroxyphenyl]-, 1,2-ethanediyl ester,
— ethylene bis[3,3-bis(3-tert-butyl-4-
hydroxyphenyl)butyrate].
add09. C73H108O12. [6683-19-8]. PM RN 71680.
zinc (2RS)-2-ethylhexanoate
synonyms : — zinc octanoate,
— 2-ethylhexanoic acid, zinc salt (2:1),
— zinc 2-ethylcaproate.
add03. [05518-18-3]/[00110-30-5]. PM RN 53440/53520.

methanetetryltetramethyl tetrakis[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-
dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]propanoate]
synonyms : — pentaerythrityl tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-
N,N′-ethylenedialcanamide (with n and m = 14 or 16) 4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate],
synonyms : — N,N′-diacylethylenediamines, — 2,2-bis[[[3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-
hydroxyphenyl]propanoyl]oxy]methyl]propane-
— N,N′-diacylethylenediamine (in this context
1,3-diyl 3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-
acyl means in particular palmitoyl and stearoyl).
hydroxyphenyl]propanoate,
add04. [8013-07-8]. PM RN 88640. — benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-
epoxidised soya oil bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-2,2-
add05. [8016-11-3]. PM RN 64240. bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol ester (4:1),
— 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-
epoxidised linseed oil
1,3-diol tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-
add06. [57455-37-5](TSCA)/[101357-30-6] hydroxyphenyl)propionate].
(EINECS)/Pigment blue 29 (CI 77007)
add10. C54H78O3. [1709-70-2]. PM RN 95200.
ultramarine blue
add07. C15H24O. [128-37-0] PM RN 46640.

4,4′,4″-[(2,4,6-trimethylbenzene-1,3,5-triyl)tris(methyl-
ene)]tris[2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol]

364 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.13. Plastic additives

synonyms : — 2,2′,2″,6,6′,6″-hexa-tert-butyl- add14. C41H82O6P2. [3806-34-6]. PM RN 50080.

4,4′,4″-[(2,4,6-trimethyl- 1,3,5-
benzenetriyl)trismethylene]triphenol,
— 1,3,5-tris[3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl]-2,
4,6-trimethylbenzene,
— phenol,4,4′,4″-[(2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-
benzenetriyl)tris(methylene)]tris[2,6-bis(1,1-
dimethylethyl)-. 3,9-bis(octadecyloxy)-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-
diphosphaspiro[5.5]undecane
add11. C35H62O3. [2082-79-3]. PM RN 68320.
synonyms : — 2,2′-bis(octadecyloxy)-5,5′-spirobi[1,3,2-
dioxaphosphinane],
— 2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro[5.5]un-
decane, 3,9-bis(octadecyloxy)-.
add15. C36H74S2. [2500-88-1]. PM RN 49840.

octadecyl 3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]prop- 1,1′-disulphanediyldioctadecane

anoate
synonyms : — dioctadecyl disulphide,
synonyms : — octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-
hydroxyphenyl)propionate, — octadecane, 1,1′-dithio-.
— propanoic acid, 3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- add16. C30H58O4S. [123-28-4]. PM RN 93120.
4-hydroxyphenyl]-, octadecyl ester.
add12. C42H63O3P. [31570-04-4]. PM RN 74240.

didodecyl 3,3′-sulphanediyldipropanoate
synonyms : — didodecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate,
— didodecyl 3,3′-sulfanediyldipropanoate,
— propanoic acid, 3,3′-thiobis-, dodecyl diester,
— lauryl thiodipropionate.
add17. C42H82O4S. [693-36-7]. PM RN 93280.

dioctadecyl 3,3′-sulphanediyldipropanoate
tris[2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl] phosphite
synonyms : — dioctadecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate,
synonyms : — tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite,
— dioctadecyl 3,3′-sulfanediyldipropanoate,
— phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-,
phosphite (3:1), — propanoic acid, 3,3′-thiobis-, octadecyl
diester,
— 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl, phosphite.
— stearyl thiodipropionate.
add13. C48H69N3O6. [27676-62-6]. PM RN 95360.
add18. [119345-01-6]. PM RN 92560.
mixture of seven products corresponding to reaction
product of di-tert-butyl phosphonite with biphosphorous
trichloride, reaction products with biphenyl and
2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol :

1,3,5-tris[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxybenzyl]-1,3,5-
triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione
component I
synonyms : — 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-
hydroxybenzyl)-s-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,
5H)-trione,
— 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione,
1,3,5-tris[[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4- 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl biphenyl-4,4′-
hydroxyphenyl]methyl]-. diyldiphosphonite

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 365
3.1.14. Plasticised PVC materials for intravenous solutions EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

component II add21. C22H43NO. [112-84-5]. PM RN 52720.

(Z)-docos-13-enamide
synonyms : — erucamide,
2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl biphenyl-3,4′- — 13-docosenamide, (Z)-,
diyldiphosphonite
— 13-cis-docosenamide.
component III
add22. [65447-77-0]. PM RN 60800.

copolymer of dimethyl butanedioate and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-

2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl biphenyl-3,3′- 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-ol
diyldiphosphonite synonyms : — copolymer of dimethyl succinate and
component IV (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-
yl)ethanol.

01/2008:30114
2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl biphenyl-4-ylphosphonite corrected 6.0
component V
3.1.14. MATERIALS BASED ON
PLASTICISED POLY(VINYL
CHLORIDE) FOR CONTAINERS
2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl phosphite FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS FOR
component VI INTRAVENOUS INFUSION
DEFINITION
Materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) contain
not less than 55 per cent of poly(vinyl chloride) and contain
various additives, in addition to the high-molecular-mass
2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl 4′-[bis[2,4-bis(1, polymer obtained by polymerisation of vinyl chloride.
1-dimethylethyl)phenoxy]phosphanyl]biphenyl-4- Materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) for
ylphosphonate containers for aqueous solutions for intravenous infusion are
component VII defined by the nature and the proportions of the substances
R-OH : 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol used in their manufacture.
add19. C18H36O2. [57-11-4]. PM RN 24550. PRODUCTION
Materials based on plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) are
produced by polymerisation methods which guarantee a
residual vinyl chloride content of less than 1 ppm. The
octadecanoic acid production method used is validated in order to demonstrate
synonyms : — stearic acid, that the product complies with the following test :
Vinyl chloride. Not more than 1 ppm, determined by
— octadecanoic acid. head-space gas chromatography (2.2.28), using ether R as
add20. C18H35NO. [301-02-0]. PM RN 68960. the internal standard.
Internal standard solution. Using a microsyringe, inject
10 µl of ether R into 20.0 ml of dimethylacetamide R,
immersing the tip of the needle in the solvent. Immediately
before use, dilute the solution to 1000 times its volume with
dimethylacetamide R.
(Z)-octadec-9-enamide
Test solution. Place 1.000 g of the material to be examined
synonyms : — oleamide, in a 50 ml vial and add 10.0 ml of the internal standard
— 9-octadecenamide, (Z)-, solution. Close the vial and secure the stopper. Shake,
avoiding contact between the stopper and the liquid. Place
— 9-cis-oleamide. the vial in a water-bath at 60 ± 1 °C for 2 h.

366 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.14. Plasticised PVC materials for intravenous solutions

Vinyl chloride primary solution. Prepare under a ventilated the competent authority. Very low amounts of antioxidants
hood. Place 50.0 ml of dimethylacetamide R in a 50 ml vial, added to the vinyl chloride monomer used may be detected
stopper the vial, secure the stopper and weigh to the nearest in the polymer.
0.1 mg. Fill a 50 ml polyethylene or polypropylene syringe The supplier of the material must be able to demonstrate
with gaseous vinyl chloride R, allow the gas to remain in that the qualitative and quantitative composition of the type
contact with the syringe for about 3 min, empty the syringe sample is satisfactory for each production batch.
and fill again with 50 ml of gaseous vinyl chloride R. Fit a
hypodermic needle to the syringe and reduce the volume of CHARACTERS
gas in the syringe from 50 ml to 25 ml. Inject the remaining
25 ml of vinyl chloride slowly into the vial shaking gently Colourless or pale yellow material in the form of powder,
and avoiding contact between the liquid and the needle. beads, granules or, after transformation, translucent sheets
Weigh the vial again ; the increase in mass is about 60 mg of varying thicknesses, with a slight odour. On combustion
(1 µl of the solution thus obtained contains about 1.2 µg it gives off dense, black smoke.
of vinyl chloride). Allow to stand for 2 h. Keep the primary IDENTIFICATION
solution in a refrigerator.
If necessary, before use, cut the samples of the material to
Vinyl chloride standard solution. To 1 volume of
be examined into pieces of maximum dimension on a side
the vinyl chloride primary solution add 3 volumes of
of not greater than 1 cm.
dimethylacetamide R.
Reference solutions. Place 10.0 ml of the internal standard To 2.0 g of the material to be examined add 200 ml of
solution in each of six 50 ml vials. Close the vials and secure peroxide-free ether R and heat under a reflux condenser for
the stoppers. Inject 1 µl, 2 µl, 3 µl, 5 µl and 10 µl, respectively, 8 h. Separate the residue B and the solution A by filtration.
of the vinyl chloride standard solution into five of the vials. Evaporate solution A to dryness under reduced pressure
The six solutions thus obtained contain, respectively, 0 µg, in a water-bath at 30 °C. Dissolve the residue in 10 ml of
about 0.3 µg, 0.6 µg, 0.9 µg, 1.5 µg and 3 µg of vinyl chloride. toluene R (solution A1). Dissolve the residue B in 60 ml
Shake, avoiding contact between the stopper and the liquid. of ethylene chloride R, heating on a water-bath under a
Place the vials in a water-bath at 60 ± 1 °C for 2 h. reflux condenser. Filter. Add the solution dropwise and
The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using : with vigorous shaking to 600 ml of heptane R heated
almost to boiling. Separate by filtration the coagulum B1
— a stainless steel column 3 m long and 3 mm in internal and the organic solution. Allow the latter to cool ; separate
diameter packed with silanised diatomaceous earth for the precipitate B2 that forms and filter through a tared
gas chromatography R impregnated with 5 per cent m/m sintered-glass filter (40) (2.1.2).
of dimethylstearylamide R and 5 per cent m/m of
macrogol 400 R, A. Dissolve the coagulum B1 in 30 ml of tetrahydrofuran R
— nitrogen for chromatography R as the carrier gas at a and add, in small volumes with shaking, 40 ml of
flow rate of 30 ml/min, ethanol R. Separate the precipitate B3 by filtration and
dry in vacuo at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C over
— a flame-ionisation detector, diphosphorus pentoxide R. Dissolve a few milligrams of
maintaining the temperature of the column at 45 °C, that precipitate B3 in l ml of tetrahydrofuran R, place a few
of the injection port at 100 °C and that of the detector at drops of the solution obtained on a sodium chloride plate
150 °C. and evaporate to dryness in an oven at 100 °C to 105 °C.
Inject 1 ml of the head-space of each vial. Calculate the Examine by infrared absorption spectrophotometry
content of vinyl chloride. (2.2.24), comparing with the spectrum obtained with
poly(vinyl chloride) CRS.
Additives
A certain number of additives is added to the polymers to B. Examine the residue C obtained in the test for
optimise their chemical, physical and mechanical properties plastic additives 01, 04 and 05 by infrared absorption
in order to adapt them for the intended use. All these spectrophotometry (2.2.24), comparing with the spectrum
additives are chosen from the following list which specifies obtained with plastic additive 01 CRS.
for each product the maximum allowable content : TESTS
— not more than 40 per cent of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
(plastic additive 01), If necessary, before use, cut the samples of the material to
be examined into pieces of maximum dimension on a side
— not more than 1 per cent of zinc octanoate (zinc of not greater than 1 cm.
2-ethylhexanoate) (plastic additive 02),
Solution S1. Place 5.0 g in a combustion flask. Add 30 ml
— not more than 1 per cent of calcium stearate or zinc of sulphuric acid R and heat until a black, syrupy mass is
stearate or 1 per cent of a mixture of the two, obtained. Cool and add carefully 10 ml of strong hydrogen
— not more than 1 per cent of N,N′-diacylethylenediamines peroxide solution R. Heat gently. Allow to cool and add
(plastic additive 03), 1 ml of strong hydrogen peroxide solution R ; repeat by
— not more than 10 per cent of one of the following alternating evaporation and addition of hydrogen peroxide
epoxidised oils or 10 per cent of a mixture of the two : solution until a colourless liquid is obtained. Reduce the
— epoxidised soya oil (plastic additive 04) of which the volume to about 10 ml. Cool and dilute to 50.0 ml with
oxiran oxygen content is 6 per cent to 8 per cent and the water R.
iodine value is not greater than 6, Solution S2. Place 25 g in a borosilicate-glass flask. Add
— epoxidised linseed oil (plastic additive 05) of which the 500 ml of water for injections R and cover the neck of the
oxiran oxygen content is not greater than 10 per cent and flask with aluminium foil or a borosilicate-glass beaker. Heat
the iodine value is not greater than 7. in an autoclave at 121 ± 2 °C for 20 min. Allow to cool and
When colouring materials are added, ultramarine blue is decant the solution.
used. Other inorganic pigments may be added, provided the Appearance of solution S2. Solution S2 is clear (2.2.1) and
safety of the material is demonstrated to the satisfaction of colourless (2.2.2, Method II).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 367
3.1.14. Plasticised PVC materials for intravenous solutions EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Acidity or alkalinity. To 100 ml of solution S2, add 0.15 ml Plastic additive 03. Wash precipitate B2 obtained during
of BRP indicator solution R. Not more than 1.5 ml of 0.01 M the identification and contained in the tared sintered-glass
sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour of the filter (40) (2.1.2) with ethanol R. Dry to constant mass
indicator to blue. To 100 ml of solution S2 add 0.2 ml of over diphosphorus pentoxide R and weigh the filter. The
methyl orange solution R. Not more than 1.0 ml of 0.01 M precipitate weighs not more than 20 mg.
hydrochloric acid is required to initiate the colour change Examine the residue by infrared absorption
of the indicator from yellow to orange. spectrophotometry (2.2.24) comparing with the
Absorbance (2.2.25). Evaporate 100.0 ml of solution S2 to spectrum obtained with plastic additive 03 CRS.
dryness. Dissolve the residue in 5.0 ml of hexane R. From Barium. Not more than 5.0 ppm of Ba, examined by atomic
250 nm to 310 nm the absorbance is not greater than 0.25. emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Method I).
Reducing substances. Carry out the test within 4 h of Test solution. Ignite 1.0 g of the substance to be examined
preparation of solution S2. To 20.0 ml of solution S2 add in a silica crucible. Take up the residue with 10 ml of
1 ml of dilute sulphuric acid R and 20.0 ml of 0.002 M hydrochloric acid R and evaporate to dryness on a
potassium permanganate. Boil under a reflux condenser for water-bath. Take up the residue with 20 ml of 0.1 M
3 min and cool immediately. Add 1 g of potassium iodide R hydrochloric acid.
and titrate immediately with 0.01 M sodium thiosulphate, Reference solution. A solution containing 0.25 ppm of
using 0.25 ml of starch solution R as indicator. Carry out a barium prepared by dilution of barium standard solution
blank titration using 20 ml of water for injections R. The (50 ppm Ba) R with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid.
difference between the titration volumes is not more than
2.0 ml. Carry out the determination using the emission of barium
at 455.40 nm, the spectral background being taken at
Primary aromatic amines. To 2.5 ml of solution A1 obtained 455.30 nm.
during the identification, add 6 ml of water R and 4 ml of
Verify the absence of barium in the hydrochloric acid used.
0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Shake vigorously and discard the
upper layer. To the aqueous layer add 0.4 ml of a freshly Cadmium. Not more than 0.6 ppm of Cd, determined by
prepared 10 g/l solution of sodium nitrite R. Mix and atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I).
allow to stand for 1 min. Add 0.8 ml of a 25 g/l solution of Test solution. Evaporate 10 ml of solution S1 to dryness.
ammonium sulphamate R, allow to stand for 1 min and Take up the residue using 5 ml of a 1 per cent V/V solution
add 2 ml of a 5 g/l solution of naphthylethylenediamine of hydrochloric acid R, filter and dilute the filtrate to 10.0 ml
dihydrochloride R. After 30 min, any colour in the solution with the same acid.
is not more intense than that in a standard prepared at the Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
same time in the same manner using a mixture of 1 ml of a cadmium standard solution (0.1 per cent Cd) R, diluted
0.01 g/l solution of naphthylamine R in 0.1 M hydrochloric with a l per cent V/V solution of hydrochloric acid R.
acid, 5 ml of water R and 4 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid
instead of the aqueous layer (20 ppm). Measure the absorbance at 228.8 nm using a cadmium
hollow-cathode lamp as the source of radiation and an
Plastic additives 01, 04 and 05. Examine by thin-layer air-acetylene flame.
chromatography (2.2.27), using a TLC silica gel GF254
plate R (1 mm thick). Verify the absence of cadmium in the hydrochloric acid used.
Reference solutions. Prepare 0.1 mg/ml solutions of plastic Calcium. Not more than 0.07 per cent of Ca, examined by
additive 01 CRS, plastic additive 04 CRS and plastic atomic emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22,
additive 05 CRS, respectively, in toluene R. Method I).
Apply to the plate as a band 30 mm by 3 mm, 0.5 ml of Test solution. Use the test solution prepared for the
solution A1 obtained during the identification. Apply to determination of barium.
the plate 5 µl of each reference solution. Develop over a Reference solution. A solution containing 50.0 ppm of
path of 15 cm using toluene R. Dry the plate carefully. calcium prepared by dilution of calcium standard solution
Examine in ultraviolet light at 254 nm and locate the zone (400 ppm Ca) R with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid.
corresponding to plastic additive 01 (RF about 0.4). Remove Carry out the determination using the emission of calcium
the area of silica gel corresponding to this zone and shake at 315.89 nm, the spectral background being taken at
with 40 ml of ether R for 1 min. Filter, rinse with two 315.60 nm.
quantities, each of 10 ml of ether R, add the rinsings to the Verify the absence of calcium in the hydrochloric acid used.
filtrate and evaporate to dryness. The residue C weighs not
more than 40 mg. Tin. Not more than 20.0 ppm of Sn, examined by atomic
emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Method I).
Expose the plate to iodine vapour for 5 min. Examine
the chromatogram and locate the band corresponding to Test solution. Dilute solution S1 ten times with water R
plastic additives 04 and 05 (RF = 0). Remove the area of immediately before use.
silica gel corresponding to this zone. Similarly remove Reference solution. Introduce 2 ml of tin standard solution
a corresponding area of silica gel as a blank reference. (5 ppm (Sn) R) into a 50 ml flask containing 5 ml of a 20 per
Separately shake both samples for 15 min with 40 ml of cent V/V solution of sulphuric acid R and dilute to 50 ml
methanol R. Filter, rinse with two quantities, each of 10 ml with water R immediately before use.
of methanol R, add the rinsings to the filtrate and evaporate Carry out the determination using the emission of tin
to dryness. The difference between the masses of both at 189.99 nm, the spectral background being taken at
residues is not more than 10 mg. 190.10 nm.
Verify the absence of tin in the hydrochloric acid used.
Zinc. Not more than 0.20 per cent of Zn, determined by
atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23, Method I).
Test solution. Dilute solution S1 100 times with 0.1 M
hydrochloric acid.

368 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.1.15. Polyethylene terephthalate for containers

Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using IDENTIFICATION

zinc standard solution (100 ppm Zn) R, diluted with 0.1 M A. Place 0.10 g of the material to be examined into a
hydrochloric acid. borosilicate glass flask with a ground-glass neck. Add
Measure the absorbance at 213.9 nm using a zinc 25 ml of a 200 g/l solution of potassium hydroxide R in a
hollow-cathode lamp as the source of radiation and an 50 per cent V/V solution of ethanol R. Reflux for 30 min.
air-acetylene flame. Allow to cool and dilute to 100 ml with water R. Filter
Verify the absence of zinc in the hydrochloric acid used. if necessary. Dilute 1.0 ml of the filtrate to 100 ml with
Heavy metals (2.4.8). To 10 ml of solution S1 add 0.5 ml water R. Examined between 210 nm and 330 nm (2.2.25),
of phenolphthalein solution R and then strong sodium the solution shows an absorption maximum at 240 nm.
hydroxide solution R until a pale pink colour is obtained. B. Dissolve 0.05 g of the material to be examined in 2 ml
Dilute to 25 ml with water R. 12 ml of the solution complies of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol R. Apply to a glass
with limit test A for heavy metals (50 ppm). Prepare the plate on a water-bath in a fume-cupboard several drops
standard using lead standard solution (2 ppm Pb) R. of the solution to produce a film of about 15 mm by
15 mm. Allow the solvent to evaporate and remove the
Water extractable substances. Evaporate 50 ml of
film using a stream of water and a scraper. Dry in an oven
solution S2 to dryness on a water-bath and dry at 100 °C
at 100-105 °C for 1-2 h. Examine the film by infrared
to 105 °C until constant mass. Carry out a blank titration
absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24). The spectrum of
with 50.0 ml of water for injections R. The residue weighs
the material to be examined shows maxima in particular at
not more than 7.5 mg (0.3 per cent) taking into account the
1725 cm− 1, 1410 cm− 1, 1265 cm− 1, 1120 cm− 1, 1100 cm− 1,
blank test.
1020 cm− 1, 875 cm− 1, 725 cm− 1. The spectrum obtained,
ASSAY in addition, is identical to that of the material selected
Carry out the oxygen-flask method (2.5.10) using 50.0 mg. for the type sample.
Absorb the combustion products in 20 ml of 1 M sodium TESTS
hydroxide. To the solution obtained add 2.5 ml of nitric
acid R, 10.0 ml of 0.1 M silver nitrate, 5 ml of ferric If necessary, cut out samples for testing to a maximum size
ammonium sulphate solution R2 and 1 ml of dibutyl of 1 cm per side.
phthalate R. Titrate with 0.05 M ammonium thiocyanate Solution S1. Place 10.0 g of the material to be examined
until a reddish-yellow colour is obtained. Carry out a blank in a borosilicate glass flask with a ground-glass neck. Add
test. 200 ml of water R and heat at 50 °C for 5 h. Allow to cool
1 ml of 0.1 M silver nitrate is equivalent to 6.25 mg of and decant the solution. Use solution S1 within 4 h of its
poly(vinyl chloride). preparation.
Solution S2. Place 10 g of the material to be examined
01/2008:30115 in a borosilicate glass flask with a ground-glass neck. Add
corrected 6.0 100 ml of alcohol R and heat at 50 °C for 5 h. Allow to cool
and decant the solution. Use solution S2 within 4 h of its
3.1.15. POLYETHYLENE preparation.
TEREPHTHALATE FOR CONTAINERS Solution S3. Place 20 g of the material to be examined in a
FOR PREPARATIONS NOT FOR borosilicate glass flask with a ground-glass neck. Add 50 ml
of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and heat at 50 °C for 5 h. Allow
PARENTERAL USE to cool and decant the solution. Use solution S3 within 4 h
of its preparation.
Solution S4. Place 20 g of the material to be examined into
a borosilicate glass flask with a ground-glass neck. Add
50 ml of 0.01 M sodium hydroxide and heat at 50 °C for
5 h. Allow to cool and decant. Use solution S4 within 4 h of
its preparation.
Appearance of solution S1. Solution S1 is clear (2.2.1).
DEFINITION Appearance of solution S2. Solution S2 is clear (2.2.1) and
Polyethylene terephthalate is obtained from the colourless (2.2.2, Method II).
polymerisation of terephthalic acid or dimethyl Acidity or alkalinity. To 50 ml of solution S1 add 0.15 ml
terephthalate with ethylene glycol. Isophthalic acid, of BRP indicator solution R. The solution turns yellow. Not
dimethyl isophthalate, 1,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane more than 0.5 ml of 0.01 M sodium hydroxide is required
(cyclohexane-1,4-dimethanol) or diethylene glycol may to change the colour of the indicator to blue. To another
be used in the polymerisation. It may contain not more 50 ml of solution S1 add 0.2 ml of methyl orange solution R.
than 0.5 per cent of silica or silicates and colouring matter The solution turns yellow. Not more than 0.5 ml of 0.01 M
approved by the competent authority. hydrochloric acid is required to reach the beginning of the
colour change of the indicator to orange.
PRODUCTION
Absorbance of solution S1 (2.2.25) : maximum 0.20 between
The manufacturing process is validated to demonstrate that 220 nm and 340 nm. In addition, for coloured polyethylene
the residual acetaldehyde content is not greater than 10 ppm terephthalate : maximum 0.05 between 400 nm to 800 nm.
in the granules.
Absorbance of solution S2 (2.2.25) : maximum 0.05 between
CHARACTERS 400 nm and 800 nm.
Appearance : clear or opaque granules. Reducing substances. Add 2 ml of 0.5 M sulphuric acid and
Solubility : practically insoluble in water, in alcohol and in 20.0 ml of 0.002 M potassium permanganate to 20.0 ml of
methylene chloride. It is hydrolysed by strong bases. solution S1. Boil for 3 min. Cool immediately to ambient

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 369
3.1.15. Polyethylene terephthalate for containers EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

temperature. Add 1 g of potassium iodide R, 0.25 ml of Wavelength : 228.62 nm, the spectral background being
starch solution R as indicator and titrate with 0.01 M sodium taken at 228.50 nm.
thiosulphate. Perform a blank titration using 20.0 ml of Verify the absence of cobalt in the 0.1 M hydrochloric acid
water R. The difference in volume used in the 2 titrations is used.
not greater than 0.5 ml.
Extractable germanium : maximum 1.0 ppm.
Substances soluble in dioxan: maximum 3 per cent.
Atomic emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22,
Place 2 g of the material to be examined in a borosilicate Method I).
glass flask with a ground-glass neck. Add 20 ml of dioxan R
and heat under reflux for 2 h. Evaporate 10 ml of the Test solution. Solution S4.
solution to dryness on a water-bath and then dry the residue Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
at 100-105 °C. The residue weighs a maximum of 30 mg. germanium standard solution (100 ppm Ge) R, diluted with
0.01 M sodium hydroxide.
Extractable aluminium : maximum 1.0 ppm.
Atomic emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Wavelength : 206.87 nm or 265.12 nm, the spectral
Method I). background being taken at 206.75 nm.
Test solution. Solution S3. Extractable manganese : maximum 1.0 ppm.
Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using Atomic emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22,
aluminium standard solution (200 ppm Al) R, diluted with Method I).
0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Test solution. Solution S3.
Wavelength : 396.15 nm, the spectral background being Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
taken at 396.25 nm. manganese standard solution (100 ppm Mn) R, diluted with
Verify the absence of aluminium in the 0.1 M hydrochloric 0.1 M hydrochloric acid.
acid used. Wavelength : 257.61 nm, the spectral background being
Extractable antimony : maximum 1.0 ppm. taken at 257.50 nm.
Atomic emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Verify the absence of manganese in the 0.1 M hydrochloric
Method I). acid used.
Test solution. Solution S4. Extractable titanium : maximum 1.0 ppm.
Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using Atomic emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22,
antimony standard solution (100 ppm Sb) R, diluted with Method I).
0.01 M sodium hydroxide. Test solution. Solution S3.
Wavelength : 231.15 nm or 217.58 nm, the spectral Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
background being taken at 231.05 nm. titanium standard solution (100 ppm Ti) R, diluted with
Extractable barium : maximum 1.0 ppm. 0.1 M hydrochloric acid.
Atomic emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Wavelength : 323.45 nm or 334.94 nm, the spectral
Method I). background being taken at 323.35 nm.
Test solution. Solution S3. Verify the absence of titanium in the 0.1M hydrochloric acid
used.
Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
barium standard solution (50 ppm Ba) R, diluted with 0.1 M Extractable zinc : maximum 1.0 ppm.
hydrochloric acid. Atomic emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22,
Wavelength : 455.40 nm, the spectral background being Method I).
taken at 455.30 nm. Test solution. Solution S3.
Verify the absence of barium in the 0.1 M hydrochloric acid Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
used. zinc standard solution (100 ppm Zn) R, diluted with 0.1 M
Extractable cobalt : maximum 1.0 ppm. hydrochloric acid.
Atomic emission spectrometry in an argon plasma (2.2.22, Wavelength : 213.86 nm, the spectral background being
Method I). taken at 213.75 nm.
Test solution. Solution S3. Verify the absence of zinc in the 0.1 M hydrochloric acid
Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using used.
cobalt standard solution (100 ppm Co) R, diluted with 0.1 M Sulphated ash (2.4.14) : maximum 0.5 per cent determined
hydrochloric acid. on 1.0 g.

370 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

3.2. CONTAINERS
3.2. Containers.. ......................................................................... 373 3.2.5. Sterile containers of plasticised poly(vinyl chloride) for
3.2.1. Glass containers for pharmaceutical use.. ................ 373 human blood containing anticoagulant solution.. ........... 382
3.2.2. Plastic containers and closures for pharmaceutical 3.2.6. Sets for the transfusion of blood and blood
use............................................................................................... 378 components............................................................................... 383
3.2.2.1. Plastic containers for aqueous solutions for 3.2.8. Sterile single-use plastic syringes.. ............................. 384
infusion.. .................................................................................... 379 3.2.9. Rubber closures for containers for aqueous
3.2.3. Sterile plastic containers for human blood and parenteral preparations, for powders and for
blood components.. ................................................................. 379 freeze-dried powders.. ............................................................. 386
3.2.4. Empty sterile containers of plasticised poly(vinyl
chloride) for human blood and blood components.......... 381

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 371
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

372 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.2.1. Glass containers for pharmaceutical use

01/2008:30200 resistance is evaluated by titrating released alkali. According

to their hydrolytic resistance, glass containers are classified
as follows :
3.2. CONTAINERS — Type I glass containers : neutral glass, with a high
hydrolytic resistance due to the chemical composition of
A container for pharmaceutical use is an article that contains
the glass itself,
or is intended to contain a product and is, or may be, in
direct contact with it. The closure is a part of the container. — Type II glass containers : usually of soda-lime-silica glass
with a high hydrolytic resistance resulting from suitable
The container (see General Notices section 1.3) is so designed
treatment of the surface,
that the contents may be removed in a manner appropriate
to the intended use of the preparation. It provides a varying — Type III glass containers : usually of soda-lime-silica glass
degree of protection depending on the nature of the product with only moderate hydrolytic resistance.
and the hazards of the environment, and minimises the loss The following italicised statements constitute general
of constituents. The container does not interact physically or recommendations concerning the type of glass container
chemically with the contents in a way that alters their quality that may be used for different types of pharmaceutical
beyond the limits tolerated by official requirements. preparations. The manufacturer of a pharmaceutical product
Single-dose container. A single-dose container holds a is responsible for ensuring the suitability of the chosen
quantity of the preparation intended for total or partial use container.
on 1 occasion only. Type I glass containers are suitable for most preparations
Multidose container. A multidose container holds a quantity whether or not for parenteral use.
of the preparation suitable for 2 or more doses. Type II glass containers are suitable for most acidic
Well-closed container. A well-closed container protects the and neutral, aqueous preparations whether or not for
contents from contamination with extraneous solids and parenteral use.
liquids and from loss of contents under ordinary conditions Type III glass containers are in general suitable for
of handling, storage and transport. non-aqueous preparations for parenteral use, for powders
Airtight container. An airtight container is impermeable for parenteral use (except for freeze-dried preparations)
to solids, liquids and gases under ordinary conditions of and for preparations not for parenteral use.
handling, storage and transport. If the container is intended Glass containers with a hydrolytic resistance higher than
to be opened on more than 1 occasion, it must be so designed that recommended above for a particular type of preparation
that it remains airtight after re-closure. may generally also be used.
Sealed container. A sealed container is a container closed The container chosen for a given preparation shall be
by fusion of the material of the container. such that the glass material does not release substances in
Tamper-proof container. A tamper-proof container is a quantities sufficient to affect the stability of the preparation
closed container fitted with a device that reveals irreversibly or to present a risk of toxicity. In justified cases, it may
whether the container has been opened. be necessary to have detailed information on the glass
Child-proof container. A container that is fitted with a composition, so that the potential hazards can be assessed.
closure that prevents opening by children. Preparations for parenteral use are normally presented
in colourless glass, but coloured glass may be used for
substances known to be light-sensitive. Colourless or
coloured glass is used for the other pharmaceutical
01/2008:30201 preparations. It is recommended that all glass containers
for liquid preparations and for powders for parenteral use
3.2.1. GLASS CONTAINERS FOR permit the visual inspection of the contents.
PHARMACEUTICAL USE The inner surface of glass containers may be specially treated
to improve hydrolytic resistance, to confer water-repellancy,
Glass containers for pharmaceutical use are glass articles etc. The outer surface may also be treated, for example to
intended to come into direct contact with pharmaceutical reduce friction and to improve resistance to abrasion. The
preparations. outer treatment is such that it does not contaminate the
Colourless glass is highly transparent in the visible spectrum. inner surface of the container.
Coloured glass is obtained by the addition of small amounts Except for type I glass containers, glass containers
of metal oxides, chosen according to the desired spectral for pharmaceutical preparations are not to be re-used.
absorbance. Containers for human blood and blood components must
not be re-used.
Neutral glass is a borosilicate glass containing significant
amounts of boric oxide, aluminium oxide alkali and/or Glass containers for pharmaceutical use comply with the
alkaline earth oxides. Due to its composition neutral glass relevant test or tests for hydrolytic resistance. When glass
has a high hydrolytic resistance and a high thermal shock containers have non-glass components, the tests apply only
resistance. to the glass part of the container.
Soda-lime-silica glass is a silica glass containing alkali To define the quality of glass containers according to
metal oxides, mainly sodium oxide and alkaline earth oxides, the intended use, one or more of the following tests are
mainly calcium oxide. Due to its composition soda-lime-silica necessary.
glass has only a moderate hydrolytic resistance. Tests for hydrolytic resistance are carried out to define
The hydrolytic stability of glass containers for pharmaceutical the type of glass (I, II or III) and to control its hydrolytic
use is expressed by the resistance to the release of soluble resistance.
mineral substances into water under the prescribed In addition, containers for aqueous parenteral preparations
conditions of contact between the inner surface of the are tested for arsenic release and coloured glass containers
container or glass grains and water. The hydrolytic are tested for spectral transmission.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 373
3.2.1. Glass containers for pharmaceutical use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

HYDROLYTIC RESISTANCE the mean value. This volume, expressed to 1 decimal place, is
the filling volume for the particular ampoule lot. The filling
Table 3.2.1.-1. – Types of glass volume may also be determined by weighing.

Type of container Test to be performed

Type I and Type II glass containers Test A (surface test)
(to distinguish from Type III glass
containers)
Type I glass containers (to distinguish Test B (glass grains test) or
from Type II and Type III glass test C (etching test)
containers)
Type I and Type II glass containers Tests A and B, or tests A and C
where it is necessary to determine
whether the high hydrolytic
resistance is due to the chemical
composition or to the surface
treatment

The test is carried out by titration of the extract solutions

obtained under the conditions described for tests A, B and C.
EQUIPMENT
— an autoclave capable of maintaining a temperature
of 121 °C ± 1 °C, equipped with a thermometer or a
calibrated thermocouple recorder, a pressure gauge, a
vent cock and a tray, of sufficient capacity to accommodate Figure 3.2.1.-1. – Filling volume of ampoules (up to point A)
above the water level the number of containers needed TEST A. HYDROLYTIC RESISTANCE OF THE INNER
to carry out the test ; clean the autoclave vessel and all SURFACES OF GLASS CONTAINERS (SURFACE TEST)
ancillary equipment thoroughly before use with water R ;
The determination is carried out on unused containers.
— burettes with a suitable capacity ; The volumes of the test liquid necessary for the final
determination are indicated in Table 3.2.1.-2.
— one-mark volumetric flasks, with a capacity of 1000 ml ; Table 3.2.1.-2. — Volume of test liquid and number of
titrations
— pipettes and beakers ;
Filling volume (ml) Volume of test liquid Number of titrations
for one titration (ml)
— conical flasks with a capacity of 100 ml and 250 ml ;
Up to 3 25.0 1
— a water-bath ; 50.0 2
Above 3 and up to 30
— a metal foil (e.g. aluminium, stainless steel). Above 30 and up to 100 100.0 2

Above 100 100.0 3

Flasks and beakers shall have been already used for the test
or have been filled with water R and kept in an autoclave at Cleaning. Remove any debris or dust. Shortly before the
121 °C at least for 1 h before being used. test, rinse each container carefully at least twice with water R
DETERMINATION OF THE FILLING VOLUME and allow to stand. Immediately before testing empty the
The filling volume is the volume of water to be filled in the containers, rinse once with water R then with water R1
container for the purpose of the test. For vials and bottles and allow to drain. Complete the cleaning procedure from
the filling volume is 90 per cent of the brimful capacity. For the first rinsing in not less than 20 min and not more than
ampoules it is the volume up to the height of the shoulder. 25 min.
Heat closed ampoules on a water-bath or in an air-oven at
Vials and bottles. Select, at random, 6 containers from
about 50 °C for approximately 2 min before opening ; do not
the sample lot, or 3 if their capacity exceeds 100 ml, and
rinse before testing.
remove any dirt or debris. Weigh the empty containers with
an accuracy of 0.1 g. Place the containers on a horizontal Filling and heating. The containers are filled with water R1
surface and fill them with distilled water R until about the up to the filling volume. Containers in the form of cartridges
rim edge, avoiding overflow and introduction of air bubbles. or prefilled syringes are closed in a suitable manner with
Adjust the liquid levels to the brimful line. Weigh the filled material that does not interfere with the test. Each container
containers to obtain the mass of the water expressed to including ampoules shall be loosely capped with an inert
2 decimal places for containers having a nominal volume material such as a dish of neutral glass or aluminium foil
less or equal to 30 ml, and expressed to 1 decimal place for previously rinsed with water R. Place the containers on
containers having a nominal volume greater than 30 ml. the tray of the autoclave. Place the tray in the autoclave
Calculate the mean value of the brimful capacity in millilitres containing a quantity of water R such that the tray remains
and multiply it by 0.9. This volume, expressed to 1 decimal clear of the water. Close the autoclave and carry out the
place, is the filling volume for the particular container lot. following operations :
Ampoules. Place at least 6 dry ampoules on a flat, horizontal — heat the autoclave to 100 °C and allow the steam to issue
surface and fill them with distilled water R from a burette, from the vent cock for 10 min ;
until the water reaches point A, where the body of the — close the ventcock and raise the temperature from 100 °C
ampoule declines to the shoulder (see Figure 3.2.1.-1). Read to 121 °C at a rate of 1 °C per min ;
the capacities (expressed to 2 decimal places) and calculate — maintain the temperature at 121 ± 1 °C for 60 ± 1 min ;

374 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.2.1. Glass containers for pharmaceutical use

— lower the temperature from 121 °C to 100 °C at a rate of (c) sieve no. 300 ;
0.5 °C per min, venting to prevent vacuum ; — a permanent magnet ;
— do not open the autoclave before it has cooled down to — a metal foil (e.g. aluminium, stainless steel) ;
95 °C ; — a hot-air oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of
— remove the containers from the autoclave using normal 140 ± 5 °C ;
precautions, place them in a water-bath at 80 °C, and — a balance, capable of weighing up to 500 g with an
run cold tap water, taking care that the water does not accuracy of 0.005 g ;
contact the loose foil caps to avoid contamination of the
extraction solution ; — a desiccator ;
— cooling time does not exceed 30 min. — an ultrasonic bath.
The extraction solutions are analysed by titration according
to the method described below.
Method. Carry out the titration within 1 h of removal of the
containers from the autoclave. Combine the liquids obtained
from the containers and mix. Introduce the prescribed
volume (Table 3.2.1.-2) into a conical flask. Place the same
volume of water R1 into a second similar flask as a blank.
Add to each flask 0.05 ml of methyl red solution R for each
25 ml of liquid. Titrate the blank with 0.01 M hydrochloric
acid. Titrate the test liquid with the same acid until the
colour of the resulting solution is the same as that obtained
for the blank. Subtract the value found for the blank titration
from that found for the test liquid and express the results in
millilitres of 0.01 M hydrochloric acid per 100 ml. Express
titration values of less than 1.0 ml to 2 decimal places and
titration values of more than or equal to 1.0 ml to 1 decimal
place.
Limits. The results, or the average of the results if more than
one titration is performed, is not greater than the values
stated in Table 3.2.1.-3.
Table 3.2.1.-3. – Limit values in the test for surface
hydrolytic resistance
Maximum volume of 0.01 M HCl per
100 ml of test liquid (ml)
Glass containers
Filling volume (ml) Types I and II Type III Figure 3.2.1.-2. – Apparatus for glass grains method
Up to 1 2.0 20.0 (dimensions in millimetres)
1.8 17.6
Method. Rinse the containers to be tested with water R and
Above 1 and up to 2
dry in the oven. Wrap at least 3 of the glass articles in clean
Above 2 and up to 5 1.3 13.2 paper and crush to produce 2 samples of about 100 g each
Above 5 and up to 10 1.0 10.2 in pieces not more than 30 mm across. Place 30-40 g of the
pieces between 10-30 mm across taken from 1 of the samples
Above 10 and up to 20 0.80 8.1 in the mortar, insert the pestle and strike it heavily once only
Above 20 and up to 50 0.60 6.1 with the hammer. Transfer the contents of the mortar, to the
coarsest sieve (a) of the set. Repeat the operation until all
Above 50 and up to 100 0.50 4.8
fragments have been transferred to the sieve. Shake the set
Above 100 and up to 200 0.40 3.8 of sieves a short time by hand and remove the glass which
0.30 2.9
remains on sieves (a) and (b). Submit these portions to
Above 200 and up to 500
further fracture, repeating the operation until about 10 g of
Above 500 0.20 2.2 glass remains on sieve (a). Reject this portion and the portion
which passes through sieve (c). Reassemble the set of sieves
TEST B. HYDROLYTIC RESISTANCE OF GLASS GRAINS and shake for 5 min. Transfer to a weighing bottle those
(GLASS GRAINS TEST) glass grains which passed through sieve (b) and are retained
Check that the articles as received have been annealed to a on sieve (c). Repeat the crushing and sieving procedure with
commercially acceptable quality. the other glass sample and thus 2 samples of grains, each of
The test may be performed on the canes used for the which shall be in excess of 10 g, are obtained. Spread each
manufacture of tubing glass containers or on the containers. sample on a piece of clean glazed paper and remove any
Equipment iron particles by passing the magnet over them. Transfer
each sample into a beaker for cleaning. Add to the grains
— a mortar, pestle (see Figure 3.2.1.-2) and hammer in
in each beaker 30 ml of acetone R and scour the grains by
tempered, magnetic steel,
suitable means, such as a rubber or plastic-coated glass rod.
— a set of 3 square-mesh sieves of stainless steel, mounted After scouring the grains, allow to settle and decant as much
on frames of the same material and consisting of the acetone as possible. Add another 30 ml of acetone R, swirl,
following : decant again and add a new portion of acetone R.
(a) sieve no. 710, Fill the bath of the ultrasonic vessel with water at room
(b) sieve no. 425, temperature, then place the beaker in the rack and immerse

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 375
3.2.1. Glass containers for pharmaceutical use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

it until the level of the acetone is at the level of the water ; stand for 10 min. Empty the containers and rinse carefully
apply the ultrasound for 1 min. Swirl the beaker, allow to 5 times with water R. Immediately before the test, rinse once
settle and decant the acetone as completely as possible again with water R. Submit the containers thus prepared
and then repeat the ultrasonic cleaning operation. If a fine to the same autoclaving and determination procedure as
turbidity persists, repeat the ultrasonic cleaning and acetone described in test A for surface hydrolytic resistance. If the
washing until the solution remains clear. Swirl and decant results are considerably higher than those obtained from the
the acetone then dry the grains, first by putting the beaker original surfaces (by about a factor of 5 to 10), the samples
on a warm plate to remove excess acetone and then by have been surface-treated.
heating at 140 °C for 20 min in the drying oven. Transfer the Ampoules
dried grains from each beaker into separate weighing bottles,
insert the stoppers and cool in the desiccator. Weigh 10.00 g NOTE : ampoules made from glass tubing are not normally
of the cleaned and dried grains into 2 separate conical flasks. subjected to internal surface treatment because their high
Add 50 ml of water R1 into each by means of a pipette (test chemical resistance is dependent upon the chemical
solutions). Pipette 50 ml of water R1 into a third conical composition of the glass as a material.
flask which will serve as a blank. Distribute the grains evenly Apply the test method as described above for vials and
over the flat bases of the flasks by gentle shaking. Close the bottles. If the ampoules are not surface-treated, the new
flasks with neutral glass dishes or aluminium foil rinsed with values are slightly lower than those obtained in previous
water R or with inverted beakers so that the inner surface of tests.
the beakers fit snugly down onto the top rims of the flasks. Distinction between Type I and Type II glass containers
Place all 3 flasks in the rack in the autoclave containing
the water at ambient temperature, and ensure that they are The results obtained in Test C are compared to those
held above the level of the water in the vessel. Carry out the obtained in Test A. The interpretation of the result is shown
autoclaving procedure in a similar manner to that described in Table 3.2.1.-4.
under test A, but maintain the temperature of 121 ± 1 °C Table 3.2.1.-4. – Distinction between Types I and II glass
only for 30 ± 1 min. Do not open the autoclave until it containers
has cooled to 95 °C. Remove the hot samples from the
Type I Type II
autoclave and cool the flasks in running tap water as soon as
possible, avoiding thermal shock. To each of the 3 flasks add The values are closely similar The values greatly exceed those found
0.05 ml of methyl red solution R. Titrate the blank solution to those found in the test for in the test for surface hydrolytic
immediately with 0.02 M hydrochloric acid then titrate the surface hydrolytic resistance for resistance and are similar but not
Type I glass containers. larger than those for Type III glass
test solutions until the colour matches that obtained with containers.
the blank solution. Substract the titration volume for the
blank solution from that for the test solutions. ARSENIC
NOTE : where necessary to obtain a sharp end-point, the The test applies to glass containers for aqueous parenteral
clear solution is to be decanted into a separate 250 ml preparations.
flask. Rinse the grains with 3 quantities, each of 15 ml, of
water R1 by swirling and add the washings to the main Hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (2.2.23,
solution. Add 0.05 ml of the methyl red solution R. Titrate Method I).
and calculate as described below. In this case also add Test solution. Use the extract solution obtained from
45 ml of water R1 and 0.05 ml of methyl red solution R containers of Types I and II, after autoclaving at 121 °C
to the blank solution. for 1 h as described under test A for surface hydrolytic
Calculate the mean value of the results in millilitres of 0.02 M resistance. Transfer 10.0 ml to a 100 ml volumetric flask.
hydrochloric acid per gram of the sample and if required its Add 10 ml of hydrochloric acid R and 5 ml of a 200 g/l
equivalent in alkali extracted, calculated as micrograms of solution of potassium iodide R. Heat on a water-bath at
sodium oxide per gram of glass grains. 80 °C for 20 min, allow to cool and dilute to 100.0 ml with
water R.
1 ml of 0.02 M hydrochloric acid is equivalent to 620 µg
of sodium oxide. Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using
Repeat the test if the highest and lowest observed values arsenic standard solution (1 ppm As) R. Add 10 ml of
differ by more than 20 per cent. hydrochloric acid R and 5 ml of a 200 g/l solution of
potassium iodide R. Heat on a water-bath at 80 °C for
Limits. Type I glass containers require not more than 1.0 ml 20 min, allow to cool and dilute to 100.0 ml with water R.
of 0.02 M hydrochloric acid (equivalent to 62 µg of Na2O The concentration range of the reference solutions is
per gram of glass), Type II and Type III glass containers typically 0.005 ppm to 0.015 ppm of As.
require not more than 8.5 ml of 0.02 M hydrochloric acid
Acid reservoir. Hydrochloric acid R.
(equivalent to 527 µg of Na2O per gram of glass).
Reducing reservoir. Sodium tetrahydroborate reducing
TEST C. TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE CONTAINERS solution R.
HAVE BEEN SURFACE-TREATED (ETCHING TEST)
Use a hydride generation device to introduce the test solution
When it is necessary to determine if a container has been into the cuvette of an atomic absorption spectrometer.
surface-treated, and/or distinguish between Type I and Establish and standardise instrumental operating conditions
Type II glass containers, test C is used in addition to according to the manufacturer’s instructions, optimise the
test A. Alternatively, test A and B may be used. Test C may uptake rate of the peristaltic pump tubings, then connect
be carried out either on unused samples or on samples tubings to the acid reservoir, the reducing reservoir and the
previously tested for test A. test solution.
Vials and bottles. The volumes of test liquid required are Source : hollow-cathode lamp.
shown in Table 3.2.1.-2.
Wavelength : 193.7 nm.
Rinse the containers twice with water R and fill to the
brimful point with a mixture of 1 volume of hydrofluoric Atomisation device : air-acetylene flame.
acid R and 9 volumes of hydrochloric acid R and allow to Limit : maximum 0.1 ppm of As.

376 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.2.1. Glass containers for pharmaceutical use

SPECTRAL TRANSMISSION FOR COLOURED GLASS The titrimetric method is the reference method of the
CONTAINERS Pharmacopoeia ; the spectrometric method may be used in
Equipment. A UV-VIS spectrophotometer, equipped with justified and authorised cases.
a photodiode detector or equipped with a photomultiplier A method suitable for this type of analysis is shown below.
tube coupled with an integrating sphere. The determination is carried out on unused containers.
Preparation of the specimen. Break the glass container or The number of containers to be examined is indicated
cut it with a circular saw fitted with a wet abrasive wheel, in Table 3.2.1.-6.
such as a carborundum or a bonded-diamond wheel. Select Table 3.2.1.-6. - Number of containers to be examined for
sections representative of the wall thickness and trim them the spectrometric method
as suitable for mounting in a spectrophotometer. If the Filling volume (ml) Number of containers Additional containers
specimen is too small to cover the opening in the specimen to be measured for preliminary
holder, mask the uncovered portion with opaque paper or separately measurements
tape, provided that the length of the specimen is greater Up to 2 20 2
than that of the slit. Before placing in the holder, wash, dry Above 2 and up to 5 15 2
and wipe the specimen with lens tissue. Mount the specimen
with the aid of wax, or by other convenient means, taking Above 5 and up to 30 10 2
care to avoid leaving fingerprints or other marks. Above 30 and up to 100 5 1
Method. Place the specimen in the spectrophotometer with Above 100 3 1
its cylindrical axis parallel to the slit and in such a way that
the light beam is perpendicular to the surface of the section Instructions on determination of the filling volume, cleaning
and that the losses due to reflection are at a minimum. of the containers, filling and heating are given above under
Measure the transmission of the specimen with reference to Hydrolytic resistance and Test A. Hydrolytic resistance of the
air in the spectral region of 290-450 nm, continuously or inner surfaces of glass containers.
at intervals of 20 nm. SOLUTIONS
Limits. The observed spectral transmission for coloured Spectrochemical buffer solution. Dissolve 80 g of caesium
glass containers for preparations that are not for parenteral chloride R in about 300 ml of water R1, add 10 ml of
use does not exceed 10 per cent at any wavelength in 6 M hydrochloric acid R and transfer to a 1000 ml volumetric
the range of 290 nm to 450 nm, irrespective of the type flask. Dilute to volume with water R1 and mix.
and the capacity of the glass container. The observed Stock solutions :
spectral transmission in coloured glass containers for
parenteral preparations does not exceed the limits given in — sodium oxide, c(Na2O) = 1 mg/ml,
Table 3.2.1.-5. — potassium oxide, c(K2O) = 1 mg/ml,
— calcium oxide, c(CaO) = 1 mg/ml.
Table 3.2.1.-5. – Limits of spectral transmission for coloured
Commercially available stock solutions may also be used.
glass containers for parenteral preparations
Standard solutions. Prepare standard solutions by diluting
Maximum percentage of spectral transmission the stock solutions with water R1 to obtain concentrations
at any wavelength between 290 nm and 450 nm
suitable for establishing the reference solutions in
Filling volume (ml) Flame-sealed Containers with appropriate manner, e.g. with concentrations of 20 µg/ml
containers closures
of sodium oxide, potassium oxide and calcium oxide,
Up to 1 50 25
respectively. Commercially available standard solutions may
Above 1 and up to 2 45 20 also be used.
Above 2 and up to 5 40 15 Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions
for establishing the calibration graph (set of calibration
Above 5 and up to 10 35 13
solutions) by diluting suitable concentrated standard
Above 10 and up to 20 30 12 solutions with water R1, so that the normal working ranges
Above 20 25 10
of the specific elements are covered, taking into account the
instrument used for the measurement. Typical concentration
ranges of the reference solutions are :
Annex - test for surface hydrolytic resistance — for determination by atomic emission spectrometry of
sodium oxide and potassium oxide : up to 10 µg/ml,
- determination by flame atomic absorption — for determination by atomic absorption spectrometry of
spectrometry (faas) sodium oxide and potassium oxide : up to 3 µg/ml,
— for determination by atomic absorption spectrometry of
The surface hydrolytic resistance of glass of Types I and II calcium oxide : up to 7 µg/ml.
may be determined by analysis of the leaching solution
by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. A number of Use reference solutions containing 5 per cent V/V of the
elements that, when present as oxides in glass, contribute spectrochemical buffer solution.
to the alkalinity of the solution, are determined and used to METHOD
express an alkali equivalent. The spectrometric method has Carry out preliminary measurements of the potassium oxide
the advantage of allowing the use of a much smaller sample and calcium oxide concentrations on one of the extraction
of extract so that it can be applied to small individual solutions. If, for one container type, the concentration
containers. This enables an evaluation of the uniformity of of potassium oxide is less than 0.2 µg/ml and if the
the containers in a given batch where this is critical. The concentration of calcium oxide is less than 0.1 µg/ml, the
results of this measurement are not equivalent to those remaining extraction solutions of this container type need
of titrimetry and the 2 methods cannot be considered not be analysed for these ions. Aspirate the extraction
interchangeable. A correlation between the 2 is dependent solution from each sample directly into the flame of the
on the type of glass and the size and shape of the container. atomic absorption or atomic emission instrument and

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 377
3.2.2. Plastic containers and closures for pharmaceutical use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

determine the approximate concentrations of sodium oxide 01/2008:30202

(and potassium oxide and calcium oxide, if present) by
reference to calibration graphs produced from the reference
solutions of suitable concentration. 3.2.2. PLASTIC CONTAINERS AND
FINAL DETERMINATION CLOSURES FOR PHARMACEUTICAL
If dilution is unnecessary add to each container a volume of USE
the spectrochemical buffer solution equivalent to 5 per cent
of the filling volume, mix well and determine sodium oxide, A plastic container for pharmaceutical use is a plastic article
calcium oxide and potassium oxide, if present, by reference which contains or is intended to contain a pharmaceutical
to calibration graphs. For the determination of the calcium product and is, or may be, in direct contact with it. The
oxide concentration by flame atomic spectrometry, the closure is a part of the container.
nitrous oxide/acetylene flame shall be used.
If dilution is necessary, determine sodium oxide, calcium Plastic containers and closures for pharmaceutical use
oxide and potassium oxide, if present, following the are made of materials in which may be included certain
procedures as described above. The measuring solutions additives ; these materials do not include in their composition
shall contain 5 per cent V/V of the spectrochemical buffer any substance that can be extracted by the contents in
solution. Concentration values less than 1.0 µg/ml are such quantities as to alter the efficacy or the stability of the
expressed to 2 decimal places, values greater than or equal product or to present a risk of toxicity.
to 1.0 µg/ml to 1 decimal place. Correct the result for the The most commonly used polymers are polyethylene (with
buffer addition and for dilution, if any. and without additives), polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride),
CALCULATION poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate).
Calculate the mean value of the concentration of individual The nature and amount of the additives are determined
oxides found in each of the samples tested, in micrograms by the type of the polymer, the process used to convert
of the oxide per millilitre of the extraction solution and the polymer into the container and the intended purpose
calculate the sum of the individual oxides, expressed as of the container. Additives may consist of antioxidants,
micrograms of sodium oxide per millilitre of the extraction stabilisers, plasticisers, lubricants, colouring matter and
solution using the following mass conversion factors : impact modifiers. Antistatic agents and mould-release agents
— 1 µg of potassium oxide corresponds to 0.658 µg of may be used only for containers for preparations for oral use
sodium oxide, or for external use for which they are authorised. Acceptable
additives are indicated in the type specification for each
— 1 µg of calcium oxide corresponds to 1.105 µg of sodium
material described in the Pharmacopoeia. Other additives
oxide.
may be used provided they are approved in each case by the
Limits. For each container tested, the result is not greater competent authority responsible for the licensing for sale of
than the value given in Table 3.2.1.-7. the preparation.
Table 3.2.1.-7. – Limit values in the test for surface For selection of a suitable plastic container, it is necessary to
hydrolytic resistance by flame atomic absorption know the full manufacturing formula of the plastic, including
spectrometry all materials added during formation of the container so that
Maximum values for the
the potential hazards can be assessed. The plastic container
concentration of oxides, expressed chosen for any particular preparation should be such that :
as sodium oxide (µg/ml)
— the ingredients of the preparation in contact with the
Filling volume (ml) Glass containers plastic material are not significantly adsorbed on its
Types I and II surface and do not significantly migrate into or through
the plastic,
Up to 1 5.00
Above 1 and up to 2 4.50
— the plastic material does not release substances
in quantities sufficient to affect the stability of the
Above 2 and up to 5 3.20 preparation or to present a risk of toxicity.
Above 5 and up to 10 2.50 Using material or materials selected to satisfy these criteria,
Above 10 and up to 20 2.00 a number of identical type samples of the container are
made by a well-defined procedure and submitted to practical
Above 20 and up to 50 1.50 testing in conditions that reproduce those of the intended
Above 50 and up to 100 1.20 use, including, where appropriate, sterilisation. In order to
confirm the compatibility of the container and the contents
Above 100 and up to 200 1.00
and to ensure that there are no changes detrimental to
Above 200 and up to 500 0.75 the quality of the preparation, various tests are carried out
Above 500 0.50 such as verification of the absence of changes in physical
characteristics, assessment of any loss or gain through
permeation, detection of pH changes, assessment of changes
caused by light, chemical tests and, where appropriate,
biological tests.
The method of manufacture is such as to ensure
reproducibility for subsequent bulk manufacture and the
conditions of manufacture are chosen so as to preclude the
possibility of contamination with other plastic materials or
their ingredients. The manufacturer of the product must
ensure that containers made in production are similar in
every respect to the type samples.

378 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.2.3. Sterile plastic containers for human blood

For the results of the testing on type samples to remain valid, to 30 min and maintain at this temperature for 30 min. If
it is important that : heating at 121 °C leads to deterioration of the container,
— there is no change in the composition of the material as heat at 100 °C for 2 h.
defined for the type samples, Blank. Prepare a blank by heating water R in a
— there is no change in the manufacturing process as borosilicate-glass flask closed by a sheet of pure aluminium
defined for the type samples, especially as regards the at the temperature and for the time used for the preparation
temperatures to which the plastic material is exposed of solution S.
during conversion or subsequent procedures such as Appearance of solution S. Solution S is clear (2.2.1) and
sterilisation, colourless (2.2.2, Method II).
— scrap material is not used. Acidity or alkalinity. To a volume of solution S
Recycling of excess material of well-defined nature and corresponding to 4 per cent of the nominal capacity of
proportions may be permitted after appropriate validation. the container add 0.1 ml of phenolphthalein solution R.
The solution is colourless. Add 0.4 ml of 0.01 M sodium
Subject to satisfactory testing for compatibility of each hydroxide. The solution is pink. Add 0.8 ml of 0.01 M
different combination of container and contents, the hydrochloric acid and 0.1 ml of methyl red solution R. The
materials described in the Pharmacopoeia are recognised as solution is orange-red or red.
being suitable for the specific purposes indicated, as defined
above. Absorbance (2.2.25). Measure the absorbance of solution S
from 230 nm to 360 nm, using the blank (see solution S)
as the compensation liquid. At these wavelengths, the
absorbance is not greater than 0.20.
01/2008:90003 Reducing substances. To 20.0 ml of solution S add 1 ml of
corrected 6.0 dilute sulphuric acid R and 20.0 ml of 0.002 M potassium
permanganate. Boil for 3 min. Cool immediately. Add 1 g
of potassium iodide R and titrate immediately with 0.01 M
3.2.2.1. PLASTIC CONTAINERS FOR sodium thiosulphate, using 0.25 ml of starch solution R as
AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS FOR INFUSION indicator. Carry out a titration using 20.0 ml of the blank.
The difference between the titration volumes is not greater
DEFINITION than 1.5 ml.
Plastic containers for aqueous solutions for infusion are Transparency. Fill a container previously used for the
manufactured from one or more polymers, if necessary preparation of solution S with a volume equal to the nominal
with additives. The containers described in this section capacity of the primary opalescent suspension (2.2.1)
are not necessarily suitable for emulsions. The polymers diluted 1 in 200 for a container made from polyethylene
most commonly used are polyethylene, polypropylene and or polypropylene and 1 in 400 for other containers. The
poly(vinyl chloride). The specifications of this text are to be cloudiness of the suspension is perceptible when viewed
read in conjunction with section 3.2.2. Plastic containers through the container and compared with a similar container
and closures for pharmaceutical use. filled with water R.
The containers may be bags or bottles. They have a site
suitable for the attachment of an infusion set designed to LABELLING
ensure a secure connection. They may have a site that allows The label accompanying a batch of empty containers includes
an injection to be made at the time of use. They usually a statement of:
have a part that allows them to be suspended and which will — the name and address of the manufacturer,
withstand the tension occurring during use. The containers
— a batch number which enables the history of the container
must withstand the sterilisation conditions to which they will
and of the plastic material of which it is manufactured
be submitted. The design of the container and the method of
to be traced.
sterilisation chosen are such that all parts of the containers
that may be in contact with the infusion are sterilised. The
containers are impermeable to micro-organisms after closure.
The containers are such that after filling they are resistant
to damage from accidental freezing which may occur during 01/2008:30203
transport of the final preparation. The containers are and
remain sufficiently transparent to allow the appearance of 3.2.3. STERILE PLASTIC CONTAINERS
the contents to be examined at any time, unless otherwise
justified and authorised.
FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND
The empty containers display no defects that may lead to BLOOD COMPONENTS
leakage and the filled and closed containers show no leakage. Plastic containers for the collection, storage, processing
For satisfactory storage of some preparations, the container and administration of blood and its components are
has to be enclosed in a protective envelope. The initial manufactured from one or more polymers, if necessary
evaluation of storage has then to be carried out using the with additives. The composition and the conditions of
container enclosed in the envelope. manufacture of the containers are registered by the
appropriate competent authorities in accordance with the
TESTS relevant national legislation and international agreements.
Solution S. Use solution S within 4 h of preparation. Fill a When the composition of the materials of the different
container to its nominal capacity with water R and close it, if parts of the containers correspond to the appropriate
possible using the usual means of closure ; otherwise close specifications, their quality is controlled by the methods
using a sheet of pure aluminium. Heat in an autoclave so indicated in those specifications (see 3.1. Materials used for
that a temperature of 121 ± 2 °C is reached within 20 min the manufacture of containers and subsections).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 379
3.2.3. Sterile plastic containers for human blood EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Materials other than those described in the Pharmacopoeia solution R1 or other suitable indicator and then dried.
may be used provided that their composition is authorised Centrifuge at 5000 g for 10 min. No leakage perceptible on
by the competent authority and that the containers the indicator paper and no permanent distortion occur.
manufactured from them comply with the requirements Resistance to stretch. Introduce into the container a
prescribed for Sterile Plastic Containers for Human Blood volume of water R, acidified by the addition of 1 ml of
and Blood Components. dilute hydrochloric acid R, sufficient to fill it to its nominal
In normal conditions of use the materials do not release capacity. Suspend the container by the suspending device at
monomers, or other substances, in amounts likely to be the opposite end from the blood-taking tube and apply along
harmful nor do they lead to any abnormal modifications of the axis of this tube an immediate force of 20 N (2.05 kgf).
the blood. Maintain the traction for 5 s. Repeat the test with the force
The containers may contain anticoagulant solutions, applied to each of the parts for filling and emptying. No
depending on their intended use, and are supplied sterile. break and no deterioration occur.
Each container is fitted with attachments suitable for Leakage. Place the container which has been submitted to
the intended use. The container may be in the form of a the stretch test between two plates covered with absorbent
single unit or the collecting container may be connected by paper impregnated with a 1 in 5 dilution of bromophenol
one or more tubes to one or more secondary containers to blue solution R1 or other suitable indicator and then dried.
allow separation of the blood components to be effected Progressively apply force to the plates to press the container
within a closed system. so that its internal pressure (i.e. the difference between the
applied pressure and atmospheric pressure) reaches 67 kPa
The outlets are of a shape and size allowing for adequate within 1 min. Maintain the pressure for 10 min. No signs of
connection of the container with the blood-giving equipment. leakage are detectable on the indicator paper or at any point
The protective coverings on the blood-taking needle and on of attachment (seals, joints, etc.).
the appendages must be such as to ensure the maintenance
of sterility. They must be easily removable but must be Vapour permeability. For a container containing an
tamper-proof. anticoagulant solution, fill with a volume of a 9 g/l solution
of sodium chloride R equal to the volume of blood for which
The capacity of the containers is related to the nominal the container is intended.
capacity prescribed by the national authorities and to the
appropriate volume of anticoagulant solution. The nominal For an empty container, fill with the same mixture of
capacity is the volume of blood to be collected in the anticoagulant solution and sodium chloride solution.
container. The containers are of a shape such that when Close the container, weigh it and store it at 5 ± 1 °C in an
filled they may be centrifuged. atmosphere with a relative humidity of (50 ± 5) per cent for
21 days. At the end of this period the loss in mass is not
The containers are fitted with a suitable device for greater than 1 per cent.
suspending or fixing which does not hinder the collection,
storage, processing or administration of the blood. Emptying under pressure. Fill the container with a volume
of water R at 5 ± 1 °C equal to the nominal capacity. Attach
The containers are enclosed in sealed, protective envelopes. a transfusion set without an intravenous cannula to one of
the connectors. Compress the container so as to maintain
CHARACTERS throughout the emptying an internal pressure (i.e the
The container is sufficiently transparent to allow adequate difference between the applied pressure and atmospheric
visual examination of its contents before and after the taking pressure) of 40 kPa. The container empties in less than
of the blood and is sufficiently flexible to offer minimum 2 min.
resistance during filling and emptying under normal Speed of filling. Attach the container by means of the
conditions of use. The container contains not more than blood-taking tube fitted with the needle to a reservoir
5 ml of air. containing a suitable solution having a viscosity equal to
that of blood, such as a 335 g/l solution of sucrose R at
TESTS 37 °C. Maintain the internal pressure of the reservoir (i.e.
Solution S1. Fill the container with 100 ml of a sterile, the difference between the applied pressure and atmospheric
pyrogen-free 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R. Close the pressure) at 9.3 kPa with the base of the reservoir and the
container and heat it in an autoclave so that the contents are upper part of the container at the same level. The volume
maintained at 110 °C for 30 min. of liquid which flows into the container in 8 min is not less
than the nominal capacity of the container.
If the container to be examined contains an anticoagulant
solution, first empty it, rinse the container with 250 ml of Resistance to temperature variations. Place the container
water for injections R at 20 ± 1 °C and discard the rinsings. in a suitable chamber having an initial temperature of
20 °C to 23 °C. Cool it rapidly in a deep-freeze to − 80 °C
Solution S2. Introduce into the container a volume of water and maintain it at this temperature for 24 h. Raise the
for injections R corresponding to the intended volume of temperature to 50 °C and maintain for 12 h. Allow to cool to
anticoagulant solution. Close the container and heat it in an room temperature. The container complies with the tests for
autoclave so that the contents are maintained at 110 °C for resistance to centrifugation, resistance to stretch, leakage,
30 min. After cooling, add sufficient water for injections R vapour permeability emptying under pressure and speed of
to fill the container to its nominal capacity. filling prescribed above.
If the container to be examined contains an anticoagulant Transparency. Fill the empty container with a volume
solution, first empty it and rinse it as indicated above. equal to its nominal capacity of the primary opalescent
Resistance to centrifugation. Introduce into the container suspension (2.2.1) diluted so as to have an absorbance
a volume of water R, acidified by the addition of 1 ml of (2.2.25) at 640 nm of 0.37 to 0.43 (dilution factor about 1 in
dilute hydrochloric acid R, sufficient to fill it to its nominal 16). The cloudiness of the suspension must be perceptible
capacity. Envelop the container with absorbent paper when viewed through the bag, as compared with a similar
impregnated with a 1 in 5 dilution of bromophenol blue container filled with water R.

380 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.2.4. Sterile containers of plasticised PVC for human blood

Extractable matter. Tests are carried out by methods Pyrogens (2.6.8). Solution S1 complies with the test for
designed to simulate as far as possible the conditions of pyrogens. Inject 10 ml of the solution per kilogram of the
contact between the container and its contents which occur rabbit’s mass.
in conditions of use. Abnormal toxicity (2.6.9). Solution S1 complies with the
The conditions of contact and the tests to be carried out test for abnormal toxicity. Inject 0.5 ml of the solution into
on the eluates are prescribed, according to the nature of each mouse.
the constituent materials, in the particular requirements for
each type of container. PACKAGING
The containers are packed in protective envelopes.
Haemolytic effects in buffered systems
On removal from its protective envelope the container shows
Stock buffer solution. Dissolve 90.0 g of sodium chloride R, no leakage and no growth of micro-organisms. The protective
34.6 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate R and 2.43 g of envelope is sufficiently robust to withstand normal handling.
sodium dihydrogen phosphate R in water R and dilute to The protective envelope is sealed in such a manner that it
1000 ml with the same solvent. cannot be opened and re-closed without leaving visible traces
Buffer solution A0. To 30.0 ml of stock buffer solution add that the seal has been broken.
10.0 ml of water R.
LABELLING
Buffer solution B0. To 30.0 ml of stock buffer solution add
The labelling complies with the relevant national legislation
20.0 ml of water R.
and international agreements. The label states :
Buffer solution C0. To 15.0 ml of stock buffer solution add — the name and address of the manufacturer,
85.0 ml of water R.
— a batch number which enables the history of the container
Introduce 1.4 ml of solution S2 into each of three centrifuge and of the plastic material of which it is manufactured
tubes. To tube I add 0.1 ml of buffer solution A0, to tube II to be traced.
add 0.1 ml of buffer solution B0 and to tube III add 0.1 ml A part of the label is reserved for :
of buffer solution C0. To each tube add 0.02 ml of fresh,
— the statement of the blood group, the reference number
heparinised human blood, mix well and warm on a water-bath
and all other information required by national legislation
at 30 ± 1 °C for 40 min. Use blood collected less than
or international agreements, and an empty space is
3 h previously or blood collected into an anticoagulant
provided for the insertion of supplementary labelling.
citrate-phosphate-dextrose solution (CPD) less than 24 h
previously. The label of the protective envelope or the label on the
container, visible through the envelope, states :
Prepare three solutions containing, respectively :
— the expiry date,
3.0 ml of buffer solution A0 and 12.0 ml of water R — that, once withdrawn from its protective envelope, the
(solution A1), container must be used within 10 days.
4.0 ml of buffer solution B0 and 11.0 ml of water R The ink or other substance used to print the labels or the
(solution B1), writing must not diffuse into the plastic material of the
4.75 ml of buffer solution B0 and 10.25 ml of water R container and must remain legible up to the time of use.
(solution C1).
To tubes I, II and III add, respectively, 1.5 ml of solution A1, 01/2008:30204
1.5 ml of solution B1 and 1.5 ml of solution C1. At the same
time and in the same manner, prepare three other tubes, 3.2.4. EMPTY STERILE CONTAINERS
replacing solution S2 by water R. Centrifuge simultaneously OF PLASTICISED POLY(VINYL
the tubes to be examined and the control tubes at exactly
2500 g in the same horizontal centrifuge for 5 min. After CHLORIDE) FOR HUMAN BLOOD AND
centrifuging, measure the absorbances (2.2.25) of the liquids BLOOD COMPONENTS
at 540 nm using the stock buffer solution as compensation
liquid. Calculate the haemolytic value as a percentage from Unless otherwise authorised as described under Sterile
the expression : Plastic Containers for Human Blood and Blood
Components (3.2.3), the nature and composition of the
material from which the containers are made comply with the
requirements for Materials based on Plasticised Poly(vinyl
chloride) for Containers for Human Blood and Blood
A100 = absorbance of tube III, Components and for Containers for aqueous solutions for
intravenous infusion (3.1.1).
Aexp = absorbance of tube I or II or of the corresponding
control tubes. TESTS
The solution in tube I gives a haemolytic value not greater They comply with the tests prescribed for Sterile Plastic
than 10 per cent and the haemolytic value of the solution in Containers for Human Blood and Blood Components
tube II does not differ by more than 10 per cent from that of (3.2.3) and with the following tests to detect extractable
the corresponding control tube. matter.
Sterility (2.6.1). The containers comply with the test for Reference solution. Heat water for injections R in a
sterility. Introduce aseptically into the container 100 ml of borosilicate-glass flask in an autoclave at 110 °C for 30 min.
a sterile 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride and shake the Oxidisable substances. Immediately after preparation of
container to ensure that the internal surfaces have been solution S2 (see 3.2.3), transfer to a borosilicate-glass flask a
entirely wetted. Filter the contents of the container through quantity corresponding to 8 per cent of the nominal capacity
a membrane filter and place the membrane in the appropriate of the container. At the same time, prepare a blank using
culture medium, as prescribed in the test for sterility. an equal volume of the freshly prepared reference solution

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 381
3.2.5. Containers of plasticised PVC with anticoagulant solution EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

in another borosilicate-glass flask. To each solution add gently ten times and transfer the contents to a glass flask.
20.0 ml of 0.002 M potassium permanganate and 1 ml Immediately measure the absorbance at the maximum at
of dilute sulphuric acid R. Allow to stand protected from 272 nm, using the extraction solvent as compensation liquid.
light for 15 min. To each solution add 0.1 g of potassium Determine the concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in
iodide R. Allow to stand protected from light for 5 min and milligrams per 100 ml of extract from the calibration curve.
titrate immediately with 0.01 M sodium thiosulphate, using The concentration does not exceed :
0.25 ml of starch solution R as indicator. The difference — 10 mg per 100 ml for containers of nominal volume
between the two titrations is not more than 2.0 ml. greater than 300 ml but not greater than 500 ml ;
Acidity or alkalinity. To a volume of solution S2 — 13 mg per 100 ml for containers of nominal volume
corresponding to 4 per cent of the nominal capacity of the greater than 150 ml but not greater than 300 ml ;
container add 0.1 ml of phenolphthalein solution R. The
— 14 mg per 100 ml for containers of nominal volume up
solution remains colourless. Add 0.4 ml of 0.01 M sodium
to 150 ml.
hydroxide. The solution is pink. Add 0.8 ml of 0.01 M
hydrochloric acid and 0.1 ml of methyl red solution R. The PACKAGING
solution is orange-red or red. See Sterile Plastic Containers for Human Blood and Blood
Chlorides (2.4.4). 15 ml of solution S2 complies with the Components (3.2.3).
limit test for chlorides (0.4 ppm). Prepare the standard
using a mixture of 1.2 ml of chloride standard solution LABELLING
(5 ppm Cl) R and 13.8 ml of water R. See Sterile Plastic Containers for Human Blood and Blood
Ammonium (2.4.1). Dilute 5 ml of solution S2 to 14 ml Components (3.2.3).
with water R. The solution complies with the limit test for
ammonium (2 ppm). 01/2008:30205
Residue on evaporation. Evaporate to dryness 100 ml of
solution S2 in a borosilicate-glass beaker of appropriate 3.2.5. STERILE CONTAINERS
capacity, previously heated to 105 °C. Evaporate to dryness
in the same conditions 100 ml of the reference solution OF PLASTICISED POLY(VINYL
(blank test). Dry to constant mass at 100 °C to 105 °C. CHLORIDE) FOR HUMAN BLOOD
The residue from solution S2 weighs not more than 3 mg,
allowing for the blank test. CONTAINING ANTICOAGULANT
Absorbance (2.2.25). Measure the absorbance of solution S2
SOLUTION
from 230 nm to 360 nm, using the reference solution as Sterile plastic containers containing an anticoagulant
compensation liquid. At wavelengths from 230 nm to 250 nm, solution complying with the monograph on Anticoagulant
the absorbance is not greater than 0.30. At wavelengths from and Preservative Solutions for Human Blood (0209)
251 nm to 360 nm, the absorbance is not greater than 0.10. are used for the collection, storage and administration
Extractable di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Extraction solvent, of blood. Before filling they comply with the description
alcohol R diluted with water R to have a relative density and characters given under Empty Sterile Containers of
(2.2.5) of 0.9389 to 0.9395, measured with a pycnometer. Plasticised Poly(vinyl chloride) for Human Blood and
Blood Components (3.2.4).
Stock solution. Dissolve 0.100 g of di(2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate R in the extraction solvent and dilute to 100.0 ml Unless otherwise authorised as described under Sterile
with the same solvent. Plastic Containers for Human Blood and Blood
Components (3.2.3), the nature and composition of the
Standard solutions material from which the containers are made should comply
(a) Dilute 20.0 ml of stock solution to 100.0 ml with with the requirements prescribed for Materials based on
extraction solvent. Plasticised Poly(vinyl chloride) for Containers for Human
Blood and Blood Components and for containers for
(b) Dilute 10.0 ml of stock solution to 100.0 ml with aqueous solutions for intravenous infusion (3.1.1).
extraction solvent.
(c) Dilute 5.0 ml of stock solution to 100.0 ml with TESTS
extraction solvent. They comply with the tests prescribed for Sterile Plastic
Containers for Human Blood and Blood Components
(d) Dilute 2.0 ml of stock solution to 100.0 ml with (3.2.3) and with the following tests to measure the volume of
extraction solvent. anticoagulant solution and to detect extractable matter.
(e) Dilute 1.0 ml of stock solution to 100.0 ml with Volume of anticoagulant solution. Empty the container,
extraction solvent. collecting the anticoagulant solution in a graduated cylinder.
Measure the absorbances (2.2.25) of the standard solutions The volume does not differ by more than ± 10 per cent from
at the maximum at 272 nm, using the extraction solvent as the stated volume.
compensation liquid and plot a curve of absorbance against Spectrophotometric examination (2.2.25). Measure the
the concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. absorbance of the anticoagulant solution from the container
Extraction procedure. Using the donor tubing and the between 250 nm and 350 nm, using as the compensation
needle or adaptor, fill the empty container with a volume liquid an anticoagulant solution of the same composition
equal to half the nominal volume with the extraction solvent, that has not been in contact with a plastic material. The
previously heated to 37 °C in a well-stoppered flask. Expel absorbance at the maximum at 280 nm is not greater
the air completely from the container and seal the donor than 0.5.
tube. Immerse the filled container in a horizontal position in Extractable di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Carefully remove
a water-bath maintained at 37 ± 1 °C for 60 ± 1 min without the anticoagulant solution by means of the flexible transfer
shaking. Remove the container from the water-bath, invert it tube. Using a funnel fitted to the tube, completely fill the

382 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.2.6. Sets for the transfusion of blood and blood components

container with water R, leave in contact for 1 min squeezing Ethylene oxide. If the label states that ethylene oxide has
the container gently, then empty completely. Repeat the been used for sterilisation, the content of ethylene oxide,
rinsing. determined by the method prescribed below, is not greater
The container, so emptied and rinsed, complies with the than 10 ppm. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28).
test for extractable di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate prescribed for The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
Empty Sterile Plastic Containers of Plasticised Poly(vinyl — a stainless steel column 1.5 m long and 6.4 mm in internal
chloride) for Human Blood and Blood Components (3.2.4). diameter packed with silanised diatomaceous earth
PACKAGING AND LABELLING for gas chromatography R impregnated with macrogol
1500 R (3 g per 10 g),
See Sterile Plastic Containers for Human Blood and Blood
Components (3.2.3). — helium for chromatography R as the carrier gas at a flow
rate of 20 ml/min,
— a flame-ionisation detector,
01/2008:30206 maintaining the temperature of the column at 40 °C, that of
the injector at 100 °C and that of the detector at 150 °C.
Verify the absence of peaks interfering with the ethylene
3.2.6. SETS FOR THE TRANSFUSION oxide peak by carrying out the test using an unsterilised set
OF BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENTS or using a different chromatographic system such as :
Sets for the transfusion of blood and blood components — a stainless steel column 3 m long and 3.2 mm in
consist principally of plastic tubing to which are fitted the internal diameter packed with silanised diatomaceous
parts necessary to enable the set to be used for transfusion earth for gas chromatography R impregnated with
in the appropriate manner. Sets include a closure-piercing triscyanoethoxypropane R (2 g per 10 g),
device, a blood filter, a drip chamber, a flow regulator, a Luer -— helium for chromatography R as the carrier gas at a
connector and, usually, a site that allows an injection to be flow rate of 20 ml/min,
made at the time of use. When the sets are to be used with — a flame-ionisation detector,
containers requiring an air-filter, this may be incorporated
in the closure-piercing device or a separate air-inlet device maintaining the temperature of the column at 60 °C, that of
may be used. The chamber enclosing the blood filter, the the injector at 100 °C and that of the detector at 150 °C.
drip chamber and the main tubing are transparent. The Ethylene oxide solution. Prepare under a ventilated
materials chosen and the design of the set are such as to hood. Place 50.0 ml of dimethylacetamide R in a 50 ml
ensure absence of haemolytic effects. The sets comply with vial, stopper, secure the stopper and weigh to the nearest
current standards regarding dimensions and performance. 0.1 mg. Fill a 50 ml polyethylene or polypropylene syringe
All parts of the set that may be in contact with blood and with gaseous ethylene oxide R, allow the gas to remain in
blood components are sterile and pyrogen-free. Each set contact with the syringe for about 3 min, empty the syringe
is presented in an individual package that maintains the and fill again with 50 ml of gaseous ethylene oxide R. Fit a
sterility of the contents. The sets are not to be re-sterilised hypodermic needle to the syringe and reduce the volume of
or re-used. gas in the syringe from 50 ml to 25 ml. Inject these 25 ml
of ethylene oxide slowly into the vial, shaking gently and
Sets for the transfusion of blood and blood components avoiding contact between the needle and the liquid. Weigh
are manufactured in accordance with the rules of good the vial again : the increase in mass is 45 mg to 60 mg and
manufacturing practice for medical devices and any relevant is used to calculate the exact concentration of the solution
national regulations. (about 1 g/l).
TESTS Test. Weigh the set after removing the package. Cut the
Carry out the tests on sterilised sets. set into pieces of maximum dimension 1 cm and place the
pieces in a 250 ml to 500 ml vial containing 150 ml of
Solution S. Make a closed circulation system from three dimethylacetamide R. Close the vial with a suitable stopper
sets and a 300 ml borosilicate-glass vessel. Fit to the vessel and secure the stopper. Place the vial in an oven at 70 ± 1 °C
a thermostat device that maintains the temperature of the for 16 h. Remove 1 ml of the hot gas from the vial and inject
liquid in the vessel at 37 ± 1 °C. Circulate 250 ml of water it onto the column. From the calibration curve and the
for injections R through the system in the direction used for height of the peak obtained, calculate the mass of ethylene
transfusion for 2 h at a rate of 1 litre/h (for example using oxide in the vial.
a peristaltic pump applied to as short a piece of suitable
silicone tubing as possible). Collect the whole of the solution Calibration curve. In a series of seven vials of the same
and allow to cool. type as that used for the test and each containing 150 ml
of dimethylacetamide R, place respectively 0 ml, 0.05 ml,
Appearance of solution S. Solution S is clear (2.2.1) and 0.10 ml, 0.20 ml, 0.50 ml, 1.00 ml and 2.00 ml of the ethylene
colourless (2.2.2, Method II). oxide solution, i.e. about 0 µg, 50 µg, 100 µg, 200 µg, 500 µg,
Acidity or alkalinity. To 25 ml of solution S add 0.15 ml of 1000 µg and 2000 µg of ethylene oxide. Stopper the vials,
BRP indicator solution R. Not more than 0.5 ml of 0.01 M secure the stoppers and place the vials in an oven at 70 ± 1 °C
sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour of the for 16 h. Inject 1 ml of the hot gas from each vial onto the
indicator to blue. To 25 ml of solution S add 0.2 ml of column and draw a calibration curve from the heights of the
methyl orange solution R. Not more than 0.5 ml of 0.01 M peaks and the mass of ethylene oxide in each flask.
hydrochloric acid is required to reach the beginning of the Reducing substances. Carry out the test within 4 h of
colour change of the indicator. preparation of solution S. To 20.0 ml of solution S add 1 ml
Absorbance (2.2.25). Examined from 230 nm to 250 nm, of dilute sulphuric acid R and 20.0 ml of 0.002 M potassium
solution S shows no absorbance greater than 0.30. Examined permanganate. Boil for 3 min and cool immediately. Add
from 251 nm to 360 nm, solution S shows no absorbance 1 g of potassium iodide R and titrate with 0.01 M sodium
greater than 0.15. thiosulphate using 0.25 ml of starch solution R as indicator.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 383
3.2.8. Sterile single-use plastic syringes EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Carry out a blank test using 20 ml of water for injections R. 01/2008:30208

The difference between the titration volumes is not greater
than 2.0 ml.
Extraneous particles. Fill the set via the normal inlet with 3.2.8. STERILE SINGLE-USE PLASTIC
a 0.1 g/l solution of sodium laurilsulfate R, previously SYRINGES
filtered through a sintered-glass filter (16) (2.1.2) and heated
to 37 °C. Collect the liquid via the normal outlet. When Sterile single-use plastic syringes are medical devices
examined under suitable conditions of visibility, the liquid is intended for immediate use for the administration of
clear and practically free from visible particles and filaments injectable preparations. They are supplied sterile and
(it is assumed that particles and filaments with a diameter pyrogen-free and are not to be re-sterilised or re-used. They
equal to or greater than 50 µm are visible to the naked eye). consist of a syringe barrel and a piston which may have an
Flow rate. Pass through a complete set with the flow elastomer sealing ring ; they may be fitted with a needle
regulator fully open 50 ml of a solution having a viscosity of which may be non-detachable. Each syringe is presented
3 mPa·s (3 cP) (for example a 33 g/l solution of macrogol with individual protection for maintaining sterility.
4000 R at 20 °C) under a static head of 1 m. The time
required for passage of 50 ml of the solution is not greater The barrel of the syringe is sufficiently transparent to permit
than 90 s. dosages to be read without difficulty and allow air bubbles
and foreign particles to be discerned.
Resistance to pressure. Make tight the extremities of the set
and any air-inlet device. Connect the set to a compressed The plastics and elastomer materials of which the barrel and
air outlet fitted with a pressure regulator. Immerse the set piston are made comply with the appropriate specification
in a tank of water at 20 °C to 23 °C. Apply progressively an or with the requirements of the competent authority. The
excess pressure of 100 kPa and maintain for 1 min. No air most commonly used materials are polypropylene and
bubble escapes from the set. polyethylene. The syringes comply with current standards
regarding dimensions and performance.
Transparency. Use as reference suspension the primary
opalescent suspension (2.2.1) diluted 1 in 8 for sets having Silicone oil (3.1.8) may be applied to the internal wall of
tubing with an external diameter less than 5 mm and diluted the barrel to assist in the smooth operation of the syringe
1 in 16 for sets having tubing with an external diameter of but there remains no excess capable of contaminating the
5 mm or greater. Circulate the reference suspension through contents at the time of use.
the set and compare with a set from the same batch filled
with water R. The opalescence and presence of bubbles are The inks, glues and adhesives for the marking on the syringe
discernible. or on the package and, where necessary, the assembly of the
syringe and its package, do not migrate across the walls.
Residue on evaporation. Evaporate 50.0 ml of solution S to
dryness on a water-bath and dry to constant mass in an oven
at 100 °C to 105 °C. Carry out a blank test using 50.0 ml of TESTS
water for injections R. The difference between the masses of
the residues is not greater than 1.5 mg. Solution S. Prepare the solution in a manner that avoids
contamination by foreign particles. Using a sufficient
Sterility (2.6.1). The sets comply with the test for sterility. number of syringes to produce 50 ml of solution, fill the
If the sets are stated to be sterile only internally, pass syringes to their nominal volume with water for injections R
50 ml of buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution pH 7.0 and maintain at 37 °C for 24 h. Combine the contents of the
(2.6.12) through the set and use to carry out the test by the syringes in a suitable borosilicate-glass container.
membrane-filtration method.
Appearance of solution. Solution S is clear (2.2.1) and
If the sets are stated to be sterile both internally and colourless (2.2.2, Method II) and is practically free from
externally, open the package with the necessary aseptic foreign solid particles.
precautions and : Acidity or alkalinity. To 20 ml of solution S add 0.1 ml of
bromothymol blue solution R1. Not more than 0.3 ml of
— for the direct inoculation method, place the set or its
0.01 M sodium hydroxide or 0.01 M hydrochloric acid is
components in a suitable container containing a sufficient
required to change the colour of the indicator.
quantity of the culture medium to ensure complete
immersion ; Absorbance (2.2.25). Measure the absorbance of solution S
from 220 nm to 360 nm. The absorbance does not
— for the membrane filtration method, place the set or its exceed 0.40.
components in a suitable container containing a sufficient
quantity of buffered sodium chloride-peptone solution Ethylene oxide. If the label states that ethylene oxide has
pH 7.0 (2.6.12) to allow total rinsing for 10 min. been used for sterilisation, the content of ethylene oxide,
determined by the method described below, is not greater
Pyrogens (2.6.8). Connect together five sets and pass than 10 ppm. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28).
through the assembly at a flow rate not exceeding 10 ml/min
250 ml of a sterile, pyrogen-free 9 g/l solution of sodium The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
chloride R. Collect the solution aseptically in a pyrogen-free
— a stainless steel column 1.5 m long and 6.4 mm in internal
container. The solution complies with the test for pyrogens.
diameter packed with silanised diatomaceous earth
Inject 10 ml per kilogram of the rabbit’s mass.
for gas chromatography R impregnated with macrogol
1500 R (3 g per 10 g),
LABELLING — helium for chromatography R as the carrier gas at a flow
rate of 20 ml/min,
The label states, where applicable, that the set has been
sterilised using ethylene oxide. — a flame-ionisation detector,

384 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.2.8. Sterile single-use plastic syringes

maintaining the temperature of the column at 40 °C, with air. Rinse the internal surface corresponding to the
that of the injector at 100 °C and that of the detector at nominal volume with the solvent by inverting the syringe
150 °C. Verify the absence of peaks interfering with the ten times in succession with the needle fitting closed by a
ethylene oxide peak, either by carrying out the test using an finger covered by a plastic film inert to methylene chloride.
unsterilised syringe or using a different chromatographic Expel the extracts into a tared dish and repeat the operation.
system such as : Evaporate the combined extracts to dryness on a water-bath.
Dry at 100 °C to 105 °C for 1 h. The residue weighs not more
— a stainless-steel column 3 m long and 3.2 mm in than 0.25 mg per square centimetre of internal surface area.
internal diameter packed with silanised diatomaceous
earth for gas chromatography R impregnated with Examine the residue by infrared absorption
triscyanoethoxypropane R (2 g per 10 g), spectrophotometry (2.2.24). It shows absorption
bands typical of silicone oil at 805 cm− 1, 1020 cm− 1,
— helium for chromatography R as carrier gas at a flow 1095 cm− 1, 1260 cm− 1 and 2960 cm− 1.
rate of 20 ml/min, Reducing substances. To 20.0 ml of solution S add 2 ml
of sulphuric acid R and 20.0 ml of 0.002 M potassium
— a flame-ionisation detector, permanganate. Boil for 3 min. Cool immediately. Add 1 g
of potassium iodide R and titrate immediately with 0.01 M
maintaining the temperature of the column at 60 °C, that of sodium thiosulphate using 0.25 ml of starch solution R
the injector at 100 °C and that of the detector at 150 °C. as indicator. Carry out a blank titration using 20.0 ml of
water for injections R. The difference between the titration
Ethylene oxide solution. Prepare under a ventilated hood. volumes is not greater than 3.0 ml.
Place 50.0 ml of dimethylacetamide R in a 50 ml vial,
stopper, secure the stopper and weigh to the nearest 0.1 mg. Transparency. Fill a syringe with water R (blank) and
Fill a 50 ml polyethylene or polypropylene syringe with fill another with a 1 in 10 dilution of primary opalescent
gaseous ethylene oxide R, allow the gas to remain in contact suspension (2.2.1). Use primary opalescent suspension
with the syringe for about 3 min, empty the syringe and that has been allowed to stand at 20 ± 2 °C for 24 h before
fill again with 50 ml of gaseous ethylene oxide R. Fit a use. Compare with the naked eye in diffused light against
hypodermic needle to the syringe and reduce the volume of a dark background. The opalescence of the suspension is
gas in the syringe from 50 ml to 25 ml. Inject these 25 ml detectable when compared with the blank.
of ethylene oxide slowly into the vial, shaking gently and Sterility (2.6.1). Syringes stated to be sterile comply with
avoiding contact between the needle and the liquid. Weigh the test for sterility carried out as follows. Using aseptic
the vial again : the increase in mass is 45 mg to 60 mg and technique, open the package, withdraw the syringe, separate
is used to calculate the exact concentration of the solution the components and place each in a suitable container
(about 1 g/l). containing sufficient culture media to cover the part
completely. Use both the recommended media (2.6.1).
Calibration curve. In a series of seven vials of the same
type as that used for the test and each containing 150 ml Syringes stated to be sterile only internally comply with
of dimethylacetamide R, place respectively 0 ml, 0.05 ml, the test for sterility carried out as follows. Use 50 ml of
0.10 ml, 0.20 ml, 0.50 ml, 1.00 ml and 2.00 ml of the ethylene inoculation medium for each test syringe. Using aseptic
oxide solution, i.e. about 0 µg, 50 µg, 100 µg, 200 µg, 500 µg, technique, remove the needle protector and submerge the
1000 µg and 2000 µg of ethylene oxide. Stopper the vials, needle in the culture medium. Flush the syringe five times
secure the stoppers and place the vials in an oven at 70 ± 1 °C by withdrawing the plunger to its fullest extent.
for 16 h. Inject 1 ml of the hot gas from each vial onto the Pyrogens (2.6.8). Syringes with a nominal volume equal to
column and draw a calibration curve from the heights of the or greater than 15 ml comply with the test for pyrogens.
peaks and the mass of ethylene oxide in each flask. Fill a minimum of three syringes to their nominal volume
with a pyrogen-free 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R and
Test. Weigh the syringe after removing the package. Cut the maintain at a temperature of 37 °C for 2 h. Combine the
syringe into pieces of maximum dimension 1 cm and place solutions aseptically in a pyrogen-free container and carry
the pieces in a 250 ml to 500 ml vial containing 150 ml of out the test immediately using for each rabbit 10 ml of the
dimethylacetamide R. Close the vial with a suitable stopper solution per kilogram of body mass.
and secure the stopper. Place the vial in an oven at 70 ± 1 °C
for 16 h. Remove 1 ml of the hot gas from the vial and inject
it onto the column. From the calibration curve and the LABELLING
height of the peak obtained, calculate the mass of ethylene
oxide in the vial. The label on the package states :
Silicone oil. Calculate the internal surface area of a syringe — the batch number,
in square centimetres using the expression :
— a description of the syringe,
— that the syringe is for single-use only.

V = nominal volume of the syringe, in cubic The label on the outer package states :
centimetres, — the method of sterilisation,
h = height of the graduation, in centimetres.
— that the syringe is sterile or that it is sterile only internally,
Take a sufficient number of syringes to give an internal — the identity of the manufacturer,
surface area of 100 cm2 to 200 cm2. Aspirate into each
syringe a volume of methylene chloride R equal to half — that the syringe is not to be used if the packaging is
the nominal volume and make up to the nominal volume damaged or the sterility protector is loose.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 385
3.2.9. Rubber closures for containers EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:30209 of detecting differences in a batch compared to the closures

corrected 6.0 used for compatibility testing. One or more of the following
analytical methods may be applied for this purpose :
3.2.9. RUBBER CLOSURES FOR determination of relative density, determination of
sulphated ash, determination of sulphur content, thin-layer
CONTAINERS FOR AQUEOUS chromatography carried out on an extract, ultraviolet
PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS, absorption spectrophotometry of an extract, infrared
absorption spectrophotometry of a pyrolysate.
FOR POWDERS AND FOR
FREEZE-DRIED POWDERS IDENTIFICATION
A. The elasticity is such that a strip of material with a
Rubber closures for containers for aqueous parenteral cross-section of 1 mm2 to 5 mm2 can be stretched by
preparations for powders and for freeze-dried powders are hand to at least twice its original length. Having been
made of materials obtained by vulcanisation (cross-linking) stretched to twice its length for l min, it contracts to less
of macromolecular organic substances (elastomers), with than 1.2 times its original length within 30 s.
appropriate additives. The specification also applies to B. Heat 1 g to 2 g in a heat-resistant test-tube over an open
closures for containers for powders and freeze-dried flame to dry the sample and continue heating until
products to be dissolved in water immediately before use. pyrolysate vapours are condensed near the top edge
The specification does not apply to closures made from of the test-tube. Deposit a few drops of the pyrolysate
silicone elastomer (which are dealt with in 3.1.9. Silicone on a potassium bromide disc and examine by infrared
elastomer for closures and tubing), to laminated closures absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24), comparing with
or to lacquered closures. The elastomers are produced the spectrum obtained with the type sample.
from natural or synthetic substances by polymerisation,
polyaddition or polycondensation. The nature of the C. The total ash (2.4.16) is within ± 10 per cent of the result
principal components and of the various additives (for obtained with the type sample.
example vulcanisers, accelerators, stabilisers, pigments) TESTS
depends on the properties required for the finished article.
The samples to be analysed may be washed and sterilised
Rubber closures may be classified in 2 types : type I closures before use.
are those which meet the strictest requirements and which
are to be preferred ; type II closures are those which, having Solution S. Introduce a number of uncut closures
mechanical properties suitable for special uses (for example, corresponding to a surface area of about 100 cm2 in a
multiple piercing), cannot meet requirements as severe suitable glass container, cover with water for injections R,
as those for the first category because of their chemical boil for 5 min and rinse 5 times with cold water for
composition. injections R. Place the washed closures in a wide-necked
flask (glass type I, 3.2.1), add 200 ml of water for
The closures chosen for use with a particular preparation injections R and weigh. Cover the mouth of the flask with
are such that : a borosilicate-glass beaker. Heat in an autoclave so that a
— the components of the preparation in contact with the temperature of 121 ± 2 °C is reached within 20 min to 30 min
closure are not adsorbed onto the surface of the closure and maintain at this temperature for 30 min. Cool to room
and do not migrate into or through the closure to an temperature over about 30 min. Make up to the original
extent sufficient to affect the preparation adversely, mass with water for injections R. Shake and immediately
— the closure does not yield to the preparation substances separate the solution from the rubber by decantation. Shake
in quantities sufficient to affect its stability or to present solution S before each test
a risk of toxicity. Blank. Prepare a blank in the same manner using 200 ml of
The closures are compatible with the preparation for which water for injections R.
they are used throughout its period of validity. Appearance of solution. Solution S is not more opalescent
The manufacturer of the preparation must obtain from the than reference suspension II for type I closures and is not
supplier an assurance that the composition of the closure more opalescent than reference suspension III for type II
does not vary and that it is identical to that of the closure closures (2.2.1). Solution S is not more intensely coloured
used during compatibility testing. When the supplier informs than reference solution GY5 (2.2.2, Method II).
the manufacturer of the preparation of changes in the Acidity or alkalinity. To 20 ml of solution S add 0.1 ml of
composition, compatibility testing must be repeated, totally bromothymol blue solution R1. Not more than 0.3 ml of
or partly, depending on the nature of the changes. 0.01 M sodium hydroxide or 0.8 ml of 0.01 M hydrochloric
The closures are washed and may be sterilised before use. acid is required to obtain either a blue or a yellow colour,
respectively.
CHARACTERS Absorbance. Carry out the test within 5 h of preparation
Rubber closures are elastic ; they are translucent or opaque of solution S. Filter solution S on a membrane filter having
and have no characteristic colour, the latter depending approximately 0.45 µm pores rejecting the first few millilitres
on the additives used. They are practically insoluble in of filtrate. Measure the absorbance (2.2.25) of the filtrate at
tetrahydrofuran, in which, however, a considerable reversible wavelengths from 220 nm to 360 nm using the blank (see
swelling may occur. They are homogeneous and practically solution S) as compensation liquid. At these wavelengths,
free from flash and adventitious materials (for example the absorbance does not exceed 0.2 for type I closures or 4.0
fibres, foreign particles, waste rubber). for type II closures. If necessary, dilute the filtrate before
Identification of the type of rubber used for the closures is measurement of the absorbance and correct the result for
not within the scope of this specification. The identification the dilution.
test given below distinguishes elastomer and non-elastomer Reducing substances. Carry out the test within 4 h of
closures but does not differentiate the various types of preparation of solution S. To 20.0 ml of solution S add
rubber. Other identity tests may be carried out with the aim 1 ml of dilute sulphuric acid R and 20.0 ml of 0.002 M

386 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 3.2.9. Rubber closures for containers

potassium permanganate. Boil for 3 min. Cool. Add 1 g Penetrability. For closures intended to be pierced by a
of potassium iodide R and titrate immediately with 0.01 M hypodermic needle, carry out the following test. Fill 10
sodium thiosulphate, using 0.25 ml of starch solution R as suitable vials to the nominal volume with water R, fit the
indicator. Carry out a titration using 20.0 ml of the blank. closures to be examined and secure with a cap. Using for
The difference between the titration volumes is not greater each closure a new, lubricated long-bevel(1) (bevel angle
than 3.0 ml for type I closures and 7.0 ml for type II closures. 12 ± 2°) hypodermic needle with an external diameter of
Ammonium (2.4.1) : maximum 2 ppm. 0.8 mm, pierce the closures with the needle perpendicular
to the surface. The force required for piercing, determined
Dilute 5 ml of solution S to 14 ml with water R. The solution with an accuracy of ± 0.25 N (25 gf), is not greater than 10 N
complies with limit test A. (1 kgf) for each closure.
Extractable zinc : maximum of 5.0 µg of extractable Zn per Fragmentation. For closures intended to be pierced by
millilitre of solution S. a hypodermic needle, carry out the following test. If the
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.23, Method I). closures are to be used for aqueous preparations, place in
Test solution. Dilute 10.0 ml of solution S to 100 ml with 12 clean vials a volume of water R corresponding to the
0.1 M hydrochloric acid. nominal volume minus 4 ml, close the vials with the closures
to be examined, secure with a cap and allow to stand for
Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions using 16 h. If the closures are to be used with dry preparations,
zinc standard solution (10 ppm Zn) R diluted with 0.1 M close 12 clean vials with the closures to be examined. Using
hydrochloric acid. a lubricated long-bevel(1) (bevel angle 12 ± 2°) hypodermic
Source : zinc hollow-cathode lamp. needle with an external diameter of 0.8 mm fitted to a clean
Wavelength : 213.9 nm. syringe, inject into the vial 1 ml of water R and remove 1 ml
of air ; carry out this operation 4 times for each closure,
Flame : air-acetylene. piercing each time at a different site. Use a new needle for
Extractable heavy metals (2.4.8) : maximum 2 ppm. each closure and check that the needle is not blunted during
Solution S complies with limit test A. Prepare the standard the test. Pass the liquid in the vials through a filter having
using lead standard solution (2 ppm Pb) R. approximately 0.5 µm pores. Count the fragments of rubber
visible to the naked eye. The total number of fragments does
Residue on evaporation. Evaporate 50.0 ml of solution S to not exceed 5. This limit is based on the assumption that
dryness on a water-bath and dry at 100 °C to 105 °C. The fragments with a diameter equal to or greater than 50 µm
residue weighs not more than 2.0 mg for type I rubber and are visible to the naked eye ; in cases of doubt or dispute, the
not more than 4.0 mg for type II rubber. fragments are examined with a microscope to verify their
Volatile sulphides. Place closures, cut if necessary, with a nature and size.
total surface area of 20 ± 2 cm2 in a 100 ml conical flask Self-sealing test. For closures intended to be used with
and add 50 ml of a 20 g/l solution of citric acid R. Place a multidose containers, carry out the following test. Fill 10
piece of lead acetate paper R over the mouth of the flask suitable vials to the nominal volume with water R, fit the
and maintain the paper in position by placing over it an closures to be examined and secure with a cap. Using for
inverted weighing bottle. Heat in an autoclave at 121 ± 2 °C each closure a new hypodermic needle with an external
for 30 min. Any black stain on the paper is not more intense diameter of 0.8 mm, pierce each closure 10 times, piercing
than that of a standard prepared at the same time in the each time at a different site. Immerse the vials upright in a
same manner using 0.154 mg of sodium sulphide R and 1 g/l solution of methylene blue R and reduce the external
50 ml of a 20 g/l solution of citric acid R. pressure by 27 kPa for 10 min. Restore atmospheric pressure
For the tests for penetrability, fragmentation and and leave the vials immersed for 30 min. Rinse the outside
self-sealing, use the closures treated as described for the of the vials. None of the vials contains any trace of coloured
preparation of solution S and allowed to dry. solution.

(1) See ISO 7864 "Sterile hypodermic needles for single use".

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 387
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

388 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

4. REAGENTS
4. Reagents.................................................................................. 391 4.1.3. Buffer solutions.. ............................................................ 508
4.1. Reagents, standard solutions, buffer solutions.. ......... 391 4.2. Volumetric analysis.............................................................514
4.1.1. Reagents.. ......................................................................... 391 4.2.1. Primary standards for volumetric solutions..............514
4.1.2. Standard solutions for limit tests................................ 504 4.2.2. Volumetric solutions.......................................................514

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 389
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

390 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

01/2008:40000 Acebutolol hydrochloride. 1148900. [34381-68-5].

See Acebutolol hydrochloride (0871).
4. REAGENTS Acetal. C6H14O2. (Mr 118.2). 1112300. [105-57-7].
Acetaldehyde diethyl acetal. 1,1-Diethoxyethane.
Additional information for reagents that can only be fully
A clear, colourless, volatile liquid, miscible with water and
identified by a trademark or whose availability is limited
with alcohol.
may be found in the KNOWLEDGE database on the EDQM
website. This information is given only to make it easier to : about 0.824.
obtain such reagents and this does not suggest in any way : about 1.382.
that the mentioned suppliers are especially recommended bp : about 103 °C.
or certified by the European Pharmacopoeia Commission
or the Council of Europe. It is therefore acceptable to use Acetaldehyde. C2H4O. (Mr 44.1). 1000200. [75-07-0].
reagents from another source provided that they comply Ethanal.
with the standards of the Pharmacopoeia. A clear, colourless flammable liquid, miscible with water and
with alcohol.
: about 0.788.
01/2008:40100
: about 1.332.
bp : about 21 °C.
4.1. REAGENTS, STANDARD
SOLUTIONS, BUFFER SOLUTIONS Acetaldehyde ammonia trimer trihydrate.
C6H15N3,3H2O. (Mr 183.3). 1133500. [58052-80-5].
Where the name of substance or a solution is followed by 2,4,6-Trimethylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine trihydrate.
the letter R (the whole in italics), this indicates a reagent mp : 95 °C to 97 °C.
included in the following list. The specifications given for
reagents do not necessarily guarantee their quality for use Acetic acid, anhydrous. C2H4O2. (Mr 60.1). 1000300.
in medicines. [64-19-7].
Within the description of each reagent there is a seven-figure Content : minimum 99.6 per cent m/m of C2H4O2.
reference code in italics (for example, 1002501). This A colourless liquid or white or almost white, shining, fern-like
number, which will remain unchanged for a given reagent crystals, miscible with or very soluble in water, in alcohol, in
during subsequent revisions of the list, is used for glycerol (85 per cent), and in most fatty and essential oils.
identification purposes by the Secretariat, and users of the : 1.052 to 1.053.
Pharmacopoeia may also find it useful, for example in the bp : 117 °C to 119 °C.
management of reagent stocks. The description may also
include a CAS number (Chemical Abstract Service Registry A 100 g/l solution is strongly acid (2.2.4).
Number) recognisable by its typical format, for example A 5 g/l solution neutralised with dilute ammonia R2 gives
9002-93-1. reaction (b) of acetates (2.3.1).
Some of the reagents included in the list are toxic and Freezing point (2.2.18) : minimum 15.8 °C.
are to be handled in conformity with good quality control Water (2.5.12) : maximum 0.4 per cent. If the water content
laboratory practice. is more than 0.4 per cent it may be adjusted by adding the
Reagents in aqueous solution are prepared using water R. calculated amount of acetic anhydride R.
Where a reagent solution is described using an expression Storage : protected from light.
such as “hydrochloric acid (10 g/l HCl)”, the solution is
prepared by an appropriate dilution with water R of a more Acetic acid, glacial. C2H4O2. (Mr 60.1). 1000400. [64-19-7].
concentrated reagent solution specified in this chapter. See Acetic acid, glacial (0590).
Reagent solutions used in the limit tests for barium, calcium
and sulphates are prepared using distilled water R. Where Acetic acid. 1000401.
the name of the solvent is not stated, an aqueous solution is Content : 290 g/l to 310 g/l of C2H4O2 (Mr 60.1).
intended. Dilute 30 g of glacial acetic acid R to 100 ml with water R.
The reagents and reagent solutions are to be stored in Acetic acid, dilute. 1000402.
well-closed containers. The labelling should comply with the
relevant national legislation and international agreements. Content : 115 g/l to 125 g/l of C2H4O2 (Mr 60.1).
Dilute 12 g of glacial acetic acid R to 100 ml with water R.

01/2008:40101 Acetic anhydride. C4H6O3. (Mr 102.1). 1000500. [108-24-7].

Content : minimum 97.0 per cent m/m of C4H6O3.
4.1.1. REAGENTS A clear, colourless liquid.
bp : 136 °C to 142 °C.
Acacia. 1000100. Assay. Dissolve 2.00 g in 50.0 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide
See Acacia (0307). in a ground-glass-stoppered flask and boil under a reflux
condenser for 1 h. Titrate with 1 M hydrochloric acid, using
Acacia solution. 1000101.
0.5 ml of phenolphthalein solution R as indicator. Calculate
Dissolve 100 g of acacia R in 1000 ml of water R. Stir the number of millilitres of 1 M sodium hydroxide required
with a mechanical stirrer for 2 h. Centrifuge at about for 1 g (n1). Dissolve 2.00 g in 20 ml of cyclohexane R in
2000 g for 30 min to obtain a clear solution. a ground-glass-stoppered flask, cool in ice and add a cold
Storage : in polyethylene containers of about 250 ml mixture of 10 ml of aniline R and 20 ml of cyclohexane R.
capacity at 0 °C to − 20 °C. Boil the mixture under a reflux condenser for 1 h, add 50.0 ml
of 1 M sodium hydroxide and shake vigorously. Titrate with

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 391
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

1 M hydrochloric acid, using 0.5 ml of phenolphthalein Acetylacetone. C5H8O2. (Mr 100.1). 1000900. [123-54-6].
solution R as indicator. Calculate the number of millilitres 2,4-Pentanedione.
of 1 M sodium hydroxide required for 1 g (n2). Calculate the A colourless or slightly yellow, easily flammable liquid, freely
percentage of C4H6O3 from the expression : soluble in water, miscible with acetone, with alcohol and
with glacial acetic acid.
: 1.452 to 1.453.
Acetic anhydride solution R1. 1000501. bp : 138 °C to 140 °C.
Dissolve 25.0 ml of acetic anhydride R in anhydrous Acetylacetone reagent R1. 1000901.
pyridine R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same solvent. To 100 ml of ammonium acetate solution R add 0.2 ml of
Storage : protected from light and air. acetylacetone R.
Acetic anhydride - sulphuric acid solution. 1000502. N-Acetyl- -caprolactam. C8H13NO2. (Mr 155.2). 1102700.
Carefully mix 5 ml of acetic anhydride R with 5 ml of [1888-91-1]. N-Acetylhexane-6-lactam.
sulphuric acid R. Add dropwise and with cooling to 50 ml Colourless liquid, miscible with ethanol.
of ethanol R. : about 1.100.
Prepare immediately before use. : about 1.489.
Acetone. 1000600. [67-64-1]. bp : about 135 °C.
See Acetone (0872). Acetyl chloride. C2H3ClO. (Mr 78.5). 1000800. [75-36-5].
A clear, colourless liquid, flammable, decomposes in contact
Acetonitrile. C2H3N. (Mr 41.05). 1000700. [75-05-8]. Methyl
with water and with alcohol, miscible with ethylene chloride.
cyanide. Ethanenitrile.
: about 1.10.
A clear, colourless liquid, miscible with water, with acetone
and with methanol. Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils
between 49 °C and 53 °C.
: about 0.78.
: about 1.344. Acetylcholine chloride. C7H16ClNO2. (Mr 181.7). 1001000.
[60-31-1].
A 100 g/l solution is neutral to litmus paper.
A crystalline powder, very soluble in cold water and in
Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils alcohol ; it decomposes in hot water and in alkalis.
between 80 °C and 82 °C.
Storage : at − 20 °C.
Acetonitrile used in spectrophotometry complies with the
following additional requirement. Acetyleugenol. C12H14O3. (Mr 206.2). 1100700. [93-28-7].
Minimum transmittance (2.2.25) : 98 per cent from 255 nm 2-Methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)phenylacetate.
to 420 nm, using water R as compensation liquid. A yellow coloured, oily liquid, freely soluble in alcohol,
practically insoluble in water.
Acetonitrile for chromatography. 1000701.
: about 1.521.
See Acetonitrile R.
bp : 281 °C to 282 °C.
Acetonitrile used in chromatography complies with the Acetyleugenol used in gas chromatography complies with
following additional requirements. the following additional test.
Minimum transmittance (2.2.25) : 98 per cent from Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
240 nm, using water R as compensation liquid. prescribed in the monograph on Clove oil (1091) using the
Minimum purity (2.2.28) : 99.8 per cent. substance to be examined as the test solution.
The area of the principal peak is not less than 98.0 per cent
Acetonitrile R1. 1000702. of the total area of the peaks.
Complies with the requirements prescribed for
acetonitrile R and with the following additional N-Acetylglucosamine. C8H15NO6. (Mr 221.2). 1133600.
requirements. [7512-17-6]. 2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose.
Content : minimum 99.9 per cent of C2H3N. mp : about 202 °C.
Absorbance (2.2.25). The absorbance at 200 nm using Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid. C32H48O5. (Mr 512.7).
water R as the compensation liquid is not more than 0.10. 1167700. [67416-61-9]. 3α-(Acetyloxy)-11-oxours-12-en-24-oic
acid. (4β)-3α-(Acetyloxy)-11-oxours-12-en-23-oic acid.
Acetoxyvalerenic acid. C17H24O4. (Mr 292.4). 1165800.
[81397-67-3]. (2E)-3-[(1RS,4S,7R,7aR)-1-(Acetyloxy)-3,7- White or almost white powder, insoluble in water, soluble in
dimethyl-2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-2-methylprop- acetone, in anhydrous ethanol and in methanol.
2-enoic acid. mp : 271 °C to 274 °C.
Colourless or pale yellow viscous oil. Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid used in liquid
Absorbance (2.2.25) : absorption maximum at about 216 nm, chromatography complies with the following additional
determined in methanol R. test.
Assay. Liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as prescribed in the
Acetylacetamide. C4H7NO2. (Mr 101.1). 1102600. monograph on Indian frankincense (2310).
[5977-14-0]. 3-Oxobutanamide. Content : minimum 90 per cent, calculated by the
mp : 53 °C to 56 °C. normalisation procedure.

392 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

N-Acetylneuraminic acid. C11H19NO9. (Mr 309.3). 1001100. Acid blue 92 solution. 1001401.
[131-48-6]. O-Sialic acid. Dissolve 0.5 g of acid blue 92 R in a mixture of 10 ml of
White or almost white acicular crystals, soluble in water and glacial acetic acid R, 45 ml of alcohol R and 45 ml of
in methanol, slightly soluble in ethanol, practically insoluble water R.
in acetone.
Acid blue 93. C37H27N3Na2O9S3. (Mr 800). 1134200.
: about − 36, determined on a 10 g/l solution. [28983-56-4].
mp : about 186 °C, with decomposition. Colour Index No. 42780.
Methyl blue. Poirrier blue.
N-Acetyltryptophan. C13H14N2O3. (Mr 246.3). 1102800.
[1218-34-4]. 2-Acetylamino-3-(indol-3-yl)propanoic acid. Mixture of triphenylrosaniline di- and trisulfonate and of
triphenylpararosaniline.
A white or almost white powder or colourless crystals,
slightly soluble in water. It dissolves in dilute solutions of Dark blue powder.
alkali hydroxides. Colour change : pH 9.4 to pH 14.0.
mp : about 205 °C. Acid blue 93 solution. 1134201.
Assay. Dissolve 10.0 mg in a mixture of 10 volumes of Dissolve 0.2 g of acid blue 93 R in water R and dilute to
acetonitrile R and 90 volumes of water R and dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent.
100.0 ml with the same mixture of solvents. Examine
as prescribed in the monograph on Tryptophan (1272) Acrylamide. C3H5NO. (Mr 71.1). 1001500. [79-06-1].
under “1,1′-Ethylidenebis(tryptophan) and other related Propenamide.
substances”. The area of the principal peak in the Colourless or white flakes or a white or almost white,
chromatogram obtained is not less than 99.0 per cent of the crystalline powder, very soluble in water and in methanol,
areas of all the peaks. freely soluble in ethanol.
mp : about 84 °C.
Acetyltyrosine ethyl ester. C13H17NO4,H2O. (Mr 269.3).
1001200. [36546-50-6]. N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl 30 per cent acrylamide/bisacrylamide (29:1) solution.
ester monohydrate. Ethyl (S)-2-acetamido-3-(4- 1001501.
hydroxyphenyl)propionate monohydrate. Prepare a solution containing 290 g of acrylamide R and
A white or almost white, crystalline powder suitable for the 10 g of methylenebisacrylamide R per litre of water R.
assay of chymotrypsin. Filter.
: + 21 to + 25, determined on a 10 g/l solution in 30 per cent acrylamide/bisacrylamide (36.5:1)
alcohol R. solution. 1001502.
: 60 to 68, determined at 278 nm in alcohol R. Prepare a solution containing 292 g of acrylamide R and
8 g of methylenebisacrylamide R per litre of water R.
Acetyltyrosine ethyl ester 0.2 M. 1001201. Filter.
Dissolve 0.54 g of acetyltyrosine ethyl ester R in
alcohol R and dilute to 10.0 ml with the same solvent. Acrylic acid. C3H4O2. (Mr 72.1). 1133700. [79-10-7].
Prop-2-enoic acid. Vinylformic acid.
Acid blue 83. C45H44N3NaO7S2. (Mr 826). 1012200. Content : minimum 99 per cent of C3H4O2 .
[6104-59-2].
It is stabilised with 0.02 per cent of hydroquinone
Colour Index No. 42660. monomethyl ether.
Brilliant blue R. Coomassie brilliant blue R 250. Corrosive liquid, miscible with water and alcohol. It
Brown powder insoluble in cold water, slightly soluble in polymerises readily in the presence of oxygen.
boiling water and in ethanol, soluble in sulphuric acid, : about 1.05.
glacial acetic acid and in dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides.
: about 1.421.
Acid blue 90. C47H48N3NaO7S2. (Mr 854). 1001300. bp : about 141 °C.
[6104-58-1]. mp : 12 °C to 15 °C.
Colour Index No. 42655.
Sodium [4-[[4-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)amino]phenyl][[4-(ethyl)(3- Acteoside. C29H36O15. (Mr 624.6). 1145100.
sulphonatobenzyl)amino]phenyl]methylene]cyclo-hexa-2,5- [61276-17-3]. 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl
dien-1-ylidene](ethyl)-(3-sulphonatobenzyl)ammonium. 3-O-(6-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl)-4-O-[(2E)-3-(3,4-
dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enoyl]-β-D-glucopyranoside.
A dark brown powder, with a violet sheen and some particles
having a metallic lustre, soluble in water and in ethanol. Light yellowish powder, freely soluble in water and in
methanol.
: greater than 500, determined at 577 nm using a
mp : about 140 °C, with decomposition.
0.01 g/l solution in buffer solution pH 7.0 and calculated
with reference to the dried substance. Adenosine. C10H13N5O4. (Mr 267.2). 1001600. [58-61-7].
Loss on drying (2.2.32) : maximum 5.0 per cent, determined 6-Amino-9-β-D-ribofuranosyl-9H-purine.
on 0.500 g by drying in an oven at 105 °C. A white or almost white, crystalline powder, slightly soluble
in water, practically insoluble in acetone and in alcohol. It
Acid blue 92. C26H16N3Na3O10S3. (Mr 696). 1001400. dissolves in dilute solutions of acids.
[3861-73-2].
mp : about 234 °C.
Colour Index No. 13390.
Coomassie blue. Anazolene sodium. Trisodium 8-hydroxy-4′- Adipic acid. C6H10O4. (Mr 146.1). 1095600. [124-04-9].
(phenylamino)azonaphthalene-3,5′,6-trisulphonate. Prisms, freely soluble in methanol, soluble in acetone,
Dark blue crystals slightly soluble in alcohol, soluble in practically insoluble in light petroleum.
water, in acetone and in ethylene glycol monoethylether. mp : about 152 °C.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 393
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Adrenaline. C9H13NO3. (Mr 183.2). 1155000. [51-43-4]. Agarose for chromatography, cross-linked R1. 1001901.
(1R)-1-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(methylamino)ethanol. [65099-79-8].
4-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol. Prepared for agarose by reaction with 2,3-dibromopropanol
White or almost white powder, gradually becoming brown on in strongly alkaline conditions.
exposure to light and air, very slightly soluble in water and It occurs as swollen beads 60 µm to 140 µm in diameter and
in ethanol (96 per cent), insoluble in acetone. It dissolves in is presented as a 4 per cent suspension in water R. It is
dilute solutions of mineral acids and alkali hydroxides. used in size-exclusion chromatography for the separation of
mp : about 215 °C. proteins with relative molecular masses of 7 × 104 to 40 × 106
and of polysaccharides with relative molecular masses of
1 × 105 to 2 × 107.
Adrenalone hydrochloride. C9H12ClNO3. (Mr 217.7).
1155100. [62-13-5]. 1-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2- Agarose for electrophoresis. 1002000. [9012-36-6].
(methylamino)ethanone hydrochloride. 3′,4′-Dihydroxy-2-
(methylamino)acetophenone hydrochloride. A neutral, linear polysaccharide, the main component of
which is derived from agar.
Pale yellow crystals, freely soluble in water, soluble in A white or almost white powder, practically insoluble in cold
ethanol (96 per cent). water, very slightly soluble in hot water.
mp : about 244 °C.
Agnuside. C22H26O11. (Mr 466.4). 1162000.
Aescin. 1001700. [11072-93-8]. [11027-63-7]. (1RS,4aSR,5RS,7aRS)-5-Hydroxy-
7-[[(4-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy]methyl]-1,4a,5,7a-
A mixture of related saponins obtained from the seeds of tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-1-yl β-D-glucopyranoside.
Aesculus hippocastanum L. White or almost white crystals.
A fine, almost white or slightly reddish or yellowish,
amorphous powder. Alanine. 1102900. [56-41-7].
See Alanine (0752).
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
on Senega root (0202) but apply 20 µl of the solution. β-Alanine. 1004500. [107-95-9].
After spraying with anisaldehyde solution R and heating,
the chromatogram shows a principal band with an RF of See 3-aminopropionic acid R.
about 0.4.
Albumin, bovine. 1002300. [9048-46-8].
Aflatoxin B1. C17H12O6. (Mr 312.3). 1166000. Bovine serum albumin containing about 96 per cent of
[1162-65-8]. (6aR,9aS)-4-Methoxy-2,3,6a,9a- protein.
tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3′,2′:4,5]furo[2,3- A white to light-yellowish-brown powder.
h][1]benzopyran-1,11-dione. Water (2.5.12) : maximum 3.0 per cent, determined on
White or faint yellow crystals. 0.800 g.
Bovine albumin used in the assay of tetracosactide
Agarose/cross-linked polyacrylamide. 1002200. should be pyrogen-free, free from proteolytic activity,
Agarose trapped within a cross-linked polyacrylamide when examined by a suitable means, for example using
network ; it is used for the separation of globular proteins chromogenic substrate, and free from corticosteroid activity
4
with relative molecular masses of 2 × 10 to 35 × 10 . 4 determined by measurement of fluorescence as described
in the biological assay of Tetracosactide (0644).
Agarose-DEAE for ion-exchange chromatography. Albumin, human. 1133800.
1002100. [57407-08-6].
Human serum albumin containing not less than 96 per cent
Cross-linked agarose substituted with diethylaminoethyl of albumin.
groups, presented as beads.
Albumin solution, human. 1002400. [9048-46-8].
Agarose for chromatography. 1001800. [9012-36-6]. See Human albumin solution (0255).
Swollen beads 60 µm to 140 µm in diameter presented as a Albumin solution, human R1. 1002401.
4 per cent suspension in water R. It is used in size-exclusion
chromatography for the separation of proteins with Dilute human albumin solution R with a 9 g/l solution of
relative molecular masses of 6 × 104 to 20 × 106 and of sodium chloride R to a concentration of 1 g/l of protein.
polysaccharides with relative molecular masses of 3 × 103 Adjust the pH to 3.5-4.5 with glacial acetic acid R.
to 5 × 106.
Alcohol. 1002500. [64-17-5].
Agarose for chromatography, cross-linked. 1001900. See Ethanol (96 per cent) R.
[61970-08-9].
Alcohol (x per cent V/V). 1002502.
Prepared from agarose by reaction with 2,3-dibromopropanol See Ethanol (x per cent V/V) R.
in strongly alkaline conditions.
It occurs as swollen beads 60 µm to 140 µm in diameter and Alcohol, aldehyde-free. 1002501.
is presented as a 4 per cent suspension in water R. It is Mix 1200 ml of alcohol R with 5 ml of a 400 g/l solution
used in size-exclusion chromatography for the separation of of silver nitrate R and 10 ml of a cooled 500 g/l solution
proteins with relative molecular masses of 6 × 104 to 20 × 106 of potassium hydroxide R. Shake, allow to stand for a
and of polysaccharides with relative molecular masses of few days and filter. Distil the filtrate immediately before
3 × 103 to 5 × 106. use.

394 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Aldehyde dehydrogenase. 1103000. filtrate, with continuous stirring, sufficient of a 10 g/l

Enzyme obtained from baker’s yeast which oxidises solution of sodium hydroxide R (about 60 ml) to adjust
acetaldehyde to acetic acid in the presence of the pH to about 1.5.
nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide, potassium salts and Aluminium nitrate. Al(NO3)3,9H2O. (Mr 375.1). 1002800.
thiols, at pH 8.0. [7784-27-2]. Aluminium nitrate nonahydrate.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase solution. 1103001. Crystals, deliquescent, very soluble in water and alcohol,
Dissolve in water R a quantity of aldehyde very slightly soluble in acetone.
dehydrogenase R, equivalent to 70 units and dilute to Storage : in an airtight container.
10 ml with the same solvent. This solution is stable for
8 h at 4 °C. Aluminium oxide, anhydrous. 1002900. [1344-28-1].
An aluminium oxide, consisting of γ-Al2O3, dehydrated and
Aldrin. C12H8Cl6. (Mr 364.9). 1123100. [309-00-2]. activated by heat treatment. Particle size 75 µm to 150 µm.
bp : about 145 °C. Aluminium oxide, basic. 1118300.
mp : about 104 °C. A basic grade of anhydrous aluminium oxide R suitable
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in for column chromatography.
cyclohexane) may be used. pH (2.2.3). Shake 1 g with 10 ml of carbon dioxide-free
Aleuritic acid. C16H32O5. (Mr 304.4). 1095700. [533-87-9]. water R for 5 min. The pH of the suspension is 9 to 10.
(9RS,10SR)-9,10,16-Trihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. Aluminium oxide, neutral. Al2O3. (Mr 102.0). 1118400.
A white or almost white powder, greasy to the touch, soluble See Aluminium oxide, hydrated (0311).
in methanol.
mp : about 101 °C. Aluminium potassium sulphate. 1003000. [7784-24-9].
See Alum (0006).
Alizarin S. C14H7NaO7S,H2O. (Mr 360.3). 1002600.
[130-22-3]. Americium-243 spiking solution. 1167500.
Schultz No. 1145. Contains 50 Bq/l 243Pu and a 134 g/l solution of
Colour Index No. 58005. lanthanum chloride heptahydrate R in a 103 g/l solution of
Sodium 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-sulphonate hydrochloric acid R.
monohydrate. Sodium 3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10- Amido black 10B. C22H14N6Na2O9S2. (Mr 617). 1003100.
dihydroanthracene-2-sulphonate monohydrate. [1064-48-8].
An orange-yellow powder, freely soluble in water and in Schultz No. 299.
alcohol.
Colour Index No. 20470.
Alizarin S solution. 1002601. Disodium 5-amino-4-hydroxy-6-[(4-nitrophenyl)azo]-3-
(phenylazo)naphthalene-2,7-disulphonate.
A 1 g/l solution.
A dark-brown to black powder, sparingly soluble in water,
Test for sensitivity. If alizarin S solution is used for the soluble in alcohol.
standardisation of 0.05 M barium perchlorate, it shows
a colour change from yellow to orange-red when it is Amido black 10B solution. 1003101.
tested according to the standardisation of 0.05 M barium A 5 g/l solution of amido black 10B R in a mixture
perchlorate (4.2.2). of 10 volumes of acetic acid R and 90 volumes of
Colour change : pH 3.7 (yellow) to pH 5.2 (violet). methanol R.
Aluminium. Al. (Ar 26.98). 1118200. [7429-90-5]. Aminoazobenzene. C12H11N3. (Mr 197.2). 1003200.
A white or almost white, malleable, flexible, bluish metal, [60-09-3].
available as bars, sheets, powder, strips or wire. In moist air Colour Index No. 11000.
an oxide film forms which protects the metal from corrosion. 4-(Phenylazo)aniline.
Analytical grade. Brownish-yellow needles with a bluish tinge, slightly soluble
in water, freely soluble in alcohol.
Aluminium chloride. AlCl3,6H2O. (Mr 241.4). 1002700. mp : about 128 °C.
[7784-13-6]. Aluminium chloride hexahydrate.
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of AlCl3,6H2O. 2-Aminobenzoic acid. C7H7NO2. (Mr 137.1). 1003400.
[118-92-3]. Anthranilic acid.
A white to slightly yellowish, crystalline powder, hygroscopic,
freely soluble in water and in alcohol. A white to pale-yellow, crystalline powder, sparingly soluble
in cold water, freely soluble in hot water, in alcohol and in
Storage : in an airtight container. glycerol. Solutions in alcohol or in ether and, particularly,
Aluminium chloride reagent. 1002702. in glycerol show a violet fluorescence.
Dissolve 2.0 g of aluminium chloride R in 100 ml of mp : about 145 °C.
a 5 per cent V/V solution of glacial acetic acid R in 3-Aminobenzoic acid. C7H7NO2. (Mr 137.1). 1147400.
methanol R. [99-05-8].
Aluminium chloride solution. 1002701. White or almost white crystals. An aqueous solution turns
brown on standing in air.
Dissolve 65.0 g of aluminium chloride R in water R and
dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent. Add 0.5 g of mp : about 174 °C.
activated charcoal R, stir for 10 min, filter and add to the Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 395
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

4-Aminobenzoic acid. C7H7NO2. (Mr 137.1). 1003300. Aminohippuric acid reagent. 1003701.
[150-13-0]. Dissolve 3 g of phthalic acid R and 0.3 g of aminohippuric
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, slightly soluble acid R in alcohol R and dilute to 100 ml with the same
in water, freely soluble in alcohol, practically insoluble in solvent.
light petroleum.
mp : about 187 °C. Aminohydroxynaphthalenesulphonic acid.
C10H9NO4S. (Mr 239.3). 1112400. [116-63-2].
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph 4-Amino-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulphonic acid.
on Procaine hydrochloride (0050) ; the chromatogram
shows only one principal spot. White or grey needles, turning pink on exposure to light,
especially when moist, practically insoluble in water and in
Storage : protected from light. alcohol, soluble in solutions of alkali hydroxides and in hot
4-Aminobenzoic acid solution. 1003301. solutions of sodium metabisulphite.
Dissolve 1 g of 4-aminobenzoic acid R in a mixture of Storage : protected from light.
18 ml of anhydrous acetic acid R, 20 ml of water R and
1 ml of phosphoric acid R. Immediately before use, mix Aminohydroxynaphthalenesulphonic acid solution.
2 volumes of the solution with 3 volumes of acetone R. 1112401.
Mix 5.0 g of anhydrous sodium sulphite R with
N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid. C12H14N2O5. 94.3 g of sodium hydrogensulphite R and 0.7 g of
(Mr 266.3). 1141700. [4271-30-1]. ABGA. aminohydroxynaphthalenesulphonic acid R. Dissolve
(2S)-2-[(4-Aminobenzoyl)amino]pentanedioic acid. 1.5 g of the mixture in water R and dilute to 10.0 ml with
White or almost white, crystalline powder. the same solvent. Prepare the solution daily.
mp : about 175 °C, with decomposition.
cis-Aminoindanol. C9H11NO. (Mr 149.2). 1168300.
4-Aminobutanoic acid. C4H9NO2. (Mr 103.1). 1123200. [126456-43-7]. (1S,2R)-1-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ol.
[56-12-2]. γ-Aminobutyric acid. GABA. (−)-cis-1-Aminoindan-2-ol.
Leaflets from methanol and ether, needles from water and Content : minimum 98.0 per cent (sum of enantiomers,
alcohol. Freely soluble in water, practically insoluble or determined by gas chromatography).
slightly soluble in other solvents. : − 69 to − 59, determined on a 2 g/l solution in
mp : about 202 °C (decreases on rapid heating). chloroform R.
Aminobutanol. C4H11NO. (Mr 89.1). 1003500. [5856-63-3]. mp : 118 °C to 122 °C.
2-Aminobutanol. Aminomethylalizarindiacetic acid. C19H15NO8,2H2O.
Oily liquid, miscible with water, soluble in alcohol. (Mr 421.4). 1003900. [3952-78-1]. 2,2′-[(3,4-dihydroxy-
: about 0.94. anthraquinon-3-yl)methylenenitrilo]diacetic acid dihydrate.
: about 1.453. Alizarin complexone dihydrate.
bp : about 180 °C. A fine, pale brownish-yellow to orange-brown powder,
practically insoluble in water, soluble in solutions of alkali
Aminochlorobenzophenone. C13H10ClNO. (Mr 231.7). hydroxides.
1003600. [719-59-5]. 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone. mp : about 185 °C.
A yellow, crystalline powder, practically insoluble in water,
Loss on drying (2.2.32) : maximum 10.0 per cent, determined
freely soluble in acetone, soluble in alcohol.
on 1.000 g.
mp : about 97 °C.
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph Aminomethylalizarindiacetic acid reagent. 1003901.
on Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (0474) but apply 5 µl of Solution I. Dissolve 0.36 g of cerous nitrate R in water R
a 0.5 g/l solution in methanol R ; the chromatogram shows and dilute to 50 ml with the same solvent.
only one principal spot, at an RF of about 0.9. Solution II. Suspend 0.7 g of aminomethylalizarindia-
Storage : protected from light. cetic acid R in 50 ml of water R. Dissolve with the aid of
about 0.25 ml of concentrated ammonia R, add 0.25 ml
4-Aminofolic acid. C19H20N8O5. (Mr 440.4). 1163700.
of glacial acetic acid R and dilute to 100 ml with water R.
[54-62-6]. (2S)-2-[[4-[[(2,4-Diaminopteridin-6-
yl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid. Solution III. Dissolve 6 g of sodium acetate R in 50 ml of
N-[4-[[(2,4-Diaminopteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]-L- water R, add 11.5 ml of glacial acetic acid R and dilute to
glutamic acid. Aminopterine. 100 ml with water R.
Yellowish powder. To 33 ml of acetone R add 6.8 ml of solution III, 1.0 ml
mp : about 230 °C. of solution II and 1.0 ml of solution I and dilute to 50 ml
with water R.
6-Aminohexanoic acid. C6H13NO2. (Mr 131.2). 1103100. Test for sensitivity. To 1.0 ml of fluoride standard
[60-32-2]. solution (10 ppm F) R add 19.0 ml of water R and 5.0 ml
Colourless crystals, freely soluble in water, sparingly soluble of the aminomethylalizarindiacetic acid reagent. After
in methanol, practically insoluble in ethanol. 20 min, the solution assumes a blue colour.
mp : about 205 °C. Storage : use within 5 days.
Aminohippuric acid. C9H10N2O3. (Mr 194.2). 1003700. Aminomethylalizarindiacetic acid solution. 1003902.
[61-78-9]. (4-Aminobenzamido)acetic acid. Dissolve 0.192 g of aminomethylalizarindiacetic acid R
A white or almost white powder, sparingly soluble in water, in 6 ml of freshly prepared 1 M sodium hydroxide. Add
soluble in alcohol. 750 ml of water R, 25 ml of succinate buffer solution
mp : about 200 °C. pH 4.6 R and, dropwise, 0.5 M hydrochloric acid until

396 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

the colour changes from violet-red to yellow (pH 4.5 to Aminopyrazolone. C11H13N3O. (Mr 203.2). 1004600.
5). Add 100 ml of acetone R and dilute to 1000 ml with [83-07-8]. 4-Amino-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrazolin-5-one.
water R. Light-yellow needles or powder, sparingly soluble in water,
freely soluble in alcohol.
4-Aminomethylbenzoic acid. C8H9NO2. (Mr 151.2).
1167800. [56-91-7]. mp : about 108 °C.

Aminonitrobenzophenone. C13H10N2O3. (Mr 242.2). Aminopyrazolone solution. 1004601.

1004000. [1775-95-7]. 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzophenone. A 1 g/l solution in buffer solution pH 9.0 R.
A yellow, crystalline powder, practically insoluble in water, Ammonia, concentrated. 1004700.
soluble in tetrahydrofuran, slightly soluble in methanol.
See Concentrated ammonia solution (0877).
mp : about 160 °C.
: 690 to 720, determined at 233 nm using a 0.01 g/l Ammonia. 1004701.
solution in methanol R. Content : 170 g/l to 180 g/l of NH3 (Mr 17.03).
Dilute 67 g of concentrated ammonia R to 100 ml with
6-Aminopenicillanic acid. C8H12N2O3S. (Mr 216.3). 1162100. water R.
[551-16-6]. (2S,5R,6R)-6-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-
: 0.931 to 0.934.
azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid.
When used in the limit test for iron, ammonia R complies
Appearance : white or almost white powder. with the following additional requirement. Evaporate
mp : about 205 °C, with decomposition. 5 ml of ammonia to dryness on a water-bath, add 10 ml of
water R, 2 ml of a 200 g/l solution of citric acid R and
Aminophenazone. C13H17N3O. (231.3). 1133900. [58-15-1]. 0.1 ml of thioglycollic acid R. Make alkaline by adding
4-(Dimethylamino)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydro-3H- ammonia R and dilute to 20 ml with water R. No pink
pyrazol-3-one. colour develops.
White or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless Storage : protected from atmospheric carbon dioxide, at a
crystals, soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol. temperature below 20 °C.
mp : about 108 °C.
Ammonia, dilute R1. 1004702.
2-Aminophenol. C6H7NO. (Mr 109.1). 1147500. [95-55-6]. Content : 100 g/l to 104 g/l of NH3 (Mr 17.03).
Pale yellowish-brown crystals which rapidly become brown, Dilute 41 g of concentrated ammonia R to 100 ml with
sparingly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol. water R.
mp : about 172 °C.
Ammonia, dilute R2. 1004703.
Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light.
Content : 33 g/l to 35 g/l of NH3 (Mr 17.03).
3-Aminophenol. C6H7NO. (Mr 109.1). 1147600. [591-27-5]. Dilute 14 g of concentrated ammonia R to 100 ml with
Pale yellowish-brown crystals, sparingly soluble in water. water R.
mp : about 122 °C. Ammonia, dilute R3. 1004704.
4-Aminophenol. C6H7NO. (Mr 109.1). 1004300. [123-30-8]. Content : 1.6 g/l to 1.8 g/l of NH3 (Mr 17.03).
Dilute 0.7 g of concentrated ammonia R to 100 ml with
Content : minimum 95 per cent of C6H7NO.
water R.
A white or slightly coloured, crystalline powder, becoming
coloured on exposure to air and light, sparingly soluble in Ammonia, dilute R4. 1004706.
water, soluble in ethanol. Content : 8.4 g/l to 8.6 g/l of NH3 (Mr 17.03).
mp : about 186 °C, with decomposition. Dilute 3.5 g of concentrated ammonia R to 100 ml with
Storage : protected from light. water R.

Aminopolyether. C18H36N2O6. (Mr 376.5). 1112500. Ammonia, lead-free. 1004705.

[23978-09-8]. 4,7,13,16,21,24-hexaoxa-1,10-diazabicyclo[8, Complies with the requirements prescribed for dilute
8,8]hexacosane. ammonia R1 and with the following additional test :
mp : 70 °C to 73 °C. to 20 ml of lead-free ammonia, add 1 ml of lead-free
potassium cyanide solution R, dilute to 50 ml with
3-Aminopropanol. C3H9NO. (Mr 75.1). 1004400. [156-87-6]. water R and add 0.10 ml of sodium sulphide solution R.
3-Aminopropan-1-ol. Propanolamine. The solution is not more intensely coloured than a
A clear, colourless, viscous liquid. reference solution prepared without sodium sulphide.
: about 0.99. Ammonia, concentrated R1. 1004800.
: about 1.461. Content : minimum 32.0 per cent m/m of NH3 (Mr 17.03).
mp : about 11 °C. A clear, colourless liquid.
: 0.883 to 0.889.
3-Aminopropionic acid. C3H7NO2. (Mr 89.1). 1004500.
[107-95-9]. β-Alanine. Assay. Weigh accurately a ground-glass-stoppered flask
containing 50.0 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid. Introduce 2 ml
Content : minimum 99 per cent of C3H7NO2. of the concentrated ammonia and weigh again. Titrate the
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, freely soluble solution with 1 M sodium hydroxide, using 0.5 ml of methyl
in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, practically insoluble in red mixed solution R as indicator.
acetone. 1 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid is equivalent to 17.03 mg of
mp : about 200 °C, with decomposition. NH3.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 397
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Storage : protected from atmospheric carbon dioxide, at a Ammonium formate. CH5NO2. (Mr 63.1). 1112600.
temperature below 20 °C. [540-69-2].
Ammonium acetate. C2H7NO2. (Mr 77.1). 1004900. Deliquescent crystals or granules, very soluble in water,
[631-61-8]. soluble in alcohol.
Colourless crystals, very deliquescent, very soluble in water mp : 119 °C to 121 °C.
and in alcohol. Storage : in an airtight container.
Storage : in an airtight container.
Ammonium hexafluorogermanate (IV). (NH4)2GeF6.
Ammonium acetate solution. 1004901. (Mr 222.7). 1134000. [16962-47-3].
Dissolve 150 g of ammonium acetate R in water R. Add White or almost white crystals, freely soluble in water.
3 ml of glacial acetic acid R and dilute to 1000 ml with
water R. Ammonium hydrogen carbonate. NH4HCO3. (Mr 79.1).
Storage : use within 1 week. 1005500. [1066-33-7].
Content : minimum 99 per cent of NH4HCO3.
Ammonium and cerium nitrate. (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6. (Mr 548.2).
1005000. [16774-21-3]. Ammonium molybdate. (NH4)6Mo7O24,4H2O. (Mr 1236).
An orange-yellow, crystalline powder, or orange transparent 1005700. [12054-85-2].
crystals, soluble in water. Colourless or slightly yellow or greenish crystals, soluble in
Ammonium and cerium sulphate. (NH4)4Ce(SO4)4,2H2O. water, practically insoluble in alcohol.
(Mr 633). 1005100. [10378-47-9]. Ammonium molybdate reagent. 1005701.
Orange-yellow, crystalline powder or crystals, slowly soluble
in water. Mix, in the given order, 1 volume of a 25 g/l solution of
ammonium molybdate R, 1 volume of a 100 g/l solution
(1R)-(—)-Ammonium 10-camphorsulphonate. C10H19NO4S. of ascorbic acid R and 1 volume of sulphuric acid R
(Mr 249.3). 1103200. (294.5 g/l H2SO4). Add 2 volumes of water R.
Content : minimum 97.0 per cent of (1R)-(—)-ammonium Storage : use within 1 day.
10-camphorsulphonate.
: − 18 ± 2 (50 g/l solution in water R). Ammonium molybdate reagent R1. 1005706.
Mix 10 ml of a 60 g/l solution of disodium arsenate R,
Ammonium carbamate. CH6N2O2. (Mr 78.1). 1168400. 50 ml of ammonium molybdate solution R, 90 ml of
[1111-78-0]. Carbamic acid ammonium salt. dilute sulphuric acid R and dilute to 200 ml in water R.
Ammonium carbonate. 1005200. [506-87-6]. A Storage : in amber flasks at 37 °C for 24 h.
mixture of varying proportions of ammonium hydrogen
carbonate (NH4HCO3, Mr 79.1) and ammonium carbamate Ammonium molybdate reagent R2. 1005708.
(NH2COONH4, Mr 78.1). Dissolve 50 g of ammonium molybdate R in 600 ml
A white or almost white translucent mass, slowly soluble of water R. To 250 ml of cold water R add 150 ml of
in about 4 parts of water. It is decomposed by boiling sulphuric acid R and cool. Mix the 2 solutions together.
water. Ammonium carbonate liberates not less than 30 per Storage : use within 1 day.
cent m/m of NH3 (Mr 17.03).
Ammonium molybdate solution. 1005702.
Assay. Dissolve 2.00 g in 25 ml of water R. Slowly add
50.0 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid, titrate with 1 M sodium A 100 g/l solution.
hydroxide, using 0.1 ml of methyl orange solution R as
Ammonium molybdate solution R2. 1005703.
indicator.
1 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid is equivalent to 17.03 mg of Dissolve 5.0 g of ammonium molybdate R with heating
NH3. in 30 ml of water R. Cool, adjust the pH to 7.0 with dilute
ammonia R2 and dilute to 50 ml with water R.
Storage : at a temperature below 20 °C.
Ammonium carbonate solution. 1005201. Ammonium molybdate solution R3. 1005704.
A 158 g/l solution. Solution I. Dissolve 5 g of ammonium molybdate R in
20 ml of water R with heating.
Ammonium chloride. 1005300. [12125-02-9]. Solution II. Mix 150 ml of alcohol R with 150 ml of
See Ammonium chloride (0007). water R. Add with cooling 100 ml of sulphuric acid R.
Ammonium chloride solution. 1005301. Immediately before use add 80 volumes of solution II to
A 107 g/l solution. 20 volumes of solution I.

Ammonium citrate. C6H14N2O7. (Mr 226.2). 1103300. Ammonium molybdate solution R4. 1005705.
[3012-65-5]. Diammonium hydrogen citrate. Dissolve 1.0 g of ammonium molybdate R in water R
A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless and dilute to 40 ml with the same solvent. Add 3 ml of
crystals, freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol. hydrochloric acid R and 5 ml of perchloric acid R and
pH (2.2.3) : about 4.3 for a 22.6 g/l solution. dilute to 100 ml with acetone R.
Storage : protected from light ; use within 1 month.
Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. (NH4)H2PO4. (Mr 115.0).
1005400. [7722-76-1]. Monobasic ammonium phosphate. Ammonium molybdate solution R5. 1005707.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless Dissolve 1.0 g of ammonium molybdate R in 40.0 ml of
crystals, freely soluble in water. a 15 per cent V/V solution of sulphuric acid R. Prepare
pH (2.2.3) : about 4.2 for a 23 g/l solution. the solution daily.

398 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Ammonium molybdate solution R6. 1005709. Ammonium sulphamate. NH2SO3NH4. (Mr 114.1). 1006400.
Slowly add 10 ml of sulphuric acid R to about 40 ml of [7773-06-0].
water R. Mix and allow to cool. Dilute to 100 ml with A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless
water R and mix. Add 2.5 g of ammonium molybdate R crystals, hygroscopic, very soluble in water, slightly soluble
and 1 g of cerium sulphate R, and shake for 15 min to in alcohol.
dissolve. mp : about 130 °C.
Ammonium nitrate. NH4NO3. (Mr 80.0). 1005800. Storage : in an airtight container.
[6484-52-2]. Ammonium sulphate. (NH4)2SO4. (Mr 132.1). 1006500.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless [7783-20-2].
crystals, hygroscopic, very soluble in water, freely soluble in Colourless crystals or white or almost white granules, very
methanol, soluble in alcohol. soluble in water, practically insoluble in acetone and in
Storage : in an airtight container. alcohol.
pH (2.2.3) : 4.5 to 6.0 for a 50 g/l solution in carbon
Ammonium nitrate R1. 1005801. [6484-52-2]. dioxide-free water R.
Complies with the requirements prescribed for Sulphated ash (2.4.14) : maximum 0.1 per cent.
ammonium nitrate R and with the following additional
requirements. Ammonium sulphide solution. 1123300.
Acidity. The solution of the substance is faintly acid Saturate 120 ml of dilute ammonia R1 with hydrogen
(2.2.4). sulphide R and add 80 ml of dilute ammonia R1. Prepare
immediately before use.
Chlorides (2.4.4). 0.50 g complies with the limit test for
chlorides (100 ppm). Ammonium thiocyanate. NH4SCN. (Mr 76.1). 1006700.
Sulphates (2.4.13). 1.0 g complies with the limit test for [1762-95-4].
sulphates (150 ppm). Colourless crystals, deliquescent, very soluble in water,
Sulphated ash (2.4.14) : maximum 0.05 per cent, soluble in alcohol.
determined on 1.0 g. Storage : in an airtight container.

Ammonium oxalate. C2H8N2O4,H2O. (Mr 142.1). 1005900. Ammonium thiocyanate solution. 1006701.
[6009-70-7]. A 76 g/l solution.
Colourless crystals, soluble in water. Ammonium vanadate. NH4VO3. (Mr 117.0). 1006800.
[7803-55-6]. Ammonium trioxovanadate(V).
Ammonium oxalate solution. 1005901.
A white to slightly yellowish, crystalline powder, slightly
A 40 g/l solution. soluble in water, soluble in dilute ammonia R1.
Ammonium persulphate. (NH4)2S2O8. (Mr 228.2). 1006000. Ammonium vanadate solution. 1006801.
[7727-54-0]. Dissolve 1.2 g of ammonium vanadate R in 95 ml of
White or almost white, crystalline powder or granular water R and dilute to 100 ml with sulphuric acid R.
crystals, freely soluble in water.
Amoxicillin trihydrate. 1103400.
Ammonium phosphate. (NH4)2HPO4. (Mr 132.1). 1006100. See Amoxicillin trihydrate (0260).
[7783-28-0]. Diammonium hydrogen phosphate.
White or almost white crystals or granules, hygroscopic, very α-Amylase. 1100800. 1,4-α-D-glucane-glucanohydrolase (EC
soluble in water, practically insoluble in alcohol. 3.2.1.1).
A white to light brown powder.
pH (2.2.3) : about 8 for a 200 g/l solution.
Storage : in an airtight container. α-Amylase solution. 1100801.
A solution of α-amylase R with an activity of 800 FAU/g.
Ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate. C5H12N2S2.
(Mr 164.3). 1006200. [5108-96-3]. Ammonium β-Amyrin. C30H50O. (Mr 426.7). 1141800. [559-70-6].
1-pyrrolidinyl-dithioformate. Olean-12-en-3β-ol.
A white to pale yellow, crystalline powder, sparingly soluble White or almost white powder.
in water, very slightly soluble in alcohol. mp : 187 °C to 190 °C.
Storage : in a bottle containing a piece of ammonium
Anethole. C10H12O. (Mr 148.2). 1006900. [4180-23-8].
carbonate in a muslin bag.
1-Methoxy-4-(propen-1-yl)benzene.
Ammonium reineckate. NH4[Cr(NCS)4(NH3)2],H2O. A white or almost white, crystalline mass up to 20 °C to
(Mr 354.4). 1006300. [13573-16-5]. Ammonium 21 °C, liquid above 23 °C, practically insoluble in water,
diamine-tetrakis(isothiocyanato)chromate(III) monohydrate. freely soluble in ethanol, soluble in ethyl acetate and in light
petroleum.
Red powder or crystals, sparingly soluble in cold water,
soluble in hot water and in alcohol. : about 1.56.
bp : about 230 °C.
Ammonium reineckate solution. 1006301. Anethole used in gas chromatography complies with the
A 10 g/l solution. Prepare immediately before use. following test.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 399
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) under the Anisaldehyde. C8H8O2. (Mr 136.1). 1007300. [123-11-5].
conditions described in the monograph on Anise oil (0804) 4-Methoxybenzaldehyde.
using the substance to be examined as the test solution. An oily liquid, very slightly soluble in water, miscible with
The area of the principal peak, corresponding to alcohol.
trans-anethole, with a retention time of about 41 min, is not
bp : about 248 °C.
less than 99.0 per cent of the total area of the peaks.
Anisaldehyde used in gas chromatography complies with
Aniline. C6H7N. (Mr 93.1). 1007100. [62-53-3]. the following test.
Benzeneamine.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) in the
A colourless or slightly yellowish liquid, soluble in water, conditions described in the monograph on Anise oil (0804)
miscible with alcohol. the substance to be examined as the test solution.
: about 1.02. The area of the principal peak is not less than 99.0 per cent
bp : 183 °C to 186 °C. of the total area of the peaks.
Storage : protected from light. Anisaldehyde solution. 1007301.
Aniline hydrochloride. C6H8ClN. (Mr 129.6). 1147700. Mix in the following order, 0.5 ml of anisaldehyde R,
[142-04-1]. Benzenamine hydrochloride. 10 ml of glacial acetic acid R, 85 ml of methanol R and
5 ml of sulphuric acid R.
Crystals. It darkens on exposure to air and light.
mp : about 198 °C. Anisaldehyde solution R1. 1007302.
Storage : protected from light. To 10 ml of anisaldehyde R add 90 ml of alcohol R, mix,
add 10 ml of sulphuric acid R and mix again.
Anion exchange resin. 1007200.
A resin in chlorinated form containing quaternary p-Anisidine. C7H9NO. (Mr 123.2). 1103500. [104-94-9].
ammonium groups [CH2N+(CH3)3] attached to a polymer 4-Methoxyaniline.
lattice consisting of polystyrene cross-linked with 2 per cent White or almost white crystals, sparingly soluble in water,
of divinylbenzene. It is available as spherical beads and the soluble in ethanol.
particle size is specified in the monograph.
Content : minimum 97.0 per cent of C7H9NO.
Wash the resin with 1 M sodium hydroxide on a
sintered-glass filter (40) (2.1.2) until the washings are free Caution : skin irritant, sensitiser.
from chloride, then wash with water R until the washings Storage : protected from light, at 0 °C to 4 °C.
are neutral. Suspend in freshly prepared ammonium-free
water R and protect from atmospheric carbon dioxide. On storage, p-anisidine tends to darken as a result
of oxidation. A discoloured reagent can be reduced
Anion exchange resin R1. 1123400. and decolorised in the following way : dissolve 20 g of
p-anisidine R in 500 ml of water R at 75 °C. Add 1 g of
A resin containing quaternary ammonium groups sodium sulphite R and 10 g of activated charcoal R and stir
[CH2N+(CH3)3] attached to a lattice consisting of for 5 min. Filter, cool the filtrate to about 0 °C and allow to
methacrylate. stand at this temperature for at least 4 h. Filter, wash the
crystals with a small quantity of water R at about 0 °C and
Anion exchange resin R2. 1141900. dry the crystals in vacuum over diphosphorus pentoxide R.
A conjugate of homogeneous 10 µm hydrophilic polyether
particles, and a quaternary ammonium salt, providing a Anolyte for isoelectric focusing pH 3 to 5. 1112800.
matrix suitable for strong anion-exchange chromatography 0.1 M Glutamic acid, 0.5 M phosphoric acid.
of proteins. Dissolve 14.71 g of glutamic acid R in water R. Add 33 ml of
phosphoric acid R and dilute to 1000 ml with water R
Anion exchange resin for chromatography, strongly basic.
1112700. Anthracene. C14H10. (Mr 178.2). 1007400. [120-12-7].
A resin with quaternary amine groups attached to a lattice of
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, practically
latex cross linked with divinylbenzene.
insoluble in water, slightly soluble in chloroform.
Anion exchange resin, strongly basic. 1026600. mp : about 218 °C.
A gel-type resin in hydroxide form containing quaternary
ammonium groups [CH2N+(CH3)3, type 1] attached to a Anthrone. C14H10O. (Mr 194.2). 1007500. [90-44-8].
polymer lattice consisting of polystyrene cross-linked with 9(10H)-Anthracenone.
8 per cent of divinylbenzene. A pale yellow, crystalline powder.
Brown transparent beads. mp : about 155 °C.
Particle size : 0.2-1.0 mm.
Antimony potassium tartrate. C4H4KO7Sb,1/2H2O.
Moisture content : about 50 per cent. (Mr 333.9). 1007600. Potassium aqua[tartrato(4–)-O1,O2,O3]-
Total exchange capacity: minimum 1.2 meq/ml. antimoniate(III) hemihydrate.
A white or almost white, granular powder or colourless,
Anion exchange resin, weak. 1146700. transparent crystals, soluble in water and in glycerol, freely
A resin with diethylaminoethyl groups attached to a lattice soluble in boiling water, practically insoluble in alcohol. The
consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate). aqueous solution is slightly acid.

400 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Antimony trichloride. SbCl3. (Mr 228.1). 1007700. Apigenin 7-glucoside. C21H20O10. (Mr 432.4). 1095900.
[10025-91-9]. [578-74-5]. Apigetrin. 7-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-5-hydroxy-2-
Colourless crystals or a transparent crystalline mass, (4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one.
hygroscopic, freely soluble in ethanol. Antimony trichloride Light yellowish powder, practically insoluble in water,
is hydrolysed by water. sparingly soluble in alcohol.
Storage : in an airtight container, protected from moisture. mp : 198 °C to 201 °C.
Antimony trichloride solution. 1007701. Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
on Roman chamomile flower (0380), applying 10 µl of a
Rapidly wash 30 g of antimony trichloride R with two 0.25 g/l solution in methanol R. The chromatogram shows
quantities, each of 15 ml, of ethanol-free chloroform R, in the middle third a principal zone of yellowish fluorescence.
drain off the washings, and dissolve the washed crystals Apigenin-7-glucoside used in liquid chromatography
immediately in 100 ml of ethanol-free chloroform R, complies with the following additional test.
warming slightly.
Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as
Storage : over a few grams of anhydrous sodium prescribed in the monograph on Matricaria flower (0404).
sulphate R.
Test solution. Dissolve 10.0 mg in methanol R and dilute to
Antimony trichloride solution R1. 1007702. 100.0 ml with the same solvent.
Solution I. Dissolve 110 g of antimony trichloride R in The content of apigenin-7-glucoside is not less than 95.0 per
400 ml of ethylene chloride R. Add 2 g of anhydrous cent, calculated by the normalisation procedure.
aluminium oxide R, mix and filter through a
sintered-glass filter (40) (2.1.2). Dilute to 500.0 ml with Aprotinin. 1007900. [9087-70-1].
ethylene chloride R and mix. The absorbance (2.2.25) of See Aprotinin (0580).
the solution, determined at 500 nm in a 2 cm cell, is not
greater than 0.07. Arabinose. C5H10O5. (Mr 150.1). 1008000. [87-72-9].
L-(+)-Arabinose.
Solution II. Under a hood, mix 100 ml of freshly distilled
acetyl chloride R and 400 ml of ethylene chloride R. A white or almost white, crystalline powder, freely soluble in
water.
Mix 90 ml of solution I and 10 ml of solution II.
: + 103 to + 105, determined on a 50 g/l solution in
Storage : in brown ground-glass-stoppered bottle for water R containing about 0.05 per cent of NH3.
7 days. Discard any reagent in which colour develops.
Arachidyl alcohol. C20H42O. (Mr 298.5). 1156300. [629-96-9].
Antithrombin III. 1007800. [90170-80-2]. 1-Eicosanol.
Antithrombin III is purified from human plasma by heparin mp : about 65 °C.
agarose chromatography and should have a specific activity
of at least 6 IU/mg. Content : minimum 96 per cent of C20H42O.

Antithrombin III solution R1. 1007801. Arbutin. C12H16O7. (Mr 272.3). 1008100. [497-76-7].
Arbutoside. 4-Hydroxyphenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside.
Reconstitute antithrombin III R as directed by the
manufacturer and dilute with tris(hydroxymethyl)amin- Fine, white or almost white, shiny needles, freely soluble in
omethane sodium chloride buffer solution pH 7.4 R to water, very soluble in hot water, soluble in alcohol.
1 IU/ml. : about − 64, determined on a 20 g/l solution.
mp : about 200 °C.
Antithrombin III solution R2. 1007802.
Chromatography. Examine by thin-layer chromatography
Reconstitute antithrombin III R as directed by the (2.2.27) as prescribed in the monograph Bearberry
manufacturer and dilute with tris(hydroxymethyl)amin- leaf (1054) ; the chromatogram shows only one principal
omethane sodium chloride buffer solution pH 7.4 R to spot.
0.5 IU/ml.
Arbutin used in the arbutin assay in the monograph
Antithrombin III solution R3. 1007803. Bearberry leaf (1054) complies with the following
Reconstitute antithrombin III R as directed by the additional requirement.
manufacturer and dilute to 0.3 IU/ml with phosphate Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as
buffer solution pH 6.5 R. prescribed in the monograph Bearberry leaf (1054).
Antithrombin III solution R4. 1007804. The content of arbutin is not less than 95 per cent, calculated
by the normalisation procedure.
Reconstitute antithrombin III R as directed by
the manufacturer and dilute to 0.1 IU/ml with Arginine. 1103600. [74-79-3].
tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane EDTA buffer See Arginine (0806).
solution pH 8.4 R.
Argon. Ar. (Ar 39.95). 1008200. [7440-37-1].
Apigenin. C15H10O5. (Mr 270.2). 1095800. [520-36-5].
4′,5,7-Trihydroxyflavone. Content : minimum 99.995 per cent V/V of Ar.
Light yellowish powder ; practically insoluble in water, Carbon monoxide. When used as described in the test
sparingly soluble in alcohol. Carbon monoxide in gases (2.5.25, Method I), after passage
of 10 litres of argon R at a flow rate of 4 litres per hour,
mp : about 310 °C, with decomposition. not more than 0.05 ml of 0.002 M sodium thiosulphate is
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph required for the titration (0.6 ppm V/V).
on Roman chamomile flower (0380), applying 10 µl of
a 0.25 g/l solution in methanol R. The chromatogram Argon for chromatography. Ar. (Ar 39.95). 1166200.
shows in the upper third a principal zone of yellowish-green [7440-37-1].
fluorescence. Content : minimum 99.95 per cent V/V of Ar.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 401
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Aromadendrene. C15H24. (Mr 204.4 ). 1139100. [489-39-4]. Aucubin. C15H22O9. (Mr 346.3 ). 1145200. [479-98-1].
(1R,2S,4R,8R,11R)-3,3,11-Trimethyl-7-methylenetricyclo- [1S,4aR,5S,7aS)-5-Hydroxy-7-(hydroxymethyl)-1,4a,5,7a-
[6.3.0.02,4]undecane. tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran-1-yl β-D-glucopyranoside.
Clear, almost colourless liquid. Crystals, soluble in water, in alcohol and in methanol,
practically insoluble in light petroleum.
: about 0.911.
: about − 163.
: about 1.497.
mp : about 181 °C.
: about + 12.
bp : : about 263 °C. Azomethine H. C17H12NNaO8S2. (Mr 445.4). 1008700.
[5941-07-1]. Sodium hydrogeno-4-hydroxy-5-(2-
Aromadendrene used in gas chromatography complies hydroxybenzylideneamino)-2,7-naphthalenedisulphonate.
with the following additional test.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as Azomethine H solution. 1008701.
prescribed in the monograph on Tea tree oil (1837). Dissolve 0.45 g of azomethine H R and 1 g of ascorbic
acid R with gentle heating in water R and dilute to 100 ml
The content is not less than 92 per cent, calculated by the
with the same solvent.
normalisation procedure.
Barbaloin. C21H22O9,H2O. (Mr 436.4). 1008800. [1415-73-2].
Arsenious trioxide. As2O3. (Mr 197.8). 1008300. [1327-53-3]. Aloin. 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-10-β-D-glucopyranosyl-
Arsenious anhydride. Diarsenic trioxide. 10H-anthracen-9-one.
A crystalline powder or a white or almost white mass, slightly A yellow to dark-yellow, crystalline powder, or yellow
soluble in water, soluble in boiling water. needles, darkening on exposure to air and light, sparingly
soluble in water and in alcohol, soluble in acetone, in
Arsenite solution. 1008301. ammonia and in solutions of alkali hydroxides.
Dissolve 0.50 g of arsenious trioxide R in 5 ml of dilute : about 192 at 269 nm, about 226 at 296.5 nm, about
sodium hydroxide solution R, add 2.0 g of sodium 259 at 354 nm, determined on a solution in methanol R and
hydrogen carbonate R and dilute to 100.0 ml with calculated with reference to the anhydrous substance.
water R.
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
Ascorbic acid. 1008400. [50-81-7]. on Frangula bark (0025) ; the chromatogram shows only
one principal spot.
See Ascorbic acid (0253).
Barbital. 1008900. [57-44-3].
Ascorbic acid solution. 1008401. See Barbital (0170).
Dissolve 50 mg in 0.5 ml of water R and dilute to 50 ml
with dimethylformamide R. Barbital sodium. C8H11N2NaO3. (Mr 206.2). 1009000.
[144-02-5].
Asiaticoside. C48H78O19. (Mr 959). 1123500. Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of the sodium derivative of
[16830-15-2]. O-6-Deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)- 5,5-diethyl-1H,3H,5H-pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione.
O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl
2α,3β,23-trihydroxy-4α-urs-12-en-28-oate. A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless
crystals, freely soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol.
A white or almost white powder, hygroscopic, soluble
in methanol, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in Barbituric acid. C4H4N2O3. (Mr 128.1). 1009100. [67-52-7].
acetonitrile. 1H,3H,5H-Pyrimidine-2,4,6-trione.
mp : about 232 °C, with decomposition. A white or almost white powder, slightly soluble in water,
freely soluble in boiling water and in dilute acids.
Water (2.5.12) : 6.0 per cent.
mp : about 253 °C.
Storage : protected from humidity.
Asiaticoside used in liquid chromatography complies with Barium acetate. C4H6BaO4. (Mr 255.4). 1162700. [543-80-6].
the following additional test. Barium diacetate.
Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as White or almost white powder, soluble in water.
prescribed in the monograph on Centella (1498). : 2.47.
The content is not less than 97.0 per cent calculated by the Barium carbonate. BaCO3. (Mr 197.3). 1009200. [513-77-9].
normalisation procedure.
A white or almost white powder or friable masses, practically
Aspartic acid. 1134100. [56-84-8]. insoluble in water.
See Aspartic acid (0797). Barium chloride. BaCl2,2H2O. (Mr 244.3). 1009300.
[10326-27-9]. Barium dichloride.
L-Aspartyl-L-phenylalanine. C13H16N2O5. (Mr 280.3).
Colourless crystals, freely soluble in water, slightly soluble
1008500. [13433-09-5]. (S)-3-Amino-N-[(S)-1-carboxy-2-
in alcohol.
phenylethyl]-succinamic acid.
A white or almost white powder. Barium chloride solution R1. 1009301.
mp : about 210 °C, with decomposition. A 61 g/l solution.

Atropine sulphate. 1159000. [5908-99-6]. See Atropine Barium chloride solution R2. 1009302.
sulphate (0068). A 36.5 g/l solution.

402 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Barium hydroxide. Ba(OH)2,8H2O. (Mr 315.5). 1009400. Benzoin. C14H12O2. (Mr 212.3). 1010200. [579-44-2].
[12230-71-6]. Barium dihydroxide. 2-Hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethanone.
Colourless crystals, soluble in water. Slightly yellowish crystals, very slightly soluble in water,
freely soluble in acetone, soluble in hot alcohol.
Barium hydroxide solution. 1009401. mp : about 137 °C.
A 47.3 g/l solution.
Benzophenone. C13H10O. (Mr 182.2). 1010300. [119-61-9].
Barium nitrate. Ba(NO3)2. (Mr 261.3). 1163800. Diphenylmethanone.
[10022-31-8]. Prismatic crystals, practically insoluble in water, freely
Crystals or crystalline powder, freely soluble in water, very soluble in alcohol.
slightly soluble in ethanol (96 per cent) and in acetone. mp : about 48 °C.
mp : about 590 °C.
1,4-Benzoquinone. C6H4O2. (Mr 108.1). 1118500. [106-51-4].
Barium sulphate. 1009500. [7727-43-7]. Cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione.
See Barium sulphate (0010). Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C6H4O2.
Benzalacetone. C10H10O. (Mr 146.2). 1168500. [122-57-6]. Benzoylarginine ethyl ester hydrochloride.
(3E)-4-phenylbut-3-en-2-one. C15H23ClN4O3. (Mr 342.8). 1010500. [2645-08-1].
N-Benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester hydrochloride. Ethyl
White or pale yellow mass.
(S)-2-benzamido-5-guanidinovalerate hydrochloride.
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent. A white or almost white, crystalline powder, very soluble in
bp : about 261 °C. water and in ethanol.
mp : about 39 °C. : − 15 to − 18, determined on a 10 g/l solution.
Benzaldehyde. C7H6O. (Mr 106.1). 1009600. [100-52-7]. mp : about 129 °C.
A colourless or slightly yellow liquid, slightly soluble in : 310 to 340, determined at 227 nm using a 0.01 g/l
water, miscible with alcohol. solution.
: about 1.05. Benzoyl chloride. C7H5ClO. (Mr 140.6). 1010400. [98-88-4].
: about 1.545. A colourless, lachrymatory liquid, decomposed by water and
Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils by alcohol.
between 177 °C and 180 °C. : about 1.21.
Storage : protected from light. bp : about 197 °C.

Benzene. C6H6. (Mr 78.1). 1009800. [71-43-2]. N-Benzoyl-L-prolyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-arginine 4-nitroanilide

acetate. C35H42N8O8. (Mr 703). 1010600.
A clear, colourless, flammable liquid, practically insoluble in
water, miscible with alcohol. 2-Benzoylpyridine. C12H9NO. (Mr 183.2). 1134300.
bp : about 80 °C. [91-02-1]. Phenyl(pyridin-2-yl)methanone.
Colourless crystals, soluble in alcohol.
Benzethonium chloride. C27H42ClNO2,H2O. (Mr 466.1).
1009900. [121-54-0]. Benzyldimethyl[2-[2-[4-(1,1,3,3- mp : about 43 °C.
tetramethylbutyl)phenoxy]ethoxy]ethyl]ammonium chloride Benzyl alcohol. 1010700. [100-51-6].
monohydrate. See Benzyl alcohol (0256).
A fine, white or almost white powder or colourless crystals,
soluble in water and in alcohol. Benzyl benzoate. 1010800. [120-51-4].
mp : about 163 °C. See Benzyl benzoate (0705).
Storage : protected from light. Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
on Peru balsam (0754) applying 20 µl of a 0.3 per cent V/V
Benzidine. C12H12N2. (Mr 184.2). 1145300. [92-87-5]. solution in ethyl acetate R. After spraying and heating,
Biphenyl-4,4′-diamine. the chromatogram shows a principal band with an RF of
Content : minimum 95 per cent of C12H12N2. about 0.8.
White or slightly yellowish or reddish powder, darkening Benzyl cinnamate. C16H14O2. (Mr 238.3). 1010900.
on exposure to air and light. [103-41-3]. Benzyl 3-phenylprop-2-enoate.
mp : about 120 °C. Colourless or yellowish crystals, practically insoluble in
Storage : protected from light. water, soluble in alcohol.
mp : about 39 °C.
Benzil. C14H10O2. (Mr 210.2). 1117800. [134-81-6]. Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
Diphenylethanedione. on Peru balsam (0754) applying 20 µl of a 3 g/l solution
A yellow, crystalline powder, practically insoluble in water, in ethyl acetate R. After spraying and heating, the
soluble in alcohol, ethyl acetate and toluene. chromatogram shows a principal band with an RF of
mp : 95 °C. about 0.6.
Benzocaine. C9H11NO2. (Mr 165.2). 1123600. [94-09-7]. Benzyl ether. C14H14O. (Mr 198.3). 1140900. [103-50-4].
See Benzocaine (0011). Dibenzyl ether.
Clear, colourless liquid, practically insoluble in water,
Benzoic acid. 1010100. [65-85-0]. miscible with acetone and with ethanol.
See Benzoic acid (0066). : about 1.043.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 403
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

: about 1.562. : − 54.5 to − 58.0, determined on a 50 mg/ml solution

bp : about 296 °C, with decomposition. in ethanol (96 per cent) R.
(− )-α-Bisabolol used for gas chromatography complies with
Benzylpenicillin sodium. 1011000. [69-57-8]. the following additional test.
See Benzylpenicillin sodium (0114). Assay. Gas chromatography (2.2.28) as prescribed in the
monograph on Matricaria oil (1836) using a 4 g/l solution
2-Benzylpyridine. C12H11N. (Mr 169.2). 1112900. [101-82-6]. in cyclohexane R.
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C12H11N.
Content : minimum 95.0 per cent, calculated by the
A yellow liquid. normalisation procedure.
mp : 13 °C to 16 °C.
Bisbenzimide. C25H27Cl3N6O,5H2O. (Mr 624). 1103800.
Benzyltrimethylammonium chloride. C10H16ClN. (Mr 185.7). [23491-44-3]. 4-[5-[5-(4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzimidazol-2-
1155700. [56-93-9]. N,N,N-Trimethylphenylmethanaminium yl]benzimidazol-2-yl]phenol trihydrochloride pentahydrate.
chloride. N,N,N-Trimethylbenzenemethanaminium chloride.
Bisbenzimide stock solution. 1103801.
White or almost white powder, soluble in water.
Dissolve 5 mg of bisbenzimide R in water R and dilute to
mp : about 230 °C, with decomposition. 100 ml with the same solvent.
Berberine chloride. C20H18ClNO4,2H2O. (Mr 407.8). Storage : in the dark.
1153400. [5956-60-5]. 9,10-Dimethoxy-5,6-dihydrobenzo[g]-
1,3-benzodioxolo[5,6-a]quinolizinium chloride. Bisbenzimide working solution. 1103802.
Immediately before use, dilute 100 µl of bisbenzimide
Yellow crystals, slightly soluble in water, practically insoluble
stock solution R to 100 ml with phosphate-buffered
in alcohol.
saline pH 7.4 R.
mp : 204 °C to 206 °C.
Berberine chloride used in liquid chromatography complies Bismuth nitrate pentahydrate. Bi(NO3)3,5H2O. (Mr 485.1).
with the following additional requirement. 1165600. [10035-06-0].
Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as mp : about 30 °C.
prescribed in the monograph on Goldenseal rhizome (1831). Bismuth subnitrate. [4BiNO3(OH)2,BiO(OH)]. (Mr 1462).
The content is not less than 95 per cent, calculated by the 1011500. [1304-85-4].
normalisation procedure. A white or almost white powder, practically insoluble in
Bergapten. C12H8O4. (Mr 216.2). 1103700. [484-20-8]. water.
5-Methoxypsoralen. Bismuth subnitrate R1. 1011501.
Colourless crystals, practically insoluble in water, sparingly Content : 71.5 per cent to 74.0 per cent of bismuth (Bi),
soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in glacial acetic acid. and 14.5 per cent to 16.5 per cent of nitrate, calculated as
mp : about 188 °C. nitrogen pentoxide (N2O5).
Betulin. C30H50O2. (Mr 442.7). 1011100. [473-98-3]. Bismuth subnitrate solution. 1011502.
Lup-20(39)-ene-3β,28-diol. Dissolve 5 g of bismuth subnitrate R1 in a mixture of
A white or almost white, crystalline powder. 8.4 ml of nitric acid R and 50 ml of water R and dilute to
mp : 248 °C to 251 °C. 250 ml with water R. Filter if necessary.
Acidity. To 10 ml add 0.05 ml of methyl orange
Bibenzyl. C14H14. (Mr 182.3). 1011200. [103-29-7]. solution R. 5.0 ml to 6.25 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide is
1,2-Diphenylethane. required to change the colour of the indicator.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, practically
insoluble in water, very soluble in methylene chloride, freely Biuret. C2H5N3O2. (Mr 103.1). 1011600. [108-19-0].
soluble in acetone, soluble in alcohol. White or almost white crystals, hygroscopic, soluble in water,
sparingly soluble in alcohol.
mp : 50 °C to 53 °C.
mp : 188 °C to 190 °C, with decomposition.
Biphenyl. C12H10. (Mr 154.2). 1168600. [92-52-4]. Storage : in an airtight container.
mp : 68 °C to 70 °C.
Biuret reagent. 1011601.
Biphenyl-4-ol. C12H10O. (Mr 170.2). 1011300. [90-43-7]. Dissolve 1.5 g of copper sulphate R and 6.0 g of sodium
4-Phenylphenol. potassium tartrate R in 500 ml of water R. Add 300 ml of
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, practically a carbonate-free 100 g/l solution of sodium hydroxide R,
insoluble in water. dilute to 1000 ml with the same solution and mix.
mp : 164 °C to 167 °C. Blocking solution. 1122400.
(− )-α-Bisabolol. C15H26O. (Mr 222.4). 1128800. [23089-26-1]. A 10 per cent V/V solution of acetic acid R.
(2S)-6-Methyl-2-[(1S)-4-methylcyclohex-3-enyl]hept-5-en-2-ol. Blue dextran 2000. 1011700. [9049-32-5].
Levomenol.
Prepared from dextran having an average relative molecular
Colourless, viscous liquid with a slight, characteristic odour, mass of 2 × 106 by introduction of a polycyclic chromophore
practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol that colours the substance blue. The degree of substitution is
(96 per cent), in methanol, in toluene, in fatty oils and in 0.017. It is freeze-dried and dissolves rapidly and completely
essential oils. in water and aqueous saline solutions.
: 0.925 to 0.935. A 1 g/l solution in a phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0 R
: 1.492 to 1.500. shows an absorption maximum (2.2.25) at 280 nm.

404 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Boldine. C19H21NO4. (Mr 327.3). 1118800. [476-70-0]. Bromelains. 1012300. [37189-34-7].

1,10-Dimethoxy-6aα-aporphine-2,9-diol. A concentrate of proteolytic enzymes derived from Ananas
A white or almost white crystalline powder, very slightly comosus Merr.
soluble in water, soluble in ethanol (96 per cent) and in A dull-yellow powder.
dilute solutions of acids.
Activity. 1 g liberates about 1.2 g of amino-nitrogen from a
: about + 127, determined on a 1 g/l solution in solution of gelatin R in 20 min at 45 °C and pH 4.5.
anhydrous ethanol R.
mp : about 163 °C. Bromelains solution. 1012301.
A 10 g/l solution of bromelains R in a mixture of
Boric acid. 1011800. [10043-35-3]. 1 volume of phosphate buffer solution pH 5.5 R and
See Boric acid (0001). 9 volumes of a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R.
Boric acid solution, saturated, cold. 1011801. Bromine. Br2. (Mr 159.8). 1012400. [7726-95-6].
To 3 g of boric acid R add 50 ml of water R and shake for A brownish-red fuming liquid, slightly soluble in water,
10 min. Place the solution for 2 h in the refrigerator. soluble in alcohol.
: about 3.1.
Borneol. C10H18O. (Mr 154.3). 1011900. [507-70-0].
endo-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol. Bromine solution. 1012401.
Colourless crystals, readily sublimes, practically insoluble in Dissolve 30 g of bromine R and 30 g of potassium
water, freely soluble in alcohol and in light petroleum. bromide R in water R and dilute to 100 ml with the same
mp : about 208 °C. solvent.
Chromatography. Examine by thin-layer chromatography Bromine water. 1012402.
(2.2.27), using silica gel G R as the coating substance. Apply
to the plate 10 µl of a 1 g/l solution in toluene R. Develop Shake 3 ml of bromine R with 100 ml of water R to
over a path of 10 cm using chloroform R. Allow the plate to saturation.
dry in air, spray with anisaldehyde solution R, using 10 ml Storage : over an excess of bromine R, protected from
for a plate 200 mm square, and heat at 100 °C to 105 °C light.
for 10 min. The chromatogram obtained shows only one
principal spot. Bromine water R1. 1012403.
Shake 0.5 ml of bromine R with 100 ml of water R.
Bornyl acetate. C12H20O2. (Mr 196.3). 1012000. [5655-61-8].
endo-1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl acetate. Storage : protected from light ; use within 1 week.
Colourless crystals or a colourless liquid, very slightly Bromocresol green. C21H14Br4O5S. (Mr 698). 1012600.
soluble in water, soluble in alcohol. [76-60-8]. 3′,3″,5′,5″-Tetrabromo-m-cresol-sulfonphthalein.
mp : about 28 °C. 4,4′-(3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-ylidene)bis(2,6-dibromo-3-
methylphenol)-S,S-dioxide.
Chromatography. Examine by thin-layer chromatography
(2.2.27), using silica gel G R as the coating substance. Apply A brownish-white powder, slightly soluble in water, soluble
to the plate 10 µl of a 2 g/l solution in toluene R. Develop in alcohol and in dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides.
over a path of 10 cm using chloroform R. Allow the plate to
dry in air, spray with anisaldehyde solution R, using 10 ml Bromocresol green-methyl red solution. 1012602.
for a plate 200 mm square, and heat at 100 °C to 105 °C Dissolve 0.15 g of bromocresol green R and 0.1 g of
for 10 min. The chromatogram obtained shows only one methyl red R in 180 ml of ethanol R and dilute to 200 ml
principal spot. with water R.

Boron trichloride. BCl3. (Mr 117.2). 1112000. [10294-34-5]. Bromocresol green solution. 1012601.
Colourless gas. Reacts violently with water. Available as Dissolve 50 mg of bromocresol green R in 0.72 ml of
solutions in suitable solvents (2-chloroethanol, methylene 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and 20 ml of alcohol R and
chloride, hexane, heptane, methanol). dilute to 100 ml with water R.
: about 1.420. Test for sensitivity. To 0.2 ml of the bromocresol green
bp : about 12.6 °C. solution add 100 ml of carbon dioxide-free water R.
The solution is blue. Not more than 0.2 ml of 0.02 M
Caution : toxic, corrosive. hydrochloric acid is required to change the colour to
yellow.
Boron trichloride-methanol solution. 1112001.
Colour change : pH 3.6 (yellow) to pH 5.2 (blue).
A 120 g/l solution of BCl3 in methanol R.
Storage : protected from light at − 20 °C, preferably in Bromocresol purple. C21H16Br2O5S. (Mr 540.2). 1012700.
sealed tubes. [115-40-2]. 3′,3″-Dibromo-o-cresolsulfonphthalein.
4,4′-(3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-ylidene)bis(2-bromo-6-
Boron trifluoride. BF3. (Mr 67.8). 1012100. [7637-07-2]. methylphenol)-S,S-dioxide.
Colourless gas. A pinkish powder, practically insoluble in water, soluble in
alcohol and in dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides.
Boron trifluoride-methanol solution. 1012101.
A 140 g/l solution of boron trifluoride R in methanol R. Bromocresol purple solution. 1012701.
Dissolve 50 mg of bromocresol purple R in 0.92 ml of
Brilliant blue. 1012200. [6104-59-2]. 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and 20 ml of alcohol R and
See acid blue 83 R. dilute to 100 ml with water R.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 405
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Test for sensitivity. To 0.2 ml of the bromocresol purple Bromothymol blue solution R1. 1012901.
solution add 100 ml of carbon dioxide-free water R and Dissolve 50 mg of bromothymol blue R in a mixture of
0.05 ml of 0.02 M sodium hydroxide. The solution is 4 ml of 0.02 M sodium hydroxide and 20 ml of alcohol R
bluish-violet. Not more than 0.2 ml of 0.02 M hydrochloric and dilute to 100 ml with water R.
acid is required to change the colour to yellow.
Test for sensitivity. To 0.3 ml of bromothymol blue
Colour change : pH 5.2 (yellow) to pH 6.8 (bluish-violet). solution R1 add 100 ml of carbon dioxide-free water R.
The solution is yellow. Not more than 0.1 ml of 0.02 M
5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine. C9H11BrN2O5. (Mr 307.1). sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour to
1012500. [59-14-3]. 5-Bromo-1-(2-deoxy-β-d-erythro- blue.
pentofuranosyl)-1H,3H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione.
Colour change : pH 5.8 (yellow) to pH 7.4 (blue).
mp : about 194 °C.
Bromothymol blue solution R2. 1012902.
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
on Idoxuridine (0669), applying 5 µl of a 0.25 g/l solution. A 10 g/l solution in dimethylformamide R.
The chromatogram obtained shows only one principal spot. Bromothymol blue solution R3. 1012903.
Bromomethoxynaphthalene. C11H9BrO. (Mr 237.1). Warm 0.1 g of bromothymol blue R with 3.2 ml of
1159100. [5111-65-9]. 2-Bromo-6-methoxynaphthalene. 0.05 M sodium hydroxide and 5 ml of alcohol (90 per
cent V/V) R. After solution is effected, dilute to 250 ml
mp : about 109 °C. with alcohol (90 per cent V/V) R.
Bromophenol blue. C19H10Br4O5S. (Mr 670). 1012800. BRP indicator solution. 1013000.
[115-39-9]. 3′,3″,5′,5″-Tetrabromophenolsulfonphthalein.
Dissolve 0.1 g of bromothymol blue R, 20 mg of methyl
4,4′-(3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-ylidene)bis(2,6-dibromophenol)
red R and 0.2 g of phenolphthalein R in alcohol R and dilute
S,S-dioxide.
to 100 ml with the same solvent. Filter.
A light orange-yellow powder, very slightly soluble in water,
slightly soluble in alcohol, freely soluble in solutions of alkali Brucine. C23H26N2O4,2H2O. (Mr 430.5). 1013100. [357-57-3].
hydroxides. 10,11-Dimethoxystrychnine.
Colourless crystals, slightly soluble in water, freely soluble
Bromophenol blue solution. 1012801. in alcohol.
Dissolve 0.1 g of bromophenol blue R in 1.5 ml of 0.1 M mp : about 178 °C.
sodium hydroxide and 20 ml of alcohol R and dilute to
100 ml with water R. Butanal. C4H8O. (Mr 72.1). 1134400. [123-72-8].
Butyraldehyde.
Test for sensitivity. To 0.05 ml of the bromophenol
blue solution add 20 ml of carbon dioxide-free water R : 0.806.
and 0.05 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. The solution is : 1.380.
yellow. Not more than 0.1 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide bp : 75 °C.
is required to change the colour to bluish-violet.
Colour change : pH 2.8 (yellow) to pH 4.4 (bluish-violet). Butanol. C4H10O. (Mr 74.1). 1013200. [71-36-3]. n-Butanol.
1-Butanol.
Bromophenol blue solution R1. 1012802. A clear, colourless liquid, miscible with alcohol.
Dissolve 50 mg of bromophenol blue R with gentle : about 0.81.
heating in 3.73 ml of 0.02 M sodium hydroxide and dilute bp : 116 °C to 119 °C.
to 100 ml with water R.
2-Butanol R1. C4H10O. (Mr 74.1). 1013301. [78-92-2].
Bromophenol blue solution R2. 1012803. sec-Butyl alcohol.
Dissolve with heating 0.2 g of bromophenol blue R in Content : minimum 99.0 per cent of C4H10O.
3 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and 10 ml of alcohol R. A clear, colourless liquid, soluble in water, miscible with
After solution is effected, allow to cool and dilute to alcohol.
100 ml with alcohol R. : about 0.81.
Bromophos. C8H8BrCl2O3PS. (Mr 366.0). 1123700. Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils
[2104-96-3]. between 99 °C and 100 °C.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in iso-octane) Assay. By gas chromatography as described in the
may be used. monograph on Isopropyl alcohol (0970).
Butyl acetate. C6H12O2. (Mr 116.2). 1013400. [123-86-4].
Bromophos-ethyl. C10H12BrCl2O3PS. (Mr 394.0). 1123800.
[4824-78-6]. A clear, colourless liquid, flammable, slightly soluble in
water, miscible with alcohol.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in iso-octane)
may be used. : about 0.88.
: about 1.395.
Bromothymol blue. C27H28Br2O5S. (Mr 624). 1012900. Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils
[76-59-5]. 3′,3″-Dibromothymolsulfonphthalein. between 123 °C and 126 °C.
4,4′-(3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-ylidene)bis(2-bromo-6-isopropyl-
3-methylphenol) S,S-dioxide. Butyl acetate R1. 1013401.
A reddish-pink or brownish powder, practically insoluble in A clear, colourless liquid, flammable, slightly soluble in
water, soluble in alcohol and in dilute solutions of alkali water, miscible with alcohol.
hydroxides. : about 0.883.

406 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

: about 1.395. : about 1.435.

Butanol : maximum 0.2 per cent, determined by gas bp : about 204 °C.
chromatography.
Cadmium. Cd. (Ar 112.4). 1014100. [10108-64-2].
n-Butyl formate : maximum 0.1 per cent, determined by
gas chromatography. A silvery-white, lustrous metal, practically insoluble in water,
freely soluble in nitric acid and in hot hydrochloric acid.
n-Butyl propionate : maximum 0.1 per cent, determined
by gas chromatography. Caesium chloride. CsCl. (Mr 168.4). 1014200. [7647-17-8].
Water : maximum 0.1 per cent. A white or almost white powder, very soluble in water, freely
Assay : minimum 99.5 per cent of C6H12O2, determined by soluble in methanol, practically insoluble in acetone.
gas chromatography. Caffeic acid. C9H8O4. (Mr 180.2). 1014300. [331-39-5].
Butylamine. C4H11N. (Mr 73.1). 1013600. [109-73-9]. (E)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propenoic acid.
1-Butanamine. White or almost white crystals or plates, freely soluble in hot
Distil and use within one month. water and in alcohol, sparingly soluble in cold water.
A colourless liquid, miscible with water, with alcohol. mp : about 225 °C, with decomposition.
: about 1.401. A freshly prepared solution at pH 7.6 shows 2 absorption
maxima (2.2.25), at 293 nm and 329 nm.
bp : about 78 °C.
Caffeine. 1014400. [58-08-2].
tert-Butylamine. 1100900. [75-64-9].
See Caffeine (0267).
See 1,1-dimethylethylamine R.
Calcium carbonate. 1014500. [471-34-1].
Butylated hydroxytoluene. 1013800. [128-37-0].
See Calcium carbonate (0014).
See Butylhydroxytoluene R.
Calcium carbonate R1. 1014501.
Butylboronic acid. C4H11BO2. (Mr 101.9). 1013700. It complies with the requirements of calcium carbonate R
[4426-47-5]. and with the following additional requirement :
Content : minimum 98 per cent of C4H11BO2. Chlorides (2.4.4) : maximum 50 ppm.
mp : 90 °C to 92 °C.
Calcium chloride. 1014600. [10035-04-8].
tert-Butylhydroperoxide. C4H10O2. (Mr 90.1). 1118000. See Calcium chloride (0015).
[75-91-2]. 1,1-Dimethylethylhydroperoxide.
Flammable liquid, soluble in organic solvents. Calcium chloride solution. 1014601.
: 0.898. A 73.5 g/l solution.
: 1.401. Calcium chloride solution 0.01 M. 1014602.
bp : 35 °C. Dissolve 0.147 g of calcium chloride R in water R and
dilute to 100.0 ml with the same solvent.
Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate. 1103900. [94-26-8].
See Butyl parahydroxybenzoate R. Calcium chloride solution 0.02 M. 1014603.
Dissolve 2.94 g of calcium chloride R in 900 ml of
Butylhydroxytoluene. 1013800. [128-37-0]. water R, adjust to pH 6.0 to 6.2 and dilute to 1000.0 ml
See Butylhydroxytoluene (0581). with water R.
Butyl methacrylate. C8H14O2. (Mr 142.2). 1145400. Storage : at 2 °C to 8 °C.
[97-88-1]. Butyl 2-methylpropenoate. Calcium chloride R1. CaCl2,4H2O. (Mr 183.1). 1014700.
Clear, colourless solution. Calcium chloride tetrahydrate.
: about 0.894. Content : maximum 0.05 ppm of Fe.
: about 1.424. Calcium chloride, anhydrous. CaCl2. (Mr 111.0). 1014800.
bp : about 163 °C. [10043-52-4].
tert-Butyl methyl ether. 1013900. [1634-04-4]. Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of CaCl2, calculated with
reference to the dried substance.
See 1,1-dimethylethyl methyl ether R.
White or almost white granules, deliquescent, very soluble
Butyl parahydroxybenzoate. 1103900. [94-26-8]. in water, freely soluble in alcohol and in methanol.
See Butyl parahydroxybenzoate (0881). Loss on drying (2.2.32) : maximum 5.0 per cent, determined
by drying in an oven at 200 °C.
Butyric acid. C4H8O2. (Mr 88.1). 1014000. [107-92-6].
Butanoic acid. Storage : in an airtight container, protected from moisture.
Content : minimum 99.0 per cent of C4H8O2. Calcium hydroxide. Ca(OH)2. (Mr 74.1). 1015000.
An oily liquid, miscible with water and with alcohol. [1305-62-0]. Calcium dihydroxide.
: about 0.96. A white or almost white powder, almost completely soluble
in 600 parts of water.
: about 1.398.
bp : about 163 °C. Calcium hydroxide solution. 1015001.
A freshly prepared saturated solution.
Butyrolactone. C4H6O2. (Mr 86.1). 1104000. [96-48-0].
Dihydro-2(3H)-furanone. γ-Butyrolactone. Calcium lactate. 1015100. [41372-22-9].
Oily liquid, miscible with water, soluble in methanol. See Calcium lactate pentahydrate (0468).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 407
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Calcium phosphate monobasic monohydrate. Capric acid. C10H20O2. (Mr 172.3). 1142000. [334-48-5].
CaH4O8P2,H2O. (Mr 252.1). 1157200. [10031-30-8]. Calcium Decanoic acid.
tetrahydrogen bisphosphate monohydrate. Phosphoric acid Crystalline solid, very slightly soluble in water, soluble in
calcium salt (2:1) monohydrate. ethanol.
White or almost white, crystalline powder, soluble in water. bp : about 270 °C.
Calcium sulphate. CaSO4,1/2H2O. (Mr 145.1). 1015200. mp : about 31.4 °C.
[10034-76-1]. Calcium sulphate hemihydrate. Capric acid used in the assay of total fatty acids in Saw
A white or almost white powder, soluble in about 1500 palmetto fruit (1848) complies with the following additional
parts of water, practically insoluble in alcohol. When mixed requirement.
with half its mass of water it rapidly solidifies to a hard and Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
porous mass. prescribed in the monograph on Saw palmetto fruit (1848).
Calcium sulphate solution. 1015201. The content of capric acid is not less than 98 per cent,
calculated by the normalisation procedure.
Shake 5 g of calcium sulphate R with 100 ml of water R
for 1 h and filter. Capric alcohol. 1024700.
Calconecarboxylic acid. C21H14N2O7S,3H2O. (Mr 492.5). See Decanol R.
1015300. [3737-95-9]. 2-Hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxy-4-sulpho-1- Caproic acid. C6H12O2. (Mr 116.2). 1142100. [142-62-1].
naphthylazo)naphthalene-3-carboxylic acid. Hexanoic acid.
A brownish-black powder, slightly soluble in water, very Oily liquid, sparingly soluble in water.
slightly soluble in acetone and in alcohol, sparingly soluble
in dilute solutions of sodium hydroxide. : about 0.926.
: about 1.417.
Calconecarboxylic acid triturate. 1015301. bp : about 205 °C.
Mix 1 part of calconecarboxylic acid R with 99 parts of Caproic acid used in the assay of total fatty acids in Saw
sodium chloride R. palmetto fruit (1848) complies with the following additional
Test for sensitivity. Dissolve 50 mg of calconecarboxylic requirement.
acid triturate in a mixture of 2 ml of strong sodium Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
hydroxide solution R and 100 ml of water R. The solution prescribed in the monograph on Saw palmetto fruit (1848).
is blue but becomes violet on addition of 1 ml of a 10 g/l
solution of magnesium sulphate R and 0.1 ml of a 1.5 g/l The content of caproic acid is not less than 98 per cent,
solution of calcium chloride R and turns pure blue on calculated by the normalisation procedure.
addition of 0.15 ml of 0.01 M sodium edetate. -Caprolactam. C6H11NO. (Mr 113.2). 1104200. [105-60-2].
Camphene. C10H16. (Mr 136.2). 1139200. [79-92-5]. Hexane-6-lactam.
2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane. Hygroscopic flakes, freely soluble in water, in ethanol and
Camphene used in gas chromatography complies with the in methanol.
following additional test. mp : about 70 °C.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as Caprylic acid. C8H16O2. (Mr 144.2). 1142200. [124-07-2].
prescribed in the monograph on Rosemary Oil (1846). Octanoic acid.
The content is not less than 90 per cent calculated by the Slightly yellow, oily liquid.
normalisation procedure.
: about 0.910.
Camphor. 1113000. [76-22-2]. See Camphor, : about 1.428.
racemic (0655). bp : about 239.7 °C.
Camphor used in gas chromatography complies with the mp : about 16.7 °C.
following additional test.
Caprylic acid used in the assay of total fatty acids in Saw
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as palmetto fruit (1848) complies with the following additional
prescribed in the monograph on Lavender oil (1338). requirement.
Test solution. A 10 g/l solution of the substance to be Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
examined in hexane R. prescribed in the monograph on Saw palmetto fruit (1848).
The area of the principal peak is not less than 95.0 per cent The content of caprylic acid is not less than 98 per cent,
of the area of all the peaks in the chromatogram obtained. calculated by the normalisation procedure.
Disregard the peak due to hexane.
Capsaicin. C18H27NO3. (Mr 305.4). 1147900. [404-86-4].
(1S)-(+)-10-Camphorsulphonic acid. C10H16O4S. (Mr 232.3). (E)-N-[(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-8-methylnon-6-
1104100. [3144-16-9]. (1S,4R)-(+)-2-Oxo-10-bornenesulphonic enamide.
acid. [(1S)-7,7-Dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-1-
yl]methanesulphonic acid. Reychler’s acid. White or almost white, crystalline powder, practically
insoluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol.
Prismatic crystals, hygroscopic, soluble in water.
mp : about 65 °C.
Content : minimum 99.0 per cent of (1S)-(+)-10-
camphorsulphonic acid. Capsaicin used in the assay in Capsicum (1859) complies
with the following additional requirement.
: +20 ± 1 (43 g/l solution in water R).
Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as
mp : about 194 °C, with decomposition. prescribed in the monograph on Capsicum (1859). The
∆A (2.2.41) : 10.2 × 103 determined at 290.5 nm on a 1.0 g/l content of capsaicin is not less than 95.0 per cent, calculated
solution. by the normalisation procedure.

408 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Carbazole. C12H9N. (Mr 167.2). 1015400. [86-74-8]. Car-3-ene. C10H16. (Mr 136.2). 1124000. [498-15-7].
Dibenzopyrrole. 3,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene. 4,7,7-Trimethyl-3-
Crystals, practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in norcarene.
acetone, slightly soluble in ethanol. A liquid with a pungent odour, slightly soluble in water,
mp : about 245 °C. soluble in organic solvents.
: about 0.864.
Carbomer. 1015500. [9007-20-9]. : 1.473 to 1.474.
A cross-linked polymer of acrylic acid ; it contains a large
proportion (56 per cent to 68 per cent) of carboxylic acid : + 15 to + 17.
(CO2H) groups after drying at 80 °C for 1 h. Average relative bp : 170 °C to 172 °C.
molecular mass about 3 × 106. Car-3-ene used in gas chromatography complies with the
pH (2.2.3) : about 3 for a 10 g/l suspension. following additional test.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
Carbon dioxide. 1015600. [124-38-9]. prescribed in the monograph on Nutmeg oil (1552).
See Carbon dioxide (0375). The content is not less than 95.0 per cent, calculated by the
normalisation procedure.
Carbon dioxide R1. CO2. (Mr 44.01). 1015700.
Content : minimum 99.995 per cent V/V of CO2. Carminic acid. C22H20O13. (Mr 492.4). 1156700. [1260-17-9].
Carbon monoxide : less than 5 ppm. 7-α- D-Glucopyranosyl-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10-
dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxylic acid.
Oxygen : less than 25 ppm.
Dark red powder, very slightly soluble in water, soluble in
Nitric oxide : less than 1 ppm. dimethyl sulphoxide, very slightly soluble in ethanol (96 per
Carbon dioxide R2. CO . (M 44.01). 1134500. cent).
2 r
Content : minimum 99 per cent V/V of CO2. Carob bean gum. 1104500.
The ground endosperm of the fruit kernels of Ceratonia
Carbon disulphide. CS2. (Mr 76.1). 1015800. [75-15-0].
siliqua L. Taub.
A colourless or yellowish, flammable liquid, practically A white or almost white powder containing 70 per cent to
insoluble in water, miscible with ethanol. 80 per cent of a water-soluble gum consisting mainly of
: about 1.26. galactomannoglycone.
bp : 46 °C to 47 °C.
Carvacrol. C10H14O. (Mr 150.2). 1016400. [499-75-2].
Carbon for chromatography, graphitised. 1015900. 5-Isopropyl-2-methylphenol.
Carbon chains having a length greater than C9 with a particle Brownish liquid, practically insoluble in water, very soluble
size of 400 µm to 850 µm. in alcohol.
Relative density : 0.72. : about 0.975.
Surface area : 10 m2/g. : about 1.523.
Do not use at a temperature higher than 400 °C. bp : about 237 °C.
Carvacrol used in gas chromatography complies with the
Carbon for chromatography, graphitised R1. 1153500. following additional test.
Porous spherical carbon particles comprised of flat sheets Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms. prescribed in the monograph on Peppermint oil (0405).
Particle size : 5-7 µm. Test solution. Dissolve 0.1 g in about 10 ml of acetone R.
Pore volume : 0.7 cm3/g. The area of the principal peak is not less than 95.0 per cent
of the area of all the peaks in the chromatogram obtained.
Carbon monoxide. CO. (Mr 28.01). 1016000. [630-08-0]. Disregard the peak due to acetone.
Content : minimum 99.97 per cent V/V of CO.
Carveol. C10H16O. (Mr 152.2). 1160400. [99-48-9]. p-Mentha-
Carbon monoxide R1. CO. (Mr 28.01). 1134600. [630-08-0]. 1(6),8-dien-2-ol. 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohex-2-enol.
Content : minimum 99 per cent V/V of CO. The substance contains a variable content of trans- and
cis-carveol.
Carbon tetrachloride. CCl4. (Mr 153.8). 1016100. [56-23-5].
Carveol used in gas chromatography complies with the
Tetrachloromethane.
following additional test.
A clear, colourless liquid, practically insoluble in water,
Assay. Gas chromatography (2.2.28) as prescribed in the test
miscible with alcohol.
for chromatographic profile in the monograph on Caraway
: 1.595 to 1.598. oil (1817).
bp : 76 °C to 77 °C. Content : minimum 97 per cent, calculated by the
normalisation procedure.
Carbophenothion. C11H16ClO2PS3. (Mr 342.9). 1016200.
[786-19-6]. O,O-Diethyl S-[[(4-chlorophenyl)thio]methyl]- Carvone. C10H14O. (Mr 150.2). 1016500. [2244-16-8].
phosphorodithioate. (+)-p-Mentha-6,8-dien-2-one. (5S)-2-Methyl-5-(1-
Yellowish liquid, practically insoluble in water, miscible with methylethenyl)-cyclohex-2-enone.
organic solvents. A liquid, practically insoluble in water, miscible with ethanol
: about 1.27. (96 per cent).
For the monograph Wool Fat (0134), a suitable certified : about 0.965
reference solution (10 ng/µl in iso-octane) may be used. : about 1.500.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 409
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

: about + 61. pale-violet solution. It forms salts with acids and bases. Its
bp : about 230 °C. isoelectric point is at about pH 4.7. Alkaline solutions are
laevorotatory.
Carvone used in gas chromatography complies with the
following additional test. Casticin. C19H18O8. (Mr 374.3). 1162200. [479-91-4].
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as 5-Hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3,6,7-trimethoxy-
prescribed in the monograph on Peppermint oil (0405) 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one.
using the substance to be examined as the test solution. Yellow crystals.
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent, calculated by the
Catalpol. C15H22O10. (Mr 362.3). 1142300. [2415-24-9]. (1aS,
normalisation procedure.
1bS,2S,5aR,6S,6aS)-6-Hydroxy-1a-(hydroxymethyl)-1a,1b,2,
Carvone R1. 1016501. [2244-16-8]. 5a,6,6a-hexahydrooxireno[4,5]cyclopenta[1,2-c]pyran-2-yl
β-D-glucopyranoside.
Complies with the requirements described for carvone R
with the following additional test. mp : 203 °C to 205 °C.
Assay. Gas chromatography (2.2.28) as prescribed in the Catechin. C15H14O6,xH2O. (Mr 290.3 for the anhydrous
test for chiral purity in the monograph on Caraway oil substance). 1119000. [154-23-4]. (+)-(2R,3S)-2-(3,4-
(1817). Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromene-3,5,7-triol.
Content : minimum 98 per cent. Catechol. Cianidanol. Cyanidol.

(−)-Carvone. C10H14O. (Mr 150.2). 1160500. Catholyte for isoelectric focusing pH 3 to 5. 1113100.
[6485-40-1]. (–)-p-Mentha-1(6),8-dien-2-one. 0.1 M β-Alanine.
(5R)-2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohex-2-enone. Dissolve 8.9 g of β-alanine R in water R and dilute to
Liquid. 1000 ml with the same solvent.
: about 0.965. Cation exchange resin. 1016700.
: about 1.4988. A resin in protonated form with sulphonic acid groups
: about − 62. attached to a polymer lattice consisting of polystyrene
cross-linked with 8 per cent of divinylbenzene. It is available
bp : about 230 °C. as beads and the particle size is specified after the name of
Assay. Gas chromatography (2.2.28) as prescribed in the test the reagent in the tests where it is used.
for chiral purity in the monograph on Caraway oil (1817).
Cation exchange resin R1. 1121900.
Content : minimum 99 per cent.
A resin in protonated form with sulphonic acid groups
β-Caryophyllene. C15H24. (Mr 204.4). 1101000. attached to a polymer lattice consisting of polystyrene
[87-44-5]. (E)-(1R,9S)-4,11,11-Trimethyl-8- cross-linked with 4 per cent of divinylbenzene. It is available
methylenebicyclo[7.2.0]undec-4-ene. as beads and the particle size is specified after the name of
the reagent in the tests where it is used.
An oily liquid, practically insoluble in water, miscible with
alcohol. Cation-exchange resin, strong. 1156800.
β-Caryophyllene used in gas chromatography complies A strong cation-exchange resin in protonated form with
with the following additional test. sulphonic acid groups attached to a polymer lattice
consisting of polystyrene cross-linked with divinylbenzene.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
The particle size is specified after the name of the reagent
prescribed in the monograph on Clove oil (1091) using the
in the tests where it is used.
substance to be examined as the test solution.
The area of the principal peak is not less than 90.0 per cent Cation exchange resin (calcium form), strong. 1104600.
of the total area of the peaks. A resin in calcium form with sulphonic acid groups attached
to a polymer lattice consisting of polystyrene cross-linked
Caryophyllene oxide. C15H24O. (Mr 220.4). with 8 per cent of divinylbenzene. The particle size is
1149000. [1139-30-6]. (-)-β-Caryophyllene epoxide. specified after the name of the reagent in the tests where
(1R,4R,6R,10S)-4,12,12-Trimethyl-9-methylene-5- it is used.
4,6
oxatricyclo[8.2.0.0 ]dodecane.
Colourless, fine crystals with lumps. Cellulose for chromatography. 1016800. [9004-34-6].
mp : 62 °C to 63 °C. A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder with an
average particle size less than 30 µm.
Caryophyllene oxide used in gas chromatography complies
with the following additional test. Preparation of a thin layer. Suspend 15 g in 100 ml of
water R and homogenise in an electric mixer for 60 s. Coat
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as carefully cleaned plates with a layer 0.1 mm thick using a
prescribed in the monograph on Turpentine oil, Pinus spreading device. Allow to dry in air.
pinaster type (1627).
The content is not less than 99.0 per cent, calculated by the Cellulose for chromatography R1. 1016900.
normalisation procedure. Microcrystalline cellulose. A fine, white or almost white
homogeneous powder with an average particle size less than
Casein. 1016600. [9000-71-9]. 30 µm.
A mixture of related phosphoproteins obtained from milk. Preparation of a thin layer. Suspend 25 g in 90 ml of
White or almost white, amorphous powder or granules, very water R and homogenise in an electric mixer for 60 s. Coat
slightly soluble in water and in non-polar organic solvents. carefully cleaned plates with a layer 0.1 mm thick using a
It dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid giving a spreading device. Allow to dry in air.

410 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Cellulose for chromatography F254. 1017000. Chloramine. 1018000. [7080-50-4].

Microcrystalline cellulose F254. A fine, white or almost white, See Tosylchloramide sodium (0381).
homogeneous powder with an average particle size less than
30 µm, containing a fluorescent indicator having an optimal Chloramine solution. 1018001.
intensity at 254 nm. A 20 g/l solution. Prepare immediately before use.
Preparation of a thin layer. Suspend 25 g in 100 ml of
water R and homogenise using an electric mixer for 60 s. Chloramine solution R1. 1018002.
Coat carefully cleaned plates with a layer 0.1 mm thick using A 0.1 g/l solution of chloramine R. Prepare immediately
a spreading device. Allow to dry in air. before use.
Cerium sulphate. Ce(SO4)2,4H2O. (Mr 404.3). 1017300. Chloramine solution R2. 1018003.
[123333-60-8]. Cerium(IV) sulphate. Ceric sulphate. A 0.2 g/l solution. Prepare immediately before use.
Yellow or orange-yellow, crystalline powder or crystals, very
slightly soluble in water, slowly soluble in dilute acids. Chlordane. C10H6Cl8. (Mr 409.8). 1124100. [12789-03-6].
bp : about 175 °C.
Cerous nitrate. Ce(NO3)3,6H2O. (Mr 434.3). 1017400.
[10294-41-4]. Cerium trinitrate hexahydrate. mp : about 106 °C.
A colourless or pale yellow, crystalline powder, freely soluble A suitable certified reference solution of technical grade
in water and in alcohol. (10 ng/µl in iso-octane) may be used.

Cetostearyl alcohol. 1017500. [67762-27-0]. Chlordiazepoxide. 1113200. [58-25-3].

See Cetostearyl alcohol (0702). See Chlordiazepoxide (0656).
Cetrimide. 1017600. [8044-71-1]. Chlorfenvinphos. C12H14Cl3O4P. (Mr 359.6). 1124200.
See Cetrimide (0378). [470-90-6].
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
Cetyl alcohol. C16H34O. (Mr 242.4). 1160600. [36653-82-4]. cyclohexane) may be used.
Hexadecan-1-ol.
Content : minimum 95.0 per cent of C16H34O. Chloroacetanilide. C8H8ClNO. (Mr 169.6). 1018100.
mp : about 48 °C. [539-03-7]. 4′-Chloroacetanilide.
Content : minimum 95 per cent of C8H8ClNO.
Cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate. C21H38ClN,H2O.
(Mr 358.0). 1162800. [6004-24-6]. 1-Hexadecylpyridinium A crystalline powder, practically insoluble in water, soluble
chloride monohydrate. in alcohol.
White or almost white powder, freely soluble in water and in mp : about 178 °C.
ethanol (96 per cent).
Chloroacetic acid. C2H3ClO2. (Mr 94.5). 1018200. [79-11-8].
mp : 80 °C to 83 °C.
Colourless or white or almost white crystals, deliquescent,
Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. C19H42BrN. very soluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
(Mr 364.5). 1017700. [57-09-0]. Cetrimonium bromide. Storage : in an airtight container.
N-Hexadecyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, soluble in water, Chloroaniline. C6H6ClN. (Mr 127.6). 1018300. [106-47-8].
freely soluble in alcohol. 4-Chloroaniline.
mp : about 240 °C. Crystals, soluble in hot water, freely soluble in alcohol.
mp : about 71 °C.
Chamazulene. C14H16. (Mr 184.3). 1148000. [529-05-5].
7-Ethyl-1,4-dimethylazulene. 4-Chlorobenzenesulphonamide. C6H6ClNO2S. (Mr 191.6).
A blue liquid, very slightly soluble in water, soluble in 1097400. [98-64-6].
alcohol, miscible with fatty oils, with essential oils and with White or almost white powder.
liquid paraffin, soluble with discolouration in phosphoric
mp : about 145 °C.
acid (85 per cent m/m) and sulphuric acid (50 per cent V/V).
Appearance of solution. 50 mg is soluble in 2.5 ml of 2-Chlorobenzoic acid. C7H5ClO2. (Mr 156.6). 1139300.
hexane R. The blue solution is clear in a thin-layer obtained [118-91-2].
by tilting the test-tube. Soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol.
Chamazulene used for gas chromatography complies with bp : about 285 °C.
the following additional test.
mp : about 140 °C.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
prescribed in the monograph on Matricaria oil (1836), using Chlorobutanol. 1018400. [57-15-8].
a 4 g/l solution in cyclohexane R. See Anhydrous chlorobutanol (0382).
The content of chamazulene is not less than 95.0 per cent,
calculated by the normalisation procedure. 2-Chloro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. C6H11ClO5. (Mr 198.6).
1134700. [14685-79-1].
Charcoal, activated. 1017800. [64365-11-3].
A white or almost white crystalline, very hygroscopic powder,
See Activated charcoal (0313). soluble in water and in dimethyl sulphoxide, practically
Chloral hydrate. 1017900. [302-17-0]. insoluble in alcohol.
See Choral hydrate (0265). 2-Chloroethanol. C H ClO. (M 80.5). 1097500. [107-07-3].
2 5 r
Chloral hydrate solution. 1017901. Colourless liquid, soluble in alcohol.
A solution of 80 g in 20 ml of water R. : about 1.197.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 411
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

: about 1.442. Chlorogenic acid. C16H18O9. (Mr 354.3). 1104700.

bp : about 130 °C. [327-97-9]. (1S,3R,4R,5R)-3-[(3,4-Dihydroxycinnamoyl)oxy]-
1,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
mp : about − 89 °C.
White or almost white, crystalline powder or needles, freely
2-Chloroethanol solution. 1097501. soluble in boiling water, in acetone and in ethanol (96 per
cent).
Dissolve 125 mg of 2-chloroethanol R in 2-propanol R
and dilute to 50 ml with the same solvent. Dilute 5 ml of : about − 35.2.
the solution to 50 ml with 2-propanol R. mp : about 208 °C.
Chromatography. Examined under the conditions described
Chloroethylamine hydrochloride. C2H7Cl2N. (Mr 116.0). on Identification A in the monograph on Belladonna leaf
1124300. [870-24-6]. 2-Chloroethanamine hydrochloride. dry extract, standardised (1294), the chromatogram shows
mp : about 145 °C. only one principal zone.
Chlorogenic acid used in liquid chromatography complies
(2-Chloroethyl)diethylamine hydrochloride. C6H15Cl2N. with the following additional test.
(Mr 172.1). 1018500. [869-24-9].
Assay. Liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as prescribed in the
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, very soluble in monograph on Artichoke Leaf (1866).
water and in methanol, freely soluble in methylene chloride,
practically insoluble in hexane. Content : minimum 97.0 per cent.
mp : about 211 °C. 3-Chloro-2-methylaniline. C7H8ClN. (Mr 141.6). 1139400.
[87-60-5]. 6-Chloro-2-toluidine.
Chloroform. CHCl3. (Mr 119.4). 1018600. [67-66-3]. Not miscible with water, slightly soluble in ethanol.
Trichloromethane.
: : about 1.171.
A clear, colourless liquid, slightly soluble in water, miscible
: : about 1.587.
with alcohol.
bp : about 115 °C.
: 1.475 to 1.481.
mp : about 2 °C.
bp : about 60 °C.
Chloroform contains 0.4 per cent m/m to 1.0 per cent m/m 2-Chloro-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide. C10H12ClNO.
of ethanol. (Mr 197.7). 1168700. [1131-01-7].
Ethanol. Introduce 1.00 g (m g) into a ground-glass-stoppered 2-Chloronicotinic acid. C6H4ClNO2. (Mr 157.6). 1157300.
flask. Add 15.0 ml of nitrochromic reagent R, close the [2942-59-8]. 2-Chloropyridine-3-carboxylic acid.
flask, shake vigorously for 2 min and allow to stand for White or almost white powder.
15 min. Add 100 ml of water R and 5 ml of a 200 g/l solution
of potassium iodide R. After 2 min titrate with 0.1 M sodium mp : about 177 °C.
thiosulphate, using 1 ml of starch solution R as indicator, Content : minimum 95 per cent.
until a light green colour is obtained (n1 ml of 0.1 M sodium
thiosulphate). Carry out a blank assay (n2 ml of 0.1 M 2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline. C6H5ClN2O2. (Mr 172.6). 1018800.
sodium thiosulphate). Calculate the percentage of ethanol [121-87-9].
using the expression : A yellow, crystalline powder, freely soluble in methanol.
mp : about 107 °C.
Storage : protected from light.
Chlorophenol. C6H5ClO. (Mr 128.6). 1018900. [106-48-9].
Chloroform, acidified. 1018601. 4-Chlorophenol.
To 100 ml of chloroform R add 10 ml of hydrochloric Colourless or almost colourless crystals, slightly soluble
acid R. Shake, allow to stand and separate the 2 layers. in water, very soluble in alcohol and in solutions of alkali
hydroxides.
Chloroform, ethanol-free. 1018602. mp : about 42 °C.
Shake 200 ml of chloroform R with four quantities,
each of 100 ml, of water R. Dry over 20 g of anhydrous Chloroplatinic acid. H2Cl6Pt,6H2O. (Mr 517.9). 1019000.
sodium sulphate R for 24 h. Distil the filtrate over 10 g [18497-13-7]. Hydrogen hexachloroplatinate(IV)
of anhydrous sodium sulphate R. Discard the first 20 ml hexahydrate.
of distillate. Prepare immediately before use. Content : minimum 37.0 per cent m/m of platinum (Ar 195.1).
Brownish-red crystals or a crystalline mass, very soluble in
Chloroform stabilised with amylene. CHCl3. (Mr 119.4).
water, soluble in alcohol.
1018700.
Assay. Ignite 0.200 g to constant mass at 900 ± 50 °C and
A clear, colourless liquid, slightly soluble in water, miscible weigh the residue (platinum).
with alcohol.
Storage : protected from light.
Water : maximum 0.05 per cent.
Residue on evaporation : maximum 0.001 per cent. 3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol. C3H7ClO2. (Mr 110.5). 1097600.
[96-24-2].
Minimum transmittance (2.2.25), determined using water R
as compensation liquid : 50 per cent at 255 nm, 80 per cent Colourless liquid, soluble in water and alcohol.
at 260 nm, 98 per cent at 300 nm. : about 1.322.
Assay : minimum 99.8 per cent of CHCl3, determined by gas : about 1.480
chromatography. bp : about 213 °C.

412 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

5-Chloroquinolin-8-ol. C9H6ClNO. (Mr 179.6). 1156900. Chromazurol S. C23H13Cl2Na3O9S. (Mr 605). 1019600.
[130-16-5]. 5-Chlorooxine. [1667-99-8].
Sparingly soluble in cold dilute hydrochloric acid. Schultz No. 841.
mp : about 123 °C. Colour Index No. 43825.
Content : minimum 95.0 per cent of C9H6ClNO. Trisodium 5-[(3-carboxylato-5-methyl-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-
dien-1-ylidene)(2,6-dichloro-3-sulphonatophenyl)methyl]-2-
5-Chlorosalicylic acid. C7H5ClO3. (Mr 172.6). 1019100. hydroxy-3-methylbenzoate.
[321-14-2]. A brownish-black powder, soluble in water, slightly soluble
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, soluble in in alcohol.
methanol.
Chromic acid cleansing mixture. 1019700.
mp : about 173 °C.
A saturated solution of chromium trioxide R in sulphuric
Chlorothiazide. 1112100. [58-94-6]. acid R.
See Chlorothiazide (0385). Chromic potassium sulphate. CrK(SO4)2,12H2O. (Mr 499.4).
1019800. [7788-99-0]. Chrome alum.
Chlorotrimethylsilane. C3H9ClSi. (Mr 108.6). 1019300.
[75-77-4]. Large, violet-red to black crystals, freely soluble in water,
practically insoluble in alcohol.
A clear, colourless liquid, fuming in air.
: about 0.86. Chromium(III) trichloride hexahydrate. [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl,
: about 1.388. 2H2O. (Mr 266.5). 1104800. [10060-12-5].
A dark green crystalline powder, hygroscopic.
bp : about 57 °C.
Storage : protected from humidity and oxidising agents.
Chlorpyriphos. C9H11Cl3NO3PS. (Mr 350.6). 1124400.
[2921-88-2]. Chromium trioxide. CrO3. (Mr 100.0). 1019900. [1333-82-0].
bp : about 200 °C. Dark brownish-red needles or granules, deliquescent, very
soluble in water.
mp : 42 °C to 44 °C.
Storage : in an airtight glass container.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
cyclohexane) may be used. Chromogenic substrate R1. 1020000.
Dissolve N-α-benzyloxycarbonyl-D-arginyl-L-glycyl-
Chlorpyriphos-methyl. C7H7Cl3NO3PS. (Mr 322.5). 1124500.
L-arginine-4-nitroanilide dihydrochloride in
[5598-13-0].
water R to give a 0.003 M solution. Dilute in
mp : 45 °C to 47 °C. tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-EDTA buffer solution
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in pH 8.4 R to 0.0005 M before use.
cyclohexane) may be used.
Chromogenic substrate R2. 1020100.
Chlortetracycline hydrochloride. 1145500. Dissolve D-phenylalanyl-L-pipecolyl-L-arginine-4-nitroanilide
See Chlortetracycline hydrochloride (0173). dihydrochloride in water R to give a 0.003 M
solution. Dilute before use in titrating in
(5α)-Cholestane. C27H48. (Mr 372.7). 1167900. [481-21-0]. tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-EDTA buffer
Slightly soluble in anhydrous ethanol. solution pH 8.4 R to give a 0.0005 M solution.
mp : about 81 °C. Chromogenic substrate R3. 1149100.
Cholesterol. 1019400. [57-88-5]. Dissolve D-valyl-leucyl-lysyl-4-nitroanilide dihydrochloride in
water R to give a 0.003 M solution.
See Cholesterol (0993).
Chromogenic substrate R4. 1163100.
Choline chloride. C5H14ClNO. (Mr 139.6). 1019500.
[67-48-1]. (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride. Dissolve D-phenylalanyl-L-pipecolyl-L-arginine-4-nitroanilide
dihydrochloride in water R to give a 0.008 M solution. Dilute
Deliquescent crystals, very soluble in water and in alcohol. to 0.0025 M with phosphate buffer solution pH 8.5 R before
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph use.
Suxamethonium chloride (0248), applying 5 µl of a 0.2 g/l
solution in methanol R. The chromatogram shows one Chromogenic substrate R5. 1163200.
principal spot. Dissolve N-benzoyl-L-isoleucyl-L-glutamyl-glycyl-L-arginine-
Storage : in an airtight container. 4-nitroanilide hydrochloride in water R to give a 0.003 M
solution.
Chondroitinase ABC. 1162900.
Chromotrope II B. C16H9N3Na2O10S2. (Mr 513.4). 1020200.
A pectin lyase-like enzyme secreted by Flavobacterium [548-80-1].
heparinum. Available in vials containing 5-10 units.
It cleaves both glucuronate-containing disaccharides, Schultz No. 67.
e.g. chondroitin sulphate, and iduronate-containing Colour Index No. 16575.
disaccharides, e.g. dermatan sulphate. Disodium 4,5-dihydroxy-3-(4-nitrophenylazo)naphthalene-
2,7-disulphonate.
Chondroitinase AC. 1163000. A reddish-brown powder, soluble in water giving a
A pectin lyase-like enzyme secreted by Flavobacterium yellowish-red colour, practically insoluble in alcohol.
heparinum. Available in vials containing 5-10 units. It
cleaves only glucuronate-containing disaccharides, e.g. Chromotrope II B solution. 1020201.
chondroitin sulphate. A 0.05 g/l solution in sulphuric acid R.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 413
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Chromotropic acid, sodium salt. C10H6Na2O8S2,2H2O. Turpentine oil. Dissolve 1 g in 5 ml of alcohol (90 per
(Mr 400.3). 1020300. [5808-22-0]. cent V/V) R. Add dropwise freshly prepared bromine
Schultz No. 1136. water R. Not more than 0.5 ml is required to give a yellow
Disodium 4,5-dihydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulphonate colour lasting for 30 min.
dihydrate. Disodium 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6- Residue on evaporation : maximum 0.05 per cent. To
disulphonate dihydrate. 10.0 ml add 25 ml of water R, evaporate on a water-bath and
A yellowish-white powder, soluble in water, practically dry the residue to constant mass at 100-105 °C.
insoluble in alcohol. Cineole used in gas chromatography complies with the
following additional test.
Chromotropic acid, sodium salt solution. 1020301.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
Dissolve 0.60 g of chromotropic acid, sodium salt R in prescribed in the monograph on Peppermint oil (0405)
about 80 ml of water R and dilute to 100 ml with the using the substance to be examined as the test solution.
same solvent. Use this solution within 24 h.
The area of the principal peak is not less than 98.0 per cent
Chromotropic acid-sulphuric acid solution. 1020302. of the total area of the peaks.
Dissolve 5 mg of chromotropic acids sodium salt R in 1,4-Cineole. C10H18O. (Mr 154.3). 1142500. [470-67-7].
10 ml of a mixture of 9 ml of sulphuric acid R and 4 ml of 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.
water R. 1-Isopropyl-4-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.
Chrysanthemin. C21H21ClO11. (Mr 485.5). 1134800. A colourless liquid.
[7084-24-4]. Kuromanin chloride. 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)- : about 0.900.
3-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy-5,7-dihydroxy-1-benzopyrylium : about 1.445.
chloride.
bp : about 173 °C.
A reddish-brown crystalline powder, soluble in water and
in alcohol. Cinnamamide. C9H9NO. (Mr 147.2). 1154800. [621-79-4].
Absorbance (2.2.25). A 0.01 g/l solution in a mixture (E)-3-Phenylprop-2-enamide.
of 1 volume of hydrochloric acid R and 999 volumes of White or almost white powder.
methanol R shows a maximum at 528 nm.
mp : about 149 °C.
α-Chymotrypsin for peptide mapping. 1142400.
trans-Cinnamic acid. C9H8O2. (Mr 148.2).
α-Chymotrypsin of high purity, treated to eliminate tryptic 1159200. [140-10-3]. trans-3-Phenylacrylic acid.
activity. (2E)-3-Phenylprop-2-enoic acid.
Cinchonidine. C19H22N2O. (Mr 294.4). 1020400. [485-71-2]. Colourless crystals, very slightly soluble in water, freely
(R)-(Quinol-4-yl)[(2S,4S,5R)-5-vinylquinuclidin-2-yl]methanol. soluble in ethanol (96 per cent).
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, very slightly mp : 133 °C.
soluble in water and in light petroleum, soluble in alcohol.
Cinnamic aldehyde. C9H8O. (Mr 132.2). 1020700. [104-55-2].
: − 105 to − 110, determined on a 50 g/l solution in 3-Phenylpropenal.
alcohol R. A yellowish to greenish-yellow, oily liquid, slightly soluble in
mp : about 208 °C, with decomposition. water, very soluble in alcohol.
Storage : protected from light. : 1.048 to 1.051.
Cinchonine. C19H22N2O. (Mr 294.4). 1020500. [118-10-5]. : about 1.620.
(S)-(Quinol-4-yl)[(2R,4S,5R)-5-vinylquinuclidin-2-yl]methanol. Storage : protected from light.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, very slightly trans-Cinnamic aldehyde. C9H8O. (Mr 132.2). 1124600.
soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol and in [14371-10-9]. (E)-3-Phenylprop-2-enal.
methanol.
trans-Cinnamic aldehyde used in gas chromatography
: + 225 to + 230, determined on a 50 g/l solution in complies with the following additional test.
alcohol R.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
mp : about 263 °C. prescribed in the monograph on Cassia oil (1496).
Storage : protected from light. The content is not less than 99.0 per cent, calculated by the
Cineole. C10H18O. (Mr 154.3). 1020600. [470-82-6]. normalisation procedure.
1,8-Cineole. Eucalyptol. 1,8-Epoxy-p-menthane. Cinnamyl acetate. C11H12O2. (Mr 176.2). 1124700.
A colourless liquid, practically insoluble in water, miscible [103-54-8]. 3-Phenylprop-2-en-1-yl acetate.
with ethanol. : about 1.542.
: 0.922 to 0.927. bp : about 262 °C.
: 1.456 to 1.459. Cinnamyl acetate used in gas chromatography complies
Freezing point (2.2.18) : 0 °C to 1 °C. with the following additional test.
Distillation range (2.2.11) : 174 °C to 177 °C. Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
Phenol. Shake 1 g with 20 ml of water R. Allow to separate prescribed in the monograph on Cassia oil (1496).
and add to 10 ml of the aqueous layer 0.1 ml of ferric The content is not less than 99.0 per cent, calculated by the
chloride solution R1. No violet colour develops. normalisation procedure.

414 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Citral. C10H16O. (Mr 152.2). 1020800. [5392-40-5]. Mixture : 0.890.

of (2E)- and (2Z)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dienal. : 1.443.
A light yellow liquid, practically insoluble in water, miscible bp : 229 °C.
with alcohol and with glycerol.
Citronellyl acetate used in gas chromatography complies
Chromatography. Examine by thin-layer chromatography with the following additional test.
(2.2.27), using silica gel GF254 R as the coating substance.
Apply to the plate 10 µl of a 1 g/l solution in toluene R. Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
Develop over a path of 15 cm using a mixture of 15 volumes prescribed in the monograph on Citronella oil (1609).
of ethyl acetate R and 85 volumes of toluene R. Allow the The content is not less than 97.0 per cent calculated by the
plate to dry in air and examine in ultraviolet light at 254 nm. normalisation procedure.
The chromatogram obtained shows only one principal spot. Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light.
Citral used in gas chromatography complies with the
Citropten. C11H10O4. (Mr 206.2). 1021300. [487-06-9].
following additional test.
Limettin. 5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
Needle-shaped crystals, practically insoluble in water and in
prescribed in the monograph on Citronella oil (1609).
light petroleum, freely soluble in acetone and in alcohol.
The content of citral (neral + geranial) is not less than
mp : about 145 °C.
95.0 per cent calculated by the normalisation procedure.
Chromatography. Examine by thin-layer chromatography
Citrated rabbit plasma. 1020900. (2.2.27), using silica gel GF254R as the coating substance.
Collect blood by intracardiac puncture from a rabbit kept Apply to the plate 10 µl of a 1 g/l solution in toluene R.
fasting for 12 h, using a plastic syringe with a No. 1 needle Develop over a path of 15 cm using a mixture of 15 volumes
containing a suitable volume of 38 g/l solution of sodium of ethyl acetate R and 85 volumes of toluene R. Allow the
citrate R so that the final volume ratio of citrate solution plate to dry in air and examine in ultraviolet light at 254 nm.
to blood is 1 : 9. Separate the plasma by centrifugation at The chromatogram obtained shows only one principal spot.
1500 g to 1800 g at 15 °C to 20 °C for 30 min.
Clobetasol propionate. C25H32ClFO5. (Mr 467.0). 1097700.
Storage : at 0 °C to 6 °C ; use within 4 h of collection. [25122-46-7]. 21-Chloro-9-fluoro-11β,17-dihydroxy-16β-
Citric acid. 1021000. [5949-29-1]. See Citric acid methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 17-propionate.
monohydrate (0456). A white or almost white crystalline powder, insoluble in
When used in the limit test for iron, it complies with the water, soluble in alcohol and in acetone.
following additional requirement. : about + 104 (in dioxan).
Dissolve 0.5 g in 10 ml of water R, add 0.1 ml of thioglycollic mp : about 196 °C.
acid R, mix and make alkaline with ammonia R. Dilute to
20 ml with water R. No pink colour appears in the solution. Coagulation factor V solution. 1021400.
Coagulation factor V solution may be prepared by the
Citric acid, anhydrous. 1021200. [77-92-9]. following method or by any other method which excludes
See Anhydrous citric acid (0455). factor VIII.
Citronellal. C10H18O. (Mr 154.3). 1113300. [106-23-0]. Prepare the factor V reagent from fresh oxalated bovine
3,7-Dimethyl-6-octenal. plasma, by fractionation at 4 °C with a saturated solution
Very slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohols. of ammonium sulphate R prepared at 4 °C. Separate
the fraction which precipitates between 38 per cent and
: 0.848 to 0.856. 50 per cent of saturation, which contains factor V without
: about 1.446. significant contamination with factor VIII. Remove the
Citronellal used in gas chromatography complies with the ammonium sulphate by dialysis and dilute the solution with
following additional test. a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R to give a solution
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as containing between 10 per cent and 20 per cent of the
prescribed in the monograph on Citronella oil (1609). quantity of factor V present in fresh human normal plasma.
The content is not less than 95.0 per cent calculated by the Determination of factor V content. Prepare two dilutions
normalisation procedure. of the preparation of factor V in imidazole buffer solution
pH 7.3 R containing 1 volume of the preparation in
Citronellol. C10H20O. (Mr 156.3). 1134900. [106-22-9]. 10 volumes and in 20 volumes of the buffer solution
3,7-Dimethyloct-6-en-1-ol. respectively. Test each dilution as follows : mix 0.1 ml of
A clear, colourless liquid, practically insoluble in water, plasma substrate deficient in factor V R, 0.1 ml of the
miscible with alcohol. solution to be examined, 0.1 ml of thromboplastin R and
: 0.857. 0.1 ml of a 3.5 g/l solution of calcium chloride R and
measure the coagulation times, i.e. the interval between the
: 1.456. moment at which the calcium chloride solution is added and
bp : 220 °C to 222 °C. the first indication of the formation of fibrin, which may be
Citronellol used in gas chromatography complies with the observed visually or by means of a suitable apparatus.
following additional test. In the same manner, determine the coagulation time (in
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as duplicate) of four dilutions of human normal plasma in
prescribed in the monograph on Citronella oil (1609). imidazole buffer solution pH 7.3 R, containing respectively,
The content is not less than 95.0 per cent calculated by the 1 volume in 10 (equivalent to 100 per cent of factor V),
normalisation procedure. 1 volume in 50 (20 per cent), 1 volume in 100 (10 per cent),
Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light. and 1 volume in 1000 (1 per cent). Using two-way logarithmic
paper plot the average coagulation times for each dilution of
Citronellyl acetate. C12H22O2. (Mr 198.3). 1135000. human plasma against the equivalent percentage of factor V
[150-84-5]. 3,7-Dimethyl-6-octen-1-yl acetate. and read the percentage of factor V for the two dilutions of

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 415
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

the factor V solution by interpolation. The mean of the two Copper nitrate. Cu(NO3)2,3H2O. (Mr 241.6). 1022400.
results gives the percentage of factor V in the solution to [10031-43-3]. Chloride dinitrate trihydrate.
be examined. Dark blue crystals, hygroscopic, very soluble in water giving
Storage : in the frozen state at a temperature not higher a strongly acid reaction, freely soluble in alcohol and in
than − 20 °C. dilute nitric acid.
Storage : in an airtight container.
Cobalt chloride. CoCl2,6H2O. (Mr 237.9). 1021600.
[7791-13-1]. Copper sulphate. CuSO4,5H2O. (Mr 249.7). 1022500.
A red, crystalline powder or deep-red crystals, very soluble [7758-99-8].
in water, soluble in alcohol. A blue powder or deep-blue crystals, slowly efflorescent, very
soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol.
Cobalt nitrate. Co(NO3)2,6H2O. (Mr 291.0). 1021700.
[10026-22-9]. Copper sulphate solution. 1022501.
A 125 g/l solution.
Small garnet-red crystals, very soluble in water.
Copper tetrammine, ammoniacal solution of. 1022600.
Codeine. 1021800. [6059-47-8].
Dissolve 34.5 g of copper sulphate R in 100 ml of water R
See Codeine (0076). and, whilst stirring, add dropwise concentrated ammonia R
until the precipitate which forms dissolves completely.
Codeine phosphate. 1021900. [52-28-8]. Keeping the temperature below 20 °C, add dropwise with
See Codeine phosphate hemihydrate (0074). continuous shaking 30 ml of strong sodium hydroxide
solution R. Filter through a sintered-glass filter (40) (2.1.2),
Congo red. C32H22N6Na2O6S2. (Mr 697). 1022000. [573-58-0]. wash with water R until the filtrate is clear and take up the
Schultz No. 360. precipitate with 200 ml of concentrated ammonia R. Filter
Colour Index No. 22120. through a sintered-glass filter (2.1.2) and repeat the filtration
Disodium (biphenyl-4,4′-diyl-bis-2,2′-azo)bis(1- to reduce the residue to a minimum.
aminonaphthalene-4-sulphonate). Cortisone acetate. 1097800. [50-04-4].
A brownish-red powder, soluble in water. See Cortisone acetate (0321).
Congo red paper. 1022002. Coumaphos. C14H16ClO5PS. (Mr 362.8). 1124800. [56-72-4].
Immerse strips of filter paper for a few minutes in congo mp : 91 °C to 92 °C.
red solution R. Allow to dry. A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in iso-octane)
may be used.
Congo red solution. 1022001.
o-Coumaric acid. C9H8O3. (Mr 164.2). 1157400. [614-60-8].
Dissolve 0.1 g of congo red R in a mixture of 20 ml of (E)-2-Hydroxycinnamic acid. (2E)-3-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)prop-
alcohol R and water R and dilute to 100 ml with water R. 2-enoic acid.
Test for sensitivity. To 0.2 ml of the congo red solution White or almost white powder.
add 100 ml of carbon dioxide-free water R and 0.3 ml of
0.1 M hydrochloric acid. The solution is blue. Not more mp : about 217 °C.
than 0.3 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is required to p-Coumaric acid. C9H8O3. (Mr 164.2). 1157500. [7400-08-0].
change the colour to pink. 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid. 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-prop-2-enoic
Colour change : pH 3.0 (blue) to pH 5.0 (pink). acid.
White or almost white needles, practically insoluble in water,
Coomassie blue. 1001400. [3861-73-2]. soluble in acetone and in methanol.
See acid blue 92 R. mp : 214 °C to 217 °C.
Coomassie blue solution. 1001401. p-Coumaric acid used in the assay in Nettle leaf (1897)
complies with the following additional requirements.
See acid blue 92 solution R. Loss on drying (2.2.32) : maximum 5.0 per cent, determined
Coomassie staining solution. 1012201. on 0.200 g by drying in an oven at 105 °C for 2 h.
Assay. Liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as prescribed in the
A 1.25 g/l solution of acid blue 83 R in a mixture consisting
monograph on Nettle leaf (1897).
of 1 volume of glacial acetic acid R, 4 volumes of methanol R
and 5 volumes of water R. Filter. Content : minimum 95 per cent, calculated by the
normalisation procedure.
Copper. Cu. (Ar 63.55). 1022100. [7440-50-8].
Coumarin. C9H6O2. (Mr 146.1). 1124900. [91-64-5].
Cleaned foil, turnings, wire or powder of the pure metal of 2H-Chromen-2-one. 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one.
electrolytic grade. A colourless, crystalline powder or orthorhombic or
Copper acetate. C4H6CuO4,H2O. (Mr 199.7). 1022200. rectangular crystals, very soluble in boiling water, soluble in
[142-71-2]. alcohol. It dissolves in solutions of alkali hydroxides.
mp : 68 °C to 70 °C.
Blue-green crystals or powder, freely soluble in boiling
water, soluble in water and in alcohol, slightly soluble in Coumarin used in gas chromatography complies with the
glycerol (85 per cent). following additional test.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
Copper edetate solution. 1022300. prescribed in the monograph on Cassia oil (1496).
To 2 ml of a 20 g/l solution of copper acetate R add 2 ml of The content is not less than 98.0 per cent, calculated by the
0.1 M sodium edetate and dilute to 50 ml with water R. normalisation procedure.

416 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Cresol. C7H8O. (Mr 108.1). 1022700. [95-48-7]. o-Cresol. Cupric chloride. CuCl2,2H2O. (Mr 170.5). 1023000.
2-Methylphenol. [10125-13-0]. Cupric chloride dihydrate.
Crystals or a super-cooled liquid becoming dark on exposure Greenish-blue powder or crystals, deliquescent in moist air,
to light and air, miscible with ethanol, soluble in about efflorescent in dry air, freely soluble in water, in alcohol and
50 parts of water and soluble in solutions of alkali hydroxides. in methanol, sparingly soluble in acetone.
: about 1.05. Storage : in an airtight container.
: 1.540 to 1.550. Cupri-citric solution. 1023100.
bp : about 190 °C. Dissolve 25 g of copper sulphate R, 50 g of citric acid R and
Freezing point (2.2.18) : minimum 30.5 °C. 144 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate R in water R and
Residue on evaporation : maximum 0.1 per cent m/m, dilute to 1000 ml with the same solvent.
determined by evaporating on a water-bath and drying in Cupri-citric solution R1. 1023200.
an oven at 100-105 °C.
Dissolve 25 g of copper sulphate R, 50 g of citric acid R and
Storage : protected from light, moisture and oxygen. 144 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate R in water R and
Distil before use. dilute to 1000 ml with the same solvent.
p-Cresol. C7H8O. (Mr 108.1). 1153100. [106-44-5]. Adjust the solution so that it complies with the following
4-Methylphenol. requirements.
Colourless or white or almost white crystals or crystalline a) To 25.0 ml add 3 g of potassium iodide R. Add 25 ml
mass. of a 25 per cent m/m solution of sulphuric acid R with
precaution and in small quantities. Titrate with 0.1 M
: about 1.02. sodium thiosulphate using 0.5 ml of starch solution R,
bp : about 202 °C. added towards the end of the titration, as indicator.
m-Cresol purple. C21H18O5S. (Mr 382.44). 1121700. 24.5 ml to 25.5 ml of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate is used in
[2303-01-7]. m-Cresolsulphonphthalein. the titration.
An olive-green, crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water, b) Dilute 10.0 ml to 100.0 ml with water R and mix. To
soluble in alcohol, in glacial acetic acid and in methanol. 10.0 ml of the solution, add 25.0 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric
acid and heat for 1 h on a water-bath. Cool, adjust with
m-Cresol purple solution. 1121701. water R to the initial volume and titrate with 0.1 M sodium
Dissolve 0.1 g of m-cresol purple R in 13 ml of 0.01 M hydroxide, using 0.1 ml of phenolphthalein solution R1 as
sodium hydroxide, dilute to 100 ml with water R and mix. indicator.
Colour change : pH 1.2 (red) to pH 2.8 (yellow) ; pH 7.4 5.7 ml to 6.3 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is used in the
(yellow) to pH 9.0 (purple). titration.
c) Dilute 10.0 ml to 100.0 ml with water R and mix. Titrate
Cresol red. C21H18O5S. (Mr 382.4). 1022800. [1733-12-6]. 10.0 ml of the solution with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, using
Cresolsulfonphthalein. 4,4′-(3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3- 0.1 ml of phenolphthalein solution R1 as indicator.
ylidene)bis-(2-methylphenol) S,S-dioxide. 6.0 ml to 7.5 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is used in the
A reddish-brown crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water, titration.
soluble in alcohol and in dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides.
Cupriethylenediamine hydroxide solution. 3008700.
Cresol red solution. 1022801. [14552-35-3].
Dissolve 0.1 g of cresol red R in a mixture of 2.65 ml of The molar ratio of ethylenediamine to copper is 2.00 ± 0.04.
0.1 M sodium hydroxide and 20 ml of alcohol R and This solution is commercially available.
dilute to 100 ml with water R.
Test for sensitivity. A mixture of 0.1 ml of the cresol Cupri-tartaric solution. 1023300.
red solution and 100 ml of carbon dioxide-free water R Solution I. Dissolve 34.6 g of copper sulphate R in water R
to which 0.15 ml of 0.02 M sodium hydroxide has been and dilute to 500 ml with the same solvent.
added is purple-red. Not more than 0.15 ml of 0.02 M Solution II. Dissolve 173 g of sodium potassium tartrate R
hydrochloric acid is required to change the colour to and 50 g of sodium hydroxide R in 400 ml of water R. Heat
yellow. to boiling, allow to cool and dilute to 500 ml with carbon
Colour change : pH 7.0 (yellow) to pH 8.6 (red). dioxide-free water R.
Mix equal volumes of the 2 solutions immediately before use.
Crystal violet. C25H30ClN3. (Mr 408.0). 1022900. [548-62-9].
Schultz No. 78. Cupri-tartaric solution R2. 1023302.
Colour Index No. 42555. Add 1 ml of a solution containing 5 g/l of copper
Hexamethyl-pararosanilinium chloride. sulphate R and 10 g/l of potassium tartrate R to 50 ml
of sodium carbonate solution R1. Prepare immediately
Dark-green powder or crystals, soluble in water and in before use.
alcohol.
Cupri-tartaric solution R3. 1023303.
Crystal violet solution. 1022901.
Prepare a solution containing 10 g/l of copper sulphate R
Dissolve 0.5 g of crystal violet R in anhydrous acetic and 20 g/l of sodium tartrate R. To 1.0 ml of the solution
acid R and dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent. add 50 ml of sodium carbonate solution R2. Prepare
Test for sensitivity. To 50 ml of anhydrous acetic acid R immediately before use.
add 0.1 ml of the crystal violet solution. On addition of
0.1 ml of 0.1 M perchloric acid the bluish-purple solution Cupri-tartaric solution R4. 1023304.
turns bluish-green. Solution I. 150 g/l copper sulphate R.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 417
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Solution II. Dissolve 2.5 g of anhydrous sodium Cyclohexylamine. C6H13N. (Mr 99.2). 1024000. [108-91-8].
carbonate R, 2.5 g of potassium sodium tartrate R, A colourless liquid, soluble in water, miscible with usual
2.0 g of sodium hydrogen carbonate R, and 20.0 g of organic solvents.
anhydrous sodium sulphate R in water R and dilute to
: about 1.460.
100 ml with the same solvent.
bp : 134 °C to 135 °C.
Mix 1 part of solution I with 25 parts of solution II
immediately before use. Cyclohexylenedinitrilotetra-acetic acid. C14H22N2O8,H2O.
(Mr 364.4). 1024100. trans-Cyclohexylene-1,2-dinitrilo-N,N,
Curcumin. C21H20O6. (Mr 368.4). 1023500. [458-37-7]. 1,7- N’,N’-tetra-acetic acid.
bis(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione. A white or almost white, crystalline powder.
An orange-brown, crystalline powder, practically insoluble mp : about 204 °C.
in water, soluble in glacial acetic acid.
mp : about 183 °C. Cyclohexylmethanol. C7H14O. (Mr 114.2). 1135200.
[100-49-2]. Cyclohexylcarbinol.
Cyanoacetic acid. C3H3NO2. (Mr 85.1). 1097900. [372-09-8]. A liquid with a slight odour of camphor, soluble in alcohol.
White to yellowish-white, hygroscopic crystals, very soluble : about 1.464.
in water. bp : about 185 °C.
Storage : in an airtight container.
3-Cyclohexylpropionic acid. C9H16O2. (Mr 156.2). 1119200.
Cyanocobalamin. 1023600. [68-19-9]. [701-97-3].
A clear liquid.
See Cyanocobalamin (0547).
: about 0.998.
Cyanogen bromide solution. 1023700. [506-68-3]. : about 1.4648.
Add dropwise, with cooling 0.1 M ammonium thiocyanate bp : about 130 °C.
to bromine water R until the yellow colour disappears.
Prepare immediately before use. Cyhalothrin. C23H19ClF3NO3. (Mr 449.9). 1125000.
[91465-08-6].
β-Cyclodextrin for chiral chromatography, modified. bp : 187 °C to 190 °C.
1154600. mp : about 49 °C.
30 per cent of 2,3-di-O-ethyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsi- A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
lyl-β-cyclodextrin dissolved in poly(dimethyl)(85)(diphe- cyclohexane) may be used.
nyl)(15)siloxane R.
p-Cymene. C10H14. (Mr 134.2). 1113400. [99-87-6].
β-Cyclodextrin for chiral chromatography, modified R1. 1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene.
1160700. A colourless liquid, practically insoluble in water, soluble
30 per cent of 2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-O-tert-butylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin in alcohol.
dissolved in poly(dimethyl)(85)(diphenyl)(15)siloxane R. : about 0.858.
Cyanoguanidine. C2H4N4. (Mr 84.1). 1023800. [461-58-5]. : about 1.4895.
Dicyandiamide. 1-Cyanoguanidine. bp : 175 °C to 178 °C.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, sparingly p-Cymene used in gas chromatography complies with the
soluble in water and in alcohol, practically insoluble in following additional test.
methylene chloride. Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
mp : about 210 °C. prescribed in the monograph Peppermint oil (0405).
Test solution. The substance to be examined.
Cyclohexane. C6H12. (Mr 84.2). 1023900. [110-82-7]. The area of the principal peak is not less than 96.0 per cent
A clear, colourless, flammable liquid, practically insoluble in of the area of all the peaks in the chromatogram obtained.
water, miscible with organic solvents.
Cynarin. C25H24O12. (Mr 516.4). 1159300. [30964-13-7].
: about 0.78. (1α,3α,4α,5β)-1,3-Bis[[3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2-
bp : about 80.5 °C. propenyl]oxy]-4,5-dihydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid.
Cyclohexane used in spectrophotometry complies with the White or almost white amorphous mass, odourless.
following additional requirements. Cypermethrin. C22H19Cl2NO3. (Mr 416.3). 1125100.
Minimum transmittance (2.2.25), determined using water R [52315-07-8].
as compensation liquid : 45 per cent at 220 nm, 70 per cent bp : 170 °C to 195 °C.
at 235 nm, 90 per cent at 240 nm, 98 per cent at 250 nm.
mp : 60 °C to 80 °C.
Cyclohexane R1. 1023901. A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
cyclohexane) may be used.
Complies with the requirements prescribed for
cyclohexane R and with the following additional L-Cysteine. C3H7NO2S. (Mr 121.1). 1024200. [52-90-4].
requirement. A powder, freely soluble in water, in alcohol and in acetic
The fluorescence, measured at 460 nm, under illumination acid, practically insoluble in acetone.
with an excitant light beam at 365 nm, is not more intense
than that of a solution containing 0.002 ppm of quinine R Cysteine hydrochloride. 1024300. [7048-04-6].
in 0.05 M sulphuric acid. See Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate (0895).

418 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

L-Cystine. C6H12N2O4S2. (Mr 240.3). 1024400. [56-89-3]. : 1.420 to 1.430.

A white or almost white, crystalline powder, practically bp : 207 °C to 209 °C.
insoluble in water and in alcohol. It dissolves in dilute Decanal used in gas chromatography complies with the
solutions of alkali hydroxides. It decomposes at 250 °C. following additional test.
: − 218 to − 224, determined in 1 M hydrochloric acid. Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
prescribed in the monograph on Sweet orange oil (1811).
Cytosine. C4H5N3O. (Mr 111.1). 1160800. [71-30-7].
The content is not less than 99 per cent, calculated by the
Content : minimum 95.0 per cent. normalisation procedure.
Dantron. C14H8O4. (Mr 240.2). 1024500. [117-10-2]. Decane. C10H22. (Mr 142.3). 1024600. [124-18-5].
1,8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone. 1,8-Dihydroxyanthracene-9,
10-dione. A colourless liquid, practically insoluble in water.
A crystalline orange powder, practically insoluble in water, : about 1.411.
slightly soluble in alcohol, soluble in solutions of alkali bp : about 174 °C.
hydroxides. Decanol. C10H22O. (Mr 158.3). 1024700. [112-30-1]. n-Decyl
mp : about 195 °C. alcohol.
Dantron used in the sesquiterpenic acids assay in Valerian A viscous liquid, solidifying at about 6 °C, practically
root (0453) complies with the following additional insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
requirements. : about 1.436.
: 355 to 375, determined at 500 nm in 1 M potassium bp : about 230 °C.
hydroxide.
Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as Deltamethrin. C22H19Br2NO3. (Mr 505.2). 1125800.
prescribed in the monograph on Valerian Root (0453) at [52918-63-5].
the concentration of the reference solution. The content bp : about 300 °C.
of dantron is not less than 95 per cent calculated by the mp : about 98 °C.
normalisation procedure A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
o,p′-DDD. C14H10Cl4. (Mr 320.0). 1125200. [53-19-0]. cyclohexane) may be used.
1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane. Demeclocycline hydrochloride. 1145600.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in See Demeclocycline hydrochloride (0176).
cyclohexane) may be used.
Demethylflumazenil. C14H12FN3O3. (Mr 289.3). 1149300.
p,p′-DDD. C14H10Cl4. (Mr 320.0). 1125300. [72-54-8]. [79089-72-8].
1,1-bis(4-Chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethane. Ethyl 8-fluoro-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,
bp : about 193 °C. 4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate.
mp : about 109 °C. mp : about 288 °C.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in Colourless needles, soluble in dimethyl sulphoxide and in
cyclohexane) may be used. hot methanol.
o,p′-DDE. C14H8Cl4. (Mr 318.0). 1125400. [3424-82-6]. 2-Deoxy-D-ribose. C5H10O4. (Mr 134.1). 1163900. [533-67-5].
1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethylene. Thyminose. 2-Deoxy-D-erythro-pentose.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
2′-Deoxyuridine. C9H12N2O5. (Mr 228.2). 1024800.
cyclohexane) may be used.
[951-78-0]. 1-(2-Deoxy-β-d-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-1H,3H-
p,p′-DDE. C14H8Cl4. (Mr 318.0). 1125500. [72-55-9]. pyrimidine-2,4-dione.
1,1-bis(4-Chlorophenyl)-2,2-dichloroethylene. mp : about 165 °C.
bp : 316 °C to 317 °C. Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
mp : 88 °C to 89 °C. on Idoxuridine (0669), applying 5 µl of a 0.25 g/l solution.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in The chromatogram obtained shows only one principal spot.
cyclohexane) may be used. Destaining solution. 1012202.
o,p′-DDT. C14H9Cl5. (Mr 354.5). 1125600. [789-02-6]. A mixture consisting of 1 volume of glacial acetic acid R,
1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane. 4 volumes of methanol R and 5 volumes of water R.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in Deuterated acetic acid. C22H4O2. (Mr 64.1). 1101100.
cyclohexane) may be used. [1186-52-3]. Tetradeuteroacetic acid. Acetic-d3 acid-d.
p,p′-DDT. C14H9Cl5. (Mr 354.5). 1125700. [50-29-3]. The degree of deuteration is not less than 99.7 per cent.
1,1-bis(4-Chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane. : about 1.12.
bp : about 260 °C. : about 1.368.
mp : 108 °C to 109 °C. bp : about 115 °C.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in mp : about 16 °C.
cyclohexane) may be used. Deuterated acetone. C32H6O. (Mr 64.1). 1024900. [666-52-4].
Decanal. C10H20O. (Mr 156.3). 1149200. [112-31-2]. Decyl Acetone-d6. (2H6)-Acetone.
aldehyde. The degree of deuteration is not less than 99.5 per cent.
Oily, colourless liquid, with a characteristic odour of orange, A clear, colourless liquid, miscible with water, with
practically insoluble in water, soluble in chloroform. dimethylformamide, with ethanol and with methanol.
: 0.825 to 0.829. : about 0.87.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 419
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

: about 1.357. 3,3′-Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride.

bp : about 55 °C. C12H18Cl4N4, 2H2O. (Mr 396.1). 1098000. [7411-49-6].
3,3′,4,4′-Biphenyl-tetramine.
Water and deuterium oxide. Not more than 0.1 per cent.
An almost white or slightly pink powder, soluble in water.
Deuterated chloroform. C2HCl3. (Mr 120.4). 1025000. mp : about 280 °C, with decomposition.
[865-49-6]. (2H)-Chloroform. Chloroform-d.
The degree of deuteration is not less than 99.7 per cent. Diammonium 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-
A clear, colourless liquid, practically insoluble in water, 6-sulphonate). C18H24N6O6S4. (Mr 548.7).
miscible with acetone and with alcohol. It may be stabilised 1153000. [30931-67-0]. ABTS. Diammonium
over silver foil. 2,2′-(diazanediylidene)bis[3-ethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzothiazole-
6-sulphonate].
: about 1.51.
: about 1.445. Chromogenic substrate suitable for use in ELISA procedures.
bp : about 60 °C. Green tablets, freely soluble in water.
Water and deuterium oxide : maximum 0.05 per cent. pH (2.2.3) : 4.2 to 5.8 for a 0.1 g/l solution.

Deuterated dimethyl sulphoxide. C22H6OS. (Mr 84.2). Diatomaceous earth. 1025900. [91053-39-3].
1025100. [2206-27-1]. (2H6)-Dimethyl sulphoxide. Dimethyl A white or almost white, fine granular powder, made up
sulphoxide-d6. of siliceous frustules of fossil diatoms or of debris of fossil
The degree of deuteration is not less than 99.8 per cent. diatoms, practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
A very hygroscopic liquid, practically colourless, viscous, The substance may be identified by microscopic examination
soluble in water, in acetone and in ethanol. with a magnification of × 500.
: about 1.18.
Diatomaceous earth for gas chromatography. 1026000.
mp : about 20 °C.
A white or almost white, fine granular powder, made up
Water and deuterium oxide : maximum 0.1 per cent. of siliceous frustules of fossil diatoms or of debris of fossil
Storage : in an airtight container. diatoms, practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. The
substance may be identified by microscopic examination
Deuterated methanol. C H4O. (Mr 36.1). 1025200.
2
with a magnification of × 500. The substance is purified by
[811-98-3]. (2H)-Methanol. Methanol-d. treating with hydrochloric acid R and washing with water R.
The degree of deuteriation is not less than 99.8 per cent. Particle size. Not more than 5 per cent is retained on a sieve
Clear, colourless liquid miscible with water, with alcohol and No. 180. Not more than 10 per cent passes a sieve No. 125.
with methylene chloride.
: about 0.888. Diatomaceous earth for gas chromatography R1. 1026100.
: about 1.326. A white or almost white, fine granular powder, made up
bp : 65.4 °C. of siliceous frustules of fossil diatoms or of debris of fossil
diatoms, practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. The
Deuterium oxide. 2H2O. (Mr 20.03). 1025300. [7789-20-0]. substance may be identified by microscopic examination
Deuterated water. with a magnification of × 500. The substance is purified by
The degree of deuteration is not less than 99.7 per cent. treating with hydrochloric acid R and washing with water R.
: about 1.11. Particle size. Not more than 5 per cent is retained on a sieve
No. 250. Not more than 10 per cent passes a sieve No. 180.
: about 1.328.
bp : about 101 °C. Diatomaceous earth for gas chromatography R2. 1026200.
Deuterium oxide R1. H2O. (Mr 20.03). 1025301.
2 A white or almost white, fine granular powder with a
[7789-20-0]. Deuterated water. specific surface area of about 0.5 m2/g, made up of siliceous
frustules of fossil diatoms or of debris of fossil diatoms,
The degree of deuteration is not less than 99.95 per cent. practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. The substance
may be identified by microscopic examination with a
Developer solution. 1122500.
magnification of × 500. The substance is purified by treating
Dilute 2.5 ml of a 20 g/l solution of citric acid R and 0.27 ml with hydrochloric acid R and washing with water R.
of formaldehyde R to 500.0 ml with water R.
Particle size. Not more than 5 per cent is retained on a sieve
Dextran for chromatography, cross-linked R2. 1025500. No. 180. Not more than 10 per cent passes a sieve No. 125.
A bead-form dextran with a fraction range suitable for the Diatomaceous earth for gas chromatography, silanised.
separation of peptides and proteins with relative molecular 1026300.
2 3
masses of 15 × 10 to 30 × 10 . When dry, the beads have a
diameter of 20 µm to 80 µm. Diatomaceous earth for gas chromatography R silanised
with dimethyldichlorosilane or other suitable silanising
Dextran for chromatography, cross-linked R3. 1025600. agents.
A bead-form dextran with a fraction range suitable for the
separation of peptides and proteins with relative molecular Diatomaceous earth for gas chromatography, silanised R1.
3 4
masses of 4 × 10 to 15 × 10 . When dry, the beads have a 1026400.
diameter of 40 µm to 120 µm. Prepared from crushed pink firebrick and silanised with
dimethyldichlorosilane or other suitable silanising agents.
Dextrose. 1025700. [50-99-7]. The substance is purified by treating with hydrochloric
See glucose R. acid R and washing with water R.

420 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Diazinon. C12H21N2O3PS. (Mr 304.3). 1125900. [333-41-5]. Dichloroacetic acid solution. 1027001.
bp : about 306 °C. Dilute 67 ml of dichloroacetic acid R to 300 ml with
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in iso-octane) water R and neutralise to blue litmus paper R using
may be used. ammonia R. Cool, add 33 ml of dichloroacetic acid R
and dilute to 600 ml with water R.
Diazobenzenesulphonic acid solution R1. 1026500. Dichlorobenzene. C6H4Cl2. (Mr 147.0). 1027100. [95-50-1].
Dissolve 0.9 g of sulphanilic acid R in a mixture of 30 ml of 1,2-Dichlorobenzene.
dilute hydrochloric acid R and 70 ml of water R. To 3 ml A colourless, oily liquid, practically insoluble in water,
of the solution add 3 ml of a 50 g/l solution of sodium soluble in ethanol.
nitrite R. Cool in an ice-bath for 5 min, add 12 ml of the
sodium nitrite solution and cool again. Dilute to 100 ml : about 1.31.
with water R and keep the reagent in an ice-bath. Prepare bp : about 180 °C.
extemporaneously but allow to stand for 15 min before use.
2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone. C8Cl2N2O2.
Dibutylamine. C8H19N. (Mr 129.3). 1126000. [111-92-2]. (Mr 227.0). 1153600. [84-58-2]. 4,5-Dichloro-3,6-dioxo-
N-Butylbutan-1-amine. cyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,2-dicarbonitrile.
Colourless liquid. Yellow or orange crystals, soluble in dioxan and in acetic
acid, slightly soluble in methylene chloride. It decomposes
: about 1.417. in water.
bp : about 159 °C. mp : about 214 °C.
Dibutylammonium phosphate for ion-pairing. 1168800. Storage : at a temperature of 2 °C to 8 °C.
A colourless solution of 10 per cent to 15 per cent V/V (S)-3,5-Dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-N-[(1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-
of di-n-butylamine and 12 per cent to 17 per cent V/V of yl)methyl]benzamide hydrobromide. C14H19BrCl2N2O3.
phosphoric acid in water, suitable for ion-pairing in liquid (Mr 414.1). 1142600. [113310-88-6].
chromatography. White or almost white, crystalline powder.
Dibutyl ether. C8H18O. (Mr 130.2). 1026700. [142-96-1]. : + 11.4, determined on a 15.0 g/l solution in ethanol R.
A colourless, flammable liquid, practically insoluble in water, mp : about 212 °C.
miscible with ethanol. Dichlorofluorescein. C20H10Cl2O5. (Mr 401.2).
: about 0.77. 1027200. [76-54-0]. 2,7-Dichlorofluorescein.
: about 1.399. 2-(2,7-Dichloro-6-hydroxy-3-oxo-3H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.
Do not distil if the dibutyl ether does not comply with the A yellowish-brown to yellow-orange powder, slightly soluble
test for peroxides. in water, freely soluble in alcohol and in dilute solutions of
alkali hydroxides giving a solution showing a yellowish-green
Peroxides. Place 8 ml of potassium iodide and starch fluorescence.
solution R in a 12 ml ground-glass-stoppered cylinder about
1.5 cm in diameter. Fill completely with the substance to be Dichlorophenolindophenol, sodium salt.
examined, shake vigorously and allow to stand protected C12H6Cl2NNaO2,2H2O. (Mr 326.1). 1027300. [620-45-1]. The
from light for 30 min. No colour is produced. sodium derivative of 2,6-dichloro-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-
The name and concentration of any added stabiliser are benzoquinone monoimine dihydrate.
stated on the label. A dark-green powder, freely soluble in water and in ethanol.
The aqueous solution is dark blue ; when acidified it becomes
Dibutyl phthalate. C16H22O4. (Mr 278.3). 1026800. [84-74-2]. pink.
Dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate.
Dichlorophenolindophenol standard solution. 1027301.
A clear, colourless or faintly coloured, oily liquid, very
slightly soluble in water, miscible with acetone and with Dissolve 50.0 mg of dichlorophenolindophenol, sodium
alcohol. salt R in 100.0 ml of water R and filter.
: 1.043 to 1.048. Standardisation. Dissolve 20.0 mg of ascorbic
acid R in 10 ml of a freshly prepared 200 g/l
: 1.490 to 1.495. solution of metaphosphoric acid R and dilute to
250.0 ml with water R. Titrate 5.0 ml rapidly with the
Dicarboxidine hydrochloride. C20H26Cl2N2O6. (Mr 461.3). dichloro-phenolindophenol standard solution, added from
1026900. [56455-90-4]. 4,4′-[(4,4′-Diaminobiphenyl-3,3′- a microburette graduated in 0.01 ml, until the pink colour
diyl)dioxy]dibutanoic acid dihydrochloride. persists for 10 s, the titration occupying not more than
Dichlofenthion. C10H13Cl2O3PS. (Mr 315.2). 1126100. 2 min. Dilute the dichlorophenolindophenol solution
[97-17-6]. with water R to make 1 ml of the solution equivalent to
0.1 mg of ascorbic acid (C6H8O6).
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
Storage : use within 3 days.
cyclohexane) may be used.
Standardise immediately before use.
Dichloroacetic acid. C2H2Cl2O2. (Mr 128.9). 1027000.
[79-43-6]. 5,7-Dichloroquinolin-8-ol. C9H5Cl2NO. (Mr 214.1). 1157000.
[773-76-2]. 5,7-Dichlorooxine.
Colourless liquid, miscible with water and alcohol.
Yellow, crystalline powder, soluble in acetone, slightly
: about 1.566. soluble in ethanol (96 per cent).
: about 1.466. mp : about 179 °C.
bp : about 193 °C. Content : minimum 95.0 per cent of C9H5Cl2NO.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 421
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Dichloroquinonechlorimide. C6H2Cl3NO. (Mr 210.4). Test solution (a). Dissolve 5.00 g of the substance to be
1027400. [101-38-2]. 2,6-Dichloro-N-chloro-1,4- examined in acetone R and dilute to 10.0 ml with the same
benzoquinone mono-imine. solvent.
A pale yellow or greenish-yellow crystalline powder, Test solution (b). Dissolve 5.00 g of the substance to be
practically insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and in dilute examined in acetone R, add 1.0 ml of the internal standard
alkaline solutions. solution and dilute to 10.0 ml with the same solvent.
mp : about 66 °C. Reference solutions. Dissolve 0.50 g of ethanolamine R
in acetone R and dilute to 10.0 ml with the same solvent.
Dichlorvos. C4H7Cl2O4P. (Mr 221). 1101200. [62-73-7]. To 0.5 ml, 1.0 ml and 2.0 ml of this solution, add 1.0 ml of
2,2-Dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate. the internal standard solution and dilute to 10.0 ml with
Colourless or brownish-yellow liquid, soluble in water, acetone R.
miscible with most organic solvents. The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using :
: about 1.452. — a column 1 m long and 4 mm in internal diameter packed
Dicyclohexyl. C12H22. (Mr 166.3). 1135300. [92-51-3]. with diphenylphenylene oxide polymer R (180 µm to
Bicyclohexyl. 250 µm),
: about 0.864. — nitrogen for chromatography R as the carrier gas at a
flow rate of 40 ml/min,
bp : about 227 °C.
— a flame-ionisation detector.
mp : about 4 °C.
Maintain the temperature of the column at 125 °C for 3 min
Dicyclohexylamine. C12H23N. (Mr 181.3). 1027500. and then raise to 300 °C at a rate of 12 °C/min. Maintain
[101-83-7]. N,N-Dicyclohexylamine. the temperature of the injection port at 250 °C and that of
Colourless liquid, sparingly soluble in water, miscible with the detector at 280 °C. Inject 1.0 µl of each test solution and
the usual organic solvents. 1.0 µl of each reference solution.
: about 1.484. Storage : in an airtight container.
bp : about 256 °C. Diethoxytetrahydrofuran. C8H16O3. (Mr 160.2). 1027900.
Freezing point (2.2.18) : 0 °C to 1 °C. [3320-90-9]. 2,5-Diethoxytetrahydrofuran. A mixture of the
cis and trans isomers.
Dicyclohexylurea. C13H24N2O. (Mr 224.4). 1027600. A clear, colourless or slightly yellowish liquid, practically
[2387-23-7]. 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea. insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and in most other
A white or almost white, crystalline powder. organic solvents.
mp : about 232 °C. : about 0.98.
Didocosahexaenoin. C47H68O5. (Mr 713.0). 1142700. : about 1.418.
[88315-12-2]. Diglyceride of docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6). Diethylamine. C4H11N. (Mr 73.1). 1028000. [109-89-7].
Glycerol didocosahexaenoate. (all-Z)-Docosahexaenoic acid,
diester with propane-1,2,3-triol. A clear, colourless, flammable liquid, strongly alkaline,
miscible with water and with alcohol.
Didodecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate. C30H58O4S. (Mr 514.8). : about 0.71.
1027700. [123-28-4]. bp : about 55 °C.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, practically
insoluble in water, freely soluble in acetone and in light Diethylaminoethyldextran. 1028200.
petroleum, slightly soluble in alcohol. Anion exchange resin presented as the hydrochloride.
mp : about 39 °C. A powder forming gels with water.
Dieldrin. C12H8Cl6O. (Mr 380.9). 1126200. [60-57-1]. N,N-Diethylaniline. C10H15N. (Mr 149.2). 1028400. [91-66-7].
bp : about 385 °C. : about 0.938.
mp : about 176 °C. bp : about 217 °C.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in mp : about − 38 °C.
cyclohexane) may be used.
Diethylene glycol. C4H10O3. (Mr 106.1). 1028300. [111-46-6].
Diethanolamine. C4H11NO2. (Mr 105.1). 1027800. 2,2′-Oxydiethanol.
[111-42-2]. 2,2′-Iminobisethanol. Content : minimum 99.5 per cent m/m of C4H10O3.
A viscous, clear, slightly yellow liquid or deliquescent A clear, colourless liquid, hygroscopic, miscible with water,
crystals melting at about 28 °C, very soluble in water, in with acetone and with alcohol.
acetone and in methanol.
: about 1.118.
: about 1.09.
: about 1.447.
pH (2.2.3) : 10.0 to 11.5 for a 50 g/l solution.
bp : 244 °C to 246 °C.
Diethanolamine used in the test for alkaline phosphatase
complies with the following additional test. Storage : in an airtight container.
Ethanolamine: maximum 1.0 per cent. Examine by gas N,N-Diethylethane-1,2-diamine. 1028500. [100-36-7].
chromatography (2.2.28), using 3-aminopropanol R as the See N,N-diethylethylenediamine R.
internal standard.
Internal standard solution. Dissolve 1.00 g of N,N-Diethylethylenediamine. C6H16N2. (Mr 116.2).
3-aminopropanol R in acetone R and dilute to 10.0 ml with 1028500. [100-36-7].
the same solvent. Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C6H16N2.

422 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

A slightly oily liquid, colourless or slightly yellow, strong 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid. C7H6O4. (Mr 154.1). 1148200.
odour of ammonia, irritant to the skin, eyes and mucous [490-79-9]. Gentisic acid.
membranes. Light yellow crystals.
: 0.827. mp : about 200 °C.
bp : 145 °C to 147 °C.
5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin. C10H8O4. (Mr 192.2).
Water (2.5.12) : maximum 1.0 per cent, determined on 1149400. [2107-76-8]. 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-
0.500 g. benzopyran-2-one.
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. C24H38O4. (Mr 390.5). 1028100. Light yellowish powder, practically insoluble in water,
Di(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate. sparingly soluble in alcohol.
A colourless, oily liquid, practically insoluble in water, mp : 295 °C to 303 °C.
soluble in organic solvents.
Dihydroxynaphthalene. 1029000. [132-86-5].
: about 0.98.
See 1,3-dihydroxynaphthalene R.
: about 1.486.
Viscosity (2.2.9) : about 80 mPa·s. 1,3-Dihydroxynaphthalene. C10H8O2. (Mr 160.2). 1029000.
[132-86-5]. Naphthalene-1,3-diol.
Diethylphenylenediamine sulphate. C10H18N2O4S. A crystalline, generally brownish-violet powder, freely
(Mr 262.3). 1028600. [6283-63-2]. N,N’-Diethyl-p- soluble in water and in alcohol.
phenylenediamine sulphate. N,N’-Diethylbenzene-1,4- mp : about 125 °C.
diamine sulphate.
A white or slightly yellow powder, soluble in water. 2,7-Dihydroxynaphthalene. C10H8O2. (Mr 160.2). 1029100.
mp : about 185 °C, with decomposition. [582-17-2]. Naphthalene-2,7-diol.
Storage : protected from light. Needles, soluble in water and in alcohol.
mp : about 190 °C.
Diethylphenylenediamine sulphate solution. 1028601.
2,7-Dihydroxynaphthalene solution. 1029101.
To 250 ml of water R add 2 ml of sulphuric acid R and
25 ml of 0.02 M sodium edetate. Dissolve in this solution Dissolve 10 mg of 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene R in 100 ml
1.1 g of diethylphenylenediamine sulphate R and dilute of sulphuric acid R and allow to stand until decolorised.
to 1000 ml with water R. Storage : use within 2 days.
Do not use if the solution is not colourless. 5,7-Diiodoquinolin-8-ol. C9H5I2NO. (Mr 397.0). 1157100.
Storage : protected from light and heat for 1 month. [83-73-8]. 5,7-Diiodooxine.
Digitonin. C56H92O29. (Mr 1229). 1028700. [11024-24-1]. Yellowish-brown powder, sparingly soluble in acetone and in
3β-[O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl- ethanol (96 per cent).
(1→2)-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl- Content : minimum 95.0 per cent of C9H5I2NO.
(1→4)-O-β-D-galactopyranosyloxy]-(25R)-5α-spirostan-2α, Di-isobutyl ketone. C9H18O. (Mr 142.2). 1029200. [108-83-8].
15β-diol.
A clear, colourless liquid, slightly soluble in water, miscible
Crystals, practically insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in with most organic solvents.
ethanol, slightly soluble in alcohol.
: about 1.414
Digitoxin. 1028800. [71-63-6]. bp : about 168 °C.
See Digitoxin (0078).
Di-isopropyl ether. C6H14O. (Mr 102.2). 1029300. [108-20-3].
Dihydrocapsaicin. C18H29NO3. (Mr 307.4). 1148100. A clear, colourless liquid, very slightly soluble in water,
[19408-84-5]. N-[(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-8- miscible with alcohol.
methylnonanamide. : 0.723 to 0.728.
White or almost white, crystalline powder, practically bp : 67 °C to 69 °C.
insoluble in cold water, freely soluble in ethanol.
Do not distil if the di-isopropyl ether does not comply with
10,11-Dihydrocarbamazepine. C15H14N2O. (Mr 238.3). the test for peroxides.
1028900. [3564-73-6]. 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b, Peroxides. Place 8 ml of potassium iodide and starch
f]azepine-5-carboxamide. solution R in a 12 ml ground-glass-stoppered cylinder about
mp : 205 °C to 210 °C. 1.5 cm in diameter. Fill completely with the substance to be
examined, shake vigorously and allow to stand protected
Dihydrocarvone. C10H16O. (Mr 152.2). 1160900. from light for 30 min. No colour is produced.
[7764-50-3]. p-Menth-8-en-2-one. 2-Methyl-5-(1- The name and concentration of any added stabiliser are
methylethenyl)cyclohexanone. stated on the label.
Dihydrocarvone used in gas chromatography complies Storage : protected from light.
with the following additional test.
Assay. Gas chromatography (2.2.28) as prescribed in the test N,N′-Diisopropylethylenediamine. C8H20N2. (Mr 144.3).
for chromatographic profile in the monograph on Caraway 1140600. [4013-94-9]. N,N′-bis(1-Methylethyl)-1,2-
oil (1817). ethanediamine.
Content calculated by the normalisation procedure : Colourless to yellowish, corrosive, flammable, hygroscopic
— major component (trans-dihydrocarvone) : minimum liquid.
70 per cent ; : about 0.798.
— sum of cis- and trans-dihydrocarvone : minimum 98 per : about 1.429.
cent. bp : about 170 °C.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 423
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

4,4′-Dimethoxybenzophenone. C15H14O3. (Mr 242.3). Storage : protected from light ; use within 4 weeks.
1126300. [90-96-0]. bis(4-Methoxyphenyl)methanone.
Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde solution R8. 1029805.
A white or almost white powder, practically insoluble in
water and slightly soluble in alcohol. Dissolve 0.25 g of dimethylaminobenzaldehyde R in a
mixture of 5 g of phosphoric acid R, 45 g of water R and
mp : about 142 °C. 50 g of anhydrous acetic acid R. Prepare immediately
Dimethoxypropane. C5H12O2. (Mr 104.1). 1105200. before use.
[77-76-9]. 2,2-Dimethoxypropane. 4-Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde. C11H13NO.
A colourless liquid, decomposing on exposure to moist air (Mr 175.2). 1029900. [6203-18-5]. 3-(4-Dimethylamino-
or water. phenyl)prop-2-enal.
: about 0.847. Orange to orange-brown crystals or powder. Sensitive to
: about 1.378. light.
bp : about 83 °C. mp : about 138 °C.
Dimethylacetamide. C4H9NO. (Mr 87.1). 1029700. 4-Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde solution. 1029901.
[127-19-5]. N,N-Dimethylacetamide. Dissolve 2 g of 4-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde R in a
Content : minimum 99.5 per cent of C4H9NO. mixture of 100 ml of hydrochloric acid R1 and 100 ml of
A colourless liquid, miscible with water and with many ethanol R. Dilute the solution to four times its volume
organic solvents. with ethanol R immediately before use.
: about 0.94. 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate. C8H15NO2.
: about 1.437. (Mr 157.2). 1147200. [2867-47-2]. 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl
bp : about 165 °C. 2-methylpropenoate.
: about 0.930.
Dimethylamine. C2H7N. (Mr 45.08). 1168900. [124-40-3]. bp : about 187 °C.
N-methylmethanamine.
Colourless, flammable gas. Dimethylaminonaphthalenesulphonyl chloride.
bp : about 7 °C. C12H12ClNO2S. (Mr 269.8). 1030000. [605-65-2].
5-Dimethyl-amino-1-naphthalenesulphonyl chloride.
mp : about − 92.2 °C.
A yellow, crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water,
Dimethylamine solution. 1168901. soluble in methanol.
A 400 g/l solution. mp : about 70 °C.
Clear, colourless solution. 3-Dimethylaminophenol. C8H11NO. (Mr 137.2). 1156500.
Density : about 0.89. [99-07-0]. 3-(Dimethylamino)phenol.
bp : about 54 °C. Grey powder, slightly soluble in water.
mp : about − 37 °C. mp : about 80 °C.
Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. C9H11NO. (Mr 149.2). Dimethylaniline. C8H11N. (Mr 121.2). 1030100. [121-69-7].
1029800. [100-10-7]. 4-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. N,N-Dimethylaniline.
White or yellowish-white crystals, soluble in alcohol and in A clear, oily liquid, almost colourless when freshly distilled,
dilute acids. darkening on storage to reddish-brown, practically insoluble
mp : about 74 °C. in water, freely soluble in alcohol.
Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde solution R1. 1029801. : about 1.558.
Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils
Dissolve 0.2 g of dimethylaminobenzaldehyde R in 20 ml
between 192 °C and 194 °C.
of alcohol R and add 0.5 ml of hydrochloric acid R.
Shake the solution with activated charcoal R and filter. N,N-Dimethylaniline. 1030100. [121-69-7].
The colour of the reagent is less intense than that of See Dimethylaniline R.
iodine solution R3. Prepare immediately before use.
2,3-Dimethylaniline. C8H11N. (Mr 121.2). 1105300.
Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde solution R2. 1029802. [87-59-2]. 2,3-Xylidine.
Dissolve 0.2 g of dimethylaminobenzaldehyde R, without A yellowish liquid, sparingly soluble in water, soluble in
heating, in a mixture of 4.5 ml of water R and 5.5 ml of alcohol.
hydrochloric acid R. Prepare immediately before use.
: 0.993 to 0.995.
Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde solution R6. 1029803. : about 1.569.
Dissolve 0.125 g of dimethylaminobenzaldehyde R bp : about 224 °C.
in a cooled mixture of 35 ml of water R and 65 ml of
sulphuric acid R. Add 0.1 ml of a 50 g/l solution of ferric 2,6-Dimethylaniline. C8H11N. (Mr 121.2). 1030200.
chloride R. Before use allow to stand for 24 h, protected [87-62-7]. 2,6-Xylidine.
from light. A colourless liquid, sparingly soluble in water, soluble in
Storage : when stored at room temperature it must be alcohol.
used within 1 week ; when kept in a refrigerator, it may be : about 0.98.
stored for several months.
2,6-Dimethylaniline hydrochloride. C8H12ClN. (Mr 157.6).
Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde solution R7. 1029804. 1169000. [21436-98-6]. 2,6-Dimethylbenzenamide
Dissolve 1.0 g of dimethylaminobenzaldehyde R in 50 ml hydrochloride. 2,6-Xylidine hydrochloride.
of hydrochloric acid R and add 50 ml of alcohol R. Content : minimum 98.0 per cent.

424 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol. C12H18O. (Mr 178.3). Dimethylglyoxime. C4H8N2O2. (Mr 116.1). 1030400.

1126500. [1879-09-0]. [95-45-4]. 2,3-Butanedione dioxime.
Dimethyl carbonate. C3H6O3. (Mr 90.1). 1119300. A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless
[616-38-6]. Carbonic acid dimethyl ester. crystals, practically insoluble in cold water, very slightly
soluble in boiling water, soluble in alcohol.
Liquid, insoluble in water, miscible with alcohol.
mp : about 240 °C, with decomposition.
: 1.065.
Sulphated ash (2.4.14) : maximum 0.05 per cent.
: 1.368.
bp : about 90 °C. 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone. C5H10N2O. (Mr 114.2).
1135400. [80-73-9]. N,N′-Dimethylethylene urea.
Dimethyl-β-cyclodextrin. C56H98O35. (Mr 1331). 1169100. 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidone.
[51166-71-3]. Heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)cyclomaltoheptaose. : 1.4720.
Cycloheptakis-(1→4)-(2,6-di-O-methyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl).
2A,2B,2C,2D,2E,2F,2G,6A,6B,6C,6D,6E,6F,6G-Tetradeca-O-methyl-β- bp : about 224 °C.
cyclodextrin. N,N-Dimethyloctylamine. C10H23N. (Mr 157.3). 1030500.
White or almost white powder. [7378-99-6]. Octyldimethylamine.
Dimethyldecylamine. C12H27N. (Mr 185.4). 1113500. Colourless liquid.
[1120-24-7]. N,N-dimethyldecylamine. : about 0.765.
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent m/m of C12H27N. : about 1.424.
bp : about 234 °C. bp : about 195 °C.
1,1-Dimethylethylamine. C4H11N. (Mr 73.1). 1100900. 2,5-Dimethylphenol. C8H10O. (Mr 122.2). 1162300.
[75-64-9]. 2-Amino-2-methylpropane. tert-Butylamine. [95-87-4]. p-Xylenol.
Liquid, miscible with alcohol. White or almost white crystals.
: about 0.694.
2,6-Dimethylphenol. C8H10O. (Mr 122.2). 1030600.
: about 1.378. [576-26-1].
bp : about 46 °C. Colourless needles, slightly soluble in water, very soluble
1,1-Dimethylethyl methyl ether. C5H12O. (Mr 88.1). in alcohol.
1013900. [1634-04-4]. 2-Methoxy-2-methylpropane. bp : about 203 °C.
tert-Butyl methyl ether. mp : 46 °C to 48 °C.
A colourless, clear, flammable liquid.
3,4-Dimethylphenol. C8H10O. (Mr 122.2). 1098100.
: about 1.376. [95-65-8].
Minimum transmittance (2.2.25), determined using water R White or almost white crystals, slightly soluble in water,
as compensation liquid : 50 per cent at 240 nm, 80 per cent freely soluble in alcohol.
at 255 nm, 98 per cent at 280 nm.
bp : about 226 °C.
1,1-Dimethylethyl methyl ether R1. 1126400. mp : 25 °C to 27 °C.
Content : minimum 99.5 per cent of C5H12O.
N,N-Dimethyl-L-phenylalanine. C11H15NO2. (Mr 193.2).
: about 0.741.
1164000. [17469-89-5]. (2S)-2-(Dimethylamino)-3-
: about 1.369. phenylpropanoic acid.
bp : about 55 °C. mp : about 226 °C.
Dimethylformamide. C3H7NO. (Mr 73.1). 1030300. Dimethylpiperazine. C6H14N2. (Mr 114.2). 1030700.
[68-12-2]. [106-58-1]. 1,4-Dimethylpiperazine.
A clear, colourless neutral liquid, miscible with water and A colourless liquid, miscible with water and with alcohol.
with alcohol.
: about 0.85.
: 0.949 to 0.952.
: about 1.446.
bp : about 153 °C.
bp : about 131 °C.
Water (2.5.12) : maximum 0.1 per cent.
Dimethylstearamide. C20H41NO. (Mr 311.6). 1030800.
Dimethylformamide diethylacetal. C7H17NO2. (Mr 147.2). N,N-Dimethylstearamide.
1113600. [1188-33-6]. N,N-Dimethylformamide diethylacetal.
A white or almost white solid mass, soluble in many organic
: about 1.40. solvents, including acetone.
bp : 128 °C to 130 °C. mp : about 51 °C.
N,N-Dimethylformamide dimethylacetal. Dimethylstearylamide. 1030800.
C5H13NO2. (Mr 119.2). 1140700. [4637-24-5].
1,1-Dimethoxytrimethylamine. See dimethylstearamide R.
Clear, colourless liquid. Dimethyl sulphone. C2H6O2S. (Mr 94.1). 1030900. [67-71-0].
: about 0.896. A white or almost white, crystalline powder, freely soluble in
: about 1.396. water, soluble in acetone and alcohol.
bp : about 103 °C. mp : 108 °C to 110 °C.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 425
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Dimethyl sulphoxide. 1029500. [67-68-5]. Dinitrophenylhydrazine. C6H6N4O4. (Mr 198.1). 1031500.

See Dimethyl sulphoxide (0763). [119-26-6]. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine.
Dimethyl sulphoxide used in spectrophotometry complies Reddish-orange crystals, very slightly soluble in water,
with the following additional test. slightly soluble in alcohol.
mp : about 203 °C (instantaneous method).
Minimum transmittance (2.2.25), determined using water R
as compensation liquid : 10 per cent at 262 nm, 35 per cent Dinitrophenylhydrazine-aceto-hydrochloric solution.
at 270 nm, 70 per cent at 290 nm, 98 per cent at 340 nm 1031501.
and at higher wavelengths.
Dissolve 0.2 g of dinitrophenylhydrazine R in 20 ml of
Dimethyl sulphoxide R1. 1029501. methanol R and add 80 ml of a mixture of equal volumes
of acetic acid R and hydrochloric acid R1. Prepare
Content : minimum 99.7 per cent of C2H6OS, determined immediately before use.
by gas chromatography.
Dinitrophenylhydrazine-hydrochloric solution.
Dimeticone. 1105400. [9016-00-6]. 1031502.
See Dimeticone (0138). Dissolve by heating 0.50 g of dinitrophenylhydrazine R
in dilute hydrochloric acid R and complete to 100 ml
Dimidium bromide. C20H18BrN3. (Mr 380.3). 1031100. with the same solvent. Allow to cool and filter. Prepare
[518-67-2]. 3,8-Diamino-5-methyl-6-phenylphenanthridinium immediately before use.
bromide.
Dark-red crystals, slightly soluble in water at 20 °C, sparingly Dinitrophenylhydrazine-sulphuric acid solution.
soluble in water at 60 °C and in alcohol. 1031503.
Dissolve 1.5 g of dinitrophenylhydrazine R in 50 ml of
Dimidium bromide-sulphan blue mixed solution. a 20 per cent V/V solution of sulphuric acid R. Prepare
1031101. immediately before use.
Dissolve separately 0.5 g of dimidium bromide R and Dinonyl phthalate. C26H42O4. (Mr 418.6). 1031600.
0.25 g of sulphan blue R in 30 ml of a hot mixture of [28553-12-0].
1 volume of ethanol R and 9 volumes of water R, stir,
mix the two solutions, and dilute to 250 ml with the A colourless to pale yellow, viscous liquid.
same mixture of solvents. Mix 20 ml of this solution with : 0.97 to 0.98.
20 ml of a 14.0 per cent V/V solution of sulphuric acid R : 1.482 to 1.489.
previously diluted with about 250 ml of water R and
dilute to 500 ml with water R. Acidity. Shake 5.0 g with 25 ml of water R for 1 min. Allow
to stand, filter the separated aqueous layer and add 0.1 ml of
Storage : protected from light. phenolphthalein solution R. Not more than 0.3 ml of 0.1 M
sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour of the
Dinitrobenzene. C6H4N2O4. (Mr 168.1). 1031200. [528-29-0]. solution (0.05 per cent, calculated as phthalic acid).
1,3-Dinitrobenzene.
Water (2.5.12) : maximum 0.1 per cent.
Yellowish crystalline powder or crystals, practically insoluble
in water, slightly soluble in alcohol. Dioctadecyl disulphide. C36H74S2. (Mr 571.1). 1031700.
mp : about 90 °C. [2500-88-1].
A white or almost white powder, practically insoluble in
Dinitrobenzene solution. 1031201. water.
A 10 g/l solution in alcohol R. mp : 53 °C to 58 °C.
Dinitrobenzoic acid. C7H4N2O6. (Mr 212.1). 1031300. 2,2′-Di(octadecyloxy)-5,5′-spirobi(1,3,2-dioxaphosphorin-
[99-34-3]. 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid. ane). C41H82O6P2. (Mr 733). 1031800.
Almost colourless crystals, slightly soluble in water, very White or almost white, waxy solid, practically insoluble in
soluble in alcohol. water, soluble in hydrocarbons.
mp : about 206 °C. mp : 40 °C to 70 °C.

Dinitrobenzoic acid solution. 1031301. Dioctadecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate. C42H82O4S. (Mr 683).

1031900. [693-36-7].
A 20 g/l solution in alcohol R.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, practically
Dinitrobenzoyl chloride. C7H3ClN2O5. (Mr 230.6). 1031400. insoluble in water, freely soluble in methylene chloride,
[99-33-2]. 3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride. sparingly soluble in acetone, in alcohol and in light
petroleum.
Translucent, yellow or greenish-yellow powder or yellowish
crystals, soluble in acetone and in toluene. mp : 58 °C to 67 °C.
mp : about 68 °C. Dioxan. C4H8O2. (Mr 88.1). 1032000. [123-91-1]. 1,4-Dioxan.
Suitability test. To 1 ml of ethanol R and 0.1 g of A clear, colourless liquid, miscible with water and with most
dinitrobenzoyl chloride R add 0.05 ml of dilute sulphuric organic solvents.
acid R and boil under a reflux condenser for 30 min. After : about 1.03.
evaporation on a water-bath add 5 ml of heptane R to the Freezing-point (2.2.18) : 9 °C to 11 °C.
residue and heat to boiling. Filter the hot solution. Wash the
crystals formed on cooling to room temperature with a small Water (2.5.12) : maximum 0.5 per cent.
quantity of heptane R and dry in a desiccator. The crystals Do not distil if the dioxan does not comply with the test
melt (2.2.14) at 94 °C to 95 °C. for peroxides.

426 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Peroxides. Place 8 ml of potassium iodide and starch Diphenylcarbazide. C13H14N4O. (Mr 242.3). 1032500.
solution R in a 12 ml ground-glass-stoppered cylinder about [140-22-7]. 1,5-Diphenylcarbonodihydrazide.
1.5 cm in diameter. Fill completely with the substance to be A white or almost white, crystalline powder which gradually
examined, shake vigorously and allow to stand in the dark becomes pink on exposure to air, very slightly soluble in
for 30 min. No colour is produced. water, soluble in acetone, in alcohol and in glacial acetic acid.
Dioxan used for liquid scintillation is of a suitable mp : about 170 °C.
analytical grade.
Sulphated ash (2.4.14) : maximum 0.1 per cent.
Dioxan solution. 1032002. Storage : protected from light.
Dilute 50.0 ml of dioxan stock solution R to 100.0 ml Diphenylcarbazide solution. 1032501.
with water R. (0.5 mg/ml of dioxan).
Dissolve 0.2 g of diphenylcarbazide R in 10 ml of glacial
Dioxan solution R1. 1032003. acetic acid R and dilute to 100 ml with ethanol R. Prepare
immediately before use.
Dilute 10.0 ml of dioxan solution R to 50.0 ml with
water R. (0.1 mg/ml of dioxan). Diphenylcarbazone. C13H12N4O. (Mr 240.3). 1032600.
[538-62-5]. 1,5-Diphenylcarbazone.
Dioxan stock solution. 1032001.
An orange-yellow, crystalline powder, practically insoluble in
Dissolve 1.00 g of dioxan R in water R and dilute to water, freely soluble in alcohol.
100.0 ml with the same solvent. Dilute 5.0 ml of this
solution to 50.0 ml with water R (1.0 mg/ml). mp : about 157 °C, with decomposition.

Diphenylamine. C12H11N. (Mr 169.2). 1032100. [122-39-4]. Diphenylcarbazone mercuric reagent. 1032601.
Solution I. Dissolve 0.1 g of diphenylcarbazone R in
White or almost white crystals, slightly soluble in water,
ethanol R and dilute to 50 ml with the same solvent.
soluble in alcohol.
Solution II. Dissolve 1 g of mercuric chloride R in
mp : about 55 °C. ethanol R and dilute to 50 ml with the same solvent.
Storage : protected from light. Mix equal volumes of the two solutions.
Diphenylamine solution. 1032101. 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine. C12H12N2. (Mr 184.3). 1140800.
A 1 g/l solution in sulphuric acid R. [122-66-7]. Hydrazobenzene. 1,2-Diphenyldiazane.
Storage : protected from light. Orange powder.
mp : about 125 °C.
Diphenylamine solution R1. 1032102.
A 10 g/l solution in sulphuric acid R. The solution is Diphenylmethanol. C13H12O. (Mr 184.2). 1145700. [91-01-0].
colourless. Benzhydrol.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder.
Diphenylamine solution R2. 1032103. mp : about 66 °C.
Dissolve 1 g of diphenylamine R in 100 ml of glacial
acetic acid R and add 2.75 ml of sulphuric acid R. Use Diphenyloxazole. C15H11NO. (Mr 221.3). 1032700. [92-71-7].
immediately. 2,5-Diphenyloxazole.
A white or almost white powder, practically insoluble in
Diphenylanthracene. C26H18. (Mr 330.4). 1032200. water, soluble in methanol, sparingly soluble in dioxan and
[1499-10-1]. 9,10-Diphenylanthracene. in glacial acetic acid.
Yellowish to yellow, crystalline powder, practically insoluble mp : about 70 °C.
in water.
: about 1260 determined at 305 nm in methanol R.
mp : about 248 °C. Diphenyloxazole used for liquid scintillation is of a suitable
Diphenylbenzidine. C24H20N2. (Mr 336.4). analytical grade.
1032300. [531-91-9]. N,N’-Diphenylbenzidine. Diphenylphenylene oxide polymer. 1032800.
N,N’-Diphenylbiphenyl-4,4′-diamine. 2,6-Diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide polymer.
A white or faintly grey, crystalline powder, practically White or almost white, porous beads. The size range of the
insoluble in water, slightly soluble in acetone and in alcohol. beads is specified after the name of the reagent in the tests
mp : about 248 °C. where it is used.
Nitrates. Dissolve 8 mg in a cooled mixture of 5 ml of Diphosphorus pentoxide. P2O5. (Mr 141.9). 1032900.
water R and 45 ml of nitrogen-free sulphuric acid R. The [1314-56-3]. Phosphorus pentoxide. Phosphoric anhydride.
solution is colourless or very pale blue.
A white or almost white powder, amorphous, deliquescent.
Sulphated ash (2.4.14) : maximum 0.1 per cent. It is hydrated by water with the evolution of heat.
Storage : protected from light. Storage : in an airtight container.
Diphenylboric acid aminoethyl ester. C14H16BNO. Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate. K2HPO4. (Mr 174.2).
(Mr 225.1). 1032400. [524-95-8]. 1033000. [7758-11-4].
A white or slightly yellow, crystalline powder, practically A white or almost white, crystalline powder, hygroscopic,
insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol. very soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol.
mp : about 193 °C. Storage : in an airtight container.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 427
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate. Dithiol. C7H8S2. (Mr 156.3). 1033800. [496-74-2].
K2HPO4,3H2O. (Mr 228.2). 1157600. [16788-57-1]. Toluene-3,4-dithiol. 4-Methylbenzene-1,2-dithiol.
Colourless or white or almost white powder or crystals, White or almost white crystals, hygroscopic, soluble in
freely soluble in water. methanol and in solutions of alkali hydroxides.
mp : about 30 °C.
Dipotassium sulphate. K2SO4. (Mr 174.3). 1033100.
[7778-80-5]. Storage : in an airtight container.
Colourless crystals, soluble in water. Dithiol reagent. 1033801.
To 1 g of dithiol R add 2 ml of thioglycollic acid R
2,2′-Dipyridylamine. C10H9N3. (Mr 171.2). 1157700. and dilute to 250 ml with a 20 g/l solution of sodium
[1202-34-2]. N-(Pyridin-2-yl)pyridin-2-amine. hydroxide R. Prepare immediately before use.
mp : about 95 °C.
Dithiothreitol. C4H10O2S2. (Mr 154.2). 1098200.
Disodium arsenate. Na2HAsO4,7H2O. (Mr 312.0). 1102500. [27565-41-9]. threo-1,4-Dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.
[10048-95-0]. Disodium hydrogen arsenate heptahydrate. Slightly hygroscopic needles, freely soluble in water, in
Dibasic sodium arsenate. acetone and in ethanol.
Crystals, efflorescent in warm air, freely soluble in water, Storage : in an airtight container.
soluble in glycerol, slightly soluble in alcohol. The aqueous
solution is alcaline to litmus. Dithizone. C13H12N4S. (Mr 256.3). 1033900. [60-10-6].
1,5-Diphenylthiocarbazone.
: about 1.87. A bluish-black, brownish-black or black powder, practically
mp : about 57 °C when rapidly heated. insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
Storage : protected from light.
Disodium bicinchoninate. C20H10N2Na2O4.
(Mr 388.3). 1126600. [979-88-4]. Disodium Dithizone solution. 1033901.
2,2′-biquinoline-4-4′-dicarboxylate. A 0.5 g/l solution in chloroform R. Prepare immediately
Disodium hydrogen citrate. C6H6Na2O7,11/2H2O. before use.
(Mr 263.1). 1033200. [144-33-2]. Sodium acid citrate. Dithizone solution R2. 1033903.
Disodium hydrogen 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
sesquihydrate. Dissolve 40.0 mg of dithizone R in chloroform R and
dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. Dilute 30.0 ml
A white or almost white powder, soluble in less than 2 parts of the solution to 100.0 ml with chloroform R.
of water, practically insoluble in alcohol. Standardisation. Dissolve a quantity of mercuric
Disodium hydrogen phosphate. 1033300. [10039-32-4]. chloride R equivalent to 0.1354 g of HgCl2 in a mixture
of equal volumes of dilute sulphuric acid R and water R
See Disodium phosphate dodecahydrate (0118). and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same mixture of solvents.
Dilute 2.0 ml of this solution to 100.0 ml with a mixture
Disodium hydrogen phosphate solution. 1033301. of equal volumes of dilute sulphuric acid R and water R.
A 90 g/l solution. (This solution contains 20 ppm of Hg). Transfer 1.0 ml
of the solution to a separating funnel and add 50 ml of
Disodium hydrogen phosphate, anhydrous. Na2HPO4. dilute sulphuric acid R, 140 ml of water R and 10 ml of
(Mr 142.0). 1033400. [7558-79-4]. a 200 g/l solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride R.
Titrate with the dithizone solution ; after each addition,
Disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate. 1033500. shake the mixture twenty times and towards the end of
[10028-24-7]. the titration allow to separate and discard the chloroform
See Disodium phosphate dihydrate (0602). layer. Titrate until a bluish-green colour is obtained.
Calculate the equivalent in micrograms of mercury per
Disodium tetraborate. 1033600. [1303-96-4]. millilitre of the dithizone solution from the expression
20/V, where V is the volume in millilitres of the dithizone
See Borax (0013).
solution used in the titration.
Borate solution. 1033601. Dithizone R1. C13H12N4S. (Mr 256.3). 1105500. [60-10-6].
Dissolve 9.55 g of disodium tetraborate R in sulphuric 1,5-Diphenylthiocarbazone.
acid R, heating on a water-bath, and dilute to 1 litre with Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C13H12N4S.
the same acid.
A bluish-black, brownish-black or black powder, practically
Ditalimphos. C12H14NO4PS. (Mr 299.3). 1126700. insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
[5131-24-8]. O,O-Diethyl (1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-2H-isoindol-2- Storage : protected from light.
yl)phosphonothioate.
Divanadium pentoxide. V2O5. (Mr 181.9). 1034000.
Very slightly soluble in water, in ethyl acetate and in ethanol. [1314-62-1]. Vanadic anhydride.
A suitable certified reference solution may be used. Content : minimum 98.5 per cent of V2O5.
A yellow-brown to rust-brown powder, slightly soluble in
5,5′-Dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). C14H8N2O8S2.
water, soluble in strong mineral acids and in solutions of
(Mr 396.4). 1097300. [69-78-3]. 3-Carboxy-4-
alkali hydroxides with formation of salts.
nitrophenyldisulphide. Ellman’s reagent. DTNB.
Appearance of solution. Heat 1 g for 30 min with 10 ml of
Yellow powder sparingly soluble in alcohol. sulphuric acid R. Allow to cool and dilute to 10 ml with the
mp : about 242 °C. same acid. The solution is clear (2.2.1).

428 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. Dilute 1.0 ml of the Echinacoside. C35H46O20. (Mr 786.5). 1159400. [82854-37-3].
solution prepared for the test for appearance of solution β-(3′,4′-Dihydroxyphenyl)-ethyl-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl
cautiously to 50.0 ml with water R. To 0.5 ml of the solution (1→3)-O-β-D-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→6)]-(4-O-caffeoyl)-
add 0.1 ml of a solution of hydrogen peroxide R (0.1 g/l of glucopyranoside.
H2O2). The solution has a distinct orange colour compared
Pale yellow powder, odourless.
with a blank prepared from 0.5 ml of the solution to be
examined and 0.1 ml of water R. After the addition of 0.4 ml
of hydrogen peroxide solution (0.1 g/l H2O2), the orange Electrolyte reagent for the micro determination of water.
solution becomes orange-yellow. 1113700.

Loss on ignition : maximum 1.0 per cent, determined on Commercially available anhydrous reagent or a combination
1.00 g at 700 ± 50 °C. of anhydrous reagents for the coulometric titration of water,
containing suitable organic bases, sulphur dioxide and
Assay. Dissolve 0.200 g with heating in 20 ml of a 70 per iodide dissolved in a suitable solvent.
cent m/m solution of sulphuric acid R. Add 100 ml of
water R and 0.02 M potassium permanganate until a reddish Elementary standard solution for atomic spectrometry
colour is obtained. Decolorise the excess of potassium (1.000 g/l). 5004000.
permanganate by the addition of a 30 g/l solution of sodium
nitrite R. Add 5 g of urea R and 80 ml of a 70 per cent m/m This solution is prepared, generally in acid conditions, from
solution of sulphuric acid R. Cool. Using 0.1 ml of ferroin R the element or a salt of the element whose minimum content
as indicator, titrate the solution immediately with 0.1 M is not less than 99.0 per cent. The quantity per litre of
ferrous sulphate until a greenish-red colour is obtained. solution is greater than 0.995 g throughout the guaranteed
period, as long as the vial has not been opened. The starting
1 ml of 0.1 M ferrous sulphate is equivalent to 9.095 mg of material (element or salt) and the characteristics of the final
V 2O 5. solvent (nature and acidity, etc.) are mentioned on the label.
Divanadium pentoxide solution in sulphuric acid. Emetine dihydrochloride. 1034300. [316-42-7].
1034001.
See Emetine hydrochloride pentahydrate (0081).
Dissolve 0.2 g of divanadium pentoxide R in 4 ml of
sulphuric acid R and dilute to 100 ml with water R. Emodin. C15H10O5. (Mr 270.2). 1034400. [518-82-1].
1,3,8-Trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone.
Docosahexaenoic acid methyl ester. C23H34O2. (Mr 342.5).
1142800. [301-01-9]. DHA methyl ester. Cervonic acid Orange-red needles, practically insoluble in water, soluble in
methyl ester. (all-Z)-Docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid alcohol and in solutions of alkali hydroxides.
methyl ester. Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
Content : minimum 90.0 per cent of C23H34O2, determined by on Rhubarb (0291) ; the chromatogram shows only one
gas chromatography. principal spot.

Docusate sodium. 1034100. [577-11-7]. α-Endosulphan. C9H6Cl6O3S. (Mr 406.9). 1126800.

[959-98-8].
See Docusate sodium (1418).
bp : about 200 °C.
Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide. C15H34BrN.
mp : about 108 °C.
(Mr 308.4). 1135500. [1119-94-4]. N,N,N-Trimethyldodecan-
1-aminium bromide. A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
White or almost white crystals. cyclohexane) may be used.

mp : about 246 °C. β-Endosulphan. C9H6Cl6O3S. (Mr 406.9). 1126900.

[33213-65-9].
D-Dopa. C9H11NO4. (Mr 197.2). 1164100. [5796-17-8].
(2R)-2-Amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid. bp : about 390 °C.
3-Hydroxy-D-tyrosine. 3,4-Dihydroxy-D-phenylalanine. mp : about 207 °C.
: + 9.5 to + 11.5, determined on a 10 g/l solution in A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
1 M hydrochloric acid. cyclohexane) may be used.
mp : about 277 °C.
Endrin. C12H8Cl6O. (Mr 380.9). 1127000. [72-20-8].
Dotriacontane. C32H66. (Mr 450.9). 1034200. [544-85-4]. A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
n-Dotriacontane. cyclohexane) may be used.
White or almost white plates, practically insoluble in water,
sparingly soluble in hexane. Erucamide. C22H43NO. (Mr 337.6). 1034500. [112-84-5].
(Z)-Docos-13-enoamide.
mp : about 69 °C.
Yellowish or white powder or granules, practically insoluble
Impurities. Not more than 0.1 per cent of impurities with in water, very soluble in methylene chloride, soluble in
the same tR value as α-tocopherol acetate, determined by the ethanol.
gas chromatographic method prescribed in the monograph
on α-Tocopherol acetate (0439). mp : about 70 °C.

Doxycycline. 1145800. Erythritol. 1113800. [149-32-6].

See Doxycycline monohydrate (0820). See Erythritol (1803).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 429
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Esculin. C15H16O9,11/2H2O. (Mr 367.3). 1119400. [531-75-9]. Inject 1 µl of the test solution and 1 µl of the
6-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-7-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one. reference solution, alternately, three times. After each
A white to almost white powder or colourless crystals, chromatography, heat the column to 230 °C for 8 min.
sparingly soluble in water and in alcohol, freely soluble in Integrate the methanol peak. Calculate the percentage
hot water and in hot alcohol. methanol content from the expression :
Chromatography (2.2.27). Examine as prescribed in the
monograph on Eleutherococcus (1419). The chromatogram
shows only one principal spot.
a = percentage V/V content of methanol in the
Estradiol. C18H24O2. (Mr 272.4). 1135600. [50-28-2]. reference solution,
Estra-1,3,5(10)-triène-3,17β-diol. β-Estradiol.
b = area of the methanol peak in the
Prisms stable in air, practically insoluble in water, freely chromatogram obtained with the test
soluble in alcohol, soluble in acetone and in dioxane, solution,
sparingly soluble in vegetable oils. c = area of the methanol peak in the
mp : 173 °C to 179 °C. chromatogram obtained with the reference
solution.
17α-Estradiol. C18H24O2. (Mr 272.4). 1034600. [57-91-0].
A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless Ethanol (96 per cent). 1002500. [64-17-5].
crystals.
See Ethanol (96 per cent) (1317).
mp : 220 °C to 223 °C.
Ethanol (x per cent V/V). 1002502.
Estragole. C10H12O. (Mr 148.2). 1034700. [140-67-0].
1-Methoxy-4-prop-2-enylbenzene. Mix appropriate volumes of water R and ethanol (96 per
cent) R, allowing for the effects of warming and volume
Liquid, miscible with alcohol. contraction inherent to the preparation of such a mixture,
: about 1.52. to obtain a solution whose final content of ethanol
bp : about 216 °C. corresponds to the value of x.
Estragole used in gas chromatography complies with the Ethanolamine. C2H7NO. (Mr 61.1). 1034900. [141-43-5].
following test. 2-Aminoethanol.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) under the A clear, colourless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid, miscible with
conditions described in the monograph on Anise oil (0804) water and with methanol.
using the substance to be examined as the test solution.
: about 1.04.
The area of the principal peak is not less than 98.0 per cent
of the total area of the peaks. : about 1.454.
mp : about 11 °C.
Ethanol. 1034800. [64-17-5].
Storage : in an airtight container.
See Ethanol, anhydrous R.
Ether. C4H10O. (Mr 74.1). 1035000. [60-29-7].
Ethanol, anhydrous. 1034800. [64-17-5].
A clear, colourless, volatile and very mobile liquid, very
See Ethanol, anhydrous (1318). flammable, hygroscopic, soluble in water, miscible with
Ethanol R1. 1034801. alcohol.
Complies with the requirements prescribed for the : 0.713 to 0.715.
monograph Ethanol, anhydrous (1318) and with the bp : 34 °C to 35 °C.
following requirement. Do not distil if the ether does not comply with the test for
Methanol : maximum 0.005 per cent V/V, determined by peroxides.
gas chromatography (2.2.28).
Peroxides. Place 8 ml of potassium iodide and starch
Test solution. Use the substance to be examined. solution R in a 12 ml ground-glass-stoppered cylinder about
Reference solution. Dilute 0.50 ml of anhydrous 1.5 cm in diameter. Fill completely with the substance to be
methanol R to 100.0 ml with the substance to be examined, shake vigorously and allow to stand in the dark
examined. Dilute 1.0 ml of this solution to 100.0 ml with for 30 min. No colour is produced.
the substance to be examined. The name and concentration of any added stabilisers are
The chromatographic procedure may be carried out stated on the label.
using : Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light, at a
— a glass column 2 m long and 2 mm in internal temperature not exceeding 15 °C.
diameter packed with ethylvinylbenzene-divinyl-benzene
copolymer R (75 µm to 100 µm), Ether, peroxide-free. 1035100.
— nitrogen for chromatography R as the carrier gas at See Anaesthetic ether (0367).
a flow rate of 30 ml/min,
Ethion. C9H22O4P2S4. (Mr 384.5). 1127100. [563-12-2].
— a flame-ionisation detector.
Maintain the temperature of the column at 130 °C, that mp : − 24 °C to − 25 °C.
of the injection port at 150 °C and that of the detector A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
at 200 °C. cyclohexane) may be used.

430 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Ethoxychrysoidine hydrochloride. C14H17ClN4O. (Mr 292.8). Ethyl cyanoacetate. C5H7NO2. (Mr 113.1). 1035500.
1035200. [2313-87-3]. 4-[(4-Ethoxyphenyl)diazenyl]phe- [105-56-6].
nylene-1,3-diamine hydrochloride. A colourless to pale yellow liquid, slightly soluble in water,
A reddish powder, soluble in alcohol. miscible with alcohol.
bp : 205 °C to 209 °C, with decomposition.
Ethoxychrysoidine solution. 1035201.
A 1 g/l solution in alcohol R. Ethylene chloride. C2H4Cl2. (Mr 99.0). 1036000. [107-06-2].
1,2-Dichloroethane.
Test for sensitivity. To a mixture of 5 ml of dilute
hydrochloric acid R and 0.05 ml of the ethoxy-chrysoidine A clear, colourless liquid, soluble in about 120 parts of water
solution add 0.05 ml of 0.0167 M bromide-bromate. The and in 2 parts of alcohol.
colour changes from red to light yellow within 2 min. : about 1.25.
Ethyl acetate. C4H8O2. (Mr 88.1). 1035300. [141-78-6]. Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils
between 82 °C and 84 °C.
A clear, colourless liquid, soluble in water, miscible with
alcohol. Ethylenediamine. C2H8N2. (Mr 60.1). 1036500. [107-15-3].
: 0.901 to 0.904. Ethane-1,2-diamine.
bp : 76 °C to 78 °C. A clear, colourless, fuming liquid, strongly alkaline, miscible
with water and with alcohol.
Ethyl acetate, treated. 1035301. bp : about 116 °C.
Disperse 200 g of sulphamic acid R in ethyl acetate R Ethylene bis[3,3-di(3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)butyrate].
and make up to 1000 ml with the same solvent. Stir the 1035900. [32509-66-3].
suspension obtained for three days and filter through a
filter paper. See ethylene bis[3,3-di(3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-
hydroxyphenyl)butyrate] R.
Storage : use within 1 month.
Ethylene bis[3,3-di(3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-
Ethyl acrylate. C5H8O2. (Mr 100.1). 1035400. [140-88-5]. hydroxyphenyl)butyrate]. C50H66O8. (Mr 795).
Ethyl prop-2-enoate. 1035900. [32509-66-3]. Ethylene bis[3,3-di(3-tert-butyl-4-
A colourless liquid. hydroxyphenyl)butyrate].
: about 0.924. A crystalline powder, practically insoluble in water and in
light petroleum, very soluble in acetone and in methanol.
: about 1.406.
mp : about 165 °C.
bp : about 99 °C.
mp : about − 71 °C. (Ethylenedinitrilo)tetra-acetic acid. C10H16N2O8.
(Mr 292.2). 1105800. [60-00-4]. N,N’-1,2-Ethanediylbis[N-
4-[(Ethylamino)methyl]pyridine. C8H12N2. (Mr 136.2). (carboxymethyl)glycine]. Edetic acid.
1101300. [33403-97-3]. A white or almost white crystalline powder, very slightly
A pale yellow liquid. soluble in water.
: about 0.98. mp : about 250 °C, with decomposition.
: about 1.516. Ethylene glycol. C2H6O2. (Mr 62.1). 1036100. [107-21-1].
bp : about 98 °C. Ethane-1,2-diol.
Content : minimum 99.0 per cent.
Ethylbenzene. C8H10. (Mr 106.2). 1035800. [100-41-4].
A colourless, slightly viscous liquid, hygroscopic, miscible
Content : minimum 99.5 per cent m/m of C8H10, determined with water and with ethanol (96 per cent).
by gas chromatography. A clear, colourless liquid, practically
insoluble in water, soluble in acetone, and in alcohol. : 1.113 to 1.115.
: about 0.87. : about 1.432.
: about 1.496. bp : about 198 °C.
mp : about − 12 °C.
bp : about 135 °C.
Acidity. To 10 ml add 20 ml of water R and 1 ml of
Ethyl benzoate. C9H10O2. (Mr 150.2). 1135700. [93-89-0]. phenolphthalein solution R. Not more than 0.15 ml of
A clear, colourless, refractive liquid, practically insoluble in 0.02 M sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour
water, miscible with alcohol and with light petroleum. of the indicator to pink.
Water (2.5.12) : maximum 0.2 per cent
: about 1.050.
: about 1.506. Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether. C4H10O2. (Mr 90.1).
1036200. [110-80-5]. 2-Ethoxyethanol.
bp : 211 °C to 213 °C.
Content : minimum 99.0 per cent.
Ethyl 5-bromovalerate. C7H13BrO2. (Mr 209.1). 1142900. A clear, colourless liquid, miscible with water, with acetone
[14660-52-7]. Ethyl 5-bromopentanoate. and with ethanol (96 per cent).
Clear, colourless liquid. : about 0.93.
: about 1.321. : about 1.406
bp : 104 °C to 109 °C. bp : about 135 °C.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 431
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether. C3H8O2. (Mr 76.1). Store all solutions in an airtight container in a
1036300. [109-86-4]. 2-Methoxyethanol. refrigerator at 4 °C to 8 °C. Carry out all determinations
Content : minimum 99.0 per cent. three times.
A clear, colourless liquid, miscible with water, with acetone Into a dry, clean test-tube, cooled in a mixture of 1 part of
and with ethanol (96 per cent). sodium chloride R and 3 parts of crushed ice, introduce
a slow current of ethylene oxide R gas, allowing
: about 0.97. condensation onto the inner wall of the test-tube. Using a
: about 1.403. glass syringe, previously cooled to − 10 °C, inject about
bp : about 125 °C. 300 µl (corresponding to about 0.25 g) of liquid ethylene
oxide R into 50 ml of macrogol 200 R1. Determine
Ethylene oxide. C2H4O. (Mr 44.05). 1036400. [75-21-8]. the absorbed quantity of ethylene oxide by weighing
Oxirane. before and after absorption (Meo). Dilute to 100.0 ml with
Colourless, flammable gas, very soluble in water and in macrogol 200 R1. Mix well before use.
ethanol. Assay. To 10 ml of a 500 g/l suspension of magnesium
Liquefaction point: about 12 °C. chloride R in ethanol R add 20.0 ml of 0.1 M alcoholic
hydrochloric acid in a flask. Stopper and shake to obtain
Ethylene oxide solution. 1036402. a saturated solution and allow to stand overnight to
Weigh a quantity of cool ethylene oxide stock solution R equilibrate. Weigh 5.00 g of ethylene oxide stock solution
equivalent to 2.5 mg of ethylene oxide into a cool flask (2.5 g/l) R into the flask and allow to stand for 30 min.
and dilute to 50.0 g with macrogol 200 R1. Mix well and Titrate with 0.1 M alcoholic potassium hydroxide
dilute 2.5 g of this solution to 25.0 ml with macrogol determining the end-point potentiometrically (2.2.20).
200 R1 (5 µg of ethylene oxide per gram of solution). Carry out a blank titration, replacing the substance to be
Prepare immediately before use. examined with the same quantity of macrogol 200 R1.
Ethylene oxide content in milligrams per gram is given by :
Ethylene oxide solution R1. 1036403.
Dilute 1.0 ml of cooled ethylene oxide stock solution R
(check the exact volume by weighing) to 50.0 ml with
macrogol 200 R1. Mix well and dilute 2.5 g of this Where V0 and V1 are the volumes of alcoholic potassium
solution to 25.0 ml with macrogol 200 R1. Calculate the hydroxide used respectively for the blank titration and
exact amount of ethylene oxide in ppm from the volume the assay,
determined by weighing and taking the relative density of
macrogol 200 R1 as 1.127. Prepare immediately before f = factor of the alcoholic potassium hydroxide
use. solution,
m = mass of the sample taken (g).
Ethylene oxide solution R2. 1036404.
Weigh 1.00 g of cold ethylene oxide stock solution R Ethylene oxide stock solution R1. 1036406.
(equivalent to 2.5 mg of ethylene oxide) into a cold flask A 50 mg/ml solution of ethylene oxide R in methanol R.
containing 40.0 g of cold macrogol 200 R1. Mix and
determine the exact mass and dilute to a calculated Ethyl formate. C3H6O2. (Mr 74.1). 1035600. [109-94-4].
mass to obtain a solution containing 50 µg of ethylene Ethyl methanoate.
oxide per gram of solution. Weigh 10.00 g into a flask A clear, colourless, flammable liquid, freely soluble in water,
containing about 30 ml of water R, mix and dilute to miscible with alcohol.
50.0 ml with water R (10 µg/ml of ethylene oxide). : about 0.919.
Prepare immediately before use. : about 1.36.
Ethylene oxide solution R3. 1036405. bp : about 54 °C.
Dilute 10.0 ml of ethylene oxide solution R2 to 50.0 ml 2-Ethylhexane-1,3-diol. C8H18O2. (Mr 146.2). 1105900.
with water R (2 µg/ml of ethylene oxide). Prepare [94-96-2].
immediately before use. A slightly oily liquid, soluble in ethanol, 2-propanol,
propylene glycol and castor oil.
Ethylene oxide solution R4. 1036407.
: about 0.942.
Dilute 1.0 ml of ethylene oxide stock solution R1 to
100.0 ml with water R. Dilute 1.0 ml of this solution to : about 1.451.
25.0 ml with water R. bp : about 244 °C.
Ethylene oxide solution R5. 1036408. 2-Ethylhexanoic acid. C8H16O2. (Mr 144.2). 1036600.
[149-57-5].
A 50 g/l solution of ethylene oxide R in methylene
chloride R. A colourless liquid.
Either use a commercially available reagent or prepare : about 0.91.
the solution corresponding to the above-mentioned : about 1.425.
composition. Related substances. Examine by gas chromatography
(2.2.28). Inject 1 µl of a solution prepared as follows :
Ethylene oxide stock solution. 1036401. suspend 0.2 g of the 2-ethylhexanoic acid in 5 ml of water R,
All operations carried out in the preparation of these add 3 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R and 5 ml of hexane R,
solutions must be conducted in a fume-hood. The shake for 1 min, allow the layers to separate and use the
operator must protect both hands and face by wearing upper layer. Carry out the chromatographic procedure
polyethylene protective gloves and an appropriate face as prescribed in the test for 2-ethylhexanoic acid in the
mask. monograph on Amoxicillin sodium (0577). The sum of the

432 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

area of any peaks, apart from the principal peak and the To 1 litre of bovine plasma add 75 g of barium sulphate R
peak due to the solvent, is not greater than 2.5 per cent of and shake for 30 min. Centrifuge at not less than 1500 g to
the area of the principal peak. 1800 g at 15 °C to 20 °C and draw off the clear supernatant
liquid. Add 10 ml of a 0.2 mg/ml solution of aprotinin R
Ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate. 1035700. [120-47-8]. and shake to ensure mixing. In a container with a minimum
See Ethyl parahydroxybenzoate R. capacity of 30 litres in a chamber at 4 °C introduce
25 litres of distilled water R at 4 °C and add about 500 g
N-Ethylmaleimide. C6H7NO2. (Mr 125.1). 1036700. of solid carbon dioxide. Immediately add, while stirring,
[128-53-0]. 1-Ethyl-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione. the supernatant liquid obtained from the plasma. A white
Colourless crystals, sparingly soluble in water, freely soluble precipitate is formed. Allow to settle at 4 °C for 10 h to
in alcohol. 15 h. Remove the clear supernatant solution by siphoning.
mp : 41 °C to 45 °C. Collect the precipitate by centrifuging at 4 °C. Suspend
Storage : at a temperature of 2 °C to 8 °C. the precipitate by dispersing mechanically in 500 ml of
distilled water R at 4 °C, shake for 5 min and collect the
Ethyl methyl ketone. 1054100. [78-93-3]. precipitate by centrifuging at 4 °C. Disperse the precipitate
See methyl ethyl ketone R. mechanically in 60 ml of a solution containing 9 g/l of
sodium chloride R and 0.9 g/l sodium citrate R and adjust
2-Ethyl-2-methylsuccinic acid. C7H12O4. (Mr 160.2). to pH 7.2 to 7.4 by adding a 10 g/l solution of sodium
1036800. [631-31-2]. 2-Ethyl-2-methylbutanedioic acid. hydroxide R. Filter through a sintered glass filter (2.1.2) ; to
mp : 104 °C to 107 °C. facilitate the dissolution of the precipitate crush the particles
of the precipitate with a suitable instrument. Wash the
Ethyl parahydroxybenzoate. 1035700. [120-47-8]. filter and the instrument with 40 ml of the chloride-citrate
See Ethyl parahydroxybenzoate (0900). solution described above and dilute to 100 ml with the same
solution. Freeze-dry the solution. The yields are generally
2-Ethylpyridine. C7H9N. (Mr 107.2). 1133400. [100-71-0]. 6 g to 8 g of euglobulins per litre of bovine plasma.
Colourless or brownish liquid. Test for suitability. For this test, prepare the solutions using
: about 0.939. phosphate buffer solution pH 7.4 R containing 30 g/l of
bovine albumin R.
: about 1.496.
bp : about 149 °C. Into a test-tube 8 mm in diameter placed in a water-bath
at 37 °C introduce 0.2 ml of a solution of a reference
Ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene copolymer. 1036900. preparation of urokinase containing 100 IU/ml and 0.1 ml
Porous, rigid, cross-linked polymer beads. Several grades are of a solution of human thrombin R containing 20 IU/ml.
available with different sizes of bead. The size range of the Add rapidly 0.5 ml of a solution containing 10 mg of bovine
beads is specified after the name of the reagent in the tests euglobulins per millilitre. A firm clot forms in less than
where it is used. 10 s. Note the time that elapses between the addition of the
solution of bovine euglobulins and the lysis of the clot. The
Ethylvinylbenzene-divinylbenzene copolymer R1. lysis time does not exceed 15 min.
1036901. Storage : protected from moisture at 4 °C ; use within 1 year.
Porous, rigid, cross-linked polymer beads, with a nominal
specific surface area of 500 m2/g to 600 m2/g and having Euglobulins, human. 1037200.
pores with a mean diameter of 7.5 nm. Several grades are For the preparation, use fresh human blood collected into an
available with different sizes of beads. The size range of anticoagulant solution (for example sodium citrate solution)
the beads is specified after the name of the reagent in or human blood for transfusion that has been collected in
the tests where it is used. plastic blood bags and which has just reached its expiry
date. Discard any haemolysed blood. Centrifuge at 1500 g
Eugenol. C10H12O2. (Mr 164.2). 1037000. [97-53-0]. to 1800 g at 15 °C to obtain a supernatant plasma poor in
4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol. platelets. Iso-group plasmas may be mixed.
A colourless or pale yellow, oily liquid, darkening on
To 1 litre of the plasma add 75 g of barium sulphate R and
exposure to air and light and becoming more viscous,
shake for 30 min. Centrifuge at not less than 15 000 g at
practically insoluble in water, miscible with alcohol and with
15 °C and draw off the clear supernatant liquid. Add 10 ml
fatty and essential oils.
of a solution of aprotinin R containing 0.2 mg/ml and shake
: about 1.07. to ensure mixing. In a container with a minimum capacity of
bp : about 250 °C. 30 litres in a chamber at 4 °C introduce 25 litres of distilled
Eugenol used in gas chromatography complies with the water R at 4 °C and add about 500 g of solid carbon dioxide.
following additional test. Immediately add while stirring the supernatant liquid
obtained from the plasma. A white precipitate is formed.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
Allow to settle at 4 °C for 10 h to 15 h. Remove the clear
prescribed in the monograph on Clove oil (1091) using the
supernatant solution by siphoning. Collect the precipitate by
substance to be examined as the test solution.
centrifuging at 4 °C. Suspend the precipitate by dispersing
The area of the principal peak is not less than 98.0 per cent mechanically in 500 ml of distilled water R at 4 °C, shake
of the total area of the peaks. for 5 min and collect the precipitate by centrifuging at
Storage : protected from light. 4 °C. Disperse the precipitate mechanically in 60 ml of a
solution containing 9 g/l of sodium chloride R and 0.9 g/l
Euglobulins, bovine. 1037100. of sodium citrate R, and adjust the pH to 7.2 to 7.4 by adding
Use fresh bovine blood collected into an anticoagulant a 10 g/l solution of sodium hydroxide R. Filter through a
solution (for example, sodium citrate solution). Discard any sintered-glass filter (2.1.2) ; to facilitate the dissolution of
haemolysed blood. Centrifuge at 1500 g to 1800 g at 15 °C the precipitate crush the particles of the precipitate with
to 20 °C to obtain a supernatant plasma poor in platelets. a suitable instrument. Wash the filter and the instrument

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 433
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

with 40 ml of the chloride-citrate solution described above Fenchlorphos. C8H8Cl3O3PS. (Mr 321.5). 1127200.
and dilute to 100 ml with the same solution. Freeze-dry the [299-84-3].
solution. The yields are generally 6 g to 8 g of euglobulins mp : about 35 °C.
per litre of human plasma. A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
Test for suitability. For this test, prepare the solutions using cyclohexane) may be used.
phosphate buffer solution pH 7.2 R containing 30 g/l of
bovine albumin R. Into a test-tube 8 mm in diameter placed Fenchone. C10H16O. (Mr 152.2). 1037600. [7787-20-4].
in a water-bath at 37 °C introduce 0.1 ml of a solution of a (1R)-1,3,3-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one.
reference preparation of streptokinase containing 10 IU of Oily liquid, miscible with ethanol (96 per cent), practically
streptokinase activity per millilitre and 0.1 ml of a solution insoluble in water.
of human thrombin R containing 20 IU/ml. Add rapidly : about 1.46.
1 ml of a solution containing 10 mg of human euglobulins bp15mm : 192 °C to 194 °C.
per millilitre. A firm clot forms in less than 10 s. Note the
time that elapses between the addition of the solution of Fenchone used in gas chromatography complies with the
human euglobulins and the lysis of the clot. The lysis time following test.
does not exceed 15 min. Assay. Gas chromatography (2.2.28) as prescribed in the
monograph on Bitter fennel (0824).
Storage : in an airtight container at 4 °C ; use within 1 year.
Test solution. The substance to be examined.
Factor Xa, bovine, coagulation. 1037300. [9002-05-5]. The area of the principal peak is not less than 98.0 per cent
An enzyme which converts prothrombin to thrombin. The of the total area of the peaks.
semi-purified preparation is obtained from liquid bovine Fenvalerate. C25H22ClNO3. (Mr 419.9). 1127300.
plasma and it may be prepared by activation of the zymogen [51630-58-1].
factor X with a suitable activator such as Russell’s viper
venom. bp : about 300 °C.
Store freeze-dried preparation at − 20 °C and frozen solution A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
at a temperature lower than − 20 °C. cyclohexane) may be used.
Ferric ammonium sulphate. FeNH4(SO4)2,12H2O. (Mr 482.2).
Factor Xa solution, bovine. 1037301. 1037700. [7783-83-7]. Ammonium iron disulphate
Reconstitute as directed by the manufacturer and dodecahydrate.
dilute with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane sodium Pale-violet crystals, efflorescent, very soluble in water,
chloride buffer solution pH 7.4 R. practically insoluble in alcohol.
Any change in the absorbance of the solution, measured
at 405 nm (2.2.25) against tris(hydroxymethyl)amin- Ferric ammonium sulphate solution R2. 1037702.
omethane sodium chloride buffer solution pH 7.4 R and A 100 g/l solution. If necessary filter before use.
from which the blank absorbance has been substracted, is Ferric ammonium sulphate solution R5. 1037704.
not more than 0.20 per minute.
Shake 30.0 g of ferric ammonium sulphate R with 40 ml
Factor Xa solution, bovine R1. 1037302. of nitric acid R and dilute to 100 ml with water R. If the
solution is turbid, centrifuge or filter it.
Reconstitute as directed by the manufacturer and dilute
to 1.4 nkat/ml with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane Storage : protected from light.
EDTA buffer solution pH 8.4 R. Ferric ammonium sulphate solution R6. 1037705.
(E,E)-Farnesol. C15H26O. (Mr 222.4). 1161000. [106-28-5]. Dissolve 20 g of ferric ammonium sulphate R in 75 ml
trans,trans-Farnesol. (2E,6E)-3,7,11-Trimethyldodeca-2,6, of water R, add 10 ml of a 2.8 per cent V/V solution of
10-trien-1-ol. sulphuric acid R and dilute to 100 ml with water R.

Fast blue B salt. C14H12Cl2N4O2. (Mr 339.2). 1037400. Ferric chloride. FeCl3,6H2O. (Mr 270.3). 1037800.
[84633-94-3]. [10025-77-1]. Iron trichloride hexahydrate.
Yellowish-orange or brownish crystalline masses,
Schultz No. 490. deliquescent, very soluble in water, soluble in alcohol. On
Colour Index No. 37235. exposure to light, ferric chloride and its solutions are partly
3,3′-Dimethoxy(biphenyl)-4,4′-bisdiazonium dichloride. reduced.
A dark green powder, soluble in water. It is stabilised by Storage : in an airtight container.
addition of zinc chloride.
Ferric chloride solution R1. 1037801.
Storage : in an airtight container, at a temperature between
2 °C and 8 °C. A 105 g/l solution.
Ferric chloride solution R2. 1037802.
Fast red B salt. C17H13N3O9S2. (Mr 467.4). 1037500.
[56315-29-8]. A 13 g/l solution.
Schultz No. 155. Ferric chloride solution R3. 1037803.
Colour Index No. 37125. Dissolve 2.0 g of ferric chloride R in ethanol R and dilute
2-Methoxy-4-nitrobenzenediazonium hydrogen to 100.0 ml with the same solvent.
naphthalene-1,5-disulphonate. Ferric chloride-ferricyanide-arsenite reagent. 1037805.
An orange-yellow powder, soluble in water, slightly soluble Immediately before use mix 10 ml of a 27 g/l solution of
in alcohol. ferric chloride R in dilute hydrochloric acid R, 7 ml of
Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light, at potassium ferricyanide solution R, 3 ml of water R and
2 °C to 8 °C. 10 ml of sodium arsenite solution R.

434 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Ferric chloride-sulphamic acid reagent. 1037804. Fibrin blue. 1101400.

A solution containing 10 g/l of ferric chloride R and Mix 1.5 g of fibrin with 30 ml of a 5 g/l solution of indigo
16 g/l of sulphamic acid R. carmine R in 1 per cent V/V dilute hydrochloric acid R.
Heat the mixture to 80 °C and maintain at this temperature
Ferric nitrate. Fe(NO3)3,9H2O. (Mr 404). 1106100. whilst stirring for about 30 min. Allow to cool. Filter.
[7782-61-8]. Wash extensively by resuspension in 1 per cent V/V dilute
Content : minimum 99.0 per cent m/m of Fe(NO3)3,9H2O. hydrochloric acid R and mixing for about 30 min ; filter.
Repeat the washing operation three times. Dry at 50 °C.
Light-purple crystals or crystalline mass, very soluble in Grind.
water.
Free acid : not more than 0.3 per cent (as HNO3). Fibrin congo red. 1038400.
Take 1.5 g of fibrin and leave overnight in 50 ml of a 20 g/l
Ferric sulphate. Fe2(SO4)3,xH2O. 1037900. [10028-22-5]. solution of congo red R in alcohol (90 per cent V/V) R.
Iron(III) trisulphate hydrated. Filter, rinse the fibrin with water R and store under ether R.
A yellowish-white powder, very hygroscopic, decomposes in
air, slightly soluble in water and in alcohol. Fibrinogen. 1038500. [9001-32-5].
Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light. See Human fibrinogen, freeze-dried (0024).

Ferric sulphate pentahydrate. Fe2(SO4)3,5H2O. (Mr 489.9). Fixing solution. 1122600.

1153700. [142906-29-4]. To 250 ml of methanol R, add 0.27 ml of formaldehyde R
White or yellowish powder. and dilute to 500.0 ml with water R.

Ferrocyphene. C26H16FeN6. (Mr 468.3). 1038000. Fixing solution for isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide
[14768-11-7]. Dicyanobis(1,10-phenanthroline)iron(II). gel. 1138700.
A violet-bronze, crystalline powder, practically insoluble in A solution containing 35 g of sulphosalicylic acid R and
water and in alcohol. 100 g of trichloroacetic acid R per litre of water R.
Storage : protected from light and moisture.
Flufenamic acid. C14H10F3NO2. (Mr 281.2). 1106200.
Ferroin. 1038100. [14634-91-4]. [530-78-9]. 2-[[3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]benzoic
acid.
Dissolve 0.7 g of ferrous sulphate R and 1.76 g of
phenanthroline hydrochloride R in 70 ml of water R and Pale yellow, crystalline powder or needles, practically
dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent. insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol.
Test for sensitivity. To 50 ml of dilute sulphuric acid R add mp : 132 °C to 135 °C.
0.15 ml of osmium tetroxide solution R and 0.1 ml of the
ferroin. After the addition of 0.1 ml of 0.1 M ammonium and Flumazenil. 1149600. [78755-81-4].
cerium nitrate the colour changes from red to light blue. See Flumazenil (1326).

Ferrous ammonium sulphate. Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2,6H2O. Flunitrazepam. 1153800. [1622-62-4].

(Mr 392.2). 1038200. [7783-85-9]. Diammonium iron See Flunitrazepam (0717).
disulphate hexahydrate.
Pale bluish-green crystals or granules, freely soluble in Fluoranthene. C16H10. (Mr 202.3). 1038600. [206-44-0].
water, practically insoluble in alcohol. 1,2-(1,8-Naphtylene)benzene. 1,2-Benzacenaphtene.
Storage : protected from light. Yellow or yellowish-brown crystals.
bp : about 384 °C.
Ferrous sulphate. 1038300. [7782-63-0].
mp : 109 °C to 110 °C.
See Ferrous sulphate (0083).
Fluorene. C13H10. (Mr 166.2). 1127400. [86-73-7].
Ferrous sulphate solution R2. 1038301. Diphenylenemethane.
Dissolve 0.45 g of ferrous sulphate R in 50 ml of 0.1 M White or almost white crystals, freely soluble in anhydrous
hydrochloric acid and dilute to 100 ml with carbon acetic acid, soluble in hot alcohol.
dioxide-free water R. Prepare immediately before use.
mp : 113 °C to 115 °C.
Ferulic acid. C10H10O4. (Mr 194.2). 1149500.
[1135-24-6]. 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid. Fluorescamine. C17H10O4. (Mr 278.3). 1135800.
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)propenoic acid. [38183-12-9]. 4-Phenylspiro[furan-2(3H),1’(3’H)-
isobenzofuran]-3,3’-dione.
Faint yellow powder, freely soluble in methanol.
mp : 154 °C to 155 °C.
mp : 172.9 °C to 173.9 °C.
Ferulic acid used in the assay of eleutherosides in Fluorescein. C20H12O5. (Mr 332.3). 1106300. [2321-07-5].
Eleutherococcus (1419) complies with the following 3′,6′-Dihydroxyspiro[isobenzofurane-1(3H),9′-[9H]xanthen]-
additional requirement. 3-one.
Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as An orange-red powder, practically insoluble in water, soluble
prescribed in the monograph on Eleutherococcus (1419). in warm alcohol, soluble in alkaline solutions. In solution,
The content is not less than 99 per cent, calculated by the fluorescein displays a green fluorescence.
normalisation procedure. mp : about 315 °C.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 435
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Fluorescein-conjugated rabies antiserum. 1038700. Fructose. 1106400. [57-48-7].

Immunoglobulin fraction with a high rabies antibody titre, See Fructose (0188).
prepared from the sera of suitable animals that have been
Fuchsin, basic. 1039400. [632-99-5].
immunised with inactivated rabies virus ; the immunoglobulin
is conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. A mixture of rosaniline hydrochloride (C20H20ClN3 ;
Mr 337.9 ; Colour Index No. 42510 ; Schultz No. 780) and
2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. C6H11FO5. (Mr 182.2). 1113900. para-rosaniline hydrochloride (C19H18ClN3 ; Mr 323.8 ; Colour
[86783-82-6]. Index No. 42500 ; Schultz No. 779).
A white or almost white crystalline powder. If necessary, purify in the following manner. Dissolve 1 g in
mp : 174 °C to 176 °C. 250 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R. Allow to stand for 2 h
at room temperature, filter and neutralise with dilute sodium
Fluorodinitrobenzene. C6H3FN2O4. (Mr 186.1). 1038800.
hydroxide solution R and add 1 ml to 2 ml in excess. Filter
[70-34-8]. 1-Fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene.
the precipitate through a sintered-glass filter (40) (2.1.2)
Pale yellow crystals, soluble in propylene glycol. and wash with water R. Dissolve the precipitate in 70 ml of
mp : about 29 °C. methanol R, previously heated to boiling, and add 300 ml of
water R at 80 °C. Allow to cool to room temperature, filter
DL-6-Fluorodopa hydrochloride. C9H11ClFNO4.
and dry the crystals in vacuo.
(Mr 251.6). 1169200. (2RS)-2-Amino-3-(2-fluoro-4,
5-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid hydrochloride. Crystals with a greenish-bronze sheen, soluble in water and
2-Fluoro-5-hydroxy-DL-tyrosine hydrochloride. in alcohol.
White or almost white powder. Storage : protected from light.

6-Fluorolevodopa hydrochloride. C9H11ClFNO4. (Mr 251.6). Fuchsin solution, decolorised. 1039401.

1169300. [144334-59-8]. (2S)-2-Amino-3-(2-fluoro- Dissolve 0.1 g of basic fuchsin R in 60 ml of water R. Add
4,5-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid hydrochloride. a solution containing 1 g of anhydrous sodium sulphite R
2-Fluoro-5-hydroxy-L-tyrosine hydrochloride. or 2 g of sodium sulphite R in 10 ml of water R. Slowly
Colourless or almost colourless solid, soluble in water. and with continuous shaking add 2 ml of hydrochloric
acid R. Dilute to 100 ml with water R. Allow to stand
1-Fluoro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene. C7H3F4NO2. protected from light for at least 12 h, decolorise with
(Mr 209.1). 1038900. [367-86-2]. activated charcoal R and filter. If the solution becomes
mp : about 197 °C. cloudy, filter before use. If on standing the solution
becomes violet, decolorise again by adding activated
Folic acid. 1039000. [75708-92-8]. charcoal R.
See Folic acid (0067). Test for sensitivity. To 1.0 ml add 1.0 ml of water R and
Formaldehyde. 1039100. [50-00-0]. 0.1 ml of aldehyde-free alcohol R. Add 0.2 ml of a solution
containing 0.1 g/l of formaldehyde (CH2O, Mr 30.0). A
See Formaldehyde solution R. pale-pink colour develops within 5 min.
Formaldehyde solution. 1039101. Storage : protected from light.
See Formaldehyde solution (35 per cent) (0826).
Fuchsin solution, decolorised R1. 1039402.
Formamide. CH3NO. (Mr 45.0). 1039200. [75-12-7]. To 1 g of basic fuchsin R add 100 ml of water R. Heat to
A clear, colourless, oily liquid, hygroscopic, miscible with 50 °C and allow to cool with occasional shaking. Allow
water and with alcohol. It is hydrolysed by water. to stand for 48 h, shake and filter. To 4 ml of the filtrate
bp : about 103 °C, determined at a pressure of 2 kPa. add 6 ml of hydrochloric acid R, mix and dilute to 100 ml
with water R. Allow to stand for at least 1 h before use.
Storage : in an airtight container.
Fucose. C6H12O5. (Mr 164.2). 1039500. [6696-41-9].
Formamide R1. 1039202.
6-Deoxy-L-galactose.
Complies with the requirements prescribed for
A white or almost white powder, soluble in water and in
formamide R and with the following additional test.
alcohol.
Water (2.5.12) : maximum 0.1 per cent determined with
: about − 76, determined on a 90 g/l solution 24 h after
an equal volume of anhydrous methanol R.
dissolution.
Formamide, treated. 1039201. mp : about 140 °C.
Disperse 1.0 g of sulphamic acid R in 20.0 ml of
formamide R containing 5 per cent V/V of water R. Fumaric acid. C4H4O4. (Mr 116.1). 1153200. [110-17-8].
(E)-Butenedioic acid.
Formic acid, anhydrous. CH2O2. (Mr 46.03). 1039300. White or almost white crystals, slightly soluble in water,
[64-18-6]. soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in acetone.
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent m/m of CH2O2. mp : about 300 °C.
A colourless liquid, corrosive, miscible with water and with
alcohol. Furfural. C5H4O2. (Mr 96.1). 1039600. [98-01-1].
2-Furaldehyde. 2-Furanecarbaldehyde.
: about 1.22.
A clear, colourless to brownish-yellow, oily liquid, miscible in
Assay. Weigh accurately a conical flask containing 10 ml of
11 parts of water, miscible with alcohol.
water R, quickly add about 1 ml of the acid and weigh again.
Add 50 ml of water R and titrate with 1 M sodium hydroxide, : 1.155 to 1.161.
using 0.5 ml of phenolphthalein solution R as indicator. Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils
1 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 46.03 mg of between 159 °C and 163 °C.
CH2O2. Storage : in a dark place.

436 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Galactose. C6H12O6. (Mr 180.2). 1039700. [59-23-4]. 24-en-12β-ol. (20S)-3β-[(2-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl-β-D-

D-(+)-Galactose. glucopyranosyl)oxy]-20-[(6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, freely soluble in glucopyranosyl)oxy]-4,4,8,14-tetramethyl-18-nor-5α-cholest-
water. 24-en-12β-ol.
: + 79 to + 81, determined on a 100 g/l solution in A colourless solid, soluble in water, in ethanol and in
water R containing about 0.05 per cent of NH3. methanol.
: + 11.3 determined on a 10 g/l solution in methanol R.
Gallic acid. C7H6O5,H2O. (Mr 188.1). 1039800. [5995-86-8].
3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid monohydrate. mp : about 199 °C.
A crystalline powder or long needles, colourless or slightly Water (2.5.12) : maximum 6.8 per cent.
yellow, soluble in water, freely soluble in hot water, in Assay. Examined by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as
alcohol and in glycerol. prescribed in the monograph on Ginseng (1523).
It loses its water of crystallisation at 120 °C and it melts at Test solution. Dissolve 3.0 mg, accurately weighted, of
about 260 °C, with decomposition. ginsenoside Rb1 in 10 ml of methanol R.
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph The content is not less than 95.0 per cent calculated by the
on Bearberry leaf (1054) ; the chromatogram shows only normalisation procedure.
one principal spot.
Ginsenoside Re. C48H82O18. (Mr 947.2). 1157800.
Gastric juice, artificial. 1039900. [52286-59-6]. (3β,6α,12β)-20-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-
Dissolve 2.0 g of sodium chloride R and 3.2 g of pepsin 3,12-dihydroxydammar-24-en-6-yl 2-O-(6-deoxy-α-L-
powder R in water R. Add 80 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid mannopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside.
and dilute to 1000 ml with water R. Colourless solid, soluble in water, in ethanol (96 per cent)
and in methanol.
GC concentrical column. 1135100.
A commercially available system consisting of 2 concentrically Ginsenoside Rf. C42H72O14,2H2O. (Mr 837). 1127700.
arranged tubes. The outer tube is packed with molecular [52286-58-5]. (20S)-6-O-[β-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-
sieves and the inner tube is packed with a porous polymer glycopyranoside]-dammar-24-ene-3β,6α,12β,20-tetrol.
mixture. The main application is the separation of gases. A colourless solid, soluble in water, in ethanol and in
Gelatin. 1040000. [9000-70-8]. methanol.
See Gelatin (0330). : + 12.8 determined on a 10 g/l solution in methanol R.
mp : about 198 °C.
Gelatin, hydrolysed. 1040100.
Dissolve 50 g of gelatin R in 1000 ml of water R. Autoclave Ginsenoside Rg1. C42H72O14,2H2O. (Mr 837).
in saturated steam at 121 °C for 90 min and freeze dry. 1127600. [22427-39-0]. (20S)-6β-D-Glucopyranosyl-
D-glucopyranosylprotopanaxatriol. (20S)-6α,20-bis(β-
Geraniol. C10H18O. (Mr 154.2). 1135900. [106-24-1]. D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-5α-dammar-24-ene-3β,12β-diol.
(E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol. (20S)-6α,20-bis(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-4,4,8,14-tetramethyl-
An oily liquid, slight odour of rose, practically insoluble in 18-nor-5α-cholest-24-ene-3β,12β-diol.
water, miscible with alcohol. A colourless solid, soluble in water, in ethanol and in
methanol.
Geraniol used in gas chromatography complies with the
following additional test. : + 31.2 determined on a 10 g/l solution in methanol R.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as mp : 188 °C to 191 °C.
prescribed in the monograph on Citronella oil (1609). Water (2.5.12) : maximum 4.8 per cent.
The content is not less than 98.5 per cent calculated by the Assay. Examined by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as
normalisation procedure. prescribed in the monograph on Ginseng (1523).
Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light Test solution. Dissolve 3.0 mg, accurately weighted, of
ginsenoside Rg1 in 10 ml of methanol R.
Geranyl acetate. C12H20O2. (Mr 196.3). 1106500. [105-87-3].
(E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl acetate. The content is not less than 95.0 per cent calculated by the
normalisation procedure.
A colourless or slightly yellow liquid, slight odour of rose
and lavender. Gitoxin. C41H64O14. (Mr 781). 1040200. [4562-36-1].
: 0.896 to 0.913. Glycoside of Digitalis purpurea L. 3β-(O-2,6-Dideoxy-β-d-ribo-
: about 1.463. hexopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-2,6-dideoxy-β-d-ribo-hexopyranosyl-
(1→4)-2,6-dideoxy-β-d-ribo-hexopyranosyloxy)-14,16β-
bp25 : about 138 °C. dihydroxy-5β,14β-card-20(22)-enolide.
Geranyl acetate used in gas chromatography complies with A white or almost white, crystalline powder, practically
the following additional test. insoluble in water and in most common organic solvents,
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as soluble in pyridine.
prescribed in the monograph on Bitter-orange-flower
: + 20 to + 24, determined on a 5 g/l solution in a
oil (1175), using the substance to be examined as the test
mixture of equal volumes of chloroform R and methanol R.
solution. The area of the principal peak is not less than
99.0 per cent of the total area of the peaks. Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
on Digitalis leaf (0117) ; the chromatogram shows only one
Ginsenoside Rb1. C54H92O23,3H2O. (Mr 1163). 1127500. principal spot.
[41753-43-9]. (20S)-3β-di-D-Glucopyranosyl-20-di-D-
glucopyranosylprotopanaxadiol. (20S)-3β-[(2-O-β-D- Glucosamine hydrochloride. C6H14ClNO5. (Mr 215.6).
Glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-20-[(6-O-β-D- 1040300. [66-84-2]. D-Glucosamine hydrochloride.
glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-5α-dammar- Crystals, soluble in water.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 437
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

: + 100, decreasing to + 47.5 after 30 min, determined Glycidol. C3H6O2. (Mr 74.1). 1127800. [556-52-5].
on a 100 g/l solution in water R. A slightly viscous liquid, miscible with water.
Glucose. 1025700. [50-99-7]. : about 1.115.
See Anhydrous glucose (0177). : about 1.432.

D-Glucuronic acid. C6H10O7. (Mr 194.1). 1119700. Glycine. 1040700. [56-40-6].

[6556-12-3]. See Glycine (0614).
Content : minimum 96.0 per cent of C6H10O7, calculated with
Glycollic acid. C2H4O3. (Mr 76.0). 1040800. [79-14-1].
reference to the substance dried in vacuo (2.2.32).
2-Hydroxyacetic acid.
Soluble in water and in alcohol.
Crystals, soluble in water, in acetone, in alcohol and in
Shows mutarotation : : + 11.7 → + 36.3 methanol.
Assay. Dissolve 0.150 g in 50 ml of anhydrous methanol R mp : about 80 °C.
while stirring under nitrogen. Titrate with 0.1 M
tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, protecting the solution Glycyrrhetic acid. C30H46O4. (Mr 470.7). 1040900.
from atmospheric carbon dioxide throughout solubilisation [471-53-4]. Glycyrrhetinic acid. 12,13-Didehydro-3β-hydroxy-
and titration. Determine the end-point potentiometrically 11-oxo-olean-30-oic acid.
(2.2.20). A mixture of α- and β-glycyrrhetic acids in which the
1 ml of 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide is equivalent β-isomer is predominant.
to 19.41 mg of C6H10O7. A white or yellowish-brown powder, practically insoluble in
water, soluble in ethanol and in glacial acetic acid.
Glutamic acid. 1040400. [56-86-0].
: + 145 to + 155, determined on a 10.0 g/l solution in
See Glutamic acid (0750).
ethanol R.
L-γ-Glutamyl-L-cysteine. C8H14N2O5S. (Mr 250.3). 1157900. Chromatography. Examine by thin-layer chromatography
[636-58-8]. (2.2.27) using silica gel GF254 R as the coating substance ;
prepare the slurry using a 0.25 per cent V/V solution of
Glutaraldehyde. C5H8O2. (Mr 100.1). 1098300. [111-30-8]. phosphoric acid R. Apply to the plate 5 µl of a 5 g/l solution
An oily liquid, soluble in water. of the glycyrrhetic acid in a mixture of equal volumes of
: about 1.434. chloroform R and methanol R. Develop over a path of 10 cm
using a mixture of 5 volumes of methanol R and 95 volumes
bp : about 188 °C. of chloroform R. Examine the chromatogram in ultraviolet
light at 254 nm. The chromatogram shows a dark spot (RF
Glutaric acid. C5H8O4. (Mr 132.1). 1149700. [110-94-1].
about 0.3) corresponding to β-glycyrrhetic acid and a smaller
Pentanedioic acid.
spot (RF about 0.5) corresponding to α-glycyrrhetic acid.
White or almost white, crystalline powder. Spray with anisaldehyde solution R and heat at 100 °C to
105 °C for 10 min. Both spots are coloured bluish-violet.
L-Glutathione, oxidised. C20H32N6O12S2. (Mr 612.6).
Between them a smaller bluish-violet spot may be present.
1158000. [27025-41-8]. Bis(L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine)
disulfide. 18α-Glycyrrhetinic acid. C30H46O4. (Mr 470.7). 1127900.
[1449-05-4]. (20β)-3β-Hydroxy-11-oxo-18α-olean-12-en-29-oic
Glycerol. 1040500. [56-81-5]. acid.
See Glycerol (0496). A white or almost white powder, practically insoluble in
Glycerol R1. 1040501. water, soluble in ethanol, sparingly soluble in methylene
chloride.
Glycerol complying with the monograph Glycerol (0496)
and free from diethylene glycol when examined as Glyoxalhydroxyanil. C14H12N2O2. (Mr 240.3). 1041000.
described in the test for Impurity A and related substances [1149-16-2]. Glyoxal bis(2-hydroxyanil).
in that monograph. White or almost white crystals, soluble in hot alcohol.
Glycerol (85 per cent). 1040600. mp : about 200 °C.
See Glycerol (85 per cent) (0497). Glyoxal solution. 1098400. [107-22-2].
Glycerol (85 per cent) R1. 1040601. Contains about 40 per cent (m/m) glyoxal.
Glycerol complying with the monograph Glycerol 85 per Assay. In a ground-glass stoppered flask place 1.000 g of
cent (0497) and free from diethylene glycol when glyoxal solution, 20 ml of a 70 g/l solution of hydroxylamine
examined as described in the test for Impurity A and hydrochloride R and 50 ml of water R. Allow to stand for
related substances in that monograph. 30 min and add 1 ml of methyl red mixed solution R and
titrate with 1 M sodium hydroxide until the colour changes
Glycerol 1-decanoate. C13H26O4. (Mr 246.3). 1169400. from red to green. Carry out a blank titration.
[2277-23-8]. (2RS)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate. 1 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 29.02 mg of
α-Monocaprin. 1-Monodecanoyl-rac-glycerol. glyoxal (C2H2O2).
Content : about 99 per cent.
Gonadotrophin, chorionic. 1041100. [9002-61-3].
Glycerol 1-octanoate. C11H22O4. (Mr 218.3). 1169500. See Chorionic gonadotrophin (0498).
[502-54-5]. (2RS)-2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate.
α-Monocaprylin. 1-Monooctanoyl-rac-glycerol. Gonadotrophin, serum. 1041200.
Content : about 99 per cent. See Equine serum gonadotrophin for veterinary use (0719).

438 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Guaiacol. C7H8O2. (Mr 124.1). 1148300. [90-05-1]. Test solution. Dissolve 5.0 mg of hederacoside C in 5.0 ml of
2-Methoxyphenol. 1-Hydroxy-2-methoxybenzene. methanol R.
Crystalline mass or colourless or yellowish liquid, Content : minimum 95 per cent, calculated by the
hygroscopic, slightly soluble in water, very soluble in normalisation procedure.
methylene chloride, freely soluble in alcohol.
α-Hederin. C41H66O12. (Mr 751.0). 1158200. [27013-91-8].
bp : about 205 °C. (+)-(4R)-3β-[[2-O-(6-Deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl)-α-L-
mp : about 28 °C. arabinopyranosyl]oxy]-23-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid.
Guaiacum resin. 1041400. White or almost white powder.
Resin obtained from the heartwood of Guaiacum mp : about 256 °C.
officinale L. and Guaiacum sanctum L. Helium for chromatography. He. (Ar 4.003). 1041800.
Reddish-brown or greenish-brown, hard, glassy fragments ; [7440-59-7].
fracture shiny. Content : minimum 99.995 per cent V/V of He.
Guaiazulene. C15H18. (Mr 198.3). 1041500. [489-84-9]. Heparin. 1041900. [9041-08-1].
1,4-Dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene.
See Heparin sodium (0333).
Dark-blue crystals or blue liquid, very slightly soluble in
water, miscible with fatty and essential oils and with liquid Heptachlor. C10H5Cl7. (Mr 373.3). 1128000. [76-44-8].
paraffin, sparingly soluble in alcohol, soluble in 500 g/l bp : about 135 °C.
sulphuric acid and 80 per cent m/m phosphoric acid, giving mp : about 95 °C.
a colourless solution.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
mp : about 30 °C. cyclohexane) may be used.
Storage : protected from light and air.
Heptachlor epoxide. C10H5Cl7O. (Mr 389.3). 1128100.
Guanidine hydrochloride. CH5N3HCl. (Mr 95.5). 1098500. [1024-57-3].
[50-01-1]. bp : about 200 °C.
Crystalline powder, freely soluble in water and in alcohol. mp : about 160 °C.
Guanine. C5H5N5O. (Mr 151.1). 1041600. [73-40-5]. A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one. cyclohexane) may be used.
An amorphous white or almost white powder, practically Heptafluorobutyric acid. C4HF7O2. (Mr 214.0). 1162400.
insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol. It dissolves in [375-22-4]. HFBA.
ammonia and in dilute solutions of alkali hydroxides.
Clear, colourless liquid. Corrosive.
Haemoglobin. 1041700. [9008-02-0]. : about 1.645.
Nitrogen : 15 per cent to 16 per cent. : about 1.300.
Iron : 0.2 per cent to 0.3 per cent. bp : about 120 °C.
Loss on drying (2.2.32) : maximum 2 per cent. Content : minimum 99.5 per cent of C4HF7O2.
Sulphated ash (2.4.14) : maximum 1.5 per cent.
Heptafluoro-N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)butanamide.
Haemoglobin solution. 1041701. C8H12F7NOSi. (Mr 299.3). 1139500. [53296-64-3]. 2,2,3,3,4,
Transfer 2 g of haemoglobin R to a 250 ml beaker and 4,4-Heptafluoro-N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)butyramide.
add 75 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R2. Stir until Clear, colourless liquid, flammable.
solution is complete. Adjust the pH to 1.6 ± 0.1 (2.2.3) : about 1.351.
using 1 M hydrochloric acid. Transfer to a 100 ml flask bp : about 148 °C.
with the aid of dilute hydrochloric acid R2. Add 25 mg
of thiomersal R. Prepare daily, store at 5 ± 3 °C and Heptane. C7H16. (Mr 100.2). 1042000. [142-82-5].
readjust to pH 1.6 before use. A colourless, flammable liquid, practically insoluble in water,
Storage : at 2 °C to 8 °C. miscible with ethanol.
: 0.683 to 0.686.
Harpagoside. C24H30O11. (Mr 494.5). 1098600.
: 1.387 to 1.388.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, very hygroscopic,
soluble in water and in alcohol. Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils
between 97 °C and 98 °C.
mp : 117 °C to 121 °C.
Storage : in an airtight container. Hesperidin. C28H34O15. (Mr 611). 1139000. [520-26-3].
(S)-7-[[6-O-(6-Deoxy--α-L-mannopyranosyl)-β-
Hederacoside C. C59H96O26. (Mr 1221). 1158100. D-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-
[14216-03-6]. O-6-Deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)- methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one.
O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl Hygroscopic powder, slightly soluble in water and in
(4R)-3β-[[2-O(-6-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl)-α-L- methanol.
arabinopyranosyl]oxy]-23-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oate.
mp : 258 °C to 262 °C.
Colourless crystals or white or almost white powder.
mp : about 220 °C. Hexachlorobenzene. C6Cl6. (Mr 284.8). 1128200. [118-74-1].
Hederacoside C used in liquid chromatography complies bp : about 332 °C.
with the following additional test. mp : about 230 °C.
Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
prescribed in the monograph on Ivy leaf (2148). cyclohexane) may be used.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 439
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

α-Hexachlorocyclohexane. C6H6Cl6. (Mr 290.8). 1128300. Hexane used in spectrophotometry complies with the
[319-84-6]. following additional test.
bp : about 288 °C. Minimum transmittance (2.2.25), determined using water R
mp : about 158 °C. as compensation liquid : 97 per cent from 260 nm to 420 nm.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in Hexylamine. C6H15N. (Mr 101.2). 1042700. [111-26-2].
cyclohexane) may be used. Hexanamine.
β-Hexachlorocyclohexane. C6H6Cl6. (Mr 290.8). 1128400. A colourless liquid, slightly soluble in water, soluble in
[319-85-7]. alcohol.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in : about 0.766.
cyclohexane) may be used. : about 1.418.
δ-Hexachlorocyclohexane. C6H6Cl6. (Mr 290.8). 1128500. bp : 127 °C to 131 °C.
[319-86-8]. Histamine dihydrochloride. 1042800. [56-92-8].
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in See Histamine dihydrochloride (0143).
cyclohexane) may be used.
Histamine phosphate. 1042900. [23297-93-0].
Hexacosane. C26H54. (Mr 366.7). 1042200. [630-01-3].
See Histamine phosphate (0144).
Colourless or white or almost white flakes.
mp : about 57 °C. Histamine solution. 1042901.
A 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R containing 0.1 µg
Hexadimethrine bromide. (C13H30Br2N2)n. 1042300. per millilitre of histamine base (as the phosphate or
[28728-55-4]. 1,5-Dimethyl-1,5-diazaundecamethylene dihydrochloride).
polymethobromide. Poly(1,1,5,5-tetramethyl-1,5-azonia-
undecamethylene dibromide). Histidine monohydrochloride. C6H10ClN3O2,H2O. (Mr 209.6).
A white or almost white, amorphous powder, hygroscopic, 1043000. [123333-71-1]. (RS)-2-Amino-3-(imidazol-4-
soluble in water. yl)propionic acid hydrochloride monohydrate.
Storage : in an airtight container. A crystalline powder or colourless crystals, soluble in water.
mp : about 250 °C, with decomposition.
2,2′,2″,6,6′,6″-Hexa(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4,4′,4″-[(2,4,6-
trimethyl-1,3,5-benzenetriyl)trismethylene]triphenol. Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
C54H78O3. (Mr 775). 1042100. 2,2′,2″,6,6′, on Histamine dihydrochloride (0143) ; the chromatogram
6″-Hexa-tert-butyl-4,4′,4″-[(2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5- shows only one principal spot.
benzenetriyl)trismethylene]triphenol. Holmium oxide. Ho2O3. (Mr 377.9). 1043100. [12055-62-8].
A crystalline powder, practically insoluble in water, soluble Diholmium trioxide.
in acetone, slightly soluble in alcohol. A yellowish powder, practically insoluble in water.
mp : about 244 °C.
Holmium perchlorate solution. 1043101.
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoropropan-2-ol. C3H2F6O. (Mr 168.0). A 40 g/l solution of holmium oxide R in a solution of
1136000. [920-66-1]. perchloric acid R containing 141 g/l of HClO4.
Content : minimum 99.0 per cent of C3H2F6O, determined by
gas chromatography. DL-Homocysteine. C4H9NO2S. (Mr 135.2). 1136100.
[454-29-5]. (2RS)-2-Amino-4-sulphanylbutanoic acid.
A clear, colourless liquid, miscible with water and with
ethanol. A white or almost white, crystalline powder.
: about 1.596. mp : about 232 °C.
bp : about 59 °C. L-Homocysteine thiolactone hydrochloride.
C4H8ClNOS. (Mr 153.6). 1136200. [31828-68-9].
Hexamethyldisilazane. C6H19NSi2. (Mr 161.4). 1042400. (3S)-3-Aminodihydrothiophen-2(3H)-one hydrochloride.
[999-97-3].
A white or almost white, crystalline powder.
A clear, colourless liquid.
mp : about 202 °C.
: about 0.78.
: about 1.408. Hyaluronidase diluent. 1043300.
bp : about 125 °C. Mix 100 ml of phosphate buffer solution pH 6.4 R with
Storage : in an airtight container. 100 ml of water R. Dissolve 0.140 g of hydrolysed gelatin R
in the solution at 37 °C.
Hexamethylenetetramine. C6H12N4. (Mr 140.2). Storage : use within 2 h.
1042500. [100-97-0]. Hexamine. 1,3,5,7-Tetra-azatricyclo
[3.3.1.13,7]decane. Hydrastine hydrochloride. C21H22ClNO6. (Mr 419.9).
A colourless, crystalline powder, very soluble in water. 1154000. [5936-28-7]. (3S)-6,7-Dimethoxy-3-[(5R)-6-
methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinolin-5-
Hexane. C6H14. (Mr 86.2). 1042600. [110-54-3]. yl]isobenzofuran-1(3H)-one hydrochloride.
A colourless, flammable liquid, practically insoluble in water, A white or almost white powder, hygroscopic, very soluble in
miscible with ethanol. water and in alcohol.
: 0.659 to 0.663. : about + 127.
: 1.375 to 1.376. mp : about 116 °C.
Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils Hydrastine hydrochloride used in liquid chromatography
between 67 °C and 69 °C. complies with the following additional test.

440 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as Hydrochloric acid R1. 1043501.

prescribed in the monograph on Goldenseal rhizome (1831). Contains 250 g/l of HCl.
The content is not less than 98 per cent, calculated by the
normalisation procedure. Dilute 70 g of hydrochloric acid R to 100 ml with water R.

Hydrazine. H4N2. (Mr 32.05). 1136300. [302-01-2]. Diazane. Hydrochloric acid, brominated. 1043507.
A slightly oily liquid, colourless, with a strong odour of To 1 ml of bromine solution R add 100 ml of hydrochloric
ammonia, miscible with water. Dilute solutions in water are acid R.
commercially available. Hydrochloric acid, dilute. 1043503.
Caution : toxic and corrosive. Contains 73 g/l of HCl.
: about 1.470. Dilute 20 g of hydrochloric acid R to 100 ml with water R.
bp : about 113 °C.
Hydrochloric acid, dilute, heavy metal-free. 1043509.
mp : about 1.5 °C.
Complies with the requirements prescribed for dilute
Hydrazine sulphate. H6N2O4S. (Mr 130.1). 1043400. hydrochloric acid R and with the following maximum
[10034-93-2]. contents of heavy metals :
Colourless crystals, sparingly soluble in cold water, soluble As : 0.005 ppm ;
in hot water (50 °C) and freely soluble in boiling water, Cd : 0.003 ppm ;
practically insoluble in alcohol.
Cu : 0.003 ppm ;
Arsenic (2.4.2). 1.0 g complies with limit test A (1 ppm).
Fe : 0.05 ppm ;
Sulphated ash (2.4.14) : maximum 0.1 per cent.
Hg : 0.005 ppm ;
Hydriodic acid. HI. (Mr 127.9). 1098900. [10034-85-2]. Ni : 0.004 ppm ;
Prepare by distilling hydriodic acid over red phosphorus, Pb : 0.001 ppm ;
passing carbon dioxide R or nitrogen R through the Zn : 0.005 ppm.
apparatus during the distillation. Use the colourless or
almost colourless, constant-boiling mixture (55 per cent to Hydrochloric acid, dilute R1. 1043504.
58 per cent of HI) distilling between 126 °C and 127 °C. Contains 0.37 g/l of HCl.
Place the acid in small, amber, glass-stoppered bottles Dilute 1.0 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R to 200.0 ml
previously flushed with carbon dioxide R or nitrogen R, with water R.
seal with paraffin.
Storage : in a dark place. Hydrochloric acid, dilute R2. 1043505.
Dilute 30 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid to 1000 ml with
Hydrobromic acid, 30 per cent. 1098700. [10035-10-6]. water R ; adjust to pH 1.6 ± 0.1.
30 per cent hydrobromic acid in glacial acetic acid R.
Degas with caution the contents before opening. Hydrochloric acid, ethanolic. 1043506.
Dilute 5.0 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid to 500.0 ml with
Hydrobromic acid, dilute. 1098701. alcohol R.
Place 5.0 ml of 30 per cent hydrobromic acid R in amber
vials equipped with polyethylene stoppers. Seal under Hydrochloric acid, heavy metal-free. 1043510.
argon R and store in the dark. Add 5.0 ml of glacial Complies with the requirements prescribed for
acetic acid R immediately before use. Shake. hydrochloric acid R and with the following maximum
Storage : in the dark. contents of heavy metals :
As : 0.005 ppm ;
Hydrobromic acid, 47 per cent. 1118900. Cd : 0.003 ppm ;
A 47 per cent m/m solution of hydrobromic acid in water R. Cu : 0.003 ppm ;
Hydrobromic acid, dilute R1. 1118901. Fe : 0.05 ppm ;
Contains 7,9 g/l of HBr. Hg : 0.005 ppm ;
Dissolve 16.81 g of 47 per cent hydrobromic acid R in Ni : 0.004 ppm ;
water R and dilute to 1000 ml with the same solvent. Pb : 0.001 ppm ;
Hydrochloric acid. 1043500. [7647-01-0]. Zn : 0.005 ppm.
See Concentrated hydrochloric acid (0002). Hydrochloric acid, lead-free. 1043508.
2 M Hydrochloric acid. 3001700. Complies with the requirements prescribed for
hydrochloric acid R and with the following additional
Dilute 206.0 g of hydrochloric acid R to 1000.0 ml with
test.
water R.
Lead : maximum 20 ppb of Pb determined by atomic
3 M Hydrochloric acid. 3001600. emission spectrometry (2.2.22, Method I).
Dilute 309.0 g of hydrochloric acid R to 1000.0 ml with Test solution. In a quartz crucible evaporate 200 g of
water R. the acid to be examined almost to dryness. Take up the
residue in 5 ml of nitric acid prepared by sub-boiling
6 M Hydrochloric acid. 3001500. distillation of nitric acid R and evaporate to dryness.
Dilute 618.0 g of hydrochloric acid R to 1000.0 ml with Take up the residue in 5 ml of nitric acid prepared by
water R. sub-boiling distillation of nitric acid R.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 441
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Reference solutions. Prepare the reference solutions 6-Hydroxydopa. C9H11NO5. (Mr 213.2). 1169800. [21373-30-
using lead standard solution (0.1 ppm Pb) R diluted with 8]. (2RS)-2-Amino-3-(2,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.
nitric acid prepared by sub-boiling distillation of nitric 2,5-Dihydroxy-DL-tyrosine.
acid R. Measure the emission intensity at 220.35 nm. mp : about 257 °C.
Hydrocortisone acetate. 1098800. [50-03-3].
2-[4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethanesulphonic acid.
See Hydrocortisone acetate (0334). C8H18N2O4S. (Mr 238.3). 1106800. [7365-45-9]. HEPES.
Hydrofluoric acid. HF. (Mr 20.01). 1043600. [7664-39-3]. A white or almost white powder.
Content : minimum 40.0 per cent m/m of HF. mp : about 236 °C, with decomposition
A clear, colourless liquid.
4-Hydroxyisophthalic acid. C8H6O5. (Mr 182.1). 1106900.
Residue on ignition. Not more than 0.05 per cent m/m.
[636-46-4]. 4-Hydroxybenzene-1,3-dicarboxylic acid.
Evaporate the hydrofluoric acid in a platinum crucible and
gently ignite the residue to constant mass. Needles or platelets, very slightly soluble in water, freely
Assay. Weigh accurately a glass-stoppered flask containing soluble in alcohol.
50.0 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide. Introduce 2 g of the mp : about 314 °C, with decomposition.
hydrofluoric acid and weigh again. Titrate the solution with
0.5 M sulphuric acid, using 0.5 ml of phenolphthalein Hydroxylamine hydrochloride. NH4ClO. (Mr 69.5).
solution R as indicator. 1044300. [5470-11-1].
1 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 20.01 mg of A white or almost white, crystalline powder, very soluble
HF. in water, soluble in alcohol.
Storage : in a polyethylene container. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution R2. 1044304.
Hydrogen for chromatography. H2. (Mr 2.016). 1043700. Dissolve 2.5 g of hydroxylamine hydrochloride R in
[1333-74-0]. 4.5 ml of hot water R and add 40 ml of alcohol R and
Content : minimum 99.95 per cent V/V of H2. 0.4 ml of bromophenol blue solution R2. Add 0.5 M
alcoholic potassium hydroxide until a greenish-yellow
Hydrogen peroxide solution, dilute. 1043800. [7722-84-1]. colour is obtained. Dilute to 50.0 ml with alcohol R.
See Hydrogen peroxide solution (3 per cent) (0395).
Hydroxylamine solution, alcoholic. 1044301.
Hydrogen peroxide solution, strong. 1043900. [7722-84-1].
Dissolve 3.5 g of hydroxylamine hydrochloride R in
See Hydrogen peroxide solution (30 per cent) (0396). 95 ml of alcohol (60 per cent V/V) R, add 0.5 ml of a
Hydrogen sulphide. H2S. (Mr 34.08). 1044000. [7783-06-4]. 2 g/l solution of methyl orange R in alcohol (60 per
A gas, slightly soluble in water. cent V/V) R and sufficient 0.5 M potassium hydroxide in
alcohol (60 per cent V/V) to give a pure yellow colour.
Hydrogen sulphide solution. 1136400. Dilute to 100 ml with alcohol (60 per cent V/V) R.
A recently prepared solution of hydrogen sulphide R in
water R. The saturated solution contains about 0.4 per Hydroxylamine solution, alkaline. 1044302.
cent to 0.5 per cent of H2S at 20 °C. Immediately before use, mix equal volumes of a 139 g/l
solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride R and a
Hydrogen sulphide R1. H2S. (Mr 34.08). 1106600. 150 g/l solution of sodium hydroxide R.
Content : minimum 99.7 per cent V/V of H2S.
Hydroxylamine solution, alkaline R1. 1044303.
Hydroquinone. C6H6O2. (Mr 110.1). 1044100. [123-31-9].
Benzene-1,4-diol. Solution A. Dissolve 12.5 g of hydroxylamine
hydrochloride R in methanol R and dilute to 100 ml with
Fine, colourless or white or almost white needles, darkening the same solvent.
on exposure to air and light, soluble in water and in alcohol.
Solution B. Dissolve 12.5 g of sodium hydroxide R in
mp : about 173 °C.
methanol R and dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent.
Storage : protected from light and air.
Mix equal volumes of solution A and solution B
Hydroquinone solution. 1044101. immediately before use.
Dissolve 0.5 g of hydroquinone R in water R, add 20 µl
of sulphuric acid R and dilute to 50 ml with water R. Hydroxymethylfurfural. C6H6O3. (Mr 126.1). 1044400.
[67-47-0]. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural.
2-Hydroxybenzimidazole. C7H6N2O. (Mr 134.1). 1169600. Acicular crystals, freely soluble in water, in acetone and in
[615-16-7]. 1H-benzimidazol-2-ol. alcohol.
4-Hydroxybenzohydrazide. C7H8N2O2. (Mr 152.2). 1145900. mp : about 32 °C.
[5351-23-5]. p-Hydroxybenzohydrazide.
Hydroxynaphthol blue, sodium salt. C20H11N2Na3O11S3.
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid. C7H6O3. (Mr 138.1). 1106700. (Mr 620). 1044500. [63451-35-4]. Trisodium
[99-96-7]. 2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-azonaphthalene-3′,4,6′-trisulphonate.
Crystals, slightly soluble in water, very soluble in alcohol,
soluble in acetone. 2-Hydroxypropylbetadex for chromatography R. 1146000.
mp : 214 °C to 215 °C. Betacyclodextrin modified by the bonding of (R) or (RS)
propylene oxide groups on the hydroxyl groups.
4-Hydroxycoumarin. C9H6O3. (Mr 162.2). 1169700.
[1076-38-6]. 4-Hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. 1128600. [94035-02-6].
White or almost white powder, freely soluble in methanol. See Hydroxypropylbetadex (1804).
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent. pH (2.2.3) : 5.0-7.5 (20 g/l solution).

442 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Hydroxyquinoline. C9H7NO. (Mr 145.2). 1044600. Iminodibenzyl. C14H13N. (Mr 195.3). 1045500. [494-19-9].
[148-24-3]. 8-Hydroxyquinoline. Quinolin-8-ol. 10,11-Dihydrodibenz[b,f]azepine.
A white or slightly yellowish, crystalline powder, slightly A pale yellow, crystalline powder, practically insoluble in
soluble in water, freely soluble in acetone, in alcohol and water, freely soluble in acetone.
in dilute mineral acids. mp : about 106 °C.
mp : about 75 °C.
Indigo carmine. C16H8N2Na2O8S2. (Mr 466.3). 1045600.
Sulphated ash (2.4.14) : maximum 0.05 per cent. [860-22-0].
12-Hydroxystearic acid. C18H36O3. (Mr 300.5). 1099000. Schultz No. 1309.
[106-14-9]. 12-Hydroxyoctadecanoic acid. Colour Index No. 73015.
White or almost white powder. 3,3′-Dioxo-2,2′-bisindolylidene-5,5′-disulphonate disodium.
E 132.
mp : 71 °C to 74 °C.
It usually contains sodium chloride.
5-Hydroxyuracil. C4H4N2O3. (Mr 128.1). 1044700. A blue or violet-blue powder or blue granules with a coppery
[496-76-4]. Isobarbituric acid. Pyrimidine-2,4,5-triol. lustre, sparingly soluble in water, practically insoluble in
A white or almost white, crystalline powder. alcohol. It is precipitated from an aqueous solution by
sodium chloride.
mp : about 310 °C, with decomposition.
Chromatography. Examined as prescribed in the monograph Indigo carmine solution. 1045601.
on Fluorouracil (0611), the chromatogram shows a principal To a mixture of 10 ml of hydrochloric acid R and 990 ml
spot with an RF of about 0.3. of 200 g/l nitrogen-free sulphuric acid R add 0.2 g of
Storage : in an airtight container. indigo carmine R.
The solution complies with the following test.
Hyoscine hydrobromide. 1044800. [6533-68-2]. Add 10 ml to a solution of 1.0 mg of potassium nitrate R
See Hyoscine hydrobromide (0106). in 10 ml of water R, rapidly add 20 ml of nitrogen-free
sulphuric acid R and heat to boiling. The blue colour
Hyoscyamine sulphate. 1044900. [620-61-1]. is discharged within 1 min.
See Hyoscyamine sulphate (0501).
Indigo carmine solution R1. 1045602.
Hypericin. C30H16O8. (Mr 504.4). 1149800. [548-04-9]. Dissolve 4 g of indigo carmine R in about 900 ml of
1,3,4,6,8,13-Hexahydroxy-10,11-dimethylphenanthro[1,10,9, water R added in several portions. Add 2 ml of sulphuric
8-opqra]perylene-7,14-dione. acid R and dilute to 1000 ml with water R.
Content : minimum 85 per cent of C30H16O8. Standardisation. Place in a 100 ml conical flask with a
wide neck 10.0 ml of nitrate standard solution (100 ppm
Hyperoside. C21H20O12. (Mr 464.4). 1045000. NO3) R, 10 ml of water R, 0.05 ml of the indigo carmine
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-β-D-galactopyranosyloxy-5,7- solution R1, and then in a single addition, but with
dihydroxy-chromen-4-one. caution, 30 ml of sulphuric acid R. Titrate the solution
Faint yellow needles, soluble in methanol. immediately, using the indigo carmine solution R1, until
a stable blue colour is obtained.
: − 8.3, determined on a 2 g/l solution in pyridine R.
The number of millilitres used, n, is equivalent to 1 mg
mp : about 240 °C, with decomposition. of NO3.
A solution in methanol R shows two absorption maxima
(2.2.25), at 259 nm and at 364 nm. Indometacin. 1101500. [53-86-1].
See Indometacin (0092).
Hypophosphorous reagent. 1045200.
Inosine. C10H12N4O5. (Mr 268.2). 1169900.
Dissolve with the aid of gentle heat, 10 g of sodium [58-63-9]. 9-β-D-Ribofuranosylhypoxanthine.
hypophosphite R in 20 ml of water R and dilute to 100 ml 9-β-D-Ribofuranosyl-1,9-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one.
with hydrochloric acid R. Allow to settle and decant or filter
through glass wool. mp : 222 °C to 226 °C.

Hypoxanthine. C5H4N4O. (Mr 136.1). 1045300. [68-94-0]. myo-Inositol. 1161100.

1H-Purin-6-one. See myo-Inositol (1805).
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, very slightly Iodine. 1045800. [7553-56-2].
soluble in water, sparingly soluble in boiling water, soluble
in dilute acids and in dilute alkali hydroxide solutions, See Iodine (0031).
decomposes without melting at about 150 °C.
Iodine solution R1. 1045801.
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
on Mercaptopurine (0096) ; the chromatogram shows only To 10.0 ml of 0.05 M iodine add 0.6 g of potassium
one principal spot. iodide R and dilute to 100.0 ml with water R. Prepare
immediately before use.
Imidazole. C3H4N2. (Mr 68.1). 1045400. [288-32-4]. Iodine solution R2. 1045802.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, soluble in water To 10.0 ml of 0.05 M iodine add 0.6 g of potassium
and in alcohol. iodide R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R. Prepare
mp : about 90 °C. immediately before use.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 443
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Iodine solution R3. 1045803. Iodoacetic acid. C2H3IO2. (Mr 185.9). 1107000. [64-69-7].
Dilute 2.0 ml of iodine solution R1 to 100.0 ml with Colourless or white or almost white crystals, soluble in water
water R. Prepare immediately before use. and in alcohol.
Iodine solution R4. 1045806. mp : 82 °C to 83 °C.
Dissolve 14 g of iodine R in 100 ml of a 400 g/l solution 2-Iodobenzoic acid. C7H5IO2. (Mr 248.0). 1046100.
of potassium iodide R, add 1 ml of dilute hydrochloric [88-67-5].
acid R and dilute to 1000 ml with water R.
A white or slightly yellow, crystalline powder, slightly soluble
Storage : protected from light. in water, soluble in alcohol.
Iodine solution, alcoholic. 1045804. mp : about 160 °C.
A 10 g/l solution in alcohol R. Chromatography. Examine by thin-layer chromatography
Storage : protected from light. (2.2.27), using cellulose for chromatography f254 R as the
coating substance. Apply to the plate 20 µl of a solution
Iodine solution, chloroformic. 1045805. of the 2-iodobenzoic acid, prepared by dissolving 40 mg in
A 5 g/l solution in chloroform R. 4 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and diluting to 10 ml with
water R. Develop over a path of about 12 cm using as the
Storage : protected from light. mobile phase the upper layer obtained by shaking together
20 volumes of water R, 40 volumes of glacial acetic acid R
Iodine-123 and ruthenium-106 spiking solution. 1166700. and 40 volumes of toluene R. Allow the plate to dry in air and
Prepare immediately before use. Mix 3.5 ml of an examine in ultraviolet light at 254 nm. The chromatogram
18.5 kBq/ml solution of ruthenium-106 in the form of shows only one principal spot.
ruthenium trichloride in a mixture of equal volumes of
glacial acetic acid R and water R with 200 µl of a 75 kBq/ml 3-Iodobenzylammonium chloride. C7H9ClIN. (Mr 269.5).
solution of iodine-123 in the form of sodium iodide in 1168000. [3718-88-5]. 1-(3-Iodophenyl)methanamine
water R. hydrochloride. 1-(3-Iodophenyl)methanaminium chloride.
m-Iodobenzylamine hydrochloride.
Iodine bromide. IBr. (Mr 206.8). 1045900. [7789-33-5].
White or almost white crystals.
Bluish-black or brownish-black crystals, freely soluble in
water, in alcohol and in glacial acetic acid. mp : 188 °C to 190 °C.
bp : about 116 °C. Iodoethane. C2H5I. (Mr 155.9). 1099100. [75-03-6].
mp : about 40 °C. Colourless to slightly yellowish liquid, darkening on
Storage : protected from light. exposure to air and light, miscible with alcohol and most
organic solvents.
Iodine bromide solution. 1045901.
: about 1.95.
Dissolve 20 g of iodine bromide R in glacial acetic acid R
and dilute to 1000 ml with the same solvent. : about 1.513.
Storage : protected from light. bp : about 72 °C.
Storage : in an airtight container.
Iodine chloride. ICl. (Mr 162.4). 1143000. [7790-99-0].
Black crystals, soluble in water, in acetic acid and in alcohol. 2-Iodohippuric acid. C9H8INO3,2H2O. (Mr 341.1). 1046200.
bp : about 97.4 °C. [147-58-0]. 2-(2-Iodobenzamido)acetic acid.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, sparingly
Iodine chloride solution. 1143001. soluble in water.
Dissolve 1.4 g of iodine chloride R in glacial acetic
mp : about 170 °C.
acid R and dilute to 100 ml with the same acid.
Storage : protected from light. Water (2.5.12) : 9 per cent to 13 per cent, determined on
1.000 g.
Iodine pentoxide, recrystallised. I2O5. (Mr 333.8). 1046000. Chromatography. Examine by thin-layer chromatography
[12029-98-0]. Di-iodine pentoxide. Iodic anhydride. (2.2.27), using cellulose for chromatography F254 R as the
Content : minimum 99.5 per cent of I2O5. coating substance. Apply to the plate 20 µl of a solution of
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, or white or the 2-iodohippuric acid, prepared by dissolving 40 mg in
greyish-white granules, hygroscopic, very soluble in water 4 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and diluting to 10 ml with
forming HIO3. water R. Develop over a path of about 12 cm using as the
mobile phase the upper layer obtained by shaking together
Stability on heating. Dissolve 2 g, previously heated for 20 volumes of water R, 40 volumes of glacial acetic acid R
1 h at 200 °C, in 50 ml of water R. A colourless solution is and 40 volumes of toluene R. Allow the plate to dry in air and
obtained. examine in ultraviolet light at 254 nm. The chromatogram
Assay. Dissolve 0.100 g in 50 ml of water R, add 3 g of shows only one principal spot.
potassium iodide R and 10 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R.
Titrate the liberated iodine with 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate, Iodoplatinate reagent. 1046300.
using 1 ml of starch solution R as indicator. To 3 ml of a 100 g/l solution of chloroplatinic acid R
1 ml of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate is equivalent to 2.782 mg add 97 ml of water R and 100 ml of a 60 g/l solution of
of I2O5. potassium iodide R.
Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light. Storage : protected from light.

444 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Iodosulphurous reagent. 1046400. solution of sodium salicylate R, 10 ml of dilute acetic acid R,

The apparatus, which must be kept closed and dry during the 80 ml of a 136 g/l solution of sodium acetate R and dilute
preparation, consists of a 3000 ml to 4000 ml round-bottomed to 500 ml with water R. The solution should be recently
flask with three inlets for a stirrer and a thermometer and prepared.
fitted with a drying tube. To 700 ml of anhydrous pyridine R Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light.
and 700 ml of ethyleneglycol monomethyl ether R add,
with constant stirring, 220 g of finely powdered iodine R, Isatin. C8H5NO2. (Mr 147.1). 1046800. [91-56-5].
previously dried over diphosphorus pentoxide R. Continue Indoline-2,3-dione.
stirring until the iodine has completely dissolved (about Small, yellowish-red crystals, slightly soluble in water,
30 min). Cool to − 10 °C, and add quickly, still stirring, soluble in hot water and in alcohol, soluble in solutions of
190 g of sulphur dioxide R. Do not allow the temperature alkali hydroxides giving a violet colour becoming yellow on
to exceed 30 °C. Cool. standing.
Standardisation. Add about 20 ml of anhydrous methanol R mp : about 200 °C, with partial sublimation.
to a titration vessel and titrate to the end-point with the Sulphated ash (2.4.14) : maximum 0.2 per cent.
iodosulphurous reagent (2.5.12). Introduce in an appropriate
Isatin reagent. 1046801.
form a suitable amount of water R, accurately weighed,
and repeat the determination of water. Calculate the water Dissolve 6 mg of ferric sulphate R in 8 ml of water R and
equivalent in milligrams per millilitre of iodosulphurous add cautiously 50 ml of sulphuric acid R. Add 6 mg of
reagent. isatin R and stir until dissolved.
The minimum water equivalent is 3.5 mg of water per The reagent should be pale yellow, but not orange or red.
millilitre of reagent. Isoamyl alcohol. C5H12O. (Mr 88.1). 1046900. [123-51-3].
Work protected from humidity. Standardise immediately 3-Methylbutan-1-ol.
before use. A colourless liquid, slightly soluble in water, miscible with
Storage : in a dry container. alcohol.
5-Iodouracil. C4H3IN2O2. (Mr 238.0). 1046500. [696-07-1]. bp : about 130 °C.
5-Iodo-1H,3H-pyrimidine-2,4-dione. Isoamyl benzoate. C12H16O2. (Mr 192.3). 1164200. [94-46-2].
mp : about 276 °C, with decomposition. Isopentyl benzoate. 3-Methylbutyl benzoate.
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph : about 1.494.
on Idoxuridine (0669), applying 5 µl of a 0.25 g/l solution. bp : about 261 °C.
The chromatogram obtained shows only one principal spot. A colourless or pale yellow liquid.
Ion-exclusion resin for chromatography. 1131000. Isoandrosterone. C19H30O2. (Mr 290.4). 1107100. [481-29-8].
A resin with sulphonic acid groups attached to a polymer Epiandrosterone. 3β-Hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one.
lattice consisting of polystyrene cross-linked with A white or almost white powder, practically insoluble in
divinylbenzene. water, soluble in organic solvents.
Ion-exchange resin, strongly acidic. 1085400. : + 88, determined on 20 g/l solution in methanol R.
A resin in protonated form with sulphonic acid groups mp : 172 °C to 174 °C.
attached to a lattice consisting of polystyrene cross-linked ∆A (2.2.41) : 14.24 × 103, determined at 304 nm on a 1.25 g/l
with 8 per cent of divinylbenzene. It is available as spherical solution.
beads ; unless otherwise prescribed, the particle size is
N-Isobutyldodecatetraenamide. C16H25NO. (Mr 247.4).
0.3 mm to 1.2 mm.
1159500. [75917-90-7]. (2E,4E,8Z,10EZ)-N-2-
Capacity. 4.5 mmol to 5 mmol per gram, with a water (Methylpropyl)dodeca-2,4,8,10-tetraenamide.
content of 50 per cent to 60 per cent.
White or almost white to non coloured crystals.
Preparation of a column. Unless otherwise prescribed, use mp : about 70 °C.
a tube with a fused-in sintered glass disc having a length
of 400 mm, an internal diameter of 20 mm and a filling N-Isobutyldodecatetraenamide solution. 1159501.
height of about 200 mm. Introduce the resin, mixing it with A solution of N-isobutyldodecatetraenamide R, exactly
water R and pouring the slurry into the tube, ensuring that weighed, in methanol R at a concentration of about
no air bubbles are trapped between the particles. When in 10 mg/ml.
use, the liquid must not be allowed to fall below the surface
of the resin. If the resin is in its protonated form, wash with Isodrin. C12H8Cl6. (Mr 364.9). 1128700. [465-73-6].
water R until 50 ml requires not more than 0.05 ml of 0.1 M 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-endo,endo-
sodium hydroxide for neutralisation, using 0.1 ml of methyl 1,4:5,8-dimethanonaphthalene.
orange solution R as indicator. Practically insoluble in water, soluble in common organic
If the resin is in its sodium form or if it requires regeneration, solvents such as acetone.
pass about 100 ml of a mixture of equal volumes of A suitable certified reference solution may be used.
hydrochloric acid R1 and water R slowly through the
column and then wash with water R as described above. Isomalt. C12H24O11. (Mr 344.3). 1164300. [64519-82-0].
Mixture of 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucitol and of
Iron. Fe. (Ar 55.85). 1046600. [7439-89-6]. 1-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-mannitol.
Grey powder or wire, soluble in dilute mineral acids. White or almost white powder or granules, freely soluble in
water.
Iron salicylate solution. 1046700.
Dissolve 0.1 g of ferric ammonium sulphate R in a mixture Isomaltitol. C12H24O11. (Mr 344.3). 1161200. [534-73-6].
of 2 ml of dilute sulphuric acid R and 48 ml of water R 6-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-glucitol.
and dilute to 100 ml with water R. Add 50 ml of a 11.5 g/l White or almost white powder, freely soluble in water.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 445
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Isomenthol. C10H20O. (Mr 156.3). 1047000. [23283-97-8]. (+)- Isosilibinin. C25H22O10. (Mr 482.4). 1149900. [72581-71-6].
Isomenthol : (1S,2R,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol. 3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-
(±)-Isomenthol : a mixture of equal parts of (1S,2R,5R)- and hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-yl]chroman-4-
(1R,2S,5S)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanol. one.
Colourless crystals, practically insoluble in water, very White to yellowish powder, practically insoluble in water,
soluble in alcohol. soluble in acetone and in methanol.
: (+)-Isomenthol : about + 24, determined on a 100 g/l
solution in alcohol R. Kaolin, light. 1047400. [1332-58-7].
bp : (+)-Isomenthol: about 218 °C. (±)-Isomenthol: about A purified native hydrated aluminium silicate. It contains
218 °C. a suitable dispersing agent.
mp : (+)-Isomenthol : about 80 °C. (±)-Isomenthol : about A light, white or almost white powder free from gritty
53 °C. particles, unctuous to the touch, practically insoluble in
water and in mineral acids.
(+)-Isomenthone. C10H18O. (Mr 154.2). 1047100. (1R)-cis-p- Coarse particles. Place 5.0 g in a ground-glass-stoppered
Menthan-3-one. (1R)-cis-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone. cylinder about 160 mm long and 35 mm in diameter and
Contains variable amounts of menthone. A colourless liquid, add 60 ml of a 10 g/l solution of sodium pyrophosphate R.
very slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol. Shake vigorously and allow to stand for 5 min. Using a
pipette, remove 50 ml of the liquid from a point about 5 cm
: about 0.904. below the surface. To the remaining liquid add 50 ml of
: about 1.453. water R, shake, allow to stand for 5 min and remove 50 ml
: about + 93.2. as before. Repeat the operations until a total of 400 ml has
been removed. Transfer the remaining suspension to an
Isomenthone used in gas chromatography complies with evaporating dish. Evaporate to dryness on a water-bath and
the following additional test. dry the residue to constant mass at 100 °C to 105 °C. The
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as residue weighs not more than 25 mg (0.5 per cent).
prescribed in the monograph on Peppermint oil (0405) Fine particles. Disperse 5.0 g in 250 ml of water R by
using the substance to be examined as the test solution. shaking vigorously for 2 min. Immediately pour into a glass
The area of the principal peak is not less than 80.0 per cent cylinder 50 mm in diameter and, using a pipette, transfer
of the total area of the peaks. 20 ml to a glass dish, evaporate to dryness on a water-bath
and dry to constant mass at 100 °C to 105 °C. Allow the
Isopropylamine. C3H9N. (Mr 59.1). 1119800. [75-31-0]. remainder of the suspension to stand at 20 °C for 4 h and,
Propan-2-amine. using a pipette with its tip exactly 5 cm below the surface,
A colourless, highly volatile, flammable liquid. withdraw a further 20 ml without disturbing the sediment,
place in a glass dish, evaporate to dryness on a water-bath
: about 1.374. and dry to constant mass at 100 °C to 105 °C. The mass of
bp : 32 °C to 34 °C. the second residue is not less than 70 per cent of that of the
first residue.
Isopropyl iodide. C3H7I. (Mr 170.0). 1166600. [75-30-9].
2-Iodopropane. 11-Keto-β-boswellic acid. C30H46O4. (Mr 470.7). 1167600.
[17019-92-0]. 3α-Hydroxy-11-oxours-12-en-24-oic acid.
Isopropyl myristate. 1047200. [110-27-0]. (4β)-3α-Hydroxy-11-oxours-12-en-23-oic acid.
See Isopropyl myristate (0725). White or almost white powder, insoluble in water, soluble in
acetone, in anhydrous ethanol and in methanol.
4-Isopropylphenol. C9H12O. (Mr 136.2). 1047300. [99-89-8].
mp : 195 °C to 197 °C.
Content : minimum 98 per cent of C9H12O.
11-Keto-β-boswellic acid used in liquid chromatography
bp : about 212 °C. complies with the following additional test.
mp : 59 °C to 61 °C. Assay. Liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as prescribed in the
Isopulegol. C10H18O. (Mr 154.2). 1139600. [89-79-2]. (− )- monograph on Indian frankincense (2310).
Isopulegol. (1R,2S,5R)-2-Isopropenyl-5-methylcyclohexanol. Content : minimum 90 per cent, calculated by the
: about 0.911. normalisation procedure.
: about 1.472. Kieselguhr for chromatography. 1047500.
bp : about 91 °C. A white or yellowish-white, light powder, practically insoluble
Isopulegol used in gas chromatography complies with the in water, in dilute acids and in organic solvents.
following additional test. Filtration rate. Use a chromatography column 0.25 m long
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) and 10 mm in internal diameter with a sintered-glass (100)
as prescribed in the monograph on Mint oil, partly plate and two marks at 0.10 m and 0.20 m above the plate.
dementholised (1838). Place sufficient of the substance to be examined in the
column to reach the first mark and fill to the second mark
The content is not less than 99 per cent, calculated by the
with water R. When the first drops begin to flow from the
normalisation procedure.
column, fill to the second mark again with water R and
Isoquercitroside. C21H20O12. (Mr 464.4). 1136500. measure the time required for the first 5 ml to flow from the
[21637-25-2]. Isoquercitrin. 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(β-D- column. The flow rate is not less than 1 ml/min.
glucofuranosyloxy)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Appearance of the eluate. The eluate obtained in the test for
3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxyflavone-3-glucoside. filtration rate is colourless (Method I, 2.2.2).

446 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Acidity or alkalinity. To 1.00 g add 10 ml of water R, β-Lactose. C12H22O11. (Mr 342.3). 1150100. [5965-66-2].
shake vigorously and allow to stand for 5 min. Filter the β-D-Lactose.
suspension on a filter previously washed with hot water R White or slightly yellowish powder.
until the washings are neutral. To 2.0 ml of the filtrate add The α-D-lactose content is not greater than 35 per cent.
0.05 ml of methyl red solution R ; the solution is yellow.
To 2.0 ml of the filtrate add 0.05 ml of phenolphthalein Assay. Gas chromatography (2.2.28) : use the normalisation
solution R1 ; the solution is at most slightly pink. procedure.
Inject an appropriate derivatised sample.
Water-soluble substances. Place 10.0 g in a chromatography
column 0.25 m long and 10 mm in internal diameter and Column :
elute with water R. Collect the first 20 ml of eluate, evaporate — size : l = 30 m, Ø = 0.25 mm,
to dryness and dry the residue at 100 °C to 105 °C. The — stationary phase : poly[(cyanopropyl)(phenyl)][dimeth-
residue weighs not more than 10 mg. yl] siloxane R (film thickness 1 µm).
Iron (2.4.9). To 0.50 g add 10 ml of a mixture of equal Carrier gas : helium for chromatography R.
volumes of hydrochloric acid R1 and water R, shake Temperature :
vigorously, allow to stand for 5 min and filter. 1.0 ml of the
Time Temperature
filtrate complies with the limit test for iron (200 ppm).
(min) (°C)
Loss on ignition : maximum 0.5 per cent. During heating Column 0 - 32.5 20 → 280
to red heat (600 ± 50 °C) the substance does not become
brown or black. Injection port 250
Detector 250
Kieselguhr G. 1047600.
Consists of kieselguhr treated with hydrochloric acid and Detection : flame ionisation.
calcined, to which is added about 15 per cent of calcium The area of the peak due to β-lactose is not less than 99 per
sulphate hemihydrate. cent of the total peak area.
A fine greyish-white powder ; the grey colour becomes more α-Lactose monohydrate. C12H22O11,H2O. (Mr 360.3).
pronounced on triturating with water. The average particle 1150000. [5989-81-1]. α-D-Lactose monohydrate.
size is 10 µm to 40 µm.
White or almost white powder.
Calcium sulphate content. Determine by the method
prescribed for silica gel G R. The β-D-lactose content is less than 3 per cent.
Assay. Gas chromatography (2.2.28) : use the normalisation
pH (2.2.3). Shake 1 g with 10 ml of carbon dioxide-free procedure.
water R for 5 min. The pH of the suspension is 7 to 8.
Inject an appropriate derivatised sample.
Chromatographic separation. Examine by thin-layer
chromatography (2.2.27). Prepare plates using a slurry of Column :
the kieselguhr G with a 2.7 g/l solution of sodium acetate R. — size : l = 30 m, Ø = 0.25 mm,
Apply 5 µl of a solution containing 0.1 g/l of lactose, sucrose, — stationary phase : poly(dimethyl)siloxane R (film
glucose and fructose in pyridine R. Develop over a path of thickness 1 µm).
14 cm using a mixture of 12 volumes of water R, 23 volumes Carrier gas : helium for chromatography R.
of 2-propanol R and 65 volumes of ethyl acetate R. The Temperature :
migration time of the solvent is about 40 min. Dry, spray
onto the plate about 10 ml of anisaldehyde solution R Time Temperature
and heat for 5 min to 10 min at 100 °C to 105 °C. The (min) (°C)
chromatogram shows four well-defined spots without tailing Column 0 - 12.5 230 → 280
and well separated from each other. Injection port 250

Lactic acid. 1047800. [50-21-5]. Detector 280

See Lactic acid (0458). Detection : flame ionisation.
Lactic reagent. 1047801. The area of the peak due to α-lactose is not less than 97 per
cent of the total peak area.
Solution A. To 60 ml of lactic acid R add 45 ml of
previously filtered lactic acid R saturated without heating Lanatoside C. C49H76O2. (Mr 985). 1163300. [17575-22-3].
with Sudan red G R ; as lactic acid saturates slowly 3β-[(β-D-Glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-3-O-acetyl-2,6-dideoxy-
without heating, an excess of colorant is always necessary. β-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1→4)-2,6-dideoxy-β-D-
Solution B. Prepare 10 ml of a saturated solution of ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1→4)-2,6-dideoxy-β-D-ribo-
aniline R. Filter. hexopyranosyl)oxy]-12β,14-dihydroxy-5β-card-20(22)-enolide.
Solution C. Dissolve 75 mg of potassium iodide R in Long flat prisms obtained after recrystallisation in ethanol
water and dilute to 70 ml with the same solvent. Add (96 per cent).
10 ml of alcohol R and 0.1 g of iodine R. Shake. Freely soluble in pyridine and in dioxane.
Mix solutions A and B. Add solution C. Lanthanum chloride heptahydrate. LaCl3,7H2O. (Mr 371.4).
1167200.
Lactobionic acid. C12H22O12. (Mr 358.3). 1101600. [96-82-2].
White or almost white powder or colourless crystals, freely
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, freely soluble in soluble in water.
water, practically insoluble in alcohol.
mp : about 115 °C. Lanthanum nitrate. La(NO3)3,6H2O. (Mr 433.0). 1048000.
[10277-43-7]. Lanthanum trinitrate hexahydrate.
Lactose. 1047900. [5989-81-1]. Colourless crystals, deliquescent, freely soluble in water.
See Lactose (0187). Storage : in an airtight container.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 447
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Lanthanum nitrate solution. 1048001. Lead acetate cotton. 1048101.

A 50 g/l solution. Immerse absorbent cotton in a mixture of 1 volume of
dilute acetic acid R and 10 volumes of lead acetate
Lanthanum trioxide. La2O3. (Mr 325.8). 1114000. solution R. Drain off the excess of liquid, without
[1312-81-8]. squeezing the cotton, by placing it on several layers of
An almost white, amorphous powder, practically insoluble filter paper. Allow to dry in air.
in water R. It dissolves in dilute solutions of mineral acids Storage : in an airtight container.
and absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Lead acetate paper. 1048102.
Calcium : maximum 5 ppm. Immerse filter paper weighing about 80 g/m2 in a mixture
Lanthanum chloride solution. 1114001. of 1 volume of dilute acetic acid R and 10 volumes of
lead acetate solution R. After drying, cut the paper into
To 58.65 g of lanthanum trioxide R slowly add 100 ml of strips 15 mm by 40 mm.
hydrochloric acid R. Heat to boiling. Allow to cool and
dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R. Lead acetate solution. 1048103.
A 95 g/l solution in carbon dioxide-free water R.
Lauric acid. C12H24O2. (Mr 200.3). 1143100. [143-07-7].
Dodecanoic acid. Lead dioxide. PbO2. (Mr 239.2). 1048200. [1309-60-0].
White or almost white, crystalline powder, practically A dark brown powder, evolving oxygen when heated,
insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol. practically insoluble in water, soluble in hydrochloric acid
with evolution of chlorine, soluble in dilute nitric acid in the
mp : about 44 °C. presence of hydrogen peroxide, oxalic acid or other reducing
Lauric acid used in the assay of total fatty acids in Saw agents, soluble in hot, concentrated alkali hydroxide
palmetto fruit (1848) complies with the following additional solutions.
requirement.
Lead nitrate. Pb(NO3)2. (Mr 331.2). 1048300. [10099-74-8].
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as Lead dinitrate.
prescribed in the monograph on Saw palmetto fruit (1848).
A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless
The content of lauric acid is not less than 98 per cent, crystals, freely soluble in water.
calculated by the normalisation procedure.
Lead nitrate solution. 1048301.
Lauryl alcohol. C12H26O. (Mr 186.3). 1119900. [112-53-8]. A 33 g/l solution.
1-Dodecanol.
Lead subacetate solution. 1048400. [1335-32-6]. Basic lead
: about 0.820.
acetate solution.
mp : 24 °C to 27 °C. Content : 16.7 per cent m/m to 17.4 per cent m/m of Pb
Lavandulol. C10H18O. (Mr 154.2). 1114100. [498-16-8]. (Ar 207.2) in a form corresponding approximately to the
(R)-5-Methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)-4-hexen-1-ol. formula C8H14O10Pb3.
Dissolve 40.0 g of lead acetate R in 90 ml of carbon
An oily liquid with a characteristic odour. dioxide-free water R. Adjust the pH to 7.5 with strong
Lavandulol used in gas chromatography complies with the sodium hydroxide solution R. Centrifuge and use the clear
following additional test. colourless supernatant solution.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as The solution remains clear when stored in a well-closed
prescribed in the monograph on Lavender oil (1338). container.
Test solution. The substance to be examined. Leiocarposide. C27H34O16. (Mr 614.5). 1150200.
The area of the principal peak is not less than 90.0 per cent [71953-77-0]. 2-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)benzyl
of the area of all the peaks in the chromatogram obtained. 3-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-6-hydroxy-2-methoxybenzoate.
2-[[[3-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)-6-hydroxy-2-
Lavandulyl acetate. C12H20O2. (Mr 196.3). 1114200. methoxybenzoyl]oxy]methyl]phenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside.
[50373-59-6]. 2-Isopropenyl-5-methylhex-4-en-1-yl acetate. White or almost white powder, soluble in water, freely
A colourless liquid with a characteristic odour. soluble in methanol, slightly soluble in alcohol.
mp : 190 °C to 193 °C.
: about 0.911.
: about 1.454. Lemon oil. 1101700.
bp13 : 106 °C to 107 °C. See Lemon oil (0620).
Lavandulyl acetate used in gas chromatography complies Leucine. 1048500. [61-90-5].
with the following additional test. See Leucine (0771).
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as Levodopa. 1170000. [59-92-7].
prescribed in the monograph on Lavender oil (1338).
See Levodopa (0038).
Test solution. The substance to be examined.
Limonene. C10H16. (Mr 136.2). 1048600.
The area of the principal peak is not less than 93.0 per cent
[5989-27-5]. D-Limonene. (+)-p-Mentha-1,8-diene.
of the area of all the peaks in the chromatogram obtained.
(R)-4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohex-1-ene.
Lead acetate. C4H6O4Pb,3H2O. (Mr 379.3). 1048100. Colourless liquid, practically insoluble in water, soluble in
[6080-56-4]. Lead di-acetate. ethanol (96 per cent).
Colourless crystals, efflorescent, freely soluble in water, : about 0.84.
soluble in alcohol. : 1.471 to 1.474.

448 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

: about + 124. : about 0.915.

bp : 175 °C to 177 °C. : about 1.480.
Limonene used in gas chromatography complies with the Linolenic acid used in the assay of total fatty acids in Saw
following additional test. palmetto fruit (1848) complies with the following additional
Assay. Gas chromatography (2.2.28) as prescribed in the requirement.
monograph on Peppermint oil (0405). Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
Test solution. The substance to be examined. prescribed in the monograph on Saw palmetto fruit (1848).
The area of the principal peak is not less than 99.0 per cent The content of linolenic acid is not less than 98 per cent,
of the total area of the peaks. calculated by the normalisation procedure.

Linalol. C10H18O. (Mr 154.2). 1048700. [78-70-6]. Linolenyl alcohol. C18H32O. (Mr 264.4). 1156200.
(RS)-3,7-Dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol. [24149-05-1]. (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trien-1-ol.
Mixture of two stereoisomers (licareol and coriandrol). Content : minimum 96 per cent of C18H32O.
Liquid, practically insoluble in water. Linoleyl alcohol. C18H34O. (Mr 266.5). 1155900. [506-43-4].
: about 0.860. (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dien-1-ol.
: about 1.462. Relative density : 0.830.
bp : about 200 °C. Content : minimum 85 per cent of C18H34O.
Linalol used in gas chromatography complies with the Liquid scintillation cocktail. 1167300.
following test.
Commercially available solution for the determination of
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) under the radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting. It contains
conditions described in the monograph on Anise oil (0804) one or more fluorescent agents and mostly one or more
using the substance to be examined as the test solution. emulsifying agents in a suitable organic solvent or mixture
The area of the principal peak is not less than 98.0 per cent of organic solvents.
of the total area of the peaks.
Lithium. Li. (Ar 6.94). 1048800. [7439-93-2].
Linalyl acetate. C12H20O2. (Mr 196.3). 1107200. [115-95-7]. A soft metal whose freshly cut surface is silvery-grey. It
(RS)-1,5-Dimethyl-1-vinylhex-4-enyl acetate. rapidly tarnishes in contact with air. It reacts violently with
A colourless or slightly yellow liquid with a strong odour of water, yielding hydrogen and giving a solution of lithium
bergamot and lavender. hydroxide ; soluble in methanol, yielding hydrogen and a
: : 0.895 to 0.912. solution of lithium methoxide ; practically insoluble in light
: 1.448 to 1.451. petroleum.
bp : about 215 °C. Storage : under light petroleum or liquid paraffin.
Linalyl acetate used in gas chromatography complies with Lithium carbonate. Li2CO3. (Mr 73.9). 1048900. [554-13-2].
the following additional test. Dilithium carbonate.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as A white or almost white, light powder, sparingly soluble in
prescribed in the monograph on Bitter-orange-flower water, very slightly soluble in alcohol. A saturated solution
oil (1175), using the substance to be examined as the test at 20 °C contains about 13 g/l of Li2CO3.
solution.
The area of the principal peak is not less than 95.0 per cent Lithium chloride. LiCl. (Mr 42.39). 1049000. [7447-41-8].
of the total area of the peaks. Crystalline powder or granules or cubic crystals,
deliquescent, freely soluble in water, soluble in acetone and
Lindane. C6H6Cl6. (Mr 290.8). 1128900. [58-89-9]. in alcohol. Aqueous solutions are neutral or slightly alkaline.
γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane. Storage : in an airtight container.
See Lindane (0772).
For the monograph Wool fat (0134), a suitable certified Lithium hydroxide. LiOH,H2O. (Mr 41.96). 1049100.
reference solution (10 ng/µl in cyclohexane) may be used. [1310-66-3]. Lithium hydroxide monohydrate.
A white or almost white, granular powder, strongly alkaline,
Linoleic acid. C18H32O2. (Mr 280.5). 1143200. [60-33-3]. it rapidly absorbs water and carbon dioxide, soluble in water,
(9Z,12Z)-Octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid. sparingly soluble in alcohol.
Colourless, oily liquid. Storage : in an airtight container.
: about 0.903.
Lithium metaborate, anhydrous. LiBO2. (Mr 49.75).
: about 1.470. 1120000. [13453-69-5].
Linoleic acid used in the assay of total fatty acids in Saw
palmetto fruit (1848) complies with the following additional Lithium sulphate. Li2SO4,H2O. (Mr 128.0). 1049200.
requirement. [10102-25-7]. Dilithium sulphate monohydrate.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as Colourless crystals, freely soluble in water, practically
prescribed in the monograph on Saw palmetto fruit (1848). insoluble in alcohol.
The content of linoleic acid is not less than 98 per cent, Litmus. 1049300. [1393-92-6].
calculated by the normalisation procedure. Schultz No. 1386.
Linolenic acid. C18H30O2. (Mr 278.4). 1143300. [463-40-1]. Indigo-blue fragments prepared from various species
(9Z,12Z,15Z)-Octadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid. of Rocella, Lecanora or other lichens, soluble in water,
Colourless liquid, practically insoluble in water, soluble in practically insoluble in alcohol.
organic solvents. Colour change : pH 5 (red) to pH 8 (blue).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 449
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Litmus paper, blue. 1049301. Macrogol 200. 1099200. [25322-68-3]. Polyethyleneglycol

Boil 10 parts of coarsely powdered litmus R for 1 h with 200.
100 parts of alcohol R. Decant the alcohol and add to the A clear, colourless or almost colourless viscous liquid, very
residue a mixture of 45 parts of alcohol R and 55 parts of soluble in acetone and in ethanol, practically insoluble in
water R. After 2 days decant the clear liquid. Impregnate fatty oils.
strips of filter paper with the solution and allow to dry. : about 1.127.
Test for sensitivity. Immerse a strip measuring 10 mm : about 1.450.
by 60 mm in a mixture of 10 ml of 0.02 M hydrochloric
acid and 90 ml of water R. On shaking the paper turns Macrogol 200 R1. 1099201.
red within 45 s. Introduce 500 ml of macrogol 200 R into a 1000 ml
round bottom flask. Using a rotation evaporator remove
Litmus paper, red. 1049302. any volatile components applying for 6 h a temperature of
To the blue litmus extract, add dilute hydrochloric acid R 60 °C and a vacuum with a pressure of 1.5 kPa to 2.5 kPa.
dropwise until the blue colour becomes red. Impregnate Macrogol 300. 1067100. [25322-68-3]. Polyethyleneglycol
strips of filter paper with the solution and allow to dry. 300.
Test for sensitivity. Immerse a strip measuring 10 mm by See Macrogols (1444).
60 mm in a mixture of 10 ml of 0.02 M sodium hydroxide
and 90 ml of water R. On shaking the paper turns blue Macrogol 400. 1067200. [25322-68-3]. Polyethyleneglycol
within 45 s. 400.
See Macrogols (1444).
Loganin. C17H26O10. (Mr 390.4). 1136700. [18524-94-2].
Methyl (1S,4aS,6S,7R,7aS)-1-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-6- Macrogol 1000. 1067300. [25322-68-3]. Polyethyleneglycol
hydroxy-7-methyl-1,4a,5,6,7,7a-hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran- 1000.
4-carboxylate. See Macrogols (1444).
mp : 220 °C to 221 °C.
Macrogol 1500. 1067400. [25322-68-3]. Polyethyleneglycol
Longifolene. C15H24. (Mr 204.4). 1150300. [475-20-7]. 1500.
(1S,3aR,4S,8aS)-4,8,8-Trimethyl-9-methylenedecahydro-1,4- See Macrogols (1444).
methanoazulene.
Macrogol 20 000. 1067600. Polyethyleneglycol 20 000.
Oily, colourless liquid, practically insoluble in water, miscible See Macrogols (1444).
with alcohol.
: 0.9319. Macrogol 20 000 2-nitroterephthalate. 1067601.
Polyethyleneglycol 20 000 2-nitroterephthalate.
: 1.5050.
Macrogol 20 000 R modified by treating with
: + 42.7. 2-nitroterephthalate acid.
bp : 254 °C to 256 °C. A hard, white or almost white, waxy solid, soluble in
acetone.
Longifolene used in gas chromatography complies with
the following additional test. Magnesium. Mg. (Ar 24.30). 1049500. [7439-95-4].
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as Silver-white ribbon, turnings or wire, or a grey powder.
prescribed in the monograph on Turpentine oil, Pinus
pinaster type (1627). Magnesium acetate. C4H6MgO4,4H2O. (Mr 214.5). 1049600.
[16674-78-5]. Magnesium diacetate tetrahydrate.
The content is not less than 98.0 per cent, calculated by the
normalisation procedure. Colourless crystals, deliquescent, freely soluble in water and
in alcohol.
Low-vapour-pressure hydrocarbons (type L). 1049400. Storage : in an airtight container.
Unctuous mass, soluble in benzene and in toluene. Magnesium chloride. 1049700. [7791-18-6].
Lumiflavine. C13H12N4O2. (Mr 256.3). 1141000. [1088-56-8]. See Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (0402).
7,8,10-Trimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione. Magnesium nitrate. Mg(NO3)2,6H2O. (Mr 256.4). 1049800.
Yellow powder or orange crystals, very slightly soluble in [13446-18-9]. Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate.
water, freely soluble in methylene chloride. Colourless, clear crystals, deliquescent, very soluble in water,
freely soluble in alcohol.
Luteolin-7-glucoside. C21H20O11. (Mr 448.4).
1163400. [5373-11-5]. 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-7-(β- Storage : in an airtight container.
D-glucopyranosyloxy)-5-hydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Magnesium nitrate solution. 1049801.
Yellow powder. Dissolve 17.3 g of magnesium nitrate R in 5 ml of water R
Absorbance (2.2.25). A solution in methanol R shows warming gently and add 80 ml of alcohol R. Cool and
absorption maxima at 255 nm, 267 nm, 290 nm and 350 nm. dilute to 100.0 ml with the same solvent.
mp : about 247 °C. Magnesium nitrate solution R1. 1049802.
Dissolve 20 g of magnesium nitrate R (Mg(NO3)2,6H2O)
Macrogol 23 lauryl ether. 1129000. in deionised distilled water R and dilute to 100 ml with
Complies with the monograph Macrogol lauryl ether (1124), the same solvent. Immediately before use, dilute 10 ml to
the nominal value for the amount of ethylene oxide reacted 100 ml with deionised distilled water R. A volume of 5 µl
with lauryl alcohol being 23. will provide 0.06 mg of Mg (NO3)2.

450 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Magnesium oxide. 1049900. [1309-48-4]. Maleic anhydride solution. 1050701.

See Light magnesium oxide (0040). Dissolve 5 g of maleic anhydride R in toluene R and
dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent. Use within one
Magnesium oxide R1. 1049901. month. If the solution becomes turbid, filter.
Complies with the requirements prescribed for
magnesium oxide R with the following modifications. Maltitol. 1136800. [585-88-6].
Arsenic (2.4.2). Dissolve 0.5 g in a mixture of 5 ml of See Maltitol (1235).
water R and 5 ml of hydrochloric acid R1. The solution
complies with limit test A for arsenic (2 ppm). Manganese sulphate. MnSO4,H2O. (Mr 169.0). 1050900.
Heavy metals (2.4.8). Dissolve 1.0 g in a mixture of [10034-96-5]. Manganese sulphate monohydrate.
3 ml of water R and 7 ml of hydrochloric acid R1. Add Pale-pink, crystalline powder or crystals, freely soluble in
0.05 ml of phenolphthalein solution R and concentrated water, practically insoluble in alcohol.
ammonia R until a pink colour is obtained. Neutralise Loss on ignition : 10.0 per cent to 12.0 per cent, determined
the excess of ammonia by the addition of glacial acetic on 1.000 g at 500 ± 50 °C.
acid R. Add 0.5 ml in excess and dilute to 20 ml with
water R. Filter, if necessary. 12 ml of the solution Mannitol. 1051000. [69-65-8].
complies with limit test A for heavy metals (10 ppm). See Mannitol (0559).
Prepare the standard using a mixture of 5 ml of lead
standard solution (1 ppm Pb) R and 5 ml of water R. Mannose. C6H12O6. (Mr 180.2). 1051100. [3458-28-4].
Iron (2.4.9). Dissolve 0.2 g in 6 ml of dilute hydrochloric D-(+)-Mannose.
acid R and dilute to 10 ml with water R. The solution white or almost white, crystalline powder or small crystals,
complies with the limit test for iron (50 ppm). very soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol.
Magnesium oxide, heavy. 1050000. [1309-48-4]. : + 13.7 + 14.7, determined on a 200 g/l solution in
See Heavy magnesium oxide (0041). water R containing about 0.05 per cent of NH3.
mp : about 132 °C, with decomposition.
Magnesium silicate for pesticide residue analysis. 1129100.
[1343-88-0]. Marrubiin. C20H28O4. (Mr 332.4). 1158300. [465-92-9].
Magnesium silicate for chromatography (60-100 mesh). (2aS,5aS,6R,7R,8aR,8bR)-6-[2-(Furan-3-yl)ethyl]-6-hydroxy-
2a,5a,7-trimethyldecahydro-2H-naphtho[1,8-bc]furan-2-one.
Magnesium sulphate. 1050200. [10034-99-8]. Colourless, microcrystalline powder.
See Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate (0044).
Marrubiin used in liquid chromatography complies with
Maize oil. 1050400. the following additional test.
See Maize oil, refined (1342). Assay. Liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as prescribed in the
monograph on White horehound (1835).
Malachite green. C23H25ClN2. (Mr 364.9). 1050500.
[123333-61-9]. Content : minimum 95.0 per cent, calculated by the
normalisation procedure.
Schultz No. 754.
Colour Index No. 42000. Meclozine hydrochloride. 1051200. [1104-22-9].
[4-[[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]phenylmethylene]cyclohexa-2, See Meclozine hydrochloride (0622).
5-dien-1-ylidene]dimethylammonium chloride.
Green crystals with a metallic lustre, very soluble in water Melamine. C3H6N6. (Mr 126.1). 1051300. [108-78-1].
giving a bluish-green solution, soluble in alcohol and in 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triamine.
methanol. A white or almost white, amorphous powder, very slightly
A 0.01 g/l solution in alcohol R shows an absorption soluble in water and in alcohol.
maximum (2.2.25) at 617 nm.
Menadione. 1051400. [58-27-5].
Malachite green solution. 1050501. See Menadione (0507).
A 5 g/l solution in anhydrous acetic acid R.
Menthofuran. C10H14O. (Mr 150.2). 1051500.
Malathion. C10H19O6PS2. (Mr 330.3). 1129200. [121-75-5]. [17957-94-7]. 3,9-Epoxy-p-mentha-3,8-diene.
bp : about 156 °C. 3,6-Dimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-benzofuran.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in iso-octane) A slightly bluish liquid, very slightly soluble in water, soluble
may be used. in alcohol.
Maleic acid. 1050600. [110-16-7]. : about 0.965.
See Maleic acid (0365). : about 1.480.
: about + 93.
Maleic anhydride. C4H2O3. (Mr 98.1). 1050700. [108-31-6].
Butenedioic anhydride. 2,5-Furandione. bp : 196 °C.
White or almost white crystals, soluble in water forming Menthofuran used in gas chromatography complies with
maleic acid, very soluble in acetone and in ethyl acetate, the following additional test.
freely soluble in toluene, soluble in alcohol with ester Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
formation, very slightly soluble in light petroleum. prescribed in the monograph on Peppermint oil (0405)
mp : about 52 °C. using the substance to be examined as the test solution.
Any residue insoluble in toluene does not exceed 5 per cent The area of the principal peak is not less than 97.0 per cent
(maleic acid). of the total area of the peaks.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 451
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Menthol. 1051600. [2216-51-5]. See Levomenthol (0619) Mercuric bromide. HgBr2. (Mr 360.4). 1052100. [7789-47-1].
and Racemic menthol (0623). Mercury dibromide.
Menthol used in gas chromatography complies with the White or faintly yellow crystals or a crystalline powder,
following additional test. slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
prescribed in the Related substances test included in the Mercuric bromide paper. 1052101.
monograph on Racemic menthol (0623). In a rectangular dish place a 50 g/l solution of mercuric
The area of the principal peak is not less than 98.0 per cent bromide R in ethanol R and immerse in it pieces of
of the total area of the peaks, disregarding any peak due to white filter paper weighing 80 g per square metre (speed
the solvent. of filtration = filtration time expressed in seconds for
100 ml of water at 20 °C with a filter surface of 10 cm2
Menthone. C10H18O. (Mr 154.2). 1051700. [14073-97-3]. and constant pressure of 6.7 kPa : 40 s to 60 s), each
(2S,5R)-2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanone. measuring 1.5 cm by 20 cm and folded in two. Allow the
(–)-trans-p-Menthan-3-one. excess liquid to drain and allow the paper to dry, protected
Contains variable amounts of isomenthone. from light, suspended over a non-metallic thread. Discard
1 cm from each end of each strip and cut the remainder
A colourless liquid, very slightly soluble in water, very into 1.5 cm squares or discs of 1.5 cm diameter.
soluble in alcohol.
Storage : in a glass-stoppered container wrapped with
: about 0.897. black paper.
: about 1.450.
Menthone used in gas chromatography complies with the Mercuric chloride. 1052200. [7487-94-7].
following additional test. See Mercuric chloride (0120).
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as Mercuric chloride solution. 1052201.
prescribed in the monograph on Peppermint oil (0405)
using the substance to be examined as the test solution. A 54 g/l solution.
The area of the principal peak is not less than 90.0 per cent Mercuric iodide. HgI2. (Mr 454.4). 1052300. [7774-29-0].
of the total area of the peaks. Mercury di-iodide.
Menthyl acetate. C12H22O2. (Mr 198.3). 1051800. A dense, scarlet, crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water,
[2623-23-6]. 2-Isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl acetate. sparingly soluble in acetone and in alcohol, soluble in an
A colourless liquid, slightly soluble in water, miscible with excess of potassium iodide solution R.
alcohol. Storage : protected from light.
: about 0.92.
Mercuric nitrate. Hg(NO3)2,H2O. (Mr 342.6). 1052400.
: about 1.447. [7783-34-8]. Mercury dinitrate monohydrate.
bp : about 228 °C. Colourless or slightly coloured crystals, hygroscopic, soluble
Menthyl acetate used in gas chromatography complies with in water in the presence of a small quantity of nitric acid.
the following additional test. Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
prescribed in the monograph on Peppermint oil (0405) Mercuric oxide. HgO. (Mr 216.6). 1052500. [21908-53-2].
using the substance to be examined as the test solution. Yellow mercuric oxide. Mercury oxide.
The area of the principal peak is not less than 97.0 per cent A yellow to orange-yellow powder, practically insoluble in
of the total area of the peaks. water and in alcohol.
Storage : protected from light.
2-Mercaptobenzimidazole. C7H6N2S. (Mr 150.2). 1170100.
[583-39-1]. 1H-benzimidazole-2-thiol. Mercuric sulphate solution. 1052600. [7783-35-9].
mp : about 302 °C. Dissolve 1 g of mercuric oxide R in a mixture of 20 ml of
2-Mercaptoethanol. C2H6OS. (Mr 78.1). 1099300. [60-24-2]. water R and 4 ml of sulphuric acid R.
A liquid, miscible with water. Mercuric thiocyanate. Hg(SCN)2. (Mr 316.7). 1052700.
: about 1.116. [592-85-8]. Mercury di(thiocyanate).
bp : about 157 °C. A white or almost white, crystalline powder, very slightly
soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, soluble in
Mercaptopurine. 1051900. [6112-76-1]. solutions of sodium chloride.
See Mercaptopurine (0096).
Mercuric thiocyanate solution. 1052701.
Mercuric acetate. C4H6HgO4. (Mr 318.7). 1052000. Dissolve 0.3 g of mercuric thiocyanate R in ethanol R
[1600-27-7]. Mercury diacetate. and dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent.
White or almost white crystals, freely soluble in water, Storage : use within 1 week.
soluble in alcohol.
Mercury. Hg. (Ar 200.6). 1052800. [7439-97-6].
Mercuric acetate solution. 1052001.
A silver-white liquid, breaking into spherical globules which
Dissolve 3.19 g of mercuric acetate R in anhydrous do not leave a metallic trace when rubbed on paper.
acetic acid R and dilute to 100 ml with the same acid. If
necessary, neutralise the solution with 0.1 M perchloric : about 13.5.
acid using 0.05 ml of crystal violet solution R as indicator. bp : about 357 °C.

452 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Mercury, nitric acid solution of. 1052801. Methanol. CH4O. (Mr 32.04). 1053200. [67-56-1].
Carefully dissolve 3 ml of mercury R in 27 ml of fuming A clear, colourless, flammable liquid, miscible with water
nitric acid R. Dilute the solution with an equal volume of and with alcohol.
water R. : 0.791 to 0.793.
Storage : protected from light ; use within 2 months.
bp : 64 °C to 65 °C.
Mesityl oxide. C6H10O. (Mr 98.1). 1120100. [141-79-7].
4-Methylpent-3-en-2-one. Methanol R1. 1053201.
Colourless, oily liquid, soluble in 30 parts of water, miscible Complies with the requirements prescribed for
with most organic solvents. methanol R and the following additional requirement.
: about 0.858. Minimum transmittance (2.2.25), determined using
water R as compensation liquid : 20 per cent at 210 nm,
bp : 129 °C to 130 °C. 50 per cent at 220 nm, 75 per cent at 230 nm, 95 per
Metanil yellow. C18H14N3NaO3S. (Mr 375.4). 1052900. cent at 250 nm, 98 per cent at 260 nm and at higher
[587-98-4]. wavelengths.
Schultz No. 169. Methanol R2. 1053202.
Colour Index No. 13065. Complies with the requirements prescribed for
Sodium 3-[4-(phenylamino)phenylazo]benzenesulphonate. methanol R and the following additional requirements.
A brownish-yellow powder, soluble in water and in alcohol. Content : minimum 99.8 per cent of CH4O (Mr 32.04).
Metanil yellow solution. 1052901. Absorbance (2.2.25). The absorbance at 225 nm using
A 1 g/l solution in methanol R. water R as the compensation liquid is not more than 0.17.
Test for sensitivity. To 50 ml of anhydrous acetic acid R Methanol, hydrochloric. 1053203.
add 0.1 ml of the metanil yellow solution. Add 0.05 ml
of 0.1 M perchloric acid ; the colour changes from Dilute 1.0 ml of hydrochloric acid R1 to 100.0 ml with
pinkish-red to violet. methanol R.
Colour change : pH 1.2 (red) to pH 2.3 (orange-yellow). Methanol, aldehyde-free. 1053300.
Metaphosphoric acid. (HPO3)x. 1053000. [37267-86-0]. Dissolve 25 g of iodine R in 1 litre of methanol R and pour
the solution, with constant stirring, into 400 ml of 1 M
Glassy lumps or sticks containing a proportion of sodium
sodium hydroxide. Add 150 ml of water R and allow to
metaphosphate, hygroscopic, very soluble in water.
stand for 16h. Filter. Boil under a reflux condenser until
Nitrates. Boil 1.0 g with 10 ml of water R, cool, add 1 ml of the odour of iodoform disappears. Distil the solution by
indigo carmine solution R, 10 ml of nitrogen-free sulphuric fractional distillation.
acid R and heat to boiling. The blue colour is not entirely
discharged. Content : maximum 0.001 per cent of aldehydes and ketones.
Reducing substances : maximum 0.01 per cent, calculated Methanol, anhydrous. 1053400. [67-56-1].
as H3PO3. Dissolve 35.0 g in 50 ml of water R. Add 5 ml of a
Treat 1000 ml of methanol R with 5 g of magnesium R. If
200 g/l solution of sulphuric acid R, 50 mg of potassium
necessary initiate the reaction by adding 0.1 ml of mercuric
bromide R and 5.0 ml of 0.02 M potassium bromate and
chloride solution R. When the evolution of gas has ceased,
heat on a water-bath for 30 min. Allow to cool and add 0.5 g
distil the liquid and collect the distillate in a dry container
of potassium iodide R. Titrate the liberated iodine with
protected from moisture.
0.1 M sodium thiosulphate, using 1 ml of starch solution R
as indicator. Carry out a blank test. Water (2.5.12) : maximum 0.3 g/l.
1 ml of 0.02 M potassium bromate is equivalent to 4.10 mg DL-Methionine. 1129400. [59-51-8].
of H3PO3.
See DL-Methionine (0624).
Storage : in an airtight container.
L-Methionine.1053500. [63-68-3].
Methacrylic acid. C4H6O2. (Mr 86.1). 1101800. [79-41-4].
2-Methylprop-2-enoic acid. See Methionine (1027).
A colourless liquid.
(RS)-Methotrexate. 1120200. [60388--6]. (RS)-2-[4-[[(2,4-di-
: about 1.431. aminopteridin-6-yl)methyl]methylamino]benzoylamino]pen-
bp : about 160 °C. tanedioic acid.
mp : about 16 °C. Content : minimum 96.0 per cent of C20H22N8O5.
Methane. CH4. (Mr 16). 1166300. [74-82-8]. mp : about 195 °C.
Content : minimum 99.0 per cent V/V of CH4. Methoxychlor. C16H15Cl3O2. (Mr 345.7). 1129300. [72-43-5].
1,1-(2,2,2-Trichloroethylidene)-bis(4-methoxybenzene).
Methanesulphonic acid. CH4O3S. (Mr 96.1). 1053100.
[75-75-2]. Practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in most organic
solvents.
A clear, colourless liquid, solidifying at about 20 °C, miscible
with water, slightly soluble in toluene, practically insoluble bp : about 346 °C.
in hexane. mp : 78 °C to 86 °C.
: about 1.48. A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in iso-octane)
: about 1.430. may be used.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 453
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

trans-2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde. C10H10O2. (Mr 162.2). Methyl anthranilate. C8H9NO2. (Mr 151.2). 1107300.
1129500. [60125-24-8]. [134-20-3]. Methyl 2-aminobenzoate.
mp : 44 °C to 46 °C. Colourless crystals or a colourless or yellowish liquid,
soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol.
trans-2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde used in gas
chromatography complies with the following additional bp : 134 °C to 136 °C.
test. mp : 24 °C to 25 °C.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as Methyl anthranilate used in gas chromatography complies
prescribed in the monograph on Cassia oil (1496). with the following additional test.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
The content is not less than 96.0 per cent, calculated by the prescribed in the monograph on Bitter-orange-flower
normalisation procedure. oil (1175), using the substance to be examined as the test
solution. The area of the principal peak is not less than
(1RS)-1-(6-Methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)ethanol. 95.0 per cent of the total area of the peaks.
C13H14O2. (Mr 202.3). 1159600. [77301-42-9].
6-Methoxy-α-methyl-2-naphthalenemethanol. Methyl arachidate. C21H42O2. (Mr 326.6). 1053900.
[1120-28-1]. Methyl eicosanoate.
White or almost white powder.
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C21H42O2, determined by
mp : about 113 °C. gas chromatography (2.4.22).
A white or yellow, crystalline mass, soluble in alcohol and in
1-(6-Methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)ethanone. C13H12O2.
light petroleum.
(Mr 200.2). 1159700. [3900-45-6]. 6′-Methoxy-2′-
acetonaphthone. mp : about 46 °C.
White or almost white powder. Methyl behenate. C23H46O2. (Mr 354.6). 1107500. [929-77-1].
Methyl docosanoate.
mp : about 108 °C.
mp : 54 °C to 55 °C.
Methoxyphenylacetic acid. C9H10O3. (Mr 166.2). 1053600. Methyl benzenesulphonate. C7H8O3S. (Mr 172.2). 1159800.
[7021-09-2]. (RS)-2-Methoxy-2-phenylacetic acid. [80-18-2].
A white, crystalline powder or white or almost white crystals, A clear, colourless liquid.
sparingly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol. bp : about 148 °C.
mp : about 70 °C.
Methyl benzoate. C8H8O2. (Mr 136.2). 1164500. [93-58-3].
Benzoic acid, methyl ester.
Methoxyphenylacetic reagent. 1053601.
Colourless liquid.
Dissolve 2.7 g of methoxyphenylacetic acid R in 6 ml of
: 1.088.
tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution R and add
20 ml of ethanol R. bp : about 200 °C.
Storage : in a polyethylene container. Methylbenzothiazolone hydrazone hydrochloride.
C8H10ClN3S,H2O. (Mr 233.7). 1055300. [38894-11-0].
3-Methoxy-L-tyrosine. C10H13NO4H2O. (Mr 229.2). 1164400. 3-Methylbenzothiazol-2(3H)-one hydrazone hydrochloride
[200630-46-2]. monohydrate.
Off-white or yellow powder. An almost white or yellowish, crystalline powder.
mp : about 270 °C.
Methyl acetate. C3H6O2. (Mr 74.1). 1053700. [79-20-9]. Suitability for determination of aldehydes. To 2 ml of
A clear, colourless liquid, soluble in water, miscible with aldehyde-free methanol R add 60 µl of a 1 g/l solution of
alcohol. propionaldehyde R in aldehyde-free methanol R and 5 ml
of a 4 g/l solution of methylbenzothiazolone hydrazone
: about 0.933. hydrochloride. Mix. Allow to stand for 30 min. Prepare a
: about 1.361 blank omitting the propionaldehyde solution. Add 25.0 ml of
a 2 g/l solution of ferric chloride R to the test solution and
bp : 56 °C to 58 °C. to the blank, dilute to 100.0 ml with acetone R and mix. The
absorbance (2.2.25) of the test solution, measured at 660 nm
Methyl 4-acetylbenzoate. C10H10O3. (Mr 178.2). 1154100. using the blank as compensation liquid, is not less than 0.62.
[3609--8].
mp : about 94 °C. (S)-(−)-α-Methylbenzyl isocyanate. C9H9NO. (Mr 147.2).
1170200. [14649-03-7]. (−)-(S)-α-Methylbenzyl isocyanate.
Methyl 4-acetylbenzoate reagent. 1154101. (−)-[(1S)-1-Isocyanatoethyl]benzene. (−)-(1S)-1-Phenylethyl
isocyanate.
Dissolve 0.25 g of methyl 4-acetylbenzoate R in a Content : minimum 99.0 per cent.
mixture of 5 ml of sulphuric acid R and 85 ml of cooled
methanol R. A colourless liquid.
: about 1.045.
4-Methylaminophenol sulphate. C14H20N2O6S. (Mr 344.4). : about 1.514.
1053800. [55-55-0]. bp : 55 °C to 56 °C at 2.5 mm Hg.
Colourless crystals, very soluble in water, slightly soluble Enantiomeric purity : minimum 99.5 per cent.
in alcohol. Storage : at a temperature of 2 °C to 8 °C.
mp : about 260 °C. NOTE : do not use the reagent if it is coloured.

454 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

2-Methylbutane. C5H12. (Mr 72.2). 1099500. [78-78-4]. 3-O-Methyldopamine hydrochloride. C9H14ClNO2.

Isopentane. (Mr 203.7). 1055600. [1477-68-5]. 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-2-
Content : minimum 99.5 per cent of C5H12. methoxyphenol hydrochloride.
A very flammable colourless liquid. mp : 213 °C to 215 °C.
: about 0.621. Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
: about 1.354. on Dopamine hydrochloride (0664), applying 10 µl of
a 0.075 g/l solution in methanol R. The chromatogram
bp : about 29 °C. obtained shows only one principal spot.
Water (2.5.12) : maximum 0.02 per cent.
Residue on evaporation : maximum 0.0003 per cent. 4-O-Methyldopamine hydrochloride. C9H14ClNO2.
(Mr 203.7). 1055700. [645-33-0]. 5-(2-Aminoethyl)-2-
Minimum transmittance (2.2.25), determined using water R methoxyphenol hydrochloride.
as compensation liquid : 50 per cent at 210 nm, 85 per cent
at 220 nm, 98 per cent at 240 nm and at higher wavelengths. mp : 207 °C to 208 °C.
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
2-Methylbut-2-ene. C5H10. (Mr 70.1). 1055400. [513-35-9]. on Dopamine hydrochloride (0664), applying 10 µl of
A very flammable liquid, practically insoluble in water, a 0.075 g/l solution in methanol R. The chromatogram
miscible with alcohol. obtained shows only one principal spot.
bp : 37.5 °C to 38.5 °C.
Methylenebisacrylamide. C7H10N2O2. (Mr 154.2). 1056000.
Methyl caprate. 1054000. [110-26-9]. N,N′-Methylenebispropenamide.
See Methyl decanoate R. A fine, white or almost white powder, slightly soluble in
water, soluble in alcohol.
Methyl caproate. C7H14O2. (Mr 130.2). 1120300. [106-70-7]. mp : It melts with decomposition at a temperature above
Methyl hexanoate. 300 °C.
: about 0.885.
: about 1.405. Methylene blue. C16H18ClN3S,xH2O. (Mr 319.9 for the
anhydrous substance). 1055800. [7220-79-3].
bp : 150 °C to 151 °C.
Schultz No. 1038.
Methyl caprylate. C9H18O2. (Mr 158.2). 1120400. [111-11-5]. Colour Index No. 52015.
Methyl octanoate. 3,7-Dimethylaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride.
: about 0.876. It occurs in different hydrated forms and may contain up
: about 1.417. to 22 per cent of water. A dark-green or bronze, crystalline
bp : 193 °C to 194 °C. powder, freely soluble in water, soluble in alcohol.

Methylcellulose 450. 1055500. [9004-67-5]. Methylene chloride. CH2Cl2. (Mr 84.9). 1055900. [75-09-2].
See Methylcellulose (0345). Dichloromethane.
The nominal viscosity is 450 mPa·s A colourless liquid, sparingly soluble in water, miscible with
alcohol.
Methyl cinnamate. C10H10O2. (Mr 162.2). 1099400. bp : 39 °C to 42 °C.
[103-26-4].
Methylene chloride used in fluorimetry complies with the
Colourless crystals practically insoluble in water, soluble following additional requirement.
in alcohol.
Fluorescence. Under irradiation at 365 nm, the fluorescence
: about 1.56. (2.2.21) measured at 460 nm in a 1 cm cell is not more intense
bp : about 260 °C. than that of a solution containing 0.002 ppm of quinine R in
mp : 34 °C to 36 °C. 0.5 M sulphuric acid measured in the same conditions.
Methyl decanoate. C11H22O2. (Mr 186.3). 1054000. Methylene chloride, acidified. 1055901.
[110-42-9]. Methyl n-decanoate. To 100 ml of methylene chloride R add 10 ml of
Content : minimum 99.0 per cent of C11H22O2. hydrochloric acid R, shake, allow to stand and separate
A clear, colourless or yellow liquid, soluble in light petroleum. the two layers. Use the lower layer.
: 0.871 to 0.876. Methyl eicosenoate. C21H40O2. (Mr 324.5). 1120500.
: 1.425 to 1.426. [2390-09-2]. (11Z)-eicos-11-enoate.
Foreign substances. Examine by gas chromatography
(2.2.28), injecting equal volumes of each of the following : Methyl erucate. C23H44O2. (Mr 352.6). 1146100. [1120-34-9].
Methyl cis-13-docosenoate.
(I) a 0.02 g/l solution of the substance to be examined in
carbon disulphide R, (II) a 2 g/l solution of the substance : about 0.871.
to be examined in carbon disulphide R, and (III) carbon : about 1.456.
disulphide R. Carry out the chromatographic procedure
under the conditions of the test for butylated hydroxytoluene 3-O-Methylestrone. C19H24O2. (Mr 284.4). 1137000.
prescribed in the monograph on Wool fat (0134). The [1624-62-0]. 3-Methoxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17-one.
total area of any peaks, apart from the solvent peak and White to yellowish-white powder.
the principal peak, in the chromatogram obtained with
solution (II) is less than the area of the principal peak in the : about + 157.
chromatogram obtained with solution (I). mp : about 173 °C.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 455
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Methyl ethyl ketone. C4H8O. (Mr 72.1). 1054100. [78-93-3]. Methyl isobutyl ketone R1. 1054301.
Ethyl methyl ketone. 2-Butanone. Shake 50 ml of freshly distilled methyl isobutyl ketone R
A clear, colourless, flammable liquid, very soluble in water, with 0.5 ml of hydrochloric acid R1 for 1 min. Allow the
miscible with alcohol. phases to separate and discard the lower phase. Prepare
immediately before use.
: about 0.81.
bp : 79 °C to 80 °C. Methyl isobutyl ketone R3. 1054302.
Complies with the requirements for methyl isobutyl
Methyl green. C26H33Cl2N3. (Mr 458.5). 1054200. ketone R and with the following limits :
[7114-03-6].
Chromium : maximum 0.02 ppm.
Schultz No. 788.
Copper : maximum 0.02 ppm.
Colour Index No. 42585.
Lead : maximum 0.1 ppm.
4-[[4-(Dimethyl-amino)phenyl][4-(dimethyliminio)cyclohexa-
2,5-dienylidene]-methylphenyl]trimethylammonium Nickel : maximum 0.02 ppm.
dichloride. Tin : maximum 0.1 ppm.
Green powder, soluble in water, soluble in sulphuric acid
giving a yellow solution turning green on dilution with water. Methyl laurate. C13H26O2. (Mr 214.4). 1054400. [111-82-0].
Methyl dodecanoate.
Methyl green-iodomercurate paper. 1054201. Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C13H26O2, determined by
Immerse thin strips of suitable filter paper in a 40 g/l gas chromatography (2.4.22).
solution of methyl green R and allow to dry in air. A colourless or yellow liquid, soluble in alcohol and in light
Immerse the strips for 1 h in a solution containing petroleum.
140 g/l of potassium iodide R and 200 g/l of mercuric : about 0.87.
iodide R. Wash with distilled water R until the washings
are practically colourless and allow to dry in air. : about 1.431.
mp : about 5 °C.
Storage : protected from light ; use within 48 h.
Methyl lignocerate. C25H50O2. (Mr 382.7). 1120600.
Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate. 1055000. [99-76-3]. [2442-49-1]. Methyl tetracosanoate.
See Methyl parahydroxybenzoate R. Flakes.
1-Methylimidazole. C4H6N2. (Mr 82.1). 1139700. [616-47-7]. mp : about 58 °C.
1-Methyl-1H-imidazole.
Methyl linoleate. C19H34O2. (Mr 294.5). 1120700. [112-63-0].
Colourless or slightly yellowish liquid. Methyl (9Z,12Z)-octadeca-9,12-dienoate.
: about 1.495. : about 0.888.
bp : 195 °C to 197 °C. : about 1.466.
Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light. bp : 207 °C to 208 °C.

1-Methylimidazole R1. 1139701. Methyl linolenate. C19H32O2. (Mr 292.5). 1120800.

[301-00-8]. Methyl (9Z,12Z,15Z)-octadeca-9,12,15-trienoate.
Complies with the requirements described for
1-methylimidazole R with the following additional : about 0.901.
requirement. : about 1.471.
Content : minimum 95.0 per cent. bp : about 207 °C.

2-Methylimidazole. C4H6N2. (Mr 82.1). 1143400. [693-98-1]. Methyl γ-linolenate. C19H32O2. (Mr 292.5). 1158400.
[16326-32-2]. Methyl (6Z,9Z,12Z)-octadeca-6,9,12-trienoate.
White or almost white, crystalline powder.
Content : minimum 99.0 per cent of C19H32O2, determined by
mp : about 145 °C. gas chromatography.
Methyl iodide. CH3I. (Mr 141.9). 1166400. [74-88-4]. Methyl margarate. C18H36O2. (Mr 284.5). 1120900.
Iodomethane. [1731-92-6]. Methyl heptadecanoate.
Methyl isobutyl ketone. C6H12O. (Mr 100.2). 1054300. White or almost white powder.
[108-10-1]. 4-Methyl-2-pentanone. mp : 32 °C to 34 °C.
A clear, colourless liquid, slightly soluble in water, miscible Methyl margarate used in the assay of total fatty acids in
with most organic solvents. Saw palmetto fruit (1848) complies with the following
additional requirement.
: about 0.80.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
bp : about 115 °C. prescribed in the monograph on Saw palmetto fruit (1848).
Distillation range (2.2.11). Distil 100 ml. The range of The content of methyl margarate is not less than 97 per cent,
temperature of distillation from 1 ml to 95 ml of distillate calculated by the normalisation procedure.
does not exceed 4.0 °C.
Residue on evaporation : maximum 0.01 per cent, Methyl methacrylate. C5H8O2. (Mr 100.1). 1054500.
determined by evaporating on a water-bath and drying at [80-62-6]. Methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate.
100-105 °C. A colourless liquid.

456 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

: about 1.414. Test for sensitivity. A mixture of 0.1 ml of the methyl

bp : about 100 °C. orange solution and 100 ml of carbon dioxide-free water R
is yellow. Not more than 0.1 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid
mp : about − 48 °C.
is required to change the colour to red.
It contains a suitable stabilising reagent.
Colour change : pH 3.0 (red) to pH 4.4 (yellow).
Methyl N-methylanthranilate. C9H11NO2. (Mr 165.2).
1164600. [85-91-6]. Methyl 2-(methylamino)benzoate. Methyl palmitate. C17H34O2. (Mr 270.5). 1054900.
[112-39-0]. Methyl hexadecanoate.
Pale yellow liquid.
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C17H34O2, determined by
: about 1.128. gas chromatography (2.4.22).
: about 1.579. A white or yellow, crystalline mass, soluble in alcohol and in
bp : 255 °C to 258 °C. light petroleum.
Methyl N-methylanthranilate used in gas chromatography mp : about 30 °C.
complies with the following additional test.
Assay. Gas chromatography (2.2.28) as prescribed in the Methyl palmitoleate. C17H32O2. (Mr 268.4). 1121000.
monograph on Mandarin oil (2355). [1120-25-8]. Methyl (9Z)-hexadec-9-enoate.
Test solution. The substance to be examined. : about 0.876.
Content : minimum 97 per cent, calculated by the : about 1.451.
normalisation procedure. Methyl parahydroxybenzoate. 1055000. [99-76-3].
Methyl myristate. C15H30O2. (Mr 242.4). 1054600. See Methyl parahydroxybenzoate (0409).
[124-10-7]. Methyl tetradecanoate.
Methyl pelargonate. C10H20O2. (Mr 172.3). 1143500.
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C15H30O2, determined by [1731-84-6]. Methyl nonanoate.
gas chromatography (2.4.22).
Clear, colourless liquid.
A colourless or slightly yellow liquid, soluble in alcohol and
in light petroleum. : about 0.873.
: about 0.87. : about 1.422.
: about 1.437. bp : 91 °C to 92 °C.
mp : about 20 °C. Methyl pelargonate used in the assay of total fatty acids
in Saw palmetto fruit (1848) complies with the following
Methyl nervonate. 1144800. [2733-88-2]. additional requirement.
See Tetracos-15-enoic acid methyl ester R. Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
prescribed in the monograph on Saw palmetto fruit (1848).
2-Methyl-5-nitroimidazole. C4H5N3O2. (Mr 127.1). 1056100.
[88054-22-2]. The content of methyl pelargonate is not less than 98 per
cent, calculated by the normalisation procedure.
White to light yellow powder.
mp : 252 °C to 254 °C. 3-Methylpentan-2-one. C6H12O. (Mr 100.2). 1141100.
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C4H5N3O2. [565-61-7].
Colourless, flammable liquid.
Methyl oleate. C19H36O2. (Mr 296.4). 1054700. [112-62-9]. : about 0.815.
Methyl (Z)-octadec-9-enoate.
: about 1.400.
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C19H36O2, determined by
gas chromatography (2.4.22). bp : about 118 °C
A colourless or slightly yellow liquid, soluble in alcohol and 4-Methylpentan-2-ol. C6H14O. (Mr 102.2). 1114300.
in light petroleum. [108-11-2].
: about 0.88. A clear, colourless, volatile liquid.
: about 1.452. : : about 0.802.
Methyl orange. C14H14N3NaO3S. (Mr 327.3). 1054800. : about 1.411.
[547-58-0]. bp : about 132 °C.
Schultz No. 176.
Methylphenyloxazolylbenzene. C26H20N2O2. (Mr 392.5).
Colour Index No. 13025. 1056200. [3073-87-8]. 1,4-Bis[2-(4-methyl-5-phenyl)oxa-
Sodium 4′-(dimethylamino)azobenzene-4-sulphonate. zolyl]benzene.
An orange-yellow, crystalline powder, slightly soluble in A fine, greenish-yellow powder with a blue fluorescence or
water, practically insoluble in alcohol. small crystals, soluble in alcohol, sparingly soluble in xylene.
Methyl orange mixed solution. 1054801. mp : about 233 °C.
Dissolve 20 mg of methyl orange R and 0.1 g of Methylphenyloxazolylbenzene used for liquid scintillation
bromocresol green R in 1 ml of 0.2 M sodium hydroxide is of a suitable analytical grade.
and dilute to 100 ml with water R.
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. C12H15N.
Colour change : pH 3.0 (orange) to pH 4.4 (olive-green). (173.3). 1137100. [28289-54-5]. MPTP.
Methyl orange solution. 1054802. A white or almost white, crystalline powder, slightly soluble
Dissolve 0.1 g of methyl orange R in 80 ml of water R in water.
and dilute to 100 ml with alcohol R. mp : about 41 °C.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 457
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Methylpiperazine. C5H12N2. (Mr 100.2). 1056300. [109-01-3]. Test for sensitivity. To 0.1 ml of the methyl red solution
1-Methylpiperazine. add 100 ml of carbon dioxide-free water R and 0.05 ml of
A colourless liquid, miscible with water and with alcohol. 0.02 M hydrochloric acid. The solution is red. Not more
than 0.1 ml of 0.02 M sodium hydroxide is required to
: about 0.90. change the colour to yellow.
: about 1.466. Colour change : pH 4.4 (red) to pH 6.0 (yellow).
bp : about 138 °C.
Methyl salicylate. 1146200. [119-36-8].
4-(4-Methylpiperidino)pyridine. C11H16N2. (Mr 176.3). See Methyl salicylate (0230)
1114400. [80965-30-6].
A clear liquid. Methyl stearate. C19H38O2. (Mr 298.5). 1055200. [112-61-8].
: about 1.565. Methyl octadecanoate.
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C19H38O2, determined by
2-Methylpropanol. C4H10O. (Mr 74.1). 1056400. [78-83-1]. gas chromatography (2.4.22).
Isobutyl alcohol. 2-Methylpropan-1-ol. A white or yellow, crystalline mass, soluble in alcohol and in
A clear colourless liquid, soluble in water, miscible with light petroleum.
alcohol. mp : about 38 °C.
: about 0.80.
Methylthymol blue. C37H40N2Na4O13S. (Mr 845). 1158500.
: 1.397 to 1.399. [1945-77-3]. Tetrasodium 2,2′,2″,2′″-[3H-2,1-benzoxathiol-
bp : about 107 °C. 3-ylidenebis[[6-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-3,1-
Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 96 per cent distils phenylene]methylenenitrilo]]tetraacetate S,S-dioxide.
between 107 °C and 109 °C. Produces a blue colour with calcium in alkaline solution.
2-Methyl-2-propanol. C4H10O. (Mr 74.1). 1056500. [75-65-0]. Methylthymol blue mixture. 1158501.
1,1-Dimethyl ethyl alcohol. tert-Butyl alcohol. A mixture of 1 part of methylthymol blue R and 100 parts
A clear, colourless liquid or crystalline mass, soluble in of potassium nitrate R.
water, miscible with alcohol.
Freezing point (2.2.18) : about 25 °C. Methyl tricosanoate. C24H48O2. (Mr 368.6). 1111500.
[2433-97-8]. Tricosanoic acid methyl ester.
Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils
between 81 °C and 83 °C. Content : minimum 99.0 per cent of C24H48O2.
White or almost white crystals, practically insoluble in water,
(15R)-15-Methylprostaglandin F2α. C21H36O5. (Mr 368.5). soluble in hexane.
1159900. [35864-81-4]. (5Z)-7-[(1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-Dihydroxy- mp : 55 °C to 56 °C.
2-[(1E)-(3R)-3-hydroxy-3-methyloct-1-enyl]cyclopentyl]hept-
5-enoic acid. Methyl tridecanoate. C14H28O2. (Mr 228.4). 1121100.
Available as a 10 mg/ml solution in methyl acetate R. [1731-88-0].
Storage : at a temperature below − 15 ° C. A colourless or slightly yellow liquid, soluble in alcohol and
in light petroleum.
N-Methylpyrrolidine. C5H11N. (Mr 85.2). 1164700. : about 0.86.
[120-94-5].
: about 1.441.
Content : minimum 97.0 per cent of C5H11N.
mp : about 6 °C.
bp : about 80 °C.
N-Methyltrimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide.
N-Methylpyrrolidone. C5H9NO. (Mr 99.1). 1164800. C6H12F3NOSi. (Mr 199.3). 1129600. [24589-78-4].
[872-50-4]. 1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-one. 2,2,2-Trifluoro-N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)acetamide.
: about 1.028. : about 1.380.
bp : about 202 °C. bp : 130 °C to 132 °C.
mp : about − 24 °C.
Minocycline hydrochloride. 1146300.
Methyl red. C15H15N3O2. (Mr 269.3). 1055100. [493-52-7]. See Minocycline hydrochloride (1030).
Schultz No. 250.
Molecular sieve. 1056600.
Colour Index No. 13020.
2-(4-Dimethylamino-phenylazo)benzoic acid. Molecular sieve composed of sodium aluminosilicate. It is
available as beads with a pore size of 0.4 nm and with a
A dark-red powder or violet crystals, practically insoluble diameter of 2 mm.
in water, soluble in alcohol.
Molecular sieve for chromatography. 1129700.
Methyl red mixed solution. 1055101.
A molecular sieve composed of sodium aluminosilicate. The
Dissolve 0.1 g of methyl red R and 50 mg of methylene pore size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the
blue R in 100 ml of alcohol R. tests where it is used. If necessary, the particle size is also
Colour change : pH 5.2 (red-violet) to pH 5.6 (green). indicated.
Methyl red solution. 1055102. Molybdovanadic reagent. 1056700.
Dissolve 50 mg in a mixture of 1.86 ml of 0.1 M sodium In a 150 ml beaker, mix 4 g of finely powdered ammonium
hydroxide and 50 ml of alcohol R and dilute to 100 ml molybdate R and 0.1 g of finely powdered ammonium
with water R. vanadate R. Add 70 ml of water R and grind the particles

458 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

using a glass rod. A clear solution is obtained within a few : about 0.794.
minutes. Add 20 ml of nitric acid R and dilute to 100 ml : about 1.470.
with water R.
β-Myrcene used in gas chromatography complies with the
Monodocosahexaenoin. C25H38O4. (Mr 402.6). 1143600. following additional test.
[124516-13-8]. Monoglyceride of docosahexaenoic
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
acid (C22:6). Glycerol monodocosahexaenoate.
prescribed in the monograph on Peppermint oil (0405).
(all-Z)-Docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid, monoester
with propane-1,2,3-triol. Test solution. The substance to be examined.
Mordant black 11. C20H12N3NaO7S. (Mr 461.4). 1056800. The area of the principal peak is not less than 90.0 per cent
[1787-61-7]. of the area of all the peaks in the chromatogram obtained.
Schultz No. 241. Myristic acid. C14H28O2. (Mr 228.4). 1143700. [544-63-8].
Colour Index No. 14645. Tetradecanoic acid.
Sodium 2-hydroxy-1-[(1-hydroxynaphth-2-yl)azo]-6-nitronaph- Colourless or white or almost white flakes.
thalene-4-sulphonate. Eriochrome black.
mp : about 58.5 °C.
A brownish-black powder, soluble in water and in alcohol.
Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light. Myristic acid used in the assay of total fatty acids in Saw
palmetto fruit (1848) complies with the following additional
Mordant black 11 triturate. 1056801. requirement.
Mix 1 g of mordant black 11 R with 99 g of sodium Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
chloride R. prescribed in the monograph on Saw palmetto fruit (1848).
Test for sensitivity. Dissolve 50 mg in 100 ml of water R. The content of myristic acid is not less than 97 per cent,
The solution is brownish-violet. On addition of 0.3 ml calculated by the normalisation procedure.
of dilute ammonia R1 the solution turns blue. On the
subsequent addition of 0.1 ml of a 10 g/l solution of Myristicine. C11H12O3. (Mr 192.2). 1099600. [607-91-0].
magnesium sulphate R, it turns violet. 5-Allyl-1-methoxy-2,3-methylenedioxybenzene.
Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light. 4-Methoxy-6-(prop-2-enyl)-1,3-benzodioxole.
Mordant black 11 triturate R1. 1056802. An oily colourless liquid, practically insoluble in water,
slightly soluble in ethanol, miscible with toluene and with
Mix 1.0 g of mordant black 11 R, 0.4 g of methyl orange R xylene.
and 0.1 g of sodium chloride R.
: about 1.144.
Morphine hydrochloride. 1056900. : about 1.540.
See Morphine hydrochloride (0097).
bp : 276 °C to 277 °C.
Morpholine. C4H9NO. (Mr 87.1). 1057000. [110-91-8]. mp : about 173 °C.
Tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine.
Chromatography. Examined as prescribed in the monograph
A colourless, hygroscopic liquid, flammable, soluble in water on Star anise (1153), the chromatogram obtained shows
and in alcohol. only one principal spot.
: about 1.01.
Myristicine used in gas chromatography complies with the
Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils following additional test.
between 126 °C and 130 °C.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) under
Storage : in an airtight container. the conditions prescribed in the monograph on Nutmeg
Morpholine for chromatography. 1057001. oil (1552).
It complies with the requirements of morpholine R and The content is not less than 95.0 per cent, calculated by the
with the following requirement. normalisation procedure.
Content : minimum 99.5 per cent of C4H9NO. Storage : protected from light.
Murexide. C8H8N6O6,H2O. (Mr 302.2). 1137200. Myristyl alcohol. C14H30O. (Mr 214.4). 1121300. [112-72-1].
5,5′-Nitrilobis(pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione) 1-Tetradecanol.
monoammonium salt.
: about 0.823.
Brownish-red crystalline powder, sparingly soluble in cold
water, soluble in hot water, practically insoluble in alcohol, mp : 38 °C to 40 °C.
soluble in solutions of potassium hydroxide or sodium
hydroxide giving a blue colour. Naphthalene. C10H8. (Mr 128.2). 1057100. [91-20-3].
White or almost white crystals, practically insoluble in water,
Myosmine. C9H10N2. (Mr 146.2). 1121200. [532-12-7]. soluble in alcohol.
3-(4,5-Dihydro-3H-pyrrol-2-yl)pyridine.
mp : about 80 °C.
Colourless crystals.
mp : about 45 °C. Naphthalene used for liquid scintillation is of a suitable
analytical grade.
β-Myrcene. C10H16. (Mr 136.2). 1114500. [123-35-3].
7-Methyl-3-methylenocta-1,6-diene. Naphtharson. C16H11AsN2Na2O10S2. (Mr 576.3). 1121400.
An oily liquid with a pleasant odour, practically insoluble in [3688-92-4]. Thorin. Disodium 4-[(2-arsonophenyl)azo]-3-
water, miscible with alcohol, soluble in glacial acetic acid. It hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulphonate.
dissolves in solutions of alkali hydroxides. A red powder, soluble in water.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 459
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Naphtharson solution. 1121401. 1-Naphthylacetic acid. C12H10O2. (Mr 186.2). 1148400.

A 0.58 g/l solution. [86-87-3]. (Naphthalen-1-yl)acetic acid.
Test for sensitivity. To 50 ml of alcohol R, add 20 ml White to yellow crystalline powder, very slightly soluble in
of water R, 1 ml of 0.05 M sulphuric acid and 1 ml of water, freely soluble in acetone.
the naphtharson solution. Titrate with 0.025 M barium mp : about 135 °C.
perchlorate ; the colour changes from orange-yellow to
orange-pink. Naphthylamine. C10H9N. (Mr 143.2). 1057700. [134-32-7].
1-Naphthylamine.
Storage : protected from light ; use within 1 week.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, turning pink
α-Naphthol. C10H8O. (Mr 144.2). 1057300. [90-15-3]. on exposure to light and air, slightly soluble in water, freely
1-Naphthol. soluble in alcohol.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless or mp : about 51 °C.
white or almost white crystals, darkening on exposure to Storage : protected from light.
light, slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol.
mp : about 95 °C. Naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride.
Storage : protected from light. C12H16Cl2N2. (Mr 259.2). 1057800. [1465-25-4].
N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylene-diamine dihydrochloride.
α-Naphthol solution. 1057301. It may contain methanol of crystallisation.
Dissolve 0.10 g of α-naphthol R in 3 ml of a 150 g/l A white to yellowish-white powder, soluble in water, slightly
solution of sodium hydroxide R and dilute to 100 ml with soluble in alcohol.
water R. Prepare immediately before use.
Naphthylethylenediamine dihydrochloride solution.
β-Naphthol. C10H8O. (Mr 144.2). 1057400. [135-19-3]. 1057801.
2-Naphthol. Dissolve 0.1 g of naphthylethylenediamine
White or slightly pink plates or crystals, very slightly soluble dihydrochloride R in water R and dilute to 100 ml with
in water, very soluble in alcohol. the same solvent. Prepare immediately before use.
mp : about 122 °C.
Naringin. C27H32O14. (Mr 580.5). 1137300.
Storage : protected from light. [10236-47-2]. 7-[[2-O-(6-Deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl)-
β-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-
β-Naphthol solution. 1057401. dihydro-4H--chromen-4-one.
Dissolve 5 g of freshly recrystallised β-naphthol R in A white or almost white crystalline powder, slightly soluble
40 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution R and dilute in water, soluble in methanol and in dimethylformamide.
to 100 ml with water R. Prepare immediately before use.
mp : about 171 °C.
β-Naphthol solution R1. 1057402. Absorbance (2.2.25). Naringin dissolved in a 5 g/l solution
Dissolve 3.0 mg of β-naphthol R in 50 ml of sulphuric of dimethylformamide R in methanol R shows an absorption
acid R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same acid. Use the maximum at 283 nm.
recently prepared solution.
trans-Nerolidol. C15H26O. (Mr 222.4). 1107900. [40716-66-3].
Naphtholbenzein. C27H20O3. (Mr 392.5). 1057600. 3,7,11-Trimethyldodeca-1,6,10-trien-3-ol.
[6948-88-5]. α-Naphtholbenzein. Phenylbis(4-hydroxy- A slightly yellow liquid, slight odour of lily and lily of the
naphthyl)methanol. valley, practically insoluble in water and in glycerol, miscible
A brownish-red powder or shiny brownish-black crystals, with alcohol.
practically insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and in : about 0.876.
glacial acetic acid.
: about 1.479.
Naphtholbenzein solution. 1057601. bp12 : 145 °C to 146 °C.
A 2 g/l solution in anhydrous acetic acid R. trans-Nerolidol used in gas chromatography complies with
Test for sensitivity. To 50 ml of glacial acetic acid R add the following additional test.
0.25 ml of the naphtholbenzein solution. The solution Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
is brownish-yellow. Not more than 0.05 ml of 0.1 M prescribed in the monograph on Bitter-orange-flower
perchloric acid is required to change the colour to green. oil (1175), using the substance to be examined as the test
solution. The area of the principal peak is not less than
Naphthol yellow. C10H5N2NaO5. (Mr 256.2). 1136600. 90.0 per cent of the total area of the peaks.
2,4-Dinitro-1-naphthol, sodium salt.
Orange-yellow powder or crystals, freely soluble in water, Neryl acetate. C12H20O2. (Mr 196.3). 1108000. [141-12-8].
slightly soluble in ethanol. (Z)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dienyl acetate.
A colourless, oily liquid.
Naphthol yellow S. C10H4N2Na2O8S. (Mr 358.2). 1143800.
[846-70-8]. : about 0.907.
Colour Index No. 10316. : about 1.460.
8-Hydroxy-5,7-dinitro-2-naphthalenesulphonic acid disodium bp25 : 134 °C.
salt. Disodium 5,7-dinitro-8-oxidonaphthalene-2-sulphonate. Neryl acetate used in gas chromatography complies with
Yellow or orange-yellow powder, freely soluble in water. the following additional test.

460 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as Nile blue A solution. 1058201.

prescribed in the monograph on Bitter-orange-flower A 10 g/l solution in anhydrous acetic acid R.
oil (1175), using the substance to be examined as the test
solution. The area of the principal peak is not less than Test for sensitivity. To 50 ml of anhydrous acetic acid R
93.0 per cent of the total area of the peaks. add 0.25 ml of the Nile blue A solution. The solution is
blue. On the addition of 0.1 ml of 0.1 M perchloric acid,
Nickel-aluminium alloy. 1058100. the colour changes to blue-green.
Contains 48 per cent to 52 per cent of aluminium Colour change : pH 9.0 (blue) to pH 13.0 (red).
(Al ; Ar 26.98) and 48 per cent to 52 per cent of nickel (Ni; Ninhydrin. C9H4O3,H2O. (Mr 178.1). 1058300. [485-47-2].
Ar 58.70). 1,2,3-Indanetrione monohydrate.
Before use, reduce to a fine powder (180) (2.9.12). A white or very pale yellow, crystalline powder, soluble in
It is practically insoluble in water and soluble in mineral water and in alcohol.
acids. Storage : protected from light.
Nickel-aluminium alloy (halogen-free). 1118100. Ninhydrin and stannous chloride reagent. 1058301.
Contains 48 per cent to 52 per cent of aluminium Dissolve 0.2 g of ninhydrin R in 4 ml of hot water R, add
(Al ; Ar 26.98) and 48 per cent to 52 per cent of nickel 5 ml of a 1.6 g/l solution of stannous chloride R, allow to
(Ni; Ar 58.71). stand for 30 min, then filter and store at a temperature of
Fine, grey powder, practically insoluble in water, soluble in 2 °C to 8 °C. Immediately before use dilute 2.5 ml of the
mineral acids with formation of salts. solution with 5 ml of water R and 45 ml of 2-propanol R.
Chlorides : maximum 10 ppm.
Ninhydrin and stannous chloride reagent R1. 1058302.
Dissolve 0.400 g in 40 ml of a mixture of 67 volumes of
Dissolve 4 g of ninhydrin R in 100 ml of ethylene
sulphuric acid R and 33 volumes of dilute nitric acid R.
glycol monomethyl ether R. Shake gently with 1 g of
Evaporate the solution nearly to dryness, dissolve the
cation exchange resin R (300 µm to 840 µm) and filter
residue in water R and dilute to 20.0 ml with the same
(solution a). Dissolve 0.16 g of stannous chloride R
solvent. To one half-aliquot of the solution, add 1.0 ml of
in 100 ml of buffer solution pH 5.5 R (solution b).
0.1 M silver nitrate. Filter after 15 min and add 0.2 ml of
Immediately before use, mix equal volumes of each
sodium chloride solution (containing 10 µg of chlorides per
solution.
millilitre) to the filtrate. After 5 min the solution is more
opalescent than a mixture of the second half-aliquot of the Ninhydrin solution. 1058303.
solution with 1.0 ml of 0.1 M silver nitrate.
A 2 g/l solution of Ninhydrin R in a mixture of 5 volumes
Nickel chloride. NiCl2. (Mr 129.6). 1057900. [7718-54-9]. of dilute acetic acid R and 95 volumes of butanol R.
Nickel chloride, anhydrous.
Ninhydrin solution R1. 1058304.
A yellow, crystalline powder, very soluble in water, soluble in Dissolve 1.0 g of ninhydrin R in 50 ml of alcohol R and
alcohol. It sublimes in the absence of air and readily absorbs add 10 ml of glacial acetic acid R.
ammonia. The aqueous solution is acid.
Ninhydrin solution R2. 1058305.
Nickel sulphate. NiSO4,7H2O. (Mr 280.9). 1058000.
[10101-98-1]. Nickel sulphate heptahydrate. Dissolve 3 g of ninhydrin R in 100 ml of a 45.5 g/l
solution of sodium metabisulphite R.
A green, crystalline powder or crystals, freely soluble in
water, slightly soluble in alcohol. Ninhydrin solution R3. 1058306.
A 4 g/l solution in a mixture of 5 volumes of anhydrous
Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide. C21H27N7O14P2.
acetic acid R and 95 volumes of butanol R.
(Mr 663). 1108100. [-84-9]. NAD+.
A white or almost white powder, very hygroscopic, freely Nitrazepam. 1143900. [146-22-5].
soluble in water. See Nitrazepam (0415).
Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide solution. 1108101. Nitric acid. HNO3. (Mr 63.0). 1058400. [7697-37-2].
Dissolve 40 mg of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide R Content : 63.0 per cent m/m to 70.0 per cent m/m of HNO3.
in water R and dilute to 10 ml with the same solvent. A clear, colourless or almost colourless liquid, miscible with
Prepare immediately before use. water.
Nicotinic acid. 1158600. [59-67-6]. : 1.384 to 1.416.
See Nicotinic acid (0459). A 10 g/l solution is strongly acid and gives the reaction of
nitrates (2.3.1).
Nile blue A. C20H21N3O5S. (Mr 415.5). 1058200. [3625-57-8]. Appearance. Nitric acid is clear (2.2.1) and not more
Schultz No. 1029. intensely coloured than reference solution Y6 (Method II,
2.2.2).
Colour Index No. 51180.
5-Amino-9-(diethylamino)benzo[a]phenoxazinylium Chlorides (2.4.4). To 5 g add 10 ml of water R and 0.3 ml
hydrogen sulphate. of silver nitrate solution R2 and allow to stand for 2 min
protected from light. Any opalescence is not more intense
A green, crystalline powder with a bronze lustre, sparingly than that of a standard prepared in the same manner using
soluble in alcohol, in glacial acetic acid and in pyridine. 13 ml of water R, 0.5 ml of nitric acid R, 0.5 ml of chloride
A 0.005 g/l solution in alcohol (50 per cent V/V) R shows standard solution (5 ppm Cl) R and 0.3 ml of silver nitrate
an absorption maximum (2.2.25) at 640 nm. solution R2 (0.5 ppm).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 461
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Sulphates (2.4.13). Evaporate 10 g to dryness with 0.2 g Hg : 0.002 ppm ;

of sodium carbonate R. Dissolve the residue in 15 ml of Ni : 0.005 ppm ;
distilled water R. The solution complies with the limit test
for sulphates (2 ppm). Prepare the standard using a mixture Pb : 0.001 ppm ;
of 2 ml of sulphate standard solution (10 ppm SO4) R and Zn : 0.01 ppm.
13 ml of distilled water R.
Nitric acid, lead-free. 1058403.
Arsenic (2.4.2). Gently heat 50 g with 0.5 ml of sulphuric
acid R until white fumes begin to evolve. To the residue add Complies with the requirements prescribed for Nitric
1 ml of a 100 g/l solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride R acid R and with the following additional test :
and dilute to 2 ml with water R. The solution complies with To 100 g add 0.1 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate R
limit test A for arsenic (0.02 ppm). Prepare the standard and evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in
using 1.0 ml of arsenic standard solution (1 ppm As) R. water R, heating slightly, and dilute to 50.0 ml with the
Heavy metals (2.4.8). Dilute 10 ml of the solution prepared same solvent. Determine the lead content by atomic
for the limit test for iron to 20 ml with water R. 12 ml of the absorption spectrometry (Method II, 2.2.23) measuring
solution complies with limit test A for heavy metals (2 ppm). the absorbance at 283.3 nm or 217.0 nm using a lead
Prepare the standard using lead standard solution (2 ppm hollow-cathode lamp and an air-acetylene flame. It
Pb) R. contains not more than 0.1 ppm of lead (Pb).
Iron (2.4.9). Dissolve the residue from the determination Nitric acid, lead-free R1. 1058405.
of sulphated ash in 1 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R and
dilute to 50 ml with water R. 5 ml of the solution diluted Nitric acid R containing not more than 1 µg/kg of lead.
to 10 ml with water R complies with the limit test for iron Nitric acid, lead-free, dilute. 1058406.
(1 ppm).
Dilute 5 g of lead-free nitric acid R1 to 100 ml with
Sulphated ash. Carefully evaporate 100 g to dryness. deionised distilled water R.
Moisten the residue with a few drops of sulphuric acid R and
heat to dull red. The residue does not exceed 0.001 per cent. Nitric acid, nickel-free. 1058408.
Assay. To 1.50 g add about 50 ml of water R and titrate It complies with the requirements described for nitric
with 1 M sodium hydroxide, using 0.1 ml of methyl red acid R with the following additional requirement.
solution R as indicator.
Nickel : maximum 0.005 ppm.
1 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 63.0 mg of
HNO3. Nitric acid, fuming. 1058500. [52583-42-3].
Storage : protected from light. A clear, slightly yellowish liquid, fuming on contact with air.
Nitric acid, cadmium- and lead-free. 1058401. : about 1.5.
Complies with the requirements prescribed for Nitric Nitrilotriacetic acid. C6H9NO6. (Mr 191.1). 1137400.
acid R and with the following additional test. [139-13-9].
Test solution. To 100 g add 0.1 g of anhydrous sodium White or almost white crystalline powder, practically
carbonate R and evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the insoluble in water and in most organic solvents.
residue in water R heating slightly, and dilute to 50.0 ml mp : about 240 °C, with decomposition.
with the same solvent.
Cadmium : maximum 0.1 ppm of cadmium (Cd) Nitroaniline. C6H6N2O2. (Mr 138.1). 1058600. [100-01-6].
determined by atomic absorption spectrometry 4-Nitroaniline.
(Method II, 2.2.23) measuring the absorbance at A bright yellow, crystalline powder, very slightly soluble in
228.8 nm using a cadmium hollow-cathode lamp and an water, sparingly soluble in boiling water, soluble in alcohol,
air-acetylene or air-propane flame. forms water-soluble salts with strong mineral acids.
Lead : maximum 0.1 ppm of lead (Pb) determined by mp : about 147 °C.
atomic absorption spectrometry (Method II, 2.2.23)
measuring the absorbance at 283.3 nm or 217.0 nm using Nitrobenzaldehyde. C7H5NO3. (Mr 151.1). 1058700.
a lead hollow-cathode lamp and an air-acetylene flame. [552-89-6]. 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde.
Nitric acid, dilute. 1058402. Yellow needles, slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in
alcohol, volatile in steam.
Contains about 125 g/l of HNO3 (Mr 63.0).
mp : about 42 °C.
Dilute 20 g of nitric acid R to 100 ml with water R.
Nitrobenzaldehyde paper. 1058701.
Nitric acid, dilute R1. 1058407.
Dissolve 0.2 g of nitrobenzaldehyde R in 10 ml of a
Dilute 40 g of nitric acid R to 100 ml with water R. 200 g/l solution of sodium hydroxide R. Use the solution
within 1 h. Immerse the lower half of a slow filter paper
Nitric acid, heavy metal-free. 1058404.
strip 10 cm long and 0.8 cm to 1 cm wide. Absorb the
Complies with the requirements prescribed for nitric excess reagent between two sheets of filter paper. Use
acid R and with the following maximum contents of within a few minutes of preparation.
heavy metals :
As : 0.005 ppm ; Nitrobenzaldehyde solution. 1058702.
Cd : 0.005 ppm ; Add 0.12 g of powdered nitrobenzaldehyde R to 10 ml of
dilute sodium hydroxide solution R ; allow to stand for
Cu : 0.001 ppm ; 10 min shaking frequently and filter. Prepare immediately
Fe : 0.02 ppm ; before use.

462 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Nitrobenzene. C6H5NO2. (Mr 123.1). 1058800. [98-95-3]. Nitrogen monoxide. NO. (Mr 30.01). 1108300.
A colourless or very slightly yellow liquid, practically Content : minimum 98.0 per cent V/V of NO.
insoluble in water, miscible with alcohol.
Nitrogen, oxygen-free. 1059600.
bp : about 211 °C.
Nitrogen R which has been freed from oxygen by passing it
Dinitrobenzene. To 0.1 ml add 5 ml of acetone R, 5 ml of through alkaline pyrogallol solution R.
water R and 5 ml of strong sodium hydroxide solution R.
Shake and allow to stand. The upper layer is almost Nitromethane. CH3NO2. (Mr 61.0). 1059700. [75-52-5].
colourless.
A clear, colourless, oily liquid, slightly soluble in water,
4-Nitrobenzoic acid. C7H5NO4. (Mr 167.1). 1144000. miscible with alcohol.
[62-23-7]. : 1.132 to 1.134.
Yellow crystals. : 1.381 to 1.383.
mp : about 240 °C. Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils
between 100 °C and 103 °C.
Nitrobenzoyl chloride. C7H4ClNO3. (Mr 185.6). 1058900.
[122-04-3]. 4-Nitrobenzoyl chloride. Nitro-molybdovanadic reagent. 1060100.
Yellow crystals or a crystalline mass, decomposing in moist Solution I. Dissolve 10 g of ammonium molybdate R in
air, completely soluble in sodium hydroxide solution giving a water R, add 1 ml of ammonia R and dilute to 100 ml with
yellowish-orange colour. water R.
mp : about 72 °C. Solution II. Dissolve 2.5 g of ammonium vanadate R in hot
water R, add 14 ml of nitric acid R and dilute to 500 ml
Nitrobenzyl chloride. C7H6ClNO2. (Mr 171.6). 1059000. with water R.
[100-14-1]. 4-Nitrobenzyl chloride. To 96 ml of nitric acid R add 100 ml of solution I and 100 ml
Pale-yellow crystals, lachrymatory, practically insoluble in of solution II and dilute to 500 ml with water R.
water, very soluble in alcohol.
4-Nitrophenol. C6H5NO3. (Mr 139.1). 1146400. [100-02-7].
4-(4-Nitrobenzyl)pyridine. C12H10N2O2. (Mr 214.2). 1101900. p-Nitrophenol.
[1083-48-3]. Content : minimum 95 per cent of C6H5NO3.
Yellow powder. Colourless or slightly yellow powder, sparingly soluble in
mp : about 70 °C. water and in methanol.
mp : about 114 °C.
Nitrochromic reagent. 1059100.
Dissolve 0.7 g of potassium dichromate R in nitric acid R N-Nitrosodiethanolamine. C4H10N2O3. (Mr 134.1). 1129800.
and dilute to 100 ml with the same acid. [1116-54-7]. 2,2′-(Nitrosoimino)diethanol.
A yellow liquid, miscible with ethanol.
Nitroethane. C2H5NO2. (Mr 75.1). 1059200. [79-24-3].
: about 1.485.
A clear, oily, colourless liquid.
bp : about 125 °C.
bp : about 114 °C.
Nitrosodipropylamine. C6H14N2O. (Mr 130.2). 1099900.
Nitrofurantoin. 1099700. [67-20-9]. [621-64-7]. Dipropylnitrosamine.
See Nitrofurantoin (0101). Liquid, soluble in ethanol and in strong acids.
(5-Nitro-2-furyl)methylene diacetate. C9H9NO7. : about 0.915.
(Mr 243.2). 1099800. [92-55-7]. Nitrofurfural diacetate. bp : about 78 °C.
5-Nitrofurfurylidene diacetate.
Appropriate grade for chemiluminescence determination.
Yellow crystals.
mp : about 90 °C. Nitrosodipropylamine solution. 1099901.
Inject 78.62 g of ethanol R through the septum of a vial
Nitrogen. N2. (Mr 28.01). 1059300. [7727-37-9]. containing nitrosodipropylamine R. Dilute 1/100 in
Nitrogen, washed and dried. ethanol R and place 0.5 ml aliquots in crimp-sealed vials.
Storage : in the dark at 5 °C.
Nitrogen R1. 1059400.
Content : minimum 99.999 per cent V/V of N2. Nitrotetrazolium blue. C40H30Cl2N10O6. (Mr 818). 1060000.
[298-83-9]. 3,3′-(3,3′-Dimethoxy-4,4′-diphenylene)di[2-
Carbon monoxide : less than 5 ppm. (4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium] dichloride.
Oxygen : less than 5 ppm. p-Nitro-tetrazolium blue.
Crystals, soluble in methanol, giving a clear, yellow solution.
Nitrogen for chromatography. 1059500.
mp : about 189 °C, with decomposition.
Content : minimum 99.95 per cent V/V of N2.
Nitrous oxide. N2O. (Mr 44.01). 1108500.
Nitrogen gas mixture. 1136900.
Content : minimum 99.99 per cent V/V of N2O.
Nitrogen R containing 1 per cent V/V of each of the
following gases : carbon dioxide R2, carbon monoxide R1 Nitrogen monoxide: less than 1 ppm.
and oxygen R1. Carbon monoxide : less than 1 ppm.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 463
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Nonivamide. C17H27NO3. (Mr 293.4). 1148500. [2444-46-4]. : about 1.415.

N-[(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]nonanamide. bp : about 167 °C.
White or almost white, crystalline powder, practically 3-Octanone used in gas chromatography complies with the
insoluble in cold water, freely soluble in ethanol. following additional test.
Nonivamide used in the test for nonivamide in Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
Capsicum (1859) complies with the following additional prescribed in the monograph on Lavender oil (1338).
requirement. Test solution. The substance to be examined.
Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as The area of the principal peak is not less than 98.0 per cent
prescribed in the monograph on Capsicum (1859). The of the area of all the peaks in the chromatogram obtained.
content of nonivamide is not less than 98.0 per cent,
calculated by the normalisation procedure. Octoxinol 10. C34H62O11 (average). (Mr 647). 1060800.
[9002-93-1]. α-[4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-ω-
Nonylamine. C9H21N. (Mr 143.3). 1139800. [112-20-9]. hydroxypoly-(oxyethylene).
1-Aminononane.
A clear, pale-yellow, viscous liquid, miscible with water, with
Corrosive, colourless, clear liquid. acetone and with alcohol, soluble in toluene.
: about 0.788. Storage : in an airtight container.
: about 1.433.
Octylamine. C8H19N. (Mr 129.2). 1150500. [111-86-4].
Nordazepam. C15H11ClN2O. (Mr 270.7). 1060200. Octan-1-amine.
[1088-11-5]. 7-Chloro-2,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-1H-1,4- Colourless liquid.
benzodiazepin-2-one. : about 0.782.
A white or pale yellow, crystalline powder, practically bp : 175 °C to 179 °C.
insoluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol.
mp : about 216 °C. Oleamide. C18H35NO. (Mr 281.5). 1060900.
(Z)-Octadec-9-enoamide.
DL-Norleucine. C6H13NO2. (Mr 131.2). 1060300. [616-06-8]. Yellowish or white powder or granules, practically insoluble
(RS)-2-Aminohexanoic acid. in water, very soluble in methylene chloride, soluble in
Shiny crystals, sparingly soluble in water and in alcohol, ethanol.
soluble in acids. mp : about 80 °C.
Noscapine hydrochloride. 1060500. [912-60-7]. Oleic acid. C18H34O2. (Mr 282.5). 1144100. [112-80-1].
See Noscapine hydrochloride (0515). (9Z)-Octadec-9-enoic acid.
Clear, colourless liquid, practically insoluble in water.
Octadecyl [3-[3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-
propionate]. C35H62O3. (Mr 530.9). 1060600. [2082-79-3]. : about 0.891.
Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate. : about 1.459.
A white or slightly yellowish, crystalline powder, practically mp : 13 °C to 14 °C.
insoluble in water, very soluble in acetone and in hexane, Oleic acid used in the assay of total fatty acids in Saw
slightly soluble in methanol. palmetto fruit (1848) complies with the following additional
mp : 49 °C to 55 °C. requirement.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
Octanal. C8H16O. (Mr 128.2). 1150400. [124-13-0]. Octyl prescribed in the monograph on Saw palmetto fruit (1848).
aldehyde.
The content of oleic acid is not less than 98 per cent,
Oily, colourless liquid. Practically insoluble in water. calculated by the normalisation procedure.
Octanal used in gas chromatography complies with the Oleuropein. C25H32O13. (Mr 540.5). 1152900. [32619-42-4].
following additional test. 2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl[(2S,3E,4S)-3-ethylidene-2-(b-
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as d-glucopyranosyloxy)-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-
prescribed in the monograph on Sweet orange oil (1811). pyran-4-yl]acetate.
The content is not less than 99 per cent, calculated by the Powder, soluble in methanol.
normalisation procedure. Oleuropein used in Olive leaf (1878) complies with the
following requirement.
Octane. C8H18. (Mr 114.2). 1166500. [111-65-9]. n-Octane. Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as
Octanol. C8H18O. (Mr 130.2). 1060700. [111-87-5]. prescribed in the monograph on Olive leaf (1878).
1-Octanol. Caprylic alcohol. The content of oleuropein is not less than 80 per cent,
calculated by the normalisation procedure.
A colourless liquid, practically insoluble in water, miscible
with alcohol. Oleyl alcohol. C18H36O. (Mr 268.5). 1156000. [143-28-2].
: about 0.828. (9Z)-octadec-9-en-1-ol.
bp : about 195 °C. bp : about 207 °C.
: 1.460.
3-Octanone. C8H16O. (Mr 128.2). 1114600. [106-68-3].
Ethylpentylketone. Content : minimum 85 per cent of C18H36O.
A colourless liquid with a characteristic odour. Olive oil. 1061000. [8001-25-0].
: about 0.822. See Olive oil, virgin (0518).

464 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Oracet blue 2R. C20H14N2O2. (Mr 314.3). 1061100. 2,2′-Oxybis(N,N-dimethylethylamine). C8H20N2O.

[4395-65-7]. (Mr 160.3). 1141200. [3033-62-3]. bis(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)
Colour Index No. 61110. ether.
1-Amino-4-(phenylamino)anthracene-9,10-dione. Colourless, corrosive liquid.
mp : about 194 °C. : about 0.85.
: about 1.430.
Orcinol. C7H8O2,H2O. (Mr 142.2). 1108700. [6153-39-5].
5-Methylbenzene-1,3-diol monohydrate. Oxygen. O2. (Mr 32.00). 1108800.
A crystalline powder, sensitive to light. Content : minimum 99.99 per cent V/V of O2.
bp : about 290 °C. Nitrogen and argon : less than 100 ppm.
Carbon dioxide : less than 10 ppm.
mp : 58 °C to 61 °C.
Carbon monoxide : less than 5 ppm.
Organosilica polymer, amorphous, octadecylsilyl. 1144200. Oxygen R1. O2. (Mr 32.00). 1137600.
Synthetic, spherical hybrid particles, containing both Content : minimum 99 per cent V/V of O2.
inorganic (silica) and organic (organosiloxanes) components,
chemically modified at the surface by trifunctionally bonded Oxytetracycline hydrochloride. 1146500.
octadecylsilyl groups. See Oxytetracycline hydrochloride (0198).
Organosilica polymer, amorphous, polar-embedded Palladium. Pd. (Ar 106.4). 1114700. [7440-05-3].
octadecylsilyl, end-capped. 1150600. Grey white metal, soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Synthetic, spherical hybrid particles containing both Palladium chloride. PdCl2. (Mr 177.3). 1061500. [7647-10-1].
inorganic (silica) and organic (organosiloxanes) components,
chemically modified at the surface by the bonding of polar Red crystals.
embedded octadecylsilyl groups. mp : 678 °C to 680 °C.
To minimise any interaction with basic compounds, it is Palladium chloride solution. 1061501.
carefully end-capped to cover most of the remaining silanol Dissolve 1 g of palladium chloride R in 10 ml of warm
groups. The particle size is indicated after the name of the hydrochloric acid R. Dilute the solution to 250 ml with a
reagent in the tests where it is used. mixture of equal volumes of dilute hydrochloric acid R
and water R. Dilute this solution immediately before use
Organosilica polymer for mass spectrometry, amorphous, with 2 volumes of water R.
octadecylsilyl, end-capped. 1164900.
Synthetic, spherical hybrid particles containing both Palmitic acid. C16H32O2. (Mr 256.4). 1061600. [57-10-3].
inorganic (silica) and organic (organosiloxanes) components. Hexadecanoic acid.
To minimise any interaction with basic compounds, it is White or almost white, crystalline scales, practically insoluble
carefully end-capped to cover most of the remaining silanol in water, freely soluble in hot alcohol.
groups. The particle size is indicated after the name of the mp : about 63 °C.
reagent in the tests where it is used. Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
on Chloramphenicol palmitate (0473). The chromatogram
Osmium tetroxide. OsO4. (Mr 254.2). 1061200. [20816-12-0]. shows only one principal spot.
Light-yellow needles or a yellow, crystalline mass, Palmitic acid used in the assay of total fatty acids in Saw
hygroscopic, light sensitive, soluble in water and in alcohol. palmetto fruit (1848) complies with the following additional
Storage : in an airtight container. requirement.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
Osmium tetroxide solution. 1061201. prescribed in the monograph on Saw palmetto fruit (1848).
A 2.5 g/l solution in 0.05 M sulphuric acid. The content of palmitic acid is not less than 98 per cent,
calculated by the normalisation procedure.
Oxalic acid. C2H2O4,2H2O. (Mr 126.1). 1061400. [6153-56-6].
Ethanedioic acid dihydrate. Palmitoleic acid. C16H30O2. (Mr 254.4). 1144400. [373-49-9].
White or almost white crystals, soluble in water, freely (9Z)-Hexadec-9-enoic acid.
soluble in alcohol. Clear, colourless liquid.
bp : about 162 °C.
Oxalic acid and sulphuric acid solution. 1061401. Palmitoleic acid used in the assay of total fatty acids in
A 50 g/l solution of oxalic acid R in a cooled mixture of Saw palmetto fruit (1848) complies with the following
equal volumes of sulphuric acid R and water R. additional requirement.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
Oxazepam. 1144300. [604-75-1]. prescribed in the monograph on Saw palmetto fruit (1848).
See Oxazepam (0778). The content of palmitoleic acid is not less than 98 per cent,
calculated by the normalisation procedure.
Ox brain, acetone-dried. 1061300.
Cut into small pieces a fresh ox brain previously freed Palmityl alcohol. C16H34O. (Mr 242.4). 1156100.
from vascular and connective tissue. Place in acetone R [36653-82-4]. Cetyl alcohol. 1-Hexadecanol.
for preliminary dehydration. Complete the dehydration by mp : about 48 °C.
pounding in a mortar 30 g of this material with successive Content : minimum 96 per cent of C16H34O.
quantities, each of 75 ml, of acetone R until a dry powder is
obtained after filtration. Dry at 37 °C for 2 h or until the Pancreas powder. 1061700.
odour of acetone is no longer present. See Pancreas powder (0350).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 465
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Papain. 1150700. [9001-73-4]. 4-[bis(4-Aminophenyl)methylene]cyclohexa-2,5-dieniminium

A proteolytic enzyme obtained from the latex of the green chloride.
fruit and leaves of Carica papaya L. A bluish-red, crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water,
soluble in ethanol. Solutions in water and ethanol are
Papaverine hydrochloride. 1061800. [61-25-6]. deep-red ; solutions in sulphuric acid and in hydrochloric
See Papaverine hydrochloride (0102). acid are yellow.
mp : about 270 °C, with decomposition.
Paper chromatography performance test solutions.
1150800. Decolorised pararosaniline solution. 1062201.
Test solution (a). Sodium pertechnetate (99mTc) injection To 0.1 g of pararosaniline hydrochloride R in a
(fission) (0124) or Sodium pertechnetate (99mTc) injection ground-glass-stoppered flask add 60 ml of water R and
(non-fission) (0283). a solution of 1.0 g of anhydrous sodium sulphite R
Test solution (b). In a closed vial mix 100 µl of a 5 g/l or 2.0 g of sodium sulphite R or 0.75 g of sodium
solution of stannous chloride R in 0.05 M hydrochloric acid metabisulphite R in 10 ml of water R. Slowly and with
and 100 MBq to 200 MBq of Sodium pertechnetate (99mTc) stirring add 6 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R, stopper
injection (fission) (0124) or Sodium pertechnetate (99mTc) the flask and continue stirring until dissolution is
injection (non-fission) (0283) in a volume not exceeding complete. Dilute to 100 ml with water R. Allow to stand
2 ml. for 12 h before use.
Storage : protected from light.
Paper for chromatography. 1150900.
Parthenolide. C15H20O3. (Mr 248.3). 1129900. [20554-84-1].
Pure cellulose grade thin paper with a smooth surface and a (4E)-(1aR,7aS,10aS,10bS)-1a,5-Dimethyl-8-methylene-2,
thickness of about 0.2 mm. 3,6,7,7a,8,10a,10b-octahydro-oxireno[9,10]cyclodeca[1,2-
Chromatographic separation. To 2 strips of paper for b]furan-9(1aH)-one. (E)-(5S,6S)-4,5-Epoxygermacra-1(10),
chromatography R apply separately 2-5 µl of test solution (a) 11(13)-dieno-12(6)-lactone.
and test solution (b) of paper chromatography performance A white or almost white, crystalline powder, very slightly
test solutions R. Develop over a pathlength of 3/4 of soluble in water, very soluble in methylene chloride, soluble
the paper height, using a mixture of equal volumes of in methanol.
methanol R and water R. Allow to dry and determine the
distribution of radioactivity using a suitable detector. The : − 71.4, determined on a 2.2 g/l solution in methylene
paper is not satisfactory, unless the chromatogram obtained chloride R.
with test solution (a) shows a single radioactivity spot with mp : 115 °C to 116 °C.
an RF value in the range 0.8-1.0 and the chromatogram Absorbance (2.2.25). A 0.01 g/l solution in alcohol R shows
obtained with test solution (b) shows a single radioactivity an absorption maximum at 214 nm.
spot at the application point (RF value in the range 0.0-0.1).
Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29), as
Paracetamol. 1061900. [103-90-2]. prescribed in the monograph on Feverfew (1516), at the
concentration of the reference solution. The content of
See Paracetamol (0049). parthenolide is not less than 90 per cent calculated by the
Paracetamol, 4-aminophenol-free. 1061901. normalisation procedure.
Recrystallise paracetamol R from water R and dry in Penicillinase solution. 1062300.
vacuo at 70 °C ; repeat the procedure until the product Dissolve 10 g of casein hydrolysate, 2.72 g of potassium
complies with the following test : dissolve 5 g of the dried dihydrogen phosphate R and 5.88 g of sodium citrate R in
substance in a mixture of equal volumes of methanol R 200 ml of water R, adjust to pH 7.2 with a 200 g/l solution
and water R and dilute to 100 ml with the same mixture of sodium hydroxide R and dilute to 1000 ml with water R.
of solvents. Add 1 ml of a freshly prepared solution Dissolve 0.41 g of magnesium sulphate R in 5 ml of water R
containing 10 g/l of sodium nitroprusside R and 10 g/l and add 1 ml of a 1.6 g/l solution of ferrous ammonium
of anhydrous sodium carbonate R, mix and allow to sulphate R and sufficient water R to produce 10 ml.
stand for 30 min protected from light. No blue or green Sterilise both solutions by heating in an autoclave, cool, mix,
colour is produced. distribute in shallow layers in conical flasks and inoculate
with Bacillus cereus (NCTC 9946). Allow the flasks to stand
Paraffin, liquid. 1062000. [8042-47-5]. at 18 °C to 37 °C until growth is apparent and then maintain
See Liquid paraffin (0239). at 35 °C to 37 °C for 16 h, shaking constantly to ensure
maximum aeration. Centrifuge and sterilise the supernatant
Paraffin, white soft. 1062100. liquid by filtration through a membrane filter. 1.0 ml of
A semi-liquid mixture of hydrocarbons obtained from penicillinase solution contains not less than 0.4 microkatals
petroleum and bleached, practically insoluble in water and (corresponding to the hydrolysis of not less than 500 mg of
in alcohol, soluble in light petroleum R1, the solution benzylpenicillin to benzylpenicilloic acid per hour) at 30 °C
sometimes showing a slight opalescence. and pH 7, provided that the concentration of benzylpenicillin
does not fall below the level necessary for enzyme saturation.
Paraldehyde. 1151000. [123-63-7]. The Michaelis constant for benzylpenicillin of the
See Paraldehyde (0351). penicillinase in penicillinase solution is approximately
12 µg/ml.
Pararosaniline hydrochloride. C19H18ClN3. (Mr 323.8). Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility.
1062200. [569-61-9].
Storage : at a temperature between 0 °C and 2 °C for 2 to
Schultz No. 779. 3 days. When freeze-dried and kept in sealed ampoules, it
Colour Index No. 42500. may be stored for several months.

466 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Pentaerythrityl tetrakis[3-(3,5-di(1,1-dimethylethyl)- Perchloric acid solution. 1062901.

4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate]. C73H108O12. Dilute 8.5 ml of perchloric acid R to 100 ml with water R.
(Mr 1178). 1062400. [6683-19-8]. Pentaerythrityl
tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate]. Periodic acetic acid solution. 1063000.
2,2′-bis(Hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol tetrakis[3-[3,5-di(1, Dissolve 0.446 g of sodium periodate R in 2.5 ml of a 25 per
1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]]propionate. cent V/V solution of sulphuric acid R. Dilute to 100.0 ml
A white to slightly yellow, crystalline powder, practically with glacial acetic acid R.
insoluble in water, very soluble in acetone, soluble in
methanol, slightly soluble in hexane. Periodic acid. H 5IO6. (Mr 227.9). 1108900. [10450-60-9].
mp : 110 °C to 125 °C. Crystals, freely soluble in water and soluble in alcohol.
α-form : 120 °C to 125 °C. mp : about 122 °C.
β-form : 110 °C to 115 °C. Permethrin. C21H20Cl2O3. (Mr 391.3). 1130000. [52645--1].
Pentafluoropropanoic acid. C3HF5O2. (Mr 164.0). 1151100. mp : 34 °C to 35 °C.
[422-64-0]. A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
Clear, colourless liquid. cyclohexane) may be used.
: about 1.561. Peroxide test strips. 1147800.
: about 1.284.
Use commercial test strips with a suitable scale in the range
bp : about 97 °C. from 0 ppm to 25 ppm peroxide.
Pentane. C5H12. (Mr 72.2). 1062500. [109-66-0]. Perylene. C20H12. (Mr 252.3). 1130100. [198-55-0].
A clear, colourless, flammable liquid, very slightly soluble in Dibenz(de,kl)anthracene.
water, miscible with acetone and with ethanol. Orange powder.
: about 0.63. mp : about 279 °C.
: about 1.359.
bp : about 36 °C. Petroleum, light. 1063100. [8032-32-4]. Petroleum
ether 50-70 °C.
Pentane used in spectrophotometry complies with the
following additional requirement. A clear, colourless, flammable liquid without fluorescence,
Minimum transmittance (2.2.25), determined using water R practically insoluble in water, miscible with ethanol (96 per
as compensation liquid : 20 per cent at 200 nm, 50 per cent cent).
at 210 nm, 85 per cent at 220 nm, 93 per cent at 230 nm, : 0.661 to 0.664.
98 per cent at 240 nm. Distillation range (2.2.11) : 50 °C to 70 °C.
1,2-Pentanediol. C5H12O2. (Mr 104.2). 1155800. [5343-92-0]. Petroleum, light R1. 1063101. Petroleum ether 40-60 °C.
(2RS)-Pentane-1,2-diol. Complies with the requirements prescribed for light
: about 0.971. petroleum R, with the following modifications.
: about 1.439. : 0.630 to 0.656.
bp : about 201 °C. Distillation range (2.2.11) : 40 °C to 60 °C
Pentanol. C5H12O. (Mr 88.1). 1062600. [71-41-0]. 1-Pentanol. It does not become cloudy at 0 °C.
Colourless liquid, sparingly soluble in water, miscible with Petroleum, light R2. 1063102. Petroleum ether 30-40 °C.
alcohol.
Complies with the requirements prescribed for light
: about 1.410.
petroleum R, with the following modifications.
bp : about 137 °C.
: 0.620 to 0.630.
tert-Pentyl alcohol. C5H12O. (Mr 88.1). 1062700. [75-85-4]. Distillation range (2.2.11) : 30 °C to 40 °C
tert-Amyl alcohol. 2-Methyl-2-butanol. It does not become cloudy at 0 °C.
A volatile, flammable liquid, freely soluble in water, miscible
with alcohol and with glycerol. Petroleum, light R3. 1063103. Petroleum
: about 0.81. ether 100-120 °C.
Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils Complies with the requirements prescribed for light
between 100 °C and 104 °C. petroleum R, with the following modifications.
Storage : protected from light. : about 0.720.
Distillation range (2.2.11) : 100 °C to 120 °C.
Pepsin powder. 1062800. [9001-75-6].
Water (2.5.12) : maximum 0.03 per cent.
See Pepsin powder (0682).
Perchloric acid. HClO4. (Mr 100.5). 1062900. [7601-90-3]. Petroleum, light R4. 1063104. Petroleum ether
80-100 °C.
Content : 70.0 per cent m/m to 73.0 per cent m/m of HClO4.
Complies with the requirements prescribed for light
A clear, colourless liquid, miscible with water. petroleum R, with the following modifications.
: about 1.7. Distillation range (2.2.11) : 80 °C to 100 °C.
Assay. To 2.50 g add 50 ml of water R and titrate with 1 M
: about 0.70.
sodium hydroxide, using 0.1 ml of methyl red solution R
as indicator. α-Phellandrene. C10H16. (Mr 136.2). 1130400.
1 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 100.5 mg of [4221-98-1]. (R)-5-Isopropyl-2-methyl-cyclohexa-1,3-diene.
HClO4. (—)-p-Mentha-1,5-diene.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 467
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

: about 1.471. Solution II. Dissolve 25 mg of ammonium sulphate R

bp : 171 °C to 174 °C. in 235 ml of water R ; add 105 ml of dilute sodium
hydroxide solution R and 135 ml of dilute acetic acid R.
α-Phellandrene used in gas chromatography complies with
the following additional test. Add 25 ml of solution I to solution II. If necessary, adjust
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as the pH of the mixture to 4.7.
prescribed in the monograph on Eucalyptus oil (0390). Phenol red solution R3. 1063604.
Test solution. The substance to be examined.
Solution I. Dissolve 33 mg of phenol red R in 1.5 ml of
Content: 95.0 per cent, calculated by the normalisation dilute sodium hydroxide solution R and dilute to 50 ml
procedure. with water R.
Phenanthrene. C14H10. (Mr 178.2). 1063200. [85-01-8]. Solution II. Dissolve 50 mg of ammonium sulphate R
White or almost white crystals, practically insoluble in water, in 235 ml of water R ; add 105 ml of dilute sodium
sparingly soluble in alcohol. hydroxide solution R and 135 ml of dilute acetic acid R.
mp : about 100 °C. Add 25 ml of solution I to solution II ; if necessary, adjust
the pH of the mixture to 4.7.
Phenanthroline hydrochloride. C12H9ClN2,H2O. (Mr 234.7).
1063300. [3829-86-5]. 1,10-Phenanthroline hydrochloride Phenoxyacetic acid. C8H8O3. (Mr 152.1). 1063800.
monohydrate. [122-59-8]. 2-Phenoxyethanoic acid.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, freely soluble Almost white crystals, sparingly soluble in water, freely
in water, soluble in alcohol. soluble in alcohol, and in glacial acetic acid.
mp : about 215 °C, with decomposition. mp : about 98 °C.
Phenazone. 1063400. [60-80-0]. Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
on Phenoxymethylpenicillin (0148) ; the chromatogram
See Phenazone (0421).
shows only one principal spot.
Phenol. 1063500. [108-95-2].
2-Phenoxyaniline. C12H11NO. (Mr 185.2). 1165500.
See Phenol (0631). [2688-84-8]. 2-Phenoxybenzenamine. 2-Aminophenyl phenyl
Phenolphthalein. C20H14O4. (Mr 318.3). 1063700. [77-09-8]. ether.
3,3-bis(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one.
Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride. C18H23Cl2NO. (Mr 340.3).
A white to yellowish-white powder, practically insoluble in 1063900. N-(2-Chloroethyl)-N-(1-methyl-2-phenoxyethyl)-
water, soluble in alcohol. benzylamine hydrochloride.
Phenolphthalein paper. 1063704. Content : 97.0 per cent to the equivalent of 103.0 per cent
Immerse strips of filter paper for a few minutes in of C18H23Cl2NO, calculated with reference to the dried
phenolphthalein solution R. Allow to dry. substance.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, sparingly
Phenolphthalein solution. 1063702. soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol.
Dissolve 0.1 g of phenolphthalein R in 80 ml of alcohol R mp : about 138 °C.
and dilute to 100 ml with water R.
Loss on drying (2.2.32) : maximum 0.5 per cent, determined
Test for sensitivity. To 0.1 ml of the phenolphthalein
by drying over diphosphorus pentoxide R at a pressure not
solution add 100 ml of carbon dioxide-free water R. The
exceeding 670 Pa for 24 h.
solution is colourless. Not more than 0.2 ml of 0.02 M
sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour to Assay. Dissolve 0.500 g in 50.0 ml of ethanol-free
pink. chloroform R and extract with three quantities, each of
Colour change : pH 8.2 (colourless) to pH 10.0 (red). 20 ml, of 0.01 M hydrochloric acid. Discard the acid extracts,
filter the chloroform layer through cotton and dilute 5.0 ml
Phenolphthalein solution R1. 1063703. of the filtrate to 500.0 ml with ethanol-free chloroform R.
A 10 g/l solution in alcohol R. Measure the absorbance of the resulting solution in a closed
cell at the maximum at 272 nm.
Phenol red. 1063600. [143-74-8]. Calculate the content of C18H23Cl2NO, taking the specific
Bright red or dark red, crystalline powder, very slightly absorbance to be 56.3.
soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol. Storage : protected from light.
Phenol red solution. 1063601.
Phenoxyethanol. C8H10O2. (Mr 138.2). 1064000. [122-99-6].
Dissolve 0.1 g of phenol red R in a mixture of 2.82 ml 2-Phenoxyethanol.
of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and 20 ml of alcohol R and
dilute to 100 ml with water R. A clear, colourless, oily liquid, slightly soluble in water, freely
soluble in alcohol.
Test for sensitivity. Add 0.1 ml of the phenol red solution
to 100 ml of carbon dioxide-free water R. The solution is : about 1.11.
yellow. Not more than 0.1 ml of 0.02 M sodium hydroxide : about 1.537.
is required to change the colour to reddish-violet. Freezing point (2.2.18) : minimum 12 °C.
Colour change : pH 6.8 (yellow) to pH 8.4 (reddish-violet).
Phenylacetic acid. C8H8O2. (Mr 136.2). 1160000. [103-82-2].
Phenol red solution R2. 1063603.
White or almost white powder, soluble in water.
Solution I. Dissolve 33 mg of phenol red R in 1.5 ml of
dilute sodium hydroxide solution R and dilute to 100 ml bp : about 265 °C.
with water R. mp : about 75 °C.

468 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Phenylalanine. 1064100. [63-91-2]. Phosalone. C12H15ClNO4PS2. (Mr 367.8). 1130200.

See Phenylalanine (0782). [2310-17-0].
mp : 45 °C to 48 °C
p-Phenylenediamine dihydrochloride. C6H10Cl2N2. A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in iso-octane)
(Mr 181.1). 1064200. [615-28-1]. 1,4-Diaminobenzene may be used.
dihydrochloride.
A crystalline powder or white or slightly coloured crystals, Phosphomolybdic acid. 12MoO3,H3PO4,xH2O. 1064900.
turning reddish on exposure to air, freely soluble in water, [51429-74-4].
slightly soluble in alcohol. Orange-yellow, fine crystals, freely soluble in water, soluble
in alcohol.
α-Phenylglycine. C8H9NO2. (Mr 151.2). 1064300.
[2835-06-5]. (RS)-2-Amino-2-phenylacetic acid. Phosphomolybdic acid solution. 1064901.
D-Phenylglycine. C8H9NO2. (Mr 151.2). 1144500. [875-74-1]. Dissolve 4 g of phosphomolybdic acid R in water R and
(2R)-2-Amino-2-phenylacetic acid. dilute to 40 ml with the same solvent. Add cautiously
and with cooling 60 ml of sulphuric acid R. Prepare
Content : minimum 99 per cent of C8H9NO2. immediately before use.
White or almost white, crystalline powder.
Phosphomolybdotungstic reagent. 1065000.
Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride. C6H9ClN2. (Mr 144.6). Dissolve 100 g of sodium tungstate R and 25 g of
1064500. [59-88-1]. sodium molybdate R in 700 ml of water R. Add 100 ml of
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, becoming brown hydrochloric acid R and 50 ml of phosphoric acid R. Heat
on exposure to air, soluble in water and in alcohol. the mixture under a reflux condenser in a glass apparatus
mp : about 245 °C, with decomposition. for 10 h. Add 150 g of lithium sulphate R, 50 ml of water R
and a few drops of bromine R. Boil to remove the excess
Storage : protected from light. of bromine (15 min), allow to cool, dilute to 1000 ml with
water R and filter. The reagent should be yellow in colour. If
Phenylhydrazine hydrochloride solution. 1064501. it acquires a greenish tint, it is unsatisfactory for use but may
Dissolve 0.9 g of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride R in be regenerated by boiling with a few drops of bromine R.
50 ml of water R. Decolorise with activated charcoal R Care must be taken to remove the excess of bromine by
and filter. To the filtrate add 30 ml of hydrochloric acid R boiling.
and dilute to 250 ml with water R. Storage : at 2 °C to 8 °C.
Phenylhydrazine-sulphuric acid solution. 1064502. Phosphomolybdotungstic reagent, dilute. 1065001.
Dissolve 65 mg of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride R, To 1 volume of phosphomolybdotungstic reagent R add
previously recrystallised from alcohol (85 per cent V/V) R, 2 volumes of water R.
in a mixture of 80 volumes of water R and 170 volumes
of sulphuric acid R and dilute to 100 ml with the same Phosphoric acid. 1065100. [7664-38-2].
mixture of solvents. Prepare immediately before use.
See Concentrated phosphoric acid (0004).
Phenyl isothiocyanate. C7H5NS. (Mr 135.2). 1121500.
Phosphoric acid, dilute. 1065101.
[103-72-0].
See Dilute phosphoric acid (0005).
A liquid, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
: about 1.13. Phosphoric acid, dilute R1. 1065102.
: about 1.65. Dilute 93 ml of dilute phosphoric acid R to 1000 ml with
bp : about 221 °C. water R.
mp : about − 21 °C. Phosphorous acid. H3PO3. (Mr 82.0). 1130600. [13598-36-2].
Use a grade suitable for protein sequencing. White or almost white, very hygroscopic and deliquescent
crystalline mass ; slowly oxidised by oxygen (air) to H3PO4.
1-Phenylpiperazine. C10H14N2. (Mr 162.2). 1130500.
Unstable, orthorhombic crystals, soluble in water, in alcohol
[92-54-6].
and in a mixture of 3 volumes of ether and 1 volume of
Slightly viscous, yellow liquid, not miscible with water. alcohol.
: about 1.07. : 1.651.
: about 1.588. mp : about 73 °C.
Phloroglucinol. C6H6O3,2H2O. (Mr 162.1). 1064600. Phosphotungstic acid solution. 1065200.
[6099-90-7]. Benzene-1,3,5-triol. Heat under a reflux condenser for 3 h, 10 g of sodium
White or yellowish crystals, slightly soluble in water, soluble tungstate R with 8 ml of phosphoric acid R and 75 ml of
in alcohol. water R. Allow to cool and dilute to 100 ml with water R.
mp : about 223 °C (instantaneous method).
Phthalaldehyde. C8H6O2. (Mr 134.1). 1065300. [643-79-8].
Phloroglucinol solution. 1064601. Benzene-1,2-dicarboxaldehyde.
To 1 ml of a 100 g/l solution of phloroglucinol R in A yellow, crystalline powder.
alcohol R, add 9 ml of hydrochloric acid R. mp : about 55 °C.
Storage : protected from light. Storage : protected from light and air.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 469
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Phthalaldehyde reagent. 1065301. Picric acid solution R1. 1065802.

Dissolve 2.47 g of boric acid R in 75 ml of water R, Prepare 100 ml of a saturated solution of picric acid R
adjust to pH 10.4 using a 450 g/l solution of potassium and add 0.25 ml of strong sodium hydroxide solution R.
hydroxide R and dilute to 100 ml with water R. Dissolve
1.0 g of phthalaldehyde R in 5 ml of methanol R, add α-Pinene. C10H16. (Mr 136.2). 1130800. [7785-70-8].
95 ml of the boric acid solution and 2 ml of thioglycollic (1R,5R)-2,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[ 3.1.1]hept-2-ene.
acid R and adjust to pH 10.4 with a 450 g/l solution of A liquid not miscible with water.
potassium hydroxide R. : about 0.859.
Storage : protected from light ; use within 3 days. : about 1.466.
bp : 154 °C to 156 °C.
Phthalazine. C8H6N2. (Mr 130.1). 1065400. [253-52-1].
α-Pinene used in gas chromatography complies with the
Pale yellow crystals, freely soluble in water, soluble in following additional test.
ethanol, in ethyl acetate and in methanol.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
mp : 89 °C to 92 °C. prescribed in the monograph on Bitter-orange-flower
Phthalein purple. C32H32N2O12,xH2O. (Mr 637, anhydrous oil (1175) using the substance to be examined as the test
substance). 1065500. [2411-89-4]. Metalphthalein. 2,2′,2″, solution.
2’’’-[o-Cresolphthalein-3′,3″-bis(methylenenitrilo)]tetra-acetic The area of the principal peak is not less than 99.0 per cent
acid. (1,3-Dihydro-3-oxo-isobenzofuran-1-ylidene)bis[(6- of the total area of the peaks.
hydroxy-5-methyl-3,1-phenylene)bis(methyleneimino)diacetic
β-Pinene. C10H16. (Mr 136.2). 1109000. [18172-67-3].
acid].
6,6-Dimethyl-2-methylenebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane.
A yellowish-white to brownish powder, practically insoluble A colourless, oily liquid, odour reminiscent of turpentine,
in water, soluble in alcohol. The product may be found in practically insoluble in water, miscible with alcohol.
commerce in the form of the sodium salt : a yellowish-white
to pink powder, soluble in water, practically insoluble in : about 0.867.
alcohol. : about 1.474.
Test for sensitivity. Dissolve 10 mg in 1 ml of concentrated bp : 164 °C to 166 °C.
ammonia R and dilute to 100 ml with water R. To 5 ml of β-Pinene used in gas chromatography complies with the
the solution add 95 ml of water R, 4 ml of concentrated following additional test.
ammonia R, 50 ml of alcohol R and 0.1 ml of 0.1 M barium Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
chloride. The solution is blue-violet. Add 0.15 ml of 0.1 M prescribed in the monograph on Bitter-orange-flower
sodium edetate. The solution becomes colourless. oil (1175), using the substance to be examined as the test
Phthalic acid. C8H6O4. (Mr 166.1). 1065600. [88-99-3]. solution. The area of the principal peak is not less than
Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid. 99.0 per cent of the total area of the peaks.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, soluble in hot Piperazine hydrate. 1065900. [142-63-2].
water and in alcohol. See Piperazine hydrate (0425).
Phthalic anhydride. C8H4O3. (Mr 148.1). 1065700. [85-44-9]. Piperidine. C5H11N. (Mr 85.2). 1066000. [110-89-4].
Isobenzofuran-1,3-dione. Hexahydropyridine.
Content : minimum 99.0 per cent of C8H4O3. A colourless to slightly yellow, alkaline liquid, miscible with
White or almost white flakes. water, with alcohol and with light petroleum.
mp : 130 °C to 132 °C. bp : about 106 °C.
Assay. Dissolve 2.000 g in 100 ml of water R and boil under Piperitone. C10H16O. (Mr 152.2). 1151200. [89-81-6].
a reflux condenser for 30 min. Cool and titrate with 1 M 6-Isopropyl-3-methyl-cyclohex-2-en-1-one.
sodium hydroxide, using phenolphthalein solution R as
indicator. Pirimiphos-ethyl. C13H24N3O3PS. (Mr 333.4). 1130300.
[23505-41-1].
1 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 74.05 mg of
C 8H 4O3. mp : 15 °C to 18 °C.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
Phthalic anhydride solution. 1065701. cyclohexane) may be used.
Dissolve 42 g of phthalic anhydride R in 300 ml of Plasma, platelet-poor. 1066100.
anhydrous pyridine R. Allow to stand for 16 h.
Withdraw 45 ml of human blood into a 50 ml plastic syringe
Storage : protected from light ; use within 1 week. containing 5 ml of a sterile 38 g/l solution of sodium
Picein. C14H18O7. (Mr 298.3). 1130700. [530-14-3]. citrate R. Without delay, centrifuge at 1500 g at 4 °C for
1-[4-(β-D-Glucopyranosyloxy)phenyl]ethanone. 30 min. Remove the upper two-thirds of the supernatant
p-(Acetylphenyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside. plasma using a plastic syringe and without delay centrifuge
at 3500 g at 4 °C for 30 min. Remove the upper two-thirds of
mp : 194 °C to 195 °C. the liquid and freeze it rapidly in suitable amounts in plastic
Picric acid. C6H3N3O7. (Mr 229.1). 1065800. [88-89-1]. tubes at or below − 40 °C. Use plastic or silicone-treated
2,4,6-Trinitrophenol. equipment.
Yellow prisms or plates, soluble in water and in alcohol. Plasma substrate. 1066200.
Storage : moistened with water R. Separate the plasma from human or bovine blood collected
into one-ninth its volume of a 38 g/l solution of sodium
Picric acid solution. 1065801. citrate R, or into two-sevenths its volume of a solution
A 10 g/l solution. containing 20 g/l of disodium hydrogen citrate R and

470 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

25 g/l of glucose R. With the former, prepare the substrate Plasma substrate deficient in factor V. 1066300.
on the day of collection of the blood. With the latter, prepareUse preferably a plasma which is congenitally deficient, or
within two days of collection of the blood. prepare it as follows : separate the plasma from human blood
Storage : at − 20 °C. collected into one tenth of its volume of a 13.4 g/l solution
of sodium oxalate R. Incubate at 37 °C for 24 h to 36 h. The
Plasma substrate R1. 1066201. coagulation time determined by the method described for
Use water-repellent equipment (made from materials coagulation factor V solution R should be 70 s to 100 s. If
such as suitable plastics or suitably silicone-treated the coagulation time is less than 70 s, incubate again for
glass) for taking and handling blood. 12 h to 24 h.
Collect a suitable volume of blood from each of at least Storage : in small quantities at a temperature of − 20 °C or
five sheep ; a 285 ml volume of blood collected into 15 ml lower.
of anticoagulant solution is suitable but smaller volumes Plasminogen, human. 1109100. [9001-91-6].
may be collected, taking the blood, either from a live
animal or at the time of slaughter, using a needle attached A substance present in blood that may be activated to
to a suitable cannula which is long enough to reach the plasmin, an enzyme that lyses fibrin in blood clots.
bottom of the collecting vessel. Discarding the first few Plutonium-242 spiking solution. 1167400.
millilitres and collecting only free-flowing blood, collect
the blood in a sufficient quantity of an anticoagulant Contains 50 Bq/l 242Pu and a 134 g/l solution of lanthanum
solution containing 8.7 g of sodium citrate R and 4 mg chloride heptahydrate R in a 284 g/l solution of nitric
of aprotinin R per 100 ml of water R to give a final ratio acid R.
of blood to anticoagulant solution of 19 to 1. During Poly[(cyanopropyl)methylphenylmethylsiloxane].
and immediately after collection, swirl the flask gently to 1066500.
ensure mixing but do not allow frothing to occur. When
See poly[(cyanopropyl)(methyl)][(phenyl)(methyl)]silox-
collection is complete, close the flask and cool to 10 °C
ane R.
to 15 °C. When cold, pool the contents of all the flasks
with the exception of any that show obvious haemolysis Poly[(cyanopropyl)(methyl)][(phenyl)(methyl)]siloxane.
or clots and keep the pooled blood at 10 °C to 15 °C. 1066500.
As soon as possible and within 4 h of collection, centrifuge Contains 25 per cent of cyanopropyl groups, 25 per cent of
the pooled blood at 1000 g to 2000 g at 10 °C to 15 °C for phenyl groups and 50 per cent of methyl groups. (Average
30 min. Separate the supernatant liquid and centrifuge it relative molecular mass 8000).
at 5000 g for 30 min. (Faster centrifugation, for example A very viscous liquid (viscosity about 9000 mPa·s).
20 000 g for 30 min, may be used if necessary to clarify
the plasma, but filtration procedures should not be used.) : about 1.10.
Separate the supernatant liquid and, without delay, mix : about 1.502.
thoroughly and distribute the plasma substrate into small
Poly[(cyanopropyl)(phenyl)][dimethyl]siloxane. 1114800.
stoppered containers in portions sufficient for a complete
heparin assay (for example 10 ml to 30 ml). Without Stationary phase for gas chromatography.
delay, rapidly cool to a temperature below − 70 °C (for Contains 6 per cent of (cyanopropyl)(phenyl) groups and
example by immersing the containers into liquid nitrogen) 94 per cent of dimethyl groups.
and store at a temperature below − 30 °C.
Poly(cyanopropyl)(phenylmethyl)siloxane. 1066600.
The plasma is suitable for use as plasma substrate in the
assay for heparin if, under the conditions of the assay, Stationary phase for gas chromatography.
it gives a clotting time appropriate to the method of Contains 90 per cent of cyanopropylgroups and 10 per cent
detection used and if it provides reproducible, steep log of phenylmethyl groups.
dose-response curves.
Poly(cyanopropyl)(7)(phenyl)(7)(methyl)(86)siloxane.
When required for use, thaw a portion of the plasma 1109200.
substrate in a water-bath at 37 °C, gently swirling until Stationary phase for gas chromatography.
thawing is complete ; once thawed it should be kept at
10 °C to 20 °C and used without delay. The thawed Polysiloxane substituted with 7 per cent of cyanopropyl
plasma substrate may be lightly centrifuged if necessary ; groups, 7 per cent of phenyl groups and 86 per cent of
filtration procedures should not be used. dimethyl groups.

Plasma substrate R2. 1066202. Poly(cyanopropyl)siloxane. 1066700.

Polysiloxane substituted with 100 per cent of cyanopropyl
Prepare from human blood containing less than 1 per
groups.
cent of the normal amount of factor IX. Collect the blood
into one-ninth its volume of a 38 g/l solution of sodium Poly(dimethyl)(diphenyl)(divinyl)siloxane. 1100000.
citrate R. Stationary phase for gas chromatography.
Storage : in small amounts in plastic tubes at a Contains 94 per cent of methyl groups, 5 per cent of phenyl
temperature of − 30 °C or lower. groups and 1 per cent of vinyl groups. SE54.
Plasma substrate R3. 1066203. Poly(dimethyl)(diphenyl)siloxane. 1066900.
Prepare from human blood containing less than 1 per Stationary phase for gas chromatography.
cent of the normal amount of factor XI. Collect the blood Contains 95 per cent of methyl groups and 5 per cent of
into one-ninth its volume of a 38 g/l solution of sodium phenyl groups. DB-5, SE52.
citrate R.
Storage : in small amounts in plastic tubes at a Poly(dimethyl)(85)(diphenyl)(15)siloxane. 1154700.
temperature of − 30 °C or lower. Stationary phase for chromatography.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 471
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Contains 85 per cent of methyl groups and 15 per cent of Polyether hydroxylated gel for chromatography. 1067000.
phenyl groups. PS086. Gel with a small particle size having a hydrophilic surface
with hydroxyl groups. It has an exclusion limit for dextran of
Poly(dimethyl)siloxane. 1066800. relative molecular mass 2 × 105 to 2.5 × 106.

Silicone gum rubber (methyl). Organosilicon polymer with Polyethyleneglycol adipate. (C8H12O4)n. (Mr (172.2)n).
the appearance of a semi-liquid, colourless gum. 1067700.
A white or almost white, wax-like mass, practically insoluble
The intrinsic viscosity, determined as follows is about in water.
115 ml·g− 1. Weigh 1.5 g, 1 g and 0.3 g of the substance to
be examined to the nearest 0.1 mg, into 100 ml volumetric mp : about 43 °C.
flasks. Add 40 ml to 50 ml of toluene R, shake until the Polyethyleneglycol, base-deactivated. 1170300.
substance is completely dissolved and dilute to 100.0 ml with
the same solvent. Determine the viscosity (2.2.9) of each Stationary phase for gas chromatography.
solution. Determine the viscosity of toluene R under the Cross-linked, base-deactivated polyethyleneglycol specially
same conditions. Reduce the concentration of each solution designed for amine analysis.
by half by diluting with toluene R. Determine the viscosity
of these solutions. Polyethyleneglycol succinate. (C6H8O4)n. (Mr (144.1)n).
1067800.
c = concentration in grams per 100 ml, A white or almost white, crystalline powder, practically
t1 = flow time of the solution to be examined, insoluble in water.
t2 = flow time of toluene, mp : about 102 °C.
η1 = viscosity of the solution to be examined in Polymethacrylate gel, hydroxylated. 1151300.
millipascal seconds, Stationary phase for size-exclusion chromatography.
η2 = viscosity of toluene in millipascal seconds, Gel based on hydroxylated methacrylic acid polymer.
d1 = relative density of the solution to be examined,
Polymethylphenylsiloxane. 1067900.
d2 = relative density of toluene.
Stationary phase for gas chromatography.
To obtain the relative densities use the following data. Contains 50 per cent of methyl groups and 50 per cent of
phenyl groups. (Average relative molecular mass 4000).
Concentration (g/100 ml) Relative density (d1) A very viscous liquid (viscosity about 1300 mPa·s).
0 - 0.5 1.000 : about 1.09.
0.5 - 1.25 1.001 : about 1.540.
1.25 - 2.20 1.002 Poly[methyl(95)phenyl(5)]siloxane. 1068000.
2.20 - 2.75 1.003 See Poly(dimethyl)(diphenyl)siloxane R.
2.75 - 3.20 1.004 Poly[methyl(94)phenyl(5)vinyl(1)]siloxane. 1068100.
3.20 - 3.75 1.005 See Poly(dimethyl)(diphenyl)(divinyl)siloxane R.
3.75 - 4.50 1.006
Polyoxyethylated castor oil. 1068200.
The specific viscosity is obtained from the equation : A light yellow liquid. It becomes clear above 26 °C.
Polysorbate 20. 1068300. [9005-64-5].
See Polysorbate 20 (0426).
and the reduced viscosity from : Polysorbate 80. 1068400. [9005-65-6].
See Polysorbate 80 (0428).
Polystyrene 900-1000. 1112200. [9003-53-6].
The intrinsic viscosity (η) is obtained by extrapolating the Organic standard used for calibration in gas chromatography.
preceding equation to c = 0. This is done by plotting the Mw : about 950.
curve ηsp/c or log ηsp/c as a function of c. Extrapolation to Mw/Mn : 1.10.
c = 0 gives η. The intrinsic viscosity is expressed in millilitres
per gram ; the value obtained must therefore be multiplied Potassium bicarbonate. 1069900. [298-14-6].
by 100.
See potassium hydrogen carbonate R.
The infrared absorption spectrum (2.2.24) obtained by Potassium bicarbonate solution, saturated methanolic.
applying the substance, if necessary dispersed in a few drops 1069901.
of carbon tetrachloride R, to a sodium chloride plate, does
−1
not show absorption at 3053 cm , corresponding to vinyl See potassium hydrogen carbonate solution, saturated
groups. methanolic R.

Loss on drying (2.2.32) : maximum 2.0 per cent, determined Potassium bromate. KBrO3. (Mr 167.0). 1068700.
on 1.000 g by drying in vacuo at 350 °C for 15 min ; [7758-01-2].
maximum 0.8 per cent, determined on 2.000 g by drying at White or almost white granular powder or crystals, soluble
200 °C for 2 h. in water, slightly soluble in alcohol.

472 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Potassium bromide. 1068800. [7758-02-3]. See Potassium Potassium dichromate. K2Cr2O7. (Mr 294.2). 1069500.
bromide (0184). [7778-50-9]. Dipotassium dichromate.
Potassium bromide used for infrared absorption Potassium dichromate used for the calibration of
spectrophotometry (2.2.24) also complies with the following spectrophotometers (2.2.25) contains not less than 99.9 per
requirement. cent of K2Cr2O7, calculated with reference to the substance
dried at 130 °C.
A disc 2 mm thick prepared from the substance previously
dried at 250 °C for 1 h, has a substantially flat baseline over Orange-red crystals, soluble in water, practically insoluble
the range 4000 cm− 1 to 620 cm− 1. It exhibits no maxima with in alcohol.
absorbance greater than 0.02 above the baseline, except Assay. Dissolve 1.000 g in water R and dilute to 250.0 ml
maxima for water at 3440 cm− 1 and 1630 cm− 1. with the same solvent. To 50.0 ml of this solution add a
freshly prepared solution of 4 g of potassium iodide R, 2 g
Potassium carbonate. K2CO3. (Mr 138.2). 1068900. of sodium hydrogen carbonate R and 6 ml of hydrochloric
[584-08-7]. Dipotassium carbonate. acid R in 100 ml of water R in a 500 ml flask. Stopper the
A white or almost white, granular powder, hygroscopic, very flask and allow to stand protected from light for 5 min.
soluble in water, practically insoluble in ethanol. Titrate with 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate, using 1 ml of
iodide-free starch solution R as indicator.
Storage : in an airtight container.
1 ml of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate is equivalent to 4.903 mg
Potassium chlorate. KClO3. (Mr 122.6). 1069000. of K2Cr2O7.
[3811-04-9].
Potassium dichromate solution. 1069501.
A white or almost white powder, granules or crystals, soluble A 106 g/l solution.
in water.
Potassium dichromate solution R1. 1069502.
Potassium chloride. 1069100. [7447-40-7]. See Potassium
chloride (0185). A 5 g/l solution.
Potassium chloride used for infrared absorption Potassium dihydrogen phosphate. 1069600. [7778-77-0].
spectrophotometry (2.2.24) also complies with the following See Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0920).
requirement.
A disc 2 mm thick, prepared from the substance previously Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.2 M. 1069601.
dried at 250 °C for 1 h, has a substantially flat baseline over A solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R
the range 4000 cm− 1 to 620 cm− 1. It exhibits no maxima with containing the equivalent of 27.22 g of KH2PO4 in
absorbance greater than 0.02 above the baseline, except 1000.0 ml.
maxima for water at 3440 cm− 1 and 1630 cm− 1.
Potassium ferricyanide. K3[Fe(CN)6]. (Mr 329.3). 1069700.
Potassium chloride, 0.1 M. 1069101. [13746-66-2]. Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III).
A solution of potassium chloride R containing the Red crystals, freely soluble in water.
equivalent of 7.46 g of KCl in 1000.0 ml.
Potassium ferricyanide solution. 1069701.
Potassium chromate. K2CrO4. (Mr 194.2). 1069200. Wash 5 g of potassium ferricyanide R with a little
[7789-00-6]. Dipotassium chromate. water R, dissolve and dilute to 100 ml with water R.
Yellow crystals, freely soluble in water. Prepare immediately before use.
Potassium ferrocyanide. K4[Fe(CN)6],3H2O. (Mr 422.4).
Potassium chromate solution. 1069201. 1069800. [14459-95-1]. Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II).
A 50 g/l solution. Transparent yellow crystals, freely soluble in water,
practically insoluble in alcohol.
Potassium citrate. 1069300. [6100-05-6].
See Potassium citrate (0400). Potassium ferrocyanide solution. 1069801.
A 53 g/l solution.
Potassium cyanide. KCN. (Mr 65.1). 1069400. [151-50-8].
A white or almost white, crystalline powder or white or Potassium fluoride. KF. (Mr 58.1). 1137800. [7789-23-3].
almost white mass or granules, freely soluble in water, Colourless crystals or white or almost white crystalline
slightly soluble in alcohol. powder, deliquescent, soluble in water, practically insoluble
in alcohol.
Potassium cyanide solution. 1069401.
Potassium hydrogen carbonate. KHCO3. (Mr 100.1).
A 100 g/l solution. 1069900. [298-14-6]. Potassium bicarbonate.
Potassium cyanide solution, lead-free. 1069402. Transparent, colourless crystals, freely soluble in water,
practically insoluble in alcohol.
Dissolve 10 g of potassium cyanide R in 90 ml of water R,
add 2 ml of strong hydrogen peroxide solution R diluted Potassium hydrogen carbonate solution, saturated
1 to 5. Allow to stand for 24 h, dilute to 100 ml with methanolic. 1069901.
water R and filter. Dissolve 0.1 g of potassium hydrogen carbonate R in
The solution complies with the following test : take 0.4 ml of water R, heating on water-bath. Add 25 ml
10 ml of the solution, add 10 ml of water R and 10 ml of of methanol R and swirl, keeping the solution on the
hydrogen sulphide solution R. No colour is evolved even water-bath until dissolution is complete. Use a freshly
after addition of 5 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R. prepared solution.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 473
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Potassium hydrogen phthalate. C8H5KO4. (Mr 204.2). Potassium iodide solution, saturated. 1070504.
1070000. [877-24-7]. Potassium hydrogen A saturated solution of potassium iodide R in carbon
benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate. dioxide-free water R. Make sure the solution remains
White or almost white crystals, soluble in water, slightly saturated as indicated by the presence of undissolved
soluble in alcohol. crystals.
Potassium hydrogen phthalate, 0.2 M. 1070001. Test by adding to 0.5 ml of the saturated potassium iodide
A solution of potassium hydrogen phthalate R containing solution 30 ml of a mixture of 2 volumes of chloroform R
the equivalent of 40.84 g of C8H5KO4 in 1000.0 ml. and 3 volumes of glacial acetic acid R, as well as 0.1 ml
of starch solution R . Any blue colour formed should be
Potassium hydrogen sulphate. KHSO4. (Mr 136.2). 1070100. discharged by the addition of 0.05 ml of 0.1 M sodium
[7646-93-7]. thiosulphate.
Colourless, transparent, hygroscopic crystals, freely soluble Storage : protected from light.
in water giving a strongly acid solution.
Storage : in an airtight container. Potassium iodobismuthate solution. 1070600.
To 0.85 g of bismuth subnitrate R add 40 ml of water R,
Potassium hydrogen tartrate. C4H5KO6. (Mr 188.2). 10 ml of glacial acetic acid R and 20 ml of a 400 g/l solution
1070200. [868-14-4]. Potassium hydrogen of potassium iodide R.
(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutane-1,4-dioate.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless, Potassium iodobismuthate solution R1. 1070601.
slightly opaque crystals, slightly soluble in water, soluble in Dissolve 100 g of tartaric acid R in 400 ml of water R
boiling water, practically insoluble in alcohol. and add 8.5 g of bismuth subnitrate R. Shake for 1 h, add
200 ml of a 400 g/l solution of potassium iodide R and
Potassium hydroxide. 1070300. [1310-58-3]. shake well. Allow to stand for 24 h and filter.
See Potassium hydroxide (0840).
Storage : protected from light.
Potassium hydroxide, alcoholic, 2 M. 1070301.
Potassium iodobismuthate solution R2. 1070602.
Dissolve 12 g of potassium hydroxide R in 10 ml of
water R and dilute to 100 ml with alcohol R. Stock solution. Suspend 1.7 g of bismuth subnitrate R
and 20 g of tartaric acid R in 40 ml of water R. To the
Potassium hydroxide in alcohol (10 per cent V/V), suspension add 40 ml of a 400 g/l solution of potassium
0.5 M. 1070302. iodide R and stir for 1 h. Filter. The solution may be kept
Dissolve 28 g of potassium hydroxide R in 100 ml of for several days in brown bottles.
alcohol R and dilute to 1000 ml with water R. Spray solution. Mix immediately before use 5 ml of the
Potassium hydroxide solution, alcoholic. 1070303. stock solution with 15 ml of water R.
Dissolve 3 g of potassium hydroxide R in 5 ml of water R Potassium iodobismuthate solution R3. 1070604.
and dilute to 100 ml with aldehyde-free alcohol R. Dissolve 0.17 g of bismuth subnitrate R in a mixture of
Decant the clear solution. The solution should be almost 2 ml of glacial acetic acid R and 18 ml of water R. Add
colourless. 4 g of potassium iodide R, 1 g of iodine R and dilute to
Potassium hydroxide solution, alcoholic R1. 1070304. 100 ml with dilute sulphuric acid R.
Dissolve 6.6 g of potassium hydroxide R in 50 ml of Potassium iodobismuthate solution R4. 1070605.
water R and dilute to 1000 ml with ethanol R.
Dissolve 1.7 g of bismuth subnitrate R in 20 ml of glacial
Potassium iodate. KIO3. (Mr 214.0). 1070400. [7758-05-6]. acetic acid R. Add 80 ml of distilled water R, 100 ml of a
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, soluble in water. 400 g/l solution of potassium iodide R, 200 ml of glacial
acetic acid R and dilute to 1000 ml with distilled water R.
Potassium iodide. 1070500. [7681-11-0]. Mix 2 volumes of this solution with 1 volume of a 200 g/l
See Potassium iodide (0186). solution of barium chloride R.
Potassium iodide and starch solution. 1070501. Potassium iodobismuthate solution R5. 1070606.
Dissolve 0.75 g of potassium iodide R in 100 ml of To 0.85 g of bismuth subnitrate R add 10 ml of glacial
water R. Heat to boiling and add whilst stirring a solution acetic acid R and gently heat until completely dissolved.
of 0.5 g of soluble starch R in 35 ml of water R. Boil for Add 40 ml of water R and allow to cool. To 5 ml of this
2 min and allow to cool. solution, add 5 ml of a 400 g/l solution of potassium
Test for sensitivity. A mixture of 15 ml of the potassium iodide R, 20 ml of glacial acetic acid R and 70 ml of
iodide and starch solution, 0.05 ml of glacial acetic water R.
acid R and 0.3 ml of iodine solution R2 is blue.
Potassium iodobismuthate solution, dilute. 1070603.
Potassium iodide solution. 1070502.
Dissolve 100 g of tartaric acid R in 500 ml of water R and
A 166 g/l solution. add 50 ml of potassium iodobismuthate solution R1.
Potassium iodide solution, iodinated. 1070503. Storage : protected from light.
Dissolve 2 g of iodine R and 4 g of potassium iodide R
Potassium nitrate. KNO3. (Mr 101.1). 1070700. [7757-79-1].
in 10 ml of water R. When solution is complete dilute to
100 ml with water R. Colourless crystals, very soluble in water.
Potassium iodide solution, iodinated R1. 1070505. Potassium periodate. KIO4. (Mr 230.0). 1070800.
Dissolve 500 mg of iodine R and 1.5 g of potassium [7790-21-8].
iodide R in water R and dilute to 25 ml with the same A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless
solvent. crystals, soluble in water.

474 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Potassium ferriperiodate solution. 1070801. Potassium tetroxalate. C4H3KO8,2H2O. (Mr 254.2). 1071700.
Dissolve 1 g of potassium periodate R in 5 ml of a freshly [6100-20-5].
prepared 120 g/l solution of potassium hydroxide R. Add A white or almost white, crystalline powder, sparingly soluble
20 ml of water R and 1.5 ml of ferric chloride solution R1. in water, soluble in boiling water, slightly soluble in alcohol.
Dilute to 50 ml with a freshly prepared 120 g/l solution
of potassium hydroxide R. Potassium thiocyanate. KSCN. (Mr 97.2). 1071800.
[333-20-0].
Potassium permanganate. 1070900. [7722-64-7]. Colourless crystals, deliquescent, very soluble in water and
See Potassium permanganate (0121). in alcohol.
Storage : in an airtight container.
Potassium permanganate and phosphoric acid solution.
1070901. Potassium thiocyanate solution. 1071801.
Dissolve 3 g of potassium permanganate R in a mixture A 97 g/l solution.
of 15 ml of phosphoric acid R and 70 ml of water R.
Dilute to 100 ml with water R. Povidone. 1068500. [9003-39-8].
See Povidone (0685).
Potassium permanganate solution. 1070902.
A 30 g/l solution. Procaine hydrochloride. 1109400.
See Procaine hydrochloride (0050).
Potassium perrhenate. KReO4. (Mr 289.3). 1071000.
[10466-65-6]. Proline. C5H9NO2. (Mr 115.1). 1152200. [147-85-3].
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, soluble in water, L-Proline. (S)-Pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.
slightly soluble in alcohol, in methanol and in propylene White or almost white, finely crystallised powder, freely
glycol. soluble in water and in mineral acids, soluble in alcohol.
Potassium persulphate. K2S2O8. (Mr 270.3). 1071100. Content : minimum 99.0 per cent of C5H9NO2.
[7727-21-1]. Dipotassium peroxodisulphate. : − 51 to − 53, determined on a 50 g/l solution in 1 M
Colourless crystals or a white or almost white, crystalline hydrochloric acid.
powder, sparingly soluble in water, practically insoluble in
alcohol. Aqueous solutions decompose at room temperature Propanol. C3H8O. (Mr 60.1). 1072000. [71-23-8]. 1-Propanol.
and more rapidly on warming. A clear colourless liquid, miscible with water and with
alcohol.
Potassium plumbite solution. 1071200. : about 0.802 to 0.806.
Dissolve 1.7 g of lead acetate R, 3.4 g of potassium citrate R bp : about 97.2 °C.
and 50 g of potassium hydroxide R in water R and dilute to
100 ml with the same solvent. Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils
between 96 °C and 99 °C.
Potassium pyroantimonate. KSb(OH)6. (Mr 262.9).
1071300. [12208-13-8]. Potassium hexahydroxoantimoniate. 2-Propanol. C3H8O. (Mr 60.1). 1072100. [67-63-0]. Isopropyl
alcohol.
White or almost white, crystals or crystalline powder,
sparingly soluble in water. A clear, colourless, flammable liquid, miscible with water
and with alcohol.
Potassium pyroantimonate solution. 1071301. : about 0.785.
Dissolve 2 g of potassium pyroantimonate R in 95 ml of bp : 81 °C to 83 °C.
hot water R. Cool quickly and add a solution containing
2.5 g of potassium hydroxide R in 50 ml of water R and 2-Propanol R1. 1072101.
1 ml of dilute sodium hydroxide solution R. Allow to Complies with the requirements prescribed for
stand for 24 h, filter and dilute to 150 ml with water R. 2-propanol R and with the following requirements :
Potassium tartrate. C4H4K2O6, /2H2O. (Mr 235.3). 1071400.
1 : about 1.378.
[921-53-9]. Dipotassium (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutane-1,4- Water (2.5.12) : maximum 0.05 per cent, determined on
dioate hemihydrate. 10 g.
White or almost white, granular powder or crystals, very Minimum transmittance (2.2.25), determined using
soluble in water, very slightly soluble in alcohol. water R as compensation liquid : 25 per cent at 210 nm,
55 per cent at 220 nm, 75 per cent at 230 nm, 95 per cent
Potassium tetraiodomercurate solution. 1071500. at 250 nm, 98 per cent at 260 nm.
Dissolve 1.35 g of mercuric chloride R in 50 ml of water R.
Add 5 g of potassium iodide R and dilute to 100 ml with Propetamphos. C10H20NO4PS. (Mr 281.3). 1130900.
water R. [31218-83-4].
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
Potassium tetraiodomercurate solution, alkaline. 1071600. cyclohexane) may be used.
Dissolve 11 g of potassium iodide R and 15 g of mercuric
iodide R in water R and dilute to 100 ml with the same Propidium iodide. C27H34I2N4. (Mr 668.4). 1154200. [25535-
solvent. Immediately before use, mix 1 volume of this 16-4]. 3,8-Diamino-5-[3(diethylmethylammonio)propyl]-6-
solution with an equal volume of a 250 g/l solution of phenylphenanthridinium diiodide.
sodium hydroxide R. Dark red solid.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 475
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Propionaldehyde. C3H6O. (Mr 58.1). 1072300. [123-38-6]. : 1.485 to 1.489.

Propanal. bp : 222 °C to 224 °C.
A liquid freely soluble in water, miscible with alcohol. Pulegone used in gas chromatography complies with the
: about 0.81. following additional test.
: about 1.365. Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
bp : about 49 °C. prescribed in the monograph on Peppermint oil (0405)
using the substance to be examined as the test solution.
mp : about − 81 °C.
The area of the principal peak is not less than 98.0 per cent
Propionic acid. C3H6O2. (Mr 74.1). 1072400. [79-09-4]. of the total area of the peaks.
An oily liquid, soluble in alcohol, miscible with water. Putrescine. C4H12N2. (Mr 88.15). 1137900. [110–60–1].
: about 0.993. 1,4-Butanediamine. Tetramethylenediamine.
: about 1.387. A colourless oily liquid, very soluble in water. Strong
bp : about 141 °C. piperidine-like odour.
mp : about − 21 °C. bp : about 159 °C.
mp : about 23 °C.
Propionic anhydride. C6H10O3. (Mr 130.1). 1072500.
[123-62-6]. Pyridine. C5H5N. (Mr 79.1). 1073200. [110-86-1].
A clear, colourless liquid, soluble in alcohol. A clear, colourless liquid, hygroscopic, miscible with water
: about 1.01. and with alcohol.
bp : about 167 °C. bp : about 115 °C.
Storage : in an airtight container.
Propionic anhydride reagent. 1072501.
Dissolve 1 g of toluenesulphonic acid R in 30 ml of Pyridine, anhydrous. 1073300. [110-86-1].
glacial acetic acid R, add 5 ml of propionic anhydride R Dry pyridine R over anhydrous sodium carbonate R. Filter
and allow to stand for at least 15 min before use. and distil.
Storage : use within 24 h. Water (2.5.12) : maximum 0.01 per cent m/m.
Propyl acetate. C5H10O2. (Mr 102.1). 1072600. [109-60-4]. Pyridinium hydrobromide perbromide. C5H6Br3N.
: about 0.888. (Mr 319.8). 1166100. [39416-48-3]. Pyridinium
tribromide(1-).
bp : about 102 °C.
Red crystals.
mp : about − 95 °C.
Pyrid-2-ylamine. C5H6N2. (Mr 94.1). 1073400. [504-29-0].
Propyl parahydroxybenzoate. 1072700. [94-13-3]. 2-Aminopyridine.
See Propyl parahydroxybenzoate (0431). Large crystals soluble in water and in alcohol.
D-Prolyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-arginine 4-nitroanilide bp : about 210 °C.
dihydrochloride. C26H36Cl2N8O5. (Mr 612). 1072800. mp : about 58 °C.
Propylene glycol. 1072900. [57-55-6]. Pyridylazonaphthol. C15H11N3O. (Mr 249.3). 1073500.
See Propylene glycol (0430). [85-85-8]. 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol.
A brick-red powder, practically insoluble in water, soluble in
Propylene oxide. C3H6O. (Mr 58.1). 1121800. [75-56-9].
alcohol, in methanol and in hot dilute alkali solutions.
Colourless liquid, miscible with alcohol.
mp : about 138 °C.
Protamine sulphate. 1073000. [53597-25-4 (salmine)
Pyridylazonaphthol solution. 1073501.
9007-31-2 (clupeine)].
A 1 g/l solution in ethanol R.
See Protamine sulphate (0569).
Test for sensitivity. To 50 ml of water R add 10 ml of
Protopine hydrochloride. C20H20ClNO5. (Mr 389.8). acetate buffer solution pH 4.4 R, 0.10 ml of 0.02 M
1163500. [6164-47-2]. sodium edetate and 0.25 ml of the pyridylazonaphthol
5-Methyl-4,6,7,14-tetrahydrobis[1,3]benzodioxolo[4,5-c:5′,6′- solution. After addition of 0.15 ml of a 5 g/l solution of
g]azecin-13(5H)-one hydrochloride. copper sulphate R, the colour changes from light yellow
to violet.
Pteroic acid. C14H12N6O3. (Mr 312.3). 1144600.
[119-24-4]. 4-[[(2-Amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6- 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol monosodium salt. C11H8N3NaO2,
yl)methyl]amino]benzoic acid. H2O. (Mr 255.2). 1131500. [16593-81-0].
Crystals, soluble in solutions of alkali hydroxides. Orange crystalline powder.

Pulegone. C10H16O. (Mr 152.2). 1073100. [89-82-7]. Pyrocatechol. C6H6O2. (Mr 110.1). 1073600. [120-80-9].
(R)-2-Isopropylidene-5-methylcyclohexanone. Benzene-1,2-diol.
(+)-p-Menth-4-en-3-one. Colourless or slightly yellow crystals, soluble in water, in
An oily, colourless liquid, practically insoluble in water, acetone and in alcohol.
miscible with alcohol. mp : about 102 °C.
: about 0.936. Storage : protected from light.

476 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Pyrogallol. C6H6O3. (Mr 126.1). 1073700. [87-66-1]. Quinaldine red solution. 1073801.
Benzene-1,2,3-triol. Dissolve 0.1 g of quinaldine red R in methanol R and
White or almost white crystals, becoming brownish on dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent.
exposure to air and light, very soluble in water and in alcohol, Colour change : pH 1.4 (colourless) to pH 3.2 (red).
slightly soluble in carbon disulphide. On exposure to air,
aqueous solutions, and more rapidly alkaline solutions, Quinhydrone. C12H10O4. (Mr 218.2). 1073900. [106-34-3].
become brown owing to the absorption of oxygen. Equimolecular compound of 1,4-benzoquinone and
mp : about 131 °C. hydroquinone.
Storage : protected from light. Dark green, lustrous crystals or a crystalline powder, slightly
soluble in water, sparingly soluble in hot water, soluble in
Pyrogallol solution, alkaline. 1073701. alcohol and in concentrated ammonia.
Dissolve 0.5 g of pyrogallol R in 2 ml of carbon mp : about 170 °C.
dioxide-free water R. Dissolve 12 g of potassium
hydroxide R in 8 ml of carbon dioxide-free water R. Mix Quinidine. C20H24N2O2. (Mr 324.4). 1074000. [56-54-2].
the two solutions immediately before use. (S)-(6-Methoxyquinol-4-yl)[(2R,4S,5R)-5-vinylquinuclidin-2-
yl]methanol.
Pyrrolidine. C4H9N. (Mr 71.1). 1165000. [123-75-1]. White or almost white crystals, very slightly soluble in water,
Content : minimum 99 per cent of C4H9N. sparingly soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in methanol.
bp : 87 °C to 88 °C. : about + 260, determined on a 10 g/l solution in
ethanol R.
2-Pyrrolidone. C4H7NO. (Mr 85.1). 1138000. [616-45-5]. mp : about 172 °C.
Pyrrolidin-2-one.
Storage : protected from light.
Liquid above 25 °C, miscible with water, with ethanol and
with ethyl acetate. Quinidine sulphate. 1109500. [6591-63-5].
: 1.116. See Quinidine sulphate (0017).
Pyruvic acid. C3H4O3. (Mr 88.1). 1109300. [127-17-3]. Quinine. C20H24N2O2. (Mr 324.4). 1074100. [130-95-0].
2-Oxopropanoic acid. (R)-(6-Methoxyquinol-4-yl)[(2S,4S,5R)-5-vinylquinuclidin-2-
A yellowish liquid, miscible with water and with ethanol. yl]methanol.
: about 1.267. A white or almost white, microcrystalline powder, very
slightly soluble in water, slightly soluble in boiling water,
: about 1.413. very soluble in ethanol.
bp : about 165 °C. : about − 167, determined on a 10 g/l solution in
Quercetin dihydrate. C15H10O7,2H2O. (Mr 338.2). 1138100. ethanol R.
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran- mp : about 175 °C.
4-one. Storage : protected from light.
Yellow crystals or yellowish powder, practically insoluble in
Quinine hydrochloride. 1074200. [6119-47-7].
water, soluble in acetone and in methanol.
See Quinine hydrochloride (0018).
Water (2.5.12) : maximum 12.0 per cent, determined on
0.100 g. Quinine sulphate. 1074300. [6119-70-6].
Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as See Quinine sulphate (0019).
prescribed in the monograph on Ginkgo leaf (1828).
The content is not less than 90 per cent (anhydrous Rabbit erythrocyte suspension. 1074500.
substance) calculated by the normalisation procedure. Prepare a 1.6 per cent V/V suspension of rabbit erythrocytes
Storage : protected from light. as follows : defibrinate 15 ml of freshly drawn rabbit blood
by shaking with glass beads, centrifuge at 2000 g for 10 min
Quercitrin. C21H20O11. (Mr 448.4). 1138200. and wash the erythrocytes with three quantities, each of
[522-12-3]. Quercetin 3-L-rhamnopyranoside. 30 ml, of a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R. Dilute 1.6 ml
3-[(6-Deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl)oxy]-2-(3,4- of the suspension of erythrocytes to 100 ml with a mixture
dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. of 1 volume of phosphate buffer solution pH 7.2 R and
Quercitroside. 9 volumes of a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R.
Yellow crystals, practically insoluble in cold water, soluble Raclopride tartrate. C19H26Cl2N2O9. (Mr 497.3). 1144700.
in alcohol. [98185-20-7]. Raclopride L-tartrate.
mp : 176 °C to 179 °C. A white or almost white solid, sensitive to light, soluble in
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph water.
on Goldenrod (1892) applying 20 µl of the solution. After : + 0.3, determined on a 3 g/l solution.
spraying, the chromatogram shows a yellowish-brown mp : about 141 °C.
fluorescent zone with an RF of about 0.6.
Storage : at a temperature of 2 °C to 8 °C. Rapeseed oil. 1074600.
See Rapeseed oil, refined (1369).
Quinaldine red. C21H23IN2. (Mr 430.3). 1073800. [117-92-0].
2-[2-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]ethenyl]-1-ethylquinolinium Reducing mixture. 1074700.
iodide. Grind the substances added in the following order to obtain
Dark bluish-black powder, sparingly soluble in water, freely a homogeneous mixture : 20 mg of potassium bromide R,
soluble in alcohol. 0.5 g of hydrazine sulphate R and 5 g of sodium chloride R.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 477
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Resin for reversed-phase ion chromatography. 1131100. Ruthenium red solution. 1075201.
A neutral, macroporous, high specific surface area with a A 0.8 g/l solution in lead acetate solution R.
non-polar character resin consisting of polymer lattice of
polystyrene cross-linked with divinylbenzene. Rutin. C27H30O16,3H2O. (Mr 665). 1075300. [153-18-4].
Rutoside. 3-(O-6-Deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-
Resin, weak cationic. 1096000. glucopyranosyloxy)-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-
See weak cationic resin R. 4H-chromen-4-one.
A yellow, crystalline powder, darkening in light, very slightly
Resorcinol. 1074800. [108-46-3].
soluble in water, soluble in about 400 parts of boiling water,
See Resorcinol (0290). slightly soluble in alcohol, soluble in solutions of the alkali
Resorcinol reagent. 1074801. hydroxides and in ammonia.
To 80 ml of hydrochloric acid R1 add 10 ml of a 20 g/l mp : about 210 °C, with decomposition.
solution of resorcinol R and 0.25 ml of a 25 g/l solution A solution in alcohol R shows two absorption maxima
of copper sulphate R and dilute to 100.0 ml with water R. (2.2.25), at 259 nm and 362 nm.
Prepare the solution at least 4 h before use. Storage : protected from light.
Storage : at 2 °C to 8 °C for 1 week.
Sabinene. C10H16. (Mr 136.2). 1109700. [3387-41-5].
Rhamnose. C6H12O5,H2O. (Mr 182.2). 1074900. [6155-35-7]. Thuj-4(10)-ene. 4-Methylene-1-isopropylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexane.
L-(+)-Rhamnose. 6-Deoxy-L-mannose. A colourless, oily liquid.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, freely soluble in Sabinene used in gas chromatography complies with the
water. following additional test.
: + 7.8 to + 8.3, determined on a 50 g/l solution in Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
water R containing about 0.05 per cent of NH3. prescribed in the monograph on Bitter-orange-flower
Rhaponticin. C21H24O9. (Mr 420.4). 1075000. [155-58-8]. oil (1175), using the substance to be examined as the test
3-Hydroxy-5-[2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenyl solution.
β-D-glucopyranoside. Content: minimum 95.0 per cent, calculated by the
A yellowish-grey, crystalline powder, soluble in alcohol and normalisation procedure.
in methanol. Saccharin sodium. 1131400. [128-44-9].
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph See Saccharin sodium (0787).
on Rhubarb (0291) ; the chromatogram shows only one
principal spot. Safrole. C10H10O2. (Mr 162.2). 1131200. [94-59-7]. 5-(Prop-2-
enyl)-1,3-benzodioxole. 4-Allyl-1,2-(methylenedioxy)benzene.
Rhodamine 6 G. C28H31ClN2O3. (Mr 479.0). 1153300.
[989-38-8]. A colourless or slightly yellow, oily liquid, with the odour of
Colour Index No. 45160. sassafras, insoluble in water, very soluble in alcohol, miscible
9-[2-(Ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl]-3,6-bis(ethylamino)-2,7- with hexane.
dimethylxanthenylium chloride. : 1.095 to 1.096.
Brownish-red powder. : 1.537 to 1.538.
bp : 232 °C to 234 °C.
Rhodamine B. C28H31ClN2O3. (Mr 479.0). 1075100. [81-88-9].
Freezing point : about 11 °C.
Schultz No. 864.
Safrole used in gas chromatography complies with the
Colour Index No. 45170.
following additional test.
[9-(2-Carboxyphen-yl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-
ylidene]diethylammonium chloride. Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
prescribed in the monograph on Cinnamon bark oil,
Green crystals or reddish-violet powder, very soluble in water
Ceylon (1501).
and in alcohol.
The content is not less than 96.0 per cent, calculated by the
Ribose. C5H10O5. (Mr 150.1). 1109600. [50-69-1]. D-Ribose. normalisation procedure.
Soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol.
Salicin. C13H18O7. (Mr 286.3). 1131300. [138-52-3].
mp : 88 °C to 92 °C. 2-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside. Salicoside.
Ricinoleic acid. C18H34O3. (Mr 298.5). 1100100. [141-22-0]. : − 62.5 ± 2.
12-Hydroxyoleic acid. mp : 199 °C to 201 °C.
A yellow or yellowish-brown viscous liquid, consisting of a Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as
mixture of fatty acids obtained by the hydrolysis of castor oil, prescribed in the monograph on Willow bark (1583) at
practically insoluble in water, very soluble in ethanol. the concentration of the reference solution. The content is
: about 0.942. not less than 99.0 per cent calculated by the normalisation
: about 1.472. procedure.
mp : about 285 °C, with decomposition. Salicylaldehyde. C7H6O2. (Mr 122.1). 1075400. [90-02-8].
Rosmarinic acid. C18H16O8. (Mr 360.3). 1138300. 2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde.
[20283-92-5]. A clear, colourless, oily liquid.
mp : 170 °C to 174 °C. : about 1.167.
Ruthenium red. [(NH3)5RuORu(NH3)4ORu(NH3)5]Cl6,4H2O. : about 1.574.
(Mr 858). 1075200. [11103-72-3]. bp : about 196 °C.
A brownish-red powder, soluble in water. mp : about − 7 °C.

478 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Salicylaldehyde azine. C14H12N2O2. (Mr 240.3). 1075500. Immediately before use, dilute to 10 times its volume with
[959-36-4]. 2,2′-Azinodimethyldiphenol. water R and mix. Measure the pH (2.2.3) of the diluted
Dissolve 0.30 g of hydrazine sulphate R in 5 ml of water R, solution. The pH is between 8.1 and 8.8.
add 1 ml of glacial acetic acid R and 2 ml of a freshly SDS-PAGE sample buffer (concentrated). 1115000.
prepared 20 per cent V/V solution of salicylaldehyde R in
2-propanol R. Mix, allow to stand until a yellow precipate Dissolve 1.89 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R,
is formed. Shake with two quantities, each of 15 ml, of 5.0 g of sodium lauryl sulphate R and 50 mg of bromophenol
methylene chloride R. Combine the organic layers and dry blue R in water R. Add 25.0 ml of glycerol R and dilute to
over anhydrous sodium sulphate R. Decant or filter the 100 ml with water R. Adjust the pH to 6.8 with hydrochloric
solution and evaporate to dryness. Recrystallise from a acid R, and dilute to 125 ml with water R.
mixture of 40 volumes of methanol R and 60 volumes of SDS-PAGE sample buffer for reducing conditions
toluene R with cooling. Dry the crystals in vacuo. (concentrated). 1122100.
mp : about 213 °C. Dissolve 3.78 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R,
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the test for 10.0 g of sodium dodecyl sulphate R and 100 mg of
hydrazine in the monograph on Povidone (0685) ; the bromophenol blue R in water R. Add 50.0 ml of glycerol R
chromatogram shows only one principal spot. and dilute to 200 ml with water R. Add 25.0 ml of
2-mercaptoethanol R. Adjust to pH 6.8 (2.2.3) with
Salicylic acid. 1075600. [69-72-7]. hydrochloric acid R, and dilute to 250.0 ml with water R.
See Salicylic acid (0366). Alternatively, dithiothreitol may be used as reducing
Sand. 1075800. agent instead of 2-mercaptoethanol. In this case
prepare the sample buffer as follows : dissolve 3.78 g of
White or slightly greyish grains of silica with a particle size tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R, 10.0 g of sodium
between 150 µm and 300 µm. dodecyl sulphate R and 100 mg of bromophenol blue R in
Santonin. C15H18O3. (Mr 246.3). 1122000. [481-06-1]. water R. Add 50.0 ml of glycerol R and dilute to 200 ml with
(−)-α-Santonin. 3,5a,9-Trimethyl-3a,5,5a,9b-tetrahydro-3H, water R. Adjust to pH 6.8 (2.2.3) with hydrochloric acid R,
4H-naphtho[1,2]furan-2,8-dione. and dilute to 250.0 ml with water R. Immediately before use,
add dithiothreitol R to a final concentration of 100 mM.
Colourless, shiny crystals colouring yellow in light, very
slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in hot ethanol, Selenious acid. H2SeO3. (Mr 129.0). 1100200. [7783-00-8].
sparingly soluble in ethanol. Deliquescent crystals, freely soluble in water.
: − 173 in ethanol. Storage : in an airtight container.
mp : 174 °C to 176 °C.
Selenium. Se. (Ar 79.0). 1075900. [7782-49-2].
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in identification
test C in the monograph on Arnica flower (1391), the A brown-red to black powder or granules, practically
chromatogram obtained with 10 µl of the solution shows insoluble in water and in alcohol, soluble in nitric acid.
a quenching zone with an RF value of about 0.5. Spray mp : about 220 °C.
with anisaldehyde solution R and examine while heating at
105 °C for 5 min to 10 min. In daylight the quenching zone Serine. 1076000. [56-45-1].
is at first a yellow zone that quickly changes to a violet-red See Serine (0788).
zone.
Sialic acid. 1001100. [131-48-6].
Sclareol. C20H36O2. (Mr 308.5). 1139900. [515-03-7]. See N-acetylneuraminic acid R.
(1R,2R,4aS,8aS)-1-[(3R)-3-Hydroxy-3-methylpent-4-enyl]-2,5,
5,8a-tetramethyldecahydronaphthalen-2-ol. Silibinin. C25H22O10. (Mr 482.4). 1151400. [22888-70-6].
Odourless crystals. Silybin. (2R,3R)-3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-[(2R,3R)-3-(4-hydroxy-
3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-
: 6.7, in solution in ethanol. benzodioxin-6-yl]-2,3-dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one.
bp19 mm : 218 °C to 220 °C. White to yellowish powder, practically insoluble in water,
mp : 96 °C to 98 °C. soluble in acetone and in methanol.
Sclareol used in the chromatographic profile test in the Silibinin used in the assay of Milk-thistle fruit (1860)
monograph on Clary sage oil (1850) complies with the complies with the following requirement.
following additional test. Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as prescribed in the monograph on Milk-thistle fruit (1860).
prescribed in the monograph on Clary sage oil (1850). Test solution. Dissolve 5.0 mg of silibinin, dried in vacuo, in
The content of sclareol is not less than 97 per cent, calculated methanol R and dilute to 50.0 ml with the same solvent.
by the normalisation procedure. The silibinin A and silibinin B content is not less than
Scopoletin. C10H8O4. (Mr 192.2). 1158700. [92-61-5]. 95.0 per cent, calculated by the normalisation procedure.
7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one. Silica gel π-acceptor/π-donor for chiral separations.
7-Hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin. 1160100.
Faintly beige, fine crystals. A very finely divided silica gel for chromatography consisting
mp : 202 °C to 208 °C. of spherical particles to which 1-(3,5-dinitrobenzamido)-1,
2,3,4-tetrahydrophenantrene has been covalently bound,
SDS-PAGE running buffer. 1114900. showing both π-electron acceptor and π-electron donor
Dissolve 151.4 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R, characteristics. The particle size and the configuration are
721.0 g of glycine R and 50.0 g of sodium lauryl sulphate R indicated after the name of the reagent in the tests where
in water R and dilute to 5000 ml with the same solvent. it is used.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 479
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Silica gel AGP for chiral chromatography. 1148700. Silica gel for chromatography, amylose derivative of.
A very finely divided silica gel for chromatography consisting 1109800.
of spherical particles coated with α1- acid glycoprotein. The A very finely divided (10 µm) silica gel, chemically modified
particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the at the surface by the bonding of an amylose derivative. The
tests where it is used. particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the
test where it is used.
Silica gel, anhydrous . 1076100 . [112926-00-8]. A fine, white or almost white, homogenous powder,
Partly dehydrated polymerised, amorphous silicic acid, practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
absorbing at 20 °C about 30 per cent of its mass of water.
Practically insoluble in water, partly soluble in solutions Silica gel for chromatography, butylsilyl. 1076200.
of sodium hydroxide. It contains a suitable indicator for A very finely divided silica gel (3 µm-10 µm), chemically
detection of the humidity status, for which the colour change modified at the surface by the bonding of butylsilyl groups.
from the hydrated to anhydrous form is given on the label. The particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent
in the tests where it is used.
Silica gel BC for chiral chromatography. 1161300.
A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder,
A very finely divided silica gel for chromatography (5 µm) practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
coated with β-cyclodextrin. Higher selectivity may be
obtained when cyclodextrin has been derivatized with Spheroidal silica : 30 nm.
propylene oxide. Pore volume : 0.6 cm3/g.
Specific surface area : 80 m2/g.
Silica gel for chromatography. 1076900.
A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel. The particle Silica gel for chromatography, butylsilyl, end-capped.
size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the tests 1170500.
where it is used. A very finely divided silica (3-10 µm), chemically modified at
A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder, the surface by the bonding of butylsilyl groups. To minimise
practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. any interaction with basic compounds, it is carefully
end-capped to cover most of the remaining silanol groups.
Silica gel for chromatography, alkyl-bonded for use with The particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent
highly aqueous mobile phases. 1160200. in the tests where it is used.
A very finely divided silica gel with bonded alkyl groups A fine, white or almost white, homogenous powder,
suitable for use with highly aqueous mobile phases. practically insoluble in water and in ethanol (96 per cent).

Silica gel for chromatography, amidohexadecylsilyl. Silica gel for chromatography, cyanosilyl. 1109900.
1170400. A very finely divided silica gel chemically modified at the
A very finely divided silica gel with a fine particle size, surface by the bonding of cyanosilyl groups. The particle
chemically modified at the surface by the bonding of size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the tests
amidohexadecylsilyl groups. The particle size is indicated where it is used.
after the name of the reagent in the test where it is used. A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder,
practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
Silica gel for chromatography, aminohexadecylsilyl.
1138400. Silica gel for chromatography, di-isobutyloctadecylsilyl.
1140000.
A very finely divided (3-10 µm) silica gel with a fine particle
size chemically modified at the surface by the bonding of A very finely divided silica gel chemically modified at the
aminohexadecylsilyl groups. The particle size is indicated surface by the bonding of di-isobutyloctadecylsilyl groups.
after the name of the reagent in the test where it is used. The particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent
in the tests where it is used.
A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder,
practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. Silica gel for chromatography, diisopropylcyanopropylsilyl.
1168100.
Silica gel for chromatography, aminopropylmethylsilyl.
1102400. A very finely divided silica gel chemically modified at the
surface by the bonding of diisopropylcyanopropylsilyl
Silica gel with a fine particle size (between 3 µm and 10 µm), groups. The particle size is indicated after the name of the
chemically modified by bonding aminopropylmethylsilyl reagent in which the test is used.
groups on the surface. The particle size is indicated after the
name of the reagent in the tests where it is used. Silica gel for chromatography, dimethyloctadecylsilyl.
A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder, 1115100.
practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. A very finely divided silica gel (3 µm-10 µm),
chemically modified at the surface by the bonding
Silica gel for chromatography, aminopropylsilyl. 1077000. of dimethyloctadecylsilyl groups. The particle size is
Silica gel with a fine particle size (between 3 µm and 10 µm), indicated after the name of the reagent in the tests where
chemically modified by bonding aminopropylsilyl groups on it is used.
the surface. The particle size is indicated after the name of A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder,
the reagent in the tests where it is used. practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. Irregular
A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder, particle size.
practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. Specific surface area : 300 m2/g.

480 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Silica gel for chromatography, diol. 1110000. Silica gel for chromatography, octadecylsilyl. 1077500.
Spherical silica particles to which dihydroxypropyl groups A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel, chemically
are bonded. Pore size 10 nm. modified at the surface by the bonding of octadecylsilyl
groups. The particle size is indicated after the name of the
Silica gel for chromatography, hexadecylamidylsilyl. reagent in the tests where it is used.
1162500. A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder,
A very finely divided (5 µm) silica gel, chemically practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
modified at the surface by the introduction of
hexadecylcarboxamidopropyldimethylsilyl groups. Silica gel for chromatography, octadecylsilyl R1. 1110100.
A very finely divided ultrapure silica gel, chemically modified
Silica gel for chromatography, hexylsilyl. 1077100. at the surface by the bonding of octadecylsilyl groups.
A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel, chemically The particle size, the pore size and the carbon loading are
modified at the surface by the bonding of hexylsilyl groups. indicated after the name of the reagent in the tests where it
The particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent is used. Less than 20 ppm of metals.
in the tests where it is used. Silica gel for chromatography, octadecylsilyl R2. 1115300.
A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder, A very finely divided (15 nm pore size) ultrapure silica
practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. gel, chemically modified at the surface by the bonding of
octadecylsilyl groups (20 per cent carbon load), optimised
Silica gel for chromatography, human albumin coated.
for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The
1138500.
particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the
A very finely divided (3 µm to 10 µm) silica gel, chemically tests where it is used.
modified at the surface by the bonding of human albumin. A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder,
The particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
in the tests where it is used.
A white or almost white, fine, homogeneous powder. Silica gel for chromatography, octadecylsilyl,
base-deactivated. 1077600.
Silica gel for chromatography, hydrophilic. 1077200. A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel, pretreated
A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel whose surface before the bonding of octadecylsilyl groups by careful
has been modified to provide hydrophilic characteristics. washing and hydrolysing most of the superficial siloxane
The particle size may be stated after the name of the reagent bridges to minimise the interaction with basic components.
in the tests where it is used. The particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent
in the tests where it is used.
Silica gel for chromatography, nitrile. 1077300. A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder,
A very finely divided silica gel, chemically modified at the practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
surface by the bonding of cyanopropylsilyl groups. The
particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the Silica gel for chromatography, octadecylsilyl, end-capped.
test where it is used. 1115400.
A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel, chemically
A fine white or almost white, homogenous powder,
modified at the surface by the bonding of octadecylsilyl
practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
groups. To minimise any interaction with basic compounds
Silica gel for chromatography, nitrile R1. 1077400. it is carefully end-capped to cover most of the remaining
silanol groups. The particle size is indicated after the name
A very finely divided silica gel consisting of porous, spherical of the reagent in the tests where it is used.
particles with chemically bonded nitrile groups. The particle
size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the test A fine, white or almost white, homogenous powder,
where it is used. practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder, Silica gel for chromatography, octadecylsilyl,
practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. end-capped R1. 1115401.
A very finely divided (10 nm pore size) ultrapure silica
Silica gel for chromatography, nitrile R2. 1119500. gel, chemically modified at the surface by the bonding
Ultrapure silica gel, chemically modified at the surface by the of octadecylsilyl groups (19 per cent carbon load). To
introduction of cyanopropylsilyl groups. Less than 20 ppm minimise any interaction with basic compounds it is carefully
of metals. The particle size is indicated after the name of the end-capped to cover most of the remaining silanol groups.
reagent in the tests where it is used. The particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent
A fine white or almost white, homogenous powder, in the tests where it is used. It contains less than 20 ppm
practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. of metals.
Silica gel for chromatography, octadecylsilyl, end-capped,
Silica gel for chromatography, octadecanoylaminopropylsi- base-deactivated. 1108600.
lyl. 1115200.
A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel with a pore size
A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel, chemically of 10 nm and a carbon loading of 16 per cent, pre-treated
modified at the surface by the bonding of aminopropylsilyl before the bonding of octadecylsilyl groups by washing and
groups which are acylated with octadecanoyl groups. The hydrolysing most of the superficial siloxane bridges. To
particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the further minimise any interaction with basic compounds it is
tests where it is used. carefully end-capped to cover most of the remaining silanol
A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder, groups. The particle size is indicated after the name of the
practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. reagent in the test where it is used.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 481
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder, A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder,
practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
Silica gel for chromatography, octadecylsilyl, end-capped, Silica gel for chromatography, octylsilyl, end-capped.
base-deactivated R1. 1162600. 1119600.
A very finely divided (3-10 µm) silica gel pre-treated before A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel, chemically
the bonding of octadecylsilyl groups by washing and modified at the surface by the bonding of octylsilyl groups.
hydrolysing most of the superficial siloxane bridges. To To minimise any interaction with basic compounds, it is
further minimise any interaction with basic compounds it is carefully end-capped to cover most of the remaining silanol
carefully end-capped to cover most of the remaining silanol groups. The particle size is indicated after the name of the
groups. The particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the tests where it is used.
reagent in the test where it is used. A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder,
A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder, practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
practically insoluble in water and in ethanol (96 per cent).
Silica gel for chromatography, octylsilyl, end-capped,
Silica gel for chromatography, octadecylsilyl, monolithic. base-deactivated. 1148800.
1154500. A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel, pre-treated
Monolithic rods of highly porous (greater than 80 per cent) before the bonding of octylsilyl groups by washing and
metal-free silica with a bimodal pore structure, modified at hydrolysing most of the superficial siloxane bridges. To
the surface by the bonding of octadecylsilyl groups. further minimise any interaction with basic compounds it is
carefully end-capped to cover most of the remaining silanol
Silica gel for chromatography, octadecylsilyl, with polar groups. The particle size is indicated after the name of the
incorporated groups, end-capped. 1165100. reagent in the test where it is used.
A very finely divided silica gel (3-10 µm). The particles are A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder,
based on silica, chemically modified with a reagent providing practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
a surface with chains having polar incorporated groups and
terminating octadecyl groups. Furthermore, the packing Silica gel for chromatography, octylsilyl, with polar
material is end-capped. The particle size is indicated after incorporated groups, end-capped. 1152600.
the name of the reagent in the tests where it is used. A very finely divided silica gel (3-10 µm). The particles are
A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder. based on silica, chemically modified with a reagent providing
a surface with chains having polar incorporated groups and
Silica gel for chromatography, octylsilyl. 1077700. terminating octyl groups. Furthermore, the packing material
A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel, chemically is end-capped. The particle size is indicated after the name
modified at the surface by the bonding of octylsilyl groups. of the reagent in the tests where it is used.
The particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder.
in the tests where it is used.
Silica gel for chromatography, palmitamidopropylsilyl,
A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder, end-capped. 1161900.
practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel, chemically
Silica gel for chromatography, octylsilyl R1. 1077701. modified at the surface by the bonding of palmitamidopropyl
groups and end-capped with acetamidopropyl groups. The
A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel, chemically
particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the
modified at the surface by the bonding of octylsilyl and
tests where it is used.
methyl groups (double bonded phase). The particle size is
indicated after the name of the reagent in the tests where A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder,
it is used. practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder, Silica gel for chromatography, phenylhexylsilyl. 1153900.
practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. A very finely divided silica gel, chemically modified at the
Silica gel for chromatography, octylsilyl R2. 1077702. surface by the bonding of phenylhexyl groups. The particle
size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the tests
Ultrapure very finely divided (10 nm pore size) silica gel, where it is used.
chemically modified at the surface by the bonding of
octylsilyl groups (19 per cent carbon load). Less than 20 ppm Silica gel for chromatography, phenylhexylsilyl,
of metals. end-capped. 1170600.
Silica gel for chromatography, octylsilyl R3. 1155200. A very finely divided silica gel (3 µm), chemically modified
at the surface by the bonding of phenylhexylsilyl groups.
A very finely divided ultrapure silica gel, chemically modified To minimise any interaction with basic compounds, it is
at the surface by the bonding of octylsilyl groups and carefully end-capped to cover most of the remaining silanol
sterically protected with branched hydrocarbons at the groups. The particle size is indicated after the name of the
silanes. The particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the tests where it is used.
reagent in the tests where it is used.
Silica gel for chromatography, phenylsilyl. 1110200.
Silica gel for chromatography, octylsilyl, base-deactivated. A very finely divided (5 µm-10 µm) silica gel, chemically
1131600. modified at the surface by the bonding of phenyl groups.
A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel, pretreated
before the bonding of octylsilyl groups by careful washing Silica gel for chromatography, phenylsilyl R1. 1075700.
and hydrolysing most of the superficial siloxane bridges A very finely divided silica gel (5 µm), chemically modified at
to minimise the interaction with basic components. The the surface by the bonding of phenyl groups. The particle
particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the tests
tests where it is used. where it is used.

482 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder, Silica gel GF254. 1076400. [112926-00-8].
practically insoluble in water, in alcohol and in methylene Contains about 13 per cent of calcium sulphate hemihydrate
chloride. and about 1.5 per cent of a fluorescent indicator having an
Spheroidal silica: 8 nm. optimal intensity at 254 nm.
Specific surface area : 180 m2/g. A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder with a
Carbon loading : 5.5 per cent. particle size of about 15 µm.
Calcium sulphate content. Determine by the method
Silica gel for chromatography, phenylsilyl, end-capped. prescribed for silica gel G R.
1154900.
pH (2.2.3). Complies with the test prescribed for silica
A very finely divided (5-10 µm) silica gel, chemically modified gel G R.
at the surface by the bounding of phenyl groups. To
Fluorescence. Examine by thin-layer chromatography
minimise any interaction with basic compounds it is carefully
(2.2.27) using silica gel GF254 R as the coating substance.
end-capped to cover most of the remaining silanol groups.
Apply separately to the plate at ten points increasing
The particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent
volumes from 1 µl to 10 µl of a 1 g/l solution of benzoic
in the tests where it is used.
acid R in a mixture of 10 volumes of anhydrous formic
Silica gel for chromatography, propylsilyl. 1170700. acid R and 90 volumes of 2-propanol R. Develop over a
A very finely divided silica gel (3-10 µm), chemically modified path of 10 cm with the same mixture of solvents. After
at the surface by the bonding of propylsilyl groups. The evaporating the solvents examine the chromatogram in
particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the ultraviolet light at 254 nm. The benzoic acid appears as dark
test where it is used. spots on a fluorescent background in the upper third of the
chromatogram for quantities of 2 µg and greater.
Silica gel for chromatography, strong-anion-exchange.
1077800. Silica gel H. 1076500. [112926-00-8].
A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel, chemically A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder with a
modified at the surface by the bonding of quaternary particle size of about 15 µm.
ammonium groups. The particle size is indicated after the pH (2.2.3). Complies with the test prescribed for silica
name of the reagent in the tests where it is used. gel G R.
A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder, Silica gel H, silanised. 1076600.
practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. Preparation of a thin layer. See silanised silica gel HF254 R.
pH limit of use : 2 to 8. A fine, white or almost white homogeneous powder which,
Silica gel for chromatography, strong cation-exchange. after being shaken with water, floats on the surface because
1161400. of its water-repellent properties.
A very finely divided (5-10 µm) silica gel, chemically modified Chromatographic separation. Complies with the test
at the surface by the bonding of sulphonic acid groups. The prescribed for silanised silica gel HF254 R.
particle size is specified after the name of the reagent in the Silica gel HF . 1076700.
254
tests where it is used.
Contains about 1.5 per cent of a fluorescent indicator having
Silica gel for chromatography, trimethylsilyl. 1115500. an optimal intensity at 254 nm.
A very finely divided (3 µm-10 µm) silica gel, chemically A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder with a
modified at the surface by the bonding of trimethylsilyl particle size of about 15 µm.
groups. The particle size is indicated after the name of the pH. Complies with the test prescribed for silica gel G R.
reagent in the tests where it is used. Fluorescence. Complies with the test prescribed for silica
A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder, gel GF254 R.
practically insoluble in water and in alcohol.
Silica gel HF254, silanised. 1076800.
Silica gel for size-exclusion chromatography. 1077900. Contains about 1.5 per cent of a fluorescent indicator having
A very finely divided silica gel (10 µm) with a very hydrophilic an optimal intensity at 254 nm.
surface. The average diameter of the pores is about 30 nm. A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder which,
It is compatible with aqueous solutions between pH 2 and 8 after shaking with water, floats on the surface because of
and with organic solvents. It is suitable for the separation of its water-repellent properties.
proteins with relative molecular masses of 1 × 103 to 3 × 105.
Preparation of a thin layer. Vigorously shake 30 g for 2 min
Silica gel G. 1076300. [112926-00-8]. with 60 ml of a mixture of 1 volume of methanol R and
Contains about 13 per cent of calcium sulphate hemihydrate. 2 volumes of water R. Coat carefully cleaned plates with a
layer 0.25 mm thick using a spreading device. Allow the
A fine, white or almost white, homogeneous powder with a
coated plates to dry in air and then heat in an oven at 100 °C
particle size of about 15 µm.
to 105 °C for 30 min.
Calcium sulphate content. Place 0.25 g in a ground-glass Chromatographic separation. Introduce 0.1 g each of
stoppered flask, add 3 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R methyl laurate R, methyl myristate R, methyl palmitate R
and 100 ml of water R and shake vigorously for 30 min. and methyl stearate R into a 250 ml conical flask. Add
Filter through a sintered-glass filter (2.1.2) and wash the 40 ml of alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution R and heat
residue. Carry out on the combined filtrate and washings under a reflux condenser on a water-bath for 1 h. Allow
the complexometric assay of calcium (2.5.11). to cool, transfer the solution to a separating funnel by
1 ml of 0.1 M sodium edetate is equivalent to 14.51 mg of means of 100 ml of water R, acidify (pH 2 to 3) with dilute
CaSO4,1/2H2O. hydrochloric acid R and shake with three quantities, each of
pH (2.2.3). Shake 1 g for 5 min with 10 ml of carbon 10 ml of chloroform R. Dry the combined chloroform extracts
dioxide-free water R. The pH of the suspension is about 7. over anhydrous sodium sulphate R, filter and evaporate

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 483
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

to dryness on a water-bath. Dissolve the residue in 50 ml collect the yellow precipitate on a sintered-glass filter (2.1.2)
of chloroform R. Examine by thin-layer chromatography and wash with 200 ml of cold water R. Dry the precipitate in
(2.2.27), using silanised silica gel HF254 as the coating vacuo for 2-3 h.
substance. Apply to the plate at each of three separate points Silver diethyldithiocarbamate may be used provided it has
10 µl of the chloroformic solution. Develop over a path of not changed in colour or developed a strong odour.
14 cm with a mixture of 10 volumes of glacial acetic acid R,
25 volumes of water R and 65 volumes of dioxan R. Dry the Silver manganese paper. 1078200.
plate at 120 °C for 30 min. Allow to cool, spray with a 35 g/l Immerse strips of slow filter paper into a solution containing
solution of phosphomolybdic acid R in 2-propanol R and 8.5 g/l of manganese sulphate R and 8.5 g/l of silver
heat at 150 °C until the spots become visible. Treat the plate nitrate R. Maintain for a few minutes and allow to dry over
with ammonia vapour until the background is white. The diphosphorus pentoxide R protected from acid and alkaline
chromatograms show four clearly separated, well-defined vapours.
spots.
Silver nitrate. 1078300. [7761-88-8].
Silica gel OC for chiral separations. 1146800.
See Silver nitrate (0009).
A very finely divided silica gel for chromatography (5 µm)
coated with the following derivative : Silver nitrate reagent. 1078305.
To a mixture of 3 ml of concentrated ammonia R and
40 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide, add 8 ml of a 200 g/l
solution of silver nitrate R, dropwise, with stirring. Dilute
to 200 ml with water R.
Silver nitrate solution R1. 1078301.
A 42.5 g/l solution.
Storage : protected from light.

Silica gel OD for chiral separations. 1110300. Silver nitrate solution R2. 1078302.
A very finely divided silica gel for chromatography (5 µm) A 17 g/l solution.
coated with the following derivative : Storage : protected from light.
Silver nitrate solution, ammoniacal. 1078303.
Dissolve 2.5 g of silver nitrate R in 80 ml of water R and
add dilute ammonia R1 dropwise until the precipitate
has dissolved. Dilute to 100 ml with water R. Prepare
immediately before use.
Silver nitrate solution in pyridine. 1078304.
An 85 g/l solution in pyridine R.
Silicotungstic acid. H4SiW12O40,xH2O. 1078000.
[11130-20-4]. Storage : protected from light.
White or yellowish-white crystals, deliquescent, very soluble Silver oxide. Ag2O. (Mr 231.7). 1078400. [20667-12-3].
in water and in alcohol. Disilver oxide.
Storage : in an airtight container. A brownish-black powder, practically insoluble in water and
in alcohol, freely soluble in dilute nitric acid and in ammonia.
Silicristin. C25H22O10. (Mr 482.4). 1151500. [33889-69-9].
(2R,3R)-3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-[(2R,3S)-7-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3- Storage : protected from light.
methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran- Sinensetin. C20H20O7. (Mr 372.4). 1110500. [2306-27-6].
5-yl]chroman-4-one. 3′,4′,5,6,7-Pentamethoxyflavone.
White to yellowish powder, practically insoluble in water, A white or almost white, crystalline powder, practically
soluble in acetone and in methanol. insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
Silidianin. C25H22O10. (Mr 482.4). 1151600. [29782-68-1]. mp : about 177 °C.
(3R,3aR,6R,7aR,8R)-7a-Hydroxy-8-(4-hydroxy-3- Absorbance (2.2.25). A solution in methanol R shows
methoxyphenyl)-4-[(2R, 3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4-oxochroman- 3 absorption maxima, at 243 nm, 268 nm and 330 nm.
2-yl]-2,3,3a,7a-tetrahydro-3,6-methano-1-benzofuran-7(6aH)- Assay. Examine by liquid chromatography (2.2.29) as
one. prescribed in the monograph on Java tea (1229).
White to yellowish powder, practically insoluble in water, The content is not less than 95 per cent, calculated by the
soluble in acetone and in methanol. normalisation procedure.
Silver diethyldithiocarbamate. C5H10AgNS2. (Mr 256.1). Sitostanol. C29H52O. (Mr 416.7). 1140100. [19466-47-8].
1110400. [1470-61-7]. Dihydro-β-sitosterol.
A pale-yellow or greyish-yellow powder, practically insoluble Content : minimum 95.0 per cent of C29H52O.
in water, soluble in pyridine.
It may be prepared as follows. Dissolve 1.7 g of silver β-Sitosterol. C29H50O. (Mr 414.7). 1140200. [83-46-5].
nitrate R in 100 ml of water R. Separately dissolve 2.3 g of Stigmast-5-en-3β-ol. 22,23-Dihydrostigmasterol.
sodium diethyldithiocarbamate R in 100 ml of water R. A white or almost white powder, practically insoluble in
Cool both solutions to 10 °C, then mix and while stirring water, sparingly soluble in tetrahydrofuran.

484 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Content : minimum 75.0 per cent m/m of C29H50O, calculated Sodium butanesulphonate. C4H9NaO3S. (Mr 160.2).
with reference to the dried substance. 1115600. [2386-54-1].
Assay. Gas chromatography (2.2.28), as prescribed in the A white or almost white, crystalline powder, soluble in water.
monograph on Phytosterol (1911). mp : greater than 300 °C.
Test solution. Dissolve 0.100 g of the substance to be
examined in tetrahydrofuran R and dilute to 10.0 ml Sodium carbonate. 1079200. [6132-02-1].
with the same solvent. Introduce 100 µl of this solution See Sodium carbonate decahydrate (0191).
into a suitable 3 ml flask and evaporate to dryness under
nitrogen R. To the residue add 100 µl of a freshly prepared Sodium carbonate, anhydrous. Na2CO3. (Mr 106.0).
mixture of 50 µl of 1-methylimidazole R and 1.0 ml of 1079300. [497-19-8]. Disodium carbonate.
heptafluoro-N-methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl)butanamide R. Close A white or almost white powder, hygroscopic, freely soluble
the flask tightly and heat at 100 °C for 15 min. Allow to cool. in water.
Inject 1 µl of the test solution. When heated to about 300 °C it loses not more than 1 per
cent of its mass.
Sodium. Na. (Ar 22.99). 1078500. [7440-23-5].
Storage : in an airtight container.
A metal whose freshly cut surface is bright silver-grey.
It rapidly tarnishes in contact with air and is oxidised Sodium carbonate solution. 1079301.
completely to sodium hydroxide and converted to sodium A 106 g/l solution of anhydrous sodium carbonate R.
carbonate. It reacts violently with water, yielding hydrogen
and a solution of sodium hydroxide ; soluble in anhydrous Sodium carbonate solution R1. 1079302.
methanol, yielding hydrogen and a solution of sodium A 20 g/l solution of anhydrous sodium carbonate R in
methoxide ; practically insoluble in light petroleum. 0.1 M sodium hydroxide.
Storage : under light petroleum or liquid paraffin.
Sodium carbonate solution R2. 1079303.
Sodium acetate. 1078600. [6131-90-4]. A 40 g/l solution of anhydrous sodium carbonate R in
See Sodium acetate (0411). 0.2 M sodium hydroxide.
Sodium acetate, anhydrous. C2H3NaO2. (Mr 82.0). 1078700. Sodium carbonate monohydrate. Na2CO3,H2O. 1131700.
[127-09-3]. [5968-11-6].
Colourless crystals or granules, very soluble in water, See Sodium carbonate monohydrate (0192).
sparingly soluble in alcohol.
Sodium cetostearyl sulphate. 1079400.
Loss on drying (2.2.32). Not more than 2.0 per cent,
determined by drying in an oven at 105 °C. See Sodium cetostearyl sulphate (0847).

Sodium arsenite. NaAsO2. (Mr 129.9). 1165900. [7784-46-5]. Sodium chloride. 1079500. [7647-14-5].
See Sodium chloride (0193).
Sodium arsenite solution. 1165901.
Dissolve 5.0 g of sodium arsenite R in 30 ml of 1 M Sodium chloride solution. 1079502.
sodium hydroxide. Cool to 0 °C and add, while stirring, A 20 per cent m/m solution.
65 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R.
Sodium chloride solution, saturated. 1079503.
Sodium ascorbate solution. 1078800. [134-03-2]. Mix 1 part of sodium chloride R with 2 parts of water R,
Dissolve 3.5 g of ascorbic acid R in 20 ml of 1 M sodium shake from time to time and allow to stand. Before use,
hydroxide. Prepare immediately before use. decant the solution from any undissolved substance and
filter, if necessary.
Sodium azide. NaN3. (Mr 65.0). 1078900. [26628-22-8].
A white or almost white, crystalline powder or crystals, freely Sodium citrate. 1079600. [6132-04-3].
soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol. See Sodium citrate (0412).
Sodium bicarbonate. 1081300. [144-55-8]. Sodium cobaltinitrite. Na3[Co(NO2)6]. (Mr 403.9). 1079700.
See sodium hydrogen carbonate R. [13600-98-1]. Trisodium hexanitrocobaltate(III).
Orange-yellow powder, freely soluble in water, slightly
Sodium bismuthate. NaBiO3. (Mr 280.0). 1079000. soluble in alcohol.
[12232-99-4].
Content : minimum 85.0 per cent of NaBiO3. Sodium cobaltinitrite solution. 1079701.
A yellow or yellowish-brown powder, slowly decomposing A 100 g/l solution. Prepare immediately before use.
when moist or at a high temperature, practically insoluble Sodium decanesulphonate. C10H21NaO3S. (Mr 244.3).
in cold water. 1079800. [13419-61-9].
Assay. Suspend 0.200 g in 10 ml of a 200 g/l solution Crystalline powder or flakes, white or almost white, freely
of potassium iodide R and add 20 ml of dilute sulphuric soluble in water, soluble in methanol.
acid R. Using 1 ml of starch solution R as indicator, titrate
with 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate until an orange colour is Sodium decyl sulphate. C10H21NaO4S. (Mr 260.3). 1138600.
obtained. [142-87-0].
1 ml of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate is equivalent to 14.00 mg Content : minimum 95.0 per cent of C10H21NaO4S.
of NaBiO3. White or almost white powder, freely soluble in water.
Sodium bromide. 1154300. [7647-15-6]. Sodium deoxycholate. C24H39NaO4. (Mr 414.6). 1131800.
See Sodium bromide (0190). [302-95-4]. Sodium 3α,12α-dihydroxy-5β-cholan-24-oate.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 485
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Sodium deoxyribonucleate. (About 85 per cent has a Sodium fluoresceinate. C20H10Na2O5. (Mr 376.3). 1080700.
relative molecular mass of 2 × 107 or greater). 1079900. [518-47-8].
[73049-39-5]. Schultz No. 880.
A white or almost white, fibrous preparation obtained from Colour Index No. 45350.
calf thymus. Fluorescein sodium. Disodium 2-(3-oxo-6-oxido-3H-xanthen-
Test for suitability. Dissolve 10 mg in imidazole buffer 9-yl)benzoate.
solution pH 6.5 R and dilute to 10.0 ml with the same buffer An orange-red powder, freely soluble in water. Aqueous
solution (solution a). Dilute 2.0 ml of solution (a) to 50.0 ml solutions display an intense yellowish-green fluorescence.
with imidazole buffer solution pH 6.5 R. The absorbance
(2.2.25) of the solution, measured at 260 nm, is 0.4 to 0.8. Sodium fluoride. 1080800. [7681-49-4].
To 0.5 ml of solution (a) add 0.5 ml of imidazole buffer See Sodium fluoride (0514).
solution pH 6.5 R and 3 ml of perchloric acid (25 g/l HClO4). Sodium formate. CHNaO2. (Mr 68.0). 1122200. [141-53-7].
A precipitate is formed. Centrifuge. The absorbance of the Sodium methanoate.
supernatant liquid, measured at 260 nm using a mixture
of 1 ml of imidazole buffer solution pH 6.5 R and 3 ml of White or almost white, crystalline powder or deliquescent
perchloric acid (25 g/l HClO4) as compensation liquid, is not granules, soluble in water and in glycerol, slightly soluble
greater than 0.3. in alcohol.
mp : about 253 °C.
In each of two tubes, place 0.5 ml of solution (a) and 0.5 ml
of a solution of a reference preparation of streptodornase Sodium glucuronate. C6H9NaO7,H2O. (Mr 234.1). 1080900.
containing 10 IU/ml in imidazole buffer solution pH 6.5 R. Sodium D-glucuronate monohydrate.
To one tube add immediately 3 ml of perchloric acid (25 g/l
: about + 21.5, determined on a 20 g/l solution.
HClO4). A precipitate is formed. Centrifuge and collect
the supernatant liquid (a). Heat the other tube at 37 °C Sodium glycocholate. C26H42NNaO6,2H2O.
for 15 min and add 3 ml of perchloric acid (25 g/l HClO4). (Mr 523.6). 1155500. [207300-80-9]. Sodium
Centrifuge and collect the supernatant liquid (b). The [(3,7,12-trihydroxy-5-cholan-24-oyl)amino]acetate dihydrate.
absorbance of supernatant liquid (b), measured at 260 nm N-[(3,5,7,12)-3,7,12-Trihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl]glycine
with reference to supernatant liquid (a) is not less than 0.15. monosodium salt dihydrate.
Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. C5H10NNaS2,3H2O. Content : minimum 97 per cent of C26H42NNaO6,2H2O.
(Mr 225.3). 1080000. [20624-25-3]. Sodium heptanesulphonate. C7H15NaO3S. (Mr 202.3).
white or almost white or colourless crystals, freely soluble in 1081000. [22767-50-6].
water, soluble in alcohol. The aqueous solution is colourless. A white or almost white, crystalline mass, freely soluble in
water, soluble in methanol.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate. 1080100. [13472-35-0].
See Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (0194). Sodium heptanesulphonate monohydrate. C7H15NaO3S,H2O.
(Mr 220.3). 1081100.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate, anhydrous. NaH2PO4. Content : minimum 96 per cent of C7H15NaO3S, calculated
(Mr 120.0). 1080200. [7558-80-7]. with reference to the anhydrous substance.
White or almost white powder, hygroscopic. A white or almost white, crystalline powder, soluble in water,
Storage : in an airtight container. very slightly soluble in ethanol.
Water (2.5.12) : maximum 8 per cent, determined on 0.300 g.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate. Assay. Dissolve 0.150 g in 50 ml of anhydrous acetic
NaH2PO4,H2O. (Mr 138.0). 1080300. [10049-21-5]. acid R. Titrate with 0.1 M perchloric acid, determining the
White or almost white, slightly deliquescent crystals or end-point potentiometrically (2.2.20).
granules, freely soluble in water, practically insoluble in 1 ml of 0.1 M perchloric acid is equivalent to 20.22 mg of
alcohol. C7H15NaO3S.
Storage : in an airtight container.
Sodium hexanesulphonate. C6H13NaO3S. (Mr 188.2).
Sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate. C20H37NaO7S. 1081200. [2832-45-3].
(Mr 444.6). 1170800. [577-11-7]. Sodium A white or almost white powder, freely soluble in water.
1,4-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]-1,4-dioxobutane-2-sulfonate.
1,4-Bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfobutanedioate sodium salt. Sodium hexanesulphonate monohydrate. C6H13NaO3S,H2O.
(Mr 206.2). 1161500. [207300-91-2].
White or almost white, waxy solid.
A white or almost white powder, soluble in water.
Sodium dithionite. Na2S2O4. (Mr 174.1). 1080400.
[7775-14-6]. Sodium hydrogen carbonate. 1081300. [144-55-8].
See Sodium hydrogen carbonate (0195).
White or greyish-white, crystalline powder, oxidises in air,
very soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol. Sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. 1081301.
Storage : in an airtight container. A 42 g/l solution.
Sodium dodecyl sulphate. 1080500. [151-21-3]. Sodium hydrogen sulphate. NaHSO4. (Mr 120.1). 1131900.
See Sodium laurilsulfate (0098) except for the content [7681-38-1]. Sodium bisulphate.
which should be not less than 99.0 per cent. Freely soluble in water, very soluble in boiling water. It
decomposes in alcohol into sodium sulphate and free
Sodium edetate. 1080600. [6381-92-6]. sulphuric acid.
See Disodium edetate (0232). mp : about 315 °C.

486 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Sodium hydrogensulphite. NaHO3S. (Mr 104.1). 1115700. Sodium hypophosphite. NaH2PO2,H2O. (Mr 106.0). 1081700.
[7631-90-5]. [10039-56-2]. Sodium phosphinate monohydrate.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, freely soluble A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless
in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol. crystals, hygroscopic, freely soluble in water, soluble in
On exposure to air, some sulphur dioxide is lost and the alcohol.
substance is gradually oxidated to sulphate. Storage : in an airtight container.

Sodium hydroxide. 1081400. [1310-73-2]. Sodium iodide. 1081800. [7681-82-5].

See Sodium hydroxide (0677). See Sodium iodide (0196).

2 M Sodium hydroxide. 3009800. Sodium laurilsulfate. 1081900. [151-21-3].

Dissolve 84 g of sodium hydroxide R in carbon See Sodium laurilsulfate (0098).
dioxide-free water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the Sodium lauryl sulphate. 1081900. [151-21-3].
same solvent.
See Sodium laurilsulfate R.
Sodium hydroxide solution. 1081401.
Sodium laurylsulphonate for chromatography.
Dissolve 20.0 g of sodium hydroxide R in water R and C12H25NaO3S. (Mr 272.4). 1132000. [2386-53-0].
dilute to 100.0 ml with the same solvent. Verify the White or almost white powder or crystals, freely soluble in
concentration by titration with 1 M hydrochloric acid, water.
using methyl orange solution R as indicator, and adjust
if necessary to 200 g/l. Absorbance (2.2.25), determined in water R :
about 0.05 at 210 nm,
Sodium hydroxide solution, carbonate-free. 1081406.
about 0.03 at 220 nm,
Dissolve sodium hydroxide R in carbon dioxide-free about 0.02 at 230 nm,
water R to give a concentration of 500 g/l and allow
to stand. Decant the clear supernatant liquid, taking about 0.02 at 500 nm.
precautions to avoid the introduction of carbon dioxide.
Sodium metabisulphite. 1082000. [7681-57-4].
Sodium hydroxide solution, dilute. 1081402. See Sodium metabisulphite (0849).
Dissolve 8.5 g of sodium hydroxide R in water R and Sodium methanesulphonate. CH3SO3Na. (Mr 118.1).
dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent. 1082100. [2386-57-4].
Sodium hydroxide solution, methanolic. 1081403. A white or almost white, crystalline powder, hygroscopic.
Dissolve 40 mg of sodium hydroxide R in 50 ml of Storage : in an airtight container.
water R. Cool and add 50 ml of methanol R.
Sodium molybdate. Na2MoO4,2H2O. (Mr 242.0). 1082200.
Sodium hydroxide solution, methanolic R1. 1081405. [10102-40-6]. Disodium molybdate dihydrate.
Dissolve 200 mg of sodium hydroxide R in 50 ml of A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless
water R. Cool and add 50 ml of methanol R. crystals, freely soluble in water.
Sodium naphthoquinonesulphonate. C10H5NaO5S.
Sodium hydroxide solution, strong. 1081404. (Mr 260.2). 1082300. [521-24-4]. Sodium
Dissolve 42 g of sodium hydroxide R in water R and 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonate.
dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent. A yellow to orange-yellow, crystalline powder, freely soluble
in water, practically insoluble in alcohol.
Sodium 2-hydroxybutyrate. C4H7NaO3. (Mr 126.1). 1158800.
[19054-57-0]. Sodium (2RS)-2-hydroxybutanoate. Sodium nitrate. NaNO3. (Mr 85.0). 1082400. [7631-99-4].
Sodium hypobromite solution. 1081500. White or almost white powder or granules or colourless,
transparent crystals, deliquescent in moist air, freely soluble
In a bath of iced water mix 20 ml of strong sodium hydroxide in water, slightly soluble in alcohol.
solution R and 500 ml of water R, add 5 ml of bromine
solution R and stir gently until solution is complete. Prepare Storage : in an airtight container.
immediately before use. Sodium nitrite. NaNO . (M 69.0). 1082500. [7632-00-0].
2 r

Sodium hypochlorite solution, strong. 1081600. Content : minimum 97.0 per cent of NaNO2.
Content : 25 g/l to 30 g/l of active chlorine. A white or almost white, granular powder or a slightly yellow,
crystalline powder, freely soluble in water.
A yellowish liquid with an alkaline reaction.
Assay. Dissolve 0.100 g in 50 ml of water R. Add 50.0 ml
Assay. Introduce into a flask, successively, 50 ml of water R, of 0.02 M potassium permanganate and 15 ml of dilute
1 g of potassium iodide R and 12.5 ml of dilute acetic sulphuric acid R. Add 3 g of potassium iodide R. Titrate with
acid R. Dilute 10.0 ml of the substance to be examined to 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate, using 1.0 ml of starch solution R
100.0 ml with water R. Introduce 10.0 ml of this solution added towards the end of the titration as indicator.
into the flask and titrate with 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate,
using 1 ml of starch solution R as indicator. 1 ml of 0.02 M potassium permanganate is equivalent to
3.450 mg of NaNO2.
1 ml of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate is equivalent to 3.546 mg
of active chlorine. Sodium nitrite solution. 1082501.
Storage : protected from light. A 100 g/l solution. Prepare immediately before use.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 487
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Sodium nitroprusside. Na2[Fe(CN)5(NO)],2H2O. Sodium pyrophosphate. Na4P2O7,10H2O. (Mr 446.1).

(Mr 298.0). 1082600. [13755-38-9]. Sodium 1083600. [13472-36-1]. Tetrasodium diphosphate
pentacyano-nitrosylferrate(III) dihydrate. decahydrate.
Reddish-brown powder or crystals, freely soluble in water, Colourless, slightly efflorescent crystals, freely soluble in
slightly soluble in alcohol. water.
Sodium octanesulphonate. C8H17NaO3S. (Mr 216.3). Sodium rhodizonate. C6Na2O6. (Mr 214.0). 1122300.
1082700. [5324-84-5]. [523-21-7]. [(3,4,5,6-Tetraoxocyclohex-1-en-1,2-
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C8H17NaO3S. ylene)dioxy]disodium.
White or almost white, crystalline powder or flakes, freely Violet crystals, soluble in water with an orange-yellow colour.
soluble in water, soluble in methanol. Solutions are unstable and must be prepared on the day of
Absorbance. The absorbance (2.2.25) of a 54 g/l solution use.
measured at 200 nm is not greater than 0.10 and that Sodium salicylate. 1083700. [54-21-7].
measured at 250 nm is not greater than 0.01.
See Sodium salicylate (0413).
Sodium octyl sulphate. C8H17NaO4S. (Mr 232.3). 1082800.
[142-31-4]. Sodium sulphate, anhydrous. 1083800. [7757-82-6].
White or almost white, crystalline powder or flakes, freely Ignite at 600 °C to 700 °C anhydrous sodium sulphate
soluble in water, soluble in methanol. complying with the requirements prescribed in the
monograph on Anhydrous sodium sulphate (0099).
Sodium oxalate. C2Na2O4. (Mr 134.0). 1082900. [62-76-0]. Loss on drying (2.2.32) : maximum 0.5 per cent, determined
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, soluble in water, by drying in an oven at 130 °C.
practically insoluble in alcohol.
Sodium sulphate decahydrate. Na2SO4,10H2O. (Mr 322.2).
Sodium pentanesulphonate. C5H11NaO3S. (Mr 174.2). 1132300. [7727-73-3].
1083000. [22767-49-3]. See Sodium sulphate decahydrate (0100).
A white or almost white, crystalline solid, soluble in water.
Sodium sulphide. Na2S,9H2O. (Mr 240.2). 1083900.
Sodium pentanesulphonate monohydrate. C5H11NaO3S,H2O. [1313-84-4]. Disodium sulphide nonahydrate.
(Mr 192.2). 1132100. Colourless, rapidly yellowing crystals, deliquescent, very
A white or almost white crystalline solid, soluble in water. soluble in water.
Storage : in an airtight container.
Sodium perchlorate. NaClO4,H2O. (Mr 140.5). 1083100.
[7791-07-3]. Sodium sulphide solution. 1083901.
Content : minimum 99.0 per cent of NaClO4,H2O. Dissolve 12 g of sodium sulphide R with heating in 45 ml
White or almost white, deliquescent crystals, very soluble in of a mixture of 10 volumes of water R and 29 volumes
water. of glycerol (85 per cent) R, allow to cool and dilute to
100 ml with the same mixture of solvents.
Storage : in a well-closed container.
The solution should be colourless.
Sodium periodate. NaIO4. (Mr 213.9). 1083200. [7790-28-5].
Sodium metaperiodate. Sodium sulphide solution R1. 1083902.
Content : minimum 99.0 per cent of NaIO4. Prepare by one of the following methods.
White or almost white, crystalline powder or crystals, soluble — Dissolve 5 g of sodium sulphide R in a mixture of
in water and in mineral acids. 10 ml of water R and 30 ml of glycerol R.
— Dissolve 5 g of sodium hydroxide R in a mixture of
Sodium periodate solution. 1083201. 30 ml of water R and 90 ml of glycerol R. Divide the
Dissolve 1.07 g of sodium periodate R in water R, add solution into 2 equal portions. Saturate 1 portion with
5 ml of dilute sulphuric acid R and dilute to 100.0 ml hydrogen sulphide R, with cooling. Mix the 2 portions.
with water R. Use a freshly prepared solution. Storage : in a well-filled container, protected from light ;
use within 3 months.
Sodium phosphite pentahydrate. Na2HPO3,5H2O. (Mr 216.0).
1132200. [13517-23-2]. Sodium sulphite. 1084000. [10102-15-5].
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, hygroscopic, See Sodium sulphite heptahydrate (0776).
freely soluble in water.
Sodium sulphite, anhydrous. 1084100. [7757-83-7].
Storage : in an airtight container.
See Anhydrous sodium sulphite (0775).
Sodium picrate solution, alkaline. 1083300.
Sodium tartrate. C4H4Na2O6,2H2O. (Mr 230.1). 1084200.
Mix 20 ml of picric acid solution R and 10 ml of a 50 g/l [6106-24-7]. Disodium (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate
solution of sodium hydroxide R and dilute to 100 ml with dihydrate.
water R.
White or almost white crystals or granules, very soluble in
Storage : use within 2 days. water, practically insoluble in alcohol.
Sodium potassium tartrate. C4H4KNaO6,4H2O. (Mr 282.2). Sodium taurodeoxycholate. C26H44NNaO6S,H2O.
1083500. [6381-59-5]. (Mr 539.7). 1155600. [110026-03-4]. Sodium
Colourless, prismatic crystals, very soluble in water. 2-[(3,12-dihydroxy-5-cholan-24-oyl)amino]ethanesulphonate

488 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

monohydrate. 2-[[(3,5,12)-3,12-Dihydroxy-24-oxocholan- Stannous chloride. SnCl2,2H2O. (Mr 225.6). 1085000.

24-yl]amino]ethanesulphonic acid monosodium salt [10025-69-1]. Tin dichloride dihydrate.
monohydrate. Content : minimum 97.0 per cent of SnCl2,2H2O.
Content : minimum 94 per cent of C26H44NNaO6S,H2O. Colourless crystals, very soluble in water, freely soluble in
Sodium tetradeuteriodimethylsilapentanoate. alcohol, in glacial acetic acid and in dilute and concentrated
2
C6H9 H4NaO2Si. (Mr 172.3). 1084300. TSP. Sodium hydrochloric acid.
(2,2,3,3-tetradeuterio)-4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentanoate. Assay. Dissolve 0.500 g in 15 ml of hydrochloric acid R in
The degree of deuteration is not less than 99 per cent. a ground-glass-stoppered flask. Add 10 ml of water R and
5 ml of chloroform R. Titrate rapidly with 0.05 M potassium
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, freely soluble in iodate until the chloroform layer is colourless.
water, in ethanol and in methanol.
1 ml of 0.05 M potassium iodate is equivalent to 22.56 mg
mp : about 300 °C. of SnCl2,2H2O.
Water and deuterium oxide : maximum 0.5 per cent.
Stannous chloride solution. 1085001.
Sodium tetrahydroborate. NaBH4. (Mr 37.8). 1146900.
[16940-66-2]. Sodium borohydride. Heat 20 g of tin R with 85 ml of hydrochloric acid R until
no more hydrogen is released. Allow to cool.
Colourless, hygroscopic crystals, freely soluble in water,
soluble in anhydrous ethanol, decomposing at higher Storage : over an excess of tin R, protected from air.
temperature or in the presence of acids or certain metal salts
Stannous chloride solution R1. 1085002.
forming borax and hydrogen.
Storage : in an airtight container. Immediately before use, dilute 1 volume of stannous
chloride solution R with 10 volumes of dilute
Sodium tetrahydroborate reducing solution. 1146901. hydrochloric acid R.
Introduce about 100 ml of water R into a 500 ml Stannous chloride solution R2. 1085003.
volumetric flask containing a stirring bar. Add 5.0 g
of sodium hydroxide R in pellets and 2.5 g of sodium To 8 g of stannous chloride R add 100 ml of a 20 per
tetrahydroborate R. Stir until complete dissolution, dilute cent V/V solution of hydrochloric acid R. Shake until
to 500.0 ml with water R and mix. Prepare immediately dissolved, heating, if necessary, on a water-bath at
before use. 50 °C. Pass a current of nitrogen R for 15 min. Prepare
immediately before use.
Sodium tetraphenylborate. NaB(C6H5)4. (Mr 342.2).
1084400. [143-66-8]. Stanolone. C19H30O2. (Mr 290.4). 1154400. [521-18-6].
17β-Hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one.
A white or slightly yellowish, bulky powder, freely soluble in
water and in acetone. White or almost white powder.
mp : about 180 °C.
Sodium tetraphenylborate solution. 1084401.
Filter before use if necessary. Standard solution for the micro determination of water.
A 10 g/l solution. 1147300.
Storage : use within 1 week. Commercially available standard solution for the coulometric
titration of water, containing a certified content of water in a
Sodium thioglycollate. C2H3NaO2S. (Mr 114.1). 1084500. suitable solvent.
[367-51-1]. Sodium mercaptoacetate.
Staphylococcus aureus strain V8 protease. Type XVII-B.
White or almost white, granular powder or crystals,
1115800. [66676-43-5].
hygroscopic, freely soluble in water and in methanol, slightly
soluble in alcohol. Microbial extracellular proteolytic enzyme. A lyophilised
Storage : in an airtight container. powder containing 500 units to 1000 units per milligram
of solid.
Sodium thiosulphate. 1084600. [10102-17-7].
Starch, soluble. 1085100. [9005-84-9].
See Sodium thiosulphate (0414).
A white or almost white powder.
Sodium tungstate. Na2WO4,2H2O. (Mr 329.9). 1084700. Prepare a 20 g/l solution in hot water R. The solution is at
[10213-10-2]. Disodium tungstate dihydrate. most slightly opalescent and remains fluid on cooling.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless
crystals, freely soluble in water forming a clear solution, Starch iodate paper. 1085101.
practically insoluble in alcohol. Immerse strips of filter paper in 100 ml of iodide-free
starch solution R containing 0.1 g of potassium iodate R.
Sorbitol. 1084800. [50-70-4]. Drain and allow to dry protected from light.
See Sorbitol (0435).
Starch iodide paper. 1085106.
Squalane. C30H62. (Mr 422.8). 1084900. [111-01-3].
2,6,10,15,19,23-Hexamethyltetracosane. Immerse strips of filter paper in 100 ml of starch
solution R containing 0.5 g of potassium iodide R. Drain
A colourless, oily liquid, freely soluble in fatty oils, slightly and allow to dry protected from light.
soluble in acetone, in alcohol, in glacial acetic acid and in
methanol. Test for sensitivity. Mix 0.05 ml of 0.1 M sodium nitrite
with 4 ml of hydrochloric acid R and dilute to 100 ml
: 0.811 to 0.813. with water R. Apply one drop of the solution to starch
: 1.451 to 1.453. iodide paper ; a blue spot appears.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 489
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Starch solution. 1085103. Strongly acidic ion-exchange resin. 1085400.

Triturate 1.0 g of soluble starch R with 5 ml of water R See ion-exchange resin, strongly acidic R.
and whilst stirring pour the mixture into 100 ml of boiling
water R containing 10 mg of mercuric iodide R. Strontium carbonate. SrCO3. (Mr 147.6). 1122700.
[1633-05-2].
Carry out the test for sensitivity each time the reagent is
used. A white or almost white, crystalline powder.
Test for sensitivity. To a mixture of 1 ml of the starch Content : minimum 99.5 per cent of SrCO3.
solution and 20 ml of water R, add about 50 mg of Strontium chloride hexahydrate. SrCl2,6H2O. (Mr 266.6).
potassium iodide R and 0.05 ml of iodine solution R1. 1167000. [10025-70-4].
The solution is blue.
White or almost white crystals, very soluble in water.
Starch solution, iodide-free. 1085104. mp : about 115 °C (loss of water) and 872 °C.
Prepare the solution as prescribed for starch solution R
omitting the mercuric iodide. Prepare immediately before Strontium selective extraction resin. 1167100.
use. Commercially available resin prepared by loading a
suspension of 4,4′(5′)-di-tert-butylcyclohexano-18-crown-6
Starch solution R1. 1085105. (crown ether) in octanol onto an inert chromatographic
Mix 1 g of soluble starch R and a small amount of cold support. The bed density of this resin is approximately
water R. Add this mixture, while stirring, to 200 ml of 0.35 g/ml.
boiling water R. Add 250 mg of salicylic acid R and boil
for 3 min. Immediately remove from the heat and cool. Strontium-85 spiking solution. 1166800.
Storage : long storage is required, the solution shall be Dilute strontium-85 standard solution R to a radioactivity
stored at 4 °C to 10 °C. A fresh starch solution shall be concentration of approximately 10 kBq/ml with a 0.27 g/l
prepared when the end-point of the titration from blue to solution of strontium chloride hexahydrate R in a 1.03 g/l
colourless fails to be sharp. If stored under refrigeration, solution of hydrochloric acid R.
the starch solution is stable for about 2 to 3 weeks. Strontium-85 standard solution. 1166900.
Test for sensitivity. A mixture of 2 ml of starch A solution of strontium-85 in the form of Sr2+ ions in a
solution R1, 20 ml of water R, about 50 mg of potassium 51.5 g/l solution of hydrochloric acid R.
iodide R and 0.05 ml of iodine solution R1 is blue.
Styrene. C8H8. (Mr 104.2). 1151700. [100-42-5].
Starch solution R2. 1085107. Ethenylbenzene.
Triturate 1.0 g of soluble starch R with 5 ml of water R bp : about 145 °C.
and whilst stirring pour the mixture into 100 ml of boiling
water R. Use a freshly prepared solution. Colourless, oily liquid, very slightly soluble in water.
Test for sensitivity. To a mixture of 1 ml of the starch Styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer. 1085500.
solution and 20 ml of water R, add about 50 mg of Porous, rigid, cross-linked polymer beads. Several grades are
potassium iodide R and 0.05 ml of iodine solution R1. available with different sizes of beads. The size range of the
The solution is blue. beads is specified after the name of the reagent in the tests
Stearic acid. C18H36O2. (Mr 284.5). 1085200. [57-11-4]. where it is used.
Octadecanoic acid. Succinic acid. C4H6O4. (Mr 118.1). 1085600. [110-15-6].
White or almost white powder or flakes, greasy to the touch, Butanedioic acid.
practically insoluble in water, soluble in hot alcohol. A white or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless
mp : about 70 °C. crystals, soluble in water and in alcohol.
Stearic acid used in the assay of total fatty acids in Saw mp : 184 °C to 187 °C.
palmetto fruit (1848) complies with the following additional
requirement. Sucrose. 1085700. [57-50-1].
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as See Sucrose (0204).
prescribed in the monograph on Saw palmetto fruit (1848).
Sudan orange. C16H12N2O. (Mr 248.3). 1110700. [842-07-9].
The content of stearic acid is not less than 98 per cent,
calculated by the normalisation procedure. Colour Index No. 12055.
1-(Phenylazo)naphthalen-2-ol. Sudan I.
Stearyl alcohol. C18H38O. (Mr 270.5). 1156400. [112-92-5]. An orange-red powder, practically insoluble in water, soluble
1-Octadecanol. in methylene chloride.
mp : about 60 °C. mp : about 131 °C.
Content : minimum 95 per cent of C18H38O.
Sudan red G. C17H14N2O2. (Mr 278.3). 1085800.
Stigmasterol. C29H48O. (Mr 412.7). 1141400. Schultz No. 149.
[83-48-7]. (22E)-Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol. Colour Index No. 12150.
(22E)-24-Ethylcholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol. Solvent Red 1. 1-[(2-Methoxyphenyl)azo]naphtalen-2-ol.
White or almost white powder, insoluble in water. A reddish-brown powder, practically insoluble in water.
mp : about 170 °C. Chromatography. Examine by thin-layer chromatography
: about – 51 (c = 2 in chloroform). (2.2.27) using silica gel G R as the coating substance. Apply
10 µl of a 0.1 g/l solution in methylene chloride R and
Streptomycin sulphate. 1085300. [3810-74-0]. develop over a path of 10 cm with the same solvent. The
See Streptomycin sulphate (0053). chromatogram shows only one principal spot.

490 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Sulfanilamide. C6H8N2O2S. (Mr 172.2). 1086100. [63-74-1]. Sulphosalicylic acid. C7H6O6S,2H2O. (Mr 254.2). 1086600.
4-Aminobenzenesulphonamide. [5965-83-3]. 2-Hydroxy-5-sulphobenzoic acid.
A white or almost white powder, slightly soluble in water, A white or almost white, crystalline powder or crystals, very
freely soluble in boiling water, in acetone, in dilute acids and soluble in water and in alcohol.
in solutions of the alkali hydroxides, sparingly soluble in mp : about 109 °C.
alcohol and in light petroleum.
mp : about 165 °C. Sulphur. 1110800. [7704-34-9].
See Sulphur for external use (0953).
Sulphamic acid. H3NO3S. (Mr 97.1). 1085900. [5329-14-6].
White or almost white crystalline powder or crystals, freely Sulphur dioxide. SO2. (Mr 64.1). 1086700. [7446-09-5].
soluble in water, sparingly soluble in acetone, in alcohol and Sulphurous anhydride.
in methanol. A colourless gas. When compressed it is a colourless liquid.
mp : about 205 °C, with decomposition.
Sulphur dioxide R1. SO2. (Mr 64.1). 1110900.
Sulphan blue. C27H31N2NaO6S2. (Mr 566.6). 1086000. Content : minimum 99.9 per cent V/V of SO2.
[129-17-9].
Schultz No. 769. Sulphuric acid. H2SO4. (Mr 98.1). 1086800. [7664-93-9].
Colour Index No. 42045. Content : 95.0 per cent m/m to 97.0 per cent m/m of H2SO4.
Acid Blue 1. Patent Blue VF. Disulphine blue. A colourless, caustic liquid with an oily consistency, highly
Blue VS. Sodium [[[(4-diethylamino)phenyl](2,4- hygroscopic, miscible with water and with alcohol producing
disulphonatophenyl)methylene]cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1- intense heat.
ylidene]diethylammonium.
: 1.834 to 1.837.
A violet powder, soluble in water. Dilute solutions are blue
and turn yellow on the addition of concentrated hydrochloric A 10 g/l solution is strongly acid and gives the reactions of
acid. sulphates (2.3.1).
Appearance. It is clear (2.2.1) and colourless (2.2.2,
Sulphanilic acid. C6H7NO3S. (Mr 173.2). 1086200. Method II).
[121-57-3]. 4-Aminobenzenesulphonic acid.
Oxidisable substances. Pour 20 g cautiously, with cooling,
Colourless crystals, sparingly soluble in water, practically into 40 ml of water R. Add 0.5 ml of 0.002 M potassium
insoluble in alcohol. permanganate. The violet colour persists for at least 5 min.
Sulphanilic acid solution. 1086203. Chlorides. Pour 10 g, carefully and while cooling, into 10 ml
Dissolve 0.33 g of sulphanilic acid R in 75 ml of water R of water R and after cooling dilute to 20 ml with the same
heating gently if necessary and dilute to 100 ml with solvent. Add 0.5 ml of silver nitrate solution R2. Allow to
glacial acetic acid R. stand for 2 min protected from bright light. The solution is
not more opalescent than a standard prepared at the same
Sulphanilic acid solution R1. 1086201. time using a mixture of 1 ml of chloride standard solution
(5 ppm Cl) R, 19 ml of water R and 0.5 ml of silver nitrate
Dissolve 0.5 g of sulphanilic acid R in a mixture of 75 ml
solution R2 (0.5 ppm).
of dilute acetic acid R and 75 ml of water R.
Nitrates. Pour 50 g or 27.2 ml, carefully and while cooling,
Sulphanilic acid solution, diazotised. 1086202. into 15 ml of water R. Add 0.2 ml of a freshly prepared 50 g/l
Dissolve, with warming, 0.9 g of sulphanilic acid R in 9 ml solution of brucine R in glacial acetic acid R. After 5 min
of hydrochloric acid R, and dilute to 100 ml with water R. any colour is less intense than that of a reference mixture
Cool 10 ml of this solution in iced water and add 10 ml of prepared in the same manner and containing 12.5 ml of
an ice-cold 45 g/l solution of sodium nitrite R. Allow to water R, 50 g of nitrogen-free sulphuric acid R, 2.5 ml
stand at 0 °C for 15 min (if stored at this temperature, the of nitrate standard solution (10 ppm NO3) R and 0.2 ml
solution is stable for 3 days) and immediately before use of a 50 g/l solution of brucine R in glacial acetic acid R
add 20 ml of a 100 g/l solution of sodium carbonate R. (0.5 ppm).
Ammonium. Pour 2.5 g, carefully and while cooling, into
Sulfathiazole. C9H9N3O2S2. (Mr 255.3). 1086300. [72-14-0]. water R and dilute to 20 ml with the same solvent. Cool,
4-Amino-N-(thiazol-2-yl)benzenesulphonamide. and add dropwise 10 ml of a 200 g/l solution of sodium
White or yellowish-white powder or crystals, very slightly hydroxide R, followed by 1 ml of alkaline potassium
soluble in water, soluble in acetone, slightly soluble in tetraiodomercurate solution R. The colour of the solution
alcohol. It dissolves in dilute mineral acids and in solutions is less intense than that of a mixture of 5 ml of ammonium
of alkali hydroxides and carbonates. standard solution (1 ppm NH4) R, 15 ml of water R, 10 ml
mp : about 200 °C. of a 200 g/l solution of sodium hydroxide R and 1 ml of
alkaline potassium tetraiodomercurate solution R (2 ppm).
Sulphomolybdic reagent R2. 1086400. Arsenic (2.4.2). To 50 g add 3 ml of nitric acid R and
Dissolve about 50 mg of ammonium molybdate R in 10 ml evaporate carefully until the volume is reduced to about
of sulphuric acid R. 10 ml. Cool, add to the residue 20 ml of water R and
concentrate to 5 ml. The solution complies with limit test A
Sulphomolybdic reagent R3. 1086500. for arsenic (0.02 ppm). Prepare the standard using 1.0 ml of
Dissolve with heating 2.5 g of ammonium molybdate R in arsenic standard solution (1 ppm As) R.
20 ml of water R. Dilute 28 ml of sulphuric acid R in 50 ml Heavy metals (2.4.8). Dilute 10 ml of the solution obtained in
of water R, then cool. Mix the two solutions and dilute to the test for iron to 20 ml with water R. 12 ml of the solution
100 ml with water R. complies with limit test A for heavy metals (2 ppm). Prepare
Storage : in a polyethylene container. the standard using lead standard solution (2 ppm Pb) R.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 491
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Iron (2.4.9). Dissolve the residue on ignition with slight Nitrates. To 5 ml of water R add carefully 45 ml of the
heating in 1 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R and dilute to sulphuric acid, allow to cool to 40 °C and add 8 mg of
50.0 ml with water R. 5 ml of the solution diluted to 10 ml diphenylbenzidine R. The solution is faint pink or very
with water R complies with the limit test for iron (1 ppm). pale blue.
Residue on ignition : maximum 0.001 per cent, determined Sulphuric acid, nitrogen-free R1. 1086808.
on 100 g by evaporating cautiously in a small crucible over a
naked flame and igniting the residue to redness. Nitrogen-free sulphuric acid R containing 95.0 per
cent m/m to 95.5 per cent m/m of H2SO4.
Assay. Weigh accurately a ground-glass-stoppered flask
containing 30 ml of water R, introduce 0.8 ml of the Sunflower oil. 1086900.
sulphuric acid, cool and weigh again. Titrate with 1 M See Sunflower oil, refined (1371).
sodium hydroxide, using 0.1 ml of methyl red solution R
as indicator. Swertiamarin. C16H22O10. (Mr 374.3). 1163600.
1 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 49.04 mg of [17388-39-5]. Swertiamaroside. (4R,5R,6S)-5-Ethenyl-6-(β-D-
H2SO4. glucopyranosyloxy)-4a-hydroxy-4,4a,5,6-tetrahydro-1H,3H-
pyrano[3,4-c]pyran-1-one.
Storage : in a ground-glass-stoppered container made of
glass or other inert material. Tagatose. C6H12O6. (Mr 180.16). 1111000. [87-81-0].
D-lyxo-Hexulose.
Sulphuric acid, alcoholic, 2.5 M. 1086801.
White or almost white powder.
Carefully and with constant cooling, stir 14 ml of
sulphuric acid R into 60 ml of ethanol R. Allow to cool : − 2.3 (21.9 g/l solution in water R).
and dilute to 100 ml with ethanol R. Prepare immediately mp : 134 °C to 135 °C.
before use.
Talc. 1087000. [14807-96-6].
Sulphuric acid, alcoholic, 0.25 M. 1086802. See Talc (0438).
Dilute 10 ml of 2.5 M alcoholic sulphuric acid R to Tannic acid. 1087100. [1401-55-4].
100 ml with ethanol R. Prepare immediately before use.
Yellowish to light-brown, glistening scales or amorphous
Sulphuric acid, alcoholic solution of. 1086803. powder, very soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol,
Carefully and with constant cooling, stir 20 ml of soluble in acetone.
sulphuric acid R into 60 ml of alcohol R. Allow to cool Storage : protected from light.
and dilute to 100 ml with alcohol R. Prepare immediately
Tartaric acid. 1087200. [87-69-4].
before use.
See Tartaric acid (0460).
Sulphuric acid, dilute. 1086804.
Taxifolin. C15H12O7. (Mr 304.3). 1151800. [480-18-2].
Contains 98 g/l of H2SO4. (2R,3R)-2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2,3-dihydro-
Add 5.5 ml of sulphuric acid R to 60 ml of water R, allow 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one.
to cool and dilute to 100 ml with the same solvent. White or almost white powder, slightly soluble in ethanol.
Assay. Into a ground-glass-stoppered flask containing A solution in ethanol R shows an absorption maximum
30 ml of water R, introduce 10.0 ml of the dilute sulphuric (2.2.25) at 290 nm.
acid. Titrate with 1 M sodium hydroxide, using 0.1 ml of
methyl red solution R as indicator. Tecnazene. C6HCl4NO2. (Mr 260.9). 1132400. [117-18-0].
1 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 49.04 mg bp : about 304 °C.
of H2SO4. mp : 99 °C to 100 °C.
Sulphuric acid-formaldehyde reagent. 1086805. A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in
cyclohexane) may be used.
Mix 2 ml of formaldehyde solution R with 100 ml of
sulphuric acid R. α-Terpinene. C10H16. ( Mr 136.2). 1140300. [99-86-5].
1-Isopropyl-4-methylcyclohexa-1,3-diene.
Sulphuric acid, heavy metal-free. 1086807.
Clear, almost colourless liquid.
Complies with the requirements prescribed for sulphuric : about 0.837.
acid R and with the following maximum contents of
heavy metals : : about 1.478.
As : 0.005 ppm ; bp : about 174 °C.
Cd : 0.002 ppm ; α-Terpinene used in gas chromatography complies with
the following additional test.
Cu : 0.001 ppm ;
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
Fe : 0.05 ppm ; prescribed in the monograph on Tea tree oil (1837).
Hg : 0.005 ppm ; Content: minimum 90 per cent, calculated by the
Ni : 0.002 ppm ; normalisation procedure.
Pb : 0.001 ppm ; γ-Terpinene. C10H16. (Mr 136.2). 1115900. [99-85-4].
Zn : 0.005 ppm. 1-Isopropyl-4-methylcyclohexa-1,4-diene.
An oily liquid.
Sulphuric acid, nitrogen-free. 1086806.
Complies with the requirements prescribed for sulphuric γ-Terpinene used in gas chromatography complies with
acid R and with the following additional test. the following additional test.

492 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as Tetrabutylammonium dihydrogen phosphate. C16H38NO4P.

prescribed in the monograph Peppermint oil (0405). (Mr 339.5). 1087600. [5574-97-0].
Test solution. The substance to be examined. White or almost white powder, hygroscopic.
The area of the principal peak is not less than 93.0 per cent pH (2.2.3) : about 7.5 for a 170 g/l solution.
of the area of all the peaks in the chromatogram obtained. Absorbance (2.2.25) : about 0.10 determined at 210 nm
using a 170 g/l solution.
Terpinen-4-ol. C10H18O. (Mr 154.2). 1116000.
[562-74-3]. 4-Methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)cyclohex-3-en-1-ol. Storage : in an airtight container.
p-Menth-1-en-4-ol.
Tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate. C16H37NO4S.
An oily, colourless liquid. (Mr 339.5). 1087700. [32503-27-8].
Terpinen-4-ol used in gas chromatography complies with A crystalline powder or colourless crystals, freely soluble in
the following additional test. water and in methanol.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as mp : 169 °C to 173 °C.
prescribed in the monograph on Lavender oil (1338). Absorbance (2.2.25). The absorbance of a 50 g/l solution, at
Test solution. The substance to be examined. wavelengths from 240 nm to 300 nm, is not greater than 0.05.
The area of the principal peak is not less than 90.0 per cent Tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate R1. 1087701.
of the area of all the peaks in the chromatogram obtained. Complies with the requirements prescribed for
α-Terpineol. C10H18O. (Mr 154.2). 1087300. [98-55-5]. tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate R and with the
(RS)-2-(4-Methylcyclohex-3-enyl)-2-propanol. following additional requirement :
Colourless crystals, practically insoluble in water, soluble Absorbance (2.2.25). The absorbance of a 50 g/l
in alcohol. solution, at wavelengths from 215 nm to 300 nm, is not
greater than 0.02.
: about 0.935.
: about 1.483. Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. C16H37NO,30H2O.
(Mr 800). 1087800. [2052-49-5].
: about 92.5. Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C16H37NO,30H2O.
mp : about 35 °C. White or almost white crystals, soluble in water.
It may contain 1 to 3 per cent of β-terpineol. Assay. Dissolve 1.000 g in 100 ml of water R. Titrate
α-Terpineol used in gas chromatography complies with immediately with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid determining the
the following test. end-point potentiometrically (2.2.20). Carry out a blank
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) under the titration.
conditions described in the monograph on Anise oil (0804). 1 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is equivalent to 80.0 mg
Test solution. A 100 g/l solution in hexane R. C16H37NO,30H2O.
The area of the principal peak is not less than 97.0 per cent Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution (104 g/l).
of the total area of the peaks. Disregard the peak due to 1087801. [2052-49-5].
hexane. A solution containing 104 g/l of C16H37NO (Mr 259.5),
prepared by dilution of a suitable reagent grade.
Terpinolene. C10H16. (Mr 136.2). 1140400.
[586-62-9]. p-Mentha-1,4(8)-diene. 4-Isopropylidene- Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution (400 g/l).
1-methylcyclohexene. 1087802. [2052-49-5].
Clear, almost colourless liquid. A solution containing 400 g/l of C16H37NO Mr 259.5) of
: about 0.863. a suitable grade.
: about 1.488. Tetrabutylammonium iodide. C16H36IN. (Mr 369.4).
bp : about 184 °C. 1087900. [311-28-4].
Terpinolene used in gas chromatography complies with Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C16H36IN.
the following additional test. White or slightly coloured, crystalline powder or crystals,
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as soluble in alcohol.
prescribed in the monograph on Tea tree oil (1837). Sulphated ash (2.4.14) : maximum 0.02 per cent.
The content is not less than 90 per cent, calculated by the Assay. Dissolve 1.200 g in 30 ml of water R. Add 50.0 ml
normalisation procedure. of 0.1 M silver nitrate and 5 ml of dilute nitric acid R.
Titrate the excess of silver nitrate with 0.1 M ammonium
Testosterone. 1116100. [58-22-0]. thiocyanate, using 2 ml of ferric ammonium sulphate
See Testosterone (1373). solution R2 as indicator.
1 ml of 0.1 M silver nitrate is equivalent to 36.94 mg of
Testosterone propionate. 1087400. [57-85-2].
C16H36IN.
See Testosterone propionate (0297).
Tetrachloroethane. C2H2Cl4. (Mr 167.9). 1088000. [79-34-5].
Tetrabutylammonium bromide. C16H36BrN. (Mr 322.4). 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane.
1087500. [1643-19-2]. A clear, colourless liquid, slightly soluble in water, miscible
White or almost white crystals. with alcohol.
mp : 102 °C to 104 °C. : about 1.59.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 493
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

: about 1.495. Tetrahexylammonium hydrogen sulphate.

Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils C24H53NO4S. (Mr 451.8). 1116300. [32503-34-7].
between 145 °C and 147 °C. N,N,N-Trihexylhexan-1-aminium hydrogen sulphate.
White or almost white crystals.
Tetrachlorvinphos. C10H9Cl4O4P. (Mr 366.0). 1132500.
[22248-79-9]. mp : 100 °C to 102 °C.
mp : about 95 °C. Tetrahydrofuran. C4H8O. (Mr 72.1). 1088500. [109-99-9].
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in iso-octane) Tetramethylene oxide.
may be used. A clear, colourless, flammable liquid, miscible with water,
with alcohol.
Tetracos-15-enoic acid methyl ester. C25H48O2. (Mr 380.7).
1144800. [2733-88-2]. 15-Tetracosaenoic acid methyl ester. : about 0.89.
Methyl tetracos-15-enoate. Nervonic acid methyl ester. Do not distil if the tetrahydrofuran does not comply with
Content : minimum 99.0 per cent of C25H48O2, determined by the test for peroxides.
gas chromatography. Peroxides. Place 8 ml of potassium iodide and starch
Liquid. solution R in a 12 ml ground-glass-stoppered cylinder about
1.5 cm in diameter. Fill completely with the substance to be
Tetracycline hydrochloride. 1147000. examined, shake vigorously and allow to stand protected
See Tetracycline hydrochloride (0210). from light for 30 min. No colour is produced.
Tetrahydrofuran used in spectrophotometry complies with
Tetradecane. C14H30. (Mr 198.4). 1088200. [629-59-4]. the following additional requirement.
n-Tetradecane.
Minimum transmittance (2.2.25), determined using water R
Content : minimum 99.5 per cent m/m of C14H30. as compensation liquid : 20 per cent at 255 nm, 80 per cent
A colourless liquid. at 270 nm, 98 per cent at 310 nm.
: about 0.76.
Tetrahydrofuran for chromatography R. 1147100.
: about 1.429.
It complies with the requirements of tetrahydrofuran R and
bp : about 252 °C. with the following requirements :
mp : about − 5 °C. = 0.8892.
Tetradecylammonium bromide. C40H84BrN. (Mr 659). bp : about 66 °C.
1088300. [14937-42-9]. Tetrakis(decyl)ammonium bromide. Content : minimum 99.8 per cent of C4H8O.
A white or slightly coloured, crystalline powder or crystals.
mp : 88 °C to 89 °C. Tetramethylammonium bromide. C4H12BrN. (Mr 154.1).
1156600. [64-20-0]. N,N,N-Trimethylmethanaminium
Tetraethylammonium hydrogen sulphate. C8H21NO4S. bromide.
(Mr 227.3). 1116200. [16873-13-5]. White or slightly yellow crystals, freely soluble in water.
Hygroscopic powder. mp : about 285 °C, with decomposition.
mp : about 245 °C.
Tetramethylammonium chloride. C4H12ClN. (Mr 109.6).
Tetraethylammonium hydroxide solution. C8H21NO. 1100400. [75-57-0].
(Mr 147.3). 1100300. [77-98-5]. Colourless crystals, soluble in water and in alcohol.
A 200 g/l aqueous solution, colourless liquid, strongly mp : about 300 °C, with decomposition.
alkaline.
: about 1.01. Tetramethylammonium hydrogen sulphate. C4H13NO4S.
: about 1.372. (Mr 171.2). 1116400. [80526-82-5].
HPLC grade. Hygroscopic powder.
mp : about 295 °C.
Tetraethylene pentamine. C8H23N5. (Mr 189.3). 1102000.
[112-57-2]. 3,6,9-Triazaundecan-1,11-diamine. Tetramethylammonium hydroxide. C4H13NO,5H2O.
Colourless liquid, soluble in acetone. (Mr 181.2). 1122800. [10424-65-4]. Tetramethylammonium
hydroxide pentahydrate.
: about1.506.
Suitable grade for HPLC.
Storage : protected from humidity and heat.
Tetraheptylammonium bromide. C28H60BrN. (Mr 490.7). Tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution. 1088600.
1088400. [4368-51-8]. [75-59-2].
A white or slightly coloured, crystalline powder or crystals. Content : minimum 10.0 per cent m/m of C4H13NO. (Mr 91.2).
mp : 89 °C to 91 °C. A clear, colourless or very pale yellow liquid, miscible with
water and with alcohol.
Tetrahexylammonium bromide. C24H52BrN. (Mr 434.6). Assay. To 1.000 g add 50 ml of water R and titrate with
1152500. [4328-13-6]. N,N,N-Trihexylhexan-1-aminium 0.05 M sulphuric acid, using 0.1 ml of methyl red solution R
bromide. as indicator.
White or almost white, crystalline powder, hygroscopic. 1 ml of 0.05 M sulphuric acid is equivalent to 9.12 mg of
mp : about 100 °C. C4H13NO.

494 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution, dilute. Tetrapropylammonium chloride. C12H28ClN. (Mr 221.8).

1088601. 1151900. [5810-42-4].
Dilute 10 ml of tetramethylammonium hydroxide White or almost white, crystalline powder, sparingly soluble
solution R to 100 ml with aldehyde-free alcohol R. in water.
Prepare immediately before use. mp : about 241 °C.
Tetramethylbenzidine. C16H20N2. (Mr 240.3). 1132600. Tetrazolium blue. C40H32Cl2N8O2. (Mr 728). 1089000.
[54827-17-7]. 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbiphenyl-4,4′-diamine. [1871-22-3]. 3,3′-(3,3′-Dimethoxy[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-
A powder, practically insoluble in water, very soluble in diyl)bis[2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium] dichloride.
methanol. Yellow crystals, slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in
mp : about 169 °C. alcohol and in methanol, practically insoluble in acetone.
mp : about 245 °C, with decomposition.
1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutylamine. C8H19N. (Mr 129.3).
1141500. [107-45-9]. 2-Amino-2,4,4-trimethylpentane. Tetrazolium bromide. C18H16BrN5S. (Mr 414.3).
1152700. [298-93-1]. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-
Clear, colourless liquid. diphenyltetrazolium bromide. MTT.
: about 0.805.
Thallous sulphate. Tl2SO4. (Mr 504.8). 1089100. [7446-18-6].
: about 1.424. Dithallium sulphate.
bp : about 140 °C. White or almost white, rhomboid prisms, slightly soluble in
water, practically insoluble in alcohol.
Tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane. C17H22N2.
(Mr 254.4). 1088700. [101-61-1]. 4,4′-Methylenebis-(N,N- Thebaine. C19H21NO3. (Mr 311.4). 1089200. [115-37-7].
dimethylaniline). (5R,9R,13S)-4,5-Epoxy-3,6-dimethoxy-9a-methylmorphina-
White to bluish-white crystals or leaflets, practically insoluble 6,8-diene.
in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, soluble in mineral acids. A white or pale yellow, crystalline powder, very slightly
mp : about 90 °C. soluble in water, soluble in hot ethanol and in toluene.
mp : about 193 °C.
Tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane reagent. Chromatography (2.2.27). Examine as prescribed in
1088701. identification test B in the monograph on Raw opium (0777),
Solution A. Dissolve 2.5 g of tetramethyldiaminodiphe- applying to the plate as a band (20 mm × 3 mm) 20 µl of
nylmethane R in 10 ml of glacial acetic acid R and add a 0.5 g/l solution. The chromatogram obtained shows an
50 ml of water R. orange-red or red principal band with an RF of about 0.5.
Solution B. Dissolve 5 g of potassium iodide R in 100 ml Theobromine. 1138800. [83-67-0].
of water R.
See Theobromine (0298).
Solution C. Dissolve 0.30 g of ninhydrin R in 10 ml of
glacial acetic acid R and add 90 ml of water R. Theophylline. 1089300. [58-55-9].
Mix solution A, solution B and 1.5 ml of solution C. See Theophylline (0299).

Tetramethylethylenediamine. C6H16N2. (Mr 116.2). Thiamazole. C4H6N2S. (Mr 114.2). 1089400. [60-56-0].
1088800. [110-18-9]. N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethylethylenediamine. Methimazole. 1-Methyl-1H-imidazole-2-thiol.
A colourless liquid, miscible with water and with alcohol. A white or almost white, crystalline powder, freely soluble in
water, soluble in alcohol and in methylene chloride.
: about 0.78. mp : about 145 °C.
: about 1.418.
2-(2-Thienyl)acetic acid. C6H6O2S. (Mr 142.1). 1089500.
bp : about 121 °C. [1918-77-0].
Tetramethylsilane. C4H12Si. (Mr 88.2). 1088900. [75-76-3]. A brown powder.
TMS. mp : about 65 °C.
A clear, colourless liquid, very slightly soluble in water,
Thioacetamide. C2H5NS. (Mr 75.1). 1089600. [62-55-5].
soluble in acetone and in alcohol.
A crystalline powder or colourless crystals, freely soluble in
: about 0.64. water and in alcohol.
: about 1.358. mp : about 113 °C.
bp : about 26 °C.
Thioacetamide reagent. 1089601.
Tetramethylsilane used in nuclear magnetic resonance
spectrometry complies with the following additional To 0.2 ml of thioacetamide solution R add 1 ml of
requirement. a mixture of 5 ml of water R, 15 ml of 1 M sodium
hydroxide and 20 ml of glycerol (85 per cent) R. Heat in
In the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of a water-bath for 20 s. Prepare immediately before use.
an approximately 10 per cent V/V solution of the
tetramethylsilane in deuterated chloroform R, the intensity Thioacetamide solution. 1089602.
of any foreign signal, excluding those due to spinning side A 40 g/l solution.
bands and to chloroform, is not greater than the intensity of
the C-13 satellite signals located at a distance of 59.1 Hz on Thiobarbituric acid. C4H4N2O2S. (Mr 144.2). 1111200.
each side of the principal signal of tetramethylsilane. [504-17-6]. 4,6-Dihydroxy-2-sulfanylpyrimidine.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 495
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Thiodiethylene glycol. C4H10O2S. (Mr 122.2). 1122900. Thymidine. C10H14N2O5. (Mr 242.2). 1158900.
[111-48-8]. Di(2-hydroxyethyl) sulphide. 1-(2-Deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-5-methylpyrimidine-2,
A colourless or yellow, viscous liquid. It contains at least 4(1H,3H)-dione.
99.0 per cent of C4H10O2S. Needles, soluble in water, in hot ethanol (96 per cent) and
: about 1.18. in glacial acetic acid.
Thioglycollic acid. C2H4O2S. (Mr 92.1). 1089700. [68-11-1]. Thymine. C5H6N2O2. (Mr 126.1). 1090400. [65-71-4].
2-Mercaptoacetic acid. 5-Methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione.
A colourless liquid, miscible with water, soluble in alcohol. Short needles or plates, slightly soluble in cold water,
soluble in hot water. It dissolves in dilute solution of alkali
Thiomalic acid. C4H6O4S. (Mr 150.2). 1161600. [70-49-5]. hydroxides.
(2RS)-2-Sulphanylbutanedioic acid.
mp : 150 °C to 152 °C. Thymol. 1090500. [89-83-8]. See Thymol (0791).
Thiomersal. C9H9HgNaO2S. (Mr 404.8). 1089800. Thymol used in gas chromatography complies with the
[54-64-8]. Sodium mercurothiolate. Sodium following additional test.
2-[(ethylmercurio)thio]benzoate. Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
A light, yellowish-white, crystalline powder, very soluble in prescribed in the monograph Peppermint oil (0405).
water, freely soluble in alcohol. Test solution. Dissolve 0.1 g in about 10 ml of acetone R.
Thiourea. CH4N2S. (Mr 76.1). 1089900. [62-56-6]. The area of the principal peak is not less than 95.0 per cent
of the area of all the peaks in the chromatogram obtained.
White or almost white, crystalline powder or crystals, soluble Disregard the peak due to acetone.
in water and in alcohol.
mp : about 178 °C. Thymol blue. C27H30O5S. (Mr 466.6). 1090600. [76-61-9].
Thymolsulphonphthalein. 4,4′-(3H-2,1-Benzoxathiol-3-
Threonine. 1090000. [72-19-5]. ylidene)bis(2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) S,S-dioxide.
See Threonine (1049). A brownish-green to greenish-blue, crystalline powder,
Thrombin, bovine. 1090200. [9002-04-4]. slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and in dilute
A preparation of the enzyme, obtained from bovine plasma, solutions of alkali hydroxides.
that converts fibrinogen into fibrin. Thymol blue solution. 1090601.
A yellowish-white powder. Dissolve 0.1 g of thymol blue R in a mixture of 2.15 ml
Storage : at a temperature below 0 °C. of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and 20 ml of alcohol R and
Thrombin, human. 1090100. [9002-04-4]. dilute to 100 ml with water R.
Dried human thrombin. A preparation of the enzyme which Test for sensitivity. To 0.1 ml of the thymol blue solution
converts human fibrinogen into fibrin. It is obtained from add 100 ml of carbon dioxide-free water R and 0.2 ml of
liquid human plasma and may be prepared by precipitation 0.02 M sodium hydroxide. The solution is blue. Not more
with suitable salts and organic solvents under controlled than 0.15 ml of 0.02 M hydrochloric acid is required to
conditions of pH, ionic strength and temperature. change the colour to yellow.
A yellowish-white powder, freely soluble in a 9 g/l solution Colour change : pH 1.2 (red) to pH 2.8 (yellow) ; pH 8.0
of sodium chloride forming a cloudy, pale yellow solution. (olive-green) to pH 9.6 (blue).
Storage : in a sealed, sterile container under nitrogen, Thymolphthalein. C28H30O4. (Mr 430.5). 1090700.
protected from light, at a temperature below 25 °C. [125-20-2]. 3,3-bis(4-Hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyl)-3H-
Thrombin solution, human. 1090101. isobenzo-furan-1-one.
Reconstitute human thrombin R as directed by the A white or yellowish-white powder, practically insoluble in
manufacturer and dilute with tris(hydroxymethyl)amin- water, soluble in alcohol and in dilute solutions of alkali
omethane sodium chloride buffer solution pH 7.4 R to hydroxides.
5 IU/ml.
Thymolphthalein solution. 1090701.
Thrombin solution, human R1. 1090102. A 1 g/l solution in alcohol R.
Reconstitute human thrombin R as directed by the Test for sensitivity. To 0.2 ml of the thymolphthalein
manufacturer and dilute to 2.5 IU/ml with phosphate solution add 100 ml of carbon dioxide-free water R. The
buffer solution pH 6.5 R. solution is colourless. Not more than 0.05 ml of 0.1 M
Thromboplastin. 1090300. sodium hydroxide is required to change the colour to
blue.
Extract 1.5 g of acetone-dried ox brain R with 60 ml
of water R at 50 °C for 10 min to 15 min, centrifuge at Colour change : pH 9.3 (colourless) to pH 10.5 (blue).
1500 r/min for 2 min and decant the supernatant liquid.
Tin. Sn. (Ar 118.7). 1090800. [7440-31-5].
The extract retains its activity for several days when stored
in a refrigerator. It may contain 3 g/l of cresol R as an Silvery-white granules, soluble in hydrochloric acid with
antimicrobial preservative. release of hydrogen.
Arsenic (2.4.2). 0.1 g complies with limit test A (10 ppm).
Thujone. C10H16O. (Mr 152.2). 1116500. [76231-76-0].
4-Methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one. Titan yellow. C28H19N5Na2O6S4. (Mr 696). 1090900.
A colourless or almost colourless liquid, practically insoluble [1829-00-1].
in water, soluble in alcohol and in many other organic Schultz No. 280.
solvents.
Colour Index No. 19540.

496 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Thiazol yellow. Disodium 2,2′-[(1-triazene-1,3-diyl)di-4,1- TLC performance test solution. 1116600.

phenylene]bis-[6-methylbenzothiazole-7-sulphonate]. Prepare a mixture of 1.0 ml of each of the following solutions
A yellowish-brown powder, freely soluble in water and in and dilute to 10.0 ml with acetone R : a 0.5 g/l solution of
alcohol. Sudan red G R in toluene R, a 0.5 g/l solution of methyl
orange R in ethanol R prepared immediately before use, a
Titan yellow paper. 1090901. 0.5 g/l solution of bromocresol green R in acetone R and a
Immerse strips of filter paper in titan yellow solution R 0.25 g/l solution of methyl red R in acetone R.
and leave for a few minutes. Allow to dry at room TLC silica gel plate. 1116700.
temperature.
Support of glass, metal or plastic, coated with a layer of silica
Titan yellow solution. 1090902. gel of a suitable thickness and particle size (usually 2 µm to
10 µm for fine particle size (High Performance Thin-Layer
A 0.5 g/l solution. Chromatography, HPTLC) plates and 5 µm to 40 µm for
Test for sensitivity. To 0.1 ml of the titan yellow solution normal TLC plates). If necessary, the particle size is indicated
add 10 ml of water R, 0.2 ml of magnesium standard after the name of the reagent in the tests where it is used.
solution (10 ppm Mg) R and 1.0 ml of 1 M sodium The plate may contain an organic binder.
hydroxide. A distinct pink colour is visible by comparison Chromatographic separation. Apply to the plate an
with a reference solution prepared in a similar manner appropriate volume (10 µl for a normal TLC plate and 1 µl to
omitting the magnesium. 2 µl for a fine particle size plate) of TLC performance test
Titanium. Ti. (Ar 47.88). 1091000. [7440-32-6]. solution R. Develop over a pathlength two-thirds of the plate
height, using a mixture of 20 volumes of methanol R and
Content : minimum 99 per cent of Ti. 80 volumes of toluene R. The plate is not satisfactory, unless
Metal powder, fine wire (diameter not more than 0.5 mm), the chromatogram shows four clearly separated spots, the
sponge. spot of bromocresol green with an RF value less than 0.15,
the spot of methyl orange with an RF value in the range of
mp : about 1668 °C. 0.1 to 0.25, the spot of methyl red with an RF value in the
Density : about 4.507 g/cm3. range of 0.35 to 0.55 and the spot of Sudan red G with an RF
value in the range of 0.75 to 0.98.
Titanium dioxide. 1117900. [13463-67-7].
TLC silica gel F254 plate. 1116800.
See Titanium dioxide (0150).
It complies with the requirements prescribed for TLC silica
Titanium trichloride. TiCl3. (Mr 154.3). 1091200. gel plate R with the following modification.
[7705-07-9]. Titanium(III) chloride. It contains a fluorescent indicator having a maximum
Reddish-violet crystals, deliquescent, soluble in water and absorbance at 254 nm.
in alcohol. Fluorescence suppression. Apply separately to the plate at
mp : about 440 °C. five points increasing volumes (1 µl to 10 µl for normal TLC
plates and 0.2 µl to 2 µl for fine particle size plates) of a
Storage : in an airtight container. 1 g/l solution of benzoic acid R in a mixture of 15 volumes
of ethanol R and 85 volumes of cyclohexane R. Develop
Titanium trichloride solution. 1091201. over a pathlength half of the plate height with the same
: about 1.19. mixture of solvents. After evaporating the solvents examine
A 150 g/l solution in hydrochloric acid (100 g/l HCl). the chromatogram in ultraviolet light at 254 nm. For normal
TLC plates the benzoic acid appears as dark spots on a
Titanium trichloride-sulphuric acid reagent. 1091202. fluorescent background approximately in the middle of the
chromatogram for quantities of 2 µg and greater. For fine
Carefully mix 20 ml of titanium trichloride solution R particle size plates the benzoic acid appears as dark spots on
with 13 ml of sulphuric acid R. Add sufficient strong a fluorescent background approximately in the middle of the
hydrogen peroxide solution R to give a yellow colour. chromatogram for quantities of 0.2 µg and greater.
Heat until white fumes are evolved. Allow to cool. Dilute
with water R and repeat the evaporation and addition of TLC silica gel F254, silanised plate. 1117200.
water R until a colourless solution is obtained. Dilute to It complies with the requirements prescribed for TLC silica
100 ml with water R. gel silanised plate R with the following modification.
TLC aluminium oxide G plate. 1165200. It contains a fluorescent indicator having a maximum
absorbance at 254 nm.
Support of metal, glass or plastic, coated with a layer of
aluminium oxide (particle size 5-40 µm) containing about TLC silica gel G plate. 1116900.
10 per cent of calcium sulphate hemihydrate as a binder. It complies with the requirements prescribed for TLC silica
gel plate R with the following modification.
TLC octadecylsilyl silica gel plate. 1148600.
It contains calcium sulphate hemihydrate as binder.
Support of glass, metal or plastic coated with a layer of
octadecylsilyl silica gel. The plate may contain an organic TLC silica gel GF254 plate. 1117000.
binder. It complies with the requirements prescribed for TLC silica
gel plate R with the following modifications.
TLC octadecylsilyl silica gel F254 plate R. 1146600.
It contains calcium sulphate hemihydrate as binder and
Support of glass, metal or plastic coated with a layer of a fluorescent indicator having a maximum absorbance at
octadecylsilyl silica gel. 254 nm.
It contains a fluorescent indicator having a maximum Fluorescence suppression. Complies with the test prescribed
absorbance in ultraviolet light at 254 nm. for TLC silica gel F254 plate R.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 497
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

TLC silica gel plate for chiral separations, octadecylsilyl. Toluene, sulphur-free. 1091301.
1137700. Complies with the requirements prescribed for toluene R
Support of glass, metal or plastic, coated with a layer of and with the following additional requirements :
octadecylsilyl silica gel, impregnated with Cu2+ ions and Sulphur compounds. To 10 ml add 1 ml of ethanol R and
enantiomerically pure hydroxyproline. The plate may contain 3 ml of potassium plumbite solution R and boil under a
an organic binder. reflux condenser for 15 min. Allow to stand for 5 min. No
darkening is produced in the aqueous layer.
TLC silica gel, silanised plate. 1117100.
Thiophen-related substances. Shake 2 ml with 5 ml of
Support of glass, metal or plastic, coated with a layer of isatin reagent R for 5 min and allow to stand for 15 min.
silanised silica gel of a suitable thickness and particle No blue colour is produced in the lower layer.
size (usually 2 µm to 10 µm for fine particle size (High
Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography, HPTLC) plates Toluenesulphonamide. C7H9NO2S. (Mr 171.2).
and 5 µm to 40 µm for normal TLC plates). If necessary, the 1091500. [70-55-3]. 4-Methylbenzenesulphonamide.
particle size is indicated after the name of the reagent in the p-Toluenesulphonamide.
tests where it is used.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, slightly soluble
The plate may contain an organic binder. in water, soluble in alcohol and in solutions of alkali
Chromatographic separation. Introduce 0.1 g each of hydroxides.
methyl laurate R, methyl myristate R, methyl palmitate R mp : about 136 °C.
and methyl stearate R into a 250 ml conical flask. Add
Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
40 ml of alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution R and heat
on Tolbutamide (0304) ; the chromatogram shows only one
under a reflux condenser on a water-bath for 1 h. Allow
principal spot.
to cool, transfer the solution to a separating funnel by
means of 100 ml of water R, acidify (pH 2 to 3) with dilute o-Toluenesulphonamide. C7H9NO2S. (Mr 171.2). 1091400.
hydrochloric acid R and shake with three quantitites each of [88-19-7]. 2-Methylbenzenesulphonamide.
10 ml of methylene chloride R. Dry the combined methylene
chloride extracts over anhydrous sodium sulphate R, filter A white or almost white, crystalline powder, slightly soluble
and evaporate to dryness on a water-bath. Dissolve the in water, soluble in alcohol and in solutions of alkali
residue in 50 ml of methylene chloride R. Examine by hydroxides.
thin-layer chromatography (2.2.27), using silanised TLC mp : about 156 °C.
silica gel plate R. Apply an appropriate quantity (about 10 µl
for normal TLC plates and about 1 µl to 2 µl for fine particle p-Toluenesulphonamide. 1091500. [70-55-3].
size plates) of the methylene chloride solution at each of See toluenesulphonamide R.
three separate points. Develop over a pathlength two-thirds
of the plate height with a mixture of 10 volumes of glacial Toluenesulphonic acid. C7H8O3S,H2O. (Mr 190.2). 1091600.
acetic acid R, 25 volumes of water R and 65 volumes of [6192-52-5]. 4-Methylbenzenesulphonic acid.
dioxan R. Dry the plate at 120 °C for 30 min. Allow to cool, Content : minimum 87.0 per cent of C7H8O3S.
spray with a 35 g/l solution of phosphomolybdic acid R in
2-propanol R and heat at 150 °C until the spots become A white or almost white, crystalline powder or crystals, freely
visible. Treat the plate with ammonia vapour until the soluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
background is white. The chromatograms show four clearly
separated, well-defined spots. o-Toluidine. C7H9N. (Mr 107.2). 1091700. [95-53-4].
2-Methylaniline.
α-Tocopherol. 1152300. [10191-41-0]. A pale-yellow liquid becoming reddish-brown on exposure
See all-rac-α-Tocopherol (0692). to air and light, slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol
and in dilute acids.
α-Tocopheryl acetate. 1152400. [7695-91-2]. : about 1.01.
See all-rac-α-Tocopheryl acetate (0439). : about 1.569.
o-Tolidine. C14H16N2. (Mr 212.3). 1123000. [119-93-7]. bp : about 200 °C.
3,3′-Dimethylbenzidine. Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light.
Content : minimum 97.0 per cent of C14H16N2. o-Toluidine hydrochloride. C7H10ClN. (Mr 143.6).
A light brownish, crystalline power. 1117300. [636-21-5]. 2-Methylaniline hydrochloride.
mp : about 130 °C. 2-Methylbenzenamine hydrochloride.
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C7H10ClN.
o-Tolidine solution. 1123001. mp : 215 °C to 217 °C.
Dissolve 0.16 g of o-tolidine R in 30.0 ml of glacial acetic
acid R, add 1.0 g of potassium iodide R and dilute to p-Toluidine. C7H9N. (Mr 107.2). 1091800. [106-49-0].
500.0 ml with water R. 4-Methylaniline.
Lustrous plates or flakes, slightly soluble in water, freely
Toluene. C7H8. (Mr 92.1). 1091300. [108-88-3]. soluble in acetone and in alcohol.
Methylbenzene.
mp : about 44 °C.
A clear, colourless, flammable liquid, very slightly soluble in
water, miscible with alcohol. Toluidine blue. C15H16ClN3S. (Mr 305.8). 1091900. [92-31-9].
: 0.865 to 0.870. Schultz No. 1041.
bp : about 110 °C. Colour Index No. 52040.

498 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Toluidine Blue O. 3-Amino-7-dimethylamino-2- : about 1.043.

methylphenothiazin-5-ium chloride. : about 1.445.
A dark-green powder, soluble in water, slightly soluble in
alcohol. Trichlorethylene. 1102100.
See Trichloroethylene R.
Tosylarginine methyl ester hydrochloride.
C14H23ClN4O4S. (Mr 378.9). 1092000. [1784-03-8]. Trichloroacetic acid. C2HCl3O2. (Mr 163.4). 1092500.
N-Tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride. Methyl [76-03-9].
(S)-5-guanidino-2-(4-methylbenzenesulphonamido)valerate Colourless crystals or a crystalline mass, very deliquescent,
hydrochloride. very soluble in water and in alcohol.
: − 12 to − 16, determined on a 40 g/l solution. Storage : in an airtight container.
mp : about 145 °C.
Trichloroacetic acid solution. 1092501.
Tosylarginine methyl ester hydrochloride solution. Dissolve 40.0 g of trichloroacetic acid R in water R and
1092001. dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. Verify the
To 98.5 mg of tosylarginine methyl ester hydrochloride R concentration by titration with 0.1 M sodium hydroxide
add 5 ml of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer and adjust if necessary to 40 ± 1 g/l.
solution pH 8.1 R and shake to dissolve. Add 2.5 ml of
methyl red mixed solution R and dilute to 25.0 ml with 1,1,1-Trichloroethane. C2H3Cl3. (Mr 133.4). 1092600.
water R. [71-55-6]. Methylchloroform.
A non-flammable liquid, practically insoluble in water,
Tosyl-lysyl-chloromethane hydrochloride. soluble in acetone and in methanol.
C14H22Cl2N2O3S. (Mr 369.3). 1092100. [4238-41-9]. : about 1.34.
N-Tosyl-L-lysyl-chloromethane hydrochloride. (3S)-7-Amino-
1-chloro-3-(4-methylbenzenesulphonamido)heptan-2-one : about 1.438.
hydrochloride. bp : about 74 °C.
: − 7 to − 9, determined on a 20 g/l solution. Trichloroethylene. C2HCl3. (Mr 131.4). 1102100. [79-01-6].
mp : about 155 °C, with decomposition. A colourless liquid, practically insoluble in water, miscible
: 310 to 340, determined at 230 nm in water R. with alcohol.
Tosylphenylalanylchloromethane. C17H18ClNO3S. (Mr 351.9). : about 1.46.
1092200. [402-71-1]. N-Tosyl-L-phenylalanylchloromethane. : about 1.477.
: − 85 to − 89, determined on a 10 g/l solution in Trichlorotrifluoroethane. C2Cl3F3. (Mr 187.4). 1092700.
alcohol R. [76-13-1]. 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane.
mp : about 105 °C. A colourless, volatile liquid, practically insoluble in water,
: 290 to 320, determined at 228.5 nm in alcohol R. miscible with acetone.
Toxaphene. 1132800. [8001-35-2]. : about 1.58.
A mixture of polychloro derivatives. Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 98 per cent distils
between 47 °C and 48 °C.
mp : 65 °C to 90 °C.
A suitable certified reference solution (10 ng/µl in iso-octane) Tricine. C6H13NO5. (Mr 179.2). 1138900. [5704–04–1].
may be used. N-[2-Hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]glycine.
Use electrophoresis-grade reagent.
Tragacanth. 1092300. [9000-65-1].
mp : about 183 °C.
See Tragacanth (0532).
Tricosane. C23H48. (Mr 324.6). 1092800. [638-67-5].
Triacetin. C9H14O6. (Mr 218.2). 1092400. [102-76-1].
Propane-1,2,3-triyl triacetate. Glycerol triacetate. White or almost white crystals, practically insoluble in water,
soluble in hexane.
An almost clear, colourless to yellowish liquid, soluble in
water, miscible with alcohol. mp : about 48 °C.
: about 1.16. Tridocosahexaenoin. C69H98O6. (Mr 1023.5). 1144900.
: about 1.43. [124596-98-1]. Triglyceride of docosahexaenoic acid
bp : about 260 °C. (C22:6). Glycerol tridocosahexaenoate. Propane-1,2,3-triyl
tri-(all-Z)-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoate.
Triamcinolone. C21H27FO6. (Mr 394.4). 1111300. [124-94-7]. The reagent from Nu-Chek Prep, Inc. has been found
9-Fluoro-11β,16α,17,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20- suitable.
dione.
A crystalline powder. Triethanolamine. 1092900. [102-71-6].
mp : 262 °C to 263 °C. See Trolamine (1577).

Triamcinolone acetonide. 1133100. [76-25-5]. Triethylamine. C6H15N. (Mr 101.2). 1093000. [121-44-8].
N,N-Diethylethanamine.
See Triamcinolone acetonide (0533).
A colourless liquid, slightly soluble in water at a temperature
Tribromophenol. C6H3Br3O. (Mr 330.8). 1165300. below 18.7 °C, miscible with alcohol.
[118-79-6]. 2,4,6-Tribromophenol. : about 0.727.
Tributyl citrate. C18H32O7. (Mr 360.4). 1152800. [77-94-1]. : about 1.401.
Tributyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate. bp : about 90 °C.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 499
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Triethylamine R1. C6H15N. (Mr 101.2). 1093001. Trimethylpentane R1. 1093401.

[121-44-8]. N,N-Diethylethanamine. Complies with the requirements prescribed for
Complies with the requirements prescribed for trimethylpentane R with the following modification.
triethylamine R and with the following additional Absorbance (2.2.25). Not more than 0.07 from 220 nm to
requirements. 360 nm, determined using water R as the compensation
Content : minimum 99.5 per cent of C6H15N, determined liquid.
by gas chromatography.
N,O-bis(Trimethylsilyl)acetamide. C8H21NOSi2. (Mr 203.4).
Water : maximum 0.1 per cent.
1093600. [10416-59-8].
Use freshly distilled or from a freshly opened container.
Colourless liquid.
Triethylenediamine. C6H12N2. (Mr 112.2). 1093100. : about 0.83.
1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
Crystals, very hygroscopic, sublimes readily at room N-Trimethylsilylimidazole. C6H12N2Si. (Mr 140.3). 1100500.
temperature, freely soluble in water, in acetone and in [18156-74-6]. 1-Trimethylsilylimidazole.
ethanol. A colourless, hygroscopic liquid.
bp : about 174 °C. : about 0.96.
mp : about 158 °C. : about 1.48.
Storage : in an airtight container. Storage : in an airtight container.

Triethyl phosphonoformate. C7H15O5P. (Mr 210.2). 1132900. N,O-bis(Trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. C8H18F3NOSi2.

[1474-78-8]. Ethyl (diethoxyphosphoryl)formate. (Mr 257.4). 1133200. [25561-30-2]. BSTFA.
Colourless liquid. Colourless liquid.
bp12 mm : about 135 °C. : about 0.97.
: about 1.38.
Trifluoroacetic acid. C2HF3O2. (Mr 114.0). 1093200.
[76-05-1]. bp 12mm : about 40 °C

Content : minimum 99 per cent of C2HF3O2. Trimethylsulphonium hydroxide. C3H10OS. (Mr 94.2).
Liquid, miscible with acetone and with alcohol. 1145000. [17287-03-5].
: about 1.53. : about 0.81.
bp : about 72 °C.
Trimethyltin chloride. C3H9ClSn. (Mr 199.3). 1170900.
Use a grade suitable for protein sequencing. [1066-45-1]. Chlorotrimethylstannane.
Storage : in an airtight container.
2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid. C6H3N3O9S,3H2O.
Trifluoroacetic anhydride. C4F6O3. (Mr 210.0). 1093300. (Mr 347.2). 1117500. [2508-19-2].
[407-25-0]. A white or almost white, crystalline powder, soluble in water.
Colourless liquid. mp : 190 °C to 195 °C.
: about 1.5.
Triolein. C57H104O6. (Mr 885.4). 1168200. [122-32-7].
4-Trifluoromethylphenol. C7H5F3O. (Mr 162.1). 1161700. Propane-1,2,3-triyl tris[(9Z)-octadec-9-enoate]. sn-Glyceryl
[402-45-9]. trioleate. Glycerol trioleate. Oleyl triglyceride.
White or light yellow, crystalline solid or powder. Content : minimum 99.0 per cent.
mp : about 46 °C. Triphenylmethanol. C19H16O. (Mr 260.3). 1093700.
Trigonelline hydrochloride. C7H8ClNO2. (Mr 173.6). [76-84-6]. Triphenylcarbinol.
1117400. [6138-41-6]. 3-Carboxy-1-methylpyridinium Colourless crystals, practically insoluble in water, freely
chloride. Nicotinic acid N-methylbetaine hydrochloride. soluble in alcohol.
A crystalline powder, very soluble in water, soluble in Triphenyltetrazolium chloride. C19H15ClN4. (Mr 334.8).
alcohol. 1093800. [298-96-4]. 2,3,5-Triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium
mp : about 258 °C. chloride.
Trimethylpentane. C8H18. (Mr 114.2). 1093400. [540-84-1]. Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C19H15ClN4. A pale
Iso-octane. 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane. or dull-yellow powder, soluble in water, in acetone and in
alcohol.
A colourless, flammable liquid, practically insoluble in water,
soluble in ethanol. mp : about 240 °C, with decomposition.
: 0.691 to 0.696. Assay. Dissolve 1.000 g in a mixture of 5 ml of dilute nitric
acid R and 45 ml of water R. Add 50.0 ml of 0.1 M silver
: 1.391 to 1.393. nitrate and heat to boiling. Allow to cool, add 3 ml of
Distillation range (2.2.11). Not less than 95 per cent distils dibutyl phthalate R, shake vigorously and titrate with 0.1 M
between 98 °C and 100 °C. ammonium thiocyanate, using 2 ml of ferric ammonium
Trimethylpentane used in spectrophotometry complies sulphate solution R2 as indicator.
with the following additional requirement. 1 ml of 0.1 M silver nitrate is equivalent to 33.48 mg of
Minimum transmittance (2.2.25), determined using water R C19H15ClN4.
as compensation liquid : 98 per cent from 250 nm to 420 nm. Storage : protected from light.

500 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Triphenyltetrazolium chloride solution. 1093801. Tyramine. C8H11NO. (Mr 137.2). 1117600. [51-67-2].
A 5 g/l solution in aldehyde-free alcohol R. 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol.
Storage : protected from light. Crystals, sparingly soluble in water, soluble in boiling
ethanol.
Triscyanoethoxypropane. C12H17N3O3. (Mr 251.3). 1093900. mp : 164 °C to 165 °C.
1,2,3-Tris(2-cyanoethoxy)propane.
A viscous, brown-yellow liquid, soluble in methanol. Used as Tyrosine. C9H11NO3. (Mr 181.2). 1094800. [60-18-4].
a stationary phase in gas chromatography. 2-Amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid.
: about 1.11. A white or almost white, crystalline powder, or colourless
or white or almost white crystals, slightly soluble in water,
Viscosity (2.2.9) : about 172 mPa·s. practically insoluble in acetone and in ethanol, soluble in
1,3,5-Tris[3,5-di(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxybenzyl]-1,3, dilute hydrochloric acid and in solutions of alkali hydroxides.
5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione. C48H69O6N3. (Mr 784.1). Chromatography. Examine as prescribed in the monograph
1094000. [27676-62-6]. on Levodopa (0038) ; the chromatogram shows only one
A white or almost white, crystalline powder. principal spot.
mp : 218 °C to 222 °C. Umbelliferone. C9H6O3. (Mr 162.1). 1137500. [93-35-6].
7-Hydroxycoumarin. 7-Hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one.
Tris[2,4-di(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl] phosphite.
C42H63O3P. (Mr 647). 1094100. [31570-04-4]. Needles from water.
White or almost white powder. mp : 225 °C to 228 °C.
mp : 182 °C to 186 °C. Uracil. C4H4N2O2. (Mr 112.1). 1161800. [66-22-8].
Content : minimum 95.0 per cent.
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. 1094200. [77-86-1].
See Trometamol (1053). Urea. 1095000. [57-13-6].
See Urea (0743).
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane solution. 1094201.
A solution containing the equivalent of 24.22 g of Uridine. C9H12N2O6. (Mr 244.2). 1095100. [58-96-8].
C4H11NO3 in 1000.0 ml. 1-β-D-Ribofuranosyluracil.
A white or almost white, crystalline powder, soluble in water.
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane solution R1.
1094202. mp : about 165 °C.
Dissolve 60.6 mg of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R Ursolic acid. C30H48O3. (Mr 456.7). 1141600. [77-52-1].
and 0.234 g of sodium chloride R in water R and dilute (3β)-3-Hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid.
to 100 ml with the same solvent. White or almost white powder, practically insoluble in water,
Storage : at 2 °C to 8 °C ; use within 3 days. sparingly soluble in methanol, slightly soluble in alcohol.
Tripotassium phosphate trihydrate. K3PO4,3H2O. : about 67.50 (10 g/l solution in a 56.1 g/l solution of
(Mr 266.3). 1155300. [22763-03-7]. potassium hydroxide R in alcohol R).
White or almost white crystalline powder, freely soluble in mp : 285 °C to 288 °C.
water. Valencene. C15H24. (Mr 204.4). 1152100.
[4630-07-3]. 4βH,5α-Eremophila-1(10),11-diene.
Trisodium phosphate dodecahydrate. Na3PO4,12H2O.
(1R,7R,8aS)-1,8a-Dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-1,2,3,5,6,7,
(Mr 380.1). 1094300. [10101-89-0].
8,8a-octahydronaphthalene.
Colourless or white or almost white crystals, freely soluble Oily, colourless to pale yellow liquid, with a characteristic
in water. odour, practically insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol.
Troxerutin. C33H42O19. (Mr 743). 1160300. [7085-55-4]. : about 0.918.
Trihydroxyethylrutin. 3′,4′,7-Tris[O-(2-hydroxyethyl)]rutin. : about 1.508.
2-[3,4-Bis(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-3-[[6-O-(6-deoxy-α-L- bp : about 123 °C.
mannopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-5-hydroxy-7-(2-
hydroxyethoxy)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Valencene used in gas chromatography complies with the
following additional test.
mp : 168 °C to 176 °C.
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as
Trypsin. 1094500. [9002-07-7]. prescribed in the monograph on Sweet orange oil (1811).
A proteolytic enzyme obtained by activation of trypsinogen The content is not less than 80 per cent, calculated by the
extracted from the pancreas of beef (Bos taurus L.). normalisation procedure.
A white or almost white, crystalline or amorphous powder, Valerenic acid. C15H22O2. (Mr 234.3). 1165700. [3569-10-6].
sparingly soluble in water. (2E)-3-[(4S,7R,7aR)-3,7-Dimethyl-2,4,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-
Trypsin for peptide mapping. 1094600. [9002-07-7]. inden-4-yl]-2-methylprop-2-enoic acid.
Trypsin of high purity treated to eliminate chymotryptic mp : 134 °C to 138 °C.
activity. Valeric acid. C5H10O2. (Mr 102.1). 1095200. [109-52-4].
Tryptophan. C11H12N2O2. (Mr 204.2). 1094700. [73-22-3]. Pentanoic acid.
A white or yellowish-white, crystalline powder or colourless A colourless liquid, soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol.
crystals, slightly soluble in water, very slightly soluble in : about 0.94.
alcohol. : about 1.409.
: about − 30, determined on a 10 g/l solution. bp : about 186 °C.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 501
4.1.1. Reagents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Vanillin. 1095300. [121-33-5]. Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28).

See Vanillin (0747). The chromatography may be carried out using
Vanillin reagent. 1095301. — a fused-silica column 30 m long and 0.5 mm in internal
diameter the inner wall of which is coated with a 1.0 µm
Carefully add, dropwise, 2 ml of sulphuric acid R to layer of macrogol 20 000 R,
100 ml of a 10 g/l solution of vanillin R in alcohol R.
— helium for chromatography R as the carrier gas,
Storage : use within 48 h.
— a flame-ionisation detector,
Vanillin solution, phosphoric. 1095302. maintaining the temperature of the injection port at 190 °C
Dissolve 1.0 g of vanillin R in 25 ml of alcohol R. Add and programming the temperature of the column as follows :
25 ml of water R and 35 ml of phosphoric acid R. maintain the temperature at 80 °C for 1 min and then
increase it to 190 °C at a rate of 10 °C per minute. Maintain
Veratrole. C8H10O2. (Mr 138.2). 1165400. [91-16-7]. at 190 °C for 15 min. Inject 0.3 µl of the substance to
1,2-Dimethoxybenzene. be examined and adjust the flow rate of the carrier gas
: 1.085. so that the retention time of the peak corresponding to
: 1.534. 1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one is about 17 min. Determine the
bp : about 206 °C. content of C6H9NO by internal normalisation.
mp : about 22 °C. Vitexin. C21H20O10. (Mr 448.4). 1133300. [3681-93-4].
Verbenone. C10H14O. (Mr 150.2). 1140500. [1196-01-6]. Apigenin 8-glucoside.
(1S,5S)-4,6,6-Trimethylbicyclo[3.1.1]hept-3-en-2-one. Yellow powder.
Oil with a characteristic odour, practically insoluble in water, Storage : in an airtight container, protected from light.
miscible with organic solvents.
Water. 1095500. [7732-18-5].
: about 0.978.
See Purified water (0008).
: about 1.49.
: about + 249.6. Water R1. 1095509.
bp : 227 °C to 228 °C. Prepared from distilled water R by multiple distillation.
mp : about 6.5 °C. Remove carbon dioxide by boiling for at least 15 min
before use in a boiling flask of fused silica or borosilicate
Verbenone used in gas chromatography complies with the glass and cool. Any other suitable method may be used.
following additional test. The boiling flask has been already used for the test or
Assay. Examine by gas chromatography (2.2.28) as has been filled with water R and kept in an autoclave at
prescribed in the monograph on Rosemary oil (1846). 121 °C for at least 1 h prior to first use. When tested
The content is not less than 99 per cent, calculated by the immediately before use, water R1 is neutral to methyl
normalisation procedure. red solution R, i.e. it shall produce an orange-red (not a
violet-red or yellow) colour corresponding to pH 5.5 ± 0.1
Vinyl acetate. C4H6O2. (Mr 86,10). 1111800. [108-05-4]. when 0.05 ml of methyl red solution R is added to 50 ml
Ethenyl acetate. of the water to be examined.
: about 0.930. Conductivity : maximum 1 µS·cm− 1, determined at
bp : about 72 °C. 25 °C by an in-line conductivity meter (see Purified
water (0008)).
Vinyl chloride. C2H3Cl. (Mr 62.5). 1095400. [75-01-4].
A colourless gas, slightly soluble in organic solvents. Water, ammonium-free. 1095501. [7732-18-5].
To 100 ml of water R add 0.1 ml of sulphuric acid R.
Vinyl polymer for chromatography, octadecyl. 1155400.
Distil using the apparatus described for the determination
Spherical particles (5 µm) of a vinyl alcohol copolymer of Distillation range (2.2.11). Reject the first 10 ml and
chemically modified by bonding of octadecyl groups on the collect the following 50 ml.
hydroxyl groups.
Water, carbon dioxide-free. 1095502. [7732-18-5].
Vinyl polymer for chromatography, octadecylsilyl.
1121600. Water R which has been boiled for a few minutes and
protected from the atmosphere during cooling and
Spherical particles (5 µm) of a vinyl alcohol copolymer storage.
bonded to an octadecylsilane. Carbon content of 17 per cent.
2-Vinylpyridine. C7H7N. (Mr 105.1). 1102200. [100-69-6]. Water for chromatography. 1095503. [7732-18-5].
A yellow liquid, miscible in water. Deionised water R with a resistivity of not less than
0.18 Mohm·m.
: about 0.97.
: about 1.549. Water, distilled. 1095504. [7732-18-5].
Water R prepared by distillation.
1-Vinylpyrrolidin-2-one. C6H9NO. (Mr 111.1). 1111900.
[88-12-0]. 1-Ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one. Water, distilled, deionised. 1095508.
Content : minimum 99.0 per cent of C6H9NO. Deionised water R prepared by distillation with a
A clear colourless liquid. resistivity of not less than 18 Mohm·m.
Water (2.5.12) : maximum 0.1 per cent, determined on
2.5 g. Use as the solvent, a mixture of 50 ml of anhydrous Water for injections. 1095505. [7732-18-5].
methanol R and 10 ml of butyrolactone R. See Water for injections (0169).

502 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.1. Reagents

Water, nitrate-free. 1095506. [7732-18-5]. o-Xylene. C8H10. (Mr 106.2). 1100600. [95-47-6].
To 100 ml of water R add a few milligrams of potassium 1,2-Dimethylbenzene.
permanganate R and of barium hydroxide R. Distil A clear, colourless, flammable liquid, practically insoluble in
using the apparatus described for the determination of water, miscible with alcohol.
Distillation range (2.2.11). Reject the first 10 ml and : about 0.881.
collect the following 50 ml. : about 1.505.
Water, particle-free. 1095507. [7732-18-5]. bp : about 144 °C.
Filter water R through a membrane with a pore size of mp : about − 25 °C.
0.22 µm. Xylenol orange. C31H28N2Na4O13S. (Mr 761). 1096300. [3618-
Weak cationic resin. 1096000. 43-7]. Tetrasodium 3,3′-(3H-2,1-benzoxathiol-3-ylidene)bis[(6-
hydroxy-5-methyl-3,1-phenylene)methyleneiminobisacetate]
Polymethacrylic resin, slightly acid, with carboxyl groups S,S-dioxide.
present in a protonated form.
A reddish-brown crystalline powder, soluble in water.
Particle size : 75 µm to 160 µm.
pH limits of use : 5 to 14. Xylenol orange triturate. 1096301.
Maximum temperature of use : 120 °C. Triturate 1 part of xylenol orange R with 99 parts of
potassium nitrate R.
Xanthydrol. C13H10O2. (Mr 198.2). 1096100. [90-46-0]. Test for sensitivity. To 50 ml of water R add 1 ml
9-Xanthenol. of dilute acetic acid R, 50 mg of the xylenol orange
Content : minimum 90.0 per cent of C13H10O2. triturate and 0.05 ml of lead nitrate solution R. Add
hexamethylenetetramine R until the colour changes
A white to pale-yellow powder, very slightly soluble in water, from yellow to violet-red. After addition of 0.1 ml of 0.1 M
soluble in alcohol and in glacial acetic acid. sodium edetate the colour changes to yellow.
It is also available as a methanolic solution containing 90 g/l
to 110 g/l of xanthydrol. Xylose. 1096400. [58-86-6].
mp : about 123 °C. See Xylose (1278).
Assay. In a 250 ml flask dissolve 0.300 g in 3 ml of Zinc. Zn. (Ar 65.4). 1096500. [7440-66-6].
methanol R or use 3.0 ml of solution. Add 50 ml of glacial Content : minimum 99.5 per cent of Zn.
acetic acid R and, dropwise with shaking, 25 ml of a 20 g/l Silver-white cylinders, granules, pellets or filings with a blue
solution of urea R. Allow to stand for 12 h, collect the sheen.
precipitate on a sintered-glass filter (16) (2.1.2), wash with
20 ml of alcohol R, dry in an oven at 100 °C to 105 °C and Arsenic (2.4.2). 5.0 g complies with limit test A (0.2 ppm).
weigh. Dissolve in a mixture of the 15 ml of hydrochloric acid R
and 25 ml of water R prescribed.
1 g of precipitate is equivalent to 0.9429 g of xanthydrol.
Storage : protected from light. If a methanolic solution is Zinc, activated. 1096501.
used, store in small sealed ampoules and filter before use Place the zinc cylinders or pellets to be activated in a
if necessary. conical flask and add a sufficient quantity of a 50 ppm
solution of chloroplatinic acid R to cover the metal.
Xanthydrol R1. 1096101. Allow the metal to remain in contact with the solution for
Complies with the requirements prescribed for 10 min, wash, drain and dry immediately.
xanthydrol R and with the following requirement. Arsenic. To 5 g of the activated zinc add 15 ml of
Content : minimum 98.0 per cent of C13H10O2. hydrochloric acid R, 25 ml of water R, 0.1 ml of stannous
chloride solution R and 5 ml of potassium iodide
Xanthydrol solution. 1096102. solution R. Treat as described in limit test A for arsenic
To 0.1 ml of a 100 g/l solution of xanthydrol R in (2.4.2). No stain is produced on the mercuric bromide
methanol R add 100 ml of anhydrous acetic acid R and paper R.
1 ml of hydrochloric acid R. Allow to stand for 24 h Activity. Repeat the test for arsenic using the same
before using. reagents and adding a solution containing 1 µg of arsenic.
An appreciable stain appears on the mercuric bromide
Xylene. C8H10. (Mr 106.2). 1096200. [1330-20-7]. paper R.
Mixture of isomers. A clear, colourless, flammable liquid,
practically insoluble in water, miscible with alcohol. Zinc acetate. (C2H3O2)2Zn,2H2O. (Mr 219.5). 1102300.
[5970-45-6]. Zinc acetate dihydrate.
: about 0.867.
Bright white or almost white crystals, slightly efflorescent,
: about 1.497. freely soluble in water, soluble in alcohol. It loses its
bp : about 138 °C. crystallisation water at 100 °C.
: about 1.735.
m-Xylene. C8H10. (Mr 106.2). 1117700. [108-38-3].
1,3-Dimethylbenzene. mp : about 237 °C.
A clear, colourless, flammable liquid, practically insoluble in Zinc acetate solution. 1102301.
water, miscible with alcohol. Mix 600 ml of water R with 150 ml of glacial acetic
: about 0.884. acid R, 54.9 g of zinc acetate R and stir to dissolve.
: about 1.497. Continue stirring while adding 150 ml of concentrated
ammonia R. Cool to room temperature and adjust with
bp : about 139 °C. ammonia R to pH 6.4. Dilute the mixture to 1 litre with
mp : about − 47 °C. water R.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 503
4.1.2. Standard solutions for limit tests EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Zinc chloride. 1096600. [7646-85-7]. 01/2008:40102

See Zinc chloride (0110).
4.1.2. STANDARD SOLUTIONS FOR
Zinc chloride-formic acid solution. 1096601.
LIMIT TESTS
Dissolve 20 g of zinc chloride R in 80 g of an 850 g/l
solution of anhydrous formic acid R. Acetaldehyde standard solution (100 ppm C2H4O).
5000100.
Zinc chloride solution, iodinated. 1096602. Dissolve 1.0 g of acetaldehyde R in 2-propanol R and dilute
Dissolve 20 g of zinc chloride R and 6.5 g of potassium to 100.0 ml with the same solvent. Dilute 5.0 ml of the
iodide R in 10.5 ml of water R. Add 0.5 g of iodine R and solution to 500.0 ml with 2-propanol R. Prepare immediately
shake for 15 min. Filter if necessary. before use.
Storage : protected from light. Acetaldehyde standard solution (100 ppm C2H4O) R1.
5000101.
Zinc iodide and starch solution. 1096502. Dissolve 1.0 g of acetaldehyde R in water R and dilute to
To a solution of 2 g of zinc chloride R in 10 ml of water R 100.0 ml with the same solvent. Dilute 5.0 ml of the solution
add 0.4 g of soluble starch R and heat until the starch has to 500.0 ml with water R. Prepare immediately before use.
dissolved. After cooling to room temperature add 1.0 ml of a
colourless solution containing 0.10 g zinc R as filings and Aluminium standard solution (200 ppm Al). 5000200.
0.2 g of iodine R in water R. Dilute the solution to 100 ml Dissolve in water R a quantity of aluminium potassium
with water R and filter. sulphate R equivalent to 0.352 g of AlK(SO4)2,12H2O. Add
Storage : protected from light. 10 ml of dilute sulphuric acid R and dilute to 100.0 ml with
water R.
Test for sensitivity. Dilute 0.05 ml of sodium nitrite
solution R to 50 ml with water R. To 5 ml of this solution Aluminium standard solution (100 ppm Al). 5000203.
add 0.1 ml of dilute sulphuric acid R and 0.05 ml of the zinc Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 10 times
iodide and starch solution and mix. The solution becomes its volume a solution containing 8.947 g of aluminium
blue. chloride R in 1000.0 ml of water R.
Zinc oxide. 1096700. [1314-13-2]. Aluminium standard solution (10 ppm Al). 5000201.
See Zinc oxide (0252). Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 100 times
its volume in a solution containing aluminium nitrate R
Zinc powder. Zn. (Ar 65.4). 1096800. [7440-66-6]. equivalent to 1.39 g of Al(NO3)3,9H2O in 100.0 ml.
Content : minimum 90.0 per cent of Zn (Ar 65.4). Aluminium standard solution (2 ppm Al). 5000202.
A very fine, grey powder, soluble in dilute hydrochloric Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 100 times
acid R. its volume a solution containing aluminium potassium
sulphate R equivalent to 0.352 g of AlK(SO4)2,12H2O and
Zinc sulphate. 1097000. [7446-20-0]. 10 ml of dilute sulphuric acid R in 100.0 ml.
See Zinc sulphate (0111). Ammonium standard solution (100 ppm NH4). 5000300.
Zirconyl chloride. A basic salt corresponding approximately Immediately before use, dilute to 25 ml with water R 10 ml
to the formula ZrCl2O, 8H2O. 1097100. [15461-27-5]. of a solution containing ammonium chloride R equivalent
to 0.741 g of NH4Cl in 1000 ml.
Content : minimum 96.0 per cent of ZrCl2O,8H2O.
White or almost white, crystalline powder or crystals, freely Ammonium standard solution (2.5 ppm NH4). 5000301.
soluble in water and in alcohol. Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 100 times
its volume a solution containing ammonium chloride R
Assay. Dissolve 0.600 g in a mixture of 5 ml of nitric acid R
equivalent to 0.741 g of NH4Cl in 1000.0 ml.
and 50 ml of water R. Add 50.0 ml of 0.1 M silver nitrate
and 3 ml of dibutyl phthalate R and shake. Using 2 ml of Ammonium standard solution (1 ppm NH4). 5000302.
ferric ammonium sulphate solution R2 as indicator, titrate
with 0.1 M ammonium thiocyanate until a reddish-yellow Immediately before use, dilute ammonium standard solution
colour is obtained. (2.5 ppm NH 4) R to 2.5 times its volume with water R.

1 ml of 0.1 M silver nitrate is equivalent to 16.11 mg of Antimony standard solution (100 ppm Sb). 5000401.
ZrCl2O,8H2O. Dissolve antimony potassium tartrate R equivalent to
0.274 g of C4H4KO7 Sb,1/2H2O in 500 ml of 1M hydrochloric
Zirconyl nitrate. A basic salt corresponding approximately acid and dilute the clear solution to 1000 ml with water R.
to the formula ZrO(NO3)2,2H2O. 1097200. [14985-18-3].
A white or almost white powder or crystals, hygroscopic, Antimony standard solution (1 ppm Sb). 5000400.
soluble in water. The aqueous solution is a clear or at most Dissolve antimony potassium tartrate R equivalent to
slightly opalescent liquid. 0.274 g of C4H4KO7Sb,1/2H2O in 20 ml of hydrochloric
acid R1 and dilute the clear solution to 100.0 ml with
Storage : in an airtight container. water R. To 10.0 ml of this solution add 200 ml of
hydrochloric acid R1 and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R.
Zirconyl nitrate solution. 1097201. To 100.0 ml of this solution add 300 ml of hydrochloric
A 1 g/l solution in a mixture of 40 ml of water R and acid R1 and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R. Prepare the
60 ml of hydrochloric acid R. dilute solutions immediately before use.

504 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.2. Standard solutions for limit tests

Arsenic standard solution (10 ppm As). 5000500. Calcium standard solution (100 ppm Ca), alcoholic.
Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 100 times 5000802.
its volume a solution prepared by dissolving arsenious Immediately before use, dilute with alcohol R to 10 times its
trioxide R equivalent to 0.330 g of As2O3 in 5 ml of dilute volume a solution in distilled water R containing calcium
sodium hydroxide solution R and diluting to 250.0 ml with carbonate R equivalent to 2.50 g of CaCO3 and 12 ml of
water R. acetic acid R in 1000.0 ml.

Arsenic standard solution (1 ppm As). 5000501. Calcium standard solution (10 ppm Ca). 5000803.
Immediately before use, dilute arsenic standard solution Immediately before use, dilute with distilled water R
(10 ppm As) R to 10 times its volume with water R. to 100 times its volume a solution in distilled water R
containing calcium carbonate R equivalent to 0.624 g of
Arsenic standard solution (0.1 ppm As). 5000502. CaCO3 and 3 ml of acetic acid R in 250.0 ml.
Immediately before use, dilute arsenic standard solution Chloride standard solution (50 ppm Cl). 5004100.
(1 ppm As) R to 10 times its volume with water R. Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 10 times its
volume a solution containing sodium chloride R equivalent
Barium standard solution (0.1 per cent Ba). 5000601. to 0.824 g of NaCl in 1000.0 ml.
Dissolve barium chloride R equivalent to 0.178 g of
BaCl2,2H2O in distilled water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with Chloride standard solution (8 ppm Cl). 5000900.
the same solvent. Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 100 times its
volume a solution containing sodium chloride R equivalent
Barium standard solution (50 ppm Ba). 5000600. to 1.32 g of NaCl in 1000.0 ml.
Immediately before use, dilute with distilled water R to Chloride standard solution (5 ppm Cl). 5000901.
20 times its volume a solution in distilled water R containing
barium chloride R equivalent to 0.178 g of BaCl2,2H2O in Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 100 times its
100.0 ml. volume a solution containing sodium chloride R equivalent
to 0.824 g of NaCl in 1000.0 ml.
Barium standard solution (2 ppm Ba). 5005600.
Chromium liposoluble standard solution (1000 ppm Cr).
Immediately before use, dilute barium standard solution 5004600.
(50 ppm Ba) R to 25 times its volume with distilled water R. A chromium (metal) organic compound in an oil.

Bismuth standard solution (100 ppm Bi). 5005300. Chromium standard solution (0.1 per cent Cr). 5001002.
Dissolve bismuth R equivalent to 0.500 g of Bi in 50 ml of Dissolve potassium dichromate R equivalent to 2.83 g of
nitric acid R and dilute to 500.0 ml with water R. Dilute K2Cr2O7 in water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same
the solution to 10 times its volume with dilute nitric acid R solvent.
immediately before use.
Chromium standard solution (100 ppm Cr). 5001000.
Cadmium standard solution (0.1 per cent Cd). 5000700. Dissolve potassium dichromate R equivalent to 0.283 g of
Dissolve cadmium R equivalent to 0.100 g of Cd in the K2Cr2O7 in water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same
smallest necessary amount of a mixture of equal volumes of solvent.
hydrochloric acid R and water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with
a 1 per cent V/V solution of hydrochloric acid R. Chromium standard solution (0.1 ppm Cr). 5001001.
Immediately before use, dilute chromium standard solution
Cadmium standard solution (10 ppm Cd) . 5000701. (100 ppm Cr) R to 1000 times its volume with water R.
Immediately before use, dilute cadmium standard solution Cobalt standard solution (100 ppm Co). 5004300.
(0.1 per cent Cd) R to 100 times its volume with a 1 per
cent V/V solution of hydrochloric acid R. Dissolve cobalt nitrate R equivalent to 0.494 g of
Co(NO3)2,6H2O in 500 ml of 1M nitric acid and dilute the
Calcium standard solution (400 ppm Ca). 5000800. clear solution to 1000 ml with water R.
Immediately before use, dilute with distilled water R to Copper liposoluble standard solution (1000 ppm Cu).
10 times its volume a solution in distilled water R containing 5004700.
calcium carbonate R equivalent to 1.000 g of CaCO3 and A copper (metal) organic compound in an oil.
23 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid in 100.0 ml.
Copper standard solution (0.1 per cent Cu). 5001100.
Calcium standard solution (100 ppm Ca). 5000801.
Dissolve copper sulphate R equivalent to 0.393 g of
Immediately before use, dilute with distilled water R to CuSO4,5H2O in water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the
10 times its volume a solution in distilled water R containing same solvent.
calcium carbonate R equivalent to 0.624 g of CaCO3 and
3 ml of acetic acid R in 250.0 ml. Copper standard solution (10 ppm Cu). 5001101.
Immediately before use, dilute copper standard solution
Calcium standard solution (100 ppm Ca) R1. 5000804. (0.1 per cent Cu) R to 100 times its volume with water R.
Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 10 times its
volume a solution containing anhydrous calcium chloride R Copper standard solution (0.1 ppm Cu). 5001102.
equivalent to 2.769 g of CaCl2 in 1000.0 ml of dilute Immediately before use, dilute copper standard solution
hydrochloric acid R. (10 ppm Cu) R to 100 times its volume with water R.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 505
4.1.2. Standard solutions for limit tests EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Ferrocyanide standard solution (100 ppm Fe(CN)6). Iron standard solution (10 ppm Fe). 5001601.
5001200. Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 100 times its
Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 10 times its volume a solution containing ferrous ammonium sulphate R
volume a solution containing potassium ferrocyanide R equivalent to 7.022 g of Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2,6H2O and 25 ml of
equivalent to 0.20 g of K4Fe(CN)6,3H2O in 100.0 ml. dilute sulphuric acid R in 1000.0 ml.
Ferricyanide standard solution (50 ppm Fe(CN)6). Iron standard solution (8 ppm Fe). 5001602.
5001300. Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 10 times its
Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 100 times volume a solution containing 80 mg of iron R and 50 ml of
its volume a solution containing potassium ferricyanide R hydrochloric acid R (220 g/l HCl) in 1000.0 ml.
equivalent to 0.78 g of K3Fe(CN)6 in 100.0 ml.
Iron standard solution (2 ppm Fe). 5001603.
Fluoride standard solution (10 ppm F). 5001400. Immediately before use, dilute iron standard solution
Dissolve in water R sodium fluoride R previously dried at (20 ppm Fe) R to 10 times its volume with water R.
300 °C for 12 h, equivalent to 0.442 g of NaF, and dilute to
1000.0 ml with the same solvent (1 ml = 0.2 mg F). Store in a Iron standard solution (1 ppm Fe). 5001604.
polyethylene container. Immediately before use, dilute the Immediately before use, dilute iron standard solution
solution to 20 times its volume with water R. (20 ppm Fe) R to 20 times its volume with water R.
Fluoride standard solution (1 ppm F). 5001401. Lead liposoluble standard solution (1000 ppm Pb).
Immediately before use, dilute fluoride standard solution 5004800.
(10 ppm F) R to 10 times its volume with water R. A lead (metal) organic compound in an oil.
Formaldehyde standard solution (5 ppm CH2O). 5001500. Lead standard solution (0.1 per cent Pb). 5001700.
Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 200 times Dissolve lead nitrate R equivalent to 0.400 g of Pb(NO3)2 in
its volume a solution containing 1.0 g of CH2O per litre water R and dilute to 250.0 ml with the same solvent.
prepared from formaldehyde solution R.
Lead standard solution (0.1 per cent Pb) R1. 5005400.
Germanium standard solution (100 ppm Ge). 5004400. Dissolve in dilute lead-free nitric acid R a quantity of lead
Dissolve ammonium hexafluorogermanate (IV) R nitrate R equivalent to 0.400 g of Pb (NO3)2 and dilute to
equivalent to 0.307 g of (NH4)2GeF6 in a 0.01 per cent V/V 250.0 ml with the same solvent.
solution of hydrofluoric acid R. Dilute the clear solution to
1000 ml with water R. Lead standard solution (100 ppm Pb). 5001701.
Immediately before use, dilute lead standard solution
Glyoxal standard solution (20 ppm C2H2O2). 5003700. (0.1 per cent Pb) R to 10 times its volume with water R.
In a 100 ml graduated flask weigh a quantity of glyoxal
solution R corresponding to 0.200 g of C2H2O2 and make up Lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb). 5001702.
to volume with ethanol R. Immediately before use dilute the Immediately before use, dilute lead standard solution
solution to 100 times its volume with the same solvent. (100 ppm Pb) R to 10 times its volume with water R.
Glyoxal standard solution (2 ppm C2H2O2). 5003701. Lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R1. 5001706.
Immediately before use, dilute glyoxal standard solution Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 10 times its
(20 ppm C2H2O2) R to 10 times its volume with ethanol R. volume a solution containing 0.160 g of lead nitrate R in
100 ml of water R, to which is added 1 ml of lead-free nitric
Hydrogen peroxide standard solution (10 ppm H2O2). acid R and dilute to 1000.0 ml.
5005200.
Dilute 10.0 ml of dilute hydrogen peroxide solution R to Lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R2. 5005401.
300.0 ml with water R. Dilute 10.0 ml of this solution to Dilute lead standard solution (0.1 per cent Pb) R1 to
1000.0 ml with water R. Prepare immediately before use. 100 times its volume with dilute lead-free nitric acid R. Use
within 1 week.
Iodide standard solution (10 ppm I). 5003800.
Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 100 times its Lead standard solution (2 ppm Pb). 5001703.
volume a solution containing potassium iodide R equivalent Immediately before use, dilute lead standard solution
to 0.131 g of KI in 100.0 ml. (10 ppm Pb) R to 5 times its volume with water R.
Iron standard solution (0.1 per cent Fe). 5001605. Lead standard solution (1 ppm Pb). 5001704.
Dissolve 0.100 g of Fe in the smallest amount necessary Immediately before use, dilute lead standard solution
of a mixture of equal volumes of hydrochloric acid R and (10 ppm Pb) R to 10 times its volume with water R.
water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with water R.
Lead standard solution (0.5 ppm Pb). 5005402.
Iron standard solution (250 ppm Fe). 5001606. Dilute lead standard solution (10 ppm Pb) R2 to 20 times its
Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 40 times its volume with dilute lead-free nitric acid R. Use within 1 day.
volume a solution containing 4.840 g of ferric chloride R in a
150 g/l solution of hydrochloric acid R diluted to 100.0 ml. Lead standard solution (0.25 ppm Pb). 5006000.
Immediately before use, dilute lead standard solution
Iron standard solution (20 ppm Fe). 5001600. (1 ppm Pb) R to 4 times its volume with water R.
Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 10 times its
volume a solution containing ferric ammonium sulphate R Lead standard solution (0.1 ppm Pb). 5001705.
equivalent to 0.863 g of FeNH4(SO4)2,12H2O and 25 ml of Immediately before use, dilute lead standard solution
dilute sulphuric acid R in 500.0 ml. (1 ppm Pb) R to 10 times its volume with water R.

506 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.2. Standard solutions for limit tests

Magnesium standard solution (0.1 per cent Mg). 5001803. Nitrate standard solution (2 ppm NO3). 5002102.
Dissolve magnesium sulphate R equivalent to 1.010 g of Immediately before use, dilute nitrate standard solution
MgSO4,7H2O in distilled water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with (10 ppm NO3) R to 5 times its volume with water R.
the same solvent.
Palladium standard solution (500 ppm Pd). 5003600.
Magnesium standard solution (100 ppm Mg). 5001800. Dissolve 50.0 mg of palladium R in 9 ml of hydrochloric
Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 10 times acid R and dilute to 100.0 ml with water R.
its volume a solution containing magnesium sulphate R
equivalent to 1.010 g of MgSO4,7H2O in 100.0 ml. Palladium standard solution (20 ppm Pd). 5003602.
Dissolve 0.333 g of palladium chloride R in 2 ml of warm
Magnesium standard solution (10 ppm Mg). 5001801. hydrochloric acid R. Dilute the solution to 1000.0 ml with
Immediately before use, dilute magnesium standard solution a mixture of equal volumes of dilute hydrochloric acid R
(100 ppm Mg) R to 10 times its volume with water R. and water R. Immediately before use dilute to 10 times its
volume with water R.
Magnesium standard solution (10 ppm Mg) R1. 5001802.
Palladium standard solution (0.5 ppm Pd). 5003601.
Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 100 times
its volume a solution containing 8.365 g of magnesium Dilute 1 ml of palladium standard solution (500 ppm Pd) R
chloride R in 1000.0 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R. to 1000 ml with a mixture of 0.3 volumes of nitric acid R
and 99.7 volumes of water R.
Manganese standard solution (1000 ppm Mn). 5005800.
Phosphate standard solution (200 ppm PO4). 5004200.
Dissolve manganese sulphate R equivalent to 3.08 g of
MnSO4,H2O in 500 ml of 1 M nitric acid and dilute the Dissolve potassium dihydrogen phosphate R equivalent to
solution to 1000 ml with water R. 0.286 g of KH2PO4 in water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with
the same solvent.
Manganese standard solution (100 ppm Mn). 5004500.
Phosphate standard solution (5 ppm PO4). 5002200.
Dissolve manganese sulphate R equivalent to 0.308 g of
MnSO4,H2O in 500 ml of 1M nitric acid and dilute the clear Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 100 times
solution to 1000 ml with water R. its volume a solution containing potassium dihydrogen
phosphate R equivalent to 0.716 g of KH2PO4 in 1000.0 ml.
Mercury standard solution (1000 ppm Hg). 5001900.
Platinum standard solution (30 ppm Pt). 5002300.
Dissolve mercuric chloride R equivalent to 1.354 g of HgCl2
in 50 ml of dilute nitric acid R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with Immediately before use, dilute with 1 M hydrochloric acid
water R. to 10 times its volume a solution containing 80 mg of
chloroplatinic acid R in 100.0 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid.
Mercury standard solution (10 ppm Hg). 5001901.
Potassium standard solution (0.2 per cent K). 5002402.
Immediately before use, dilute with water to 100 times its Dissolve dipotassium sulphate R equivalent to 0.446 g of
volume a solution containing mercuric chloride R equivalent K SO in distilled water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the
to 0.338 g of HgCl2 in 250.0 ml. 2 4
same solvent.
Nickel liposoluble standard solution (1000 ppm Ni). Potassium standard solution (600 ppm K). 5005100.
5004900.
Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 20 times
A nickel (metal) organic compound in an oil. its volume a solution containing dipotassium sulphate R
Nickel standard solution (10 ppm Ni). 5002000. equivalent to 2.676 g of K2SO4 in 100.0 ml.
Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 100 times its Potassium standard solution (100 ppm K). 5002400.
volume a solution containing nickel sulphate R equivalent Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 20 times
to 4.78 g of NiSO4,7H2O in 1000.0 ml. its volume a solution containing dipotassium sulphate R
Nickel standard solution (5 ppm Ni). 5005900. equivalent to 0.446 g of K2SO4 in 100.0 ml.
Immediately before use dilute nickel standard solution Potassium standard solution (20 ppm K). 5002401.
(10 ppm Ni) R to twice its volume with water for Immediately before use, dilute potassium standard solution
chromatography R. (100 ppm K) R to 5 times its volume with water R.
Nickel standard solution (0.2 ppm Ni). 5002002. Selenium standard solution (100 ppm Se). 5002500.
Immediately before use, dilute nickel standard solution Dissolve 0.100 g of selenium R in 2 ml of nitric acid R.
(10 ppm Ni) R to 50 times its volume with water R. Evaporate to dryness. Take up the residue in 2 ml of water R
and evaporate to dryness ; carry out three times. Dissolve
Nickel standard solution (0.1 ppm Ni). 5002001. the residue in 50 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R and dilute
Immediately before use, dilute nickel standard solution to 1000.0 ml with the same acid.
(10 ppm Ni) R to 100 times its volume with water R.
Selenium standard solution (1 ppm Se). 5002501.
Nitrate standard solution (100 ppm NO3). 5002100. Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 40 times its
Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 10 times its volume a solution containing selenious acid R equivalent to
volume a solution containing potassium nitrate R equivalent 6.54 mg of H2SeO3 in 100.0 ml.
to 0.815 g of KNO3 in 500.0 ml.
Silver standard solution (5 ppm Ag). 5002600.
Nitrate standard solution (10 ppm NO3). 5002101. Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 100 times its
Immediately before use, dilute nitrate standard solution volume a solution containing silver nitrate R equivalent to
(100 ppm NO3) R to 10 times its volume with water R. 0.790 g of AgNO3 in 1000.0 ml.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 507
4.1.3. Buffer solutions EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Sodium standard solution (1000 ppm Na). 5005700. Tin standard solution (0.1 ppm Sn). 5003101.
Dissolve a quantity of anhydrous sodium carbonate R Immediately before use, dilute tin standard solution (5 ppm
equivalent to 2.305 g of Na2CO3 in a mixture of 25 ml of Sn) R to 50 times its volume with water R.
water R and 25 ml of nitric acid R and dilute to 1000.0 ml
with water R. Titanium standard solution (100 ppm Ti). 5003200.
Dissolve 100.0 mg of titanium R in 100 ml of hydrochloric
Sodium standard solution (200 ppm Na). 5002700. acid R diluted to 150 ml with water R, heating if necessary.
Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 10 times its Allow to cool and dilute to 1000 ml with water R.
volume a solution containing sodium chloride R equivalent Vanadium standard solution (1 g/l V). 5003300.
to 0.509 g of NaCl in 100.0 ml.
Dissolve in water R ammonium vanadate R equivalent to
Sodium standard solution (50 ppm Na). 5002701. 0.230 g of NH4VO3 and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same
Dilute the sodium standard solution (200 ppm Na) R to four solvent.
times its volume with water R. Zinc standard solution (5 mg/ml Zn). 5003400.
Strontium standard solution (1.0 per cent Sr). 5003900. Dissolve 3.15 g of zinc oxide R in 15 ml of hydrochloric
acid R and dilute to 500.0 ml with water R.
Cover with water R, strontium carbonate R equivalent to
1.6849 g of SrCO3. Cautiously add hydrochloric acid R until Zinc standard solution (100 ppm Zn). 5003401.
all the solid has dissolved and there is no sign of further Immediately before use, dilute with water R to 10 times its
effervescence. Dilute to 100.0 ml with water R. volume a solution containing zinc sulphate R equivalent to
0.440 g of ZnSO4,7H2O and 1 ml of acetic acid R in 100.0 ml.
Sulphate standard solution (100 ppm SO4). 5002802.
Immediately before use, dilute with distilled water R to Zinc standard solution (10 ppm Zn). 5003402.
10 times its volume a solution in distilled water R containing Immediately before use, dilute zinc standard solution
dipotassium sulphate R equivalent to 0.181 g of K2SO4 in (100 ppm Zn) R to 10 times its volume with water R.
100.0 ml.
Zinc standard solution (5 ppm Zn). 5003403.
Sulphate standard solution (10 ppm SO4). 5002800. Immediately before use, dilute zinc standard solution
Immediately before use, dilute with distilled water R (100 ppm Zn) R to 20 times its volume with water R.
to 100 times its volume a solution in distilled water R
containing dipotassium sulphate R equivalent to 0.181 g Zirconium standard solution (1 g/l Zr). 5003500.
of K2SO4 in 100.0 ml. Dissolve zirconyl nitrate R equivalent to 0.293 g of
ZrO(NO3)2,2H2O in a mixture of 2 volumes of hydrochloric
Sulphate standard solution (10 ppm SO4) R1. 5002801. acid R and 8 volumes of water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with
Immediately before use, dilute with alcohol (30 per the same mixture of solvents.
cent V/V) R to 100 times its volume a solution containing
dipotassium sulphate R equivalent to 0.181 g of K2SO4 in
100.0 ml of alcohol (30 per cent V/V) R. 01/2008:40103

Sulphite standard solution (80 ppm SO2). 5005500. 4.1.3. BUFFER SOLUTIONS
Dissolve 3.150 g of anhydrous sodium sulphite R in freshly
prepared distilled water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the Buffered acetone solution. 4000100.
same solvent. Dilute 0.5 ml to 100.0 ml with freshly prepared Dissolve 8.15 g of sodium acetate R and 42 g of sodium
distilled water R. chloride R in water R, add 68 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid
and 150 ml of acetone R and dilute to 500 ml with water R.
Sulphite standard solution (1.5 ppm SO2). 5002900.
Buffer solution pH 2.0. 4000200.
Dissolve sodium metabisulphite R equivalent to 0.152 g of
Na2S2O5 in water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same Dissolve 6.57 g of potassium chloride R in water R and add
solvent. Dilute 5.0 ml of this solution to 100.0 ml with 119.0 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 1000.0 ml
water R. To 3.0 ml of the resulting solution, add 4.0 ml of with water R.
0.1 M sodium hydroxide and dilute to 100.0 ml with water R. Phosphate buffer solution pH 2.0. 4007900.
Thallium standard solution (10 ppm Tl). 5003000. Dissolve 8.95 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate R and
3.40 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R in water R
Dissolve thallous sulphate R equivalent to 0.1235 g of and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. If necessary
Tl2SO4 in a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R and dilute adjust the pH (2.2.3) with phosphoric acid R.
to 1000.0 ml with the same solution. Dilute 10.0 ml of the
solution to 100.0 ml with the 9 g/l solution of sodium Sulphate buffer solution pH 2.0. 4008900.
chloride R. Dissolve 132.1 g of ammonium sulphate R in water R
and dilute to 500.0 ml with the same solvent (Solution I).
Tin liposoluble standard solution (1000 ppm Sn). 5005000.
Carefully and with constant cooling stir 14 ml of sulphuric
A tin (metal) organic compound in an oil. acid R into about 400 ml of water R ; allow to cool and dilute
to 500.0 ml with water R (Solution II). Mix equal volumes of
Tin standard solution (5 ppm Sn). 5003100. solutions I and II. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) if necessary.
Dissolve tin R equivalent to 0.500 g of Sn in a mixture of
5 ml of water R and 25 ml of hydrochloric acid R and dilute Buffer solution pH 2.2. 4010500.
to 1000.0 ml with water R. Dilute the solution to 100 times Mix of 6.7 ml of phosphoric acid R with 50.0 ml of a 4 per
its volume with a 2.5 per cent V/V solution of hydrochloric cent solution of dilute sodium hydroxide solution R and
acid R immediately before use. dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R.

508 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.3. Buffer solutions

Buffer solution pH 2.5. 4000300. Buffered copper sulphate solution pH 4.0. 4001000.
Dissolve 100 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R in Dissolve 0.25 g of copper sulphate R and 4.5 g of ammonium
800 ml of water R ; adjust to pH 2.5 (2.2.3) with hydrochloric acetate R in dilute acetic acid R and dilute to 100.0 ml with
acid R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R. the same solvent.
Buffer solution pH 2.5 R1. 4000400. Acetate buffer solution pH 4.4. 4001100.
To 4.9 g of dilute phosphoric acid R add 250 ml of water R. Dissolve 136 g of sodium acetate R and 77 g of ammonium
Adjust the pH (2.2.3) with dilute sodium hydroxide acetate R in water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same
solution R and dilute to 500.0 ml with water R. solvent ; add 250.0 ml of glacial acetic acid R and mix.
Phosphate buffer solution pH 2.8. 4010600. Phthalate buffer solution pH 4.4. 4001200.
Dissolve 7.8 g of sodium dihydrogen phosphate R in 900 ml
of water R, adjust to pH 2.8 (2.2.3) with phosphoric acid R Dissolve 2.042 g of potassium hydrogen phthalate R in
and dilute to 1000 ml with the same solvent. 50 ml of water R, add 7.5 ml of 0.2 M sodium hydroxide and
dilute to 200.0 ml with water R.
Buffer solution pH 3.0. 4008000.
Acetate buffer solution pH 4.5. 4012500.
Dissolve 21.0 g of citric acid R in 200 ml of 1 M sodium
hydroxide and dilute to 1000 ml with water R. Dilute 40.3 ml Dissolve 77.1 g of ammonium acetate R in water R. Add
of this solution to 100.0 ml with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. 70 ml of glacial acetic acid R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with
water R.
0.25 M Citrate buffer solution pH 3.0. 4012600.
Dissolve 4.8 g of citric acid R in 80 ml of water R. Adjust 0.05 M Phosphate buffer solution pH 4.5. 4009000.
the pH (2.2.3) with 1 M sodium hydroxide and dilute to Dissolve 6.80 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R in
100.0 ml with water R. 1000.0 ml of water R. The pH (2.2.3) of the solution is 4.5.
0.1 M Phosphate buffer solution pH 3.0. 4011500. Sodium acetate buffer solution pH 4.5. 4010100.
Dissolve 12.0 g of anhydrous sodium dihydrogen Dissolve 63 g of anhydrous sodium acetate R in water R,
phosphate R in water R, adjust the pH (2.2.3) with dilute add 90 ml acetic acid R and adjust to pH 4.5, and dilute to
phosphoric acid R1 and dilute to 1000 ml with water R. 1000 ml with water R.
Phosphate buffer solution pH 3.0. 4000500. Acetate buffer solution pH 4.6. 4001400.
Mix 0.7 ml of phosphoric acid R with 100 ml of water R.
Dissolve 5.4 g of sodium acetate R in 50 ml of water R, add
Dilute to 900 ml with the same solvent. Adjust to pH 3.0
2.4 g of glacial acetic acid R and dilute to 100.0 ml with
(2.2.3) with strong sodium hydroxide solution R and dilute
water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) if necessary.
to 1000 ml with water R.
Phosphate buffer solution pH 3.0 R1. 4010000. Succinate buffer solution pH 4.6. 4001500.
Dissolve 3.40 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R in Disssolve 11.8 g of succinic acid R in a mixture of 600 ml
900 ml of water R. Adjust to pH 3.0 (2.2.3) with phosphoric of water R and 82 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide and dilute
acid R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R. to 1000.0 ml with water R.

Phosphate buffer solution pH 3.2. 4008100. Acetate buffer solution pH 4.7. 4001600.
To 900 ml of a 4 g/l solution of sodium dihydrogen Dissolve 136.1 g of sodium acetate R in 500 ml of water R.
phosphate R, add 100 ml of a 2.5 g/l solution of phosphoric Mix 250 ml of this solution with 250 ml of dilute acetic
acid R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) if necessary. acid R. Shake twice with a freshly prepared, filtered, 0.1 g/l
solution of dithizone R in chloroform R. Shake with carbon
Phosphate buffer solution pH 3.2 R1. 4008500. tetrachloride R until the extract is colourless. Filter the
Adjust a 35.8 g/l solution of disodium hydrogen aqueous layer to remove traces of carbon tetrachloride.
phosphate R to pH 3.2 (2.2.3) with dilute phosphoric acid R.
Dilute 100.0 ml of the solution to 2000.0 ml with water R. Acetate buffer solution pH 5.0. 4009100.
Buffer solution pH 3.5. 4000600. To 120 ml of a 6 g/l solution of glacial acetic acid R add
100 ml of 0.1 M potassium hydroxide and about 250 ml of
Dissolve 25.0 g of ammonium acetate R in 25 ml of water R water R. Mix. Adjust the pH to 5.0 with a 6 g/l solution of
and add 38.0 ml of hydrochloric acid R1. Adjust the pH acetic acid R or with 0.1 M potassium hydroxide and dilute
(2.2.3) if necessary with dilute hydrochloric acid R or dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R.
ammonia R1. Dilute to 100.0 ml with water R.
Citrate buffer solution pH 5.0. 4010700.
Phosphate buffer solution pH 3.5. 4000700.
Dissolve 68.0 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R in Prepare a solution containing 20.1 g/l of citric acid R and
water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. 8.0 g/l of sodium hydroxide R. Adjust the pH with dilute
Adjust the pH (2.2.3) with phosphoric acid R. hydrochloric acid R.

Buffer solution pH 3.6. 4000800. Phosphate buffer solution pH 5.0. 4011300.

To 250.0 ml of 0.2 M potassium hydrogen phthalate R add Dissolve 2.72 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R in
11.94 ml of 0.2 M hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 1000.0 ml 800 ml of water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) with 1 M potassium
with water R. hydroxide and dilute to 1000 ml with water R.
Buffer solution pH 3.7. 4000900. Buffer solution pH 5.2. 4001700.
To 15.0 ml of acetic acid R add 60 ml of alcohol R and Dissolve 1.02 g of potassium hydrogen phthalate R in
20 ml of water R. Adjust to pH 3.7 (2.2.3) by the addition of 30.0 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. Dilute to 100.0 ml with
ammonia R. Dilute to 100.0 ml with water R. water R.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 509
4.1.3. Buffer solutions EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

0.067 M Phosphate buffer solution pH 5.4. 4012000. Phosphate buffer solution pH 6.0 R2. 4002600.
Mix appropriate volumes of a 23.99 g/l solution of disodium To 250.0 ml of 0.2 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate R
hydrogen phosphate R with a 9.12 g/l solution of sodium add 28.5 ml of 0.2 M sodium hydroxide and dilute to
dihydrogen phosphate monohydrate R to obtain pH 5.4 1000.0 ml with water R.
(2.2.3).
Phosphate buffer solution pH 6.4. 4002800.
Acetate-edetate buffer solution pH 5.5. 4001900.
Dissolve 2.5 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate R, 2.5 g
Dissolve 250 g of ammonium acetate R and 15 g sodium of sodium dihydrogen phosphate R and 8.2 g of sodium
edetate R in 400 ml of water R and add 125 ml of glacial chloride R in 950 ml of water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) of
acetic acid R. the solution to 6.4 with 1 M sodium hydroxide or 1 M
Buffer solution pH 5.5. 4001800. hydrochloric acid, if necessary. Dilute to 1000.0 ml with
water R.
Dissolve 54.4 g of sodium acetate R in 50 ml of water R,
heating to 35 °C if necessary. After cooling, slowly add 10 ml 0.5 M Phthalate buffer solution pH 6.4. 4009200.
of anhydrous acetic acid R. Shake and dilute to 100.0 ml
with water R. Dissolve 100 g of potassium hydrogen phthalate R in
water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
Phosphate buffer solution pH 5.5. 4002000. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) if necessary, using strong sodium
Solution I. Dissolve 13.61 g of potassium dihydrogen hydroxide solution R.
phosphate R in water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the Buffer solution pH 6.5. 4002900.
same solvent.
Solution II. Dissolve 35.81 g of disodium hydrogen Dissolve 60.5 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate R and
phosphate R in water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the 46 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R in water R. Add
same solvent. 100 ml of 0.02 M sodium edetate and 20 mg of mercuric
chloride R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R.
Mix 96.4 ml of solution I and 3.6 ml of solution II.
Imidazole buffer solution pH 6.5. 4003000.
Phosphate-citrate buffer solution pH 5.5. 4008700.
Mix 56.85 ml of a 28.4 g/l solution of anhydrous disodium Dissolve 6.81 g of imidazole R, 1.23 g of magnesium
hydrogen phosphate R and 43.15 ml of a 21 g/l solution sulphate R and 0.73 g of calcium sulphate R in 752 ml of
of citric acid R. 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) if necessary
and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R.
Phosphate buffer solution pH 5.6. 4011200.
0.1 M phosphate buffer solution pH 6.5. 4010800.
Solution I. Dissolve 0.908 g of potassium dihydrogen
phosphate R in water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the Dissolve 13.80 g of sodium dihydrogen phosphate
same solvent. monohydrate R in 900 ml of distilled water R. Adjust the
Solution II. Dissolve 1.161 g of dipotassium hydrogen pH (2.2.3) using a 400 g/l solution of sodium hydroxide R.
phosphate R in water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the Dilute to 1000 ml with distilled water R.
same solvent. Phosphate buffer solution pH 6.5. 4012800.
Mix 94.4 ml of solution I and 5.6 ml of solution II. If Dissolve 2.75 g of sodium dihydrogen phosphate R and
necessary, adjust to pH 5.6 (2.2.3) using solution I or 4.5 g of sodium chloride R in 500 ml of water R. Adjust the
solution II. pH (2.2.3) with phosphate buffer solution pH 8.5 R.
Phosphate buffer solution pH 5.8. 4002100.
Buffer solution pH 6.6. 4003100.
Dissolve 1.19 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate R
and 8.25 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R in water R To 250.0 ml of 0.2 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate R
and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. add 89.0 ml of 0.2 M sodium hydroxide. Dilute to 1000.0 ml
with water R.
Acetate buffer solution pH 6.0. 4002200.
Dissolve 100 g of ammonium acetate R in 300 ml of water R, Phosphate buffered saline pH 6.8. 4003200.
add 4.1 ml of glacial acetic acid R, adjust the pH (2.2.3) if Dissolve 1.0 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R, 2.0 g
necessary using ammonia R or acetic acid R and dilute to of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate R and 8.5 g of sodium
500.0 ml with water R. chloride R in 900 ml of water R, adjust the pH (2.2.3) if
necessary and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
Diethylammonium phosphate buffer solution pH 6.0.
4002300. Phosphate buffer solution pH 6.8. 4003300.
Dilute 68 ml of phosphoric acid R to 500 ml with water R. Mix 77.3 ml of a 71.5 g/l solution of disodium hydrogen
To 25 ml of this solution add 450 ml of water R and 6 ml of phosphate R with 22.7 ml of a 21 g/l solution of citric acid R.
diethylamine R, adjust to pH 6 ± 0.05 (2.2.3), if necessary,
using diethylamine R or phosphoric acid R and dilute to Phosphate buffer solution pH 6.8 R1. 4003400.
500.0 ml with water R. To 51.0 ml of a 27.2 g/l solution of potassium dihydrogen
Phosphate buffer solution pH 6.0. 4002400. phosphate R add 49.0 ml of a 71.6 g/l solution of disodium
hydrogen phosphate R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) if necessary.
Mix 63.2 ml of a 71.5 g/l solution of disodium hydrogen
phosphate R and 36.8 ml of a 21 g/l solution of citric acid R. Storage : at 2 °C to 8 °C.
Phosphate buffer solution pH 6.0 R1. 4002500. 1 M tris-hydrochloride buffer solution pH 6.8. 4009300.
Dissolve 6.8 g of sodium dihydrogen phosphate R in water R Dissolve 60.6 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R in
and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) 400 ml of water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) with hydrochloric
with strong sodium hydroxide solution R. acid R and dilute to 500.0 ml with water R.

510 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.3. Buffer solutions

Buffer solution pH 7.0. 4003500. Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0 R3. 4008600.
To 1000 ml of a solution containing 18 g/l of disodium Dissolve 5 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R and 11 g
hydrogen phosphate R and 23 g/l of sodium chloride R add of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate R in 900 ml of water R.
sufficient (about 280 ml) of a solution containing 7.8 g/l Adjust to pH 7.0 (2.2.3) with dilute phosphoric acid R or
of sodium dihydrogen phosphate R and 23 g/l of sodium dilute sodium hydroxide solution R. Dilute to 1000 ml with
chloride R to adjust the pH (2.2.3). Dissolve in the solution water R and mix.
sufficient sodium azide R to give a 0.2 g/l solution.
Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0 R4. 4010200.
Maleate buffer solution pH 7.0. 4003600. Dissolve 28.4 g of anhydrous disodium hydrogen
Dissolve 10.0 g of sodium chloride R, 6.06 g of phosphate R and 18.2 g of potassium dihydrogen
tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R and 4.90 g of maleic phosphate R in water R and dilute to 500 ml with the same
anhydride R in 900 ml of water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) solvent.
using a 170 g/l solution of sodium hydroxide R. Dilute to Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0 R5. 4011400.
1000.0 ml with water R.
Dissolve 28.4 g of anhydrous disodium hydrogen
Storage : at 2 °C to 8 °C ; use within 3 days. phosphate R in 800 ml of water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3)
0.025 M Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0. 4009400. using a 30 per cent m/m solution of phosphoric acid R and
dilute to 1000 ml with water R.
Mix 1 volume of 0.063 M phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0 R
with 1.5 volumes of water R. Tetrabutylammonium buffer solution pH 7.0. 4010900.
Dissolve 6.16 g of ammonium acetate R in a mixture of 15 ml
0.03 M Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0. 4010300. of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution (400 g/l) R and
Dissolve 5.2 g of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate R in 185 ml of water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) with nitric acid R.
900 ml of water for chromatography R. Adjust the solution
to pH 7.0 ± 0.1 using phosphoric acid R and dilute to Buffered salt solution pH 7.2. 4004300.
1000 ml with water for chromatography R. Dissolve in water R 8.0 g of sodium chloride R, 0.2 g
of potassium chloride R, 0.1 g of anhydrous calcium
0.05 M Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0. 4012400. chloride R, 0.1 g of magnesium chloride R, 3.18 g of
Mix 34 ml of water R and 100 ml of 0.067 M phosphate disodium hydrogen phosphate R and 0.2 g of potassium
buffer solution pH 7.0 R. dihydrogen phosphate R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with
water R.
0.063 M Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0. 4009500.
Buffer solution pH 7.2. 4004100.
Dissolve 5.18 g of anhydrous disodium hydrogen
phosphate R and 3.65 g of sodium dihydrogen phosphate To 250.0 ml of 0.2 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate R
monohydrate R in 950 ml of water R and adjust the pH add 175.0 ml of 0.2 M sodium hydroxide. Dilute to 1000.0 ml
(2.2.3) with phosphoric acid R ; dilute to 1000.0 ml with with water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) if necessary.
water R. Phosphate-albumin buffered saline pH 7.2. 4004400.
0.067 M Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0. 4003800. Dissolve 10.75 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate R, 7.6 g
of sodium chloride R and 10 g of bovine albumin R in
Solution I. Dissolve 0.908 g of potassium dihydrogen
water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
phosphate R in water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the
Immediately before use adjust the pH (2.2.3) using dilute
same solvent.
sodium hydroxide solution R or dilute phosphoric acid R.
Solution II. Dissolve 2.38 g of disodium hydrogen
phosphate R in water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the Phosphate-albumin buffered saline pH 7.2 R1. 4009600.
same solvent. Dissolve 10.75 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate R, 7.6 g
Mix 38.9 ml of solution I and 61.1 ml of solution II. Adjust of sodium chloride R and 1 g of bovine albumin R in
the pH (2.2.3) if necessary. water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
Immediately before use adjust the pH (2.2.3) using dilute
0.1 M Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0. 4008200. sodium hydroxide solution R or dilute phosphoric acid R.
Dissolve 1.361 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R in Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.2. 4004200.
water R and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same solvent. Adjust
the pH (2.2.3) using a 35 g/l solution of disodium hydrogen Mix 87.0 ml of a 71.5 g/l solution of disodium hydrogen
phosphate R. phosphate R with 13.0 ml of a 21 g/l solution of citric acid R.
Imidazole buffer solution pH 7.3. 4004500.
Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0. 4003700.
Dissolve 3.4 g of imidazole R and 5.8 g of sodium chloride R
Mix 82.4 ml of a 71.5 g/l solution of disodium hydrogen in water R, add 18.6 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid and dilute
phosphate R with 17.6 ml of a 21 g/l solution of citric acid R. to 1000.0 ml with water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) if necessary.
Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0 R1. 4003900. Barbital buffer solution pH 7.4. 4004700.
Mix 250.0 ml of 0.2 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate R Mix 50 ml of a solution in water R containing 19.44 g/l of
and 148.2 ml of a 8 g/l solution of sodium hydroxide R, sodium acetate R and 29.46 g/l of barbital sodium R with
adjust the pH (2.2.3) if necessary. Dilute to 1000.0 ml with 50.5 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, add 20 ml of an 85 g/l
water R. of sodium chloride R and dilute to 250 ml with water R.
Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.0 R2. 4004000. Buffer solution pH 7.4. 4004600.
Mix 50.0 ml of a 136 g/l solution of potassium dihydrogen Dissolve 0.6 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R, 6.4 g
phosphate R with 29.5 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide and of disodium hydrogen phosphate R and 5.85 g of sodium
dilute to 100.0 ml with water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) to chloride R in water R, and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same
7.0 ± 0.1. solvent. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) if necessary.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 511
4.1.3. Buffer solutions EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4. 4005000. Solution II. Dissolve 45.36 g of potassium dihydrogen
Dissolve 2.38 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate R, 0.19 g phosphate R in water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the
of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R and 8.0 g of sodium same solvent.
chloride R in water. Dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same Mix 85 ml of solution I and 15 ml of solution II. Adjust the
solvent. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) if necessary. pH (2.2.3) if necessary.
Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.4. 4004800. 0.05 M Tris-hydrochloride buffer solution pH 7.5.
Add 250.0 ml of 0.2 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate R 4005600.
to 393.4 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. Dissolve 6.057 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R in
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer solution pH 7.4. water R and adjust the pH (2.2.3) with hydrochloric acid R.
4012100. Dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R.
Dissolve 30.3 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer solution pH 7.5.
in approximately 200 ml of water R. Add 183 ml of 1 M 4005500.
hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 500.0 ml with water R. Note :
the pH is 7.7-7.8 at room temperature and 7.4 at 37 °C. This Dissolve 7.27 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R and
solution is stable for several months at 4 °C. 5.27 g of sodium chloride R in water R, and adjust the pH
(2.2.3) if necessary. Dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R.
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane sodium chloride buffer
solution pH 7.4. 4004900. Sodium citrate buffer solution pH 7.8 (0.034 M sodium
Dissolve 6.08 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R, citrate, 0.101 M sodium chloride). 4009800.
8.77 g of sodium chloride R in 500 ml of distilled water R. Dissolve 10.0 g of sodium citrate R and 5.90 g of sodium
Add 10.0 g of bovine albumin R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) using chloride R in 900 ml of water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) by
hydrochloric acid R. Dilute to 1000.0 ml with distilled addition of hydrochloric acid R and dilute to 1000 ml with
water R. water R.
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane sodium chloride buffer 0.0015 M Borate buffer solution pH 8.0. 4006000.
solution pH 7.4 R1. 4012200.
Dissolve 0.572 g of disodium tetraborate R and 2.94 g of
Dissolve 0.1 g of bovine albumin R in a mixture containing calcium chloride R in 800 ml of water R. Adjust the pH
2 ml of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer solution (2.2.3) with 1 M hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 1000.0 ml with
pH 7.4 R and 50 ml of a 5.84 mg/ml solution of sodium water R.
chloride R. Dilute to 100.0 ml with water R.
Buffer solution pH 8.0. 4005900.
Tris-sodium acetate buffer solution pH 7.4. 4012900.
Dissolve 6.3 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R and To 50.0 ml of 0.2 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate R
4.9 g of anhydrous sodium acetate R in 900 ml of water R. add 46.8 ml of 0.2 M sodium hydroxide. Dilute to 200.0 ml
Adjust to pH 7.4 (2.2.3) with sulphuric acid R and dilute to with water R.
1000 ml with water R. Buffer solution pH 8.0 R1. 4010400.
Tris-sodium acetate-sodium chloride buffer solution Dissolve 20 g of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate R in
pH 7.4. 4013000. 900 ml of water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) with phosphoric
Dissolve 30.0 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R, acid R. Dilute to 1000 ml with water R.
14.5 g of anhydrous sodium acetate R and 14.6 g of sodium
chloride R in 900 ml of water R. Add 0.50 g of bovine 0.02 M Phosphate buffer solution pH 8.0. 4006100.
albumin R. Adjust to pH 7.4 (2.2.3) with sulphuric acid R To 50.0 ml of 0.2 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate R
and dilute to 1000 ml with water R. add 46.8 ml of 0.2 M sodium hydroxide. Dilute to 500.0 ml
with water R.
Borate buffer solution pH 7.5. 4005200.
Dissolve 2.5 g of sodium chloride R, 2.85 g of disodium 0.1 M Phosphate buffer solution pH 8.0. 4008400.
tetraborate R and 10.5 g of boric acid R in water R and Dissolve 0.523 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R and
dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. Adjust the pH 16.73 g of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate R in water R
(2.2.3) if necessary. and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
Storage : at 2 °C to 8 °C.
1 M Phosphate buffer solution pH 8.0. 4007800.
Buffer (HEPES) solution pH 7.5. 4009700.
Dissolve 136.1 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R in
Dissolve 2.38 g of 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1- water R, adjust the pH (2.2.3) with 1 M sodium hydroxide.
yl]ethanesulphonic acid R in about 90 ml of water R. Adjust Dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R.
the pH to 7.5 with sodium hydroxide solution R. Dilute to
100 ml with water R. 1 M Tris-hydrochloride buffer solution pH 8.0. 4012700.
0.2 M Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.5. 4005400. Dissolve 121.1 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R
Dissolve 27.22 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R in and 1.47 g of calcium chloride R in 900 ml of water R.
930 ml of water R, adjust to pH 7.5 (2.2.3) with a 300 g/l Adjust the pH (2.2.3) with hydrochloric acid R and dilute
solution of potassium hydroxide R and dilute to 1000.0 ml to 1000.0 ml with water R.
with water R.
Tris-hydrochloride buffer solution pH 8.0. 4012300.
0.33 M Phosphate buffer solution pH 7.5. 4005300. Dissolve 1.21 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R and
Solution I. Dissolve 119.31 g of disodium hydrogen 29.4 mg of calcium chloride R in water R. Adjust the pH
phosphate R in water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the (2.2.3) with 1 M hydrochloric acid and dilute to 100.0 ml
same solvent. with water R.

512 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.1.3. Buffer solutions

Tris-sodium acetate buffer solution pH 8.0. 4013100. 1.5 M tris-hydrochloride buffer solution pH 8.8. 4009900.
Dissolve 6.3 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R and Dissolve 90.8 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R in
4.9 g of anhydrous sodium acetate R in 900 ml of water R. 400 ml of water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) with hydrochloric
Adjust to pH 8.0 (2.2.3) with sulphuric acid R and dilute to acid R and dilute to 500.0 ml with water R.
1000 ml with water R.
Buffer (phosphate) solution pH 9.0. 4008300.
Tris-sodium acetate-sodium chloride buffer solution Dissolve 1.74 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate R in
pH 8.0. 4013200. 80 ml of water R, adjust the pH (2.2.3) with 1 M potassium
Dissolve 30.0 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R, hydroxide and dilute to 100.0 ml with water R.
14.5 g of anhydrous sodium acetate R and 14.6 g of sodium Buffer solution pH 9.0. 4007000.
chloride R in 900 ml of water R. Add 0.50 g of bovine
albumin R. Adjust to pH 8.0 (2.2.3) with sulphuric acid R Solution I. Dissolve 6.18 g of boric acid R in 0.1 M potassium
and dilute to 1000 ml with water R. chloride R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
Solution II. 0.1 M sodium hydroxide.
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer solution pH 8.1. Mix 1000.0 ml of solution I and 420.0 ml of solution II.
4006200.
Dissolve 0.294 g of calcium chloride R in 40 ml of Buffer solution pH 9.0 R1. 4007100.
tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane solution R and adjust Dissolve 6.20 g of boric acid R in 500 ml of water R and
the pH (2.2.3) with 1 M hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 100.0 ml adjust the pH (2.2.3) with 1 M sodium hydroxide (about
with water R. 41.5 ml). Dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R.

Tris-glycine buffer solution pH 8.3. 4006300. Ammonium chloride buffer solution pH 9.5. 4007200.
Dissolve 6.0 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R Dissolve 33.5 g of ammonium chloride R in 150 ml of
and 28.8 g of glycine R in water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml water R, add 42.0 ml of concentrated ammonia R and dilute
with the same solvent. Dilute 1 volume to 10 volumes with to 250.0 ml with water R.
water R immediately before use. Storage : in a polyethylene container.

Tris-hydrochloride buffer solution pH 8.3. 4011800. Ammonium chloride buffer solution pH 10.0. 4007300.
Dissolve 9.0 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R Dissolve 5.4 g of ammonium chloride R in 20 ml of water R,
in 2.9 litres of water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) with 1 M add 35.0 ml of ammonia R and dilute to 100.0 ml with
hydrochloric acid. Adjust the volume to 3 litres with water R.
water R. Diethanolamine buffer solution pH 10.0. 4007500.
Barbital buffer solution pH 8.4. 4006400. Dissolve 96.4 g of diethanolamine R in water R and dilute
to 400 ml with the same solvent. Add 0.5 ml of an 186 g/l
Dissolve 8.25 g of barbital sodium R in water R and dilute solution of magnesium chloride R and adjust the pH (2.2.3)
to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. with 1 M hydrochloric acid. Dilute to 500.0 ml with water R.
Tris-EDTA BSA buffer solution pH 8.4. 4006500. 0.1 M Ammonium carbonate buffer solution pH 10.3.
Dissolve 6.1 g of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R, 2.8 g 4011900.
of sodium edetate R, 10.2 g of sodium chloride R and 10 g of Dissolve 7.91 g of ammonium carbonate R in 800 ml of
bovine albumin R in water R, adjust to pH 8.4 (2.2.3) using water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) with dilute sodium hydroxide
1 M hydrochloric acid and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R. solution R. Dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R.
Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-EDTA buffer solution Ammonium chloride buffer solution pH 10.4. 4011000.
pH 8.4. 4006600. Dissolve 70 g of ammonium chloride R in 200 ml of water R,
Dissolve 5.12 g of sodium chloride R, 3.03 g of add 330 ml of concentrated ammonia R and dilute to
tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R and 1.40 g of sodium 1000.0 ml with water R. If necessary, adjust to pH 10.4 with
edetate R in 250 ml of distilled water R. Adjust the pH ammonia R.
(2.2.3) to 8.4 using hydrochloric acid R. Dilute to 500.0 ml
Borate buffer solution pH 10.4. 4011100.
with distilled water R.
Dissolve 24.64 g of boric acid R in 900 ml of distilled
Phosphate buffer solution pH 8.5. 4013300. water R. Adjust the pH (2.2.3) using a 400 g/l solution
Dissolve 3.5 g of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate R and of sodium hydroxide R. Dilute to 1000 ml with distilled
4.5 g of sodium chloride R in 500 ml of water R. Adjust water R.
the pH (2.2.3) with a mixture of equal volumes of dilute Ammonium chloride buffer solution pH 10.7. 4013400.
phosphoric acid R and water R.
Dissolve 67.5 g of ammonium chloride R in water R, add
Tris acetate buffer solution pH 8.5. 4006700. 570 ml of concentrated ammonia R and dilute to 1000.0 ml
with water R.
Dissolve 0.294 g of calcium chloride R and 12.11 g of
tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane R in water R. Adjust Buffer solution pH 10.9. 4007600.
the pH (2.2.3) with acetic acid R. Dilute to 1000.0 ml with Dissolve 6.75 g of ammonium chloride R in ammonia R
water R. and dilute to 100.0 ml with the same solvent.
Barbital buffer solution pH 8.6 R1. 4006900. Total-ionic-strength-adjustment buffer. 4007700.
Dissolve in water R 1.38 g of barbital R, 8.76 g of barbital Dissolve 58.5 g of sodium chloride R, 57.0 ml of glacial
sodium R and 0.38 g of calcium lactate R and dilute to acetic acid R, 61.5 g of sodium acetate R and 5.0 g of
1000.0 ml with the same solvent. cyclohexylene-dinitrilotetra-acetic acid R in water R and

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 513
4.2. Volumetric analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

dilute to 500.0 ml with the same solvent. Adjust to pH 5.0 Sulphanilic acid. C6H7NO3S. (Mr 173.2). 2000700.
to 5.5 with a 335 g/l solution of sodium hydroxide R and [121-57-3].
dilute to 1000.0 ml with distilled water R. Recrystallise sulphanilic acid R from boiling water R. Filter
Total-ionic-strength-adjustment buffer R1. 4008800. and dry to constant mass at 100 °C to 105 °C.
Solution (a). Dissolve 210 g of citric acid R in 400 ml of Zinc. Zn. (Mr 65.4). 2000800. [7440-66-6].
distilled water R. Adjust to pH 7.0 (2.2.3) with concentrated Use a quality containing not less than 99.9 per cent of Zn.
ammonia R. Dilute to 1000.0 ml with distilled water R.
Solution (b). Dissolve 132 g of ammonium phosphate R 01/2008:40202
in distilled water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same
solvent.
Solution (c). To a suspension of 292 g of
4.2.2. VOLUMETRIC SOLUTIONS
(ethylenedinitrilo)tetra-acetic acid R in about 500 ml Volumetric solutions are prepared according to the usual
of distilled water R, add about 200 ml of concentrated chemical analytical methods. The accuracy of the apparatus
ammonia R to dissolve. Adjust the pH to 6 to 7 (2.2.3) with used is verified to ensure that it is appropriate for the
concentrated ammonia R. Dilute to 1000.0 ml with distilled intended use.
water R. The concentration of volumetric solutions is indicated
Mix equal volumes of solution (a), (b), and (c) and adjust toin terms of molarity. Molarity expresses, as the number
pH 7.5 with concentrated ammonia R. of moles, the amount of substance dissolved in 1 litre of
solution. A solution which contains x moles of substance per
litre is said to be x M.
4.2. VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS Volumetric solutions do not differ from the prescribed
strength by more than 10 per cent. The molarity of the
volumetric solutions is determined by an appropriate number
01/2008:40201 of titrations. The repeatability does not exceed 0.2 per cent
(relative standard deviation).
4.2.1. PRIMARY STANDARDS FOR Volumetric solutions are standardised by the methods
described below. When a volumetric solution is to be
VOLUMETRIC SOLUTIONS used in an assay in which the end-point is determined by
Primary standards for volumetric solutions are indicated an electrochemical process (for example, amperometry
by the suffix RV. Primary standards of suitable quality may or potentiometry) the solution is standardised by the
be obtained from commercial sources or prepared by the same method. The composition of the medium in which a
following methods. volumetric solution is standardised should be the same as
that in which it is to be used.
Arsenious trioxide. As2O3. (Mr 197.8). 2000100. [1327-53-3]. Solutions more dilute than those described are obtained
Sublime arsenious trioxide R in a suitable apparatus. by dilution with carbon dioxide-free water R of the
Storage : over anhydrous silica gel R. least-concentrated solution that describes a standardisation.
The correction factors of these solutions are the same as
Benzoic acid. C7H6O2. (Mr 122.1). 2000200. [65-85-0]. those from which the dilutions were prepared.
Sublime benzoic acid R in a suitable apparatus. 0.1 M Acetic acid. 3008900.
Potassium bromate. KBrO3. (Mr 167.0). 2000300. Dilute 6.0 g of glacial acetic acid R to 1000.0 ml with
[7758-01-2]. water R.
Crystallise potassium bromate R from boiling water R. Standardisation. To 25.0 ml of acetic acid add 0.5 ml of
Collect the crystals and dry to constant mass at 180 °C. phenolphthalein solution R and titrate with 0.1 M sodium
hydroxide.
Potassium hydrogen phthalate. C8H5KO4. (Mr 204.2).
2000400. [877-24-7]. 0.1 M Ammonium and cerium nitrate. 3000100.
Recrystallise potassium hydrogen phthalate R from boiling Shake for 2 min a solution containing 56 ml of sulphuric
water R, collect the crystals at a temperature above 35 °C acid R and 54.82 g of ammonium and cerium nitrate R, add
and dry to constant mass at 110 °C. five successive quantities, each of 100 ml, of water R, shaking
after each addition. Dilute the clear solution to 1000.0 ml
Sodium carbonate. Na2CO3 . (Mr 106.0). 2000500. with water R. Standardise the solution after 10 days.
[497-19-8]. Standardisation. To 25.0 ml of the ammonium and cerium
Filter at room temperature a saturated solution of sodium nitrate solution add 2.0 g of potassium iodide R and
carbonate R. Introduce slowly into the filtrate a stream of 150 ml of water R. Titrate immediately with 0.1 M sodium
carbon dioxide R with constant cooling and stirring. After thiosulphate, using 1 ml of starch solution R as indicator.
about 2 h, collect the precipitate on a sintered-glass filter Storage : protected from light.
(2.1.2). Wash the filter with iced water R containing carbon
dioxide. After drying at 100 °C to 105 °C, heat to constant 0.01 M Ammonium and cerium nitrate. 3000200.
mass at 270 °C to 300 °C, stirring from time to time. To 100.0 ml of 0.1 M ammonium and cerium nitrate
add, with cooling, 30 ml of sulphuric acid R and dilute to
Sodium chloride. NaCl. (Mr 58.44). 2000600. [7647-14-5]. 1000.0 ml with water R.
To 1 volume of a saturated solution of sodium chloride R
add 2 volumes of hydrochloric acid R. Collect the crystals 0.1 M Ammonium and cerium sulphate. 3000300.
formed and wash with hydrochloric acid R1. Remove the Dissolve 65.0 g of ammonium and cerium sulphate R in a
hydrochloric acid by heating on a water-bath and dry the mixture of 500 ml of water R and 30 ml of sulphuric acid R.
crystals to constant mass at 300 °C. Allow to cool and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R.

514 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.2.2. Volumetric solutions

Standardisation. To 25.0 ml of the ammonium and cerium 0.0167 M Bromide-bromate. 3001000.

sulphate solution add 2.0 g of potassium iodide R and Dissolve 2.7835 g of potassium bromate RV and 13 g of
150 ml of water R. Titrate immediately with 0.1 M sodium potassium bromide R in water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml
thiosulphate, using 1 ml of starch solution R as indicator. with the same solvent.
0.01 M Ammonium and cerium sulphate. 3000400. 0.1 M Cerium sulphate. 3001100.
To 100.0 ml of 0.1 M ammonium and cerium sulphate Dissolve 40.4 g of cerium sulphate R in a mixture of 500 ml
add, with cooling, 30 ml of sulphuric acid R and dilute to of water R and 50 ml of sulphuric acid R. Allow to cool and
1000.0 ml with water R. dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R.
Standardisation. To 20.0 ml of the cerium sulphate solution,
0.1 M Ammonium thiocyanate. 3000500. add 1.6 g of potassium iodide R, 100 ml of water R and
Dissolve 7.612 g of ammonium thiocyanate R in water R 40 ml of dilute sulphuric acid R. Titrate immediately with
and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate using 0.8 ml of starch solution R
Standardisation. To 20.0 ml of 0.1 M silver nitrate add as indicator.
25 ml of water R, 2 ml of dilute nitric acid R and 2 ml 0.02 M Copper sulphate. 3001200.
of ferric ammonium sulphate solution R2. Titrate with
Dissolve 5.0 g of copper sulphate R in water R and dilute to
the ammonium thiocyanate solution until a reddish-yellow
1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
colour is obtained.
Standardisation. To 20.0 ml of the copper sulphate
0.1 M Barium chloride. 3000600. solution add 2 g of sodium acetate R and 0.1 ml of
pyridylazonaphthol solution R. Titrate with 0.02 M sodium
Dissolve 24.4 g of barium chloride R in water R and dilute
edetate until the colour changes from violet-blue to bright
to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
green. Titrate slowly towards the end of the titration.
Standardisation. To 10.0 ml of the barium chloride solution
add 60 ml of water R, 3 ml of concentrated ammonia R and 0.1 M Ferric ammonium sulphate. 3001300.
0.5 mg to 1 mg of phthalein purple R. Titrate with 0.1 M Dissolve 50.0 g of ferric ammonium sulphate R in a mixture
sodium edetate. When the solution begins to decolorise, of 6 ml of sulphuric acid R and 300 ml of water R and dilute
add 50 ml of alcohol R and continue the titration until the to 1000.0 ml with water R.
blue-violet colour disappears. Standardisation. To 25.0 ml of the ferric ammonium
sulphate solution, add 3 ml of hydrochloric acid R and 2 g of
0.05 M Barium perchlorate. 3000700. potassium iodide R. Allow to stand for 10 min. Titrate with
Dissolve 15.8 g of barium hydroxide R in a mixture of 7.5 ml 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate, using 1 ml of starch solution R
of perchloric acid R and 75 ml of water R , adjust the as indicator.
solution to pH 3 by adding perchloric acid R and filter if 1 ml of 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate is equivalent to 48.22 mg
necessary. Add 150 ml of alcohol R and dilute to 250 ml with of FeNH (SO ) ,12H O.
4 4 2 2
water R. Dilute to 1000.0 ml with buffer solution pH 3.7 R.
Standardisation. To 5.0 ml of 0.05 M sulphuric acid add 0.1 M Ferrous sulphate. 3001400.
5 ml of water R, 50 ml of buffer solution pH 3.7 R and 0.5 ml Dissolve 27.80 g of ferrous sulphate R in 500 ml of dilute
of alizarin s solution R. Titrate with the barium perchlorate sulphuric acid R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R.
solution until an orange-red colour appears. Standardise Standardisation. To 25.0 ml of the ferrous sulphate solution
immediately before use. add 3 ml of phosphoric acid R and titrate immediately with
0.02 M potassium permanganate. Standardise immediately
0.025 M Barium perchlorate. 3009600. before use.
Dilute 500.0 ml of 0.05 M barium perchlorate to 1000.0 ml
1 M Hydrochloric acid. 3001800.
with buffer solution pH 3.7 R.
Dilute 103.0 g of hydrochloric acid R to 1000.0 ml with
0.004 M Benzethonium chloride. 3000900. water R.
Dissolve in water R 1.792 g of benzethonium chloride R, Standardisation. Dissolve 1.000 g of sodium carbonate RV
previously dried to constant mass at 100 °C to 105 °C, and in 50 ml of water R, add 0.1 ml of methyl orange solution R
dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. and titrate with the hydrochloric acid until the solution
just becomes yellowish-red. Boil for 2 min. The solution
Standardisation. Calculate the molarity of the solution reverts to yellow. Cool and continue the titration until a
from the content of C27H42ClNO2 in the dried benzethonium yellowish-red colour is obtained.
chloride determined as follows. Dissolve 0.350 g of the dried
substance in 30 ml of anhydrous acetic acid R and add 6 ml 1 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid is equivalent to 53.00 mg of
of mercuric acetate solution R. Titrate with 0.1 M perchloric Na2CO3.
acid, using 0.05 ml of crystal violet solution R as indicator. 0.1 M Hydrochloric acid. 3002100.
Carry out a blank titration.
Dilute 100.0 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid to 1000.0 ml with
1 ml of 0.1 M perchloric acid is equivalent to 44.81 mg of water R.
C27H42ClNO2. Standardisation. Carry out the titration described for 1 M
0.01 M Bismuth nitrate. 3010000. hydrochloric acid using 0.100 g of sodium carbonate RV
dissolved in 20 ml of water R.
Dissolve 4.86 g of bismuth nitrate pentahydrate R in 60 ml 1 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid is equivalent to 5.30 mg
of dilute nitric acid R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with water R. of Na CO .
2 3
Standardisation. To 25.0 ml of the bismuth nitrate solution,
add 50 ml of water R and titrate with 0.01 M sodium edetate 0.1 M Hydrochloric acid, alcoholic. 3008800.
using 0.05 ml of a 1 g/l solution of xylenol orange R as Dilute 9.0 ml of hydrochloric acid R to 1000.0 ml with
indicator. aldehyde-free alcohol R.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 515
4.2.2. Volumetric solutions EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

0.5 M Iodine. 3009400. Standardisation. Dissolve 1.000 g of sodium carbonate RV

Dissolve 127 g of iodine R and 200 g of potassium iodide R in 50 ml of water R, add 0.1 ml of methyl orange solution R
in water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. and titrate with the nitric acid until the solution just becomes
reddish-yellow ; boil for 2 min. The solution reverts to yellow.
Standardisation. To 2.0 ml of the iodine solution add 1 ml of Cool and continue the titration until a reddish-yellow colour
dilute acetic acid R and 50 ml of water R. Titrate with 0.1 M is obtained.
sodium thiosulphate, using starch solution R as indicator.
1 ml of 1 M nitric acid is equivalent to 53.00 mg of Na2CO3.
Storage : protected from light.
0.05 M Iodine. 3002700. 0.1 M Perchloric acid. 3003900.
Dissolve 12.7 g of iodine R and 20 g of potassium iodide R Place 8.5 ml of perchloric acid R in a volumetric flask
in water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. containing about 900 ml of glacial acetic acid R and mix.
Add 30 ml of acetic anhydride R, dilute to 1000.0 ml with
Standardisation. To 20.0 ml of the iodine solution add glacial acetic acid R, mix and allow to stand for 24 h.
1 ml of dilute acetic acid R and 30 ml of water R. Titrate Determine the water content (2.5.12) without addition of
with 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate, using starch solution R methanol and, if necessary, adjust the water content to
as indicator. 0.1-0.2 per cent by adding either acetic anhydride R or
Storage : protected from light. water R. Allow to stand for 24 h.
0.01 M Iodine. 3002900. Standardisation. Dissolve 0.350 g of potassium hydrogen
phthalate RV in 50 ml of anhydrous acetic acid R, warming
Add 0.3 g of potassium iodide R to 20.0 ml of 0.05 M iodine gently if necessary. Allow to cool protected from the air, and
and dilute to 100.0 ml with water R. titrate with the perchloric acid solution, using 0.05 ml of
0.1 M Lanthanum nitrate. 3010100. crystal violet solution R as indicator. Note the temperature
of the perchloric acid solution at the time of the titration. If
Dissolve 43.30 g of lanthanum nitrate R in water R and the temperature at which an assay is carried out is different
dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. from that at which the 0.1 M perchloric acid has been
Standardisation. To 20 ml of the lanthanum nitrate solution, standardised, the volume used in the assay becomes :
add 15 ml of water R and 25 ml of 0.1 M sodium edetate.
Add about 50 mg of xylenol orange triturate R and about
2 g of hexamethylenetetramine R. Titrate with 0.1 M zinc
sulphate until the colour changes from yellow to violet-pink. where t1 is the temperature during standardisation, t2 is the
temperature during the assay, Vc is the corrected volume,
0.1 M Lead nitrate. 3003100. and V is the observed volume.
Dissolve 33 g of lead nitrate R in water R and dilute to 1 ml of 0.1 M perchloric acid is equivalent to 20.42 mg
1000.0 ml with the same solvent. of C8H5KO4.
Standardisation. Take 20.0 ml of the lead nitrate solution
and carry out the determination of lead by complexometry 0.05 M Perchloric acid. 3004000.
(2.5.11). Dilute 50.0 ml of 0.1 M perchloric acid to 100.0 ml with
anhydrous acetic acid R.
0.05 M Lead nitrate. 3009700.
Dilute 50.0 ml of 0.1 M Lead nitrate to 100.0 ml with 0.02 M Perchloric acid. 3009900.
water R. Dilute 20.0 ml of 0.1 M perchloric acid to 100.0 ml with
0.1 M Lithium methoxide. 3003300. anhydrous acetic acid R.
Dissolve 0.694 g of lithium R in 150 ml of anhydrous 0.033 M Potassium bromate. 3004200.
methanol R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with toluene R.
Dissolve 5.5670 g of potassium bromate RV in water R and
Standardisation. To 10 ml of dimethylformamide R add dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
0.05 ml of a 3 g/l solution of thymol blue R in methanol R
and titrate with the lithium methoxide solution until a pure 0.02 M Potassium bromate. 3004300.
blue colour is obtained. Immediately add 0.200 g of benzoic
acid RV. Stir to effect solution and titrate with the lithium Dissolve 3.340 g of potassium bromate RV in water R and
methoxide solution until the pure blue colour is again dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
obtained. Protect the solution from atmospheric carbon 0.0167 M Potassium bromate. 3004400.
dioxide throughout the titration. From the volume of titrant
used in the second titration ascertain the exact strength of Prepare by diluting 0.033 M Potassium bromate.
the lithium methoxide solution. Standardise immediately
before use. 0.0083 M Potassium bromate. 3004500.
1 ml of 0.1 M lithium methoxide is equivalent to 12.21 mg Prepare by diluting 0.033 M Potassium bromate.
of C7H6O2.
0.0167 M Potassium dichromate. 3004600.
0.1 M Magnesium chloride. 3003400. Dissolve 4.90 g of potassium dichromate R in water R and
Dissolve 20.33 g of magnesium chloride R in water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. Standardisation. To 20.0 ml of the potassium dichromate
Standardisation. Carry out the determination of magnesium solution add 1 g of potassium iodide R and 7 ml of dilute
by complexometry (2.5.11). hydrochloric acid R. Add 250 ml of water R and titrate with
0.1 M sodium thiosulphate, using 3 ml of starch solution R
1 M Nitric acid. 3003600. as indicator, until the colour changes from blue to light
Dilute 96.6 g of nitric acid R to 1000.0 ml with water R. green.

516 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.2.2. Volumetric solutions

0.1 M Potassium hydrogen phthalate. 3004700. Standardisation. To 20.0 ml of the potassium permanganate
In a conical flask containing about 800 ml of anhydrous solution, add 2 g of potassium iodide R and 10 ml of dilute
acetic acid R, dissolve 20.42 g of potassium hydrogen sulphuric acid R. Titrate with 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate,
phthalate RV. Heat on a water-bath until completely using 1 ml of starch solution R, added towards the end of the
dissolved, protected from humidity. Cool to 20 °C and dilute titration, as indicator. Standardise immediately before use.
to 1000.0 ml with anhydrous acetic acid R. Storage : protected from light.
1 M Potassium hydroxide. 3009100. 0.1 M Silver nitrate. 3005600.
Dissolve 60 g of potassium hydroxide R in carbon Dissolve 17.0 g of silver nitrate R in water R and dilute to
dioxide-free water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
solvent. Standardisation. Dissolve 0.100 g of sodium chloride RV
Standardisation. Titrate 20.0 ml of the potassium hydroxide in 30 ml of water R. Titrate with the silver nitrate solution,
solution with 1 M hydrochloric acid, using 0.5 ml of determining the end-point potentiometrically (2.2.20).
phenolphthalein solution R as indicator. 1 ml of 0.1 M silver nitrate is equivalent to 5.844 mg of NaCl.
0.1 M Potassium hydroxide. 3004800. Storage : protected from light.
Dissolve 6 g of potassium hydroxide R in carbon dioxide-free 0.001 M Silver nitrate. 3009300.
water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
Dilute 5.0 ml of silver nitrate 0.1 M to 500.0 ml with water R.
Standardisation. Titrate 20.0 ml of the potassium hydroxide
solution with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, using 0.5 ml of 0.1 M Sodium arsenite. 3005800.
phenolphthalein solution R as indicator.
Dissolve arsenious trioxide RV equivalent to 4.946 g of
0.5 M Potassium hydroxide in alcohol (60 per cent V/V). As2O3 in a mixture of 20 ml of strong sodium hydroxide
3004900. solution R and 20 ml of water R, dilute to 400 ml with
water R and add dilute hydrochloric acid R until the
Dissolve 3 g of potassium hydroxide R in aldehyde-free solution is neutral to litmus paper R. Dissolve 2 g of sodium
alcohol R (60 per cent V/V) and dilute to 100.0 ml with the hydrogen carbonate R in the solution and dilute to 500.0 ml
same solvent. with water R.
Standardisation. Titrate 20.0 ml of the alcoholic potassium
hydroxide solution (60 per cent V/V) with 0.5 M hydrochloric 0.1 M Sodium edetate. 3005900.
acid, using 0.5 ml of phenolphthalein solution R as indicator. Dissolve 37.5 g of sodium edetate R in 500 ml of water R,
add 100 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide and dilute to 1000.0 ml
0.5 M Potassium hydroxide, alcoholic. 3005000. with water R.
Dissolve 3 g of potassium hydroxide R in 5 ml of water R Standardisation. Dissolve 0.120 g of zinc RV in 4 ml of
and dilute to 100.0 ml with aldehyde-free alcohol R. hydrochloric acid R1 and add 0.1 ml of bromine water R.
Standardisation. Titrate 20.0 ml of the alcoholic potassium Drive off the excess of bromine by boiling, add dilute sodium
hydroxide solution with 0.5 M hydrochloric acid, using hydroxide solution R until the solution is weakly acid or
0.5 ml of phenolphthalein solution R as indicator. neutral and carry out the assay of zinc by complexometry
(2.5.11).
0.1 M Potassium hydroxide, alcoholic. 3005100.
1 ml of 0.1 M sodium edetate is equivalent to 6.54 mg of Zn.
Dilute 20.0 ml of 0.5 M alcoholic potassium hydroxide to
100.0 ml with aldehyde-free alcohol R. Storage : in a polyethylene container.

0.01 M Potassium hydroxide, alcoholic. 3009000. 0.02 M Sodium edetate. 3006000.

Dilute 2.0 ml of 0.5 M alcoholic potassium hydroxide to Dissolve 7.444 g of sodium edetate R in water R and dilute
100.0 ml with aldehyde-free alcohol R. to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
Standardisation. Dissolve 0.100 g of zinc RV in 4 ml of
0.05 M Potassium iodate. 3005200. hydrochloric acid R1 and add 0.1 ml of bromine water R.
Dissolve 10.70 g of potassium iodate R in water R and dilute Drive off the excess of bromine by boiling. Transfer the
to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. solution to a volumetric flask and dilute to 100.0 ml with
water R. Transfer 25.0 ml of the solution to a 500 ml conical
Standardisation. Dilute 25.0 ml of the potassium iodate flask and dilute to 200 ml with water R. Add about 50 mg of
solution to 100.0 ml with water R. To 20.0 ml of this solution xylenol orange triturate R and hexamethylenetetramine R
add 2 g of potassium iodide R and 10 ml of dilute sulphuric until the solution becomes violet-pink. Add 2 g of
acid R. Titrate with 0.1 M sodium thiosulphate, using 1 ml hexamethylenetetramine R in excess. Titrate with the
of starch solution R, added towards the end of the titration, sodium edetate solution until the violet-pink colour changes
as indicator. to yellow.
0.001 M Potassium iodide. 3009200. 1 ml of 0.02 M sodium edetate is equivalent to 1.308 mg
Dilute 10.0 ml of potassium iodide solution R (166 g/l) of Zn.
to 100.0 ml with water R. Dilute 5.0 ml of this solution to
1 M Sodium hydroxide. 3006300.
500.0 ml with water R.
Dissolve 42 g of sodium hydroxide R in carbon dioxide-free
0.02 M Potassium permanganate. 3005300. water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
Dissolve 3.2 g of potassium permanganate R in water R and Standardisation. Titrate 20.0 ml of the sodium hydroxide
dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent. Heat the solution solution with 1 M hydrochloric acid using the indicator
for 1 h on a water-bath, allow to cool and filter through a prescribed in the assay in which 1 M sodium hydroxide is
sintered-glass filter (2.1.2). used.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 517
4.2.2. Volumetric solutions EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

If sodium hydroxide free from carbonate is prescribed, using the sodium nitrite solution and determining the
prepare it as follows. Dissolve sodium hydroxide R in end-point electrometrically. Standardise immediately before
water R to give a concentration of 400 g/l to 600 g/l and use.
allow to stand. Decant the clear supernatant liquid, taking 1 ml of 0.1 M sodium nitrite is equivalent to 17.32 mg of
precautions to avoid the introduction of carbon dioxide, and C6H7NO3S.
dilute with carbon dioxide-free water R to the required
molarity. The solution complies with the following test. 0.1 M Sodium periodate. 3009500.
Titrate 20.0 ml of hydrochloric acid of the same molarity Dissolve 21.4 g of sodium periodate R in about 500 ml of
with the solution of sodium hydroxide, using 0.5 ml of water R and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
phenolphthalein solution R as indicator. At the end-point Standardisation. In a stoppered flask, introduce 20.0 ml of
add just sufficient of the acid to discharge the pink colour the sodium periodate solution and add 5 ml of perchloric
and concentrate the solution to 20 ml by boiling. During acid R. Close the flask and shake. Adjust the solution
boiling add just sufficient acid to discharge the pink colour, to pH 6.4 (2.2.3) using a saturated solution of sodium
which should not reappear after prolonged boiling. The hydrogen carbonate R. Add 10 ml of potassium iodide
volume of acid used does not exceed 0.1 ml. solution R, close, shake and allow to stand for 2 min. Titrate
with 0.025 M sodium arsenite until the yellow colour almost
0.1 M Sodium hydroxide. 3006600. disappears. Add 2 ml of starch solution R and titrate slowly
Dilute 100.0 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide to 1000.0 ml with until the colour is completely discharged.
carbon dioxide-free water R.
0.1 M Sodium thiosulphate. 3007300.
Standardisation. Titrate 20.0 ml of the sodium hydroxide
solution with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, using the end-point Dissolve 25 g of sodium thiosulphate R and 0.2 g of sodium
detection prescribed for the assay in which the 0.1 M sodium carbonate R in carbon dioxide-free water R and dilute to
hydroxide is used. 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
Standardisation (for use in the assay of halide salts of Standardisation. To 10.0 ml of 0.033 M potassium bromate,
organic bases). Dissolve 0.100 g of benzoic acid RV in a add 40 ml of water R, 10 ml of potassium iodide solution R
mixture of 5 ml of 0.01 M hydrochloric acid and 50 ml of and 5 ml of hydrochloric acid R1. Titrate with the sodium
alcohol R. Carry out the titration (2.2.20), using the sodium thiosulphate solution, using 1 ml of starch solution R, added
hydroxide solution. Note the volume added between the 2 towards the end of the titration, as indicator.
points of inflexion. 0.5 M Sulphuric acid. 3007800.
1 ml of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 12.21 mg Dissolve 28 ml of sulphuric acid R in water R and dilute to
of C7H6O2. 1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
Standardisation. Dissolve 1.000 g of sodium carbonate RV
0.1 M Sodium hydroxide, ethanolic. 3007000. in 50 ml of water R, add 0.1 ml of methyl orange solution R,
To 250 ml of ethanol R add 3.3 g of strong sodium hydroxide and titrate with the sulphuric acid until the solution begins
solution R. to turn reddish-yellow. Boil for about 2 min. The colour of
Standardisation. Dissolve 0.100 g of benzoic acid RV in 2 ml the solutions reverts to yellow. Cool and titrate again until
of water R and 10 ml of alcohol R. Titrate with the ethanolic the reddish-yellow colour reappears.
sodium hydroxide solution, using 0.2 ml of thymolphthalein 1 ml of 0.5 M sulphuric acid is equivalent to 53.00 mg of
solution R as indicator. Standardise immediately before use. Na2CO3.
1 ml of 0.1 M ethanolic sodium hydroxide is equivalent to 0.05 M Sulphuric acid. 3008000.
12.21 mg of C7H6O2.
Dilute 100.0 ml of 0.5 M sulphuric acid to 1000.0 ml with
0.1 M Sodium methoxide. 3007100. water R.
Cool 175 ml of anhydrous methanol R in iced water R and Standardisation. Carry out the titration described for 0.5 M
add, in small portions, about 2.5 g of freshly cut sodium R. sulphuric acid, using 0.100 g of sodium carbonate RV,
When the metal has dissolved, dilute to 1000.0 ml with dissolved in 20 ml of water R.
toluene R. 1 ml of 0.05 M sulphuric acid is equivalent to 5.30 mg of
Standardisation. To 10 ml of dimethylformamide R add Na 2CO3.
0.05 ml of a 3 g/l solution of thymol blue R in methanol R, 0.1 M Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. 3008300.
and titrate with the sodium methoxide solution until a pure Dissolve 40 g of tetrabutylammonium iodide R in 90 ml of
blue colour is obtained. Immediately add 0.200 g of benzoic anhydrous methanol R, add 20 g of finely powdered silver
acid RV. Stir to effect solution and titrate with the sodium oxide R and shake vigorously for 1 h. Centrifuge a few
methoxide solution until the pure blue colour is again millilitres of the mixture and test the supernatant liquid for
obtained. Protect the solution from atmospheric carbon iodides. If a positive reaction is obtained, add an additional
dioxide throughout the titration. From the volume of titrant 2 g of silver oxide R and shake for a further 30 min. Repeat
used in the second titration ascertain the exact strength of this procedure until the liquid is free from iodides, filter
the sodium methoxide solution. Standardise immediately the mixture through a fine sintered-glass filter (2.1.2) and
before use. rinse the reaction vessel and filter with three quantities,
1 ml of 0.1 M sodium methoxide is equivalent to 12.21 mg each of 50 ml, of toluene R. Add the washings to the filtrate
of C7H6O2. and dilute to 1000.0 ml with toluene R. Pass dry carbon
dioxide-free nitrogen through the solution for 5 min.
0.1 M Sodium nitrite. 3007200.
Standardisation. To 10 ml of dimethylformamide R add
Dissolve 7.5 g of sodium nitrite R in water R and dilute to 0.05 ml of a 3 g/l solution of thymol blue R in methanol R
1000.0 ml with the same solvent. and titrate with the tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution
Standardisation. Dissolve 0.300 g of sulphanilic acid RV until a pure blue colour is obtained. Immediately add 0.200 g
in 50 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid R and carry out the of benzoic acid RV. Stir to effect solution, and titrate with
determination of primary aromatic amino-nitrogen (2.5.8), the tetrabutylammonium hydroxide solution until the pure

518 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 4.2.2. Volumetric solutions

blue colour is again obtained. Protect the solution from 0.05 M Zinc chloride. 3008500.
atmospheric carbon dioxide throughout the titration. From Dissolve 6.82 g of zinc chloride R, weighed with appropriate
the volume of titrant used in the second titration ascertain precautions, in water R. If necessary, add dropwise dilute
the exact strength of the tetrabutylammonium hydroxide hydrochloric acid R until the opalescence disappears. Dilute
solution. Standardise immediately before use. to 1000.0 ml with water R.
Standardisation. To 20.0 ml of the zinc chloride solution add
1 ml of 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hydroxide is equivalent
5 ml of dilute acetic acid R and carry out the determination
to 12.21 mg of C7H6O2.
of zinc by complexometry (2.5.11).
0.1 M Zinc sulphate. 3008600.
0.1 M Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in 2-propanol.
3008400. Dissolve 29 g of zinc sulphate R in water R and dilute to
1000.0 ml with the same solvent.
Prepare as described for 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium Standardisation. To 20.0 ml of the zinc sulphate solution
hydroxide using 2-propanol R instead of toluene R and add 5 ml of dilute acetic acid R and carry out the
standardise as described. determination of zinc by complexometry (2.5.11).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 519
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

520 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

5. GENERAL TEXTS

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 521
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

522 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

5.1. GENERAL TEXTS ON

MICROBIOLOGY
5.1. General texts on microbiology.. ...................................... 525 5.1.5. Application of the F0 concept to steam sterilisation of
5.1.1. Methods of preparation of sterile products.. ............ 525 aqueous preparations.. ........................................................... 531
5.1.2. Biological indicators of sterilisation........................... 527 5.1.6. Alternative methods for control of microbiological
5.1.3. Efficacy of antimicrobial preservation.. ..................... 528 quality......................................................................................... 532
5.1.4. Microbiological quality of pharmaceutical 5.1.7. Viral safety........................................................................ 543
preparations.............................................................................. 529

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 523
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

524 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.1.1. Methods of preparation of sterile products

5.1. GENERAL TEXTS ON the product (for example, heating of the product) in its
final container is applied. In all cases, the container and
MICROBIOLOGY closure are required to maintain the sterility of the product
throughout its shelf-life.
Sterility Assurance Level (SAL)
Where appropriate reference is made within the methods
01/2008:50101 described below, to a “sterility assurance level” or “SAL”.
The achievement of sterility within any one item in a
5.1.1. METHODS OF PREPARATION population of items submitted to a sterilisation process
cannot be guaranteed nor can it be demonstrated. The
OF STERILE PRODUCTS inactivation of micro-organisms by physical or chemical
means follows an exponential law ; thus there is always
Sterility is the absence of viable micro-organisms. The a finite statistical probability that a micro-organism may
sterility of a product cannot be guaranteed by testing ; it survive the sterilising process. For a given process, the
has to be assured by the application of a suitably validated probability of survival is determined by the number, types
production process. It is essential that the effect of the and resistance of the micro-organisms present and by the
chosen sterilisation procedure on the product (including environment in which the organisms exist during treatment.
its final container or package) is investigated to ensure The SAL of a sterilising process is the degree of assurance
effectiveness and the integrity of the product and that the with which the process in question renders a population of
procedure is validated before being applied in practice. It is items sterile. The SAL for a given process is expressed as the
recommended that the choice of the container is such as probability of a non-sterile item in that population. An SAL
to allow the optimum sterilisation to be applied. Failure to of 10− 6, for example, denotes a probability of not more than
follow meticulously a validated process involves the risk of a one viable micro-organism in 1 × 106 sterilised items of the
non-sterile product or of a deteriorated product. Revalidation final product. The SAL of a process for a given product is
is carried out whenever major changes in the sterilisation established by appropriate validation studies.
procedure, including changes in the load, take place. It is
expected that the principles of good manufacturing practice
(as described in, for example, the European Community METHODS AND CONDITIONS OF STERILISATION
Guide to GMP) will have been observed in the design of the Sterilisation may be carried out by one of the methods
process including, in particular, the use of : described below. Modifications to, or combinations of, these
— qualified personnel with appropriate training, methods may be used provided that the chosen procedure
is validated both with respect to its effectiveness and the
— adequate premises, integrity of the product including its container or package.
— suitable production equipment, designed for easy cleaning For all methods of sterilisation the critical conditions of
and sterilisation, the operation are monitored in order to confirm that the
— adequate precautions to minimise the bioburden prior previously determined required conditions are achieved
to sterilisation, throughout the batch during the whole sterilisation process
— validated procedures for all critical production steps, This applies in all cases including those where the reference
conditions are used.
— environmental monitoring and in-process testing
procedures. TERMINAL STERILISATION
For terminal sterilisation it is essential to take into account
The precautions necessary to minimise the pre-sterilisation the non-uniformity of the physical and, where relevant,
bioburden include the use of components with an acceptable chemical conditions within the sterilising chamber. The
low degree of microbial contamination. Microbiological location within the sterilising chamber that is least accessible
monitoring and setting of suitable action limits may be to the sterilising agent is determined for each loading
advisable for ingredients which are liable to be contaminated configuration of each type and size of container or package
because of their origin, nature or method of preparation. (for example, the coolest location in an autoclave). The
The methods described here apply mainly to the minimum lethality delivered by the sterilising cycle and the
inactivation or removal of bacteria, yeasts and moulds. reproducibility of the cycle are also determined in order to
For biological products of animal or human origin or in ensure that all loads will consistently receive the specified
cases where such material has been used in the production treatment.
process, it is necessary during validation to demonstrate Having established a terminal sterilisation process,
that the process is capable of the removal or inactivation knowledge of its performance in routine use is gained
of relevant viral contamination. Guidance on this aspect wherever possible, by monitoring and suitably recording the
is provided in, for example, the appropriate European physical and, where relevant, chemical conditions achieved
Community Notes for Guidance. within the load in the chamber throughout each sterilising
Wherever possible, a process in which the product is cycle.
sterilised in its final container (terminal sterilisation) is Steam sterilisation (Heating in an autoclave). Sterilisation
chosen. When a fully validated terminal sterilisation method by saturated steam under pressure is preferred, wherever
by steam, dry heat or ionising radiation is used, parametric applicable, especially for aqueous preparations. For this
release, that is the release of a batch of sterilised items based method of terminal sterilisation the reference conditions for
on process data rather than on the basis of submitting a aqueous preparations are heating at a minimum of 121 °C
sample of the items to sterility testing, may be carried out, for 15 min. Other combinations of time and temperature
subject to the approval of the competent authority. may be used provided that it has been satisfactorily
If terminal sterilisation is not possible, filtration through demonstrated that the process chosen delivers an adequate
a bacteria-retentative filter or aseptic processing is used ; and reproducible level of lethality when operating routinely
wherever possible, appropriate additional treatment of within the established tolerances. The procedures and

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 525
5.1.1. Methods of preparation of sterile products EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

precautions employed are such, as to give an SAL of 10− 6 or Gas sterilisation. This method of sterilisation is only to be
better. Guidance concerning validation by means of the F0 used where there is no suitable alternative. It is essential
concept is provided below (5.1.5). that penetration by gas and moisture into the material to
be sterilised is ensured and that it is followed by a process
Knowledge of the physical conditions (temperature
of elimination of the gas under conditions that have been
and pressure) within the autoclave chamber during the
previously established to ensure that any residue of gas or
sterilisation procedure is obtained. The temperature is
its transformation products in the sterilised product is below
usually measured by means of temperature-sensing elements
the concentration that could give rise to toxic effects during
inserted into representative containers together with
use of the product. Guidance on this aspect with respect to
additional elements at the previously established coolest part
the use of ethylene oxide is provided, for example, in the
of the loaded chamber. The conditions throughout each cycle
appropriate European Community Notes for Guidance.
are suitably recorded, for example, as a temperature-time
chart, or by any other suitable means. Wherever possible, the gas concentration, relative humidity,
temperature and duration of the process are measured
Where a biological assessment is carried out, this is obtained and recorded. Measurements are made where sterilisation
using a suitable biological indicator (5.1.2). conditions are least likely to be achieved, as determined at
Dry heat sterilisation. For this method of terminal validation.
sterilisation the reference conditions are a minimum The effectiveness of the process applied to each sterilisation
of 160 °C for at least 2 h. Other combinations of time load is checked using a suitable biological indicator (5.1.2).
and temperature may be used provided that it has been
satisfactorily demonstrated that the process chosen delivers A suitable sample of each batch is tested for sterility (2.6.1)
an adequate and reproducible level of lethality when before the batch is released.
operated routinely within the established tolerances. The FILTRATION
procedures and precautions employed are such as to give an Certain active ingredients and products that cannot be
SAL of 10− 6 or better. terminally sterilised may be subjected to a filtration
Dry heat sterilisation is carried out in an oven equipped with procedure using a filter of a type that has been demonstrated
forced air circulation or other equipment specially designed to be satisfactory by means of a microbial challenge test
for the purpose. The steriliser is loaded in such a way that using a suitable test micro-organism. A suspension of
a uniform temperature is achieved throughout the load. Pseudomonas diminuta (ATCC 19146, NCIMB 11091 or
Knowledge of the temperature within the steriliser during CIP 103020) may be suitable. It is recommended that
the sterilisation procedure is usually obtained by means of a challenge of at least 107 CFU per cm2 of active filter
temperature-sensing elements inserted into representative surface is used and that the suspension is prepared in
containers together with additional elements at the tryptone soya broth which, after passage throug the filter,
previously established coolest part of the loaded steriliser. is collected aseptically and incubated aerobically at 32 °C.
The temperature throughout each cycle is suitably recorded. Such products need special precautions. The production
process and environment are designed to minimise microbial
Where a biological assessment is carried out, this is obtained contamination and are regularly subjected to appropriate
using a suitable biological indicator (5.1.2). monitoring procedures. The equipment, containers and
Dry heat at temperatures greater than 220 °C is frequently closures and, wherever possible, the ingredients are
used for sterilisation and depyrogenation of glassware. In subjected to an appropriate sterilisation process. It is
this case demonstration of a 3-log reduction in heat resistant recommended that the filtration process is carried out
endotoxin can be used as a replacement for biological as close as possible to the filling point. The operations
indicators (5.1.2). following filtration are carried out under aseptic conditions.
Ionising radiation sterilisation. Sterilisation by this method Solutions are passed through a bacteria-retentive membrane
is achieved by exposure of the product to ionising radiation with a nominal pore size of 0.22 µm or less or any other
in the form of gamma radiation from a suitable radioisotopic type of filter known to have equivalent properties of bacteria
source (such as cobalt 60) or of a beam of electrons energised retention. Appropriate measures are taken to avoid loss
by a suitable electron accelerator. of solute by adsorption on to the filter and to avoid the
release of contaminants from the filter. Attention is given
In some countries there are regulations that lay down rules to the bioburden prior to filtration, filter capacity, batch
for the use of ionising radiation for sterilisation purposes, size and duration of filtration. The filter is not used for a
for example, in the appropriate European Community longer period than has been approved by validation of the
Notes for Guidance. combination of the filter and the product in question.
For this method of terminal sterilisation the reference The integrity of an assembled sterilising filter is verified
absorbed dose is 25 kGy. Other doses may be used provided before use and confirmed after use by carrying out tests
that it has satisfactorily been demonstrated that the dose appropriate to the type of filter used and the stage of testing,
chosen delivers an adequate and reproducible level of for example bubble-point, pressure hold or diffusion rate
lethality when the process is operated routinely within the tests.
established tolerances. The procedures and precautions
Due to the potential additional risks of the filtration method
employed are such as to give an SAL of 10− 6 or better.
as compared with other sterilisation processes, a prefiltration
During the sterilisation procedure the radiation absorbed by through a bacteria-retentative filter may be advisable in cases
the product is monitored regularly by means of established where a low bioburden cannot be ensured by other means.
dosimetry procedures that are independent of dose rate. ASEPTIC PREPARATION
Dosimeters are calibrated against a standard source at a
The objective of aseptic processing is to maintain the sterility
reference radiation plant on receipt from the supplier and at
of a product that is assembled from components, each of
suitable intervals of not longer than one year thereafter.
which has been sterilised by one of the above methods. This
Where a biological assessment is carried out, this is obtained is achieved by using conditions and facilities designed to
using a suitable biological indicator (5.1.2). prevent microbial contamination. Aseptic processing may

526 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.1.2. Biological indicators of sterilisation

include aseptic filling of products into container/closure time of examination. Biological indicators that include an
systems, aseptic blending of formulations followed by aseptic ampoule of culture medium placed directly in the packaging
filling and aseptic packaging. protecting the inoculated carrier may be used.
In order to maintain the sterility of the components and the A choice of indicator organisms is made such that :
product during processing, careful attention needs to be a) the resistance of the test strain to the particular
given to : sterilisation method is great compared to the resistance of all
— environment, pathogenic micro-organisms and to that of micro-organisms
— personnel, potentially contaminating the product,
— critical surfaces, b) the test strain is non-pathogenic,
— container/closure sterilisation and transfer procedures, c) the test strain is easy to culture.
— maximum holding period of the product before filling After incubation, growth of the reference micro-organisms
into the final container. subjected to a sterilisation procedure demonstrates that the
procedure has been unsatisfactory.
Process validation includes appropriate checks on all the
above and checks on the process are regularly carried out Steam sterilisation. The use of biological indicators intended
by means of process simulation tests using microbial growth for steam sterilisation is recommended for the validation of
media which are then incubated and examined for microbial sterilisation cycles. Spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus
contamination (media fill tests). In addition, a suitable (for example, ATCC 7953, NCTC 10007, NCIMB 8157 or
sample of each batch of any product that is sterilised by CIP 52.81) are recommended. The number of viable spores
filtration and/or aseptically processed is tested for sterility exceeds 5 × 105 per carrier. The D-value at 121 °C exceeds
(2.6.1) before the batch is released. 1.5 min. It is verified that exposing the biological indicators
to steam at 121 ± 1 °C for 6 min leaves revivable spores, and
that there is no growth of the reference micro-organisms
after the biological indicators have been exposed to steam at
01/2008:50102 121 ± 1 °C for 15 min.
Dry-heat sterilisation. Spores of Bacillus subtilis (for
example, var. niger ATCC 9372, NCIMB 8058 or CIP 77.18)
5.1.2. BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF are recommended for the preparation of biological indicators.
STERILISATION The number of viable spores exceeds 1 × 105 per carrier
and the D-value at 160 °C is approximately 1 min to 3 min.
Biological indicators are standardised preparations of Dry heat at temperatures greater than 220 °C is frequently
selected micro-organisms used to assess the effectiveness used for sterilisation and depyrogenation of glassware.
of a sterilisation procedure. They usually consist of a In this case, demonstration of a 3 log reduction in heat
population of bacterial spores placed on an inert carrier, resistant bacterial endotoxin can be used as a replacement
for example a strip of filter paper, a glass slide or a plastic for biological indicators.
tube. The inoculated carrier is covered in such a way that it
is protected from any deterioration or contamination, while Ionising radiation sterilisation. Biological indicators may
allowing the sterilising agent to enter into contact with the be used to monitor routine operations, as an additional
micro-organisms. Spore suspensions may be presented in possibility to assess the effectiveness of the set dose of
sealed ampoules. Biological indicators are prepared in such radiation energy, especially in the case of accelerated
a way that they can be stored under defined conditions ; an electron sterilisation. The spores of Bacillus pumilus
expiry date is set. (for example, ATCC 27.142, NCTC 10327, NCIMB 10692
or CIP 77.25) are recommended. The number of viable
Micro-organisms of the same bacterial species as the bacteria spores exceeds 1 × 107 per carrier. The D-value exceeds
used to manufacture the biological indicators may be 1.9 kGy. It is verified that there is no growth of the reference
inoculated directly into a liquid product to be sterilised or micro-organisms after the biological indicators have been
into a liquid product similar to that to be sterilised. In this exposed to 25 kGy (minimum absorbed dose).
case, it must be demonstrated that the liquid product has no
inhibiting effect on the spores used, especially as regards Gas sterilisation. The use of biological indicators is
their germination. necessary for all gas sterilisation procedures, both for the
validation of the cycles and for routine operations. Gas
A biological indicator is characterised by the name of the sterilisation is widely used for medical devices, isolators,
species of bacterium used as the reference micro-organism, chambers, etc. Use for such purposes is outside the scope of
the number of the strain in the original collection, the the European Pharmacopoeia. The use of spores of Bacillus
number of viable spores per carrier and the D-value. The subtilis (for example, var. niger ATCC 9372, NCIMB 8058 or
D-value is the value of a parameter of sterilisation (duration CIP 77.18) is recommended for ethylene oxide. The number
or absorbed dose) required to reduce the number of viable of viable spores exceeds 5 × 105 per carrier. The parameters
organisms to 10 per cent of the original number. It is of of resistance are the following : the D-value exceeds 2.5 min
significance only under precisely defined experimental for a test cycle involving 600 mg/l of ethylene oxide, at
conditions. Only the stated micro-organisms are present. 54 °C and at 60 per cent relative humidity. It is verified that
Biological indicators consisting of more than one species of there is no growth of the reference micro-organisms after
bacteria on the same carrier may be used. Information on the the biological indicators have been exposed to the test cycle
culture medium and the incubation conditions is supplied. described above for 60 min and that exposing the indicators
It is recommended that the indicator organisms are placed to a reduced temperature cycle (600 mg/l, 30 °C and 60 per
at the locations presumed, or wherever possible, found by cent relative humidity) for 15 min leaves revivable spores.
previous physical measurement to be least accessible to the Exposing the indicators to 600 mg/l of ethylene oxide at
sterilising agent. After exposure to the sterilising agent, 54 °C for 60 min without humidification must leave revivable
aseptic technique is used to transfer carriers of spores to the spores to ensure that the biological indicator is able to reveal
culture media, so that no contamination is present at the insufficient humidification.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 527
5.1.3. Efficacy of antimicrobial preservation EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:50103 example, that Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739 ; NCIMB 8545 ;

CIP 53.126) is used for all oral preparations and
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii (NCYC 381 ; IP 2021.92) for oral
5.1.3. EFFICACY OF ANTIMICROBIAL preparations containing a high concentration of sugar.
PRESERVATION Preparation of inoculum
Preparatory to the test, inoculate the surface of agar
If a pharmaceutical preparation does not itself have adequate medium B (2.6.12) for bacteria or agar medium C without
antimicrobial activity, antimicrobial preservatives may be the addition of antibiotics (2.6.12) for fungi, with the recently
added, particularly to aqueous preparations, to prevent grown stock culture of each of the specified micro-organisms.
proliferation or to limit microbial contamination which, Incubate the bacterial cultures at 30-35 °C for 18-24 h, the
during normal conditions of storage and use, particularly for culture of C. albicans at 20-25 °C for 48 h, and the culture of
multidose containers, could occur in a product and present A. niger at 20-25 °C for 1 week or until good sporulation is
a hazard to the patient from infection and spoilage of the obtained. Subcultures may be needed after revival before the
preparation. Antimicrobial preservatives must not be used as micro-organism is in its optimal state, but it is recommended
a substitute for good manufacturing practice. that their number be kept to a minimum.
The efficacy of an antimicrobial preservative may be To harvest the bacterial and C. albicans cultures, use
enhanced or diminished by the active constituent of the a sterile suspending fluid, containing 9 g/l of sodium
preparation or by the formulation in which it is incorporated chloride R, for dispersal and transfer of the surface growth
or by the container and closure used. The antimicrobial into a suitable vessel. Add sufficient suspending fluid to
activity of the preparation in its final container is investigated reduce the microbial count to about 108 micro-organisms
over the period of validity to ensure that such activity has per millilitre. To harvest the A. niger culture, use a sterile
not been impaired by storage. Such investigations may be suspending fluid containing 9 g/l of sodium chloride R and
carried out on samples removed from the final container 0.5 g/l of polysorbate 80 R and adjust the spore count to
immediately prior to testing. about 108 per millilitre by adding the same solution.
During development of a pharmaceutical preparation, it Remove immediately a suitable sample from each suspension
shall be demonstrated that the antimicrobial activity of the and determine the number of colony-forming units per
preparation as such or, if necessary, with the addition of millilitre in each suspension by plate count or membrane
a suitable preservative or preservatives provides adequate filtration (2.6.12). This value serves to determine the
protection from adverse effects that may arise from microbial inoculum and the baseline to use in the test. The suspensions
contamination or proliferation during storage and use of shall be used immediately.
the preparation.
The efficacy of the antimicrobial activity may be demonstrated METHOD
by the test described below. The test is not intended to be
used for routine control purposes. To count the viable micro-organisms in the inoculated
products, use the agar medium used for the initial cultivation
of the respective micro-organisms.
TEST FOR EFFICACY OF ANTIMICROBIAL
PRESERVATION Inoculate a series of containers of the product to be
examined, each with a suspension of one of the test
The test consists of challenging the preparation, wherever organisms to give an inoculum of 105 to 106 micro-organisms
possible in its final container, with a prescribed inoculum of per millilitre or per gram of the preparation. The volume
suitable micro-organisms, storing the inoculated preparation of the suspension of inoculum does not exceed 1 per cent
at a prescribed temperature, withdrawing samples from the of the volume of the product. Mix thoroughly to ensure
container at specified intervals of time and counting the homogeneous distribution.
organisms in the samples so removed.
Maintain the inoculated product at 20-25 °C, protected
The preservative properties of the preparation are adequate from light. Remove a suitable sample from each container,
if, in the conditions of the test, there is a significant fall or no typically 1 ml or 1 g, at zero hour and at appropriate
increase, as appropriate, in the number of micro-organisms intervals according to the type of the product and determine
in the inoculated preparation after the times and at the the number of viable micro-organisms by plate count or
temperatures prescribed. The criteria of acceptance, in terms membrane filtration (2.6.12). Ensure that any residual
of decrease in the number of micro-organisms with time, vary antimicrobial activity of the product is eliminated by dilution,
for different types of preparations according to the degree of by filtration or by the use of a specific inactivator. When
protection intended (see Tables 5.1.3.-1/2/3). dilution procedures are used, due allowance is made for
the reduced sensitivity in the recovery of small numbers of
Test micro-organisms viable micro-organisms. When a specific inactivator is used,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 ; NCIMB 8626 ; the ability of the system to support the growth of the test
CIP 82.118. organisms is confirmed by the use of appropriate controls.
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 ; NCTC 10788 ;
NCIMB 9518 ; CIP 4.83. The procedure is validated to verify its ability to demonstrate
Candida albicans ATCC 10231 ; NCPF 3179 ; IP 48.72. the required reduction in count of viable micro-organisms.
Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 ; IMI 149007 ;
IP 1431.83. CRITERIA OF ACCEPTANCE
Single-strain challenges are used and the designated The criteria for evaluation of antimicrobial activity are given
micro-organisms are supplemented, where appropriate, in Tables 5.1.3.-1/2/3 in terms of the log reduction in the
by other strains or species that may represent likely number of viable micro-organisms against the value obtained
contaminants to the preparation. It is recommended, for for the inoculum.

528 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.1.4. Microbiological quality of pharmaceutical preparations

Table 5.1.3.-1. - Parenteral and ophthalmic preparations Category 1

Log reduction Preparations required to be sterile by the relevant
6h 24 h 7d 14 d 28 d monograph on the dosage form and other preparations
labelled sterile.
Bacteria A 2 3 - - NR*
- -
— Test for sterility (2.6.1).
B 1 3 NI**
- - -
Category 2
Fungi A 2 NI
- - -
Preparations for topical use and for use in the respiratory
B 1 NI
tract, except where required to be sterile, and transdermal
*NR : no recover patches.
**NI : no increase — Total viable aerobic count (2.6.12). Not more than
The A criteria express the recommended efficacy to be 102 micro-organisms (aerobic bacteria plus fungi) per
achieved. In justified cases where the A criteria cannot be gram, per millilitre or per patch (including the adhesive
attained, for example for reasons of an increased risk of and backing layer).
adverse reactions, the B criteria must be satisfied. — Transdermal patches : absence of enterobacteria and
Table 5.1.3.-2. - Topical preparations certain other gram-negative bacteria, determined on
Log reduction
1 patch (including the adhesive and backing layer). Other
preparations : not more than 101 enterobacteria and
2d 7d 14 d 28 d certain other gram-negative bacteria per gram or per
Bacteria A 2 3 - NI millilitre (2.6.13).
B - - 3 NI — Absence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, determined on
- -
1 g, 1 ml or 1 patch (including the adhesive and backing
Fungi A 2 NI layer) (2.6.13).
B - - 1 NI
— Absence of Staphylococcus aureus, determined on 1 g,
The A criteria express the recommended efficacy to be 1 ml or 1 patch (including the adhesive and backing
achieved. In justified cases where the A criteria cannot be layer) (2.6.13).
attained, for example for reasons of an increased risk of Category 3
adverse reactions, the B criteria must be satisfied.
A. Preparations for oral and rectal administration.
Table 5.1.3.-3. - Oral preparations — Total viable aerobic count (2.6.12). Not more than
Log reduction 103 bacteria and not more than 102 fungi per gram or
14 d 28 d per millilitre.

Bacteria 3 NI — Absence of Escherichia coli (1 g or 1 ml) (2.6.13).

Fungi 1 B. Preparations for oral administration containing raw

NI
materials of natural (animal, vegetable or mineral)
The above criteria express the recommended efficacy to be origin for which antimicrobial pretreatment is not
achieved. feasible and for which the competent authority accepts
microbial contamination of the raw material exceeding
103 viable micro-organisms per gram or per millilitre.
01/2008:50104 Herbal medicinal products described in category 4 are
excluded.
5.1.4. MICROBIOLOGICAL — Total viable aerobic count (2.6.12). Not more than
QUALITY OF PHARMACEUTICAL 104 bacteria and not more than 102 fungi per gram or
per millilitre.
PREPARATIONS
— Not more than 102 enterobacteria and certain other
The following chapter is published for information. gram-negative bacteria per gram or per millilitre
This general chapter presents 2 sets of recommended (2.6.13).
acceptance criteria for microbiological quality. The 1st set — Absence of Salmonella (10 g or 10 ml) (2.6.13).
of criteria corresponds to the 1st sets of methods in general
chapters 2.6.12 and 2.6.13. In the same way that the 1st — Absence of Escherichia coli (1 g or 1 ml) (2.6.13).
sets of tests in chapters 2.6.12 and 2.6.13 are to be replaced — Absence of Staphylococcus aureus (1 g or 1 ml)
in future by the 2nd sets, so the 1st set of criteria in this (2.6.13).
chapter will be replaced by the 2nd set. Where authorised,
the 2nd set of criteria may be used instead of the 1st set Category 4
before replacement of the latter. The 2nd set presents Herbal medicinal products consisting solely of one or more
criteria developed in co-operation with the Japanese herbal drugs (whole, reduced or powdered).
Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopeia to
achieve harmonised requirements. A. Herbal medicinal products to which boiling water is
added before use.
A. METHOD OF THE EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA
In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution — Total viable aerobic count (2.6.12). Not more than
of pharmaceutical preparations, suitable measures must 107 bacteria and not more than 105 fungi per gram or
be taken to ensure their microbiological quality. The per millilitre.
pharmaceutical preparations should comply with the criteria — Not more than 102 Escherichia coli per gram or per
given below. millilitre (see Appendix).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 529
5.1.4. Microbiological quality of pharmaceutical preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

B. Herbal medicinal products to which boiling water is not yeasts/moulds count (TYMC) are given in Tables 5.1.4.-1 and
added before use. 5.1.4.-2. Acceptance criteria are based on individual results
— Total viable aerobic count (2.6.12). Not more than or on the average of replicate counts when replicate counts
105 bacteria and not more than 104 fungi per gram or are performed (e.g. direct plating methods).
per millilitre. When an acceptance criterion for microbiological quality is
— Not more than 103 enterobacteria and certain other prescribed it is interpreted as follows:
gram-negative bacteria per gram or per millilitre — 101 CFU : maximum acceptable count = 20 ;
(2.6.13).
— 102 CFU : maximum acceptable count = 200 ;
— Absence of Escherichia coli (1 g or 1 ml) (2.6.13).
— 103 CFU : maximum acceptable count = 2000, and so forth.
— Absence of Salmonella (10 g or 10 ml) (2.6.13).
Table 5.1.4.-1 includes a list of specified micro-organisms for
B. HARMONISED METHOD : MICROBIOLOGICAL which acceptance criteria are set. The list is not necessarily
QUALITY OF NON-STERILE PHARMACEUTICAL exhaustive and for a given preparation it may be necessary
PREPARATIONS AND SUBSTANCES FOR to test for other micro-organisms depending on the nature of
PHARMACEUTICAL USE the starting materials and the manufacturing process.
The presence of certain micro-organisms in non-sterile If it has been shown that none of the prescribed tests will
preparations may have the potential to reduce or even allow valid enumeration of micro-organisms at the level
inactivate the therapeutic activity of the product and has prescribed, a validated method with a limit of detection as
a potential to adversely affect the health of the patient. close as possible to the indicated acceptance criterion is
Manufacturers therefore have to ensure a low bioburden of used.
finished dosage forms by implementing current guidelines
Table 5.1.4.-2. – Acceptance criteria for microbiological
on Good Manufacturing Practice during the manufacture,
quality of non-sterile substances for pharmaceutical use
storage and distribution of pharmaceutical preparations.
Microbial examination of non-sterile products is performed TAMC TYMC
according to the methods given in general chapters 2.6.12 (CFU/g or CFU/ml) (CFU/g or CFU/ml)
and 2.6.13 (B. Harmonised method). Acceptance criteria for
non-sterile pharmaceutical products based upon the total Substances for
103 102
pharmaceutical use
aerobic microbial count (TAMC) and the total combined
Table 5.1.4.-1. – Acceptance criteria for microbiological quality of non-sterile dosage forms
TAMC TYMC
Route of administration Specified micro-organisms
(CFU/g or CFU/ml) (CFU/g or CFU/ml)
Non-aqueous preparations for oral use 103 102 Absence of Escherichia coli (1 g or 1 ml)
2 1
Aqueous preparations for oral use 10 10 Absence of Escherichia coli (1 g or 1 ml)
Rectal use 103 102 -
Oromucosal use
Gingival use
Absence of Staphylococcus aureus (1 g or 1 ml)
Cutaneous use 102 101
Absence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1 g or 1 ml)
Nasal use
Auricular use
Absence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1 g or 1 ml)
Vaginal use 102 101 Absence of Staphylococcus aureus (1 g or 1 ml)
Absence of Candida albicans (1 g or 1 ml)
Transdermal patches (limits for one patch Absence of Staphylococcus aureus (1 patch)
102 101
including adhesive layer and backing) Absence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1 patch)
Absence of Staphylococcus aureus (1 g or 1 ml)
Inhalation use (special requirements apply to Absence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1 g or 1 ml)
102 101
liquid preparations for nebulisation) Absence of bile-tolerant gram-negative
bacteria (1 g or 1 ml)
Special Ph. Eur. provision for oral dosage
forms containing raw materials of natural Not more than 102 CFU of bile-tolerant
(animal, vegetal or mineral) origin for which gram-negative bacteria (1 g or 1 ml)
antimicrobial pretreatment is not feasible and 104 102 Absence of Salmonella (10 g or 10 ml)
for which the competent authority accepts Absence of Escherichia coli (1 g or 1 ml)
TAMC of the raw material exceeding 103 CFU Absence of Staphylococcus aureus (1 g or 1 ml)
per gram or per millilitre
Special Ph. Eur. provision for herbal medicinal
products consisting solely of one or more
herbal drugs (whole, reduced or powdered) :
— herbal medicinal products to which boiling Not more than 102 CFU of Escherichia coli
107 105
water is added before use (see Appendix) (1 g or 1 ml)

— herbal medicinal products to which boiling Not more than 103 CFU of bile-tolerant
105 104
water is not added before use gram-negative bacteria (1 g or 1 ml)
Absence of Escherichia coli (1 g or 1 ml)
Absence of Salmonella (10 g or 10 ml)

530 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.1.5. Application of the F0 concept to steam sterilisation

In addition to the micro-organisms listed in Table 5.1.4.-1, 01/2008:50105

the significance of other micro-organisms recovered is
evaluated in terms of :

— use of the product : hazard varies according to the route 5.1.5. APPLICATION OF THE F0
of administration (eye, nose, respiratory tract) ;
CONCEPT TO STEAM STERILISATION
— nature of the product : its ability to support growth, the OF AQUEOUS PREPARATIONS
presence of adequate antimicrobial preservation ;

— method of application ; The following chapter is published for information.

— intended recipient : risk may differ for neonates, infants, The F0 value of a saturated steam sterilisation process is
the debilitated ; the lethality expressed in terms of the equivalent time
in minutes at a temperature of 121 °C delivered by the
— use of immunosuppressive agents, corticosteroids ;
process to the product in its final container with reference to
— presence of disease, wounds, organ damage. micro-organisms possessing a Z-value of 10.

Where warranted, a risk-based assessment of the relevant The total F0 of a process takes account of the heating up and
factors is conducted by personnel with specialised training cooling down phases of the cycle and can be calculated by
in microbiology and the interpretation of microbiological integration of lethal rates with respect to time at discrete
data. For raw materials, the assessment takes account of temperature intervals.
processing to which the product is subjected, the current
technology of testing and the availability of materials of the When a steam sterilisation cycle is chosen on the basis
desired quality. of the F0 concept, great care must be taken to ensure
that an adequate assurance of sterility is consistently
achieved. In addition to validating the process, it may also be
necessary to perform continuous, rigorous microbiological
Appendix : Special Ph. Eur. Provision monitoring during routine production to demonstrate that
for herbal medicinal products consisting the microbiological parameters are within the established
solely of one or more herbal drugs (whole, tolerances so as to give an SAL of 10− 6 or better.
reduced or powdered) : quantificative test In connection with sterilisation by steam, the Z-value
for E. coli relates the heat resistance of a micro-organism to changes
in temperature. The Z-value is the change in temperature
required to alter the D-value by a factor of 10.
Use the following protocol.
Sample preparation and pre-incubation. Prepare a sample The D-value (or decimal reduction value) is the value of
using a 10-fold dilution of not less than 1 g of the product to a parameter of sterilisation (duration or absorbed dose)
be examined as described in general chapter 2.6.12 (under required to reduce the number of viable organisms to 10 per
section B, Harmonised method), and use the quantities cent of the original number. It is only of significance under
corresponding respectively to 0.1 g, 0.01 g and 0.001 g (or precisely defined experimental conditions.
0.1 ml, 0.01 ml and 0.001 ml) to inoculate a suitable amount
(determined as described under 3-4 of general chapter The following mathematical relationships apply :
2.6.13, section B, Harmonised method) of casein soya bean
digest broth, mix and incubate at 30-35 °C for 18-24 h.
Selection and subculture. Shake the container, transfer 1 ml
of casein soya bean digest broth to 100 ml of MacConkey D121 = D-value of the reference spores (5.1.2) at 121 °C,
broth and incubate at 42-44 °C for 24-48 h. Subculture on a
plate of MacConkey agar at 30-35 °C for 18-72 h. NO = initial number of viable micro-organisms,
Interpretation. Growth of colonies indicates the possible N = final number of viable micro-organisms,
presence of E. coli. This is confirmed by identification tests. IF = inactivation factor.
Note the smallest quantity of the product that gives a positive
result and the largest quantity that gives a negative result.

Determine from the following table the probable number

of bacteria. D1 = D-value of the micro-organism at temperature T1,
Results for each quantity of product Probable number of D2 = D-value of the micro-organism at temperature T2.
bacteria per gram or
0.1 g or 0.01 g or 0.001 g or millilitre of product
0.1 ml 0.01 ml 0.001 ml
+ + + > 103
+ + - < 10 and > 102
3
t = exposure time,
+ - - < 102 and > 10
D = D-value of micro-organism in the exposure
- - - < 10 conditions.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 531
5.1.6. Alternative methods for control of microbiological quality EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:50106 of viable micro-organisms in the test sample. The most

common example of this test is the sterility test. Other
5.1.6. ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR examples of this type of testing are those tests designed to
evaluate the presence or absence of a particular type of
CONTROL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL viable micro-organism in a sample.
QUALITY 1-2. QUANTITATIVE TESTS FOR ENUMERATION OF
The following chapter is published for information. MICRO-ORGANISMS
Membrane filtration and plate count methods are
1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION conventional methods used to estimate the number of viable
The objective of this chapter is to facilitate the micro-organisms present in a sample. The Most Probable
implementation and use of alternative microbiological Number (MPN) method is another example of these methods.
methods where this can lead to cost-effective microbiological MPN was developed as a means to estimate the number of
control and improved assurance for the quality of viable micro-organisms present in a sample not amenable
pharmaceutical products. These alternative methods may to direct plating.
also find a place in environmental monitoring. 1-3. IDENTIFICATION TESTS
The microbiological methods described in the European Biochemical and morphological characterisation of an
Pharmacopoeia have been used for almost a century unknown micro-organism is the classical method of
and these methods - for enumerating and identifying identification used in pharmacopoeial tests. Recently
micro-organisms - still serve microbiologists well. Over developed methods have streamlined and automated aspects
the years, these methods have been invaluable to help of this identification, especially in the areas of data handling,
control and secure the production of microbiologically-safe analysis, and storage. Several new approaches that have
pharmaceutical products. Nevertheless conventional been integrated into these methods include biochemical
microbiological methods are slow, and results are not reactions, carbon substrate utilisation, characterisation of
available before an incubation period of typically up fatty acid composition, restriction endonuclease banding
to 14 days. Thus the results from the conventional patterns and use of 16S rDNA sequence analysis.
microbiological methods seldom enable proactive, corrective
action to be taken. 2. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS
Alternative methods for control of microbiological quality
have been introduced in recent years, and some of these Alternative microbiological methods employ direct
methods have shown potential for real-time or near-real-time and indirect methods of detection ; in some instances
results with the possibility of earlier corrective action. These amplification of the signal is achieved by enrichment
new methods can also offer significant improvements in the methods. In recognition of these differences, and for
quality of testing. convenience within this chapter, alternative methods for
the control of microbiological quality are divided into
In this informational chapter new microbiological methods 3 categories :
offering pharmaceutical applications are described. For each
method the basic principle is stated and the benefits and — growth-based methods, where a detectable signal is
disadvantages of the method are then discussed. Potential usually achieved by a period of subculture ;
uses describe applications that may be envisaged in view — direct measurement, where individual cells are
of the principles on which the method is based : it is not differentiated and visualised ;
intended to suggest that actual application has been made.
— cell component analysis, where the expression of specific
Finally, general considerations for the validation of the
cell components offers an indirect measure of microbial
method are outlined. These are illustrated by specific
presence.
examples for each type of method. A detailed validation
protocol is given for information at the end of this chapter. In some instances, these distinctions are artificial but they
It is not the intention of this chapter to recommend one do enable a working classification to be created.
method over another, nor is it the intention to provide an 2-1. GROWTH-BASED METHODS
exclusive or exhaustive list of alternative methods that 2-1-1. Early detection of growth
can be used for pharmaceutical microbiological control.
This informational chapter however may be used in the 2-1-1-1. General critical aspects of methods based on early
process of choosing an alternative microbiological method detection of growth
as a supplement or as an alternative to conventional Such methods are critically dependent upon microbial
microbiological approaches and to give guidance in the growth in order to achieve a detectable number of
process of validating the chosen method. In this rapidly micro-organisms. For the typically low levels of microbial
developing field, further methods are likely to appear. The contamination seen in pharmaceutical products, detection
guidance offered in this chapter may be equally applicable may take 24 h or even more, especially in the case of yeasts
to these methods. and moulds. Increased sensitivity can be achieved with
There are 3 major types of determinations specific to filtered products. In this case, after filtration, the membrane
microbiological tests. These include : is incubated in the medium and the result is expressed
— qualitative tests for the presence or absence of as presence or absence in the quantity corresponding to
micro-organisms ; the filtered volume. These systems, because they use an
— quantitative tests for enumeration of micro-organisms ; incubation step in liquid media, do not offer quantitative
information but a presence/absence determination in
— identification tests. the quantity analysed. Analysis of more than one sample
1-1. QUALITATIVE TESTS FOR THE PRESENCE OR quantity may offer a semi-quantitative estimation (limit test).
ABSENCE OF MICRO-ORGANISMS The major benefit of such methods compared to classical
In conventional microbiological analysis this type of test is methods frequently resides in the capacity to process
characterised by the use of turbidity or other growth-related simultaneously a large number of samples and potentially to
changes in a culture medium as evidence of the presence obtain a result in a shorter time.

532 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.1.6. Alternative methods for control of microbiological quality

2-1-1-2. Electrochemical methods micro-organisms by an incubation step in culture media

Principles of measurement. Micro-organisms multiplying (liquid or solid agar) for 12-48 h according to the method
and metabolising in appropriate growth media produce employed. After this time, in liquid media, one single cell
highly charged ionic metabolites from weakly charged capable of growth will increase from 1 to 1000 and will be
organic nutrients leading to the modification of electrical detected. The yield of ATP varies from one micro-organism
properties in those media. These changes in impedance to another, bacteria containing 1-10 fg per cell and fungi
(measured by conductance or capacitance) are monitored around 100 fg per cell and many other factors including the
with electrodes included in the culture vessels and in species, the growth phase of the cell, the nutritional status,
contact with the culture medium. The measurable end-point the cellular stress or the cellular age could affect the ATP
is the time taken to detect a pre-determined impedance content of the cell. Therefore, it is not possible to obtain a
change ; the detection time is inversely proportional to count directly from the RLU value. In addition, turbidity and
the initial inoculum size. For yeasts and moulds, which sample colour can affect the reaction by either enhancing
produce only small changes in electrical impedance, an the reaction and increasing the level of light output or acting
indirect measurement of conductance using a potassium as a quenching agent and lowering the level of light output.
hydroxide reservoir is commonly used. Direct measurement Since the reaction is enzymatically based, products which
of capacitance can also be carried out. could inhibit or decrease the enzyme activity may interfere.
In practice, such interference is rare but must be thoroughly
Critical aspects. Automated detection with electronic data investigated during the validation process. The reaction
generation, mapping of the variation of impedance reflecting is also sensitive to the presence of phosphate nucleotides
the growth curve of the micro-organisms, and reduction of such as ADP or GTP, which interfere by producing ATP in
the duration of the test to 48 h. the presence of adenylate kinase. This enzyme is used to
Potential uses. Microbiological assay of antibiotics, efficacy increase the sensitivity of some bioluminescence methods :
of antimicrobial preservation and presence/absence in the here a 3rd reagent is added containing ADP and new ATP is
quantity of sample tested when performing total viable produced in the presence of adenylate kinase released from
aerobic count. micro-organisms.
2-1-1-3. Measurement of consumption or production of gas Potential uses. Testing for efficacy of antimicrobial
preservation, presence/absence in the quantity of
Principles of measurement. Actively multiplying and sample tested when performing total viable aerobic
metabolising organisms utilise appropriate growth media, count (bioluminescence in tube or microtitre plate), total
leading to the production of metabolites or elimination of viable aerobic count (bioluminescence on membrane),
specific nutrients. In one approach, changes in gaseous environmental and water monitoring. The method finds
head-space composition may be monitored in closed culture applications in filterable and non-filterable products.
vessels by pressure transducers responding to gas production
(e.g. CO2) or gas consumption (e.g. O2). Other indicators 2-1-1-5. Microcalorimetry
may be employed including colorimetric detection of CO2. Principles of measurement. Microbial catabolism generates
heat which can be accurately measured by microcalorimetry.
Critical aspects. For slow-growing micro-organisms such as
Heat production can be detected by placing the contaminated
mycobacteria, the method offers more rapid detection. There
sample in a sealed ampoule containing a growth medium
is no direct relationship between original microbial burden
and enclosing within a calorimeter. Using sensitive
and detectable end-point. The incubation temperature and
instrumentation microbial growth curves can be established.
the algorithm for data processing significantly affect the
High bioburdens may be detectable by flow calorimetry.
results.
Critical aspects. Theoretically, this method does not require
Potential uses. Products where slow-growing microbial growth but simply catabolic activity. Nevertheless,
micro-organisms may be present. a minimum number of micro-organisms are required to give
2-1-1-4. Bioluminescence heat output measures above base-line and this is usually
achieved by use of an enrichment method.
Principles of measurement. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
is a well-documented marker of cell viability. In this method, Potential uses. Test for efficacy of antimicrobial preservation.
ATP needs first to be released from micro-organisms using 2-1-1-6. Turbidimetry
an appropriate extractant, followed by quantitative assay
using the luciferin/luciferase enzyme system, which emits Principles of measurement. Microbial growth will lead to
light in proportion to the ATP present. The emitted light is detectable changes in medium opacity. This can be accurately
measured with a bioluminometer and is expressed in relative quantified by optical density measurement at a specified
light units (RLU) for bioluminescence in liquid media. The wavelength. In its simplest form such measurements
RLU obtained from the sample is compared with a threshold are performed in a standard spectrophotometer over a
value determined at 2 or 3 times the RLU of the medium wavelength range generally of 420-615 nm. Alternative
used for cultivation or sample suspension. The result is automated systems employ microtitre plate readers offering
positive if the RLU obtained with the analysed sample continuous readout with early detection of optical density
exceeds the threshold value. A modification to the method change.
using growth of micro-organisms captured on a membrane Critical aspects. Attempts have been made to extrapolate the
by incubation on agar medium employs a charge coupled initial bioburden from the time for detection but this may be
device (CCD) camera to detect the micro-colonies, and results limited to healthy micro-organisms with reproducible growth
are expressed as microCFU. This method is quantitative but characteristics. The methods cannot distinguish between
has a narrow range of linearity. viable and non-viable micro-organisms.
Critical aspects. If the product sampled has a high level of Potential uses. By means of calibration graphs,
bacterial contamination (about 500-1000 CFU per sample determination of the inoculum size of microbial suspensions
quantity tested), the detection is rapid (1 h). For low for use in pharmacopoeial tests. In automated mode,
levels of contamination (less than 100 CFU per quantity of establishment of the preservative sensitivity of test
sample tested), it is necessary to increase the number of micro-organisms recovered from formulated products.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 533
5.1.6. Alternative methods for control of microbiological quality EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

2-1-1-7. Phage-based methods 2-2. DIRECT MEASUREMENT

Principles of measurement. Bacterial viruses 2-2-1. Solid phase cytometry
(bacteriophage, phage) can infect host cells causing Principles of measurement. A membrane filter is used to
either lysis or incorporation of their genetic material and retain microbial contaminants. Micro-organisms are stained
expression of novel proteins. Their high level of host by labelling using a fluorophore as a viability indicator,
specificity can be employed in detection methods which either before or after filtration. The fluorophore is initially
exploit the consequences of infection as an end-point. a non-fluorogenic, conjugated substrate that requires
Such end-points include : plaque formation on a solid lawn intracellular enzymatic activity to cleave the substrate and
of reporter bacteria ; detection of intracellular contents release the fluorescent moiety. An intact cellular membrane
released from lysed bacteria (possibly by colorimetric is required to retain fluorophore within the cytoplasm. Laser
method) ; or phage-induced effects such as ice nucleation or excitation and automated scanning allows the detection
bioluminescence following infection by genetically modified of single, viable fluorescent micro-organisms. Appropriate
phage. Fluorescently labelled coliphages can be used for software permits differentiation of viable micro-organisms
the selective detection of viable E. coli in combination with from auto-fluorescent particles. The high sensitivity and
DEFT (see 2-3-3.). rapidity of detection permits near-real-time detection of
microbial contaminants. Total cell counts can be obtained
Critical aspects. Phage-based detection can be used in both
using a permanently fluorescing stain.
single and mixed cultures where host specificity allows
both detection and identification. Detectable end-points Critical aspects. Metabolically active, fastidious and viable
often require a minimum number of target cells to ensure a non-culturable micro-organisms can be detected. This may
measurable signal, necessitating enrichment in situations of result in reappraisal of the microbial limits established for
low bioburden. The viral infection process can be adversely the samples under evaluation. Spores require initiation of
affected by sample composition. In most cases there is a germination to enable detection. Single cell detection may
narrow host range which makes it difficult to detect a broad be achievable, but identification is not currently part of the
spectrum of microbial contaminants. routine test protocol. The use of fluorescent antibody may
offer a route to selective detection. False positives may occur
Potential uses. These methods are used mainly for research from auto-fluorescent particles, which can be difficult to
purposes with commercial development aimed principally differentiate from micro-organisms.
towards uses in clinical and food microbiology. These Potential uses. Rapid and sensitive method for the
methods are likely to be employed for presence/absence non-specific evaluation of bioburden. It has found
determinations of specified micro-organisms. applications in testing pharmaceutical-grade waters.
2-1-2. Media development to improve detection 2-2-2. Flow cytometry
Principles of measurement. Culture media have existed for Principles of measurement. Fluorophore-labelled
many years and have been constantly improved. A recent micro-organisms can be detected in suspension as they pass
innovation is the appearance of chromogenic substrates through a flow cell cytometer. Where a viability-indicating
which are increasingly used in clinical and food microbiology. fluorophore substrate is employed, viable micro-organisms
The ability to detect the presence of specific enzymes using can be differentiated from non-viable particles (see 2-2-1.).
suitable substrates has led to the development of a large Critical aspects. Flow cytometry may be applied for the
number of methods for the identification of micro-organisms microbiological analysis of both filterable and non-filterable
employing manual or automated methods. The incorporation materials. Flow cytometric analysis gives near-real-time
of such substrates into a selective or non-selective primary detection, but it is not as sensitive as solid phase cytometry.
isolation medium can eliminate the need for further To increase sensitivity for use in the pharmaceutical field, it
subculture and biochemical tests to identify certain often becomes necessary to add an incubation step in culture
micro-organisms. Consequently, chromogenic liquid or solid media and in that case the method becomes a growth-based
culture media are designed to produce specific enzymatic method. Analysis of non-filterable samples may require serial
activities for detection and differentiation of micro-organisms. dilution to optimise performance, and particulate size can
In these particular media, defined substrates are introduced have a significant effect on performance. With the exception
into the formulation and are hydrolysed by the specific cell of filterability, similar considerations apply to those of solid
enzyme of a given bacteria or fungi during growth. These phase cytometry. Clumping of bacteria can be a problem
substrates are chosen according to the diagnostic enzymatic (e.g. S. aureus).
activity sought and are linked to coloured indicators. Potential uses. In contrast with solid phase cytometry, this
Critical aspects. The use of innovative media presents method offers the potential to detect and enumerate the
several advantages : improved discrimination of colonies microbial bioburden in materials containing significant levels
in mixed culture, ease of use and ease of interpretation. of particulate matter. If a pre-incubation step is needed, the
In addition, response times are shorter because growth method becomes a qualitative determination.
and identification of the micro-organism are simultaneous. 2-2-3. Direct epifluorescent filtration technique (DEFT)
However, validation of the media must be undertaken
Principles of measurement. This technique may be
carefully to ensure a combination of specificity, selectivity
considered to be a forerunner of solid phase cytometry.
and robustness. The quality of the signal is based not only
Micro-organisms concentrated by filtration from the sample
on the careful choice of the enzymes used as the basis of
are stained with a fluorescent dye, formerly acridine orange
detection, as these enzymes may be present in different
and now more commonly 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
genera, but also on physico-chemical characteristics of the
(DAPI), that may be detected by epifluorescent illumination.
medium such as pH.
Fluorescent vital staining techniques as employed in solid
Potential uses. Detection of specified micro-organisms phase cytometry (see 2-2-1.) are amenable to DEFT and
such as E. coli, coliforms, Salmonella, Staphylococcus fluorescent redox dyes such as 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyltetrazolium
and Streptococcus spp. ; particular benefit may be found in chloride (CTC) can be used to highlight respiring cells.
presence/absence testing. Yeasts can also be detected using Coupled with microscopy, the method allows rapid detection
chromogenic culture media. of micro-organisms, the absolute sensitivity depending on

534 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.1.6. Alternative methods for control of microbiological quality

the volume of product filtered and the number of fields of micro-organisms. The analysis of the FTIR pattern can
of view examined. Semi-automated auto-focusing systems be performed in instruments available on the market. The
coupled to image analysis have served to improve the utility isolate is grown on a standard medium and harvested. Cell
of this method. A modification to the principle employs mass is transferred to a carrier, and the infrared spectrum is
sampling using an adhesive sheet which permits collection recorded. The Fourier transformation is calculated and the
of cells from surfaces, staining on the sheet and subsequent pattern is compared with a database of known isolates for a
direct observation under the epifluorescence microscope. possible match and identification.
Critical aspects. The distribution of micro-organisms on Critical aspects. The use of FTIR-patterns for microbial
the membrane affects method robustness. The intensity identification requires a high degree of standardisation. It is
of fluorescence can be influenced by the staining process critical for the FTIR-pattern of microbial cells that isolates
and the metabolic status of the micro-organisms. A brief are grown using standard media and standard incubation
period of culture on the filter surface prior to staining conditions. The cells must be in the same state of the growth
allows microcolony formation ; these microcolonies stain cycle when analysed. Particular attention needs to be paid
readily, can be easily enumerated and are demonstrable to the validation process.
evidence of viability. Developments using fluorescence in Potential uses. Identification or characterisation of
situ hybridisation (FISH) arising from the complementary environmental and product flora for contaminant tracing
interaction of a fluorescently-labelled oligonucleotide probe and detection of specified micro-organisms.
with a specific rRNA sequence offer a route to selective
detection. 2-3-1-4. Mass spectrometry
Potential uses. DEFT is generally limited to low viscosity Principles of measurement. Gaseous breakdown products
fluids although pre-dilution or pre-filtration has occasionally released by heating microbial isolates in a vacuum can be
been applied to viscous or particulate products. Bioburden analysed by mass spectrometry, providing characteristic
monitoring has been successfully achieved in aqueous spectra. Similarly, intact microbial cells, when subject to
pharmaceuticals. intense ionisation under matrix-assisted laser desorption
ionisation-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry,
2-3. CELL COMPONENT ANALYSIS release a distinctive pattern of charged species. Such spectra
2-3-1. Phenotypic can be compared with known profiles as a rapid aid to
2-3-1-1. Immunological methods identification.
Principles of measurement. Antibody-antigen reactions Critical aspects. Isolates require culture prior to analysis.
can be employed to detect unique cellular determinants Potential uses. Identification or characterisation of
of specific organisms. These reactions can be linked to environmental and product flora for contaminant tracing
agglutination phenomena, colorimetric or fluorimetric and detection of specified micro-organisms.
end-points offering both quantitative and qualitative 2-3-1-5. Biochemical assays based on physiological
detection. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) reactions
offer simple solid phase methodologies. Principles of measurement. These assays are usually
Critical aspects. Immunological detection methods depend preceded by a Gram stain or other early differentiation test
upon the unique expression of specific identifiers but to decide on the appropriate testing protocol. Microbial
do not necessarily demonstrate the presence of viable cell suspensions are tested using biochemical test kits.
micro-organisms. Micro-organisms are known to have particular reactions to
Potential uses. Detection and identification of specified these biochemical substances, e.g. utilisation of specific
micro-organisms. carbon sources. The identification of the culture is done by
2-3-1-2. Fatty acid profiles comparing the biochemical reaction profile with a database.
These methods can be performed manually or by automated
Principles of measurement. The fatty acid composition
instruments.
of micro-organisms is stable, well conserved and shows a
high degree of homogeneity within different taxonomic Critical aspects. A pure colony is needed which must not be
groups. The isolate is grown on a standard medium and older than 3 days. The handling of the system is easy but the
harvested. The fatty acids are saponified, methylated and interpretation of the results can be subjective. Depending on
extracted and the occurrence and amount of the resulting the system used and the micro-organism under investigation,
fatty acid methyl esters are measured by high resolution gas the results can be available quickly.
chromatography. The fatty acid composition of an unknown Potential uses. Identification of environmental and product
isolate is compared with a database of known isolates for a flora for contaminant tracing and detection of specified
possible match and identification. micro-organisms.
Critical aspects. The use of fatty acid profiles for microbial 2-3-2. Genotypic
identification requires a high degree of standardisation. It 2-3-2-1. Nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAAT)
is critical for the fatty acid composition of microbial cells
that isolates are grown using standard media and standard General principles of measurement. NAAT rely on the
incubation conditions. Standard conditions for operation of reiteration of the process of DNA polymerisation, leading to
the gas chromatograph must be employed, with frequent an exponential increase of a specific fragment of the nucleic
runs of calibration standards and known isolates being very acid, i.e. the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In
important. this thermophilic cyclic process a specific DNA fragment is
amplified using oligonucleotide primers (see also general
Potential uses. Identification or characterisation of method 2.6.21). RNA can also be amplified by PCR after
environmental and product flora for contaminant tracing transcription into cDNA using a reverse transcriptase. This
and detection of specified micro-organisms. technique is known as reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR).
2-3-1-3. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy Alternatively, specific RNA-based amplification techniques,
Principles of measurement. A Fourier transformation of for example nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
the infrared spectrum of whole micro-organisms gives a (NASBA) or transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) are
stable, recognisable pattern typical of the taxonomic groups available to amplify multiple antisense copies of the RNA

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 535
5.1.6. Alternative methods for control of microbiological quality EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

target. Amplified nucleic acid fragments can be analysed by of cross-contamination is minimised, as PCR products are
several methods : fragment size analysis ; specific sequence scanned with a laser while the tubes remain closed. However,
analysis ; reamplification with a second primer pair ; or generation of standards will be difficult to accomplish.
specific detection by hybridisation with a fluorescent Critical aspects of amplification of genes coding for 16S or
labelled probe. Depending on the choice of analysis the 23S rRNA. A powerful application of PCR is the amplification
amplification technique can be qualitative, semi-quantitative and subsequent sequence analysis of specific parts of the
or quantitative. For identification/characterisation purposes genes coding for 16S or 23S rRNA. Analysis of these specific
sequence analysis of specific parts of the genome can be DNA sequences allows in most cases the identification of
used (i.e. 16S or 23S rRNA targets). a micro-organism at species level. Selection of appropriate
General critical aspects. NAAT have many advantages over universal primers, or even species-specific primer pairs, from
classical methods for the detection of micro-organisms : international databases allows a high specificity in fragment
— the methods are highly specific, provided that the primers amplification. Modern systematic classification is based on
chosen are specific for a particular micro-organism or comparative sequence analysis.
group of micro-organisms ; Potential uses. Owing to the high specificity of the
— the procedures are rapid, overcoming the problem of amplification techniques, they are very suitable for
prolonged incubation times ; identification purposes. NAAT are suitable for the detection
of specified micro-organisms or certain groups such as
— the methods are highly sensitive allowing ideally the
mycoplasmas. Real-time quantitative PCR is needed for
detection and amplification of one single nucleic acid
enumeration.
fragment in the reaction mix.
2-3-2-2. Genetic fingerprinting
However, there are numerous practical restrictions to its use :
Principles of measurement. This technique characterises
— the sensitivity of the methods is highly dependent on how
and identifies micro-organisms using restriction fragments
successfully the target fragments can be concentrated in
of nucleic acids from bacterial and fungal genomes. DNA
the sample ;
is extracted from a pure microbial cell lysate and cut into
— the presence of inhibitors of the enzymatic process result fragments by restriction enzymes. DNA fragments are
in false negative reactions ; size-separated by electrophoresis, visualised, and the pattern
— the starting volume of the sample tested is small ; is compared with other known patterns of microbial isolates.
— the procedures are prone to cross-contamination from The genetic fingerprint is a stable marker that provides
previously amplified fragments resulting in false positive definitive species discrimination or even characterisation
results. below species level. Ribotyping is a typical example of this
technique. There are also fingerprinting methods based on
Depending on the aim, a choice must be made for PCR with primers that bind to several sites in the microbial
amplification of an RNA or DNA target. The target choice genome, creating amplicons with a characteristic size
affects the correlation with viability. The use of DNA as a distribution.
marker has the disadvantage that dead micro-organisms also
contain DNA, whereas mRNA is rapidly degraded in dead Critical aspects. There is a need for a pure colony, but
bacteria and is considered a better marker for viability. no preliminary cultivation step is necessary. The growth
conditions (temperature, type of media,) do not affect the
Critical aspects of RT-PCR. Reverse transcriptase-PCR outcome of the analysis. For the identification of bacteria
is characterised by the synthesis of cDNA using RNA as semi-automated systems are on the market.
a template. Reverse transcriptase is used for this step. A
specific part of the cDNA is subsequently amplified by Potential uses. Genetic fingerprinting is more valuable for
PCR. Depending on the quality of the RNA isolation, the strain discrimination (characterisation below species level)
cDNA synthesis efficiency can vary. RT-PCR can be used than for identification of species.
to specifically detect RNA if the DNA contamination of the 3. GENERAL VALIDATION REQUIREMENTS
RNA sample is minimal.
The purpose of this section is to provide guidance on
Critical aspects of RNA amplification techniques. These the validation of methods for use as alternatives to
methods have proven to be very valuable for specific microbiological methods of the Pharmacopoeia. For
(quantitative) RNA detection. However, they may be more microbial recovery and identification, microbiological testing
difficult to implement routinely. laboratories sometimes use alternative test methods to those
Critical aspects of (semi-) quantitative detection (real-time described in the general chapters for a variety of reasons,
PCR). Classical PCR techniques are based on end-point such as economics, throughput, and convenience. Validation
detection. In general fragment analysis is carried out using of these methods is required. Some guidance on validation
agarose gels and specific size markers. However, there is no is provided in the General Notices section 1.1 on the use of
correlation between the amount of PCR product at the end alternative methods.
of the reaction and the original amount of target molecule. Validation of alternative microbiological methods must take
In contrast the amount of PCR product detected at the into account the large degree of variability associated with
beginning of the exponential phase of the reaction correlates conventional methods. When conducting microbiological
very well with the initial starting amount of nucleic acid. testing by conventional plate count, for example, one
Modern real-time PCR techniques are developed to measure frequently encounters a range of results that is broader than
this exponential phase of the reaction. These techniques ranges in commonly used chemical tests.
generate amplification data from which the original amount
of target molecule can be deduced. A specific labelled probe Where specific equipment is critical for the application of
detects in real time the PCR product formed, allowing direct the alternative method, the equipment, including computer
visualisation of the exponential part of the PCR reaction. hardware and software, must be fully qualified as follows :
By comparison with amplification plots of a standard — design qualification (DQ) to provide documented evidence
dilution series, a quantification of the target molecule can that the design of the equipment is suitable for correct
be obtained. Automated real-time PCR systems are available performance of the method ; to be provided by the
on the market. An additional advantage is that the chance supplier ;

536 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.1.6. Alternative methods for control of microbiological quality

— installation qualification (IQ) to provide documented performed repeatedly on different lots of the same product.
evidence that the equipment has been provided and The accuracy and precision of the alternative method may
installed in accordance with its specification ; be expressed as the relative rates of false positive and
— operational qualification (OQ) to provide documented false negative results between the new method and the
evidence that the installed equipment operates within pharmacopoeial method using a standardised, low-level
pre-determined limits when used in accordance with its inoculum.
operational procedures ; The rate of occurrence of false negative results in the
— performance qualification (PQ) to provide documented presence of the sample for the 2 methods can be estimated
evidence that the equipment, as installed and operated using low levels of test micro-organisms. This design is
in accordance with operational procedures, consistently similar to the standard bacteriostasis/fungistasis test ;
performs in accordance with predetermined criteria however, the level of micro-organisms inoculated must be
and thereby yields correct results for the method. very low, for example about 5 CFU per unit. The level of
This is typically done with a ‘model’ system (with test inoculum should ensure a frequency of failure rates high
micro-organisms) to make sure that the conditions used by enough to provide a means to compare the 2 methods. The
the user laboratory make it possible to satisfy the criteria alternative method must provide at least as high a frequency
described by the supplier of the method in the laboratory. of recovery as the pharmacopoeial method.
Some alternative methods depend on the use of databases. 3-2-2. Specificity
The extent of coverage of the database with respect to the The specificity of an alternative qualitative method is its
range of micro-organisms of interest must be taken into ability to detect the required range of micro-organisms that
account for validation purposes. may be present in the sample under test. This concern
The value of a new or modified method must be demonstrated is adequately addressed by growth promotion of the
in a comparative study between the official method and media for qualitative methods that rely upon growth to
the alternative method. The characteristics defined in this demonstrate presence or absence of micro-organisms. For
chapter must be used to establish this comparison. those methods that do not require growth as an indicator of
microbial presence, the specificity assures that extraneous
3-1. TYPES OF MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTS
matter in the test system does not interfere with the test.
It is critical to the validation effort to identify the portion of Where relevant for the purpose of the test, mixtures of
the test addressed by the alternative method. For example, micro-organisms are used during validation.
there are a variety of methods available to detect the presence
of viable cells. These methods may have applications in 3-2-3. Limit of detection
a variety of tests (e.g. bioburden, sterility tests,) but may The limit of detection of an alternative qualitative method
not, in fact, replace the critical aspects of the test entirely. is the lowest number of micro-organisms in a sample that
For example, a sterility test by membrane filtration may can be detected under the stated experimental conditions.
be performed according to the pharmacopoeial procedure A microbiological limit test determines the presence
up to the point of combining the processed filter with the or absence of micro-organisms. Due to the nature of
recovery media, and after that the presence of viable cells microbiology, the limit of detection refers to the number of
might then be demonstrated by use of some of the available micro-organisms present in the original sample before any
methods. Validation of this application would, therefore, dilution or incubation steps ; it does not refer to the number
require validation of the recovery system employed rather of micro-organisms present at the time of testing.
than the entire test.
General concerns. Validation of a microbiological method The 2 methods (alternative and pharmacopoeial) must be
is the process by which it is experimentally established assessed by using an inoculum containing a low number of
that the performance characteristics of the method meet test micro-organisms, for example about 5 CFU per unit,
the requirements for the intended application. Since followed by a measurement of recovery. The level of
microbiological tests have 3 basic applications, 3 separate inoculation must be adjusted until at least 50 per cent of the
sets of validation criteria are required. These concerns are samples show growth in the pharmacopoeial method. It is
described below. necessary to repeat this determination several times, as the
limit of detection of a test is determined from an appropriate
3-2. VALIDATION OF ALTERNATIVE QUALITATIVE number of replicates (for example not less than 5). The
TESTS FOR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ability of the 2 methods to detect the presence of single
MICRO-ORGANISMS organisms can be demonstrated using the χ2 test.
3-2-1. Accuracy and precision 3-2-4. Robustness
A direct method to show the equivalence of 2 qualitative The robustness of an alternative qualitative method is a
methods would be to run them side by side and determine measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small but
the degree to which the method under evaluation shows deliberate variations in method parameters, and provides an
equivalence to the pharmacopoeial method. An example of indication of the method’s reliability under a variety of normal
this could be the sterility test where this would translate test conditions, such as different analysts, instruments,
into a comparison of the rate of positive and negative batches of reagents and laboratories. Robustness can be
results produced by the alternative method versus the defined as the intrinsic resistance to the influences exerted
pharmacopoeial method for identical samples. However, in by operational and environmental variables on the results
a case such as the sterility test, the low number of failures of the microbiological method. Robustness is a validation
would required thousands of comparison tests to establish parameter best suited to determination by the supplier of the
equivalency and thus would be problematic. method, but if critical parameters are modified by the user
A more feasible method for evaluating the precision their effects on robustness have to be evaluated. Robustness
of an alternative qualitative method compared with a of a qualitative method is judged by its ability to detect the
pharmacopoeial method might be to observe the degree test micro-organisms under the deliberate variations to the
of agreement between the two when the procedures are method parameters.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 537
5.1.6. Alternative methods for control of microbiological quality EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

3-3. VALIDATION OF ALTERNATIVE QUANTITATIVE accurately counted. As it is not possible to obtain a reliable
TESTS FOR ENUMERATION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS sample containing a known number of micro-organisms, it is
3-3-1. Accuracy essential that the quantification limit is determined from a
number of replicates, for example at least 5. The results of
The accuracy of an alternative quantitative method is the the linearity and accuracy studies can also be used. Here,
closeness of the test results obtained by the alternative the lowest concentration in the linear range is considered
method to the value obtained by the pharmacopoeial to be the limit of quantification of the method. The limit of
method. Accuracy must be demonstrated across the practical quantification must not be a number greater than that of
range of the test. Accuracy is usually expressed as the the pharmacopoeial method.
percentage of recovery of micro-organisms by the method.
3-3-5. Linearity
Accuracy may be shown by preparing a suspension of
micro-organisms at the upper end of the range of the test, The linearity of an alternative quantitative method is its
serially diluted down to the lower end of the range of the ability to produce results that are proportional to the
test. For example, if the alternative method is meant to concentration of micro-organisms present in the sample
replace the traditional plate count method for viable counts, within a given range. The linearity must be determined over
then a reasonable range might be 100-106 CFU per ml. If the range corresponding to the purpose of the alternative
it is, instead, a replacement for the MPN method, a much method. A method to determine this would be to select
more narrow range may be used. At least 5 suspensions different concentrations of each test micro-organism and
across the range of the test must be analysed for each test conduct several replicates of each concentration. The
micro-organism. If the alternative method is meant to replace number of replicates is chosen so that the entire test can
the conventional method, it must provide an estimate of be carried out during the same working session. 2 more
viable micro-organisms of not less than 70 per cent of the working sessions are then completed under conditions of
estimate provided by the pharmacopoeial method. maximum variability (different reagents, different operators,
The protocol used to check the linearity (see 3-3-5.) of different days, etc.). After checking the homogeneity of the
the method may also be used to check the accuracy : variances of the results obtained for each concentration, the
the suspensions of micro-organisms prepared for the regression line is calculated. Linearity is demonstrated if
alternative method are counted at the same time using the the estimated slope is significant and if the test for deviation
pharmacopoeial method. Accuracy is demonstrated if the from linearity is non-significant.
suitability tests show that the slope of the regression line 3-3-6. Range
does not differ significantly from 1 and if the y-intercept is
not significantly different from 0. The range of an alternative quantitative method is the interval
3-3-2. Precision between the upper and lower levels of micro-organisms that
have been determined with precision, accuracy, and linearity
The precision of an alternative quantitative method is the using the method as written. The range is determined from
degree of agreement among individual test results when the studies of precision, accuracy and linearity.
procedure is applied repeatedly to multiple samplings of
homogeneous suspensions of micro-organisms under the 3-3-7. Robustness
prescribed conditions. The precision is usually expressed as The robustness of an alternative quantitative method is a
the variance, standard deviation or coefficient of variation measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small but
of a series of measurements. deliberate variations in method parameters and provides
At the very least, a suspension of micro-organisms with a an indication of its reliability under a variety of normal
concentration usually in the middle of the range is counted test conditions, such as different analysts, instruments,
several times. The number of replicates is chosen so that batches of reagents and laboratories. Robustness can be
the entire test can be carried out during the same working defined as the intrinsic resistance to the influences exerted
session, i.e. under the same operating conditions and without by operational and environmental variables on the results
any change in the suspension of micro-organisms. Other of the microbiological method. Robustness is a validation
working sessions are then carried out under conditions of parameter best suited to determination by the supplier of the
maximum variability (different reagents, different operators, method, but if critical parameters are modified by the user
different days, etc.). The variance of the results observed in their effects on robustness have to be evaluated. Robustness
each of the working sessions (‘groups’) is calculated. If the of a quantitative method is judged by its ability to enumerate
variances are homogeneous, the variance of the repeatability with statistical relevance the test micro-organisms under the
can be calculated. The inter-group variance of the results is deliberate variations to the method parameters.
calculated. The variance of the intermediate precision is the 3-4. VALIDATION OF ALTERNATIVE IDENTIFICATION
sum of the variance of the repeatability and the inter-group TESTS
variance. The coefficients of variation are then calculated.
Generally, a coefficient of variation in the 10-15 per cent There is a large body of evidence that different methods vary
range is acceptable. Irrespective of the specific results, the considerably in their ability to identify micro-organisms in
alternative method must have a coefficient of variation that pharmacopoeial products. It must be accepted that a method
is not larger than that of the pharmacopoeial method. of systematics needs to be internally consistent, but may
differ from others in identification of isolates. In other words,
3-3-3. Specificity identification of an isolate based on biochemical activity may
The specificity of an alternative quantitative method is lead to one conclusion, identification by fatty acid analysis to
demonstrated using a range of appropriate micro-organisms. another, identification by DNA analysis may lead to a third,
Where relevant for the purpose of the test, mixtures of and other methods may lead to alternative conclusions.
micro-organisms are used during validation. Microbiological identifications by a particular system flow
directly from previous experience with that system, and
3-3-4. Limit of quantification therefore may well differ from identifications by another
The limit of quantification of an alternative quantitative system. It is critical that each system provides a consistent
method is the lowest number of micro-organisms that can be identification of isolates from pharmacopoeial products.

538 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.1.6. Alternative methods for control of microbiological quality

3-4-1. Accuracy accumulate and metabolise a substrate. Micro-organisms

The accuracy of an alternative identification method is may be unable at a given state of damage to accumulate a
its ability to identify the desired micro-organism to the substrate, but may still be able to recover and to reproduce.
required taxonomic level and to differentiate it from Another example is the various methods used for
other micro-organisms present in the sample. It must be identification of micro-organisms. Characterisation of the
demonstrated with a series of test micro-organisms or metabolic pattern of micro-organisms is frequently used for
micro-organisms obtained from a typical sample previously species identification, whereas another method consists
identified by another method. of the comparison of DNA sequences. Again, the answer
3-4-2. Precision obtained may not be fully coincident for the different
identification methods, and while one answer may be
The precision of an alternative identification method is the appropriate for the construction of a correct phylogenetic
degree of agreement among individual test results when correlation tree, another answer may be more useful in
the procedure is applied repeatedly to multiple samplings the context of pathogenicity or other properties of the
of suspensions of test micro-organisms across the range of differentiated micro-organisms.
the test.
4-1-1. Primary validation
3-4-3. Robustness
In order to characterise a specific microbiological method,
The robustness of an alternative identification method is a the principle of detection must be clearly described by the
measure of its capacity to remain unaffected by small but supplier. The method must be fully detailed with respect to
deliberate variations in method parameters, and provides the conditions required for application, the materials and
an indication of its reliability under a variety of normal test equipment needed, and the expected signal. The application
conditions such as different analysts, instruments, batches principle should be described in a peer-reviewed journal.
of reagents and laboratories. Robustness can be defined
The principle of detection must be characterised in a model
as the intrinsic resistance to the influences exerted by
system and/or with a panel of test micro-organisms, by at
operational and environmental variables on the results of
least :
the microbiological method. Robustness is a validation
parameter best suited to determination by the supplier of the — prerequisite treatment of sample or micro-organisms ;
method, but if critical parameters are modified by the user — type of response ;
their effects on robustness have to be evaluated. Robustness — specificity of the response ;
of an identification method is judged by its ability to identify— limit of detection ;
consistently the test micro-organisms under the deliberate
variations to the method parameters. — range ;
— linearity of the response ;
4. SPECIFIC VALIDATION REQUIREMENTS — accuracy and precision of the response ;
4-1. BACKGROUND — robustness of the method in a model system ;
Validation is defined in various contexts with some — limits of suitability.
differences, but a consensus definition is to establish Once the method has been characterised in this way by the
documented evidence that a process will consistently achieve supplier, the principle of detection need not be verified by
what it is intended to do. Hence, in order to perform correct each user.
validation of a new method it is critical to understand and
define what the procedure is intended to achieve. 4-1-2. Validation of alternative microbiological method
2 levels of validation must be envisaged for the application 4-1-2-1. Risk-benefit analysis
of conventional or alternative microbiological methods. For validation of specific alternative microbiological methods
Primary validation of a method is typically performed by it is critical that the purpose of the procedure is precisely
the supplier of the new method, whereas validation for the outlined. Based on the purpose, the type and depth of
actual intended use, which is a verification of the suitability information needed must be defined. The information
or applicability of the method in a given situation, must obtained by, and the limitations of, the conventional
be seen as the responsibility of the user. Before validation method and the alternative method must be considered and
for the actual intended use, performance qualification is compared in a risk-benefit analysis.
carried out by the user as described in 3. General validation An alternative method can be justified as being applicable
requirements. if the information obtained gives a scientifically sound
Typically, microbiological methods use specific answer to the questions asked in the procedure, and if the
characteristics of micro-organisms as indicators or detection limitations of the method are not more severe than the
principles for more general questions. The information limitations of the conventional method.
needed is presence, number, viability, resistance or identity 4-1-2-2. Validation for the actual intended use
of micro-organisms in a given product or environment. The alternative method must be applied in the procedure
A given method will usually give an indirect and conditional used and with the samples to be analysed under the
answer to the questions. For example, the total number responsibility of the user, and must be shown to give
and viability of micro-organisms is indicated by the number comparable results as characterised in a model system by the
of micro-organisms able to reproduce under a certain supplier. Specific questions to be asked where applicable are :
set of conditions for sample preparation, cultivation and — compatibility of the response with the sample preparation
incubation. Reproduction in classical microbiology is hence needed for product testing ;
taken as the general indicator for viability. There are other
parameters, however, that can be used as an indication of — limit and range of detection of the method with regard to
viability. The level of ATP or accumulation or metabolism of sample size and sample availability ;
substrates in living cells can also be taken as an indicator — specificity of the response with regard to the influence of
for viability. The results of different indication methods for the ingredients of the product ;
viability may not always be identical. Micro-organisms may — linearity of the response with regard to all types of
not be able to reproduce on a given medium, but may still samples to be analysed ;

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 539
5.1.6. Alternative methods for control of microbiological quality EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

— accuracy and precision of the response with regard to all active micro-organisms will be detected. However, the limit
types of samples to be analysed ; of detection for flow cytometry is currently such that it
— robustness of the method with regard to all types of cannot be used for enumeration by direct examination for
samples to be analysed. most pharmaceutical samples. If pre-incubation is necessary,
the estimation becomes semi-quantitative (limit test).
Acceptance criteria for the method in routine use will need
to be defined as a function of the application and of the 4-3-2. Validation for the actual intended use
validation data. The method relies upon the detection of a fluorescent signal
4-2. BIOLUMINESCENCE FOR ENUMERATION OF from labelled micro-organisms.
MICRO-ORGANISMS Performance qualification is carried out to ensure that
the instruments perform within their defined operational
4-2-1. Risk-benefit analysis
parameters. This involves the use of fluorescent standards of
Extensive scientific evidence and use for years supports the prescribed intensity and cultures of known type and number
capability of the ATP viability marker to detect the same of micro-organisms. These tests challenge the quantitative
range of micro-organisms as is encountered using standard detection system. Reagents and consumables (negative
plating methods. Since this method is growth-dependent, controls) must also be utilised to ensure that the routine test
the improvement comparing to the plating methods is the protocol is applicable, and that the quality of the materials
rapidity to obtain a result (from 5 days with the plating used in the test do not contribute to the final result. Pure
methods to 24 h for bioluminescence). It is possible to culture experiments involving test micro-organisms are used
identify the bioluminescence-detected micro-organisms from to challenge the detection system, and to compare test results
the incubation step medium, but it has to be remembered that with those obtained using standard plate count. Multiple
in a mixed culture some micro-organisms may out-compete replicates (at least 5) from overnight cultures diluted across
others during incubation. This method provides evaluation a concentration range (e.g. 100 per cent, 75 per cent, 50 per
of samples within 24 h for filterable and non-filterable cent, 25 per cent and 10 per cent) must be used to evaluate
products (water, in-process control, environmental samples, linearity, accuracy, precision, range, specificity, limit of
solid and liquid raw materials, solid and liquid finished quantification (quantitative method) and limit of detection
products, etc.) and for a large number of samples, when the (flow cytometry with pre-incubation step). Since cytometry
detection step is automated. has high sensitivity (solid phase cytometry can detect single
4-2-2. Validation for the actual intended use cells, whereas flow cytometry is sensitive to a level of
The method relies upon the detection of ATP from viable around 10-50 cells per millilitre), and detection is not growth
micro-organisms. Performance qualification is carried out based, the linearity of the instrumentation can be tested by
with test micro-organisms to make sure that under the comparison of the actual results with the expected value.
conditions applied by the user laboratory it is possible to Following this step, validation proceeds in 2 phases :
satisfy the criteria described by the supplier for precision, validation with respect to the product to be examined
accuracy and linearity (quantitative method), or limit of and comparative testing. Results of each phase must be
detection (qualitative and semi-quantitative method) over evaluated against pre-determined acceptance criteria using
the range required for the intended use. Following this step, positive and negative controls :
validation proceeds in 3 phases : — phase 1 : individual materials to be evaluated by
— phase 1 : fertility of the medium in the presence of the cytometry must be ‘spiked’ with a defined level of
product (if an incubation step is performed) ; micro-organisms to ensure that the sample preparation
process and the samples themselves do not have an
— phase 2 : search for interferences that may increase impact upon the performance of the detection system ;
or inhibit the ATP production (by addition of an ATP specifically, the sample matrix must not affect detection
standard solution to the product to test) ; (i.e. contain endogenous chromophores, auto-fluorescent
— phase 3 : comparative testing with the pharmacopoeial particles), and in the case of flow cytometry, sample
method. size/dilution and flow rate must be determined for
A detailed example of validation of the bioluminescence optimal performance ;
method is given at the end of this chapter. — phase 2 : testing must be performed in which the results
4-3. CYTOMETRY (SOLID AND FLOW) FOR obtained by cytometry and the pharmacopoeial method
ENUMERATION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS are compared ; the number of samples and the testing
period must be defined in a comparability protocol ;
4-3-1. Risk-benefit analysis the number of samples required will vary, but must be
Extensive scientific evidence supports the capability of representative of the material evaluation process (i.e.
this fluorescence viability marker to detect and/or count a time/number), and must allow for statistical evaluation ;
wider range of micro-organisms than are encountered using all samples must be prepared according to defined
standard plating methods. Cytometry will detect all viable procedures and evaluated against selected validation and
micro-organisms including some that may not be discernable acceptance criteria, similar to those used for pure culture
by growth-based methods. Whilst being rapid, the recovery evaluation.
of micro-organisms post-analysis is limited. Thus the further 4-4. FATTY ACID PROFILES FOR IDENTIFICATION
processing of analysed samples for identification would
require alternative fluorescent stains or an alternative 4-4-1. Risk-benefit analysis
method. Currently it is not possible to use this method for Identification by fatty acid profiles may be more precise
routine identification of micro-organisms, although basic than the identification methods based on metabolic profiles
morphology is readily discernable in solid phase cytometry in conventional microbiological culture methods. The
under fluorescent microscopes. This method provides rapid database is broader than for conventional culture methods.
evaluation of samples and hence allows for a proactive Pre-incubation is needed, but extraction and identification is
approach to pharmaceutical manufacturing, facilitating faster than in biochemical methods and hence, the result is
building quality into pharmaceutical operations. This obtained faster. Other modern methods, such as 16S rRNA
method is not growth-dependent and hence all metabolically sequence analysis or genetic fingerprinting, have a similar

540 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.1.6. Alternative methods for control of microbiological quality

broad differentiation range and give a result as fast as this that of specific sera and contribute to reducing the use of
method. animals, or may give a very specific identification where this
is presently lacking (e.g. BCG vaccine).
Separation of closely related micro-organisms (e.g. E. coli
and Salmonella spp.) can be difficult by fatty acid profiles. These methods are in general non-quantitative (PCR) or
Where the identification of closely related micro-organisms semi-quantitative (real-time PCR), meaning that their results
is especially important, other systems may give more precise cannot be compared with those of a colony count where an
results. For a given application it is important to specify exact enumeration of the micro-organisms present in the
which types of micro-organisms are most important to be sample is requested, but even if colony count has a valence
identified. If it is most critical to characterise the correct consolidated in time this dogma may not be verified for
phylogenetic species of the isolate, DNA sequence-based bacteria which have a tendency to clump (mycobacteria)
identification methods will give more reliable results. or are organised in chains or in clusters (streptococci,
staphylococci), therefore an accurate standardisation of the
Limitations of identification by fatty acid profiles are semi-quantitative methods may give results of comparable
also seen in the necessity to grow micro-organisms on reliability.
standardised media under standard temperature conditions
and durations of incubation. Micro-organisms that cannot be 4-5-2. Validation for the actual intended use
cultivated on such media cannot be identified. The method is validated according to chapter 2.6.21.
4-4-2. Validation for the actual intended use Comparison of conventional and PCR-based methodologies,
which differ in sensitivity and specificity, is particularly
Using a range of test micro-organisms and at least 3 replicate difficult and may lead to divergent conclusions.
determinations in each case, it must be demonstrated that
the method yields consistent results. The following example is published for information and
not for general application.
A significant number of isolates from typical samples to be
analysed by the user must be identified, at least 3 times each.
The results in each case should be consistent and in accord Example validation of an alternative
with those obtained using alternative identification methods. method : detailed protocol followed by
Where a different identification result is found in another
identification system, the reason for the difference must be a laboratory for the implementation of
investigated. Where a scientifically plausible explanation bioluminescence
exists for the recognition of a different species, a difference
between identification systems may be acceptable. In such a BACKGROUND
case it must be assured that the recognition of the identified
species is robust. It must also be assured that the system Methods using a pre-incubation step in liquid medium
does not group poorly recognised isolates under one ‘species’ (bioluminescence in tube or microtitre plate) do not
thereby simulating the repeated isolation of a single species. offer quantitative information but a presence/absence
determination in the quantity analysed. Using more
4-5. NUCLEIC ACID AMPLIFICATION TECHNIQUES
than a single sample quantity, the system may offer
4-5-1. Risk-benefit analysis semi-quantitative determination (limit test). For example,
the classical tested quantity for viable aerobic count on
NAAT are widely used in diagnostics for their precision and
non-sterile products is 0.1 g or 0.1 ml leading to absence
rapidity at a relatively low cost (for the analysis, but not
in 0.1 g or 0.1 ml, i.e. less than 10 micro-organisms in 1 g
for the instruments,) when compared with the traditional
or 1 ml for a negative result and more than or equal to
methods. Provided that specific validations have been
10 micro-organisms in 1 g or 1 ml in case of a positive result.
performed, when NAAT are appropriately used, they may
If 0.01 g or 0.01 ml is tested simultaneously, a negative
offer advantages in some fields in comparison to classical
result corresponds to a number of micro-organisms less than
methods ; on the other hand classical methods are generally
100 in 1 g or 1 ml. The combination between negative for
more easily standardisable, need a lower level of technical
0.01 g or 0.01 ml and positive for 0.1 g or 0.1 ml permits an
competence and may have lower costs. Even when NAAT are
estimate of the contamination level of the product to be less
not more difficult to perform than traditional methods, the
than 100 but more than or equal to 10 micro-organisms in
interpretation of the results generally needs a high degree of
1 g or 1 ml.
scientific competence.
As mentioned in section 2., bioluminescence can be used as
When used for identification, DNA-based methods cannot a quantitative method if micro-organisms are captured on a
discriminate between dead and live micro-organisms. That filtration membrane and later incubated in culture medium
means that they cannot be directly used on the product (bioluminescence on membrane).
but only after passage on a traditional culture medium,
thereby losing part of the advantage in rapidity. Moreover, The protocol below describes validation aspects for
if used directly on the product at the end of the analysis, qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative methods.
these methods do not result in a strain to be used in
further experiments and may not give advantages when PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION OF THE ALTERNATIVE
the micro-organisms to be detected are poorly cultivable or METHOD
stressed. RNA amplification techniques (e.g. RT-PCR) may
identify living micro-organisms (but not spores) directly in Specificity
the products, but in comparison to traditional methods are Screen the method with test micro-organisms appropriate to
much more difficult to use routinely. On the other hand, the method. For example, for microbial aerobic viable count
where specific primers are used, identification (or typing) on non-sterile products, use at least the micro-organisms
by NAAT is more precise than the traditional methods and described in chapter 2.6.12 for the fertility of the media in
in some cases may have other advantages : for instance for the presence of product. This determination is performed
the identification of some vaccines (e.g. cholera vaccine, at least 3 times with each micro-organism. Acceptance
whole cell pertussis vaccine,) their use may substitute for criterion : all test micro-organisms are successfully detected.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 541
5.1.6. Alternative methods for control of microbiological quality EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Limit of detection (only for semi-quantitative or qualitative Accuracy

methods) Quantitative evaluation. Accuracy can be determined with
Prepare a low inoculum (about 5 CFU in the initial sample) data obtained in linearity. For each micro-organism use
of each test micro-organism. Perform the analysis in at 3 to 5 concentrations within the linear range of the method.
least 5 replicates with the pharmacopoeial method and Perform statistical analysis (Student’s t test at risk 5 per
with the bioluminescence method concerned. Acceptance cent) to test the conformity of the estimated slope (value = 1)
criterion : the ability of the 2 methods to detect the presence versus the obtained slope and to test the conformity of
of a single micro-organism can be demonstrated using the the estimated intercept (value = 0) versus the obtained
χ2 test. Alternative procedure : prepare a series of dilutions intercept. For example, if the estimated slope is b with a
of micro-organisms to have a count in the next dilution standard deviation s(b) of 0.090 with 5 concentrations of
of about 5 CFU per inoculum (e.g. : 10 CFU/inoculum, micro-organisms, calculate t = (b – 1)/s(b). For intercept a,
5 CFU/inoculum, 2.5 CFU/inoculum, 1.25 CFU/inoculum, with standard deviation equal to s(a), t = (a – 0)/s(a). Compare
0.75 CFU/inoculum). Perform the test on 5 independent these values to the Student’s t at 5 per cent, for 13 degrees
series of dilutions with the pharmacopoeial method and of freedom (3 tests, 5 concentrations). Acceptance criterion :
with the bioluminescence method concerned. Determine if the t values obtained are less than the Student’s t, the
the limit of detection for each method. It corresponds method is exact in the applied range. In the case that there
to the last dilution where the result is positive for the is no conformity for the slope (slope different from 1) or for
5 series. Acceptance criterion : the limit of detection of the the intercept (intercept different from 0) the method is not
bioluminescence method is equal to or lower than that of exact over the applied range.
the pharmacopoeial method. Qualitative or semi-quantitative evaluations. Use the
alternative procedure described for setting the limit of
Limit of quantification (quantitative method) detection. Calculate the proportion of false negatives for
This can be performed at the same time as the linearity bioluminescence and for the pharmacopoeial method over
determination. It corresponds to the lowest concentration all tested dilutions. Compare the extent of false negatives
of the chosen range that satisfies the criteria for linearity, for the 2 or 3 concentrations of micro-organisms just
accuracy and precision. Acceptance criterion : the limit of under the detection limit (for example 5 CFU/inoculum,
quantification of the bioluminescence method is equal to or 2.5 CFU/inoculum or 1.25 CFU/inoculum) giving a positive
lower than that of the pharmacopoeial method. result. By definition, the detection limit corresponds to 0 per
cent of false negatives. Acceptance criterion : the percentage
Precision of false negatives for the bioluminescence method at sample
Quantitative evaluation. For each test micro-organism, concentrations below the detection limit must be equal to or
perform at least 5 replicates during the same series including lower than that of the pharmacopoeial method.
at least the concentration of micro-organisms corresponding Range
to the middle of the range. Perform 3 independent tests. This is the interval between the lowest and the highest
Carry out a statistical analysis to compare the precision of concentrations of micro-organisms where linearity, precision
the 2 methods or calculate the coefficient of variation (CV). and accuracy have been demonstrated.
Acceptance criterion : CV 15 per cent to 30 per cent or
precision not different with the risk alpha equal to 5 per Robustness
cent between the 2 methods. If precision is different, the The information is given by the supplier.
bioluminescence method is better than the pharmacopoeial
method, indicated by a smaller standard deviation. VALIDATION FOR THE ACTUAL INTENDED USE
In the example given, there was no need to determine the
Qualitative or semi-quantitative evaluation. Use the accuracy and detection limit in the presence of the product.
alternative procedure described for setting the limit of The validation consists of 3 parts, verifying :
detection and report the frequency of positive results in
parallel with the pharmacopoeial method. Acceptance — phase 1 : the fertility of the medium in the presence of
criterion : the frequency of positive results at the detection the product ;
limit is 100 per cent and this frequency is better than or — phase 2 : the absence of interference from the product
equal to the pharmacopoeial method. that may increase or inhibit ATP production ;
Linearity — phase 3 : the testing of the product in parallel with the
pharmacopoeial method.
For each test micro-organism, prepare 5 concentrations in These 3 parts of validation are performed on 3 independent
the range of the bioluminescence method (range is normally tests using for example at least 2 different batches of product.
indicated by the supplier). Perform the pharmacopoeial
and the bioluminescence methods in parallel. Repeat this Phase 1 : fertility of the medium in the presence of the
test 2 further times to have results on 3 independent tests. product
Test for linear regression, presence of a slope, and lack of If the product has a known high contamination level
fit with the F test at alpha equal to 5 per cent. If statistical (more than 500 micro-organisms per gram or millilitre)
analysis is not possible, calculate the correlation coefficient the incubation step is unnecessary, the micro-organisms
(R2) and the slope between the 2 methods. Acceptance can be detected directly. In this case testing the fertility
criterion : statistical analysis may show linear regression, of the medium in the presence of the product is not
the presence of a slope and no lack of fit with a risk of necessary. However, pharmaceutical products are generally
5 per cent. Equation y = a + bx is determined where b is contaminated at a much lower level and growth of the
the slope and a the intercept. If no statistical analysis is micro-organism is necessary to obtain detection with
available, R2 is at least 0.9 and the slope does not diverge bioluminescence. It must therefore be proven that the
by more than 20 per cent from 1 (b between 0.8 and 1.2). If product does not inhibit the growth of micro-organisms
the linearity is not demonstrated in such a large range, the under the conditions of the test. In order to do so, separately
range can be decreased and linearity demonstrated with only add inoculum at not more than 100 CFU for each test
3 concentrations in place of 5. micro-organism into the portion of medium containing the

542 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.1.7. Viral safety

product. For bioluminescence in tube or microtitre plate, Where the risk of viral contamination exists, complementary
perform the bioluminescence test. For bioluminescence on measures are used as appropriate to assure the viral safety of
membrane, incubate at 30-35 °C or 20-25 °C for 5 days medicinal products, based on :
and count the bioluminescent colonies on the membrane. — selection of source materials and testing for viral
Acceptance criterion : the test is positive (bioluminescence contaminants ;
in tube or microtitre plate) ; the quantitative recovery of the
micro-organism is at least 70 per cent (bioluminescence on — testing the capacity of the production process to remove
membrane). and/or inactivate viruses ;
— testing for viral contamination at appropriate stages of
Phase 2 : search for interference of the product production.
The objective is to show that the product does not add stray Where appropriate, one or more validated procedures for
light or non-microbial ATP (does not lead to false positive removal or inactivation of viruses are applied.
result : criterion A) or does not decrease the ATP detection
(does not lead to a false negative result : criterion B). Further detailed recommendations on viral safety, including
validation studies, are provided, in particular, by the Note
Bioluminescence in tube or microtitre plate for guidance on virus validation studies : the design,
A. Perform the bioluminescence test with the culture broth contribution and interpretation of studies validating the
alone and with the culture broth in the presence of the inactivation and removal of viruses (CPMP/BWP/268/95)
product. Determine the RLU value for culture broth alone of the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products,
and the RLU value for culture broth in the presence of and the ICH guideline Q5A : Viral safety evaluation of
product. biotechnology products derived from cell lines of human or
B. Perform the bioluminescence test with the culture broth animal origin (including any subsequent revisions of these
alone and the culture broth in the presence of ATP. documents).
Determine the response coefficient for ATP concentration Requirements concerning immunological products for
in per cent. veterinary use are dealt with in the monographs Vaccines
Acceptance criterion : for veterinary use (0062) and Immunosera for veterinary
— criterion A : the RLU value of culture broth in the use (0030) and related general chapters.
presence of product is less than twice the RLU value Risk assessment
of culture broth alone (if criterion A is not satisfied, it
A risk assessment with respect to viral safety is carried out
is necessary to determine a specific threshold for this where materials of human or animal origin are used as
product) ; ingredients of medicinal products or in the manufacture of
— criterion B : the RLU value of culture broth in the active substances, excipients or medicinal products.
presence of product and ATP is within the interval 25 per The principle of the risk assessment is to consider various
cent to 200 per cent of the RLU value of culture broth in factors that may influence the potential level of infectious
the presence of ATP. particles in the medicinal product and factors related to the
Bioluminescence on membrane : perform the complete use of the medicinal product that determine or influence
bioluminescence test to search for interference. Acceptance the viral risk to the recipients.
criterion : the recovery of micro-organisms is greater than orThe risk assessment takes into consideration relevant
equal to 70 per cent and not more than 200 per cent. factors, for example :
Phase 3 : analysis of the product in parallel with the — the species of origin ;
pharmacopoeial method — the organ, tissue, fluid of origin ;
Perform the test according to the validated method for the — the potential contaminants in view of the origin of the
product concerned in parallel with the pharmacopoeial raw material and the history of the donor(s), preferably
method to show the relationship between the 2 methods for including epidemiological data ;
the product concerned, on 3 independent tests and using at
least 2 different batches. Express the result as positive or — the potential contaminants from the manufacturing
negative in a certain quantity (bioluminescence in tube or process (for example, from risk materials used during
microtitre plate) or express the count per filtered quantity manufacture) ;
(bioluminescence on membrane). Acceptance criterion : — the infectivity and pathogenicity of the potential
results must be correlated with the pharmacopoeial method. contaminants for the intended recipients of the medicinal
product, taking account of the route of administration
of the medicinal product ;
— the amount of material used to produce a dose of
01/2008:50107 medicinal product ;
— controls carried out on the donor(s), on the raw material,
5.1.7. VIRAL SAFETY during production and on the final product ;
This chapter provides general requirements concerning the — the manufacturing process of the product and its capacity
viral safety of medicinal products whose manufacture has to remove and/or inactivate viruses.
involved the use of materials of human or animal origin. The risk assessment can be based mainly on the
Since viral safety is a complex issue, it is important that a manufacturing conditions if these include rigorous
risk assessment is carried out. Requirements to be applied inactivation steps (for example, for gelatin etc., and products
to a specific medicinal product are decided by the competent terminally sterilised by steam or dry heat as described in the
authority. general texts on sterility (5.1)).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 543
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

544 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

5.2. GENERAL TEXTS ON

BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS
5.2. General texts on biological products............................. 547 5.2.6. Evaluation of safety of veterinary vaccines and
5.2.1. Terminology used in monographs on biological immunosera .. ........................................................................... 556
products.. ................................................................................... 547 5.2.7. Evaluation of efficacy of veterinary vaccines and
5.2.2. Chicken flocks free from specified pathogens for the immunosera.. ............................................................................ 557
production and quality control of vaccines........................ 547 5.2.8. Minimising the risk of transmitting animal spongiform
5.2.3. Cell substrates for the production of vaccines for encephalopathy agents via human and veterinary medicinal
human use................................................................................. 550 products.. ................................................................................... 558
5.2.4. Cell cultures for the production of veterinary 5.2.9. Evaluation of safety of each batch of veterinary
vaccines...................................................................................... 553 vaccines and immunosera...................................................... 567
5.2.5. Substances of animal origin for the production of
veterinary vaccines.................................................................. 555

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 545
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

546 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.2.2. SPF chicken flocks for vaccines

5.2. GENERAL TEXTS ON Production cell culture. A culture of cells intended for use
in production ; it may be derived from one or more containers
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS of the working cell bank (working cell seed) or it may be a
primary cell culture.
Control cells. A quantity of cells set aside, at the time of
virus inoculation, as uninfected cell cultures. The uninfected
01/2008:50201 cells are incubated under similar conditions to those used
corrected 6.0 for the production cell cultures.
Single harvest. Material derived on one or more occasions
from a single production cell culture inoculated with the
5.2.1. TERMINOLOGY USED IN same working seed lot or a suspension derived from the
MONOGRAPHS ON BIOLOGICAL working seed lot, incubated, and harvested in a single
production run.
PRODUCTS
Monovalent pooled harvest. Pooled material containing
For some items, alternative terms commonly used a single strain or type of micro-organism or antigen and
in connection with veterinary vaccines are shown in derived from a number of eggs, cell culture containers etc.
parenthesis. that are processed at the same time.
Seed-lot system. A seed-lot system is a system according to Final bulk vaccine. Material that has undergone all the steps
which successive batches of a product are derived from the of production except for the final filling. It consists of one or
same master seed lot. For routine production, a working more monovalent pooled harvests, from cultures of one or
seed lot may be prepared from the master seed lot. The more species or types of micro-organism, after clarification,
origin and the passage history of the master seed lot and the dilution or addition of any adjuvant or other auxiliary
working seed lot are recorded. substance. It is treated to ensure its homogeneity and is used
for filling the containers of one or more final lots (batches).
Master seed lot. A culture of a micro-organism distributed
from a single bulk into containers and processed together in Final lot (Batch). A collection of closed, final containers or
a single operation in such a manner as to ensure uniformity other final dosage units that are expected to be homogeneous
and stability and to prevent contamination. A master seed and equivalent with respect to risk of contamination during
lot in liquid form is usually stored at or below − 70 °C. A filling or preparation of the final product. The dosage units
freeze-dried master seed lot is stored at a temperature known are filled, or otherwise prepared, from the same final bulk
to ensure stability. vaccine, freeze-dried together (if applicable) and closed in
one continuous working session. They bear a distinctive
Working seed lot. A culture of a micro-organism derived number or code identifying the final lot (batch). Where a
from the master seed lot and intended for use in production. final bulk vaccine is filled and/or freeze-dried on several
Working seed lots are distributed into containers and stored separate sessions, there results a related set of final lots
as described above for master seed lots. (batches) that are usually identified by the use of a common
Cell-bank system (Cell-seed system). A system whereby part in the distinctive number or code ; these related final
successive final lots (batches) of a product are manufactured lots (batches) are sometimes referred to as sub-batches,
by culture in cells derived from the same master cell bank sub-lots or filling lots.
(master cell seed). A number of containers from the master Combined vaccine. A multicomponent preparation
cell bank (master cell seed) are used to prepare a working formulated so that different antigens are administered
cell bank (working cell seed). The cell-bank system (cell-seed simultaneously. The different antigenic components are
system) is validated for the highest passage level achieved intended to protect against different strains or types of the
during routine production. same organism and/or different organisms. A combined
Master cell bank (Master cell seed). A culture of cells vaccine may be supplied by the manufacturer either as
distributed into containers in a single operation, processed a single liquid or freeze-dried preparation or as several
together and stored in such a manner as to ensure uniformity constituents with directions for admixture before use.
and stability and to prevent contamination. A master cell
bank (master cell seed) is usually stored at − 70 °C or lower.
01/2008:50202
Working cell bank (Working cell seed). A culture of
cells derived from the master cell bank (master cell seed)
and intended for use in the preparation of production 5.2.2. CHICKEN FLOCKS FREE
cell cultures. The working cell bank (working cell seed) FROM SPECIFIED PATHOGENS FOR
is distributed into containers, processed and stored as
described for the master cell bank (master cell seed).
THE PRODUCTION AND QUALITY
Primary cell cultures. Cultures of cells obtained by
CONTROL OF VACCINES
trypsination of a suitable tissue or organ. The cells are Where specified, chickens, embryos or cell cultures used
essentially identical to those of the tissue of origin and are for the production or quality control of vaccines are
no more than 5 in vitro passages from the initial preparation derived from eggs produced by chicken flocks free from
from the animal tissue. specified pathogens (SPF). The SPF status of a flock is
Cell lines. Cultures of cells that have a high capacity for ensured by means of the system described below. The list of
multiplication in vitro. In diploid cell lines, the cells have micro-organisms given is based on current knowledge and
essentially the same characteristics as those of the tissue of will be updated as necessary.
origin. In continuous cell lines, the cells are able to multiply A flock is defined as a group of birds sharing a common
indefinitely in culture and may be obtained from healthy or environment and having their own caretakers who have no
tumoral tissue. Some continuous cell lines have oncogenic contact with non-SPF flocks. Once a flock is defined, no
potential under certain conditions. non-SPF birds are added to it.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 547
5.2.2. SPF chicken flocks for vaccines EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Each flock is housed so as to minimise the risk of 2 generations, except the testing of every bird before lay for
contamination. The facility in which the flock is housed vertically-transmissible agents. All test results must indicate
must not be sited near to any non-SPF flocks of birds with freedom from pathogens in all 3 generations for the flock
the exception of flocks that are in the process of being consisting of the third generation to be designated as SPF.
established as SPF flocks and that are housed in facilities SPF embryos derived from another designated SPF flock
and conditions appropriate to SPF flocks. The SPF flock contained within a separate facility on the same site may be
is housed within an isolator or in a building with filtered introduced. From 8 weeks of age, these replacement birds
air under positive pressure. Appropriate measures are are regarded as a flock and are tested in accordance with test
taken to prevent entry of rodents, wild birds, insects and procedures described above.
unauthorised personnel.
Personnel authorised to enter the facility must have no INITIAL TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR SUBSEQUENT
contact with other birds or with agents potentially capable GENERATIONS DERIVED FROM A DESIGNATED SPF
of infecting the flock. It is advisable for personnel to shower FLOCK
and change clothing or to wear protective clothing before Where a replacement flock is derived exclusively from a
entering the controlled facility. fully established SPF flock the new generation is tested
Wherever possible, items taken into the facility are sterilised. prior to being designated as SPF. In addition to the tests
In particular it is recommended that the feed is suitably for Salmonella and monitoring of the general health and
treated to avoid introduction of undesirable micro-organisms performance of the flock, further specific testing from the
and that water is at least of potable quality, for example from age of 8 weeks is required. Tests are performed on two 5 per
a chlorinated supply. No medication is administered to birds cent samples of the flock (minimum 10, maximum 200 birds)
within the flock that might interfere with detection of any taken with an interval of at least 4 weeks between the ages
disease. of 12-16 weeks and 16-20 weeks.
A permanent record is kept of the general health of the flock All samples are collected and tested individually. Blood
and any abnormality is investigated. Factors to be monitored samples for antibody tests and suitable samples for testing
include morbidity, mortality, general physical condition, feed for leucosis antigen are collected. The test methods to be
consumption, daily egg production and egg quality, fertility used are as described under Routine testing of designated
and hatchability. Records are maintained for a period of at SPF flocks. Only when all tests have confirmed the absence
least 5 years. Details of any deviation from normal in these of infection may the new generation be designated as SPF.
performance parameters or detection of any infection are ROUTINE TESTING OF DESIGNATED SPF FLOCKS
notified to the users of the eggs as soon as practicable.
General examination and necropsy. Clinical examination
The tests or combination of tests described below must have is carried out at least once per week throughout the life
suitable specificity and sensitivity with respect to relevant of the flock in order to verify that the birds are free from
serotypes of the viruses. Samples for testing are taken at fowl-pox virus and signs of any other infection. In the event
random. of mortality exceeding 0.1 per cent per week, necropsy is
A positive result for chicken anaemia virus (CAV) does performed on all available carcasses to verify that there is
not necessarily exclude use of material derived from the no sign of infection. Where appropriate, histopathological
flock, but live vaccines for use in birds less than 7 days and/or microbiological/virological studies are performed
old shall be produced using material from CAV-negative to confirm diagnosis. Specific examination for tuberculosis
flocks. Inactivated vaccines for use in birds less than 7 days lesions is carried out and histological samples from any
old may be produced using material from flocks that have suspected lesions are specifically stained to verify freedom
not been shown to be free from CAV, provided it has been from Mycobacterium avium. Caecal contents of all available
demonstrated that the inactivation process inactivates CAV. carcasses are examined microbiologically for the presence
of Salmonella spp. using the techniques described below.
ESTABLISHMENT OF AN SPF FLOCK Where appropriate, caecal samples from up to 5 birds may
be pooled.
A designated SPF flock is derived from chickens shown
to be free from vertically-transmissible agents listed in Cultural testing for Salmonella spp. Cultural testing for
Table 5.2.2-1. This is achieved by testing of 2 generations Salmonella spp. is performed either by testing samples
prior to the designated SPF flock. A general scheme for the of droppings or cloacal swabs or by testing of drag swabs.
procedure to be followed in establishing and maintaining an Where droppings or cloacal swabs are tested, a total of
SPF flock is shown diagrammatically in Table 5.2.2.-2. In 60 samples within each 4-week period is tested throughout
order to establish a new SPF flock, a series of tests must be the entire life of the flock. Tests may be performed on
conducted on 3 generations of birds. All birds in the first pools of up to 10 samples. Where drag swabs are tested, a
generation must be tested at least once before the age of minimum of 2 drag swabs are tested during each 4-week
20 weeks for freedom from avian leucosis group-antigen period throughout the entire life of the flock. Detection
and tested by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for freedom of Salmonella spp. in these samples is performed by
of antibodies to avian leucosis virus subtypes A, B and J. pre-enrichment of the samples followed by culture using
All birds must also be tested for freedom from antibodies Salmonella-selective media.
to the vertically-transmissible agents listed in Table 5.2.2-1. Tests for avian leucosis antigen. Prior to the commencement
From the age of 8 weeks the flock is tested for freedom from of laying, cloacal swabs or blood samples (using buffy coat
Salmonella. Clinical examination is carried out on the flock cultivation) are tested for the presence of group-specific
from 8 weeks of age and the birds must not exhibit any signs leucosis antigen. A total of 5 per cent (minimum 10,
of infectious disease. The test methods to be used for these maximum 200) of the flock is sampled during each 4-week
tests are given in the table and further guidance is also given period. During lay, albumen samples from 5 per cent
in the section below on routine testing of designated SPF (minimum 10, maximum 200) of the eggs are tested in each
flocks. From 20 weeks of age, the flock is tested as described 4-week period. Tests are performed by EIA for group-specific
under Routine testing of designated SPF flocks. All stages antigen using methods that are capable of detecting antigen
of this testing regime are also applied to the subsequent from subgroups A, B and J.

548 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.2.2. SPF chicken flocks for vaccines

Table 5.2.2.-1
Agent Test Vertical Rapid/slow
to be used** transmission spread
Avian adenoviruses, group 1 AGP, EIA yes slow
Avian encephalomyelitis virus AGP, EIA yes rapid
Avian infectious bronchitis virus HI, EIA no rapid
Avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus VN, EIA no slow
Avian leucosis viruses EIA for virus, yes slow
VN for antibody
Avian nephritis virus IS no slow
Avian orthoreoviruses IS, EIA yes slow
Avian reticuloendotheliosis virus AGP, IS, EIA yes slow
Chicken anaemia virus IS, EIA, VN yes slow
Egg drop syndrome virus HI, EIA yes slow
Infectious bursal disease virus Serotype 1 : AGP, EIA, VN no rapid
Serotype 2 : VN
Influenza A virus AGP, EIA, HI no rapid
Marek’s disease virus AGP no rapid
Newcastle disease virus HI, EIA no rapid
Turkey rhinotracheitis virus EIA no slow
Mycoplasma gallisepticum Agg and HI to confirm a yes slow
positive test,
EIA, HI
Mycoplasma synoviae Agg and HI to confirm a yes rapid
positive test,
EIA, HI
Salmonella pullorum Agg yes slow
Agg : agglutination HI : haemagglutination inhibition
AGP : agar gel precipitation ; the technique is suitable where testing is carried IS : immunostaining
out weekly VN : virus neutralisation
EIA : enzyme immunoassay
**Subject to agreement by the competent authority, other types of test may be used provided they are at least as sensitive as those indicated and of
appropriate specificity.

Table 5.2.2-2. – Schematic description of the establishment and maintenance of SPF flocks
NEW STOCK Establish freedom from vertically-transmissible agents
Test all birds for avian leucosis antigen and antibodies prior to 20 weeks of age
Test for Salmonella spp. and perform general clinical observation from 8 weeks of age
Carry out routine testing for specified agents from 20 weeks of age
nd
2 GENERATION Test all birds for avian leucosis antigen and antibodies prior to 20 weeks of age
Test for Salmonella spp. and perform general clinical observation from 8 weeks of age
Carry out routine testing for specified agents from 20 weeks of age
rd
3 GENERATION Test all birds for avian leucosis antigen and antibodies prior to 20 weeks of age
Test for Salmonella spp. and perform general clinical observation from 8 weeks of age
DESIGNATE FLOCK AS SPF IF ALL TESTS ARE SATISFACTORY
3rd GENERATION Carry out routine testing for specified agents from 20 weeks of age
Carry out post-lay testing for vertically-transmissible agents
SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS Test two 5 per cent samples for avian leucosis antigen and for antibodies against spec-
ified agents between 12 and 20 weeks of age
Test for Salmonella spp. and perform general clinical observation from 8 weeks of age
Carry out routine testing for specified agents from 20 weeks of age
Carry out post-lay testing for vertically-transmissible agents

Test for antibodies to other agents. Tests for antibodies to all the flock. It is recommended that 1.25 per cent of the flock
agents listed in Table 5.2.2.-1 are performed throughout the is sampled each week since some test methods for some
laying period of the flock. In each 4-week period, samples agents must be conducted on a weekly basis. Table 5.2.2.-1
are taken from 5 per cent (minimum 10, maximum 200) of classifies the agents into those that spread rapidly through

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 549
5.2.3. Cell substrates for production of vaccines for human use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

the flock and those that spread slowly or may not infect the recombinant DNA technology are covered by the monograph
entire flock. For those agents listed as slowly spreading, on Products of recombinant DNA technology (0784).
each sample is tested individually. For those agents listed Testing to be carried out at various stages (cell seed, master
as rapidly spreading, at least 20 per cent of the samples cell bank, working cell bank, cells at or beyond the maximum
collected in each 4-week period are tested individually or, population doubling level used for production) is indicated in
where serum neutralisation or ELISA tests are employed, all Table 5.2.3.-1. General provisions for the use of cell lines and
of the samples may be tested individually or by preparing test methods are given below. Where primary cells or cells
pools of 5 samples, collected at the same time. that have undergone a few passages without constitution of
Suitable methods to be used for detection of the agents a cell bank are used for vaccine production, requirements are
are shown in Table 5.2.2.-1. Subject to agreement by the given in the individual monograph for the vaccine concerned.
competent authority, other test methods may be used Diploid cell lines. A diploid cell line has a high but finite
provided they are shown to be at least as sensitive as those capacity for multiplication in vitro.
indicated and of appropriate specificity. Continuous cell lines. A continuous cell line has the
TESTS TO BE CONDUCTED AT THE END OF THE capacity to multiply indefinitely in vitro ; the cells often have
LAYING PERIOD differences in karyotype compared to the original cells ; they
may be obtained from healthy or tumoral tissue.
Following the last egg collection, final testing to confirm
the absence of vertically-transmissible agents indicated in For injectable vaccines produced in continuous cell lines,
Table 5.2.2.-1 is performed. After the last egg collection, a the purification process is validated to demonstrate removal
minimum of 5 per cent of the flock (minimum 10, maximum of substrate-cell DNA to a level equivalent to not more than
200) is retained for at least 4 weeks. Blood samples are 10 ng per single human dose, unless otherwise prescribed.
collected from every bird in the group during the 4-week Cell-bank system. Production of vaccines in diploid and
period with at least 1.25 per cent of the birds (25 per cent continuous cell lines is based on a cell-bank system. The
of the sample) being bled not earlier than 4 weeks after in vitro age of the cells is counted from the master cell
the final egg collection. Serum samples are tested for bank. Each working cell bank is prepared from one or more
vertically-transmissible agents (as defined by Table 5.2.2.-1) containers of the master cell bank. The use, identity and
using the methods indicated. Where sampling is performed inventory control of the containers is carefully documented.
on a weekly basis, at least 1.25 per cent of the birds (25 per Media and substances of animal and human origin. The
cent of the sample) are tested each week during this period. composition of media used for isolation and all subsequent
Alternatively, within 4 weeks of the final egg collection blood culture is recorded in detail and if substances of animal
and/or other suitable sample materials are collected from at origin are used they must be free from extraneous agents.
least 5 per cent of the flock and tested for the presence of
If human albumin is used, it complies with the monograph
vertically-transmissible agents using validated nucleic acid
on Human albumin solution (0255).
amplification techniques (2.6.21).
Bovine serum used for the preparation and maintenance
ACTION TO BE TAKEN IN THE EVENT OF DETECTION of cell cultures is tested and shown to be sterile and free
OF A SPECIFIED AGENT from bovine viruses, notably bovine diarrhoea virus and
If evidence is found of contamination of the flock by an mycoplasmas.
agent listed as slowly spreading in Table 5.2.2.-1, all materials Trypsin used for the preparation of cell cultures is examined
derived from the flock during the 4-week period immediately by suitable methods and shown to be sterile and free
preceding the date on which the positive sample was from mycoplasmas and viruses, notably pestiviruses and
collected are considered unsatisfactory. Similarly, if evidence parvoviruses.
is found of contamination of the flock by an agent listed as Cell seed. The data used to assess the suitability of the
rapidly spreading in Table 5.2.2.-1, all materials derived from cell seed comprise information, where available, on source,
the flock during the 2-week period immediately preceding history and characterisation.
the date on which the positive sample was collected are Source of the cell seed. For human cell lines, the following
considered unsatisfactory. Any product manufactured with information concerning the donor is recorded : ethnic and
such materials, and for which the use of SPF materials is geographical origin, age, sex, general physiological condition,
required, is considered unsatisfactory and must be discarded ; tissue or organ used, results of any tests for pathogens.
any quality control tests conducted using the materials are
invalid. For animal cell lines, the following information is recorded
concerning the source of the cells : species, strain,
Producers must notify users of all eggs of the evidence of breeding conditions, geographical origin, age, sex, general
contamination as soon as possible following the outbreak. physiological condition, tissue or organ used, results of any
Any flock in which an outbreak of any specified agent is tests for pathogens.
confirmed may not be redesignated as an SPF flock. Any Cells of neural origin, such as neuroblastoma and P12 cell
progeny derived from that flock during or after the 4-week lines, may contain substances that concentrate agents of
period prior to the last negative sample being collected may spongiform encephalopathies and such cells are not used
not be designated as SPF. for vaccine production.
History of the cell seed. The following information is
01/2008:50203 recorded : the method used to isolate the cell seed, culture
methods and any other procedures used to establish the
5.2.3. CELL SUBSTRATES FOR THE master cell bank, notably any that might expose the cells
PRODUCTION OF VACCINES FOR to extraneous agents.
HUMAN USE Full information may not be available on the ingredients of
media used in the past for cultivation of cells, for example on
This general chapter deals with diploid cell lines and the source of substances of animal origin ; where justified
continuous cell lines used for the production of vaccines for and authorised, cell banks already established using such
human use ; specific issues relating to vaccines prepared by media may be used for vaccine production.

550 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.2.3. Cell substrates for production of vaccines for human use

Table 5.2.3.-1 — Testing of cell lines

Test Cell seed Master cell bank Working cell bank Cells at or beyond the
(MCB) (WCB) maximum population doubling
level used for production
1. IDENTITY AND PURITY
Morphology + + + +

Relevant selection of the following tests : + + + +

biochemical (e.g. isoenzymes), immunological
(e.g. histocompatibility), cytogenetic markers, nucleic
acid fingerprinting
Karyotype (diploid cell lines) + + +(1) +(1)

Life span (diploid cell lines) − + + −

2. EXTRANEOUS AGENTS
Bacterial and fungal contamination − + + −

Mycoplasmas − + + −

Tests in cell cultures − − + −

Co-cultivation − − + (2)
+(2)

Tests in animals and eggs − − +(2) +(2)

Specific tests for possible contaminants depending − − +(2) +(2)

on the origin of the cells (see above under Infectious
extraneous agents)
Retroviruses − +(3) − +(3)

3. TUMORIGENICITY
Tumorigenicity − − − +(4)

(1) The diploid character is established for each working cell bank but using cells at or beyond the maximum population doubling level used for production.
(2) Testing is carried out for each working cell bank, but using cells at or beyond the maximum population doubling level used for production.
(3) Testing is carried out for the master cell bank, but using cells at or beyond the maximum population doubling level used for production.
(4) The MRC-5 cell line, the WI-38 cell line and the FRhL-2 cell line are recognised as being non-tumorigenic and they need not be tested. Tests are not
carried out on cell lines that are known or assumed to be tumorigenic.

Characterisation of the cell seed. The following properties Tumorigenicity. For the preparation of live vaccines, the
are investigated : cell line must not be tumorigenic at any population doubling
level used for vaccine production. Where a tumorigenic cell
(1) the identity of the cells (for example, isoenzymes,
line is used for the production of other types of vaccine, the
serology, nucleic acid fingerprinting) ;
purification process is validated to demonstrate that residual
(2) the growth characteristics of the cells and their substrate-cell DNA is reduced to less than 10 ng per single
morphological properties (light and electron microscopes) ; human dose of the vaccine, unless otherwise prescribed, and
that substrate-cell protein is reduced to an acceptable level.
(3) for diploid cell lines, karyotype ;
A cell line which is known to have tumorigenic potential
(4) for diploid cell lines, the in vitro life span in terms of does not have to be tested further. If a cell line is of
population doubling level. unknown tumorigenic potential, it is either regarded as
Cell substrate stability. Suitable viability of the cell line in being tumorigenic or it is tested for tumorigenicity using
the intended storage conditions must be demonstrated. For an in vitro test as described below ; if the result of the in
a given product to be prepared in the cell line, it is necessary vitro test is negative or not clearly positive, an in vivo test
to demonstrate that consistent production can be obtained as described below is carried out. The tests are carried out
with cells at passage levels at the beginning and end of the using cells at or beyond the maximum population doubling
intended span of use. level that will be used for vaccine production.
The MRC-5, the WI-38 and the FRhL-2 cell lines are
Infectious extraneous agents. Cell lines for vaccine
recognised as being non-tumorigenic and further testing is
production shall be free from infectious extraneous agents.
not necessary.
Tests for extraneous agents are carried out as shown in
Table 5.2.3.-1. Chromosomal characterisation. Diploid cell lines shall be
shown to be diploid. More extensive characterisation of
Depending on the origin and culture history of the cell line, a diploid cell line by karyotype analysis is required if the
it may be necessary to carry out tests for selected, specific removal of intact cells during processing after harvest has
potential contaminants, particularly those that are known not been validated. Samples from four passage levels evenly
to infect latently the species of origin, for example simian spaced over the life-span of the cell line are examined. A
virus 40 in rhesus monkeys. For cell lines of rodent origin, minimum of 200 cells in metaphase are examined for exact
antibody-production tests are carried out in mice, rats and count of chromosomes and for frequency of hyperploidy,
hamsters to detect species-specific viruses. hypoploidy, polyploidy, breaks and structural abnormalities.
Cell lines are examined for the presence of retroviruses The MRC-5, the WI-38 and the FRhL-2 cell lines are
as described below. Cell lines that show the presence of recognised as being diploid and well characterised ; where
retroviruses capable of replication are not acceptable for they are not genetically modified, further characterisation
production of vaccines. is not necessary.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 551
5.2.3. Cell substrates for production of vaccines for human use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

TEST METHODS FOR CELL CULTURES Tests in eggs. Using an inoculum of 106 viable cells per
Identification. Nucleic-acid-fingerprint analysis and a egg, inoculate the cells into the allantoic cavity of ten SPF
relevant selection of the following are used to establish the embryonated hens’ eggs (5.2.2) 9 to 11 days old and into
identity of the cells : the yolk sac of ten SPF embryonated hens’ eggs 5 to 6 days
old. Incubate for not less than 5 days. Test the allantoic
(1) biochemical characteristics (isoenzyme analysis), fluids for the presence of haemagglutinins using mammalian
(2) immunological characteristics (histocompatibility and avian red blood cells ; carry out the test at 5 ± 3 °C and
antigens), 20-25 °C and read the results after 30 min and 60 min. The
(3) cytogenetic markers. cells comply with the test if no evidence of any extraneous
agent is found. The test is invalid if fewer than 80 per cent
Contaminating cells. The nucleic-acid-fingerprint analysis of the embryos remain healthy and survive to the end of the
carried out for identification also serves to demonstrate observation period.
freedom from contaminating cells.
Tests for tumorigenicity in vitro. The following test systems
Bacterial and fungal contamination. The master cell may be used :
bank and each working cell bank comply with the test for
sterility (2.6.1), carried out using for each medium 10 ml (1) colony formation in soft agar gels,
of supernatant fluid from cell cultures. Carry out the test (2) production of invasive cell growth following inoculation
on 1 per cent of the containers with a minimum of two into organ cultures,
containers. (3) study of transformation activity using, for example, the
Mycoplasmas (2.6.7). The master cell bank and each 3T3 assay system for active oncogenes.
working cell bank comply with the test for mycoplasmas by Tests for tumorigenicity in vivo. The test consists in
the culture method and the indicator cell culture method. establishing a comparison between the cell line and a
Use one or more containers for the test. suitable positive control (for example, HeLa or Hep2 cells).
Test for extraneous agents in cell cultures. The cells comply Animal systems that have been shown to be suitable for this
with the test for haemadsorbing viruses and with the tests test include :
in cell cultures for other extraneous agents given in chapter
2.6.16 under Production cell culture : control cells. If the (1) athymic mice (Nu/Nu genotype),
cells are of simian origin, they are also inoculated into rabbit (2) newborn mice, rats or hamsters that have been treated
kidney cell cultures to test for herpesvirus B (cercopithecid with antithymocyte serum or globulin,
herpesvirus 1).
(3) thymectomised and irradiated mice that have been
Co-cultivation. Co-cultivate intact and disrupted cells reconstituted (T–, B+) with bone marrow from healthy mice.
separately with other cell systems including human cells
Whichever animal system is selected, the cell line and the
and simian cells. Carry out examinations to detect possible
reference cells are injected into separate groups of 10 animals
morphological changes. Carry out tests on the cell culture
each. In both cases, the inoculum for each animal is 107 cells
fluids to detect haemagglutinating viruses. The cells comply
suspended in a volume of 0.2 ml, and the injection may be by
with the test if no evidence of any extraneous agent is found.
either the intramuscular or subcutaneous route. Newborn
Retroviruses. Examine for the presence of retroviruses animals are treated with 0.1 ml of antithymocyte serum or
using : globulin on days 0, 2, 7 and 14 after birth. A potent serum or
(1) infectivity assays, globulin is one that suppresses the immune mechanisms of
growing animals to the extent that the subsequent inoculum
(2) transmission electron microscopy,
of 107 positive reference cells regularly produces tumours
(3) if tests (1) and (2) give negative results, reverse and metastases. Severely affected animals showing evident
transcriptase assays (in the presence of magnesium and progressively growing tumours are euthanised before the
manganese) carried out on pellets obtained by high-speed end of the test to avoid unnecessary suffering.
centrifugation.
At the end of the observation period all animals, including
Tests in animals. Inject intramuscularly (or, for suckling the reference group(s), are euthanised and examined for
mice, subcutaneously) into each of the following groups of gross and microscopic evidence of the proliferation of
animals 107 viable cells divided equally between the animals inoculated cells at the site of injection and in other organs
in each group : (for example lymph nodes, lungs, kidneys and liver).
(1) two litters of suckling mice less than 24 h old, comprising In all test systems, the animals are observed and palpated
not fewer than ten animals, at regular intervals for the formation of nodules at the
(2) ten adult mice. sites of injection. Any nodules formed are measured in
Inject intracerebrally into each of ten adult mice 106 two perpendicular dimensions, the measurements being
viable cells to detect the possible presence of lymphocytic recorded regularly to determine whether there is progressive
choriomeningitis virus. growth of the nodule. Animals showing nodules which begin
to regress during the period of observation are euthanised
Observe the animals for at least 4 weeks. Investigate animals before the nodules are no longer palpable, and processed
that become sick or show any abnormality to establish the for histological examination. Animals with progressively
cause of illness. The cells comply with the test if no evidence growing nodules are observed for 1-2 weeks. Among those
of any extraneous agent is found. The test is invalid if fewer without nodule formation, half are observed for 3 weeks and
than 80 per cent of the animals in each group remain healthy half for 12 weeks before they are euthanised and processed
and survive to the end of the observation period. for histological examination. A necropsy is performed on
For cells obtained from a rodent species (for example, each animal and includes examination for gross evidence of
Chinese hamster ovary cells or baby hamster kidney cells), tumour formation at the site of injection and in other organs
tests for antibodies against likely viral contaminants of the such as lymph nodes, lungs, brain, spleen, kidneys and liver.
species in question are carried out on animals that have All tumour-like lesions and the site of injection are examined
received injections of the cells. histologically. In addition, since some cell lines may give rise

552 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.2.4. Cell cultures for the production of veterinary vaccines

to metastases without evidence of local tumour growth, any cells and the modal number of chromosomes in these cells
detectable regional lymph nodes and the lungs of all animals must not be more than 15 per cent higher than of cells of the
are examined histologically. master cell seed. The karyotypes must be identical. If the
The test is invalid if fewer than nine of ten animals injected modal number exceeds the level stated, if the chromosomal
with the positive reference cells show progressively growing markers are not found in the working cell seed at the highest
tumours. level used for production or if the karyotype differs, the cell
line shall not be used for manufacture.

01/2008:50204 Table 5.2.4.-1. – Cell culture stage at which tests

are carried out
5.2.4. CELL CULTURES FOR THE Master cell Working
seed cell seed
Cell from working
cell seed at highest
PRODUCTION OF VETERINARY passage level
VACCINES General microscopy + + +

Bacteria and fungi + + −

Cell cultures for the production of vaccines for veterinary
use comply with the requirements of this section. It may also Mycoplasmas + + −
be necessary that cell cultures used for testing of vaccines Viruses + + −
for veterinary use also comply with some or all of these
Identification of species + − +
requirements.
For most mammalian viruses, propagation in cell lines is Karyotype + − +
possible and the use of primary cells is then not acceptable. Tumorigenicity + − −
Permanently infected cells used for production of veterinary
vaccines comply with the appropriate requirements described Identification of the species. It shall be shown, by one
below. The cells shall be shown to be infected only with the validated method, that the master cell seed and the cells from
agent stated. the working cell seed at the highest passage level used for
production come from the species of origin specified. When
CELL LINES a fluorescence test is carried out and the corresponding
Cell lines are normally handled according to a cell-seed serum to the species of origin of cells is used and shows that
system. Each master cell seed is assigned a specific code for all the tested cells are fluorescent, it is not necessary to carry
identification purposes. The master cell seed is stored in out other tests with reagents able to detect contamination
aliquots at – 70 °C or lower. Production of vaccine is not by cells of other species.
normally undertaken on cells more than twenty passages
from the master cell seed. Where suspension cultures are Bacterial and fungal contamination. The cells comply
used, an increase in cell numbers equivalent to approximately with the test for sterility (2.6.1). The sample of cells to be
three population doublings is considered equivalent to one examined consists of not less than the number of cells in
passage. If cells beyond twenty passage levels are to be a monolayer with an area of 70 cm2 or, for cells grown in
used for production, it shall be demonstrated, by validation suspension, an approximately equivalent number of cells.
or further testing, that the production cell cultures are The cells are maintained in culture for at least 15 days
essentially similar to the master cell seed with regard to their without antibiotics before carrying out the test.
biological characteristics and purity and that the use of such Mycoplasmas (2.6.7). The cells comply with the test for
cells has no deleterious effect on vaccine production. mycoplasmas. The cells are maintained in culture for at least
The history of the cell line shall be known and recorded in 15 days without antibiotics before carrying out the test.
detail (for example, origin, number of passages and media Absence of contaminating viruses. The cells must not be
used for multiplication, storage conditions). contaminated by viruses ; suitably sensitive tests, including
The method of storing and using the cells, including details those prescribed below, are carried out.
of how it is ensured that the maximum number of passages The monolayers tested shall have an area of at least 70 cm2,
permitted is not exceeded during product manufacture, are and shall be prepared and maintained using medium and
recorded. A sufficient quantity of the master cell seed and additives, and grown under similar conditions to those
each working cell seed are kept for analytical purposes. used for the preparation of the vaccine. The monolayers
The tests described below are carried out (as prescribed in are maintained in culture for a total of at least 28 days.
Table 5.2.4.-1) on a culture of the master cell seed and the Subcultures are made at 7-day intervals, unless the cells do
working cell seed or on cell cultures from the working cell not survive for this length of time, when the subcultures are
seed at the highest passage level used for production and made on the latest day possible. Sufficient cells, in suitable
derived from a homogeneous sample demonstrated to be containers, are produced for the final subculture to carry
representative. out the tests specified below.
Characteristics of culture. The appearance of cell The monolayers are examined regularly throughout the
monolayers, before and after histological staining, is incubation period for the possible presence of cytopathic
described. Information, if possible numerical data, is effects and at the end of the observation period for cytopathic
provided especially on the speed and rate of growth. effects, haemadsorbent viruses and specific viruses by
Similarly, the presence or absence of contact inhibition, immuno-fluorescence and other suitable tests as indicated
polynucleated cells and any other cellular abnormalities are below.
specified. Detection of cytopathic viruses. Two monolayers of at least
Karyotype. A chromosomal examination is made of not 6 cm2 each are stained with an appropriate cytological stain.
fewer than fifty cells undergoing mitosis in the master cell The entire area of each stained monolayer is examined for
seed and at a passage level at least as high as that to be any inclusion bodies, abnormal numbers of giant cells or any
used in production. Any chromosomal marker present in other lesion indicative of a cellular abnormality which might
the master cell seed must also be found in the high passage be attributable to a contaminant.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 553
5.2.4. Cell cultures for the production of veterinary vaccines EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Detection of haemadsorbent viruses. Monolayers totalling Each master cell seed, working cell seed and cells of the
at least 70 cm2 are washed several times with an appropriate highest passage of primary cells are checked in accordance
buffer and a sufficient volume of a suspension of suitable with Table 5.2.4.-2 and the procedure described below.
red blood cells added to cover the surface of the monolayer The sample tested shall cover all the sources of cells used
evenly. After different incubation times cells are examined for the manufacture of the batch. No batches of vaccine
for the presence of haemadsorption. manufactured using the cells may be released if any one of
Detection of specified viruses. Tests are carried out for the checks performed produces unsatisfactory results.
freedom from contaminants specific for the species of origin
of the cell line and for the species for which the product is Table 5.2.4.-2. – Cell culture stage at which tests
intended. Sufficient cells on suitable supports are prepared are carried out
to carry out tests for the agents specified. Suitable positive Master Working Highest passage
controls are included in each test. The cells are subjected cell seed cell seed level
to suitable tests, for example using fluorescein-conjugated General microscopy + + +
antibodies or similar reagents. + + −
Bacteria and fungi
Tests in other cell cultures. Monolayers totalling at least −
Mycoplasmas + +
140 cm2 are required. The cells are frozen and thawed at
least three times and then centrifuged to remove cellular Viruses + + −
debris. Inoculate aliquots onto the following cells at any + − −
Identification of species
time up to 70 per cent confluency :
— primary cells of the source species ; Characteristics of cultures. The appearance of cell
— cells sensitive to viruses pathogenic for the species for monolayers, before and after histological staining, is
which the vaccine is intended ; described. Information, if possible numerical data, is
— cells sensitive to pestiviruses. recorded, especially on the speed and rate of growth.
The inoculated cells are maintained in culture for at least Similarly, the presence or absence of contact inhibition,
7 days, after which freeze-thawed extracts are prepared as polynucleated cells and any other cellular abnormalities are
above and inoculated onto sufficient fresh cultures of the specified.
same cell types to allow for the testing as described below. Identification of species. It shall be demonstrated by one
The cells are incubated for at least a further 7 days. The validated test that the master cell seed comes from the
cultures are examined regularly for the presence of any specified species of origin.
cytopathic changes indicative of living organisms.
At the end of this period of 14 days, the inoculated cells are When a fluorescence test is carried out and the corresponding
subjected to the following checks : serum to the species of origin of cells is used and shows that
all the tested cells are fluorescent, it is not necessary to carry
— freedom from cytopathic and haemadsorbent organisms, out other tests with reagents able to detect contamination
using the methods specified in the relevant paragraphs by cells of other species.
above,
— absence of pestiviruses and other specific contaminants Bacterial and fungal sterility. The cells comply with the
by immunofluorescence or other validated methods test for sterility (2.6.1). The sample of cells to be examined
as indicated in the paragraph above on Detection of consists of not less than the number of cells in a monolayer
Specified Viruses. with an area of 70 cm2 or for cells grown in suspension an
approximately equivalent number of cells. The cells are
Tumorigenicity. The risk of a cell line for the target species maintained in culture for at least 15 days without antibiotics
must be evaluated and, if necessary, tests are carried out. before carrying out the test.
PRIMARY CELLS Mycoplasmas (2.6.7). The cells comply with the test for
For most mammalian vaccines, the use of primary cells is mycoplasmas. The cells are maintained in culture for at least
not acceptable for the manufacture of vaccines since cell 15 days without antibiotics before carrying out the test.
lines can be used. If there is no alternative to the use of Absence of contaminating viruses. The cells must not be
primary cells, the cells are obtained from a herd or flock contaminated by viruses ; suitably sensitive tests, including
free from specified pathogens, with complete protection those prescribed below are carried out.
from introduction of diseases (for example, disease barriers,
filters on air inlets, suitable quarantine before introduction The monolayers tested shall be at least 70 cm2, and shall be
of animals). Chicken flocks comply with the requirements prepared and maintained in culture using the same medium
prescribed in general chapter 5.2.2. Chicken Flocks Free and additives, and under similar conditions to those used for
from Specified Pathogens for the Production and Quality the preparation of the vaccine.
Control of Vaccines. For all other species, the herd or
flock is shown to be free from relevant specified pathogens. The monolayers are maintained in culture for a total of at
All the breeding stock in the herd or flock intended to be least 28 days or for the longest period possible if culture
used to produce primary cells for vaccine manufacture is for 28 days is impossible. Subcultures are made at 7-day
subject to a suitable monitoring procedure including regular intervals, unless the cells do not survive for this length
serological checks carried out at least twice a year and two of time when the subcultures are made on the latest day
supplementary serological examinations performed in 15 per possible. Sufficient cells, in suitable containers are produced
cent of the breeding stock in the herd between the two for the final subculture to carry out the tests specified below.
checks mentioned above. The monolayers are examined regularly throughout the
Wherever possible, particularly for mammalian cells, a incubation period for the possible presence of cytopathic
seed-lot system is used with, for example, a master cell seed effects and at the end of the observation period for cytopathic
formed after less than five passages, the working cell seed effects, haemadsorbent viruses and specific viruses by
being no more than five passages from the initial preparation immunofluorescence and other suitable tests as indicated
of the cell suspension from the animal tissues. below.

554 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.2.5. Substances of animal origin for veterinary vaccines

Detection of cytopathic viruses. Two monolayers of at least validated method. Where the use of such substances
6 cm2 each are stained with an appropriate cytological stain. has been shown to be essential and sterilisation is not
Examine the entire area of each stained monolayer for any possible, the criteria described under Requirements apply.
inclusion bodies, abnormal numbers of giant cells or any — Substances of animal origin used during production are
other lesion indicative of a cellular abnormality that might either subjected to a suitable, validated sterilisation or
be attributable to a contaminant. inactivation procedure or the substance is tested for the
Detection of haemadsorbent viruses. Monolayers totalling absence of extraneous organisms in accordance with
at least 70 cm2 are washed several times with a suitable the Requirements below. For inactivated vaccines, the
buffer solution and a sufficient volume of a suspension of method used for inactivation of the vaccine strain may
suitable red blood cells added to cover the surface of the also be validated for inactivation of possible contaminants
monolayer evenly. After different incubation times, examine from substances of animal origin.
cells for the presence of haemadsorption.
In addition to the restrictions described below, manufacturers
Detection of specified viruses. Tests are be carried out for must consider restrictions on the handling of substances of
freedom of contaminants specific for the species of origin animal origin in the vaccine manufacturing premises.
of the cells and for the species for which the product is
intended. The restrictions imposed by these sections may need to be
varied in accordance with changes in the incidence of disease
Sufficient cells on suitable supports are prepared to carry out in the country of origin and in Europe.
tests for the agents specified. Suitable positive controls are
included in each test. The cells are subjected to suitable tests
using fluorescein-conjugated antibodies or similar reagents. REQUIREMENTS
Tests in other cell cultures. Monolayers totalling at least Substances of animal origin comply with the requirements
140 cm2 are required. The cells are frozen and thawed at of the Pharmacopoeia (where a relevant monograph exists).
least three times and then centrifuged to remove cellular Source. The risk related to the animal diseases occurring in
debris. Aliquots are inoculated onto the following cells at the country of origin of the substance and to the potential
any time up to 70 per cent confluency : infectious diseases occurring in the source species, in
— primary cells of the source species ; relation to the proposed recipient species must be carefully
— cells sensitive to viruses pathogenic for the species for evaluated. The strictest possible selection criteria must be
which the vaccine is intended ; applied, in particular for substances for use in products
intended for the same species and for substances of bovine,
— cells sensitive to pestiviruses.
caprine, ovine and porcine origin.
The inoculated cells are maintained in culture for at least
7 days, after which freeze-thawed extracts are prepared as Preparation. Substances of animal origin are prepared from
above, and inoculated onto sufficient fresh cultures of the a homogeneous bulk designated with a batch number. A
same cell types to allow for the testing as described below. batch may contain substances derived from as many animals
The cells are incubated for at least a further 7 days. All as desired but once defined and given a batch number, the
cultures are regularly examined for the presence of any batch is not added to or contaminated in any way.
cytopathic changes indicative of living organisms. All batches of substances shall be shown to be free from
At the end of this period of 14 days, the inoculated cells are contaminants as described below and/or are subject to a
subjected to the following checks : validated inactivation procedure.
— freedom from cytopathic and haemadsorbent organisms is Inactivation. The inactivation procedure chosen shall have
demonstrated using the methods specified in the relevant been shown to be capable of reducing the titre of certain
paragraphs above ; potential contaminants in the substance concerned by
— relevant substrates are tested for the absence of at least 106. If this reduction in titre cannot be shown
pestiviruses and other specific contaminants by experimentally, kinetic studies for the inactivation procedure
immunofluorescence or other validated methods as must be carried out and shown to be satisfactory, taking into
indicated in the paragraph above on Detection of account the possible level of contamination.
Specified Viruses. The list of potential contaminating organisms that the
procedure must be shown to be capable of inactivating must
01/2008:50205 be appropriate to the particular species of origin of the
substance. The evidence for the efficacy of the procedure,
5.2.5. SUBSTANCES OF ANIMAL which must relate to the current circumstances, may take the
form of references to published literature or experimental
ORIGIN FOR THE PRODUCTION OF data generated by the manufacturer.
VETERINARY VACCINES Tests. For examination of the substance for freedom from
Substances of animal origin (for example, serum, trypsin and contaminants, any solids are dissolved or suspended in a
serum albumin) may be used during the manufacture of suitable medium in such a way as to create a solution or
veterinary immunological products, as ingredients of culture suspension containing at least 300 g/l of the substance to be
media etc. or as added constituents of vaccines or diluents. examined. If the substance is not soluble or where cytotoxic
It is recommended to reduce, wherever practicable, the use reactions occur, a lower concentration may be used.
of such substances. Any batch of substance found to contain living organisms
Certain restrictions are placed upon the use of such of any kind is unsatisfactory and is either discarded or
substances to minimise the risk associated with pathogens repro-cessed and shown to be satisfactory.
that may be present in them. Freedom from extraneous viruses. The solution or
— The use of substances of animal origin as constituents of suspension of the solid substance or the undiluted liquid
vaccines or diluents is not generally acceptable except substance is tested for contaminants by suitably sensitive
where such substances are sterilised by a suitable, methods. These methods shall include tests in suitably

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 555
5.2.6. Evaluation of safety of veterinary vaccines and immunosera EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

sensitive cell cultures, including primary cells from the same administration of the product, 4 h later and on the following
species as the substances to be examined. A proportion of 4 days. The animals are observed and examined until
the cells is passaged at least twice. reactions may no longer be expected but, in all cases, the
The cells are observed regularly for 21 days for cytopathic observation and examination period extends at least until
effects. At the end of each 7 day period, a proportion of 14 days after administration.
the original cultures is fixed, stained and examined for Examination of reproductive performance. As part of the
cytopathic effects ; a proportion is tested for haemadsorbing studies, examination of reproductive performance must
agents ; and a proportion is tested for specific agents by also be considered when data suggest that the starting
appropriate serodiagnostic tests. material from which the product is derived may be a risk
Bacterial and fungal contamination. Before use, substances factor. Where prescribed in a monograph, reproductive
are tested for sterility (2.6.1) and freedom from mycoplasmas performance of males and non-pregnant and pregnant
(2.6.7) or sterilised to inactivate any bacterial, fungal or females and harmful effects on the progeny, including
mycoplasmal contaminants. teratogenic and abortifacient effects, are investigated by each
of the recommended routes of administration.
Safety of 1 administration of an overdose. An overdose of
01/2008:50206 the product is administered by each recommended route of
administration to animals of the categories of the target
species which are expected to be the most sensitive, such
5.2.6. EVALUATION OF SAFETY as animals of the youngest age and pregnant animals, if
OF VETERINARY VACCINES AND appropriate. The overdose normally consists of 10 doses
IMMUNOSERA of a live vaccine or 2 doses of an inactivated product or an
immunoserum. For freeze-dried live vaccines, the 10 doses
The term “product” means either a vaccine or an shall be reconstituted in a suitable volume of diluent for the
immunoserum throughout the text. test. The animals are observed and examined at least daily for
During development, safety tests are carried out in the target signs of local and systemic reactions. Other objective criteria
species to show the risks from use of the product. are recorded, such as body temperature (for mammals) and
performance measurements. The animals are observed and
Vaccines. In laboratory tests, “dose” means that quantity examined for at least 14 days after administration. If the
of the product to be recommended for use and containing vaccine is intended for use in pregnant animals, carry out
the maximum titre or potency likely to be contained in the test in these animals at the time for which use is not
production batches. Live vaccines are prepared only from contra-indicated, and extend the observation period at least
strains of organisms that have been shown to be safe. For until parturtition. The animals are observed and effects
live vaccines, use a batch or batches of vaccine containing on gestation or the offspring are recorded. In exceptional
virus/bacteria at the least attenuated passage level that will circumstances, notably for immunosera, where there is
be present in a batch of vaccine. evidence that an overdose is not appropriate and an overdose
For combined vaccines, the safety shall be demonstrated ; for test is not performed, a clear warning of the potential dangers
live components of combined vaccines, compliance with the of overdosing must be contained in the product literature.
special requirements for live vaccines stated below shall be
Safety of the repeated administration of 1 dose. Repeated
demonstrated separately for each vaccine strain.
administration of 1 dose may be required to reveal any
For inactivated vaccines, safety tests carried out on adverse effects induced by such administration. These tests
the combined vaccine may be regarded as sufficient to are particularly important where the product, notably an
demonstrate the safety of the individual components. immunoserum, may be administered on several occasions
Immunosera. In the tests, “dose” means the maximum over a relatively short space of time. These tests are carried
quantity of the product to be recommended for use and out on the most sensitive categories of the target species,
containing the maximum potency and maximum total protein using each recommended route of administration. The
likely to be contained in production batches. In addition, number of administrations must be not less than the
if appropriate, the dose tested also contains maximum maximum number recommended ; for vaccines, this shall
quantities of immunoglobulin or gammaglobulin. take account of the number of administrations for primary
The tests described below, modified or supplemented by vaccination and the 1st re-vaccination ; for immunosera, it
tests described in the Production section of a monograph, shall take account of the number of administrations required
may be carried out as part of the tests necessary during for treatment. The interval between administrations shall
development to demonstrate the safety of the product. be suitable (e.g. period of risk or required for treatment)
and appropriate to the recommendations of use. Although,
A. LABORATORY TESTS for convenience, as far as vaccines are concerned, a shorter
Safety of the administration of 1 dose. For each of the interval may be used in the study than that recommended
recommended routes of administration, administer 1 dose in the field, an interval of at least 14 days must be allowed
of product to animals of each species and category for between administrations for the development of any
which use of the product is to be recommended. This must hypersensitivity reaction. For immunosera, however,
include animals of the youngest recommended age and administration shall follow the recommended schedule. The
pregnant animals, if appropriate. The animals are observed animals are observed and examined at least daily for at least
and examined at least daily for signs of abnormal local and 14 days after the last administration for signs of systemic and
systemic reactions. Where appropriate, these studies shall local reactions. Other objective criteria are recorded, such as
include detailed post-mortem macroscopic and microscopic body temperature and performance measurements.
examinations of the injection site. Other objective criteria Residues. In the case of live vaccines for well-established
are recorded, such as body temperature (for mammals) zoonotic diseases, the determination of residual vaccine
and performance measurements. The body temperatures organisms at the injection site may be required, in addition
are recorded on at least the day before and at the time of to the studies of dissemination described below.

556 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.2.7. Evaluation of efficacy of veterinary vaccines and immunosera

Adverse effects on immunological functions. Where the e) Recombination or genomic reassortment of strain. The
product might adversely affect the immune response of probability of recombination or genomic reassortment with
the animal to which the product is administered or of its field or other strains shall be considered.
progeny, suitable tests on the immunological functions are
carried out. B. FIELD STUDIES
Adverse effects from interactions. Studies are undertaken Results from laboratory studies shall normally be
to show a lack of adverse effect on the safety of the product supplemented with supportive data from field studies.
when simultaneous administration is recommended or where Provided that laboratory tests have adequately assessed
administration of the product is recommended as part of a the safety and efficacy of a product under experimental
schedule of administration of products within a short period conditions using vaccines of maximum and minimum titre or
of time. potency respectively, a single batch of product may be used
to assess both safety and efficacy under field conditions. In
Special requirements for live vaccines. The following these cases, a typical routine batch of intermediate titre or
laboratory tests must also be carried out with live vaccines. potency may be used.
a) Spread of the vaccine strain. Spread of the vaccine For food-producing mammals, the studies include
strain from vaccinated to unvaccinated target animals is measurement of the body temperatures of a sufficient
investigated using the recommended route of administration number of animals, before and after administration of the
most likely to result in spread. Moreover, it may be necessary product ; for other mammals, such measurements are carried
to investigate the safety of spread to non-target species out if the laboratory studies indicate that there might be
that could be highly susceptible to a live vaccine strain. An a problem. The size and persistence of any local reaction
assessment must be made of how many animal-to-animal and the proportion of animals showing local or systemic
passages are likely to be sustainable under normal reactions are recorded. Performance measurements are
circumstances together with an assessment of the likely made, where appropriate.
consequences. Performance measures for broilers include weekly mortality,
b) Dissemination in vaccinated animal. Faeces, urine, milk, feed conversion ratios, age at slaughter and weight, down
eggs, oral, nasal and other secretions shall be tested for the grading and rejects at the processing plant. For vaccines
presence of the organism. Moreover, studies may be required for use in laying birds or in birds which may be maintained
of the dissemination of the vaccine strain in the body, with to lay, the effect of the vaccine on laying performance and
particular attention being paid to the predilection sites for hatchability is investigated, as appropriate.
replication of the organism. In the case of live vaccines
C. ECOTOXICITY
for well-established zoonotic diseases for food-producing
animals, these studies are obligatory. An assessment is made of the potential harmful effects
of the product for the environment and any necessary
c) Increase in virulence. Use material from the passage precautionary measures to reduce such risks are identified.
level that is likely to be most virulent for the target species The likely degree of exposure of the environment to the
between the master seed lot and the final product. The product is assessed taking into account : the target species
animals used are of an age suitable for recovery of the virus and mode of administration ; excretion of the product ;
and the animals in all groups are of this age at the time of disposal of unused product. If these factors indicate that
inoculation. The initial vaccination is carried out using the there will be significant exposure of the environment to the
recommended route of administration most likely to lead to product, the potential ecotoxicity is evaluated taking into
reversion to virulence. After this, not fewer than 5 further account the properties of the product.
serial passages through animals of the target species are
undertaken. The passages are undertaken by the route of
administration most likely to lead to reversion to virulence.
If the properties of the virus allow sequential passage to 01/2008:50207
5 groups via natural spreading, this method may be used,
otherwise passage as described in each monograph is
carried out and the maximally passaged virus that has been 5.2.7. EVALUATION OF EFFICACY
recovered is tested for increase in virulence. Not fewer than OF VETERINARY VACCINES AND
2 animals are used for each passage. At each passage, the IMMUNOSERA
presence of living vaccine-derived organisms in the material
used for passage is demonstrated. The safety of material The term “product” means either a vaccine or an
from the highest successful passage is compared with that of immunoserum throughout the text.
unpassaged material.
During development of the product, tests are carried
For particular viruses, a monograph may require more out to demonstrate that the product is efficacious when
passages in more animals if there is an indication from administered by each of the recommended routes and
available data that this is relevant. At least the final passage methods of administration and using the recommended
is carried out using animals most appropriate to the potential schedule to animals of each species and category for which
risk being assessed. use of the product is to be recommended. The type of efficacy
testing to be carried out varies considerably depending on
d) Biological properties of the vaccine strain. Other tests the particular type of product.
may be necessary to determine as precisely as possible the
intrinsic biological properties of the vaccine strain (for As part of tests carried out during development to establish
example, neurotropism). For vector vaccines, evaluation is efficacy, the tests described in the Production section of a
made of the risk of changing the tropism or virulence of monograph may be carried out ; the following must be taken
the strain and where necessary specific tests are carried into account.
out. Such tests are systematically carried out where the The dose to be used is that quantity of the product to be
product of a foreign gene is incorporated into the strain as a recommended for use and containing the minimum titre or
structural protein. potency expected at the end of the period of validity.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 557
5.2.8. Minimising the risk of transmitting TSE via medicinal products EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

For live vaccines, use vaccine containing virus/bacteria at laboratory tests have adequately assessed the safety and
the most attenuated passage level that will be present in a efficacy of a product under experimental conditions using
batch of vaccine. vaccines of maximum and minimum titre or potency
For immunosera, if appropriate, the dose tested also contains respectively, a single batch of product could be used to
minimum quantities of immunoglobulin or gammaglobulin assess both safety and efficacy under field conditions. In
and/or total protein. these cases, a typical routine batch of intermediate titre or
The efficacy evidence must support all the claims being potency may be used. Where laboratory trials cannot be
made. For example, claims for protection against respiratory supportive of efficacy, the performance of field trials alone
disease must be supported by at least evidence of protection may be acceptable.
from clinical signs of respiratory disease. Where it is
claimed that there is protection from infection this must be 01/2008:50208
demonstrated using re-isolation techniques. If more than one
claim is made, supporting evidence for each claim is required. 5.2.8. MINIMISING THE RISK
Vaccines. The influence of passively acquired and maternally OF TRANSMITTING ANIMAL
derived antibodies on the efficacy of a vaccine is adequately SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY
evaluated. Any claims, stated or implied, regarding onset and
duration of protection shall be supported by data from trials. AGENTS VIA HUMAN AND
The efficacy of each of the components of multivalent VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
and combined vaccines shall be demonstrated using the
combined vaccine. This chapter is identical with the Note for Guidance on
Immunosera. Particular attention must be paid to providing Minimising the Risk of Transmitting Animal Spongiform
supporting data for the efficacy of the regime that is to Encephalopathy Agents via Human and Veterinary
be recommended. For example, if it is recommended that Medicinal Products - Revision 2, October 2003 [Committee
the immunoserum needs only to be administered once to for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP), Committee for
achieve a prophylactic or therapeutic effect then this must Veterinary Medicinal Products (CVMP), European Agency
be demonstrated. Any claims, stated or implied, regarding for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products].
onset and duration of protection or therapeutic effect must
be supported by data from trials. For example, the duration Contents
of the protection afforded by a prophylactic dose of an 1. INTRODUCTION
antiserum must be studied so that appropriate guidance for
the user can be given on the label. 1-1. Scientific background
Studies of immunological compatibility are undertaken when 1-2. Regulatory compliance
simultaneous administration is recommended or where it is a 2. SCOPE OF THE CHAPTER
part of a usual administration schedule. Wherever a product 3. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
is recommended as part of an administration scheme, the 3-1. Scientific principles for minimising risk
priming or booster effect or the contribution of the product 3-2. Source animals
to the efficacy of the scheme as a whole is demonstrated.
3-2-1. Geographical sourcing
LABORATORY TESTS 3-2-1-1. Bovine materials
In principle, demonstration of efficacy is undertaken under 3-2-1-2. Sheep and goats (small ruminants)
well-controlled laboratory conditions by challenge of the 3-2-2. BSE negligible risk (closed) bovine herds
target animal under the recommended conditions of use. 3-3. Animal parts, body fluids and secretions as starting
In so far as possible, the conditions under which the materials
challenge is carried out shall mimic the natural conditions for 3-4. Age of animals
infection, for example with regard to the amount of challenge
organism and the route of administration of the challenge. 3-5. Manufacturing Process
Vaccines. Unless otherwise justified, challenge is carried out 4. RISK ASSESSMENT OF MATERIALS OR SUBSTANCES
using a strain different from the one used in the production USED IN THE MANUFACTURE AND PREPARATION
of the vaccine. OF A MEDICINAL PRODUCT IN THE CONTEXT OF
REGULATORY COMPLIANCE
If possible, the immune mechanism (cell-mediated/humoral,
5. BENEFIT/RISK EVALUATION
local/general, classes of immunoglobulin) that is initiated
after the administration of the vaccine to target animals shall 6. SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS
be determined. 6-1. Collagen
Immunosera. Data are provided from measurements of 6-2. Gelatin
the antibody levels achieved in the target species after 6-3. Bovine blood derivatives
administration of the product, as recommended. Where 6-4. Tallow derivatives
suitable published data exist, references are provided to
6-5. Animal charcoal
relevant published literature on protective antibody levels
and challenge studies are avoided. 6-6. Milk and milk derivatives
Where challenges are required, these can be given before or 6-7. Wool derivatives
after administration of the product, in accordance with the 6-8. Amino acids
indications and specific claims to be made.
1. INTRODUCTION
FIELD TRIALS 1-1. SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND
In general, results from laboratory tests are supplemented Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) are
with data from field trials, carried out, unless otherwise chronic degenerative nervous diseases characterised by
justified, with untreated control animals. Provided that the accumulation of an abnormal isoform of a cellular

558 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.2.8. Minimising the risk of transmitting TSE via medicinal products

glycoprotein known as PrP (or prion protein). The abnormal 1-2. REGULATORY COMPLIANCE
isoform of PrP (PrPSc) differs from normal PrP (PrPc) in Risk assessment. Since the use of animal-derived materials
being highly resistant to protease and heat denaturation is unavoidable for the production of some medicinal
treatments. PrPSc is considered to be the infective agent products and that complete elimination of risk at source
responsible for transmitting TSE disease. is rarely possible, the measures taken to manage the
TSE diseases in animals include : risk of transmitting animal TSEs via medicinal products
— bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, represent risk minimisation rather than risk elimination.
Consequently, the basis for regulatory compliance should
— scrapie in sheep and goats, be based on a risk assessment, taking into consideration all
— chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids (deer and elk), pertinent factors as identified in this chapter (see below).
— transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) in farmed Legal Aspects. The note for guidance has been given the
mink, force of law by virtue of Annex I to European Parliament
— feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) in felidae and Council Directives 2001/82/EC and 2001/83/EC
(specifically domestic cats and captive large cats), and (as amended by Commission Directive 2003/63/EC(1)),
governing the veterinary and human medicinal products,
— spongiform encephalopathy of exotic ungulates in zoos. respectively. These directives require that applicants for
In humans, spongiform encephalopathies include marketing authorisation for human and veterinary medicinal
different forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Kuru, products must demonstrate that medicinal products are
Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Syndrome (GSS), and Fatal manufactured in accordance with the latest version of this
Familial Insomnia (FFI). note for guidance published in the Official Journal of the
Iatrogenic transmission of spongiform encephalopathies European Union. This is a continuing obligation after the
has been reported. In sheep, scrapie has been accidentally marketing authorisation has been granted.
transmitted by the use of Louping Ill vaccine prepared By definition, the principle of Specified Risk Materials as
from pooled, formaldehyde treated ovine brain and spleen defined in Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European
in which material from scrapie-infected sheep had been Parliament and of the Council(2) does not apply to medicinal
inadvertently incorporated. In man, cases of transmission products. The use of substances derived from high infectivity
of CJD have been reported which have been attributed tissues must be fully justified following an appropriate
to the parenteral administration of growth hormone and benefit/risk evaluation (see further below).
gonadotropin derived from human cadaveric pituitary The note for guidance should be read in conjunction with the
glands. Cases of CJD have also been attributed to the use various European Community legal instruments including
of contaminated instruments in brain surgery and with the Commission decisions progressively implemented since 1991.
transplantation of human dura mater and cornea. Where appropriate, references to these decisions are given in
Interspecies TSE transmission is restricted by a number the text. Position statements and explanatory notes made by
of natural barriers, transmissibility being affected by the the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP)
species of origin, the prion strain, dose, route of exposure and Committee for Veterinary Medicinal Products (CVMP)
and, in some species, the host allele of the PrP gene. Species are still applicable for the purpose of regulatory compliance
barriers can be crossed under appropriate conditions. unless otherwise superseded by the note for guidance.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was first The general monograph Products with risk of transmitting
recognised in the United Kingdom in 1986 and a large agents of animal spongiform encephalopathies of the
number of cattle and individual herds have been affected. European Pharmacopoeia refers to this chapter, which is
It is clear that BSE is a food borne disease associated with identical with the note for guidance. The monograph forms
feeding meat and bone meal derived from TSE affected the basis for issuing Certificates of Suitability as a procedure
animals. Other countries have experienced cases of BSE, for demonstrating TSE compliance for substances and
either in animals imported from the United Kingdom or in materials used in the manufacture of human and veterinary
indigenous animals. There is convincing evidence to show medicinal products.
that the variant form of CJD (vCJD) is caused by the agent Clarification of note for guidance. As the scientific
which is responsible for BSE in cattle. Therefore, a cautious understanding of TSEs, especially the pathogenesis of
approach continues to be warranted if biological materials the diseases, is evolving, from time to time CPMP and its
from species naturally affected by TSE diseases, especially Biotechnology Working Party in collaboration with CVMP
bovine species, are used for the manufacture of medicinal and its Immunologicals Working Party may be required in
products. the future to develop supplementary guidance in the form
Scrapie occurs worldwide and has been reported in most of position statements or explanatory notes for the purpose
European countries. It has the highest incidence in the of clarifying the note for guidance. The supplementary
United Kingdom. While humans have been exposed to guidance shall be published by the Commission and on
naturally occurring scrapie for over 200 years, there is the website of the European Agency for the Evaluation of
no epidemiological evidence directly linking scrapie to Medicinal Products (EMEA) and taken into consideration
spongiform encephalopathies in humans. However, there accordingly in the scope of the certification of the European
remains a theoretical and currently unquantifiable risk that Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM).
some BSE-contaminated protein supplement may have been Implementation of the revised note for guidance. All
fed to sheep. If such feed causes a recurrent BSE infection in authorised medicinal products in the European Union have
sheep, it may be diagnosed as scrapie and might as such pose demonstrated compliance with the note for guidance on
a risk of human TSEs. Further, it should also be assumed minimising the risk of transmitting animal spongiform
that any BSE agent introduced into the small ruminant encephalopathy agents via human and veterinary medicinal
population via contaminated feed is likely to be recycled and products (EMEA/410/01-Rev.1) in line with the legal
amplified. requirement as inscribed in Annex I to Directive 2001/82/EC
(1) O.J. L 159, 27.06.2003, p. 46
(2) O.J. L 147, 31.05.2001, p. 1

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 559
5.2.8. Minimising the risk of transmitting TSE via medicinal products EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

(veterinary medicines) or Directive 2001/83/EC as amended that have already been approved for the manufacture of
by Directive 2003/63/EC (medicines for human use). The a constituent of an authorised medicinal product shall
revised note for guidance is to be applied prospectively, i.e. be considered in compliance with the note for guidance
for all medicinal products that will be authorised or whose even if they are incorporated in marketing authorisation
marketing authorisation will be renewed after the time of applications lodged after 1 July 2000 (for human medicinal
coming into operation of the revised note for guidance. products) or 1 October 2000 (for veterinary medicinal
products).
2. SCOPE OF THE CHAPTER
Master cell banks and master seeds established
TSE-RELEVANT ANIMAL SPECIES before 1 July 2000 (for human medicinal products) or
Cattle, sheep, goats and animals that are naturally susceptible 1 October 2000 (for veterinary medicinal products), but not
to infection with transmissible spongiform encephalopathy yet approved as a constituent of an authorised medicinal
agents or susceptible to infection through the oral route product shall demonstrate that they fulfil the requirements of
other than humans(3) and non-human primates are defined the note for guidance. If, for some raw or starting materials
as “TSE-relevant animal species”(4). or reagents used for the establishment of these cell banks or
MATERIALS seeds, full documentary evidence is not/no longer available,
This chapter is concerned with materials derived from the applicant should present a risk assessment as described
“TSE-relevant animal species” that are used for the in Section 4 of the note for guidance.
preparation of : Established working seeds or cell banks used in the
— active substances, manufacture of medicinal products authorised before
1 July 2000 (human medicines) or 1 October 2000
— excipients and adjuvants,
(veterinary medicines), which have been subjected to
— raw and starting materials and reagents used in a properly conducted risk assessment by a competent
production (e.g. bovine serum albumin ; enzymes ; culture authority of the Member States or the EMEA and declared
media including those used to prepare working cell to be acceptable, shall also be considered compliant.
banks, or new master cell banks for medicinal products
which are subject to a new marketing authorisation). However, where materials derived from the “TSE-relevant
animal species” are used in fermentation/routine production
This chapter is also applicable to materials that come into processes or in the establishment of working seeds and
direct contact with the equipment used in manufacture of the working cell banks, the applicant must demonstrate that
medicinal product or that come in contact with the medicinal they fulfil the requirements of the note for guidance.
product and therefore have the potential for contamination.
Materials used in the qualification of plant and equipment, 3. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
such as culture media used in media fill experiments to 3-1. SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES FOR MINIMISING RISK
validate the aseptic filling process, shall be considered When manufacturers have a choice, the use of materials
in compliance with this chapter provided that the from “non TSE-relevant animal species” or non-animal origin
constituent or constituents are derived from tissues with no is preferred. The rationale for using materials derived from
detectable infectivity (category C tissues), where the risk of “TSE-relevant animal species” instead of materials from
cross-contamination with potentially infective tissues has “non-TSE-relevant species” or of non-animal origin should be
been considered (see section 3-3) and where the materials given. If materials from “TSE-relevant animal species” have
are sourced from a GBR I/II country (see section 3-2). Such to be used, consideration should be given to all the necessary
information shall be provided in the dossier for a marketing measures to minimise the risk of transmission of TSE.
authorisation and verified during routine inspection for
Readily applicable diagnostic tests for TSE infectivity
compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP).
in vivo are not yet available. Diagnosis is based on
Other materials such as cleaning agents, softeners and post-mortem confirmation of characteristic brain lesions by
lubricants that come into contact with the medicinal product histopathology and/or detection of PrPSc by Western blot
during its routine manufacture or in the finishing stage or immunoassay. The demonstration of infectivity by the
or in the primary packaging are considered in compliance inoculation of suspect tissue into target species or laboratory
with this chapter if they are derived from tallow under the animals is also used for confirmation. However, due to the
conditions described in section 6. long incubation periods of all TSEs, results of in vivo tests
SEED LOTS, CELL BANKS AND ROUTINE are available only after months or years.
FERMENTATION/PRODUCTION(5) Several in vitro diagnostic tests capable of detecting PrPSc
For the purpose of regulatory compliance, master seeds or in brain samples from infected animals have been approved
master cell banks in marketing authorisation applications for use but in the main they are less sensitive than in vivo
lodged after 1 July 2000 (for human medicinal products) infectivity assays. Nonetheless, screening of source animals
or 1 October 2000 (for veterinary medicinal products) are by in vitro tests may prevent the use of animals at late stages
covered by the note for guidance. of incubation of the disease and may provide information
Master seeds and master cell banks, about the epidemiological status of a given country or region.
— for vaccine antigens ; Minimising the risks of transmission of TSE is based upon
— for a biotechnology-derived medicinal product within three complementary parameters :
the meaning of Part A of the Annex to Council — the source animals and their geographical origin,
Regulation (EC) No 2309/93 ; and — nature of animal material used in manufacture and any
— for other medicinal products using seed lots or cell procedures in place to avoid cross-contamination with
banking systems in their manufacture, higher risk materials,
(3) Regulatory guidance and position papers have been issued by the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products and its Biotechnology Working Party on human tissue derived medicinal
products in relation with CJD and vCJD. Such guidance can be found on http://www.emea.eu.int.
(4) Pigs and birds, which are animal species of particular interest for the production of medicinal products, are not naturally susceptible to infection via the oral route. Therefore they are not
TSE-relevant animal species within the meaning of this chapter. Also dogs, rabbits and fish are non TSE-relevant animal species within the meaning of this chapter.
(5) See also : Position paper on the assessment of the risk of transmission of animal spongiform encephalopathy agents by master seed materials used in the production of veterinary
vaccines (EMEA/CVMP/019/01-February 2001 adopted by the Committee for Veterinary Medicinal products (CVMP) in July 2001, Official Journal of the European Communities C 286 of
12 October 2001, p.12.

560 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.2.8. Minimising the risk of transmitting TSE via medicinal products

— production process(es) including the quality assurance Reports of the GBR assessment of the countries are available
system in place to ensure product consistency and on the SSC website(8). If the BSE status of a country has
traceability. not been classified by the SSC, a risk assessment shall be
submitted taking into account the SSC criteria for the GBR
3-2. SOURCE ANIMALS
classification.
The source materials used for the production of materials
for the manufacture of medicinal products shall be derived Where there is a choice, animals should be sourced from
from animals fit for human consumption following ante- and countries with the lowest possible GBR level unless the use
post-mortem inspection in accordance with Community or of material from higher GBR countries is justified. Some of
equivalent (third country) conditions, except for materials the materials identified in Section 6, “Specific Conditions”
derived from live animals, which should be found healthy can be sourced from GBR category III and, in some cases,
after clinical examination. category IV countries, provided that the controls and
requirements as specified in the relevant sections below are
3-2-1. Geographical sourcing applied. Apart from these exceptions, animals must not be
sourced from category IV countries, and justifications for
3-2-1-1. Bovine materials the use of animals from category III countries must always
be provided.
There are currently two organisations involved in the
assessment of the BSE status of a specified country 3-2-1-2. Sheep and goats (small ruminants)
or zone. Firstly, the Organisation Internationale des Naturally occurring clinical scrapie cases have been reported
Epizooties (OIE)(6) lays down the criteria for the assessment in a number of countries worldwide. As BSE in sheep could
of the status of countries in the chapter of the International possibly be mistaken for scrapie, as a precautionary measure,
Animal Health Code on bovine spongiform encephalopathy. sourcing of materials derived from small ruminants shall take
OIE also provides a list of notified BSE cases worldwide. into account the prevalence of both BSE and scrapie in the
Secondly, the European Commission Scientific Steering country and the tissues from which the materials are derived.
Committee (SSC)(7) has established a system for classifying The principles related to “BSE Negligible risk (closed) bovine
the countries according to their geographical BSE herds” (see section 3-2-2) could equally be applied in the
risk (GBR). context of small ruminants in order to develop a framework
to define the TSE status of a flock of small ruminants. For
Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament sheep, because of the concern over the possibility of BSE in
and of the Council laying down rules for the prevention, sheep, the use of (a) genotype(s) shown to be resistant to
control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform BSE/scrapie infection shall be considered in establishing
encephalopathies (TSE Regulation)(2) entered into force on TSE free flocks. However, goats have not been studied
1 July 2001. While medicinal products, medical devices and sufficiently with regard to a genotype specific sensitivity.
cosmetics are excluded from the scope of this Regulation,
the principles for the determination of BSE status should be Material of small ruminant origin should preferably be
taken into account in the categorisation of the BSE status sourced from countries with a long history of absence of
of a given country or region. scrapie, such as New Zealand or Australia or from proven
TSE-free flocks. Justification shall be required if the material
For the purposes of this chapter, the SSC GBR classification is sourced from some other origin.
should be used as the indicator of the status of a given 3-2-2. BSE negligible risk (closed) bovine herds. The safest
country. However, when countries are categorised according sourcing is from countries where the presence of BSE is
to Regulation (EC) No 999/2001, this categorisation should highly unlikely i.e. GBR I. Other countries may have or have
be used. had cases of BSE at some point in time and the practical
concept of “Negligible risk (closed) bovine herds” has been
European Commission Scientific Steering Committee developed by the SSC and endorsed by the CPMP and CVMP.
Classification Criteria for establishing and maintaining a “BSE negligible
risk (closed) bovine herd” can be found in the SSC opinion
The European Scientific Steering Committee classification
of 22-23 July 1999(9).
for geographical BSE risk (GBR) gives an indication of the
level of likelihood of the presence of one or more cattle For the time being it is not possible to quantify the reduction
clinically or pre-clinically infected with BSE in a given of the geographical BSE risk for cattle from BSE negligible
country or region. A definition of the four categories is risk (closed) bovine herds. However, it is expected that
provided in the following Table. this risk reduction is substantial. Therefore, sourcing from
such closed bovine herds shall be considered in the risk
GBR Presence of one or more cattle clinically or pre-clinically
assessment in conjunction with the GBR classification of
level infected with BSE in a geographical region/country the country.
I Highly unlikely 3-3. ANIMAL PARTS, BODY FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS
II Unlikely but not excluded AS STARTING MATERIALS
In a TSE infected animal, different organs and secretions
III Likely but not confirmed or confirmed at a lower level have different levels of infectivity(10). The tables in the
IV Confirmed at a higher level(1) Annex of this chapter(11) summarise current data about the
distribution of infectivity and PrPSc in cattle with BSE, and
(1) ≥ 100 cases/1 Million adult cattle per year
in sheep and goats with scrapie.
(6) http://www.oie.int
(7) The Scientific Steering Committee established by Commission Decision 97/404/EC shall assist the Commission to obtain the best scientific advice available on matters relating to consumer
health. Since May 2003, its tasks have been taken over by the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) : http://www.efsa.eu.int
(8) http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/outcome_en.html
(9) SSC Scientific Opinion on the conditions related to “BSE Negligible Risk (Closed) Bovine Herds” adopted at the meeting of 22-23 July 1999. http://euro-
pa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/out56_en.html
(10) If materials from “TSE-relevant animal species” have to be used, consideration should be given to use of materials of the lowest category of risk.
(11) The tissue classification tables are based upon the most recent WHO guidelines on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in relation to biological and pharmaceutical products
(February 2003) WHO/BCT/QSD/03.01.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 561
5.2.8. Minimising the risk of transmitting TSE via medicinal products EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The information in the tables is based exclusively upon the brain particles into the peripheral organs, particularly
observations of naturally occurring disease or primary to the lungs. Stunning/slaughtering techniques should
experimental infection by the oral route (in cattle) but be described as well as the procedures to remove high
does not include data on models using strains of TSE infectivity tissues. The procedures to collect the animal
that have been adapted to experimental animals, because tissues/organs to be used and the measures in place to
passaged strain phenotypes can differ significantly and avoid cross-contamination with a higher risk material
unpredictably from those of naturally occurring disease. must also be described in detail.
Because immunohistochemical and/or Western blot — The risk of contamination of tissues and organs with
detection of misfolded host protein (PrPSc) have proven to be BSE-infectivity potentially harboured in central nervous
Sc
a surrogate marker of infectivity, PrP testing results have material as a consequence of the stunning method used
been presented in parallel with bioassay data. Tissues are for cattle slaughtering depends on the following factors :
grouped into three major infectivity categories, irrespective — the amount of BSE-infectivity in the brain of the
of the stage of disease : slaughtered animal,
Category A High-infectivity tissues — the extent of brain damage,
central nervous system (CNS) tissues that attain a high — the dissemination of brain particles in the animal body.
titre of infectivity in the later stages of all TSEs, and
certain tissues that are anatomically associated with the These factors must be considered in conjunction with the
CNS GBR classification of the source animals, the age of the
Category B Lower-infectivity tissues animals in the case of cattle and the post-mortem testing
of the cattle using a validated method.
peripheral tissues that have tested positive for infectivity
Sc
and/or PrP in at least one form of TSE The underlying principles indicated above would be
Category C Tissues with no detectable infectivity equally applicable to sheep and goats.
tissues that have been examined for infectivity, without
The risk posed by cross-contamination will be dependent on
Sc
any infectivity detected, and/or PrP , with negative several complementary factors including :
results — measures adopted to avoid contamination during
Category A tissues and substances derived from them shall collection of tissues (see above),
not be used in the manufacture of medicinal products, unless — level of contamination (amount of the contaminating
justified (see Section 5). tissue),
Although the category of lower risk tissues (category B — amount and type of materials collected at the same time.
tissues) almost certainly includes some (e.g. blood) with Manufacturers or the marketing authorisation
a lower risk than others (e.g. lymphoreticular tissues), the holders/applicants should take into account the risk with
data about infectivity levels in these tissues are too limited respect to cross-contamination.
to subdivide the category into different levels of risk. It is
3-4. AGE OF ANIMALS
also evident that the placement of a given tissue in one or
another category can be disease and species specific, and As the TSE infectivity accumulates in bovine animals over
subject to revision as new data emerges. an incubation period of several years, it is prudent to source
from young animals.
For the risk assessment (see section 4), manufacturers
and/or marketing authorisation holders/applicants shall 3-5. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
take into account the tissue classification tables in the Annex The assessment of the overall TSE risk reduction of a
to this chapter(12). medicinal product shall take into account the control
measures instituted with respect to :
The categories in the tables are only indicative and it is
important to note the following points. — sourcing of the raw/starting materials, and
— In certain situations there could be cross-contamination — the manufacturing process.
of tissues of different categories of infectivity. The Controlled sourcing is a very important criterion in achieving
potential risk will be influenced by the circumstances acceptable safety of the product, due to the documented
in which tissues were removed, especially by contact resistance of TSE agents to most inactivation procedures.
of tissues with lower-infectivity tissues or no detectable A quality assurance system, such as ISO 9000 certification,
infectivity (categories B and C tissues) with high-infectivity HACCP(14) or GMP, must be put in place for monitoring the
tissues (category A tissues). Thus, cross-contamination production process and for batch delineation (i.e. definition
of some tissues may be increased if infected animals of batch, separation of batches, cleaning between batches).
are slaughtered by penetrative brain stunning or if Procedures shall be put in place to ensure traceability as well
the brain and/or spinal cord is sawed. The risk of as self-auditing and to auditing suppliers of raw/starting
cross-contamination will be decreased if body fluids are materials.
collected with minimal damage to tissue and cellular Certain production procedures may contribute considerably
components are removed, and if foetal blood is collected to the reduction of the risk of TSE contamination, e.g.
without contamination from other maternal or foetal procedures used in the manufacture of tallow derivatives (see
tissues including placenta, amniotic and allantoic fluids. section 6). As such rigorous processing cannot be applied to
For certain tissues, it is very difficult or impossible to many products, processes involving physical removal, such
prevent cross-contamination with category A tissues (e.g. as precipitation and filtration to remove prion-rich material,
skull). This has to be considered in the risk assessment. are likely to be more appropriate than chemical treatments.
— For certain classes of substances the stunning/slaughter- A description of the manufacturing process, including
ing techniques used may be important in minimising the in-process controls applied, shall be presented and the steps
potential risk(13) because of the likelihood of disseminating that might contribute to reduction or elimination of TSE
(12) The introduction of the 3-category tissue classification system does not invalidate the risk-assessments based on the previously used 4-category tissue classification, performed for
authorised medicinal products.
(13) SSC opinion on stunning methods and BSE risk (the risk of dissemination of brain particles into the blood and carcass when applying certain stunning methods), adopted at the
meeting of 10-11 January 2002. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/out245_en.pdf
(14) Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point.

562 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.2.8. Minimising the risk of transmitting TSE via medicinal products

contamination should be discussed. Whenever different all the different materials from “TSE-relevant animal species”
manufacturing sites are involved, the steps performed at and, where appropriate, TSE reduction or inactivation by the
each site shall be clearly identified. The measures in place manufacturing steps of the active substance and/or finished
in order to ensure traceability of every production batch to product.
the source material should be described. The final determination of regulatory compliance rests with
Cleaning process. Cleaning of process equipment may be the competent authority.
difficult to validate for the elimination of TSE agents. It is It is incumbent upon the manufacturers and/or the
reported that after exposure to high titre preparations of TSE marketing authorisation holders or applicants for both
agent, detectable infectivity can remain bound to the surface human and veterinary medicinal products to select and
of stainless steel. The removal of all adsorbed protein by the justify the control measures for a given “TSE-relevant animal
use of sodium hydroxide or chlorine releasing disinfectants species” derivative, taking into account the state of the art
(e.g. 20 000 ppm chlorine for 1 h) have been considered of science and technology.
acceptable approaches where equipment that cannot be
replaced has been exposed to potentially contaminated 5. BENEFIT/RISK EVALUATION
material. In the case of using category A materials in the In addition to the parameters as mentioned in sections 3
manufacture of a product, dedicated equipment shall be and 4, the acceptability of a particular medicinal product
used, unless otherwise justified. containing materials derived from a “TSE-relevant animal
If risk materials are used in the manufacture of a product, species”, or which as a result of manufacture could contain
cleaning procedures, including control measures, shall be put these materials, shall take into account the following factors :
in place in order to minimise the risk of cross-contamination
between production batches. This is especially important if — route of administration of the medicinal product,
materials from different risk categories are handled in the — quantity of animal material used in the medicinal product,
same plant with the same equipment. — maximum therapeutic dosage (daily dose and duration
Removal/Inactivation validation. Validation studies of of treatment),
removal/inactivation procedures for TSEs are difficult to — intended use of the medicinal product and its clinical
interpret. It is necessary to take into consideration the benefit.
nature of the spiked material and its relevance to the natural High-infectivity tissues (category A tissues) and substances
situation, the design of the study (including scaling-down derived thereof shall not be used in manufacture of medicinal
of processes) and the method of detection of the agent products, their starting materials and intermediate products
(in vitro or in vivo assay). Further research is needed to (including active substances, excipients and reagents),
develop an understanding of the most appropriate “spike unless justified. A justification why no other materials
preparation” for validation studies. Therefore, validation can be used shall be provided. In these exceptional and
studies are currently not generally required. However, if justified circumstances, the use of high-infectivity tissues
claims are made for the safety of the product with respect could be envisaged for the manufacture of active substances,
to TSEs based on the ability of manufacturing processes to when, after performing the risk assessment as described
remove or inactivate TSE agents, they must be substantiated in Section 4 of this chapter, and taking into account the
by appropriate validation studies. intended clinical use, a positive benefit/risk assessment
In addition to appropriate sourcing, manufacturers are can be presented by the marketing authorisation applicant.
encouraged to continue their investigations into removal and Substances from category A materials, if their use is justified,
inactivation methods to identify steps/processes that would must be produced from animals of GBR I countries.
have benefit in assuring the removal or inactivation of TSE
agents. In any event, a production process wherever possible 6. SPECIFIC CONSIDERATIONS
shall be designed taking account of available information The following materials prepared from “TSE-relevant animal
on methods which are thought to inactivate or remove TSE species” are considered in compliance with this chapter
agents. provided that they meet at least the conditions specified
4. RISK ASSESSMENT OF MATERIALS OR SUBSTANCES below. The relevant information or a certificate of suitability
USED IN THE MANUFACTURE AND PREPARATION granted by the EDQM shall be provided by the marketing
OF A MEDICINAL PRODUCT IN THE CONTEXT OF authorisation applicant/holder.
REGULATORY COMPLIANCE 6-1. COLLAGEN
The assessment of the risk associated with TSE needs careful Collagen is a fibrous protein component of mammalian
consideration of all of the parameters as outlined in section connective tissue.
3-1 (Scientific Principles for Minimising Risk). For collagen, documentation to demonstrate compliance
As indicated in the introduction to this chapter, regulatory with this chapter needs to be provided taking into account
compliance is based on a favourable outcome from a the provisions listed in sections 3 to 5. In addition,
risk assessment. The risk assessments, conducted by the consideration should be given to the following.
manufacturers and/or the marketing authorisation holders — For collagen produced from bones, the conditions
or applicants for the different materials or substances from specified for gelatin are applicable (see below).
“TSE-relevant animal species” used in the manufacture of a
medicinal product shall show that all TSE risk factors have — Collagen produced from tissues such as hides and skins
been taken into account and, where possible, risk has been do not usually present a measurable TSE risk provided
minimised by application of the principles described in this that contamination with potentially infected materials, for
chapter. TSE Certificates of suitability issued by the EDQM example spillage of blood and/or central nervous tissues,
may be used by the marketing authorisation holders or is avoided during their procurement.
applicants as the basis of the risk assessments. 6-2. GELATIN
An overall risk assessment for the medicinal product, Gelatin is a natural, soluble protein, gelling or non-gelling,
conducted by the marketing authorisation holders or obtained by the partial hydrolysis of collagen produced from
applicants, shall take into account the risk assessments for bones, hides and skins, tendons and sinews of animals.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 563
5.2.8. Minimising the risk of transmitting TSE via medicinal products EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

For gelatin, documentation to demonstrate compliance with and the foetal blood harvested in dedicated space or area
this chapter needs to be provided taking into account the by cardiac puncture into a closed collection system using
provisions listed in sections 3 to 5. In addition, consideration aseptic technique.
should be given to the following. New born calf serum is obtained from calves under 20 days
The source material used old and calf serum from animals under the age of 12 months.
In the case of donor bovine serum, given that it may be
Gelatin used in medicinal products can be manufactured derived from animals less than 36 months old, the TSE status
from bones or hides. of the donor herd shall be well defined and documented.
Hides as the starting material. On the basis of current In all cases, serum shall be collected according to specified
knowledge, hides used for gelatin production represent a protocols by personnel trained in these procedures to avoid
much safer source material as compared to bones. However, cross-contamination with higher risk tissues.
it is highly recommended that measures should be put in For bovine blood derivatives, documentation to demonstrate
place to avoid cross-contamination with potentially infected compliance with this chapter needs to be provided taking
materials during procurement. into account the provisions listed in sections 3 to 5. In
Bones as the starting material. Where bones are used to addition, consideration should be given to the following.
manufacture gelatin, more stringent production conditions Traceability
shall be applied (see below). In any case, the removal
Traceability to the slaughterhouse must be assured for each
of skulls and spinal cords from the starting material is
batch of serum or plasma. Slaughterhouses must have
considered as a first precautionary measure which largely
available lists of farms from which the animals are originated.
affects the safety of the product. As far as practicable,
If serum is produced from living animals, records must be
bones should be sourced from countries classified as GBR I
available for each serum batch which assures the traceability
and II. Bones from category GBR III countries can be used
to the farms.
if the gelatin is manufactured under defined conditions as
indicated below and if vertebrae from cattle over 12 months Geographical origin
of age are removed from the raw/starting materials(15). Whilst tissue infectivity of BSE in cattle is more restricted
Manufacturing methods than scrapie, as a precautionary measure bovine blood must
be sourced from countries classified GBR I and II, unless
No specific measures with regard to the processing otherwise justified.
conditions are required for gelatin produced from hides
provided that control measures are put in place to avoid Stunning methods
cross-contamination both during the procurement of the If it is sampled from slaughtered animals, the method
hides and during the manufacturing process. of slaughter is of importance to assure the safety of the
material. It has been demonstrated that stunning by captive
However, the mode of manufacture must be taken into
bolt stunner with or without pithing as well as by pneumatic
account where bones are used as the starting material.
stunner, especially if it injects air, can destroy the brain and
— Bones (including vertebrae) for the production of disseminate brain material into the blood stream. Negligible
gelatin using acid treatment shall be sourced only from risk can be expected from a non-penetrative stunner and from
GBR category I or II countries. An additional alkaline electro-narcosis(16). The stunning methods must therefore be
treatment (pH 13, 1 h) of the bones/ossein may further described for the bovine blood collection process.
increase the TSE safety of acid-derived bone gelatin. If sourcing is allowed from countries where cases of BSE
For bones sourced from a GBR category III country, have been detected (GBR III) a non-penetrative stunner shall
the alkaline process shall be applied. However, this be used for slaughter.
manufacturing method is optional for bones coming from 6-4. TALLOW DERIVATIVES
GBR category I and II countries. Tallow is fat obtained from tissues including subcutaneous,
— For a typical alkaline manufacturing process, bones abdominal and inter-muscular areas and bones. Tallow
are finely crushed, degreased with hot water and used as the starting material for the manufacture of tallow
demineralised with dilute hydrochloric acid (at a derivatives shall be category 3 material or equivalent,
minimum of 4 per cent and pH < 1.5) over a period of at as defined in Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002(17) of the
least 2 days to produce the ossein. This is followed by an European Parliament and of the Council of 3 October 2002
alkaline treatment with saturated lime solution (pH at laying down health rules concerning animal by-products not
least 12.5) for a period of at least 20 days. The gelatin is intended for human consumption.
extracted, washed, filtered and concentrated. A “flash” Tallow derivatives, such as glycerol and fatty acids,
heat treatment (sterilisation) step using 138-140 °C for manufactured from tallow by rigorous processes are thought
4 s is applied. Bovine hide gelatin can also be produced unlikely to be infectious and they have been the subject of
by the alkaline process. Bovine bones may also be treated specific consideration by CPMP and CVMP. For this reason,
by an acid process. The liming step is then replaced by an such materials manufactured under the conditions at least
acid pre-treatment where the ossein is soaked overnight as rigorous as those given below shall be considered in
at pH < 4. compliance for this chapter, irrespective of the geographical
6-3. BOVINE BLOOD DERIVATIVES origin and the nature of the tissues from which tallow
Foetal bovine serum is commonly used in cell cultures. derivatives are derived. Examples of rigorous processes are :
Foetal bovine serum should be obtained from foetuses — trans-esterification or hydrolysis at not less than 200 °C
harvested in abattoirs from healthy dams fit for human for not less than 20 min under pressure (glycerol, fatty
consumption and the womb should be completely removed acids and fatty acid esters production),
(15) Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down health rules concerning animal by-products not intended for human consumption shall apply
unless justified. Regarding the manufacturing of gelatin and collagen or import of raw material for such manufacturing for use in pharmaceutical products, only material from animals fit for
human consumption shall be used. The use of vertebrae from such animals from category II countries, which according to the risk assessment is safe, shall continue to be allowed.
(16) SSC Opinion on stunning methods and BSE risk (The risk of dissemination of brain particles into the blood and carcass when applying certain stunning methods) adopted at the
meeting on 10-11 January 2002. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/out245_en.pdf
(17) OJ L 273, 10.10.2002, p. 1

564 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.2.8. Minimising the risk of transmitting TSE via medicinal products

— saponification with 12 M NaOH (glycerol and soap — no other ruminant materials, with the exception of calf
production) : rennet, are used in the preparation of such derivatives
— batch process : at not less than 95 °C for not less than (e.g. pancreatic enzyme digests of casein).
3 h, Milk derivatives produced using other processes or rennet
— continuous process : at not less than 140 °C, under derived from other ruminant species must demonstrate
pressure for not less than 8 min, or equivalent, compliance with this chapter.
— distillation at 200 °C. 6-7. WOOL DERIVATIVES
Tallow derivatives manufactured according to these Derivatives of wool and hair of ruminants, such as lanolin
conditions are unlikely to present any TSE risk and shall and wool alcohols derived from hair shall be considered in
therefore be considered compliant with this chapter. compliance with this chapter, provided the wool and hair
are sourced from live animals.
Tallow derivatives produced using other conditions must
Wool derivatives produced from wool which is sourced from
demonstrate compliance with this chapter.
slaughtered animals declared “fit for human consumption”
6-5. ANIMAL CHARCOAL and the manufacturing process in relation to pH, temperature
Animal charcoal is prepared by carbonisation of animal and duration of treatment meets at least one of the stipulated
tissues, such as bones, using high temperature at > 800 °C. processing conditions listed below are unlikely to present
Unless otherwise justified, the starting material for the any TSE risk and shall therefore be considered compliant
manufacture of animal charcoal shall be category 3 material with this chapter.
or equivalent, as defined in Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 — Treatment at pH ≥ 13 (initial ; corresponding to a NaOH
of the European Parliament and of the Council of concentration of at least 0.1 M NaOH) at ≥ 60 °C for at
3 October 2002 laying down health rules concerning least 1 h. This occurs normally during the reflux stage of
animal by-products not intended for human consumption. the organic-alkaline treatment.
Irrespective of the geographical origin and the nature of the
— Molecular distillation at ≥ 220 °C under reduced pressure.
tissue, for the purpose of regulatory compliance, animal
charcoal shall be considered in compliance with this chapter. Wool derivatives produced using other conditions must
demonstrate compliance with this chapter.
Charcoal manufactured according to these conditions is
unlikely to present any TSE risk and shall therefore be 6-8. AMINO ACIDS
considered compliant with this chapter. Charcoal produced Amino acids can be obtained by hydrolysis of materials from
using other conditions must demonstrate compliance with various sources.
this chapter. Unless otherwise justified, the starting material for the
6-6. MILK AND MILK DERIVATIVES manufacture of amino acids shall be category 3 material or
In the light of the current scientific knowledge and equivalent, as defined in Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002
irrespective of the geographical origin, milk is unlikely to of the European Parliament and of the Council of
present any risk of TSE contamination. 3 October 2002 laying down health rules concerning animal
by-products not intended for human consumption.
Certain materials, including lactose, are extracted from
whey, the spent liquid from cheese production following Amino acids prepared using the following processing
coagulation. Coagulation can involve the use of calf conditions, in accordance with Commission
rennet, an extract from abomasum, or rennet derived from Decision 98/256/EC(21) and Commission Decision
other ruminants. The CPMP/CVMP have performed a 2001/376/EC(22), are unlikely to present any TSE risk and
risk assessment for lactose and other whey derivatives shall be considered compliant with this chapter:
produced using calf rennet and concluded that the TSE risk — amino acids produced from hides and skins by a process
is negligible if the calf rennet is produced in accordance which involves exposure of the material to a pH of 1 to 2,
with the process described in the risk assessment report(18). followed by a pH of > 11, followed by heat treatment at
The conclusion was endorsed by the SSC(19) which has 140 °C for 30 min at 3 bar,
also performed an assessment of the TSE risk of rennet in — the resulting amino acids or peptides must be filtered
general(20). after production, and
Milk derivatives manufactured according to the conditions — analysis is performed using a validated and sensitive
below are unlikely to present any TSE risk and shall therefore method to control any residual intact macromolecules,
be considered compliant with this chapter. with an appropriate limit set.
— The milk is sourced from healthy animals in the same Amino acids prepared using other conditions must
conditions as milk collected for human consumption, and demonstrate compliance with this chapter.

(18) Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products and its Biotechnology Working Party conducted a risk and regulatory assessment of lactose prepared using calf rennet. The risk assessment
included the source of the animals, the excision of the abomasums and the availability of well-defined quality assurance procedures. The quality of any milk replacers used as feed for the
animals from which abomasums are obtained is particularly important. The report can be found on http://www.emea.eu.int
(19) Provisional statement on the safety of calf-derived rennet for the manufacture of lactose. Adopted by the SSC at its meeting of 4-5 April 2002. (http://euro-
pa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/out255_en.pdf)
(20) The SSC issued an opinion on the safety of animal rennet in regard to risks from animal TSE and BSE in particular, adopted at its meeting of 16 May 2002.
(http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/ssc/out265_en.pdf)
(21) OJ L 113, 15.4.1998, p. 32
(22) OJ L 132, 15.5.2001, p. 17

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 565
5.2.8. Minimising the risk of transmitting TSE via medicinal products EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Annex : major categories of infectivity Tissues Cattle Sheep and goats

BSE Scrapie
The tables below are adapted from the WHO Guideline on
Infectivity PrPTSE Infectivity PrPTSE
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in Relation to
Biological and Pharmaceutical Products (February 2003). Stomach/ − NT NT +
Data entries are shown as follows : abomasum2
Duodenum − NT NT +
+ = presence of infectivity or PrPTSE(23),
Jejunum − NT NT +
− = absence of detectable infectivity or PrPTSE,
Ileum3 + + + +
NT = not tested,
Large intestine − NT + +
? = controversial or uncertain results.
Reproductive tissues
Category A : High-infectivity tissues Placenta − NT + +
Tissues Cattle Sheep and goats Other tissues
BSE Scrapie
Lung* − NT − NT
Infectivity1 PrPTSE Infectivity1 PrPTSE
Liver − NT + NT
Brain + + + +
Kidney* − − − −
Spinal cord + + + +
Adrenal NT NT + NT
Retina, Optic nerve + NT NT +
Pancreas − NT + NT
Spinal ganglia + NT NT +
Bone marrow + NT + NT
Trigeminal ganglia + NT NT +
Blood vessels − NT NT +
Pituitary gland2 − NT + NT
Olfactory mucosa − NT + NT
Dura mater2 NT NT NT NT
Gingival tissue* NT NT NT NT
1. Infectivity bioassays of cattle tissues have been conducted in either
cattle or mice (or both) ; and most bioassays of sheep and/or goat tissues Salivary gland − NT + NT
have been conducted only in mice. In regard to sheep and goats not all
results are consistent for both species. Cornea * 4
NT NT NT NT
2. No experimental data about infectivity in human pituitary gland or Body fluids
dura mater have been reported, but cadaveric dura mater patches, and
growth hormone derived from cadaveric pituitaries have transmitted CSF − NT + NT
disease to scores of people and therefore must be included in the category
of high-risk tissues. Blood 5 − NT + −

1. In cattle, limited to the distal ileum.

Category B : Lower-infectivity tissues
Tissues Sheep and goats 2. Ruminant forestomachs (reticulum, rumen, and omasum) are widely
Cattle
consumed, as is the true stomach (abomasum). The abomasum of cattle
BSE Scrapie (and sometimes sheep) is also a source of rennet.
Infectivity PrPTSE Infectivity PrPTSE 3. In cattle and sheep, only the distal ileum has been bioassayed for
infectivity.
Peripheral Nervous system
4. Because only one or two cases of CJD have been plausibly attributed
Peripheral nerves − NT + NT to corneal transplants among hundreds of thousands of recipients,
cornea is categorised as a lower-risk tissue ; other anterior chamber
Enteric plexuses1 NT + NT + tissues (lens, aqueous humor, iris, conjunctiva) have been tested with
a negative result both in vCJD and other human TSEs, and there is no
Lymphoreticular tissues epidemiological evidence that they have been associated with iatrogenic
disease transmission.
Spleen − − + +
5. Early reports on the transmission of disease to rodents from the blood
Lymph nodes − − + + of patients with sCJD have not been confirmed, and evaluation of the
ensemble of experimental and epidemiological data relevant to TSE
Tonsil + NT + + transmission through blood, blood components, and therapeutic plasma
− products fails to suggest transmission from blood of patients with any form
Nictitating NT NT +
of “classical” TSE. Not enough data has accumulated to be able to make
membrane the same statement about blood from patients with vCJD. Foetal calf blood
Thymus − NT + NT contains no detectable infectivity, but in genotypically susceptible sheep
with natural scrapie or experimentally induced BSE, transfusion of large
Alimentary tract blood volumes has transmitted disease to healthy sheep. Infectivity has
− also been demonstrated in studies of rodent-adapted strains of TSE.
Esophagus NT NT +
* These tissues have been classified under category B : Lower-infectivity
Fore-stomach2 − NT NT + tissues, because infectivity and/or PrPTSE have been found in human CJD
(ruminants only) (vCJD or other).

(23) In the main body of this chapter the abnormal isoform of the prion protein is referred to as PrPSc. However, as these tables are transcribed directly from the WHO guideline mentioned
above, the WHO nomenclature for the abnormal prion protein (PrPTSE) has been maintained.

566 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.2.9. Safety of batches of veterinary vaccines and immunosera

Category C : Tissues with no detected infectivity 3. Evidence that infectivity is not present in milk includes temporo-spatial
epidemiologic observations failing to detect maternal transmission ; clinical
Tissues Cattle Sheep and goats observations of over a hundred calves nursed by infected cows that have
not developed BSE ; and experimental observations that milk from infected
BSE Scrapie cows has not transmitted disease when administered intracerebrally or
Infectivity PrPTSE Infectivity PrPTSE orally to mice. Experiments are in progress in which large volumes of milk
from experimentally infected cows are concentrated and tested for the
Reproductive tissues presence of PrPTSE.
Testis − NT − NT 4. Single reports of transmission of CJD infectivity from human cord
blood, colostrum, and urine have never been confirmed and are considered
Pros- − NT − NT improbable.
tate/Epididymis/Sem-
5. A previously unreported PrP type, termed PrPu, has been identified in
inal vesicle
the urine of sporadic and familial CJD patients, but its significance for
Semen − NT NT NT transmission risk remains to be determined.
Ovary − NT − NT
− −
01/2008:50209
Uterus (Non- NT NT
gravid)
Placenta fluids − NT NT NT
5.2.9. EVALUATION OF SAFETY
Foetus1 − NT − NT
OF EACH BATCH OF VETERINARY
Embryos 1 − NT ? NT
VACCINES AND IMMUNOSERA
Musculo-skeletal tissues The term “product” means either a vaccine or an
immunoserum throughout the text.
Bone − NT NT NT
Definition of abnormal reactions. During development
Skeletal muscle 2 − NT − NT studies, the type and degree of reactions expected after
Tongue − NT NT NT administration of the product are defined in the light of
safety testing. This definition of normal or abnormal local
Heart/pericardium − NT − NT and systemic reactions is then used as part of the operation
Tendon − NT NT NT procedure for the batch safety test to evaluate acceptable
and unacceptable reactions.
Other tissues
−
Amount to be administered in the test. In the tests, “dose”
Trachea NT NT NT
means the quantity of the product to be recommended
Skin − NT − NT for use and containing the titre or potency within the
− limits specified for production batches. The amount to be
Adipose tissue NT NT NT
administered in the test is usually defined in a number
Thyroid gland NT NT − NT of doses. For freeze-dried vaccines, the 10 doses are
Mammary − NT − NT reconstituted in a suitable volume for the test. For products
gland/udder consisting of a container of freeze-dried live component(s)
Body fluids, secretions and excretions and a container of inactivated component(s) to be used
as a diluent, it may be necessary to use further liquid for
Milk3 − NT − NT the reconstitution of the freeze-dried component(s). The
Colostrum4 NT NT − NT contents of 2 containers of inactivated component mixed
− with the contents of a maximum number of freeze-dried
Cord blood4 NT NT NT
live containers are to be injected in one site and the other
Saliva NT NT − NT live freeze dried components reconstituted using a suitable
Sweat NT NT NT NT
solvent may be given at a separate site, if necessary and
justified. For combined vaccines, safety tests carried out
Tears NT NT NT NT on the combined vaccine may be regarded as sufficient to
Nasal mucus NT NT NT NT demonstrate the safety of the individual components.
Urine 4,5 − NT NT NT Route of administration. The product is administered by
a recommended route. In principle, preference should be
Faeces − NT − NT given to the application route with the higher possibility to
1. Embryos from BSE-affected cattle have not transmitted disease to mice, detect reactions.
but no infectivity measurements have been made on foetal calf tissues other Where it is known, for example from development studies,
than blood (negative mouse bioassay). Calves born of dams that received that there is a particular risk, a 2nd administration is
embryos from BSE-affected cattle have survived for observations periods
of up to seven years, and examination of the brains of both the unaffected performed using a suitable dose and time interval as
dams and their calves revealed no spongiform encephalopathy or PrPTSE. determined during development.
2. Intracerebral inoculation of muscle homogenates has not transmitted Target animal species and category of animals. Use
disease to 1) primates from humans with sCJD ; 2) mice or cattle from animals of the minimum age recommended for vaccination
cattle with BSE ; and 3) mice from sheep and goats with natural or
experimentally-induced scrapie. However, older reports described single or administration of the product and of the most sensitive
instances of transmission from goat and hamster muscle, and a more species, unless otherwise justified and authorised.
recent report described transmission from the muscle of wild type and
transgenic mice, but as each of these studies were conducted with passaged Animal numbers. The number of animals to be used for the
strains of TSE, their relevance to natural disease remains undetermined. test is prescribed in the monographs. Generally 2 animals
A recent human case report described a patient with CJD and inclusion are used for a mammalian species and 10 for birds and fish.
body myositis with abundant PrPTSE in diseased muscle. After much
deliberation, the committee nevertheless elected to retain muscle in the Identification of animals. Unless otherwise justified, all
‘no detected infectivity’ tissue category until more information about animals are marked in a suitable way to ensure individual
uncomplicated natural infections becomes available. documentation of data for the whole observation period.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 567
5.2.9. Safety of batches of veterinary vaccines and immunosera EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Observation period. Where objective criteria such as body expected (e.g. endotoxin containing products or several live
temperature are to be recorded as described below, the viral vaccines) or is specified in an individual monograph
animals are examined and observed for at least 3 days prior (e.g. not more than 2 °C for porcine actinobacillosis vaccine)
to administration of the product. After administration of the it is recommended to use the mean temperature of the days
product, the animals are observed and examined at least before administration of the product (e.g. day − 3 to day 0)
once every day for a period of at least 14 days for signs of as the base line temperature to have clear guidance for
local and systemic reactions. On the day of administration of evaluation of the test.
the product, at least one additional inspection is necessary Body mass and food intake. Where it is known to be a
after 4 h or at intervals as specified in the monograph. reliable and useful indicator of safety, for example in young
Where there is a 2nd administration of the product the period growing animals or in fish, the body mass is measured
usually ends 14 days after the 2nd administration. and documented shortly before administration and during
Local and systemic reactions. Animals showing severe the observation period. The food intake is monitored and
abnormal local or systemic reactions are euthanised. All documented as an indicator of the effect of administering
dead animals undergo a post-mortem with macroscopic the product. In most cases, it will be sufficient to record the
examination. Additional microscopic and microbiological daily ration has been consumed or partly or wholly rejected
investigations may be indicated. but, in some cases it may be necessary to record the actual
weight of food consumed, if this is a relevant indicator of the
The animals are observed and examined for signs of safety of the product.
local and systemic reactions. Where it is known to be a
useful indicator, other criteria are recorded, such as body Clinical signs. All expected and unexpected clinical signs of
temperature, body mass, other performance measurements a general nature are recorded, including changes in health
and food intake. status and behaviour changes.
Score sheets. The score sheets are prepared for each product
Local reactions. As far as appropriate and possible, the size in the light of expected signs. All parameters and data are
and persistence of any local reaction (including incidence of recorded in score sheets. The score sheets contain general
painful reactions) and the proportion of animals showing parameters but are also adapted for each kind of product to
local reactions are recorded. list clinical signs which might be more evident for a given
Systemic reactions. Body temperature and if appropriate, product.
body mass are documented as general indicators of systemic Criteria for repeating the test. If an abnormal sign
effects of administration of the product. In addition, all occurs, the responsible veterinarian determines, based on
clinical signs are recorded. post-mortem examination if necessary, whether this was
Body temperature. For mammals, the studies include due to the product or not. If it is not clear what caused the
measurement of body temperature during the observation abnormal sign or where an animal is withdrawn for reasons
period. The body temperatures are recorded beginning at unrelated to the product, the test may be repeated. If in the
least 3 days before administration of the product, at the time 2nd test, there is the same abnormal sign as in the 1st test,
of administration, 4 h after and at suitable intervals. The the product does not comply with the test. Any treatment
body temperature before administration of the product has administered to an animal during the observation period is
to be within the physiological range. At least for products recorded. If the treatment may interfere with the test, the
where a significant increase in body temperature may be test is not valid.

568 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

5.3. STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
OF BIOLOGICAL ASSAYS
AND TESTS
5.3. Statistical analysis of results of biological assays and 5. Examples................................................................................. 582
tests............................................................................................. 571 6. Combination of assay results.............................................. 593
1. Introduction.. ......................................................................... 571 7. Beyond this annex................................................................. 594
2. Randomisation and independence of individual 8. Tables and generating procedures.. .................................. 595
treatments.. ............................................................................... 571 9. Glossary of symbols ............................................................. 598
3. Assays depending upon quantitative responses............. 572 10. Literature.............................................................................. 600
4. Assays depending upon quantal responses..................... 580

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 569
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

570 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.3. Statistical analysis

01/2008:50300 interval is usually chosen in biological assays. Mathematical

statistical methods are used to calculate these limits so as to
warrant the statement that there is a 95 per cent probability
5.3. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS that these limits include the true potency. Whether this
OF RESULTS OF BIOLOGICAL precision is acceptable to the European Pharmacopoeia
depends on the requirements set in the monograph for the
ASSAYS AND TESTS preparation concerned.
The terms “mean” and “standard deviation” are used here as
defined in most current textbooks of biometry.
1. INTRODUCTION The terms “stated potency” or “labelled potency”, “assigned
potency”, “assumed potency”, “potency ratio” and “estimated
This chapter provides guidance for the design of bioassays potency” are used in this section to indicate the following
prescribed in the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) concepts :
and for analysis of their results. It is intended for use by — “stated potency” or “labelled potency” : in the case of
those whose primary training and responsibilities are not a formulated product a nominal value assigned from
in statistics, but who have responsibility for analysis or knowledge of the potency of the bulk material ; in the
interpretation of the results of these assays, often without case of bulk material the potency estimated by the
the help and advice of a statistician. The methods of manufacturer ;
calculation described in this annex are not mandatory for — “assigned potency” : the potency of the standard
the bioassays which themselves constitute a mandatory part preparation ;
of the Ph. Eur. Alternative methods can be used and may
be accepted by the competent authorities, provided that — “assumed potency” : the provisionally assigned potency
they are supported by relevant data and justified during the of a preparation to be examined which forms the basis of
assay validation process. A wide range of computer software calculating the doses that would be equipotent with the
is available and may be useful depending on the facilities doses to be used of the standard preparation ;
available to, and the expertise of, the analyst. — “potency ratio” of an unknown preparation ; the ratio of
Professional advice should be obtained in situations where : equipotent doses of the standard preparation and the
a comprehensive treatment of design and analysis suitable unknown preparation under the conditions of the assay ;
for research or development of new products is required ; the — “estimated potency” : the potency calculated from assay
restrictions imposed on the assay design by this chapter are data.
not satisfied, for example particular laboratory constraints Section 9 (Glossary of symbols) is a tabulation of the more
may require customized assay designs, or equal numbers important uses of symbols throughout this annex. Where
of equally spaced doses may not be suitable ; analysis is the text refers to a symbol not shown in this section or uses
required for extended non-linear dose-response curves, a symbol to denote a different concept, this is defined in that
for example as may be encountered in immunoassays. An part of the text.
outline of extended dose-response curve analysis for one
widely used model is nevertheless included in Section 3.4
and a simple example is given in Section 5.4.
2. RANDOMISATION AND
1.1. GENERAL DESIGN AND PRECISION INDEPENDENCE OF INDIVIDUAL
Biological methods are described for the assay of certain
substances and preparations whose potency cannot be TREATMENTS
adequately assured by chemical or physical analysis. The The allocation of the different treatments to different
principle applied wherever possible throughout these assays experimental units (animals, tubes, etc.) should be made
is that of comparison with a standard preparation so as by some strictly random process. Any other choice of
to determine how much of the substance to be examined experimental conditions that is not deliberately allowed for
produces the same biological effect as a given quantity, the in the experimental design should also be made randomly.
Unit, of the standard preparation. It is an essential condition Examples are the choice of positions for cages in a laboratory
of such methods of biological assay that the tests on the and the order in which treatments are administered. In
standard preparation and on the substance to be examined be particular, a group of animals receiving the same dose of
carried out at the same time and under identical conditions. any preparation should not be treated together (at the
For certain assays (determination of virus titre for example) same time or in the same position) unless there is strong
the potency of the test sample is not expressed relative to a evidence that the relevant source of variation (for example,
standard. This type of assay is dealt with in Section 4.5. between times, or between positions) is negligible. Random
Any estimate of potency derived from a biological assay allocations may be obtained from computers by using the
is subject to random error due to the inherent variability built-in randomisation function. The analyst must check
of biological responses and calculations of error should be whether a different series of numbers is produced every time
made, if possible, from the results of each assay, even when the function is started.
the official method of assay is used. Methods for the design The preparations allocated to each experimental unit should
of assays and the calculation of their errors are, therefore, be as independent as possible. Within each experimental
described below. In every case, before a statistical method group, the dilutions allocated to each treatment are not
is adopted, a preliminary test is to be carried out with an normally divisions of the same dose, but should be prepared
appropriate number of assays, in order to ascertain the individually. Without this precaution, the variability
applicability of this method. inherent in the preparation will not be fully represented
The confidence interval for the potency gives an indication of in the experimental error variance. The result will be an
the precision with which the potency has been estimated in under-estimation of the residual error leading to:
the assay. It is calculated with due regard to the experimental 1) an unjustified increase in the stringency of the test for the
design and the sample size. The 95 per cent confidence analysis of variance (see Sections 3.2.3 and 3.2.4),

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 571
5.3. Statistical analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

2) an under-estimation of the true confidence limits for the — Logarithmic transformation of the responses y to ln y
test, which, as shown in Section 3.2.5, are calculated from can be useful when the homogeneity of variances is not
the estimate of s2, the residual error mean square. satisfactory. It can also improve the normality if the
distribution is skewed to the right.
— The transformation of y to is useful when the
observations follow a Poisson distribution i.e. when they
3. ASSAYS DEPENDING UPON are obtained by counting.
QUANTITATIVE RESPONSES — The square transformation of y to y2 can be useful if, for
example, the dose is more likely to be proportional to
3.1. STATISTICAL MODELS the area of an inhibition zone rather than the measured
diameter of that zone.
3.1.1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES For some assays depending on quantitative responses,
The bioassays included in the Ph. Eur. have been conceived such as immunoassays or cell-based in vitro assays, a large
as “dilution assays”, which means that the unknown number of doses is used. These doses give responses that
preparation to be assayed is supposed to contain the same completely span the possible response range and produce an
active principle as the standard preparation, but in a different extended non-linear dose-response curve. Such curves are
ratio of active and inert components. In such a case the typical for all bioassays, but for many assays the use of a large
unknown preparation may in theory be derived from the number of doses is not ethical (for example, in vivo assays)
standard preparation by dilution with inert components. To or practical, and the aims of the assay may be achieved
check whether any particular assay may be regarded as a with a limited number of doses. It is therefore customary to
dilution assay, it is necessary to compare the dose-response restrict doses to that part of the dose-response range which is
relationships of the standard and unknown preparations. If linear under suitable transformation, so that the methods of
these dose-response relationships differ significantly, then Sections 3.2 or 3.3 apply. However, in some cases analysis of
the theoretical dilution assay model is not valid. Significant extended dose-response curves may be desirable. An outline
differences in the dose-response relationships for the of one model which may be used for such analysis is given in
standard and unknown preparations may suggest that one of Section 3.4 and a simple example is shown in Section 5.4.
the preparations contains, in addition to the active principle,
other components which are not inert but which influence There is another category of assays in which the response
the measured responses. cannot be measured in each experimental unit, but in which
only the fraction of units responding to each treatment can
To make the effect of dilution in the theoretical model be counted. This category is dealt with in Section 4.
apparent, it is useful to transform the dose-response
relationship to a linear function on the widest possible range 3.1.2. ROUTINE ASSAYS
of doses. 2 statistical models are of interest as models for When an assay is in routine use, it is seldom possible to check
the bioassays prescribed : the parallel-line model and the systematically for conditions 1 to 3, because the limited
slope-ratio model. number of observations per assay is likely to influence the
sensitivity of the statistical tests. Fortunately, statisticians
The application of either is dependent on the fulfilment of have shown that, in symmetrical balanced assays, small
the following conditions : deviations from homogeneity of variance and normality do
1) the different treatments have been randomly assigned to not seriously affect the assay results. The applicability of
the experimental units, the statistical model needs to be questioned only if a series
2) the responses to each treatment are normally distributed, of assays shows doubtful validity. It may then be necessary
to perform a new series of preliminary investigations as
3) the standard deviations of the responses within each discussed in Section 3.1.1.
treatment group of both standard and unknown preparations
do not differ significantly from one another. 2 other necessary conditions depend on the statistical model
to be used :
When an assay is being developed for use, the analyst has to
determine that the data collected from many assays meet — for the parallel-line model :
these theoretical conditions. 4A) the relationship between the logarithm of the dose
— Condition 1 can be fulfilled by an efficient use of Section 2. and the response can be represented by a straight line
— Condition 2 is an assumption which in practice is almost over the range of doses used,
always fulfilled. Minor deviations from this assumption 5A) for any unknown preparation in the assay the straight
will in general not introduce serious flaws in the analysis line is parallel to that for the standard.
as long as several replicates per treatment are included.
In case of doubt, a test for deviations from normality (e.g. — for the slope-ratio model :
the Shapiro-Wilk(1) test) may be performed. 4B) the relationship between the dose and the response
— Condition 3 can be checked with a test for homogeneity can be represented by a straight line for each preparation
of variances (e.g. Bartlett’s(2) test, Cochran’s(3) test). in the assay over the range of doses used,
Inspection of graphical representations of the data can 5B) for any unknown preparation in the assay the straight
also be very instructive for this purpose (see examples line intersects the y-axis (at zero dose) at the same point
in Section 5). as the straight line of the standard preparation (i.e. the
When conditions 2 and/or 3 are not met, a transformation response functions of all preparations in the assay must
of the responses may bring a better fulfilment of these have the same intercept as the response function of the
conditions. Examples are ln y, , y 2. standard).
(1) Wilk, M.B. and Shapiro, S.S. (1968). The joint assessment of normality of several independent samples, Technometrics 10, 825-839.
(2) Bartlett, M.S. (1937). Properties of sufficiency and statistical tests, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Series A 160, 280-282.
(3) Cochran, W.G. (1951). Testing a linear relation among variances, Biometrics 7, 17-32.

572 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.3. Statistical analysis

Conditions 4A and 4B can be verified only in assays in which aberrant response can be a serious source of bias. In
at least 3 dilutions of each preparation have been tested. The general, the rejection of observations solely because a
use of an assay with only 1 or 2 dilutions may be justified test for outliers is significant, is discouraged.
when experience has shown that linearity and parallelism or — An exceptionally low residual error may once in a while
equal intercept are regularly fulfilled. occur and cause the F-ratios to exceed the critical values.
After having collected the results of an assay, and before In such a case it may be justified to replace the residual
calculating the relative potency of each test sample, an error estimated from the individual assay, by an average
analysis of variance is performed, in order to check whether residual error based on historical data recorded in the
conditions 4A and 5A (or 4B and 5B) are fulfilled. For control charts.
this, the total sum of squares is subdivided into a certain 3.1.3. CALCULATIONS AND RESTRICTIONS
number of sum of squares corresponding to each condition According to general principles of good design the following
which has to be fulfilled. The remaining sum of squares 3 restrictions are normally imposed on the assay design.
represents the residual experimental error to which the They have advantages both for ease of computation and for
absence or existence of the relevant sources of variation can precision.
be compared by a series of F-ratios.
a) Each preparation in the assay must be tested with the
When validity is established, the potency of each unknown same number of dilutions.
relative to the standard may be calculated and expressed as
a potency ratio or converted to some unit relevant to the b) In the parallel-line model, the ratio of adjacent doses must
preparation under test e.g. an International Unit. Confidence be constant for all treatments in the assay ; in the slope-ratio
limits may also be estimated from each set of assay data. model, the interval between adjacent doses must be constant
for all treatments in the assay.
Assays based on the parallel-line model are discussed in
Section 3.2 and those based on the slope-ratio model in c) There must be an equal number of experimental units to
Section 3.3. each treatment.
If a design is used which meets these restrictions, the
If any of the 5 conditions (1, 2, 3, 4A, 5A or 1, 2, 3, 4B, calculations are simple. The formulae are given in
5B) are not fulfilled, the methods of calculation described Sections 3.2 and 3.3. It is recommended to use software
here are invalid and an investigation of the assay technique which has been developed for this special purpose. There
should be made. are several programs in existence which can easily deal
The analyst should not adopt another transformation with all assay-designs described in the monographs. Not all
unless it is shown that non-fulfilment of the requirements programs may use the same formulae and algorithms, but
is not incidental but is due to a systematic change in the they should all lead to the same results.
experimental conditions. In this case, testing as described in Assay designs not meeting the above mentioned restrictions
Section 3.1.1 should be repeated before a new transformation may be both possible and correct, but the necessary
is adopted for the routine assays. formulae are too complicated to describe in this text. A brief
Excess numbers of invalid assays due to non-parallelism description of methods for calculation is given in Section 7.1.
or non-linearity, in a routine assay carried out to compare These methods can also be used for the restricted designs, in
similar materials, are likely to reflect assay designs with which case they are equivalent with the simple formulae.
inadequate replication. This inadequacy commonly results The formulae for the restricted designs given in this text
from incomplete recognition of all sources of variability may be used, for example, to create ad hoc programs in
affecting the assay, which can result in underestimation of a spreadsheet. The examples in Section 5 can be used to
the residual error leading to large F-ratios. clarify the statistics and to check whether such a program
It is not always feasible to take account of all possible gives correct results.
sources of variation within one single assay (e.g. day-to-day
variation). In such a case, the confidence intervals from 3.2. THE PARALLEL-LINE MODEL
repeated assays on the same sample may not satisfactorily 3.2.1. INTRODUCTION
overlap, and care should be exercised in the interpretation The parallel-line model is illustrated in Figure 3.2.1.-I. The
of the individual confidence intervals. In order to obtain logarithm of the doses are represented on the horizontal axis
a more reliable estimate of the confidence interval it may with the lowest concentration on the left and the highest
be necessary to perform several independent assays and concentration on the right. The responses are indicated on
to combine these into one single potency estimate and the vertical axis. The individual responses to each treatment
confidence interval (see Section 6). are indicated with black dots. The 2 lines are the calculated
For the purpose of quality control of routine assays it is ln(dose)-response relationship for the standard and the
recommended to keep record of the estimates of the slope unknown.
of regression and of the estimate of the residual error in Note : the natural logarithm (ln or loge) is used throughout
control charts. this text. Wherever the term “antilogarithm” is used, the
— An exceptionally high residual error may indicate some quantity ex is meant. However, the Briggs or “common”
technical problem. This should be investigated and, logarithm (log or log10) can equally well be used. In this case
if it can be made evident that something went wrong the corresponding antilogarithm is 10x.
during the assay procedure, the assay should be repeated. For a satisfactory assay the assumed potency of the test
An unusually high residual error may also indicate sample must be close to the true potency. On the basis
the presence of an occasional outlying or aberrant of this assumed potency and the assigned potency of the
observation. A response that is questionable because of standard, equipotent dilutions (if feasible) are prepared, i.e.
failure to comply with the procedure during the course corresponding doses of standard and unknown are expected
of an assay is rejected. If an aberrant value is discovered to give the same response. If no information on the assumed
after the responses have been recorded, but can then be potency is available, preliminary assays are carried out over
traced to assay irregularities, omission may be justified. a wide range of doses to determine the range where the
The arbitrary rejection or retention of an apparently curve is linear.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 573
5.3. Statistical analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

every block (litter or Petri dish) and is suitable only when the
block is large enough to accommodate all treatments once.
This is illustrated in Section 5.1.3. It is also possible to use a
randomised design with repetitions. The treatments should
be allocated randomly within each block. An algorithm to
obtain random permutations is given in Section 8.5.
3.2.2.3. Latin square design
This design is appropriate when the response may be
affected by two different sources of variation each of which
can assume k different levels or positions. For example, in a
plate assay of an antibiotic the treatments may be arranged
in a k × k array on a large plate, each treatment occurring
once in each row and each column. The design is suitable
when the number of rows, the number of columns and the
number of treatments are equal. Responses are recorded in
a square format known as a Latin square. Variations due to
differences in response among the k rows and among the
k columns may be segregated, thus reducing the error. An
example of a Latin square design is given in Section 5.1.2.
An algorithm to obtain Latin squares is given in Section 8.6.
Figure 3.2.1.-I. – The parallel-line model for a 3 + 3 assay More complex designs in which one or more treatments are
replicated within the Latin square may be useful in some
The more nearly correct the assumed potency of the circumstances. The simplified formulae given in this Chapter
unknown, the closer the 2 lines will be together, for they are not appropriate for such designs, and professional advice
should give equal responses at equal doses. The horizontal should be obtained.
distance between the lines represents the “true” potency of
the unknown, relative to its assumed potency. The greater 3.2.2.4. Cross-over design
the distance between the 2 lines, the poorer the assumed This design is useful when the experiment can be sub-divided
potency of the unknown. If the line of the unknown is into blocks but it is possible to apply only 2 treatments to
situated to the right of the standard, the assumed potency each block. For example, a block may be a single unit that
was overestimated, and the calculations will indicate can be tested on 2 occasions. The design is intended to
an estimated potency lower than the assumed potency. increase precision by eliminating the effects of differences
Similarly, if the line of the unknown is situated to the left of between units while balancing the effect of any difference
the standard, the assumed potency was underestimated, and between general levels of response at the 2 occasions. If
the calculations will indicate an estimated potency higher 2 doses of a standard and of an unknown preparation are
than the assumed potency. tested, this is known as a twin cross-over test.
3.2.2. ASSAY DESIGN The experiment is divided into 2 parts separated by a suitable
The following considerations will be useful in optimising the time interval. Units are divided into 4 groups and each group
precision of the assay design : receives 1 of the 4 treatments in the first part of the test.
1) the ratio between the slope and the residual error should Units that received one preparation in the first part of the
be as large as possible, test receive the other preparation on the second occasion,
and units receiving small doses in one part of the test receive
2) the range of doses should be as large as possible,
large doses in the other. The arrangement of doses is shown
3) the lines should be as close together as possible, i.e. the in Table 3.2.2.-I. An example can be found in Section 5.1.5.
assumed potency should be a good estimate of the true
potency. Table 3.2.2.-I. — Arrangement of doses in cross-over design
The allocation of experimental units (animals, tubes, etc.) to Group of units Time I Time II
different treatments may be made in various ways.
3.2.2.1. Completely randomised design 1 S1 T2

If the totality of experimental units appears to be reasonably 2 S2 T1

homogeneous with no indication that variability in response
will be smaller within certain recognisable sub-groups, the 3 T1 S2
allocation of the units to the different treatments should be
4 T2 S1
made randomly.
If units in sub-groups such as physical positions or 3.2.3. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
experimental days are likely to be more homogeneous than This section gives formulae that are required to carry out the
the totality of the units, the precision of the assay may analysis of variance and will be more easily understood by
be increased by introducing one or more restrictions into reference to the worked examples in Section 5.1. Reference
the design. A careful distribution of the units over these should also be made to the glossary of symbols (Section 9).
restrictions permits irrelevant sources of variation to be
eliminated. The formulae are appropriate for symmetrical assays where
one or more preparations to be examined (T, U, etc.) are
3.2.2.2. Randomised block design compared with a standard preparation (S). It is stressed
In this design it is possible to segregate an identifiable source that the formulae can only be used if the doses are equally
of variation, such as the sensitivity variation between litters spaced, if equal numbers of treatments per preparation are
of experimental animals or the variation between Petri dishes applied, and each treatment is applied an equal number of
in a diffusion microbiological assay. The design requires times. It should not be attempted to use the formulae in any
that every treatment be applied an equal number of times in other situation.

574 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.3. Statistical analysis

Apart from some adjustments to the error term, the basic the construction of the analysis of variance, are shown in
analysis of data derived from an assay is the same for Table 3.2.3.-II.
completely randomised, randomised block and Latin square The total variation in response caused by the different
designs. The formulae for cross-over tests do not entirely fit treatments is now partitioned as shown in Table 3.2.3.-III
this scheme and these are incorporated into Example 5.1.5. the sums of squares being derived from the values obtained
Having considered the points discussed in Section 3.1 and in Tables 3.2.3.-I and 3.2.3.-II. The sum of squares due to
transformed the responses, if necessary, the values should non-linearity can only be calculated if at least 3 doses per
be averaged over each treatment and each preparation, as preparation are included in the assay.
shown in Table 3.2.3.-I. The linear contrasts, which relate The residual error of the assay is obtained by subtracting the
to the slopes of the ln(dose)-response lines, should also variations allowed for in the design from the total variation in
be formed. 3 additional formulae, which are necessary for response (Table 3.2.3.-IV). In this table represents the mean
Table 3.2.3.-I. — Formulae for parallel-line assays with d doses of each preparation
Standard 1st Test sample 2nd Test sample
(S) (T) (U, etc.)

Mean response lowest

S1 T1 U1
dose

Mean response 2nd dose S2 T2 U2

... ... ... ...

Mean response highest

Sd Td Ud
dose

Total preparation

Linear contrast

Table 3.2.3.-II. — Additional formulae for the construction of the analysis of variance

Table 3.2.3.-III. — Formulae to calculate the sum of squares and degrees of freedom
Source of variation Degrees of freedom (f) Sum of squares

Preparations

Linear regression

Non-parallelism

Non-linearity(*)

Treatments
(*)
Not calculated for two-dose assays

Table 3.2.3.-IV. — Estimation of the residual error

Source of variation Degrees of freedom Sum of squares

Blocks (rows)(*)

Columns(**)

Completely randomised

Residual error (***)

Randomised block

Latin square

Total

For Latin square designs, these formulae are only applicable if n = hd

(*)
Not calculated for completely randomised designs
(**)
Only calculated for Latin square designs
(***)
Depends on the type of design

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 575
5.3. Statistical analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

of all responses recorded in the assay. It should be noted considered that the accident is in no way connected with
that for a Latin square the number of replicate responses (n) the composition of the preparation administered, the exact
is equal to the number of rows, columns or treatments (dh). calculations can still be performed but the formulae are
The analysis of variance is now completed as follows. Each necessarily more complicated and can only be given within
sum of squares is divided by the corresponding number of the framework of general linear models (see Section 7.1).
degrees of freedom to give mean squares. The mean square However, there exists an approximate method which keeps
for each variable to be tested is now expressed as a ratio to the simplicity of the balanced design by replacing the missing
the residual error (s2) and the significance of these values response by a calculated value. The loss of information is
(known as F-ratios) are assessed by use of Table 8.1 or a taken into account by diminishing the degrees of freedom
suitable sub-routine of a computer program. for the total sum of squares and for the residual error by
the number of missing values and using one of the formulae
3.2.4. TESTS OF VALIDITY below for the missing values. It should be borne in mind
Assay results are said to be “statistically valid” if the outcome that this is only an approximate method, and that the exact
of the analysis of variance is as follows. method is to be preferred.
1) The linear regression term is significant, i.e. the calculated
If more than one observation is missing, the same formulae
probability is less than 0.05. If this criterion is not met, it is
can be used. The procedure is to make a rough guess at all
not possible to calculate 95 per cent confidence limits.
the missing values except one, and to use the proper formula
2) The term for non-parallelism is not significant, i.e. the for this one, using all the remaining values including the
calculated probability is not less than 0.05. This indicates rough guesses. Fill in the calculated value. Continue by
that condition 5A, Section 3.1, is satisfied ; similarly calculating a value for the first rough guess. After
3) The term for non-linearity is not significant, i.e. the calculating all the missing values in this way the whole cycle
calculated probability is not less than 0.05. This indicates is repeated from the beginning, each calculation using the
that condition 4A, Section 3.1, is satisfied. most recent guessed or calculated value for every response
to which the formula is being applied. This continues until
A significant deviation from parallelism in a multiple
2 consecutive cycles give the same values ; convergence is
assay may be due to the inclusion in the assay-design of a
usually rapid.
preparation to be examined that gives an ln(dose)-response
line with a slope different from those for the other Provided that the number of values replaced is small relative
preparations. Instead of declaring the whole assay invalid, to the total number of observations in the full experiment
it may then be decided to eliminate all data relating to that (say less than 5 per cent), the approximation implied in
preparation and to restart the analysis from the beginning. this replacement and reduction of degrees of freedom by
When statistical validity is established, potencies and the number of missing values so replaced is usually fairly
confidence limits may be estimated by the methods described satisfactory. The analysis should be interpreted with great
in the next section. care however, especially if there is a preponderance of
missing values in one treatment or block, and a biometrician
3.2.5. ESTIMATION OF POTENCY AND CONFIDENCE should be consulted if any unusual features are encountered.
LIMITS Replacing missing values in a test without replication is a
If I is the ln of the ratio between adjacent doses of any particularly delicate operation.
preparation, the common slope (b) for assays with d doses
of each preparation is obtained from : Completely randomised design
(3.2.5.-1) In a completely randomised assay the missing value can be
replaced by the arithmetic mean of the other responses to
the same treatment.
and the logarithm of the potency ratio of a test preparation,
for example T, is : Randomised block design
(3.2.5.-2) The missing value is obtained using the equation :

The calculated potency is an estimate of the “true potency” (3.2.6.-1)

of each unknown. Confidence limits may be calculated as
the antilogarithms of : where B′ is the sum of the responses in the block containing
(3.2.5.-3) the missing value, T′ the corresponding treatment total and
G′ is the sum of all responses recorded in the assay.
Latin square design
The missing value y′ is obtained from :
The value of t may be obtained from Table 8.2 for p = 0.05
and degrees of freedom equal to the number of the degrees
(3.2.6.-2)
of freedom of the residual error. The estimated potency (RT)
and associated confidence limits are obtained by multiplying
the values obtained by AT after antilogarithms have been where B′ and C′ are the sums of the responses in the row
taken. If the stock solutions are not exactly equipotent on and column containing the missing value. In this case k = n.
the basis of assigned and assumed potencies, a correction
factor is necessary (See Examples 5.1.2 and 5.1.3). Cross-over design
3.2.6. MISSING VALUES If an accident leading to loss of values occurs in a cross-over
In a balanced assay, an accident totally unconnected with design, a book on statistics should be consulted (e.g. D.J.
the applied treatments may lead to the loss of one or more Finney, see Section 10), because the appropriate formulae
responses, for example because an animal dies. If it is depend upon the particular treatment combinations.

576 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.3. Statistical analysis

3.3. THE SLOPE-RATIO MODEL As already remarked in Section 3.1.3, assay designs not
3.3.1. INTRODUCTION meeting these restrictions may be both possible and correct,
but the simple statistical analyses presented here are no
This model is suitable, for example, for some microbiological
longer applicable and either expert advice should be sought
assays when the independent variable is the concentration of
or suitable software should be used.
an essential growth factor below the optimal concentration
of the medium. The slope-ratio model is illustrated in A design with 2 doses per preparation and 1 blank, the
Figure 3.3.1.-I. “common zero (2h + 1)-design”, is usually preferred, since it
gives the highest precision combined with the possibility
to check validity within the constraints mentioned above.
However, a linear relationship cannot always be assumed to
be valid down to zero-dose. With a slight loss of precision
a design without blanks may be adopted. In this case
3 doses per preparation, the “common zero (3h)-design”,
are preferred to 2 doses per preparation. The doses are thus
given as follows :
1) the standard is given in a high dose, near to but not
exceeding the highest dose giving a mean response on the
straight portion of the dose-response line,
2) the other doses are uniformly spaced between the highest
dose and zero dose,
3) the test preparations are given in corresponding doses
based on the assumed potency of the material.
A completely randomised, a randomised block or a
Latin square design may be used, such as described in
Section 3.2.2. The use of any of these designs necessitates
an adjustment to the error sum of squares as described for
assays based on the parallel-line model. The analysis of an
assay of one or more test preparations against a standard is
Figure 3.3.1.-I. – The slope-ratio model for a 2 × 3 + 1 assay described below.
The doses are represented on the horizontal axis with zero 3.3.3. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
concentration on the left and the highest concentration on
the right. The responses are indicated on the vertical axis. 3.3.3.1. The (hd + 1)-design
The individual responses to each treatment are indicated The responses are verified as described in Section 3.1
with black dots. The 2 lines are the calculated dose-response and, if necessary, transformed. The responses are then
relationship for the standard and the unknown under the averaged over each treatment and each preparation as
assumption that they intersect each other at zero-dose. shown in Table 3.3.3.1.-I. Additionally, the mean response
Unlike the parallel-line model, the doses are not transformed for blanks (B) is calculated.
to logarithms. The sums of squares in the analysis of variance are calculated
Just as in the case of an assay based on the parallel-line as shown in Tables 3.3.3.1.-I to 3.3.3.1.-III. The sum of
model, it is important that the assumed potency is close to squares due to non-linearity can only be calculated if at least
the true potency, and to prepare equipotent dilutions of the 3 doses of each preparation have been included in the assay.
test preparations and the standard (if feasible). The more The residual error is obtained by subtracting the variations
nearly correct the assumed potency, the closer the 2 lines allowed for in the design from the total variation in response
will be together. The ratio of the slopes represents the “true” (Table 3.3.3.1.-IV).
potency of the unknown, relative to its assumed potency. If The analysis of variance is now completed as follows. Each
the slope of the unknown preparation is steeper than that sum of squares is divided by the corresponding number of
of the standard, the potency was underestimated and the degrees of freedom to give mean squares. The mean square
calculations will indicate an estimated potency higher than for each variable to be tested is now expressed as a ratio to
the assumed potency. Similarly, if the slope of the unknown the residual error (s2) and the significance of these values
is less steep than that of the standard, the potency was (known as F-ratios) are assessed by use of Table 8.1 or a
overestimated and the calculations will result in an estimated suitable sub-routine of a computer program.
potency lower than the assumed potency.
3.3.3.2. The (hd)-design
In setting up an experiment, all responses should be
examined for the fulfilment of the conditions 1, 2 and 3 in The formulae are basically the same as those for the
Section 3.1. The analysis of variance to be performed in (hd + 1)-design, but there are some slight differences.
routine is described in Section 3.3.3 so that compliance with — B is discarded from all formulae.
conditions 4B and 5B of Section 3.1 may be examined.
—
3.3.2. ASSAY DESIGN
The use of the statistical analysis presented below imposes — SSblank is removed from the analysis of variance.
the following restrictions on the assay : — The number of degrees of freedom for treatments becomes
a) the standard and the test preparations must be tested with hd − 1.
the same number of equally spaced dilutions, — The number of degrees of freedom of the residual error
b) an extra group of experimental units receiving no and the total variance is calculated as described for the
treatment may be tested (the blanks), parallel-line model (see Table 3.2.3.-IV).
c) there must be an equal number of experimental units to Validity of the assay, potency and confidence interval are
each treatment. found as described in Sections 3.3.4 and 3.3.5.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 577
5.3. Statistical analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Table 3.3.3.1.-I. — Formulae for slope-ratio assays with d doses of each preparation and a blank
Standard 1st Test sample 2nd Test sample
(S) (T) (U, etc.)

Mean response lowest dose S1 T1 U1

Mean response 2nd dose S2 T2 U2

… … … …

Mean response highest dose Sd Td Ud

Total preparation

Linear product

Intercept value

Slope value

Treatment value

Non-linearity(*)

(*)
Not calculated for two-dose assays

Table 3.3.3.1.-II. — Additional formulae for the construction of the analysis of variance

Table 3.3.3.1.-III. — Formulae to calculate the sum of squares and degrees of freedom
Source of variation Degrees of freedom (f) Sum of squares

Regression

Blanks

Intersection

Non-linearity(*)

Treatments
(*)
Not calculated for two-dose assays

3.3.4. TESTS OF VALIDITY 3.3.5. ESTIMATION OF POTENCY AND CONFIDENCE

Assay results are said to be “statistically valid” if the outcome LIMITS
of the analysis of variance is as follows : 3.3.5.1. The (hd + 1)-design
1) the variation due to blanks in (hd + 1)-designs is not
The common intersection a′ of the preparations can be
significant, i.e. the calculated probability is not smaller than
calculated from :
0.05. This indicates that the responses of the blanks do not
significantly differ from the common intercept and the linear
relationship is valid down to zero dose ; (3.3.5.1.-1)
2) the variation due to intersection is not significant, i.e. the
calculated probability is not less than 0.05. This indicates The slope of the standard, and similarly for each of the other
that condition 5B, Section 3.1 is satisfied ; preparations, is calculated from :
3) in assays including at least 3 doses per preparation, the
variation due to non-linearity is not significant, i.e. the
calculated probability is not less than 0.05. This indicates (3.3.5.1.-2)
that condition 4B, Section 3.1 is satisfied.
The potency ratio of each of the test preparations can now
A significant variation due to blanks indicates that the be calculated from :
hypothesis of linearity is not valid near zero dose. If this is
likely to be systematic rather than incidental for the type of
assay, the (hd-design) is more appropriate. Any response to (3.3.5.1.-3)
blanks should then be disregarded.
When these tests indicate that the assay is valid, the potency which has to be multiplied by AT, the assumed potency of
is calculated with its confidence limits as described in the test preparation, in order to find the estimated potency
Section 3.3.5. RT. If the step between adjacent doses was not identical

578 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.3. Statistical analysis

Table 3.3.3.1.-IV. — Estimation of the residual error

Source of variation Degrees of freedom Sum of squares

Blocks (rows)(*)

Columns(**)

Completely
randomised
Residual error(***)
Randomised block

Latin square

Total

For Latin square designs, these formulae are only applicable if n = hd

(*)
Not calculated for completely randomised designs
(**)
Only calculated for Latin square designs
(***)
Depends on the type of design

for the standard and the test preparation, the potency has
to be multiplied by IS/IT. Note that, unlike the parallel-line
analysis, no antilogarithms are calculated.

The confidence interval for RT′ is calculated from :

(3.3.5.1.-4)

V1 are V2 are related to the variance and covariance of the

numerator and denominator of RT. They can be obtained
from :

(3.3.5.1.-5)

Figure 3.4.-I. – The four-parameter logistic curve model

(3.3.5.1.-6) The logarithms of the doses are represented on the
horizontal axis with the lowest concentration on the left and
the highest concentration on the right. The responses are
The confidence limits are multiplied by AT, and if necessary indicated on the vertical axis. The individual responses to
by IS/IT. each treatment are indicated with black dots. The 2 curves
3.3.5.2. The (hd)-design are the calculated ln(dose)-response relationship for the
standard and the test preparation.
The formulae are the same as for the (hd + 1)-design, with The general shape of the curves can usually be described by
the following modifications : a logistic function but other shapes are also possible. Each
curve can be characterised by 4 parameters : The upper
(3.3.5.2.-1) asymptote (α), the lower asymptote (δ), the slope-factor (β),
and the horizontal location (γ). This model is therefore
often referred to as a four-parameter model. A mathematical
(3.3.5.2.-2) representation of the ln(dose)-response curve is :

(3.3.5.2.-3)
For a valid assay it is necessary that the curves of the standard
and the test preparations have the same slope-factor, and the
same maximum and minimum response level at the extreme
3.4. EXTENDED SIGMOID DOSE-RESPONSE CURVES parts. Only the horizontal location (γ) of the curves may
be different. The horizontal distance between the curves is
This model is suitable, for example, for some immunoassays related to the “true” potency of the unknown. If the assay
when analysis is required of extended sigmoid dose-response is used routinely, it may be sufficient to test the condition
curves. This model is illustrated in Figure 3.4.-I. of equal upper and lower response levels when the assay is

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 579
5.3. Statistical analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

developed, and then to retest this condition directly only at The maximum likelihood estimators of the slope and location
suitable intervals or when there are changes in materials or of the curves can be found only by applying an iterative
assay conditions. procedure. There are many procedures which lead to the
same outcome, but they differ in efficiency due to the speed
The maximum-likelihood estimates of the parameters and of convergence. One of the most rapid methods is direct
their confidence intervals can be obtained with suitable optimisation of the maximum-likelihood function (see
computer programs. These computer programs may include Section 7.1), which can easily be performed with computer
some statistical tests reflecting validity. For example, if the programs having a built-in procedure for this purpose.
maximum likelihood estimation shows significant deviations Unfortunately, most of these procedures do not yield an
from the fitted model under the assumed conditions of equal estimate of the confidence interval, and the technique to
upper and lower asymptotes and slopes, then one or all of obtain it is too complicated to describe here. The technique
these conditions may not be satisfied. described below is not the most rapid, but has been chosen
The logistic model raises a number of statistical problems for its simplicity compared to the alternatives. It can be
which may require different solutions for different types of used for assays in which one or more test preparations
assays, and no simple summary is possible. A wide variety of are compared to a standard. Furthermore, the following
possible approaches is described in the relevant literature. conditions must be fulfilled :
Professional advice is therefore recommended for this type 1) the relationship between the logarithm of the dose and
of analysis. A simple example is nevertheless included in the response can be represented by a cumulative normal
Section 5.4 to illustrate a “possible” way to analyse the data distribution curve,
presented. A short discussion of alternative approaches and
other statistical considerations is given in Section 7.5. 2) the curves for the standard and the test preparation are
parallel, i.e. they are identically shaped and may only differ
If professional advice or suitable software is not available, in their horizontal location,
alternative approaches are possible : 1) if “reasonable”
estimates of the upper limit (α) and lower limit (δ) are 3) in theory, there is no natural response to extremely low
available, select for all preparations the doses with mean doses and no natural non-response to extremely high doses.
of the responses (u) falling between approximately 20 per
cent and 80 per cent of the limits, transform responses of 4.2. THE PROBIT METHOD
the selected doses to and use the parallel The sigmoid curve can be made linear by replacing each
response, i.e. the fraction of positive responses per group, by
line model (Section 3.2) for the analysis ; 2) select a range of the corresponding value of the cumulative standard normal
doses for which the responses (u) or suitably transformed distribution. This value, often referred to as “normit”, ranges
responses, for example ln(u), are approximately linear when theoretically from − ∞ to + ∞. In the past it was proposed
plotted against ln(dose) ; the parallel line model (Section 3.2) to add 5 to each normit to obtain “probits”. This facilitated
may then be used for analysis. the hand-performed calculations because negative values
were avoided. With the arrival of computers the need to
add 5 to the normits has disappeared. The term “normit
method” would therefore be better for the method described
below. However, since the term “probit analysis” is so widely
spread, the term will, for historical reasons, be maintained in
4. ASSAYS DEPENDING UPON this text.
QUANTAL RESPONSES Once the responses have been linearised, it should be
possible to apply the parallel-line analysis as described
4.1. INTRODUCTION in Section 3.2. Unfortunately, the validity condition of
homogeneity of variance for each dose is not fulfilled. The
In certain assays it is impossible or excessively laborious variance is minimal at normit = 0 and increases for positive
to measure the effect on each experimental unit on a and negative values of the normit. It is therefore necessary
quantitative scale. Instead, an effect such as death or to give more weight to responses in the middle part of the
hypoglycaemic symptoms may be observed as either curve, and less weight to the more extreme parts of the curve.
occurring or not occurring in each unit, and the result This method, the analysis of variance, and the estimation of
depends on the number of units in which it occurs. Such the potency and confidence interval are described below.
assays are called quantal or all-or-none. 4.2.1. TABULATION OF THE RESULTS
The situation is very similar to that described for quantitative Table 4.2.1.-I is used to enter the data into the columns
assays in Section 3.1, but in place of n separate responses to indicated by numbers :
each treatment a single value is recorded, i.e. the fraction (1) the dose of the standard or the test preparation,
of units in each treatment group showing a response.
When these fractions are plotted against the logarithms (2) the number n of units submitted to that treatment,
of the doses the resulting curve will tend to be sigmoid
(3) the number of units r giving a positive response to the
(S-shaped) rather than linear. A mathematical function that
treatment,
represents this sigmoid curvature is used to estimate the
dose-response curve. The most commonly used function is (4) the logarithm x of the dose,
the cumulative normal distribution function. This function
(5) the fraction p = r/n of positive responses per group.
has some theoretical merit, and is perhaps the best choice
if the response is a reflection of the tolerance of the units. The first cycle starts here.
If the response is more likely to depend upon a process of
(6) column Y is filled with zeros at the first iteration,
growth, the logistic distribution model is preferred, although
the difference in outcome between the 2 models is usually (7) the corresponding value = (Y) of the cumulative
very small. standard normal distribution function (see also Table 8.4).

580 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.3. Statistical analysis

The columns (8) to (10) are calculated with the following (12) (4.2.1.-10)
formulae :
Column (6) of the first working table can now be replaced
(8) (4.2.1.-1) by Y = a + bx and the cycle is repeated until the difference
between 2 cycles has become small (e.g. the maximum
difference of Y between 2 consecutive cycles is smaller
(9) (4.2.1.-2) than 10− 8).
4.2.2. TESTS OF VALIDITY
(10) (4.2.1.-3) Before calculating the potencies and confidence intervals,
validity of the assay must be assessed. If at least 3 doses for
The columns (11) to (15) can easily be calculated from each preparation have been included, the deviations from
columns (4), (9) and (10) as wx, wy, wx2, wy2 and wxy linearity can be measured as follows : add a 13th column to
respectively, and the sum ( ) of each of the columns (10) to Table 4.2.1.-II and fill it with :
(15) is calculated separately for each of the preparations.
The sums calculated in Table 4.2.1.-I are transferred to (4.2.2.-1)
columns (1) to (6) of Table 4.2.1.-II and 6 additional columns
(7) to (12) are calculated as follows :
The column total is a measure of deviations from linearity and
is approximately χ2 distributed with degrees of freedom equal
to N − 2h. Significance of this value may be assessed with
(7) (4.2.1.-4) the aid of Table 8.3 or a suitable sub-routine in a computer
program. If the value is significant at the 0.05 probability
level, the assay must probably be rejected (see Section 4.2.4).
(8) (4.2.1.-5)
When the above test gives no indication of significant
deviations from linear regression, the deviations from
(9) (4.2.1.-6) parallelism are tested at the 0.05 significance level with :

(4.2.2.-2)
(10) (4.2.1.-7)
with h − 1 degrees of freedom.
(11) (4.2.1.-8) 4.2.3. ESTIMATION OF POTENCY AND CONFIDENCE
LIMITS
The common slope b can now be obtained as : When there are no indications for a significant departure
from parallelism and linearity the ln(potency ratio) M′T is
(4.2.1.-9) calculated as :
and the intercept a of the standard, and similarly for the test (4.2.3.-1)
preparations is obtained as :
Table 4.2.1.-I. — First working table
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

dose n r x p Y Z y w wx wy wx2 wy2 wxy

S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

= = = = = =

T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

= = = = = =
etc.

Table 4.2.1.-II. — Second working table

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)

w wx wy wx2 wy2 wxy Sxx Sxy Syy a

S . . . . . . . . . . . .

T . . . . . . . . . . . .

etc. . . . . . . . . . . . .

= =

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 581
5.3. Statistical analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

and the antilogarithm is taken. Now let t = 1.96 and s = 1. parallelism is not necessary for this type of assay. The ED50
Confidence limits are calculated as the antilogarithms of: of test sample T, and similarly for the other samples, is
obtained as described in Section 4.2.3, with the following
modifications in formulae 4.2.3.-1 and 4.2.3.-2).

(4.2.3.-2) (4.5.-1)

4.2.4. INVALID ASSAYS (4.5.-2)

If the test for deviations from linearity described in
Section 4.2.2 is significant, the assay should normally be where and C is left unchanged
rejected. If there are reasons to retain the assay, the formulae
are slightly modified. t becomes the t-value (p = 0.05) with
the same number of degrees of freedom as used in the check
for linearity and s2 becomes the χ2 value divided by the same
number of degrees of freedom (and thus typically is greater
than 1).
5. EXAMPLES
The test for parallelism is also slightly modified. The χ2
value for non-parallelism is divided by its number of degrees This section consists of worked examples illustrating the
of freedom. The resulting value is divided by s2 calculated application of the formulae. The examples have been
above to obtain an F-ratio with h - 1 and N - 2h degrees of selected primarily to illustrate the statistical method of
freedom, which is evaluated in the usual way at the 0.05 calculation. They are not intended to reflect the most
significance level. suitable method of assay, if alternatives are permitted in the
individual monographs. To increase their value as program
4.3. THE LOGIT METHOD checks, more decimal places are given than would usually be
As indicated in Section 4.1 the logit method may sometimes necessary. It should also be noted that other, but equivalent
be more appropriate. The name of the method is derived methods of calculation exist. These methods should lead to
from the logit function which is the inverse of the logistic exactly the same final results as those given in the examples.
distribution. The procedure is similar to that described for
the probit method with the following modifications in the 5.1. PARALLEL-LINE MODEL
formulae for and Z. 5.1.1. TWO-DOSE MULTIPLE ASSAY WITH COMPLETELY
(4.3.-1) RANDOMISED DESIGN
An assay of corticotrophin by subcutaneous injection in
rats
(4.3.-2) The standard preparation is administered at 0.25 and
1.0 units per 100 g of body mass. 2 preparations to be
examined are both assumed to have a potency of 1 unit per
milligram and they are administered in the same quantities
4.4. OTHER SHAPES OF THE CURVE as the standard. The individual responses and means per
The probit and logit method are almost always adequate for treatment are given in Table 5.1.1.-I. A graphical presentation
the analysis of quantal responses called for in the European (Figure 5.1.1.-I) gives no rise to doubt the homogeneity of
Pharmacopoeia. However, if it can be made evident that the variance and normality of the data, but suggests problems
ln(dose)-response curve has another shape than the 2 curves with parallelism for preparation U.
described above, another curve may be adopted. Z is then
Table 5.1.1.-I. — Response metameter y : mass of ascorbic
taken to be the first derivative of .
acid (mg) per 100 g of adrenal gland
For example, if it can be shown that the curve is not symmetric,
the Gompertz distribution may be appropriate (the gompit Standard S Preparation T Preparation U
method) in which case . S1 S2 T1 T2 U1 U2

4.5. THE MEDIAN EFFECTIVE DOSE 300 289 310 230 250 236

In some types of assay it is desirable to determine a median 310 221 290 210 268 213
effective dose which is the dose that produces a response in 330 267 360 280 273 283
50 per cent of the units. The probit method can be used to
determine this median effective dose (ED50), but since there 290 236 341 261 240 269
is no need to express this dose relative to a standard, the 364 250 321 241 307 251
formulae are slightly different.
328 231 370 290 270 294
Note : a standard can optionally be included in order to
validate the assay. Usually the assay is considered valid if 390 229 303 223 317 223
the calculated ED50 of the standard is close enough to the 360 269 334 254 312 250
assigned ED50. What “close enough” in this context means
depends on the requirements specified in the monograph. 342 233 295 216 320 216
The tabulation of the responses to the test samples, and 306 259 315 235 265 265
optionally a standard, is as described in Section 4.2.1. The
Mean 332.0 248.4 323.9 244.0 282.2 250.0
test for linearity is as described in Section 4.2.2. A test for

582 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.3. Statistical analysis

The analysis without preparation U results in compliance

with the requirements with respect to both regression
and parallelism and so the potency can be calculated. The
formulae in Section 3.2.5 give :

— for the common slope :

— the ln(potency ratio) is :

— and ln(confidence limits) are :

Figure 5.1.1.-I.
The formulae in Tables 3.2.3.-I and 3.2.3.-II lead to :
PS = 580.4 LS = − 41.8
By taking the antilogarithms we find a potency ratio of 1.11
PT = 567.9 LT = − 39.95 with 95 per cent confidence limits from 0.82-1.51.
PU = 532.2 LU = − 16.1
Multiplying by the assumed potency of preparation T yields a
potency of 1.11 units/mg with 95 per cent confidence limits
HP = =5 HL = = 20
from 0.82 to 1.51 units/mg.
The analysis of variance can now be completed with the 5.1.2. THREE-DOSE LATIN SQUARE DESIGN
formulae in Tables 3.2.3-III and 3.2.3.-IV. This is shown in Antibiotic agar diffusion assay using a rectangular tray
Table 5.1.1.-II.
The standard has an assigned potency of 4855 IU/mg. The
Table 5.1.1.-II. — Analysis of variance test preparation has an assumed potency of 5600 IU/mg.
For the stock solutions 25.2 mg of the standard is dissolved
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Proba-
variation freedom squares square
F-ratio in 24.5 ml of solvent and 21.4 mg of the test preparation
bility
is dissolved in 23.95 ml of solvent. The final solutions are
Preparations 2 6256.6 3128.3 prepared by first diluting both stock solutions to 1/20 and
further using a dilution ratio of 1.5.
Regression 1 63 830.8 63 830.8 83.38 0.000

Non-parallelism 2 8218.2 4109.1 5.37 0.007 A Latin square is generated with the method described
in Section 8.6 (see Table 5.1.2.-I). The responses of this
Treatments 5 78 305.7 routine assay are shown in Table 5.1.2.-II (inhibition zones
Residual error 54 41 340.9 765.57 in mm × 10). The treatment mean values are shown in
Table 5.1.2.-III. A graphical representation of the data (see
Total 59 119 646.6 Figure 5.1.2.-I) gives no rise to doubt the normality or
homogeneity of variance of the data.
The analysis confirms a highly significant linear regression.
Departure from parallelism, however, is also significant The formulae in Tables 3.2.3.-I and 3.2.3.-II lead to :
(p = 0.0075) which was to be expected from the graphical
PS = 529.667 LS = 35.833
observation that preparation U is not parallel to the
standard. This preparation is therefore rejected and the PT = 526.333 LT = 39.333
analysis repeated using only preparation T and the standard
(Table 5.1.1.-III). HP = =2 HL = =3

Table 5.1.1.-III. — Analysis of variance without sample U

Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Proba-
F-ratio The analysis of variance can now be completed with the
variation freedom squares square bility
formulae in Tables 3.2.3.-III and 3.2.3.-IV. The result is shown
Preparations 1 390.6 390.6 in Table 5.1.2.-IV.
Regression 1 66 830.6 66 830.6 90.5 0.000
The analysis shows significant differences between the rows.
Non-parallelism 1 34.2 34.2 0.05 0.831 This indicates the increased precision achieved by using a
Treatments 3 67 255.5
Latin square design rather than a completely randomised
design. A highly significant regression and no significant
Residual error 36 26 587.3 738.54 departure of the individual regression lines from parallelism
and linearity confirms that the assay is satisfactory for
Total 39 93 842.8
potency calculations.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 583
5.3. Statistical analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Table 5.1.2.-I. — Distribution of treatments over the plate Table 5.1.2.-IV. — Analysis of variance

1 2 3 4 5 6 Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Probabil-

F-ratio
variation freedom squares square ity
1 S1 T1 T2 S3 S2 T3
Preparations 1 11.1111 11.1111
2 T1 T3 S1 S2 T2 S3
Regression 1 8475.0417 8475.0417 408.1 0.000
3 T2 S3 S2 S1 T3 T1
Non-parallelism 1 18.3750 18.3750 0.885 0.358
4 S3 S2 T3 T1 S1 T2
Non-linearity 2 5.4722 2.7361 0.132 0.877
5 S2 T2 S3 T3 T1 S1
Treatments 5 8510
6 T3 S1 T1 T2 S3 S2
Rows 5 412 82.40 3.968 0.012

Columns 5 218.6667 43.73 2.106 0.107

Residual error 20 415.3333 20.7667

Table 5.1.2.-II. — Measured inhibition zones in mm × 10
Total 35 9556

1 2 3 4 5 6 Row mean
The formulae in Section 3.2.5 give :
1 161 160 178 187 171 194 175.2 = R1
— for the common slope :
2 151 192 150 172 170 192 171.2 = R2
3 162 195 174 161 193 151 172.7 = R3

4 194 184 199 160 163 171 178.5 = R4

— the ln(potency ratio) is :
5 176 181 201 202 154 151 177.5 = R5
6 193 166 161 186 198 182 181.0 = R6

Col. 172.8 179.7 177.2 178.0 174.8 173.5

Mean = C1 = C2 = C3 = C4 = C5 = C6

Table 5.1.2.-III. — Means of the treatments

— and ln(confidence limits) are :
Standard S Preparation T

S1 S2 S3 T1 T2 T3
Mean 158.67 176.50 194.50 156.17 174.67 195.50

The potency ratio is found by taking the antilogarithms,

resulting in 0.9763 with 95 per cent confidence limits from
0.9112-1.0456.

A correction factor of is
necessary because the dilutions were not exactly equipotent
on the basis of the assumed potency. Multiplying by this
correction factor and the assumed potency of 5600 IU/mg
yields a potency of 5456 IU/mg with 95 per cent confidence
limits from 5092 to 5843 IU/mg.
5.1.3. FOUR-DOSE RANDOMISED BLOCK DESIGN
Antibiotic turbidimetric assay
This assay is designed to assign a potency in international
units per vial. The standard has an assigned potency of
670 IU/mg. The test preparation has an assumed potency of
20 000 IU/vial. On the basis of this information the stock
solutions are prepared as follows. 16.7 mg of the standard
is dissolved in 25 ml solvent and the contents of one vial
of the test preparation are dissolved in 40 ml solvent. The
final solutions are prepared by first diluting to 1/40 and
further using a dilution ratio of 1.5. The tubes are placed
in a water-bath in a randomised block arrangement (see
Section 8.5). The responses are listed in Table 5.1.3.-I.
Inspection of Figure 5.1.3.-I gives no rise to doubt the validity
of the assumptions of normality and homogeneity of variance
of the data. The standard deviation of S3 is somewhat high
Figure 5.1.2.-I. but is no reason for concern.

584 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.3. Statistical analysis

Table 5.1.3.-I. — Absorbances of the suspensions (× 1000) and no significant departure from parallelism and
linearity confirms that the assay is satisfactory for potency
Standard S Preparation T calculations. The formulae in Section 3.2.5 give :
Block S1 S2 S3 S4 T1 T2 T3 T4 Mean
— for the common slope :
1 252 207 168 113 242 206 146 115 181.1

2 249 201 187 107 236 197 153 102 179.0

3 247 193 162 111 246 197 148 104 176.0 — the ln(potency ratio) is :
4 250 207 155 108 231 191 159 106 175.9

5 235 207 140 98 232 186 146 95 167.4

Mean 246.6 203.0 162.4 107.4 237.4 195.4 150.4 104.4

— and ln(confidence limits) are :

The potency ratio is found by taking the antilogarithms,

resulting in 1.0741 with 95 per cent confidence
limits from 1.0291 to 1.1214. A correction factor of
is necessary because the
dilutions were not exactly equipotent on the basis of the
assumed potency. Multiplying by this correction factor and
the assumed potency of 20 000 IU/vial yields a potency
of 19 228 IU/vial with 95 per cent confidence limits from
18 423-20 075 IU/vial.
5.1.4. FIVE-DOSE MULTIPLE ASSAY WITH COMPLETELY
RANDOMISED DESIGN
An in-vitro assay of three hepatitis B vaccines against a
standard
Figure 5.1.3.-I.
3 independent two-fold dilution series of 5 dilutions were
The formulae in Tables 3.2.3.-I and 3.2.3.-II lead to : prepared from each of the vaccines. After some additional
PS = 719.4 LS = − 229.1 steps in the assay procedure, absorbances were measured.
= 687.6 =
They are shown in Table 5.1.4.-I.
PT LT − 222
Table 5.1.4.-I. — Optical densities
HP = = 1.25 HL = =1
Dilution Standard S Preparation T
The analysis of variance is constructed with the formulae
1:16 000 0.043 0.045 0.051 0.097 0.097 0.094
in Tables 3.2.3.-III and 3.2.3.-IV. The result is shown in
Table 5.1.3.-II. 1:8000 0.093 0.099 0.082 0.167 0.157 0.178

Table 5.1.3.-II. — Analysis of variance 1:4000 0.159 0.154 0.166 0.327 0.355 0.345

1:2000 0.283 0.295 0.362 0.501 0.665 0.576

Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean square F-ratio Proba-
variation freedom squares bility 1:1000 0.514 0.531 0.545 1.140 1.386 1.051
Preparations 1 632.025 632.025
Dilution Preparation U Preparation V
Regression 1 101 745.6 101 745.6 1887.1 0.000
1:16 000 0.086 0.071 0.073 0.082 0.082 0.086
Non-parallelism 1 25.205 25.205 0.467 0.500
1:8000 0.127 0.146 0.133 0.145 0.144 0.173
Non-linearity 4 259.14 64.785 1.202 0.332
1:4000 0.277 0.268 0.269 0.318 0.306 0.316
Treatments 7 102 662
1:2000 0.586 0.489 0.546 0.552 0.551 0.624
Blocks 4 876.75 219.188 4.065 0.010
1:1000 0.957 0.866 1.045 1.037 1.039 1.068
Residual error 28 1509.65 53.916

Total 39 105 048.4 The logarithms of the optical densities are known to have
a linear relationship with the logarithms of the doses. The
A significant difference is found between the blocks. This mean responses of the ln-transformed optical densities are
indicates the increased precision achieved by using a listed in Table 5.1.4.-II. No unusual features are discovered
randomised block design. A highly significant regression in a graphical presentation of the data (Figure 5.1.4.-I).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 585
5.3. Statistical analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Table 5.1.4.-II. — Means of the ln-transformed absorbances

S1 − 3.075 T1 − 2.344 U1 − 2.572 V1 − 2.485
S2 − 2.396 T2 − 1.789 U2 − 2.002 V2 − 1.874

S3 − 1.835 T3 − 1.073 U3 − 1.305 V3 − 1.161

S4 − 1.166 T4 − 0.550 U4 − 0.618 V4 − 0.554
— and ln(confidence limits) for preparation T are :
S5 − 0.635 T5 0.169 U5 − 0.048 V5 0.047

By taking the antilogarithms a potency ratio of 2.171 is

found with 95 per cent confidence limits from 2.027 to 2.327.
All samples have an assigned potency of 20 µg protein/ml
and so a potency of 43.4 µg protein/ml is found for test
preparation T with 95 per cent confidence limits from
40.5-46.5 µg protein/ml.
The same procedure is followed to estimate the potency
and confidence interval of the other test preparations. The
results are listed in Table 5.1.4.-IV.
Table 5.1.4.-IV. — Final potency estimates and 95 per cent
confidence intervals of the test vaccines (in µg protein/ml)
Lower limit Estimate Upper limit

Vaccine T 40.5 43.4 46.5

Vaccine U 32.9 35.2 37.6
Vaccine V 36.8 39.4 42.2
Figure 5.1.4.-I. 5.1.5. TWIN CROSS-OVER DESIGN
The formulae in Tables 3.2.3.-I and 3.2.3.-II give : Assay of insulin by subcutaneous injection in rabbits
PS = − 9.108 LS = 6.109 The standard preparation was administered at 1 unit and
= =
2 units per millilitre. Equivalent doses of the unknown
PT − 5.586 LT 6.264
preparation were used based on an assumed potency of 40
PU = − 6.544 LU = 6.431 units per millilitre. The rabbits received subcutaneously
= =
0.5 ml of the appropriate solutions according to the
PV − 6.027 LV 6.384 design in Table 5.1.5.-I and responses obtained are shown
in Table 5.1.5.-II and Figure 5.1.5.-I. The large variance
HP = = 0.6 HL = = 0.3 illustrates the variation between rabbits and the need to
employ a cross-over design.
The analysis of variance is completed with the formulae in
Tables 3.2.3.-III and 3.2.3.-IV. This is shown in Table 5.1.4.-III. Table 5.1.5.-I. — Arrangements of treatments
Group of rabbits
Table 5.1.4.-III. — Analysis of variance
1 2 3 4
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean Probabil-
F-ratio
variation freedom squares square ity Day 1 S1 S2 T1 T2
Preparations 3 4.475 1.492 Day 2 T2 T1 S2 S1
Regression 1 47.58 47.58 7126 0.000
Table 5.1.5.-II. — Response y : sum of blood glucose
Non- 3 0.0187 0.006 0.933 0.434 readings (mg/100 ml) at 1 hour and hours
parallelism
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4
Non-linearity 12 0.0742 0.006 0.926 0.531
S1 T2 S2 T1 T1 S2 T2 S1
Treatments 19 52.152
112 104 65 72 105 91 118 144
Residual error 40 0.267 0.0067
126 112 116 160 83 67 119 149
Total 59 52.42
62 58 73 72 125 67 42 51
A highly significant regression and a non-significant 86 63 47 93 56 45 64 107
departure from parallelism and linearity confirm that
the potencies can be safely calculated. The formulae in 52 53 88 113 92 84 93 117
Section 3.2.5 give : 110 113 63 71 101 56 73 128
— for the common slope : 116 91 50 65 66 55 39 87

101 68 55 100 91 68 31 71
Mean 95.6 82.8 69.6 93.3 89.9 66.6 72.4 106.8
— the ln(potency ratio) for preparation T is :

586 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.3. Statistical analysis

The interaction terms are found as Day 1 + Day 2 - Pooled.

In addition the sum of squares due to day-to-day variation

is calculated as :

and the sum of squares due to blocks (the variation between

rabbits) as :

where Bi is the mean response per rabbit.

Figure 5.1.5.-I. The analysis of variance can now be completed as shown
in Table 5.1.5.-III.
The analysis of variance is more complicated for this assay
than for the other designs given because the component of Table 5.1.5.-III. — Analysis of variance
the sum of squares due to parallelism is not independent
of the component due to rabbit differences. Testing of Source of
Degrees
Sum of Mean Proba-
the parallelism of the regression lines involves a second of F-ratio
variation squares square bility
freedom
error-mean-square term obtained by subtracting the
parallelism component and 2 “interaction” components from Non- 1 1453.5 1453.5 1.064 0.311
the component due to rabbit differences. parallelism

3 “interaction” components are present in the analysis of Days × Prep. 1 31.6 31.6 0.023 0.880
variance due to replication within each group : Days × Regr. 1 50.8 50.8 0.037 0.849
days × preparation ; days × regression ; days × parallelism.
Residual
These terms indicate the tendency for the components error between 28 38 258.8 1366.4
(preparations, regression and parallelism) to vary from day rabbits
to day. The corresponding F-ratios thus provide checks on Rabbits 31 39 794.7 1283.7
these aspects of assay validity. If the values of F obtained are
significantly high, care should be exercised in interpreting Preparations 1 0.14 0.14 0.001 0.975
the results of the assay and, if possible, the assay should be Regression 1 8859.5 8859.5 64.532 0.000
repeated.
Days 1 478.5 478.5 3.485 0.072
The analysis of variance is constructed by applying the
formulae given in Tables 3.2.3.-I to 3.2.3.-III separately for Days × non- 1 446.3 446.3 3.251 0.082
both days and for the pooled set of data. The formulae in par.
Tables 3.2.3.-I and 3.2.3.-II give : Residual 28 3844.1 137.3
Day 1 : PS = 165.25 LS = − 13 error within
rabbits
PT = 162.25 LT = − 8.75
Total 63 53 423.2
HP = HL =
The analysis of variance confirms that the data fulfil the
Day 2 : PS = 173.38 LS = − 20.06 necessary conditions for a satisfactory assay : a highly
significant regression, no significant departures from
PT = 176.00 LT = − 5.25 parallelism, and none of the three interaction components
= =
is significant.
HP HL
The formulae in Section 3.2.5 give :
Pooled : PS = 169.31 LS = − 16.53
— for the common slope :
PT = 169.13 LT = − 7.00

HP = HL =
— the ln(potency ratio) is :
and with the formulae in Table 3.2.3.-III this leads to :
Day 1 Day 2 Pooled

SSprep = 18.000 SSprep = 13.781 SSprep = 0.141

SSreg = 3784.5 SSreg = 5125.8 SSreg = 8859.5

SSpar = 144.5 SSpar = 1755.3 SSpar = 1453.5

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 587
5.3. Statistical analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

— and ln(confidence limits) are : Table 5.2.1.-I. — Absorbances

Blank Standard S Preparation T
(in IU/ml) (in IU/ml)

Conc. B S1 S2 S3 T1 T2 T3
By taking the antilogarithms a potency ratio of 1.003
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03
with 95 per cent confidence limits from 0.835 to 1.204
is found. Multiplying by AT = 40 yields a potency of 40.1 0.022 0.133 0.215 0.299 0.120 0.188 0.254
units per millilitre with 95 per cent confidence limits from
0.024 0.133 0.215 0.299 0.119 0.188 0.253
33.4-48.2 units per millilitre.
0.024 0.131 0.216 0.299 0.118 0.190 0.255
5.2. SLOPE-RATIO MODEL
0.026 0.136 0.218 0.297 0.120 0.190 0.258
5.2.1. A COMPLETELY RANDOMISED (0,3,3)-DESIGN
0.023 0.137 0.220 0.297 0.120 0.190 0.257
An assay of factor VIII
A laboratory carries out a chromogenic assay of factor VIII 0.022 0.136 0.220 0.305 0.121 0.191 0.257
activity in concentrates. The laboratory has no experience 0.022 0.138 0.219 0.299 0.121 0.191 0.255
with the type of assay but is trying to make it operational.
3 equivalent dilutions are prepared of both the standard 0.023 0.137 0.218 0.302 0.121 0.190 0.254
and the test preparation. In addition a blank is prepared, Mean 0.0235 0.1351 0.2176 0.2996 0.1200 0.1898 0.2554
although a linear dose-response relationship is not expected
for low doses. 8 replicates of each dilution are prepared,
which is more than would be done in a routine assay.
A graphical presentation of the data shows clearly that the
dose-response relationship is indeed not linear at low doses.
The responses to blanks will therefore not be used in the
calculations (further assays are of course needed to justify
this decision). The formulae in Tables 3.3.3.1.-I and 3.3.3.1.-II
yield
PS = 0.6524 PT = 0.5651

LS = 1.4693 LT = 1.2656
aS = 0.318 aT = 0.318

bS = 0.329 bT = 0.271

GS = 0.1554 GT = 0.1156
JS = 4.17 · 10 −8
JT = 2.84 · 10− 6
and
HI = 0.09524 a′ = 0.05298 K = 1.9764
Figure 5.2.1.-I.
and the analysis of variance is completed with the formulae
in Tables 3.3.3.1.-III and 3.3.3.1.-IV. Table 5.2.1.-II. — Analysis of variance
Degrees
A highly significant regression and no significant deviations Source of
of
Sum of Mean
F-ratio
Probabil-
from linearity and intersection indicate that the potency can variation squares square ity
freedom
be calculated.
Regression 2 0.1917 0.0958 24 850 0.000
Slope of standard :
−9 −9 −4
Intersection 1 3 · 10 3 · 10 7 · 10 0.978

Non-linearity 2 2 · 10 −5
1 · 10 −5
2.984 0.061
Slope of test sample : Treatments 5 0.1917

Residual error 42 1.62 · 10− 4 3.86 · 10− 6

Total 47 0.1919
Formula 3.3.5.1.-3 gives :
5.2.2. A COMPLETELY RANDOMISED (0,4,4,4)-DESIGN
An in-vitro assay of influenza vaccines
The haemagglutinin antigen (HA) content of 2 influenza
vaccines is determined by single radial immunodiffusion.
Both have a labelled potency of 15 µg HA per dose, which is
equivalent with a content of 30 µg HA/ml. The standard has
an assigned content of 39 µg HA/ml.
and the 95 per cent confidence limits are : Standard and test vaccines are applied in 4 duplicate
concentrations which are prepared on the basis of the
assigned and the labelled contents. When the equilibrium
between the external and the internal reactant is established,
The potency ratio is thus estimated as 0.823 with 95 per cent the zone of the annulus precipitation area is measured. The
confidence limits from 0.817 to 0.829. results are shown in Table 5.2.2.-I.

588 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.3. Statistical analysis

Table 5.2.2.-I. — Zone of precipitation area (mm2)

Conc. Standard S Preparation T Preparation U

( µg/ml) I II I II I II

7.5 18.0 18.0 15.1 16.8 15.4 15.7

15.0 22.8 24.5 23.1 24.2 20.2 18.6

22.5 30.4 30.4 28.9 27.4 24.2 23.1

30.0 35.7 36.6 34.4 37.8 27.4 27.0

A graphical presentation of the data shows no unusual

features (see Figure 5.2.2.-I). The formulae in Tables 3.3.3.1.-I
and 3.3.3.1.-II yield
PS = 108.2 PT = 103.85 PU = 85.8
LS = 301.1 LT = 292.1 LU = 234.1
aS = 141.0 aT = 116.7 aU = 139.8

bS = 61.2 bT = 64.95 bU = 39.2

Figure 5.2.2.-I.
GS = 3114.3 GT = 2909.4 GU = 1917.3
Table 5.2.2.-II. — Analysis of variance
JS = 0.223 JT = 2.227 JU = 0.083
Degrees
Source of Sum of Mean Probabil-
of F-ratio
variation squares square ity
and freedom

HI = 0.0093 a′ = 11.04 K = 14 785.8 Regression 3 1087.7 362.6 339.5 0.000

Intersection 2 3.474 1.737 1.626 0.237

and the analysis of variance is completed with the formulae
Non-linearity 6 5.066 0.844 0.791 0.594
in Tables 3.3.3.1.-III and 3.3.3.1.-IV. This is shown in
Table 5.2.2.-II. Treatments 11 1096.2

A highly significant regression and no significant deviations Residual error 12 12.815 1.068
from linearity and intersection indicate that the potency can Total 23 1109.0
be calculated.
Table 5.2.2.-III. — Estimates of HA content (µg/dose)
Slope of standard :
Lower limit Estimate Upper limit

Vaccin T 13.4 14.3 15.3

Slope of T is : Vaccin U 8.9 9.7 10.6

5.3. QUANTAL RESPONSES

5.3.1. PROBIT ANALYSIS OF A TEST PREPARATION
Slope of U is : AGAINST A REFERENCE
An in-vivo assay of a diphtheria vaccine
A diphtheria vaccine (assumed potency 140 IU/vial) is
assayed against a standard (assigned potency 132 IU/vial).
This leads to a potency ratio of 6.056/6.356 = 0.953 for On the basis of this information, equivalent doses
vaccine T and 4.123/6.356 = 0.649 for vaccine U. are prepared and randomly administered to groups of
guinea-pigs. After a given period, the animals are challenged
with diphtheria toxin and the number of surviving animals
recorded as shown in Table 5.3.1.-I.
Table 5.3.1.-I. — Raw data from a diphtheria assay in
guinea-pigs
And the confidence limits are found with formula 3.3.5.1.-4.
Standard (S) Test preparation (T)
For vaccine T : Assigned potency Assumed potency
132 IU/vial 140 IU/vial

dose chal- protect- dose chal- protect-

(IU/ml) lenged ed (I.U./ml) lenged ed
For vaccine U :
1.0 12 0 1.0 11 0

1.6 12 3 1.6 12 4

The HA content in µg/dose can be found by multiplying the 2.5 12 6 2.5 11 8

potency ratios and confidence limits by the assumed content
4.0 11 10 4.0 11 10
of 15 µg/dose. The results are given in Table 5.2.2.-III.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 589
5.3. Statistical analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The observations are transferred to the first working table representing a p-value
and the subsequent columns are computed as described in
Section 4.2.1. Table 5.3.1.-II shows the first cycle of this of 0.974 which is not significant.
procedure. The ln(potency ratio) can now be estimated as described in
The sums of the last 6 columns are then calculated per Section 4.2.3.
preparation and transferred to the second working table (see
Table 5.3.1.-III). The results in the other columns are found
with formulae 4.2.1.-4 to 4.2.1.-10. This yields a common Further :
slope b of 1.655.
The values for Y in the first working table are now replaced by
a + bx and a second cycle is carried out (see Table 5.3.1.-IV).
The cycle is repeated until the difference between
2 consecutive cycles has become small. The second working
table should then appear as shown in Table 5.3.1.-V. So ln confidence limits are :
Linearity is tested as described in Section 4.2.2. The
χ2-value with 4 degrees of freedom is 0.851 + 1.070 = 1.921 The potency and confidence limits can now be found by
representing a p-value of 0.750 which is not significant. taking the antilogarithms and multiplying these by the
Since there are no significant deviations from linearity, the assumed potency of 140 IU/vial. This yields an estimate
test for parallelism can be carried out as described in the of 160.6 IU/vial with 95 per cent confidence limits from
same section. The χ2-value with 1 degree of freedom is 121.0-215.2 IU/vial.

Table 5.3.1.-II. — First working table in the first cycle

Vac- n r x p y w wx wy wx2 wy2 wxy
Dose Y Z
cine

S 1.0 12 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.5 0.399 − 1.253 7.64 0.00 − 9.57 0.00 12.00 0.00

1.6 12 3 0.470 0.250 0 0.5 0.399 − 0.627 7.64 3.59 − 4.79 1.69 3.00 − 2.25

2.5 12 6 0.916 0.500 0 0.5 0.399 0.000 7.64 7.00 0.00 6.41 0.00 0.00

4.0 11 10 1.386 0.909 0 0.5 0.399 1.025 7.00 9.71 7.18 13.46 7.36 9.95
T 1.0 11 0 0.000 0.000 0 0.5 0.399 − 1.253 7.00 0.00 − 8.78 0.00 11.00 0.00

1.6 12 4 0.470 0.333 0 0.5 0.399 − 0.418 7.64 3.59 − 3.19 1.69 1.33 − 1.50

2.5 11 8 0.916 0.727 0 0.5 0.399 0.570 7.00 6.42 3.99 5.88 2.27 3.66

4.0 11 10 1.386 0.909 0 0.5 0.399 1.025 7.00 9.71 7.18 13.46 7.36 9.95

Table 5.3.1.-III. — Second working table in the first cycle

Vaccine w wx wy wx2 wy2 wxy Sxx Sxy Syy a

S 29.92 20.30 − 7.18 21.56 22.36 7.70 7.79 12.58 20.64 0.68 − 0.24 − 1.36

T 28.65 19.72 − 0.80 21.03 21.97 12.11 7.46 12.66 21.95 0.69 − 0.03 − 1.17

Table 5.3.1.-IV. — First working table in the second cycle

Vac- n r x p y w wx wy wx2 wy2 wxy
Dose Y Z
cine

S 1.0 12 0 0.000 0.000 − 1.36 0.086 0.158 − 1.911 3.77 0.00 − 7.21 0.00 13.79 0.00

1.6 12 3 0.470 0.250 − 0.58 0.279 0.336 − 0.672 6.74 3.17 − 4.53 1.49 3.04 − 2.13

2.5 12 6 0.916 0.500 0.15 0.561 0.394 − 0.001 7.57 6.94 − 0.01 6.36 0.00 − 0.01

4.0 11 10 1.386 0.909 0.93 0.824 0.258 1.260 5.07 7.03 6.39 9.75 8.05 8.86

T 1.0 11 0 0.000 0.000 − 1.17 0.122 0.202 − 1.769 4.20 0.00 − 7.43 0.00 13.14 0.00

1.6 12 4 0.470 0.333 − 0.39 0.349 0.370 − 0.430 7.23 3.40 − 3.11 1.60 1.34 − 1.46

2.5 11 8 0.916 0.727 0.35 0.637 0.375 0.591 6.70 6.14 3.96 5.62 2.34 3.63

4.0 11 10 1.386 0.909 1.13 0.870 0.211 1.311 4.35 6.03 5.70 8.36 7.48 7.90

Table 5.3.1.-V. — Second working table after sufficient cycles

Vaccine w wx wy wx2 wy2 wxy Sxx Sxy Syy a

S 18.37 14.80 − 2.14 14.85 17.81 5.28 2.93 7.00 17.56 0.81 − 0.12 − 2.05
T 17.96 12.64 − 0.55 11.86 18.35 6.76 2.96 7.15 18.34 0.70 − 0.03 − 1.72

590 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.3. Statistical analysis

Table 5.3.3.-I. — Dilutions (10x µl of the undiluted vaccine)

− 3.5 − 4.0 − 4.5 − 5.0 − 5.5 − 6.0 −6.5 −7.0 −7.5 −8.0
+ + + + − − − − − −

+ + + + − − − − − −

+ + − − − − − − − −

+ + + + − − − − − −

+ + + − − − − − − −

+ + + + + − − − − −

+ + + + + − + − − −

+ + + + − + − − − −

The sums of the last 6 columns are calculated and transferred

to the second working table (see Table 5.3.3.-III). The results
in the other columns are found with formulae 4.2.1.-4 to
4.2.1.-10. This yields a common slope b of − 0.295.
The values for Y in the first working table are now replaced
Figure 5.3.1.-I. by a + bx and a second cycle is carried out. The cycle is
repeated until the difference between 2 consecutive cycles
5.3.2. LOGIT ANALYSIS AND OTHER TYPES OF
has become small. The second working table should then
ANALYSES OF A TEST PREPARATION AGAINST A
appear as shown in Table 5.3.3.-IV.
REFERENCE
Results will be given for the situation where the logit method Linearity is tested as described in Section 4.2.2. The χ -value
2

and other “classical” methods of this family are applied to with 8 degrees of freedom is 2.711 representing a p-value of
the data in Section 5.3.1. This should be regarded as an 0.951 which is not significant.
exercise rather than an alternative to the probit method
in this specific case. Another shape of the curve may
be adopted only if this is supported by experimental or
theoretical evidence. See Table 5.3.2.-I.
Table 5.3.2.-I. — Results by using alternative curves
Logit Gompit Angle(*)

slope b 4.101 2.590 1.717

χ2 lin 2.15 3.56 1.50

χ2 par 0.0066 0.168 0.0010

Potency 162.9 158.3 155.8

Figure 5.3.3.-I.
Lower limit 121.1 118.7 122.6
The potency ratio can now be estimated as described in
200.7
Section 4.5.
Upper limit 221.1 213.3

(*) Further :

5.3.3. THE ED50 DETERMINATION OF A SUBSTANCE

USING THE PROBIT METHOD
An in-vitro assay of oral poliomyelitis vaccine So ln confidence limits are :
In an ED50 assay of oral poliomyelitis vaccine with 10 different
dilutions in 8 replicates of 50 µl on an ELISA-plate, results
were obtained as shown in Table 5.3.3.-I.
The observations are transferred to the first working table
This estimate is still expressed in terms of the ln(dilutions).
and the subsequent columns are computed as described in
In order to obtain estimates expressed in ln(ED50)/ml the
Section 4.2.1. Table 5.3.3.-II shows the first cycle of this
procedure. values are transformed to .

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 591
5.3. Statistical analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Table 5.3.3.-II. — First working table in the first cycle

Vaccine Dose n r x p Y Z y w wx wy wx2 wy2 wxy
− 3.5
T 10 8 0 − 8.06 0.000 0.00 0.5 0.399 − 1.253 5.09 − 41.04 − 6.38 330.8 8.00 51.4

10− 4.0
8 0 − 9.21 0.000 0.00 0.5 0.399 − 1.253 5.09 − 46.91 − 6.38 432.0 8.00 58.8
− 4.5
10 8 1 − 10.36 0.125 0.00 0.5 0.399 − 0.940 5.09 − 52.77 − 4.79 546.8 4.50 49.6
− 5.0
10 8 2 − 11.51 0.250 0.00 0.5 0.399 − 0.627 5.09 − 58.63 − 3.19 675.1 2.00 36.7

10− 5.5
8 6 − 12.66 0.750 0.00 0.5 0.399 0.627 5.09 − 64.50 3.19 816.8 2.00 − 40.4
− 6.0
10 8 7 − 13.82 0.875 0.00 0.5 0.399 0.940 5.09 − 70.36 4.79 972.1 4.50 − 66.1
− 6.5
10 8 7 − 14.97 0.875 0.00 0.5 0.399 0.940 5.09 − 76.23 4.79 1140.8 4.50 − 71.7

10 − 7.0
8 8 − 16.12 1.000 0.00 0.5 0.399 1.253 5.09 − 82.09 6.38 1323.1 8.00 − 102.9
− 7.5
10 8 8 − 17.27 1.000 0.00 0.5 0.399 1.253 5.09 − 87.95 6.38 1518.9 8.00 − 110.2
− 8.0
10 8 8 − 18.42 1.000 0.00 0.5 0.399 1.253 5.09 − 93.82 6.38 1728.2 8.00 − 117.6

Table 5.3.3.-III. — Second working table in the first cycle

Vaccine w wx wy wx2 wy2 wxy Sxx Sxy Syy a

T 50.93 − 674.3 11.17 9484.6 57.50 − 312.32 556.92 − 164.43 55.05 − 13.24 0.219 − 3.690

Table 5.3.3.-IV. — Second working table after sufficient cycles

Vaccine w wx wy wx2 wy2 wxy Sxx Sxy Syy a

T 19.39 − 238.2 0.11 2981.1 26.05 − 37.45 55.88 − 36.11 26.05 − 12.28 0.006 − 7.931

Since it has become common use to express the potency of For this example, it will be assumed that the laboratory
this type of vaccine in terms of log10(ED50)/ml, the results has validated conditions 1 to 3 in Section 3.1.1 when the
have to be divided by ln(10). The potency is thus estimated assay was being developed for routine use. In addition, the
as 6.63 log10(ED50)/ml with 95 per cent confidence limits laboratory has validated that the upper limit and lower limit
from 6.30 to 6.96 log10(ED50)/ml. of the samples can be assumed to be equal.
5.4. EXTENDED SIGMOID DOSE-RESPONSE CURVES No unusual features are discovered in a graphical
5.4.1. FOUR-PARAMETER LOGISTIC CURVE ANALYSIS representation. A least squares method of a suitable
A serological assay of tetanus sera computer program is used to fit the parameters of the
logistic function, assuming that the residual error terms
As already stated in Section 3.4, this example is intended to
are independent and identically distributed normal random
illustrate a “possible” way to analyse the data presented, but
variables. In this case, 3 parameters (α, β and δ) are needed
not necessarily to reflect the “only” or the “most appropriate”
to describe the common slope-factor and the common lower
way. Many other approaches can be found in the literature,
and upper asymptotes. 2 additional parameters (γS and γT) are
but in most cases they should not yield dramatically different
needed to describe the horizontal location of the 2 curves.
outcomes. A short discussion of alternative approaches and
other statistical considerations is given in Section 7.5. The following estimates of the parameters are returned by
A guinea-pig antiserum is assayed against a standard serum the program :
(0.4 IU/ml) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
technique (ELISA). 10 two-fold dilutions of each serum were
applied on a 96-well ELISA plate. Each dilution was applied
twice. The observed responses are listed in Table 5.4.1.-I.
Table 5.4.1.-I. — Observed responses
Standard S Preparation to be examined T In addition, the estimated residual variance (s2) is returned
as 0.001429 with 20 degrees of freedom (within-treatments
Dil. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Dil. Obs. 1 Obs. 2
variation).
1/10 2.912 2.917 1/10 3.017 2.987
In order to obtain confidence limits, and also to check
1/20 2.579 2.654 1/20 2.801 2.808 for parallelism and linearity, the observed responses (u)
1/40 2.130 2.212 1/40 2.401 2.450 are linearised and submitted to a weighted parallel-line
analysis by the program. This procedure is very similar to
1/80 1.651 1.638 1/80 1.918 1.963 that described in Section 4.2 for probit analysis with the
1/160 1.073 0.973 1/160 1.364 1.299 following modifications :
1/320 0.585 0.666 1/320 0.861 0.854

1/640 0.463 0.356 1/640 0.497 0.496

1/1280 0.266 0.234 1/1280 0.340 0.344

1/2560 0.228 0.197 1/2560 0.242 0.217

1/5120 0.176 0.215 1/5120 0.178 0.125

592 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.3. Statistical analysis

The resulting weighted analysis of variance of the the same formulae for potencies derived from assays based
transformed responses (y) using weights (w) is shown in on the slope-ratio model. All estimates of potency must be
Table 5.4.1.-II. corrected for the potency assigned to each preparation to be
examined before they are combined.
Table 5.4.1.-II — Weighted analysis of variance

Source of variation
Degrees of
Chi-square Probability
6.2. WEIGHTED COMBINATION OF ASSAY RESULTS
freedom
This method can be used provided the following conditions
Preparations 1 0.529653 0.467 are fulfilled :
Regression 1 6599.51 0.000 1) the potency estimates are derived from independent
1 0.0458738 0.830
assays ;
Non-parallelism
2) for each assay C is close to 1 (say less than 1.1) ;
Non-linearity 16 8.89337 0.918
3) the number of degrees of freedom of the individual
Treatments 19 6608.98 0.000
residual errors is not smaller than 6, but preferably larger
Residual error 20 20.0000 than 15 ;
Total 39 6628.98 4) the individual potency estimates form a homogeneous
set (see Section 6.2.2).
There are no significant deviations from parallelism and When these conditions are not fulfilled this method cannot
linearity and thus the assay is satisfactory for potency be applied. The method described in Section 6.3 may then
calculations. If the condition of equal upper and lower be used to obtain the best estimate of the mean potency to
asymptotes is not fulfilled, significant deviations from be adopted in further assays as an assumed potency.
linearity and/or parallelism are likely to occur because the
tests for linearity and parallelism reflect the goodness of fit 6.2.1. CALCULATION OF WEIGHTING COEFFICIENTS
of the complete four-parameter model. The residual error in It is assumed that the results of each of the n′ assays
the analysis of variance is always equal to 1 as a result of the have been analysed to give n′ values of M with associated
transformation. However, a heterogeneity factor (analogous confidence limits. For each assay the logarithmic confidence
to that for the probit model) can be computed. interval L is obtained by subtracting the lower limit from the
The relative potency of the test preparation can be upper. A weight W for each value of M is calculated from
obtained as the antilogarithm of γS − γT. Multiplying by equation 6.2.1.-1, where t has the same value as that used in
the assigned potency of the standard yields an estimate of the calculation of confidence limits.
1.459 × 0.4 = 0.584 IU/ml. Formula 4.2.3.-2 gives 95 per
cent confidence limits from 0.557-0.612 IU/ml. (6.2.1.-1)

6.2.2. HOMOGENEITY OF POTENCY ESTIMATES

By squaring the deviation of each value of M from the
weighted mean, multiplying by the appropriate weight and
6. COMBINATION OF ASSAY RESULTS summing over all assays, a statistic is obtained which is
approximately distributed as χ2 (see Table 8.3) and which
6.1. INTRODUCTION may be used to test the homogeneity of a set of ln potency
Replication of independent assays and combination of their estimates :
results is often needed to fulfil the requirements of the
European Pharmacopoeia. The question then arises as to
whether it is appropriate to combine the results of such
assays and if so in what way. (6.2.2.-1)
2 assays may be regarded as mutually independent when
the execution of either does not affect the probabilities of If the calculated χ2 is smaller than the tabulated value
the possible outcomes of the other. This implies that the corresponding to (n′ − 1) degrees of freedom the potencies
random errors in all essential factors influencing the result are homogeneous and the mean potency and limits obtained
(for example, dilutions of the standard and of the preparation in Section 6.2.3 will be meaningful.
to be examined, the sensitivity of the biological indicator) in If the calculated value of this statistic is greater than the
one assay must be independent of the corresponding random tabulated value, the potencies are heterogeneous. This
errors in the other one. Assays on successive days using the means that the variation between individual estimates of M is
original and retained dilutions of the standard therefore are greater than would have been predicted from the estimates of
not independent assays. the confidence limits, i.e. that there is a significant variability
There are several methods for combining the results of between the assays. Under these circumstances condition 4
independent assays, the most theoretically acceptable being is not fulfilled and the equations in Section 6.2.3 are no
the most difficult to apply. 3 simple, approximate methods longer applicable. Instead, the formulae in Section 6.2.4
are described below ; others may be used provided the may be used.
necessary conditions are fulfilled. 6.2.3. CALCULATION OF THE WEIGHTED MEAN AND
Before potencies from assays based on the parallel-line CONFIDENCE LIMITS
or probit model are combined they must be expressed in The products WM are formed for each assay and their sum
logarithms ; potencies derived from assays based on the divided by the total weight for all assays to give the logarithm
slope-ratio model are used as such. As the former models are of the weighted mean potency.
more common than those based on the slope-ratio model, the
symbol M denoting ln potency is used in the formulae in this (6.2.3.-1)
section ; by reading R (slope-ratio) for M, the analyst may use

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 593
5.3. Statistical analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The standard error of the ln (mean potency) is taken to be Table 6.4.-I. — Potency estimates and confidence intervals
the square root of the reciprocal of the total weight : of 6 independent assays
Potency Lower Upper Degrees ln Weight
(6.2.3.-2) estimate limit limit of poten- W
(I.U./vial) (I.U./vial) (I.U./vial) free- cy
dom M
and approximate confidence limits are obtained from the
antilogarithms of the value given by 18 367 17 755 19 002 20 9.8183 3777.7

(6.2.3.-3) 18 003 17 415 18 610 20 9.7983 3951.5

18 064 17 319 18 838 20 9.8017 2462.5

where the number of degrees of freedom of t equals the sum
17 832 17 253 18 429 20 9.7887 4003.0
of the number of degrees of freedom for the error mean
squares in the individual assays. 18 635 17 959 19 339 20 9.8328 3175.6
6.2.4. WEIGHTED MEAN AND CONFIDENCE LIMITS
18 269 17 722 18 834 20 9.8130 4699.5
BASED ON THE INTRA- AND INTER-ASSAY VARIATION
When results of several repeated assays are combined, the Homogeneity of potency estimates is assessed with formula
(χ2-value may be significant. The observed variation is then 6.2.2.-1 which gives a χ2 of 4.42 with 5 degrees of freedom.
considered to have two components : This is not significant (p = 0.49) and thus all conditions are
met.
— the intra-assay variation , A weighted mean potency is calculated with formula 6.2.3.-1
which yields 9.8085.
Formula 6.2.3.-2 gives a standard deviation of 0.00673 and
— the inter-assay variation approximate 95 per cent confidence limits of 9.7951 and
9.8218 are calculated with formula 6.2.3.-3 where t has
where is the unweighted mean. The former varies from 120 degrees of freedom.
assay to assay whereas the latter is common to all M. By taking the antilogarithms a potency of 18 187 IU/vial
is found with 95 per cent confidence limits from
For each M a weighting coefficient is then calculated as : 17 946-18 431 IU/vial.

7. BEYOND THIS ANNEX

It is impossible to give a comprehensive treatise of
which replaces W in Section 6.2.3. where t is taken to be statistical methods in a pharmacopoeial text. However, the
approximately 2. methods described in this annex should suffice for most
pharmacopoeial purposes. This section tries to give a more
abstract survey of alternative or more general methods that
have been developed. The interested reader is encouraged to
6.3. UNWEIGHTED COMBINATION OF ASSAY RESULTS
further explore the existing literature in this area. The use
of more specialised statistical methods should, in any case,
To combine the n′ estimates of M from n′ assays in the
be left to qualified personnel.
simplest way, the mean is calculated and an estimate of its
standard deviation is obtained by calculating : 7.1. GENERAL LINEAR MODELS
The methods given in this annex can be described in terms
(6.3.-1) of general linear models (or generalised linear models to
include the probit and logit methods). The principle is to
define a linear structure matrix X (or design matrix) in which
each row represents an observation and each column a linear
and the limits are :
effect (preparation, block, column, dose). For example : the
Latin square design in example 5.1.2 would involve a matrix
(6.3.-2) with 36 rows and 13 columns. 1 column for each of the
preparations, 1 column for the doses, 5 columns for each
where t has (n′ − 1) degrees of freedom. The number n′ of block except the first, and 5 columns for each row except the
estimates of M is usually small, and hence the value of t is first. All columns, except the one for doses, are filled with 0
quite large. or 1 depending on whether or not the observation relates
to the effect. A vector Y is filled with the (transformed)
observations. The effects are estimated with the formula
(XtX)− 1XtY from which the potency estimate m can easily be
6.4. EXAMPLE OF A WEIGHTED MEAN POTENCY WITH derived as a ratio of relevant effects. Confidence intervals
CONFIDENCE LIMITS are calculated from Fieller’s theorem :
Table 6.4.-I lists 6 independent potency estimates of the
same preparation together with their 95 per cent confidence
limits and the number of degrees of freedom of their error mL , m U
variances. Conditions 1, 2 and 3 in Section 6.2. are met. The
ln potencies and the weights are calculated as described in where g
Section 6.2.

594 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.3. Statistical analysis

and v11, v22, v12 represent the variance multipliers for the as weights is unlikely to be reliable with limited numbers
numerator, the denominator and their covariance multiplier of replicates. It may be appropriate to estimate a function
respectively. These are taken directly from (XtX)− 1 or which relates variance to mean response.
indirectly by noting that : 3) The statistical curve-fitting procedures may give different
estimates depending on assumptions made about the
Var(a1 − a2) = Var(a1) + Var(a2)–2Cov(a1,a2) homogeneity of the variance and on the range of responses
used.
and Cov(a1 − a2 ,b) = Cov(a1 ,b) − Cov(a2 ,b) 4) In principle, equality of upper and lower response limits
for the different preparations included in an assay can be
A full analysis of variance in which all components are directly tested in each assay. However, interpretation of the
partitioned is slightly more complicated as it involves a results of these tests may not be straightforward. The tests
renewed definition of X with more columns to relax the for linearity and parallelism given by the simplified method
assumptions of parallelism and linearity, after which the of analysis (Example 5.4.1) indirectly incorporate tests for
linear hypotheses can be tested. For assays depending upon equality and accuracy of upper and lower limits.
quantal responses the linear effects (intercepts aS, aT etc. and
the common slope b are found by maximising the sum over 5) Many assays include “controls” which are intended to
treatments of nln (ai + bx) + (n − r)ln(1 − (ai + bx)) where identify the upper and/or lower response limits. However,
x is the ln(dose), denotes the shape of the distribution these values may not be consistent with the statistically
and i ∈ {S, T, ...}. fitted upper and lower response limits based on the extended
dose-response curve.
7.2. HETEROGENEITY OF VARIANCE 6) The simplified method of analysis given in Example 5.4.1
provides approximate confidence intervals. Other methods
Heterogeneity of variance cannot always be solved by simply may also be used, for example intervals based on lack-of-fit of
transforming the responses. A possible way to cope with the completely specified model. For typical assay data, with
this problem is to perform a weighted linear regression. responses covering the complete range for each preparation
In order to obtain an unbiased estimate, the weight of the tested, all methods give similar results.
observations is taken to be proportional to the reciprocal
of the error variances. Since the true error variance is not 7.6. NON-PARALLELISM OF DOSE-RESPONSE CURVES
always known, an iterative reweighted linear procedure may Similarity of dose-response relationships is a fundamental
be followed. However, the calculation of the confidence criterion for assessing whether an assay may be regarded
interval involves new problems. as a dilution assay and hence whether the estimation of
relative potency is valid (see Section 3.1.1). This criterion
7.3. OUTLIERS AND ROBUST METHODS is frequently met by showing that dose-response curves for
The method of least squares described in this annex has standard and test samples do not deviate significantly from
the disadvantage of being very sensitive to outliers. A parallelism. Underestimation of the residual error can lead
clear outlier may completely corrupt the calculations. This to excess rejection of assays due to significant deviations
problem is often remedied by discarding the outlying result from parallelism and/or linearity. This is often an artefact of
from the dataset. This policy can lead to arbitrary rejection inappropriate assay design or analysis. Minor modifications
of data and is not always without danger. It is not easy to to assay designs might in many cases substantially improve
give a general guideline on how to decide whether or not a the estimation of the residual error. Analysis allowing for
specific observation is an outlier and it is for this reason that the actual level of replication may also improve the situation.
many robust methods have been developed. These methods If estimation of the relevant residual error is not feasible
are less sensitive to outliers because they give less weight to for individual assays, for example because it is impractical
observations that are far away from the predicted value. New to create independent doses and/or replicates, it might be
problems usually arise in computing confidence intervals or possible to obtain a more correct estimate of the residual
defining a satisfactory function to be minimised. error during the assay validation process. There may also
be cases where the assay system is sufficiently precise to
7.4. CORRELATED ERRORS detect slight but genuine non-parallelism. If there is true
non-parallelism this needs to be recognised and a suitable
Absolute randomisation is not always feasible or very solution adopted. A solution might, for example, require
undesirable from a practical point of view. Thus, subsequent a suitable standard that is similar in composition to, and
doses within a dilution series often exhibit correlated errors therefore parallel to, the test samples. If the assay system
leading to confidence limits that are far too narrow. Some is responding in a non-specific manner to extraneous
methods have been developed that take account of this components of the standard or test samples, then a more
autocorrelation effect. specific assay system that does not respond to the irrelevant
components may be the solution. No simple, generally
7.5. EXTENDED NON-LINEAR DOSE-RESPONSE CURVES applicable statistical solution exists to overcome these
Analysis of extended non-linear dose-response curves raises a fundamental problems. The appropriate action has to be
number of statistical questions which require consideration, decided on a case-by-case basis with the help of statistical
and for which professional advice is recommended. Some expertise.
of these are indicated below.
1) An example using the four-parameter logistic function has
been shown. However, models based on functions giving
8. TABLES AND GENERATING
other sigmoid curves may also be used. Models incorporating PROCEDURES
additional asymmetry parameters have been suggested. The tables in this section list the critical values for the most
2) Heterogeneity of variance is common when responses frequently occurring numbers of degrees of freedom. If
cover a wide range. If the analysis ignores the heterogeneity, a critical value is not listed, reference should be made to
interpretation of results may not be correct and estimates more extensive tables. Many computer programs include
may be biased. Use of the reciprocal of the error variances statistical functions and their use is recommended instead

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 595
5.3. Statistical analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

of the tables in this section. Alternatively, the generating Generating procedure. Let F be the F-ratio and df1 and
procedures given below each table can be used to compute df2 as described above. Let pi = = 3.14159265358979...
the probability corresponding to a given statistic and number The procedure in Table 8.1.-II will then generate the p-value.
of degrees of freedom.
8.2. THE -DISTRIBUTION
8.1. THE F-DISTRIBUTION
If an observed value is higher than the value in Table 8.1.-I, If an observed value is higher than the value in Table 8.2.-I, it
it is considered to be significant (upper lines, p = 0.05) or is considered to be significant (p = 0.05) or highly significant
highly significant (lower lines, p = 0.01). df1 is the number of (p = 0.01).
degrees of freedom of the numerator and df2 is the number Generating procedures. The p-value for a given t with df
of degrees of freedom of the denominator. degrees of freedom can be found with the procedures in
Section 8.1 where F = t2, df1 = 1 and df2 = df.
Table 8.1.-I — Critical values of the F-distribution
df1 → 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 15 20 ∞

df2 ↓
10 4.965 4.103 3.708 3.478 3.326 3.217 3.072 2.978 2.913 2.845 2.774 2.538
10.044 7.559 6.552 5.994 5.636 5.386 5.057 4.849 4.706 4.558 4.405 3.909

12 4.747 3.885 3.490 3.259 3.106 2.996 2.849 2.753 2.687 2.617 2.544 2.296
9.330 6.927 5.953 5.412 5.064 4.821 4.499 4.296 4.155 4.010 3.858 3.361

15 4.543 3.682 3.287 3.056 2.901 2.790 2.641 2.544 2.475 2.403 2.328 2.066
8.683 6.359 5.417 4.893 4.556 4.318 4.004 3.805 3.666 3.522 3.372 2.868

20 4.351 3.493 3.098 2.866 2.711 2.599 2.447 2.348 2.278 2.203 2.124 1.843
8.096 5.849 4.938 4.431 4.103 3.871 3.564 3.368 3.231 3.088 2.938 2.421

25 4.242 3.385 2.991 2.759 2.603 2.490 2.337 2.236 2.165 2.089 2.007 1.711
7.770 5.568 4.675 4.177 3.855 3.627 3.324 3.129 2.993 2.850 2.699 2.169

30 4.171 3.316 2.922 2.690 2.534 2.421 2.266 2.165 2.092 2.015 1.932 1.622
7.562 5.390 4.510 4.018 3.699 3.473 3.173 2.979 2.843 2.700 2.549 2.006

50 4.034 3.183 2.790 2.557 2.400 2.286 2.130 2.026 1.952 1.871 1.784 1.438
7.171 5.057 4.199 3.720 3.408 3.186 2.890 2.698 2.563 2.419 2.265 1.683

∞ 3.841 2.996 2.605 2.372 2.214 2.099 1.938 1.831 1.752 1.666 1.571 1.000
6.635 4.605 3.782 3.319 3.017 2.802 2.511 2.321 2.185 2.039 1.878 1.000

Table 8.1.-II — Generating procedure for the F-distribution

If df1 is even If df1 is odd and df2 is even If df1 and df2 are odd
x=df1/(df1+df2/F) x=df2/(df2+df1*F) x=atn(sqr(df1*F/df2))
s=1 s=1 cs=cos(x)
t=1 t=1 sn=sin(x)
for i=2 to (df1-2) step 2 for i=2 to (df2-2) step 2 x=x/2
t=t*x*(df2+i-2)/i t=t*x*(df1+i-2)/i s=0
s=s+t s=s+t t=sn*cs/2
next i next i v=0
p=s*(1-x)^(df2/2) p=1-s*(1-x)^(df1/2) w=1
for i=2 to (df2-1) step 2
s=s+t

t=t*i/(i+1)*cs*cs
next i
for i=1 to (df1-2) step 2
v=v+w

w=w*(df2+i)/(i+2)*sn*sn
next i
p=1+(t*df2*v-x-s)/pi*4

596 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.3. Statistical analysis

The t-value (p = 0.05) for a given number of degrees of If an observed value is higher than the value in Table 8.3.-I, it
freedom df can be found with the procedure in Table 8.2.-II, is considered to be significant (p = 0.05) or highly significant
which should be accurate up to 6 decimal places. (p = 0.01).
Table 8.2.-I — Critical values of the t-distribution Generating procedure. Let X2 be the χ2-value and df as
described above. The procedure in Table 8.3.-II will then
df p = 0.05 p = 0.01 df p = 0.05 p = 0.01 generate the p-value.
2
1 12.706 63.656 22 2.074 2.819 Table 8.3.-II — Generating procedure for the -distribution
2 4.303 9.925 24 2.064 2.797 If df is even If df is odd

3 3.182 5.841 26 2.056 2.779 s=0 x=sqr(x2)

4 2.776 4.604 28 2.048 2.763 t=exp(-x2/2) s=0

5 2.571 4.032 30 2.042 2.750 for i=2 to df step 2 t=x*exp(-x2/2)/sqr(pi/2)

6 2.447 3.707 35 2.030 2.724 s=s+t for i=3 to df step 2

7 2.365 3.499 40 2.021 2.704 t=t*x2/i s=s+t

8 2.306 3.355 45 2.014 2.690 next i t=t*x2/i

9 2.262 3.250 50 2.009 2.678 p=1-s next i

10 2.228 3.169 60 2.000 2.660 p=1-s-2*phi(x)

12 2.179 3.055 70 1.994 2.648 In this procedure phi is the cumulative standard normal
distribution function (see Section 8.4).
14 2.145 2.977 80 1.990 2.639
8.4. THE -DISTRIBUTION (THE CUMULATIVE
16 2.120 2.921 90 1.987 2.632
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION)
18 2.101 2.878 100 1.984 2.626
Table 8.4.-I — Values of the -distribution
20 2.086 2.845 ∞ 1.960 2.576 x x x

Table 8.2.-II — Generating procedure for the t-distribution 0.00 0.500 1.00 0.841 2.00 0.977

t = 1.959964+ 0.05 0.520 1.05 0.853 2.05 0.980

2.37228/df+ 0.10 0.540 1.10 0.864 2.10 0.982

2.82202/df^2+ 0.15 0.560 1.15 0.875 2.15 0.984

2.56449/df^3+ 0.20 0.579 1.20 0.885 2.20 0.986

1.51956/df^4+ 0.25 0.599 1.25 0.894 2.25 0.988

1.02579/df^5+ 0.30 0.618 1.30 0.903 2.30 0.989

0.44210/df^7 0.35 0.637 1.35 0.911 2.35 0.991

2
0.40 0.655 1.40 0.919 2.40 0.992
8.3. THE -DISTRIBUTION
2 0.45 0.674 1.45 0.926 2.45 0.993
Table 8.3.-I — Critical values of the -distribution
0.50 0.691 1.50 0.933 2.50 0.994
df p = 0.05 p = 0.01 df p = 0.05 p = 0.01
0.55 0.709 1.55 0.939 2.55 0.995
1 3.841 6.635 11 19.675 24.725
0.60 0.726 1.60 0.945 2.60 0.995
2 5.991 9.210 12 21.026 26.217
0.65 0.742 1.65 0.951 2.65 0.996
3 7.815 11.345 13 22.362 27.688
0.70 0.758 1.70 0.955 2.70 0.997
4 9.488 13.277 14 23.685 29.141
0.75 0.773 1.75 0.960 2.75 0.997
5 11.070 15.086 15 24.996 30.578
0.80 0.788 1.80 0.964 2.80 0.997
6 12.592 16.812 16 26.296 32.000
0.85 0.802 1.85 0.968 2.85 0.998
7 14.067 18.475 20 31.410 37.566
0.90 0.816 1.90 0.971 2.90 0.998
8 15.507 20.090 25 37.652 44.314
0.95 0.829 1.95 0.974 2.95 0.998
9 16.919 21.666 30 43.773 50.892
The -value for negative x is found from Table 8.4.-I as
10 18.307 23.209 40 55.758 63.691
1 - (-x).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 597
5.3. Statistical analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Generating procedure : Let x be the x-value. The procedure 2) A simple Latin square can now be constructed by
in Table 8.4.-II will generate the corresponding -value if “rotating” this permutation to the right. This can be done as
0 ≤ x ≤ 8.15. If x is greater than 8.15 the -value can be set follows. Write the permutation found in step 1 down on the
to 1. If x is negative, the formula given above can be used. first row. The second row consists of the same permutation,
This procedure assumes that the computer can represent but with all treatments shifted to the right. The rightmost
about 15 decimal places. If less digits or more digits can be treatment is put on the empty place at the left. This is
represented, the procedure needs some trivial modifications. repeated for all the rows until all the treatments appear once
in each column :
Table 8.4.-II — Generating procedure for the -distribution
T3 S3 S1 T2 T1 S2
s=0
S2 T3 S3 S1 T2 T1
t=x
T1 S2 T3 S3 S1 T2
i=1 T2 T1 S2 T3 S3 S1
repeat S1 T2 T1 S2 T3 S3

s=s+t S3 S1 T2 T1 S2 T3

i=i+2 3) Generate 2 independent random permutations of the

figures 1 to N :
t=t*x*x/i
— one for the rows :
until t<1E-16
2 3 6 1 4 5
phi=0.5+s*exp(-x*x/2)/sqr(2*pi)
— and one for the columns :
8.5. RANDOM PERMUTATIONS 3 4 6 2 5 1
Random permutations are needed in randomised block
designs. The following algorithm shows how the built-in 4) The Latin square can now be found by sorting the rows
random generator of a computer can be used to create and columns of the simple Latin square according to the
random permutations of N treatments. 2 permutations for the rows and columns :
Step 1. Write the N possible treatments down in a row. 3 4 6 2 5 1
Step 2. Obtain a random integer r such that 1≤ r ≤ N. 2 T3 S3 S1 T2 T1 S2
Step 3. Exchange the r-th treatment with the N-th treatment
in the row. 3 S2 T3 S3 S1 T2 T1

Step 4. Let N = N − 1 and repeat steps 2 to 4 until N = 1. 6 T1 S2 T3 S3 S1 T2

An example with 6 treatments will illustrate this algorithm. 1 T2 T1 S2 T3 S3 S1
1. N=6 S1 S2 S3 T1 T2 T3
4 S1 T2 T1 S2 T3 S3
2. r=2 → ←
5 S3 S1 T2 T1 S2 T3
3. S1 T3 S3 T1 T2 S2
4. N=5 ↓
2. r=4 → ← 1 2 3 4 5 6
3. S1 T3 S3 T2 T1 S2
1 S1 T3 T2 T1 S3 S2
4. N=4
2 S2 T2 T3 S3 T1 S1
2. r=4 ↓
3 T1 S1 S2 T3 T2 S3
3. S1 T3 S3 T2 T1 S2
4. N=3 4 S3 S2 S1 T2 T3 T1

2. r=1 → ← 5 T3 T1 S3 S1 S2 T2
3. S3 T3 S1 T2 T1 S2
6 T2 S3 T1 S2 S1 T3
4. N=2
2. r=1 → ←

3. T3 S3 S1 T2 T1 S2
4. N=1
9. GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS
8.6. LATIN SQUARES Definition
Symbol
The following example shows how 3 independent
permutations can be used to obtain a Latin square. a Intersection of linear regression of
1) Generate a random permutation of the N possible responses on dose or ln(dose)
treatments (see Section 8.5) :
b Slope of linear regression of responses on
T3 S3 S1 T2 T1 S2 dose or on ln(dose)

598 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.3. Statistical analysis

Symbol Definition Symbol Definition

d Number of dose levels for each preparation HP , HL Multipliers used in the analysis of variance
(excluding the blank in slope-ratio assays) for parallel-line assays
e Base of natural logarithms H B, H I Multipliers used in the analysis of variance
(= 2.71828182845905...) for slope-ratio assays
g Statistic used in Fieller’s theorem : I In parallel-line assays, the ln of the ratio
between adjacent doses. In slope-ratio
assays, the interval between adjacent doses
h Number of preparations in an assay, JS, JT, ... Linearity values used in the analysis of
including the standard preparation variance for slope-ratio assays
m Potency estimate obtained as a ratio of K Correction term used in the calculation of
effects in general linear models sums of squares in the analysis of variance
n Number of replicates for each treatment L Width of confidence interval in logarithms
p Probability of a given statistic being larger LS, LT, ... Linear contrasts of standard and test
than the observed value. Also used as the preparations
ratio r/n in probit analysis
M′ ln potency ratio of a given test preparation
r The number of responding units per
treatment group in assays depending upon N Total number of treatments in the
quantal responses assay (= dh)
s Estimate of standard deviation ( ) PS, PT, ... Sum of standard and test preparations

s2 Estimate of residual variance given by error R Estimated potency of a given test

mean square in analysis of variance preparation

t Student’s statistic (Table 8.2.) R′ Potency ratio of a given test preparation

u Observed response in four-parameter R1, ... , Rn Mean response in each of rows 1 to n of a

analysis Latin square design, or in each block of a
randomised block design
v11,v12,v22 (Co)variance multipliers for numerator and
denominator of ratio m in Fieller’s theorem S Standard preparation

w Weighting coefficient S1, ... , Sd Mean response to the lowest dose 1 up

to the highest dose d of the standard
x The ln(dose) preparation S
y Individual response or transformed SS Sum of squares due to a given source of
response variation

A Assumed potencies of test preparations T, U, V, ... Test preparations

when making up doses
T1, ... , Td Mean response to the lowest dose 1 up to
B Mean response to blanks in slope-ratio the highest dose d of test preparation T
assays
V Variance coefficient in the calculation of
C Statistic used in the calculation of confidence limits
confidence intervals : W Weighting factor in combination of assay
results
C1, ... , Cn Mean response to each column of a Latin
square design X Linear structure or design matrix used in
general linear models
D1,D2 Mean response on time 1 or time 2 in the
twin cross-over design Y Vector representing the (transformed)
responses in general linear models
F Ratio of 2 independent estimates of variance
following an F-distribution (Table 8.1.) Z The first derivative of

GS,GT, ... Treatment values used in the analysis of α Upper asymptote of the ln(dose)-response
variance for slope-ratio assays curve in four-parameter analysis

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 599
5.3. Statistical analysis EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Definition Nelder, J.A. & Wedderburn, R.W.M. (1972). Generalized

Symbol
linear models, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,
β Slope-factor of the ln(dose)-response curve Series A 135, 370-384.
in four-parameter analysis
DeLean, A., Munson, P.J., and Rodbard, D. (1978).
γ The ln(dose) giving 50 per cent response in Simultaneous analysis of families of sigmoidal curves :
the four-parameter analysis Application to bioassay, radioligand assay, and physiological
dose-response curves, Am. J. Physiol. 235(2) : E97-E102.
δ Lower asymptote of the ln(dose)-response
curve in four-parameter analysis Finney, D.J. (1978). Statistical Method in Biological Assay,
3rd Ed. Griffin, London.
3.141592653589793238...
Sokal, R.R. & Rohlf, F.R. (1981). Biometry : Principles and
Cumulative standard normal distribution Practice of Statistics in Biological Research, 2nd Ed. W.H.
function (Table 8.4.) Freemann & CO, New York.

χ2 Chi-square statistic (Table 8.3.) Peace, K.E. (1988). Biopharmaceutical Statistics for Drug
Development, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York/Basel.

10. LITERATURE Bowerman, B.L. & O’Connell, R.T. (1990). Linear Statistical
Models an Applied Approach, 2nd Ed. PWS-KENT Publishing
This section lists some recommended literature for further Company, Boston.
study.
Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit Analysis, 3rd Ed. Cambridge Govindarajulu, Z. (2001). Statistical Techniques in Bioassay,
University Press, Cambridge. 2nd revised and enlarged edition, Karger, New York.

600 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

5.4. RESIDUAL SOLVENTS

5.4. Residual solvents.. ............................................................. 603

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 601
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

602 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.4. Residual solvents

01/2008:50400 3.3. OPTIONS FOR DESCRIBING LIMITS OF CLASS 2

SOLVENTS
3.4. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
5.4. RESIDUAL SOLVENTS
3.5. REPORTING LEVELS OF RESIDUAL SOLVENTS

LIMITING RESIDUAL SOLVENT LEVELS

4. LIMITS OF RESIDUAL SOLVENTS
IN ACTIVE SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS
4.1. SOLVENTS TO BE AVOIDED
AND MEDICINAL PRODUCTS
4.2. SOLVENTS TO BE LIMITED
The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical 4.3. SOLVENTS WITH LOW TOXIC POTENTIAL
Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for
Human Use (ICH) has adopted Impurities Guidelines for 4.4. SOLVENTS FOR WHICH NO ADEQUATE
Residual Solvents which prescribes limits for the content of TOXICOLOGICAL DATA WAS FOUND
solvents which may remain in active substances, excipients
and medicinal products after processing. This guideline, GLOSSARY
the text of which is reproduced below, excludes existing
marketed products. The European Pharmacopoeia is,
however, applying the same principles enshrined in the APPENDIX 1. LIST OF SOLVENTS INCLUDED IN THE
guideline to existing active substances, excipients and GUIDELINE
medicinal products whether or not they are the subject of
a monograph of the Pharmacopoeia. All substances and
products are to be tested for the content of solvents likely to APPENDIX 2. ADDITIONAL BACKGROUND
be present in a substance or product. A2.1 : ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF ORGANIC
Where the limits to be applied comply with those given VOLATILE SOLVENTS
below, tests for residual solvents are not generally mentioned A2.2 : RESIDUAL SOLVENTS IN PHARMACEUTICALS
in specific monographs since the solvents employed
may vary from one manufacturer to another and the
requirements of this general chapter are applied via the APPENDIX 3. METHODS FOR ESTABLISHING EXPOSURE
general monograph on Substances for Pharmaceutical LIMITS
Use (2034). The competent authority is to be informed
of the solvents employed during the production process.
This information is also given in the dossier submitted for a 1. INTRODUCTION
certificate of suitability of the monographs of the European
Pharmacopoeia and is mentioned on the certificate. The objective of this guideline is to recommend acceptable
amounts of residual solvents in pharmaceuticals for the
Where only Class 3 solvents are used, a test for loss on safety of the patient. The guideline recommends the use
drying may be applied or a specific determination of the of less toxic solvents and describes levels considered to be
solvent may be made. If for a Class 3 solvent a justified and toxicologically acceptable for some residual solvents.
authorised limit higher than 0.5 per cent is applied, a specific
determination of the solvent is required. Residual solvents in pharmaceuticals are defined here as
organic volatile chemicals that are used or produced in the
When Class 1 residual solvents or Class 2 residual solvents manufacture of active substances or excipients, or in the
(or Class 3 residual solvents which exceed the 0.5 per cent) preparation of medicinal products. The solvents are not
are used, the methodology described in the general method completely removed by practical manufacturing techniques.
(2.4.24) is to be applied wherever possible. Otherwise an Appropriate selection of the solvent for the synthesis of
appropriate validated method is to be employed. active substance may enhance the yield, or determine
When a quantitative determination of a residual solvent characteristics such as crystal form, purity, and solubility.
is carried out, the result is taken into account for the Therefore, the solvent may sometimes be a critical parameter
calculation of the content of the substance except where a in the synthetic process. This guideline does not address
test for drying is carried out. solvents deliberately used as excipients nor does it address
solvates. However, the content of solvents in such products
should be evaluated and justified.
IMPURITIES : GUIDELINES Since there is no therapeutic benefit from residual solvents,
FOR RESIDUAL SOLVENTS all residual solvents should be removed to the extent
possible to meet product specifications, good manufacturing
(CPMP/ICH/283/95) practices, or other quality-based requirements. Medicinal
products should contain no higher levels of residual solvents
1. INTRODUCTION than can be supported by safety data. Some solvents that
are known to cause unacceptable toxicities (Class 1, Table 1)
should be avoided in the production of active substances,
2. SCOPE OF THE GUIDELINE excipients, or medicinal products unless their use can be
strongly justified in a risk-benefit assessment. Some solvents
3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES associated with less severe toxicity (Class 2, Table 2) should
be limited in order to protect patients from potential adverse
3.1. CLASSIFICATION OF RESIDUAL SOLVENTS BY effects. Ideally, less toxic solvents (Class 3, Table 3) should
RISK ASSESSMENT be used where practical. The complete list of solvents
3.2. METHODS FOR ESTABLISHING EXPOSURE LIMITS included in this guideline is given in Appendix 1.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 603
5.4. Residual solvents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The lists are not exhaustive and other solvents can be used Class 2 solvents : Solvents to be limited
and later added to the lists. Recommended limits of Class 1
and 2 solvents or classification of solvents may change as Non-genotoxic animal carcinogens or possible causative
new safety data becomes available. Supporting safety data agents of other irreversible toxicity such as neurotoxicity
in a marketing application for a new medicinal product or teratogenicity.
containing a new solvent may be based on concepts in Solvents suspected of other significant but reversible
this guideline or the concept of qualification of impurities toxicities.
as expressed in the guideline for active substances (Q3A,
Impurities in New Active Substances) or medicinal products Class 3 solvents : Solvents with low toxic potential
(Q3B, Impurities in New Medicinal Products), or all three
guidelines. Solvents with low toxic potential to man ; no health-based
exposure limit is needed. Class 3 solvents have PDEs of
50 mg or more per day.
2. SCOPE OF THE GUIDELINE
3.2. METHODS FOR ESTABLISHING EXPOSURE LIMITS
Residual solvents in active substances, excipients, and in
medicinal products are within the scope of this guideline. The method used to establish permitted daily exposures for
Therefore, testing should be performed for residual solvents residual solvents is presented in Appendix 3. Summaries
when production or purification processes are known to of the toxicity data that were used to establish limits are
result in the presence of such solvents. It is only necessary published in Pharmeuropa, Vol. 9, No. 1, Supplement April
to test for solvents that are used or produced in the 1997.
manufacture or purification of active substances, excipients, 3.3. OPTIONS FOR DESCRIBING LIMITS OF CLASS 2
or medicinal product. Although manufacturers may choose SOLVENTS
to test the medicinal product, a cumulative method may be Two options are available when setting limits for Class 2
used to calculate the residual solvent levels in the medicinal solvents.
product from the levels in the ingredients used to produce
the medicinal product. If the calculation results in a level Option 1 : The concentration limits in ppm stated in Table 2
equal to or below that recommended in this guideline, no can be used. They were calculated using equation (1) below
testing of the medicinal product for residual solvents need by assuming a product mass of 10 g administered daily.
be considered. If however, the calculated level is above the
recommended level, the medicinal product should be tested (1)
to ascertain whether the formulation process has reduced
the relevant solvent level to within the acceptable amount.
Medicinal product should also be tested if a solvent is used Here, PDE is given in terms of mg/day and dose is given
during its manufacture. in g/day.
This guideline does not apply to potential new active These limits are considered acceptable for all substances,
substances, excipients, or medicinal products used during excipients, or products. Therefore this option may be applied
the clinical research stages of development, nor does it apply if the daily dose is not known or fixed. If all excipients and
to existing marketed medicinal products. active substances in a formulation meet the limits given
The guideline applies to all dosage forms and routes of in Option 1, then these components may be used in any
administration. Higher levels of residual solvents may be proportion. No further calculation is necessary provided
acceptable in certain cases such as short term (30 days or the daily dose does not exceed 10 g. Products that are
less) or topical application. Justification for these levels administered in doses greater than 10 g per day should be
should be made on a case by case basis. considered under Option 2.
See Appendix 2 for additional background information Option 2 : It is not considered necessary for each component
related to residual solvents. of the medicinal product to comply with the limits given
in Option 1. The PDE in terms of mg/day as stated in
3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES Table 2 can be used with the known maximum daily dose
and equation (1) above to determine the concentration
3.1. CLASSIFICATION OF RESIDUAL SOLVENTS BY of residual solvent allowed in a medicinal product. Such
RISK ASSESSMENT limits are considered acceptable provided that is has been
The term “tolerable daily intake” (TDI) is used by the demonstrated that the residual solvent has been reduced
International Program on Chemical Safety (IPCS) to describe to the practical minimum. The limits should be realistic in
exposure limits of toxic chemicals and “acceptable daily relation to analytical precision, manufacturing capability,
intake” (ADI) is used by the World Health Organisation reasonable variation in the manufacturing process, and the
(WHO) and other national and international health limits should reflect contemporary manufacturing standards.
authorities and institutes. The new term “permitted daily
exposure” (PDE) is defined in the present guideline as a Option 2 may be applied by adding the amounts of a residual
pharmaceutically acceptable intake of residual solvents to solvent present in each of the components of the medicinal
avoid confusion of differing values for ADI’s of the same product. The sum of the amounts of solvent per day should
substance. be less than that given by the PDE.
Residual solvents assessed in this guideline are listed in Consider an example of the use of Option l and Option 2
Appendix 1 by common names and structures. They were applied to acetonitrile in a medicinal product. The permitted
evaluated for their possible risk to human health and placed daily exposure to acetonitrile is 4.1 mg per day ; thus, the
into one of three classes as follows : Option 1 limit is 410 ppm. The maximum administered daily
mass of a medicinal product is 5.0 g, and the medicinal
Class 1 solvents : Solvents to be avoided
product contains two excipients. The composition of the
Known human carcinogens, strongly suspected human medicinal product and the calculated maximum content of
carcinogens, and environmental hazards. residual acetonitrile are given in the following table.

604 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.4. Residual solvents

Component Amount in Acetonitrile Daily — Only Class 2 solvents X, Y, ... are likely to be present. All
formulation content exposure are below the Option 1 limit
Active substance 0.3 g 800 ppm 0.24 mg (Here the supplier would name the Class 2 solvents
Excipient 1 0.9 g 400 ppm 0.36 mg represented by X, Y, ...)
Excipient 2 3.8 g 800 ppm 3.04 mg — Only Class 2 solvents X, Y, ... and Class 3 solvents are
likely to be present. Residual Class 2 solvents are below
Medicinal product 5.0 g 728 ppm 3.64 mg the Option 1 limit and residual Class 3 solvents are below
0.5 per cent.
Excipient l meets the Option l limit, but the drug substance, If Class 1 solvents are likely to be present, they should be
excipient 2, and medicinal product do not meet the Option l identified and quantified. “Likely to be present” refers to the
limit. Nevertheless, the product meets the Option 2 limit of solvent used in the final manufacturing step and to solvents
4.l mg per day and thus conforms to the recommendations that are used in earlier manufacturing steps and not removed
in this guideline. consistently by a validated process.
Consider another example using acetonitrile as residual If solvents of Class 2 or Class 3 are present at greater than
solvent. The maximum administered daily mass of a their Option 1 limits or 0.5 per cent, respectively, they should
medicinal product is 5.0 g, and the medicinal product be identified and quantified.
contains two excipients. The composition of the medicinal
product and the calculated maximum content of residual 4. LIMITS OF RESIDUAL SOLVENTS
acetonitrile is given in the following table. 4.1. SOLVENTS TO BE AVOIDED
Component Amount in Acetonitrile Daily
Solvents in Class 1 should not be employed in the
formulation content exposure manufacture of active substances, excipients, and medicinal
Active substance 0.3 g 800 ppm 0.24 mg products because of their unacceptable toxicity or their
deleterious environmental effect. However, if their use is
Excipient 1 0.9 g 2000 ppm 1.80 mg unavoidable in order to produce a medicinal product with a
Excipient 2 3.8 g 800 ppm 3.04 mg significant therapeutic advance, then their levels should be
restricted as shown in Table 1, unless otherwise justified.
Medicinal product 5.0 g 1016 ppm 5.08 mg
1,1,1-Trichloroethane is included in Table 1 because it is an
environmental hazard. The stated limit of 1500 ppm is based
In this example, the product meets neither the Option 1 on a review of the safety data.
nor the Option 2 limit according to this summation. The
manufacturer could test the medicinal product to determine Table 1. – Class 1 solvents in pharmaceutical products
if the formulation process reduced the level of acetonitrile. If (solvents that should be avoided)
the level of acetonitrile was not reduced during formulation Solvent Concentration limit Concern
to the allowed limit, then the manufacturer of the medicinal (ppm)
Benzene 2 Carcinogen
product should take other steps to reduce the amount of
acetonitrile in the medicinal product. If all of these steps Carbon tetrachloride 4 Toxic and environmental hazard
fail to reduce the level of residual solvent, in exceptional 1,2-Dichloroethane 5 Toxic
cases the manufacturer could provide a summary of efforts
made to reduce the solvent level to meet the guideline value, 1,1-Dichloroethene 8 Toxic
and provide a risk-benefit analysis to support allowing the 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1500 Environmental hazard
product to be utilised containing residual solvent at a higher
level. 4.2. SOLVENTS TO BE LIMITED
3.4. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES Solvents in Table 2 should be limited in pharmaceutical
Residual solvents are typically determined using products because of their inherent toxicity. PDEs are given
chromatographic techniques such as gas chromatography. to the nearest 0.1 mg/day, and concentrations are given to
Any harmonised procedures for determining levels of the nearest 10 ppm. The stated values do not reflect the
residual solvents as described in the pharmacopoeias should necessary analytical precision of determination. Precision
be used, if feasible. Otherwise, manufacturers would be free should be determined as part of the validation of the method.
to select the most appropriate validated analytical procedure Table 2. – Class 2 solvents in pharmaceutical products
for a particular application. If only Class 3 solvents are Solvent PDE Concentration limit
present, a non-specific method such as loss on drying may (mg/day) (ppm)
be used. Acetonitrile 4.1 410
Validation of methods for residual solvents should conform to Chlorobenzene 3.6 360
ICH guidelines “Text on Validation of Analytical Procedures” Chloroform 0.6 60
and “Extension of the ICH Text on Validation of Analytical
Procedures”. Cyclohexane 38.8 3880

3.5. REPORTING LEVELS OF RESIDUAL SOLVENTS 1,2-Dichloroethene 18.7 1870

Manufacturers of pharmaceutical products need certain Dichloromethane 6.0 600
information about the content of residual solvents in
1,2-Dimethoxyethane 1.0 100
excipients or active substances in order to meet the criteria
of this guideline. The following statements are given as N,N-Dimethylacetamide 10.9 1090
acceptable examples of the information that could be 8.8 880
N,N-Dimethylformamide
provided from a supplier of excipients or active substances to
a pharmaceutical manufacturer. The supplier might choose 1,4-Dioxane 3.8 380
one of the following as appropriate : 2-Ethoxyethanol 1.6 160
— Only Class 3 solvents are likely to be present. Loss on Ethyleneglycol 6.2 620
drying is less than 0.5 per cent.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 605
5.4. Residual solvents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Solvent PDE Concentration limit 4.4. SOLVENTS FOR WHICH NO ADEQUATE

(mg/day) (ppm)
Formamide 2.2 220
TOXICOLOGICAL DATA WAS FOUND
The following solvents (Table 4) may also be of interest to
Hexane 2.9 290 manufacturers of excipients, active substances, or medicinal
Methanol 30.0 3000 products. However, no adequate toxicological data on
which to base a PDE was found. Manufacturers should
2-Methoxyethanol 0.5 50
supply justification for residual levels of these solvents in
Methylbutylketone 0.5 50 pharmaceutical products.
Methylcyclohexane 11.8 1180
Table 4. – Solvents for which no adequate toxicological
N-Methylpyrrolidone 5.3 530 data was found
Nitromethane 0.5 50
1,1-Diethoxypropane Methylisopropylketone
Pyridine 2.0 200
1,1-Dimethoxymethane Methyltetrahydrofuran
Sulfolane 1.6 160
2,2-Dimethoxypropane Petroleum ether
Tetrahydrofuran 7.2 720
Isooctane Trichloroacetic acid
Tetralin 1.0 100
Isopropyl ether Trifluoroacetic acid
Toluene 8.9 890
1,1,2-Trichloroethene 0.8 80
Xylene* 21.7 2170 GLOSSARY
*usually 60 per cent m-xylene, 14 per cent p-xylene,9 per cent o-xylene Genotoxic carcinogens : Carcinogens which produce cancer
with 17 per cent ethyl benzene
by affecting genes or chromosomes.
4.3. SOLVENTS WITH LOW TOXIC POTENTIAL
Solvents in Class 3 (shown in Table 3) may be regarded LOEL : Abbreviation for lowest-observed effect level.
as less toxic and of lower risk to human health. Class 3
includes no solvent known as a human health hazard at Lowest-observed effect level : The lowest dose of substance
levels normally accepted in pharmaceuticals. However, there in a study or group of studies that produces biologically
are no long-term toxicity or carcinogenicity studies for many significant increases in frequency or severity of any effects in
of the solvents in Class 3. Available data indicate that they the exposed humans or animals.
are less toxic in acute or short-term studies and negative in Modifying factor : A factor determined by professional
genotoxicity studies. It is considered that amounts of these judgement of a toxicologist and applied to bioassay data to
residual solvents of 50 mg per day or less (corresponding relate that data safely to humans.
to 5000 ppm or 0.5 per cent under Option l) would be
acceptable without justification. Higher amounts may also Neurotoxicity : The ability of a substance to cause adverse
be acceptable provided they are realistic in relation to effects on the nervous system.
manufacturing capability and good manufacturing practice.
NOEL : Abbreviation for no-observed-effect level.
Table 3. – Class 3 solvents which should be limited by GMP
or other quality-based requirements No-observed-effect level : The highest dose of substance
Acetic acid Heptane at which there are no biologically significant increases in
Acetone Isobutyl acetate frequency or severity of any effects in the exposed humans
or animals.
Anisole Isopropyl acetate
1-Butanol Methyl acetate PDE : Abbreviation for permitted daily exposure.
2-Butanol 3-Methyl-1-butanol Permitted daily exposure : The maximum acceptable intake
Butyl acetate Methylethylketone per day of residual solvent in pharmaceutical products.
tert-Butylmethyl ether Methylisobutylketone Reversible toxicity : The occurrence of harmful effects
Cumene 2-Methyl-l-propanol that are caused by a substance and which disappear after
exposure to the substance ends.
Dimethyl sulphoxide Pentane
Ethanol 1-Pentanol
Strongly suspected human carcinogen : A substance for
which there is no epidemiological evidence of carcinogenesis
Ethyl acetate 1-Propanol but there are positive genotoxicity data and clear evidence
Ethyl ether 2-Propanol of carcinogenesis in rodents.
Ethyl formate Propyl acetate Teratogenicity : The occurrence of structural malformations
Formic acid in a developing foetus when a substance is administered
during pregnancy.

606 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.4. Residual solvents

APPENDIX 1. LIST OF SOLVENTS INCLUDED IN THE GUIDELINE

Solvent Other Names Structure Class

Acetic acid Ethanoic acid CH3COOH Class 3
Acetone 2-Propanone CH3COCH3 Class 3
Propan-2-one
Acetonitrile CH3CN Class 2
Anisole Methoxybenzene Class 3

Benzene Benzol Class 1

1-Butanol n-Butyl alcohol CH3[CH2]3OH Class 3

Butan-1-ol
2-Butanol sec-Butyl alcohol CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 Class 3
Butan-2-ol
Butyl acetate Acetic acid butyl ester CH3COO[CH2]3CH3 Class 3
tert-Butylmethyl ether 2-Methoxy-2-methylpropane (CH3)3COCH3 Class 3
Carbon tetrachloride Tetrachloromethane CCl4 Class 1
Chlorobenzene Class 2

Chloroform Trichloromethane CHCl3 Class 2

Cumene Isopropylbenzene Class 3
(1-Methylethyl)benzene

Cyclohexane Hexamethylene Class 2

1,2-Dichloroethane sym-Dichloroethane CH2ClCH2Cl Class 1

Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene chloride
1,1-Dichloroethene 1,1-Dichloroethylene H2C=CCl2 Class 1
Vinylidene chloride
1,2-Dichloroethene 1,2-Dichloroethylene ClHC=CHCl Class 2
Acetylene dichloride
Dichloromethane Methylene chloride CH2Cl2 Class 2
1,2-Dimethoxyethane Ethyleneglycol dimethyl ether H3COCH2CH2OCH3 Class 2
Monoglyme
Dimethyl cellosolve
N,N-Dimethylacetamide DMA CH3CON(CH3)2 Class 2
N,N-Dimethylformamide DMF HCON(CH3)2 Class 2
Dimethyl sulphoxide Methylsulphinylmethane (CH3)2SO Class 3
Methyl sulphoxide
DMSO
1,4-Dioxane p-Dioxane Class 2
[1,4]Dioxane

Ethanol Ethyl alcohol CH3CH2OH Class 3

2-Ethoxyethanol Cellosolve CH3CH2OCH2CH2OH Class 2
Ethyl acetate Acetic acid ethyl ester CH3COOCH2CH3 Class 3
Ethyleneglycol 1,2-Dihydroxyethane HOCH2CH2OH Class 2
1,2-Ethanediol

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 607
5.4. Residual solvents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Solvent Other Names Structure Class

Ethyl ether Diethyl ether CH3CH2OCH2CH3 Class 3
Ethoxyethane
1,1′-Oxybisethane
Ethyl formate Formic acid ethyl ester HCOOCH2CH3 Class 3
Formamide Methanamide HCONH2 Class 2
Formic acid HCOOH Class 3
Heptane n-Heptane CH3[CH2]5CH3 Class 3
Hexane n-Hexane CH3[CH2]4CH3 Class 2
Isobutyl acetate Acetic acid isobutyl ester CH3COOCH2CH(CH3)2 Class 3
Isopropyl acetate Acetic acid isopropyl ester CH3COOCH(CH3)2 Class 3
Methanol Methyl alcohol CH3OH Class 2
2-Methoxyethanol Methyl cellosolve CH3OCH2CH2OH Class 2
Methyl acetate Acetic acid methyl ester CH3COOCH3 Class 3
3-Methyl-1-butanol Isoamyl alcohol (CH3)2CHCH2CH2OH Class 3
Isopentyl alcohol
3-Methylbutan-1-ol
Methylbutylketone 2-Hexanone CH3[CH2]3COCH3 Class 2
Hexan-2-one
Methylcyclohexane Cyclohexylmethane Class 2

Methylethylketone 2-Butanone CH3CH2COCH3 Class 3

MEK
Butan-2-one
Methylisobutylketone 4-Methylpentan-2-one CH3COCH2CH(CH3)2 Class 3
4-Methyl-2-pentanone
MIBK
2-Methyl-1-propanol Isobutyl alcohol (CH3)2CHCH2OH Class 3
2-Methylpropan-1-ol
N-Methylpyrrolidone 1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-one Class 2
1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone

Nitromethane CH3NO2 Class 2

Pentane n-Pentane CH3[CH2]3CH3 Class 3
1-Pentanol Amyl alcohol CH3[CH2]3CH2OH Class 3
Pentan-1-ol
Pentyl alcohol
1-Propanol Propan-1-ol CH3CH2CH2OH Class 3
Propyl alcohol
2-Propanol Propan-2-ol (CH3)2CHOH Class 3
Isopropyl alcohol
Propyl acetate Acetic acid propyl ester CH3COOCH2CH2CH3 Class 3
Pyridine Class 2

Sulfonane Tetrahydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide Class 2

Tetrahydrofuran Tetramethylene oxide Class 2

Oxacyclopentane

608 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.4. Residual solvents

Solvent Other Names Structure Class

Tetralin 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene Class 2

Toluene Methylbenzene Class 2

1,1,1-Trichloroethane Methylchloroform CH3CCl3 Class 1

1,1,2-Trichloroethene Trichloroethene HClC=CCl2 Class 2
Xylene* Dimethybenzene Class 2
Xylol

*usually 60 per cent m-xylene, 14 per cent p-xylene, 9 per cent o-xylene with 17 per cent ethyl benzene.

APPENDIX 2. ADDITIONAL BACKGROUND APPENDIX 3. METHODS FOR ESTABLISHING EXPOSURE

A2.1. ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF ORGANIC LIMITS
VOLATILE SOLVENTS The Gaylor-Kodell method of risk assessment (Gaylor, D. W.
Several of the residual solvents frequently used in the and Kodell, R. L. Linear Interpolation algorithm for low dose
production of pharmaceuticals are listed as toxic chemicals assessment of toxic substance. J. Environ. Pathology, 4, 305,
in Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) monographs 1980) is appropriate for Class 1 carcinogenic solvents. Only
and the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). The in cases where reliable carcinogenicity data are available
objectives of such groups as the International Programme should extrapolation by the use of mathematical models
on Chemical Safety (IPCS), the United States Environmental be applied to setting exposure limits. Exposure limits for
Protection Agency (USEPA) and the United States Food and Class 1 solvents could be determined with the use of a large
Drug Administration (USFDA) include the determination of safety factor (i.e., 10 000 to 100 000) with respect to the
acceptable exposure levels. The goal is protection of human no-observed-effect level (NOEL). Detection and quantification
health and maintenance of environmental integrity against of these solvents should be by state-of-the-art analytical
the possible deleterious effects of chemicals resulting from techniques.
long-term environmental exposure. The methods involved in Acceptable exposure levels in this guideline for Class 2
the estimation of maximum safe exposure limits are usually solvents were established by calculation of PDE values
based on long-term studies. When long-term study data according to the procedures for setting exposure limits in
are unavailable, shorter term study data can be used with pharmaceuticals (Pharmacopeial Forum, Nov-Dec 1989),
modification of the approach such as use of larger safety and the method adopted by IPCS for Assessing Human
factors. The approach described therein relates primarily to Health Risk of Chemicals (Environmental Health Criteria
long-term or life-time exposure of the general population in 170, WHO, 1994). These methods are similar to those used
the ambient environment, i.e. ambient air, food, drinking by the USEPA (IRIS) and the USFDA (Red Book) and others.
water and other media. The method is outlined here to give a better understanding
of the origin of the PDE values. It is not necessary to
A2.2. RESIDUAL SOLVENTS IN PHARMACEUTICALS perform these calculations in order to use the PDE values
Exposure limits in this guideline are established by referring tabulated in Section 4 of this document.
to methodologies and toxicity data described in EHC and PDE is derived from the no-observed-effect level (NOEL), or
IRIS monographs. However, some specific assumptions the lowest-observed effect level (LOEL), in the most relevant
about residual solvents to be used in the synthesis and animal study as follows :
formulation of pharmaceutical products should be taken into
account in establishing exposure limits. They are :
1) Patients (not the general population) use pharmaceuticals
to treat their diseases or for prophylaxis to prevent infection The PDE is derived preferably from a NOEL. If no NOEL
or disease. is obtained, the LOEL may be used. Modifying factors
proposed here, for relating the data to humans, are the same
2) The assumption of life-time patient exposure is not kind of “uncertainty factors” used in Environmental Health
necessary for most pharmaceutical products but may be Criteria (Environmental Health Criteria 170, World Health
appropriate as a working hypothesis to reduce risk to human Organisation, Geneva, 1994), and “modifying factors” or
health. “safety factors” in Pharmacopoeial Forum. The assumption
3) Residual solvents are unavoidable components in of 100 per cent systemic exposure is used in all calculations
pharmaceutical production and will often be a part of regardless of route of administration.
medicinal products. The modifying factors are as follows :
4) Residual solvents should not exceed recommended levels F1 = A factor to account for extrapolation between
except in exceptional circumstances. species
5) Data from toxicological studies that are used to determine F1 = 2 for extrapolation from dogs to humans
acceptable levels for residual solvents should have been F1 = 2.5 for extrapolation from rabbits to humans
generated using appropriate protocols such as those
described for example, by OECD and the FDA Red Book. F1 = 3 for extrapolation from monkeys to humans

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 609
5.4. Residual solvents EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

F1 = 5 for extrapolation from rats to humans F4 = A factor that may be applied in cases of severe
F1 = 10 for extrapolation from other animals to toxicity, e.g. non-genotoxic carcinogenicity,
humans neurotoxicity or teratogenicity. In studies of
reproductive toxicity, the following factors are
F1 = 12 for extrapolation from mice to humans used :
F1 takes into account the comparative surface area : body F4 = 1 for foetal toxicity associated with maternal
weight ratios for the species concerned and for man. Surface toxicity
area (S) is calculated as :
F4 = 5 for foetal toxicity without maternal toxicity
F4 = 5 for a teratogenic effect with maternal toxicity
in which m = body mass, and the constant k has been taken F4 = 10 for a teratogenic effect without maternal
to be 10. The body weight used in the equation are those toxicity
shown below in Table A3.-1. F5 =A variable factor that may be applied if the
Table A3.-1. – Values used in the calculations in this no-effect level was not established.
document When only a LOEL is available, a factor of up to 10 can be
Rat body weight 425 g used depending on the severity of the toxicity.
Pregnant rat body weight 330 g
The weight adjustment assumes an arbitrary adult human
body weight for either sex of 50 kg. This relatively low
Mouse body weight 28 g weight provides an additional safety factor against the
Pregnant mouse body weight 30 g standard weights of 60 kg or 70 kg that are often used in
this type of calculation. It is recognised that some adult
Guinea-pig body weight 500 g patients weigh less than 50 kg ; these patients are considered
Rhesus monkey body weight 2.5 kg to be accommodated by the built-in safety factors used to
determine a PDE. If the solvent was present in a formulation
Rabbit body weight (pregnant or not) 4 kg
specifically intended for paediatric use, an adjustment for a
Beagle dog body weight 11.5 kg lower body weight would be appropriate.
Rat respiratory volume 290 l/day As an example of the application of this equation, consider
the toxicity study of acetonitrile in mice that is summarised
Mouse respiratory volume 43 l/day in Pharmeuropa, Vol. 9. No. 1, Supplement, April 1997,
Rabbit respiratory volume 1440 l/day page S24. The NOEL is calculated to be 50.7 mg kg–1 day–l.
The PDE for acetonitrile in this study is calculated as follows :
Guinea-pig respiratory volume 430 l/day
Human respiratory volume 28800 l/day
Dog respiratory volume 9000 l/day
Monkey respiratory volume 1150 l/day
In this example,
Mouse water consumption 5 ml/day
F1 = 12 to account for the extrapolation from mice to
Rat water consumption 30 ml/day humans
Rat food consumption 30 g/day F2 = 10 to account for differences between individual
humans
F2 = A factor of 10 to account for variability between F3 = 5 because the duration of the study was only
individuals. A factor of 10 is generally given for 13 weeks
all organic solvents, and 10 is used consistently in
this guideline. F4 = 1 because no severe toxicity was encountered
F3 = A variable factor to account for toxicity studies F5 = 1 because the no-effect level was determined
of short-term exposure. The equation for an ideal gas, PV = nRT, is used to convert
F3 = 1 for studies that last at least one half-lifetime concentrations of gases used in inhalation studies from units
(1 year for rodents or rabbits ; 7 years for cats, of ppm to units of mg/l or mg/m3. Consider as an example
dogs and monkeys). the rat reproductive toxicity study by inhalation of carbon
tetrachloride (molecular weight 153.84) summarised in
F3 = 1 for reproductive studies in which the whole Pharmeuropa, Vol. 9, No. 1, Supplement, April 1997,
period of organogenesis is covered. page S9.
F3 = 2 for a 6 month study in rodents, or a 3.5 year
study in non-rodents.
F3 = 5 for a 3 month study in rodents, or a 2 year
study in non-rodents.
F3 = 10 for studies of a shorter duration.
In all cases, the higher factor has been used for study
durations between the time points, e.g. a factor of 2 for a The relationship 1000 litres = 1 m3 is used to convert
9 month rodent study. to mg/m3.

610 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

5.5. ALCOHOLIMETRIC
TABLES
5.5. Alcoholimetric tables.. ...................................................... 613

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 611
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

612 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.5. Alcoholimetric tables

01/2008:50500 % V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3)

3.9 3.10 992.55
5.5. ALCOHOLIMETRIC TABLES
The general formula agreed by the Council of the European 4.0 3.18 992.41
Communities in its Directive of 27 July 1976 on alcoholimetry 4.1 3.26 992.28
served as the basis for establishing the following tables.
4.2 3.34 992.14
% V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3)
4.3 3.42 992.00
0.0 0.0 998.20
4.4 3.50 991.87
0.1 0.08 998.05
4.5 3.58 991.73
0.2 0.16 997.90
4.6 3.66 991.59
0.3 0.24 997.75
4.7 3.74 991.46
0.4 0.32 997.59
4.8 3.82 991.32
0.5 0.40 997.44
4.9 3.90 991.19
0.6 0.47 997.29
0.7 0.55 997.14
5.0 3.98 991.06
0.8 0.63 996.99
5.1 4.06 990.92
0.9 0.71 996.85
5.2 4.14 990.79
5.3 4.22 990.65
1.0 0.79 996.70
5.4 4.30 990.52
1.1 0.87 996.55
5.5 4.38 990.39
1.2 0.95 996.40
5.6 4.46 990.26
1.3 1.03 996.25
5.7 4.54 990.12
1.4 1.11 996.11
5.8 4.62 989.99
1.5 1.19 995.96
5.9 4.70 989.86
1.6 1.27 995.81
1.7 1.35 995.67
6.0 4.78 989.73
1.8 1.43 995.52
6.1 4.86 989.60
1.9 1.51 995.38
6.2 4.95 989.47
6.3 5.03 989.34
2.0 1.59 995.23
6.4 5.11 989.21
2.1 1.67 995.09
6.5 5.19 989.08
2.2 1.75 994.94
6.6 5.27 988.95
2.3 1.82 994.80
6.7 5.35 988.82
2.4 1.90 994.66
6.8 5.43 988.69
2.5 1.98 994.51
6.9 5.51 988.56
2.6 2.06 994.37
2.7 2.14 994.23
7.0 5.59 988.43
2.8 2.22 994.09
7.1 5.67 988.30
2.9 2.30 993.95
7.2 5.75 988.18
7.3 5.83 988.05
3.0 2.38 993.81
7.4 5.91 987.92
3.1 2.46 993.66
7.5 5.99 987.79
3.2 2.54 993.52
7.6 6.07 987.67
3.3 2.62 993.38
7.7 6.15 987.54
3.4 2.70 993.24
7.8 6.23 987.42
3.5 2.78 993.11
7.9 6.32 987.29
3.6 2.86 992.97
3.7 2.94 992.83
8.0 6.40 987.16
3.8 3.02 992.69

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 613
5.5. Alcoholimetric tables EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

% V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3) % V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3)

8.1 6.48 987.04 12.4 9.97 981.89
8.2 6.56 986.91 12.5 10.05 981.78
8.3 6.64 986.79 12.6 10.13 981.67
8.4 6.72 986.66 12.7 10.21 981.55
8.5 6.80 986.54 12.8 10.29 981.44
8.6 6.88 986.42 12.9 10.37 981.32
8.7 6.96 986.29
8.8 7.04 986.17 13.0 10.46 981.21
8.9 7.12 986.05 13.1 10.54 981.10
13.2 10.62 980.98
9.0 7.20 985.92 13.3 10.70 980.87
9.1 7.29 985.80 13.4 10.78 980.76
9.2 7.37 985.68 13.5 10.87 980.64
9.3 7.45 985.56 13.6 10.95 980.53
9.4 7.53 985.44 13.7 11.03 980.42
9.5 7.61 985.31 13.8 11.11 980.31
9.6 7.69 985.19 13.9 11.19 980.19
9.7 7.77 985.07
9.8 7.85 984.95 14.0 11.27 980.08
9.9 7.93 984.83 14.1 11.36 979.97
14.2 11.44 979.86
10.0 8.01 984.71 14.3 11.52 979.75
10.1 8.10 984.59 14.4 11.60 979.64
10.2 8.18 984.47 14.5 11.68 979.52
10.3 8.26 984.35 14.6 11.77 979.41
10.4 8.34 984.23 14.7 11.85 979.30
10.5 8.42 984.11 14.8 11.93 979.19
10.6 8.50 983.99 14.9 12.01 979.08
10.7 8.58 983.88
10.8 8.66 983.76 15.0 12.09 978.97
10.9 8.75 983.64 15.1 12.17 978.86
15.2 12.26 978.75
11.0 8.83 983.52 15.3 12.34 978.64
11.1 8.91 983.40 15.4 12.42 978.53
11.2 8.99 983.29 15.5 12.50 978.42
11.3 9.07 983.17 15.6 12.59 978.31
11.4 9.15 983.05 15.7 12.67 978.20
11.5 9.23 982.94 15.8 12.75 978.09
11.6 9.32 982.82 15.9 12.83 977.98
11.7 9.40 982.70
11.8 9.48 982.59 16.0 12.91 977.87
11.9 9.56 982.47 16.1 13.00 977.76
16.2 13.08 977.65
12.0 9.64 982.35 16.3 13.16 977.55
12.1 9.72 982.24 16.4 13.24 977.44
12.2 9.80 982.12 16.5 13.32 977.33
12.3 9.89 982.01 16.6 13.41 977.22

614 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.5. Alcoholimetric tables

% V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3) % V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3)

16.7 13.49 977.11
16.8 13.57 977.00 21.0 17.04 972.48
16.9 13.65 976.89 21.1 17.13 972.37
21.2 17.21 972.27
17.0 13.74 976.79 21.3 17.29 972.16
17.1 13.82 976.68 21.4 17.38 972.05
17.2 13.90 976.57 21.5 17.46 971.94
17.3 13.98 976.46 21.6 17.54 971.83
17.4 14.07 976.35 21.7 17.62 971.73
17.5 14.15 976.25 21.8 17.71 971.62
17.6 14.23 976.14 21.9 17.79 971.51
17.7 14.31 976.03
17.8 14.40 975.92 22.0 17.87 971.40
17.9 14.48 975.81 22.1 17.96 971.29
22.2 18.04 971.18
18.0 14.56 975.71 22.3 18.12 971.08
18.1 14.64 975.60 22.4 18.21 970.97
18.2 14.73 975.49 22.5 18.29 970.86
18.3 14.81 975.38 22.6 18.37 970.75
18.4 14.89 975.28 22.7 18.46 970.64
18.5 14.97 975.17 22.8 18.54 970.53
18.6 15.06 975.06 22.9 18.62 970.42
18.7 15.14 974.95
18.8 15.22 974.85 23.0 18.71 970.31
18.9 15.30 974.74 23.1 18.79 970.20
23.2 18.87 970.09
19.0 15.39 974.63 23.3 18.96 969.98
19.1 15.47 974.52 23.4 19.04 969.87
19.2 15.55 974.42 23.5 19.13 969.76
19.3 15.63 974.31 23.6 19.21 969.65
19.4 15.72 974.20 23.7 19.29 969.54
19.5 15.80 974.09 23.8 19.38 969.43
19.6 15.88 973.99 23.9 19.46 969.32
19.7 15.97 973.88
19.8 16.05 973.77 24.0 19.54 969.21
19.9 16.13 973.66 24.1 19.63 969.10
24.2 19.71 968.99
20.0 16.21 973.56 24.3 19.79 968.88
20.1 16.30 973.45 24.4 19.88 968.77
20.2 16.38 973.34 24.5 19.96 968.66
20.3 16.46 973.24 24.6 20.05 968.55
20.4 16.55 973.13 24.7 20.13 968.43
20.5 16.63 973.02 24.8 20.21 968.32
20.6 16.71 972.91 24.9 20.30 968.21
20.7 16.79 972.80
20.8 16.88 972.70 25.0 20.38 968.10
20.9 16.96 972.59 25.1 20.47 967.99

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 615
5.5. Alcoholimetric tables EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

% V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3) % V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3)

25.2 20.55 967.87 29.5 24.18 962.83
25.3 20.63 967.76 29.6 24.27 962.71
25.4 20.72 967.65 29.7 24.35 962.58
25.5 20.80 967.53 29.8 24.44 962.46
25.6 20.88 967.42 29.9 24.52 962.33
25.7 20.97 967.31
25.8 21.05 967.19 30.0 24.61 962.21
25.9 21.14 967.08 30.1 24.69 962.09
30.2 24.78 961.96
26.0 21.22 966.97 30.3 24.86 961.84
26.1 21.31 966.85 30.4 24.95 961.71
26.2 21.39 966.74 30.5 25.03 961.59
26.3 21.47 966.62 30.6 25.12 961.46
26.4 21.56 966.51 30.7 25.20 961.33
26.5 21.64 966.39 30.8 25.29 961.21
26.6 21.73 966.28 30.9 25.38 961.08
26.7 21.81 966.16
26.8 21.90 966.05 31.0 25.46 960.95
26.9 21.98 965.93 31.1 25.55 960.82
31.2 25.63 960.70
27.0 22.06 965.81 31.3 25.72 960.57
27.1 22.15 965.70 31.4 25.80 960.44
27.2 22.23 965.58 31.5 25.89 960.31
27.3 22.32 965.46 31.6 25.97 960.18
27.4 22.40 965.35 31.7 26.06 960.05
27.5 22.49 965.23 31.8 26.15 959.92
27.6 22.57 965.11 31.9 26.23 959.79
27.7 22.65 964.99
27.8 22.74 964.88 32.0 26.32 959.66
27.9 22.82 964.76 32.1 26.40 959.53
32.2 26.49 959.40
28.0 22.91 964.64 32.3 26.57 959.27
28.1 22.99 964.52 32.4 26.66 959.14
28.2 23.08 964.40 32.5 26.75 959.01
28.3 23.16 964.28 32.6 26.83 958.87
28.4 23.25 964.16 32.7 26.92 958.74
28.5 23.33 964.04 32.8 27.00 958.61
28.6 23.42 963.92 32.9 27.09 958.47
28.7 23.50 963.80
28.8 23.59 963.68 33.0 27.18 958.34
28.9 23.67 963.56 33.1 27.26 958.20
33.2 27.35 958.07
29.0 23.76 963.44 33.3 27.44 957.94
29.1 23.84 963.32 33.4 27.52 957.80
29.2 23.93 963.20 33.5 27.61 957.66
29.3 24.01 963.07 33.6 27.69 957.53
29.4 24.10 962.95 33.7 27.78 957.39

616 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.5. Alcoholimetric tables

% V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3) % V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3)

33.8 27.87 957.26 38.0 31.53 951.18
33.9 27.95 957.12 38.1 31.62 951.02
38.2 31.71 950.87
34.0 28.04 956.98 38.3 31.79 950.72
34.1 28.13 956.84 38.4 31.88 950.56
34.2 28.21 956.70 38.5 31.97 950.41
34.3 28.30 956.57 38.6 32.06 950.25
34.4 28.39 956.43 38.7 32.15 950.10
34.5 28.47 956.29 38.8 32.24 949.94
34.6 28.56 956.15 38.9 32.32 949.79
34.7 28.65 956.01
34.8 28.73 955.87 39.0 32.41 949.63
34.9 28.82 955.73 39.1 32.50 949.47
39.2 32.59 949.32
35.0 28.91 955.59 39.3 32.68 949.16
35.1 28.99 955.45 39.4 32.77 949.00
35.2 29.08 955.30 39.5 32.86 948.84
35.3 29.17 955.16 39.6 32.94 948.68
35.4 29.26 955.02 39.7 33.03 948.52
35.5 29.34 954.88 39.8 33.12 948.37
35.6 29.43 954.73 39.9 33.21 948.21
35.7 29.52 954.59
35.8 29.60 954.44 40.0 33.30 948.05
35.9 29.69 954.30 40.1 33.39 947.88
40.2 33.48 947.72
36.0 29.78 954.15 40.3 33.57 947.56
36.1 29.87 954.01 40.4 33.66 947.40
36.2 29.95 953.86 40.5 33.74 947.24
36.3 30.04 953.72 40.6 33.83 947.08
36.4 30.13 953.57 40.7 33.92 946.91
36.5 30.21 953.42 40.8 34.01 946.75
36.6 30.30 953.28 40.9 34.10 946.58
36.7 30.39 953.13
36.8 30.48 952.98 41.0 34.19 946.42
36.9 30.56 952.83 41.1 34.28 946.26
41.2 34.37 946.09
37.0 30.65 952.69 41.3 34.46 945.93
37.1 30.74 952.54 41.4 34.55 945.76
37.2 30.83 952.39 41.5 34.64 945.59
37.3 30.92 952.24 41.6 34.73 945.43
37.4 31.00 952.09 41.7 34.82 945.26
37.5 31.09 951.94 41.8 34.91 945.09
37.6 31.18 951.79 41.9 35.00 944.93
37.7 31.27 951.63
37.8 31.35 951.48 42.0 35.09 944.76
37.9 31.44 951.33 42.1 35.18 944.59
42.2 35.27 944.42

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 617
5.5. Alcoholimetric tables EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

% V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3) % V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3)

42.3 35.36 944.25 46.6 39.27 936.63
42.4 35.45 944.08 46.7 39.36 936.44
42.5 35.54 943.91 46.8 39.45 936.26
42.6 35.63 943.74 46.9 39.54 936.07
42.7 35.72 943.57
42.8 35.81 943.40 47.0 39.64 935.88
42.9 35.90 943.23 47.1 39.73 935.70
47.2 39.82 935.51
43.0 35.99 943.06 47.3 39.91 935.32
43.1 36.08 942.88 47.4 40.00 935.14
43.2 36.17 942.71 47.5 40.10 934.95
43.3 36.26 942.54 47.6 40.19 934.76
43.4 36.35 942.37 47.7 40.28 934.57
43.5 36.44 942.19 47.8 40.37 934.38
43.6 36.53 942.02 47.9 40.47 934.19
43.7 36.62 941.84
43.8 36.71 941.67 48.0 40.56 934.00
43.9 36.80 941.49 48.1 40.65 933.81
48.2 40.75 933.62
44.0 36.89 941.32 48.3 40.84 933.43
44.1 36.98 941.14 48.4 40.93 933.24
44.2 37.07 940.97 48.5 41.02 933.05
44.3 37.16 940.79 48.6 41.12 932.86
44.4 37.25 940.61 48.7 41.21 932.67
44.5 37.35 940.43 48.8 41.30 932.47
44.6 37.44 940.26 48.9 41.40 932.28
44.7 37.53 940.08
44.8 37.62 939.90 49.0 41.49 932.09
44.9 37.71 939.72 49.1 41.58 931.90
49.2 41.68 931.70
45.0 37.80 939.54 49.3 41.77 931.51
45.1 37.89 939.36 49.4 41.86 931.31
45.2 37.98 939.18 49.5 41.96 931.12
45.3 38.08 939.00 49.6 42.05 930.92
45.4 38.17 938.82 49.7 42.14 930.73
45.5 38.26 938.64 49.8 42.24 930.53
45.6 38.35 938.46 49.9 42.33 930.34
45.7 38.44 938.28
45.8 38.53 938.10 50.0 42.43 930.14
45.9 38.62 937.91 50.1 42.52 929.95
50.2 42.61 929.75
46.0 38.72 937.73 50.3 42.71 929.55
46.1 38.81 937.55 50.4 42.80 929.35
46.2 38.90 937.36 50.5 42.90 929.16
46.3 38.99 937.18 50.6 42.99 928.96
46.4 39.08 937.00 50.7 43.08 928.76
46.5 39.18 936.81 50.8 43.18 928.56

618 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.5. Alcoholimetric tables

% V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3) % V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3)

50.9 43.27 928.36 55.1 47.28 919.75
55.2 47.38 919.54
51.0 43.37 928.16 55.3 47.47 919.33
51.1 43.46 927.96 55.4 47.57 919.12
51.2 43.56 927.77 55.5 47.67 918.91
51.3 43.65 927.57 55.6 47.77 918.69
51.4 43.74 927.36 55.7 47.86 918.48
51.5 43.84 927.16 55.8 47.96 918.27
51.6 43.93 926.96 55.9 48.06 918.06
51.7 44.03 926.76
51.8 44.12 926.56 56.0 48.15 917.84
51.9 44.22 926.36 56.1 48.25 917.63
56.2 48.35 917.42
52.0 44.31 926.16 56.3 48.45 917.20
52.1 44.41 925.95 56.4 48.54 916.99
52.2 44.50 925.75 56.5 48.64 916.77
52.3 44.60 925.55 56.6 48.74 916.56
52.4 44.69 925.35 56.7 48.84 916.35
52.5 44.79 925.14 56.8 48.93 916.13
52.6 44.88 924.94 56.9 49.03 915.91
52.7 44.98 924.73
52.8 45.07 924.53 57.0 49.13 915.70
52.9 45.17 924.32 57.1 49.23 915.48
57.2 49.32 915.27
53.0 45.26 924.12 57.3 49.42 915.05
53.1 45.36 923.91 57.4 49.52 914.83
53.2 45.46 923.71 57.5 49.62 914.62
53.3 45.55 923.50 57.6 49.72 914.40
53.4 45.65 923.30 57.7 49.81 914.18
53.5 45.74 923.09 57.8 49.91 913.97
53.6 45.84 922.88 57.9 50.01 913.75
53.7 45.93 922.68
53.8 46.03 922.47 58.0 50.11 913.53
53.9 46.13 922.26 58.1 50.21 913.31
58.2 50.31 913.09
54.0 46.22 922.06 58.3 50.40 912.87
54.1 46.32 921.85 58.4 50.50 912.65
54.2 46.41 921.64 58.5 50.60 912.43
54.3 46.51 921.43 58.6 50.70 912.22
54.4 46.61 921.22 58.7 50.80 912.00
54.5 46.70 921.01 58.8 50.90 911.78
54.6 46.80 920.80 58.9 51.00 911.55
54.7 46.90 920.59
54.8 46.99 920.38 59.0 51.10 911.33
54.9 47.09 920.17 59.1 51.19 911.11
59.2 51.29 910.89
55.0 47.18 919.96 59.3 51.39 910.67

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 619
5.5. Alcoholimetric tables EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

% V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3) % V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3)

59.4 51.49 910.45 63.7 55.82 900.69
59.5 51.59 910.23 63.8 55.92 900.46
59.6 51.69 910.01 63.9 56.02 900.23
59.7 51.79 909.78
59.8 51.89 909.56 64.0 56.12 899.99
59.9 51.99 909.34 64.1 56.23 899.76
64.2 56.33 899.53
60.0 52.09 909.11 64.3 56.43 899.29
60.1 52.19 908.89 64.4 56.53 899.06
60.2 52.29 908.67 64.5 56.64 898.83
60.3 52.39 908.44 64.6 56.74 898.59
60.4 52.49 908.22 64.7 56.84 898.36
60.5 52.59 908.00 64.8 56.94 898.12
60.6 52.69 907.77 64.9 57.05 897.89
60.7 52.79 907.55
60.8 52.89 907.32 65.0 57.15 897.65
60.9 52.99 907.10 65.1 57.25 897.42
65.2 57.36 897.18
61.0 53.09 906.87 65.3 57.46 896.94
61.1 53.19 906.64 65.4 57.56 896.71
61.2 53.29 906.42 65.5 57.67 896.47
61.3 53.39 906.19 65.6 57.77 896.23
61.4 53.49 905.97 65.7 57.87 896.00
61.5 53.59 905.74 65.8 57.98 895.76
61.6 53.69 905.51 65.9 58.08 895.52
61.7 53.79 905.29
61.8 53.89 905.06 66.0 58.18 895.28
61.9 53.99 904.83 66.1 58.29 895.05
66.2 58.39 894.81
62.0 54.09 904.60 66.3 58.49 894.57
62.1 54.19 904.37 66.4 58.60 894.33
62.2 54.30 904.15 66.5 58.70 894.09
62.3 54.40 903.92 66.6 58.81 893.85
62.4 54.50 903.69 66.7 58.91 893.61
62.5 54.60 903.46 66.8 59.01 893.37
62.6 54.70 903.23 66.9 59.12 893.13
62.7 54.80 903.00
62.8 54.90 902.77 67.0 59.22 892.89
62.9 55.00 902.54 67.1 59.33 892.65
67.2 59.43 892.41
63.0 55.11 902.31 67.3 59.54 892.17
63.1 55.21 902.08 67.4 59.64 891.93
63.2 55.31 901.85 67.5 59.74 891.69
63.3 55.41 901.62 67.6 59.85 891.45
63.4 55.51 901.39 67.7 59.95 891.20
63.5 55.61 901.15 67.8 60.06 890.96
63.6 55.72 900.92 67.9 60.16 890.72

620 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.5. Alcoholimetric tables

% V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3) % V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3)

72.2 64.75 880.03
68.0 60.27 890.48 72.3 64.86 879.78
68.1 60.37 890.23 72.4 64.97 879.52
68.2 60.48 889.99 72.5 65.08 879.27
68.3 60.58 889.75 72.6 65.19 879.01
68.4 60.69 889.50 72.7 65.29 878.75
68.5 60.80 889.26 72.8 65.40 878.50
68.6 60.90 889.01 72.9 65.51 878.24
68.7 61.01 888.77
68.8 61.11 888.52 73.0 65.62 877.99
68.9 61.22 888.28 73.1 65.73 877.73
73.2 65.84 877.47
69.0 61.32 888.03 73.3 65.95 877.21
69.1 61.43 887.79 73.4 66.06 876.96
69.2 61.54 887.54 73.5 66.17 876.70
69.3 61.64 887.29 73.6 66.28 876.44
69.4 61.75 887.05 73.7 66.39 876.18
69.5 61.85 886.80 73.8 66.50 875.92
69.6 61.96 886.55 73.9 66.61 875.66
69.7 62.07 886.31
69.8 62.17 886.06 74.0 66.72 875.40
69.9 62.28 885.81 74.1 66.83 875.14
74.2 66.94 874.88
70.0 62.39 885.56 74.3 67.05 874.62
70.1 62.49 885.31 74.4 67.16 874.36
70.2 62.60 885.06 74.5 67.27 874.10
70.3 62.71 884.82 74.6 67.38 873.84
70.4 62.81 884.57 74.7 67.49 873.58
70.5 62.92 884.32 74.8 67.60 873.32
70.6 63.03 884.07 74.9 67.71 873.06
70.7 63.13 883.82
70.8 63.24 883.57 75.0 67.82 872.79
70.9 63.35 883.32 75.1 67.93 872.53
75.2 68.04 872.27
71.0 63.46 883.06 75.3 68.15 872.00
71.1 63.56 882.81 75.4 68.26 871.74
71.2 63.67 882.56 75.5 68.38 871.48
71.3 63.78 882.31 75.6 68.49 871.21
71.4 63.89 882.06 75.7 68.60 870.95
71.5 63.99 881.81 75.8 68.71 870.68
71.6 64.10 881.55 75.9 68.82 870.42
71.7 64.21 881.30
71.8 64.32 881.05 76.0 68.93 870.15
71.9 64.43 880.79 76.1 69.04 869.89
76.2 69.16 869.62
72.0 64.53 880.54 76.3 69.27 869.35
72.1 64.64 880.29 76.4 69.38 869.09

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 621
5.5. Alcoholimetric tables EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

% V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3) % V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3)

76.5 69.49 868.82 80.8 74.41 857.03
76.6 69.61 868.55 80.9 74.53 856.75
76.7 69.72 868.28
76.8 69.83 868.02 81.0 74.64 856.46
76.9 69.94 867.75 81.1 74.76 856.18
81.2 74.88 855.90
77.0 70.06 867.48 81.3 74.99 855.62
77.1 70.17 867.21 81.4 75.11 855.33
77.2 70.28 866.94 81.5 75.23 855.05
77.3 70.39 866.67 81.6 75.34 854.76
77.4 70.51 866.40 81.7 75.46 854.48
77.5 70.62 866.13 81.8 75.58 854.19
77.6 70.73 865.86 81.9 75.70 853.91
77.7 70.85 865.59
77.8 70.96 865.32 82.0 75.82 853.62
77.9 71.07 865.05 82.1 75.93 853.34
82.2 76.05 853.05
78.0 71.19 864.78 82.3 76.17 852.76
78.1 71.30 864.50 82.4 76.29 852.48
78.2 71.41 864.23 82.5 76.41 852.19
78.3 71.53 863.96 82.6 76.52 851.90
78.4 71.64 863.69 82.7 76.64 851.61
78.5 71.76 863.41 82.8 76.76 851.32
78.6 71.87 863.14 82.9 76.88 851.03
78.7 71.98 862.86
78.8 72.10 862.59 83.0 77.00 850.74
78.9 72.21 862.31 83.1 77.12 850.45
83.2 77.24 850.16
79.0 72.33 862.04 83.3 77.36 849.87
79.1 72.44 861.76 83.4 77.48 849.58
79.2 72.56 861.49 83.5 77.60 849.29
79.3 72.67 861.21 83.6 77.72 848.99
79.4 72.79 860.94 83.7 77.84 848.70
79.5 72.90 860.66 83.8 77.96 848.41
79.6 73.02 860.38 83.9 78.08 848.11
79.7 73.13 860.10
79.8 73.25 859.83 84.0 78.20 847.82
79.9 73.36 859.55 84.1 78.32 847.53
84.2 78.44 847.23
80.0 73.48 859.27 84.3 78.56 846.93
80.1 73.60 858.99 84.4 78.68 846.64
80.2 73.71 858.71 84.5 78.80 846.34
80.3 73.83 858.43 84.6 78.92 846.05
80.4 73.94 858.15 84.7 79.04 845.75
80.5 74.06 857.87 84.8 79.16 845.45
80.6 74.18 857.59 84.9 79.28 845.15
80.7 74.29 857.31

622 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.5. Alcoholimetric tables

% V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3) % V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3)

85.0 79.40 844.85 89.3 84.76 831.48
85.1 79.53 844.55 89.4 84.89 831.15
85.2 79.65 844.25 89.5 85.02 830.82
85.3 79.77 843.95 89.6 85.15 830.50
85.4 79.89 843.65 89.7 85.28 830.17
85.5 80.01 843.35 89.8 85.41 829.84
85.6 80.14 843.05 89.9 85.54 829.51
85.7 80.26 842.75
85.8 80.38 842.44 90.0 85.66 829.18
85.9 80.50 842.14 90.1 85.79 828.85
90.2 85.92 828.52
86.0 80.63 841.84 90.3 86.05 828.19
86.1 80.75 841.53 90.4 86.18 827.85
86.2 80.87 841.23 90.5 86.31 827.52
86.3 81.00 840.92 90.6 86.44 827.18
86.4 81.12 840.62 90.7 86.57 826.85
86.5 81.24 840.31 90.8 86.71 826.51
86.6 81.37 840.00 90.9 86.84 826.17
86.7 81.49 839.70
86.8 81.61 839.39 91.0 86.97 825.83
86.9 81.74 839.08 91.1 87.10 825.49
91.2 87.23 825.15
87.0 81.86 838.77 91.3 87.36 824.81
87.1 81.99 838.46 91.4 87.49 824.47
87.2 82.11 838.15 91.5 87.63 824.13
87.3 82.24 837.84 91.6 87.76 823.78
87.4 82.36 837.52 91.7 87.89 823.44
87.5 82.49 837.21 91.8 88.02 823.09
87.6 82.61 836.90 91.9 88.16 822.74
87.7 82.74 836.59
87.8 82.86 836.27 92.0 88.29 822.39
87.9 82.99 835.96 92.1 88.42 822.04
92.2 88.56 821.69
88.0 83.11 835.64 92.3 88.69 821.34
88.1 83.24 835.32 92.4 88.83 820.99
88.2 83.37 835.01 92.5 88.96 820.63
88.3 83.49 834.69 92.6 89.10 820.28
88.4 83.62 834.37 92.7 89.23 819.92
88.5 83.74 834.05 92.8 89.37 819.57
88.6 83.87 833.73 92.9 89.50 819.21
88.7 84.00 833.41
88.8 84.13 833.09 93.0 89.64 818.85
88.9 84.25 832.77 93.1 89.77 818.49
93.2 89.91 818.12
89.0 84.38 832.45 93.3 90.05 817.76
89.1 84.51 832.12 93.4 90.18 817.40
89.2 84.64 831.80 93.5 90.32 817.03

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 623
5.5. Alcoholimetric tables EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

% V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3) % V/V % m/m ρ20 (kg/m3)

93.6 90.46 816.66 96.9 95.16 803.70
93.7 90.59 816.30
93.8 90.73 815.93 97.0 95.31 803.27
93.9 90.87 815.55 97.1 95.45 802.85
97.2 95.60 802.42
94.0 91.01 815.18 97.3 95.75 801.99
94.1 91.15 814.81 97.4 95.90 801.55
94.2 91.29 814.43 97.5 96.05 801.12
94.3 91.43 814.06 97.6 96.21 800.68
94.4 91.56 813.68 97.7 96.36 800.24
94.5 91.70 813.30 97.8 96.51 799.80
94.6 91.84 812.92 97.9 96.66 799.35
94.7 91.98 812.54
94.8 92.13 812.15 98.0 96.81 798.90
94.9 92.27 811.77 98.1 96.97 798.45
98.2 97.12 798.00
95.0 92.41 811.38 98.3 97.28 797.54
95.1 92.55 810.99 98.4 97.43 797.08
95.2 92.69 810.60 98.5 97.59 796.62
95.3 92.83 810.21 98.6 97.74 796.15
95.4 92.98 809.82 98.7 97.90 795.68
95.5 93.12 809.42 98.8 98.06 795.21
95.6 93.26 809.02 98.9 98.22 794.73
95.7 93.41 808.63
95.8 93.55 808.23 99.0 98.38 794.25
95.9 93.69 807.82 99.1 98.53 793.77
99.2 98.69 793.28
96.0 93.84 807.42 99.3 98.86 792.79
96.1 93.98 807.01 99.4 99.02 792.30
96.2 94.13 806.61 99.5 99.18 791.80
96.3 94.27 806.20 99.6 99.34 791.29
96.4 94.42 805.78 99.7 99.50 790.79
96.5 94.57 805.37 99.8 99.67 790.28
96.6 94.71 804.96 99.9 99.83 789.76
96.7 94.86 804.54
96.8 95.01 804.12 100.0 100.0 789.24

624 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

5.6. ASSAY OF
INTERFERONS
5.6. Assay of interferons........................................................... 627

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 625
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

626 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.6. Assay of interferons

01/2008:50600 — To each flask, add 5 ml of trypsin solution heated at 37 °C

(a trypsin stock solution contains 4 mg/ml of trypsin R
and 4 mg/ml of sodium edetate R ; immediately before
5.6. ASSAY OF INTERFERONS use, dilute 50 times with phosphate buffered saline). Swirl
the capped flask to wash the cell monolayer. Remove the
The following chapter is published for information. excess of trypsin solution.
1. INTRODUCTION — Incubate the flasks for 5 min to 10 min at 37 °C.
Microscopically or visually observe the cells for signs
Monographs on human interferons generally contain a of detachment. When viewed microscopically, the
bioassay based on the inhibitory activity of the interferon on cells appear rounded up or detached and free-floating.
the cytopathic action of a virus on a cell line in culture. In Shake the flask vigorously to detach all the cells,
most cases, however, the virus, cell line and the assay details add approximately 5 ml of culture medium A. Shake
are not specified, in order to allow the appropriate flexibility, vigorously to yield a suspension of single cells.
where the monograph covers more than one sub-class of — To prepare the cell suspensions for the assay procedure,
interferon. carefully disperse the cells by pipetting up and down to
The present text is intended to provide outline information disrupt cell aggregates, count the cells and resuspend at
for the analyst on how to design, optimise and validate such a concentration of 6 × 105 cells/ml.
an assay once an appropriate combination of cell line and 3.2. PROPAGATION OF ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS
cytopathic virus has been identified. A detailed procedure VIRUS
for a particular cytopathic antiviral assay is described as an Encephalomyocarditis virus is propagated in mouse
example of a suitable method, together with information L-929 cells in order to produce a stock of progeny virus.
on other virus-cell line combinations and guidance on L-929 cells are maintained by trypsin treatment and passage
how to adapt and validate the procedure for these other as described for Hep2c cells (NOTE : it may be necessary to
combinations. substitute neonatal calf serum with foetal bovine serum if
the cells show poor growth).
2. ANTIVIRAL (CYTOPATHIC EFFECT REDUCTION)
Take several flasks containing confluent cultures of
ASSAYS
L-929 cells. Pour off the medium from the flasks. Inoculate
The antiviral assay of human interferons is based on the with 2 ml of the EMCV suspension appropriately diluted
induction of a cellular response in human cells, which in culture medium B so that it contains approximately
prevents or reduces the cytopathic effect of an infectious 2.5 × 108 plaque forming units (PFU) per millilitre. Each
virus. The potency of interferon is estimated by comparing flask will contain 4-6 × 107 L-929 cells and therefore the
its protective effect against a viral cytopathic effect with multiplicity of infection (m.o.i.) will be approximately
the same effect of the appropriate reference preparation 10 PFU/cell. Carefully swirl the virus suspension over the
calibrated in International Units. entire cell monolayer and return the flasks to the incubator
for approximately 1 h. Maintain the medium at pH 7.4 to 7.8.
3. INTERFERON ASSAY USING Hep2c CELLS AND After adsorption of the EMCV, add approximately 40 ml of
INFECTIOUS ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS culture medium B to each flask and return the flasks to the
The antiviral assay of human interferons described is of the incubator at 37 °C for about 30 h. Maintain the medium at
cytopathic effect reduction type. It uses human Hep2c cells pH 7.4 to 7.8 to obtain a maximum virus yield. Remove the
infected by encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) to measure culture fluid and store at approximately 4 °C.
the potencies of different human interferon test preparations. Place the flasks at − 20 °C to freeze the cell monolayer.
This assay has been used in three World Health Organisation Then thaw to room temperature. Add approximately 5 ml
(WHO) international collaborative studies of candidate of culture medium and shake the flask to disrupt the cell
International Standards for human interferon alpha, human walls. Transfer the contents of each flask to the container
interferon beta and human interferon gamma and has of culture fluid. Transfer the culture fluid containing the
repeatedly been demonstrated to be sensitive, reliable and EMCV to 50 ml plastic centrifuge tubes and centrifuge at
reproducible for potency estimations of the different types approximately 500 g for about 10 min to remove cell debris.
of human interferon. Dispense the clarified culture fluid into glass screw-capped
For the culture of mammalian cells, all procedures are bottles, in quantities of 20 ml, 10 ml, 5 ml, 1 ml, 0.5 ml or
carried out using standard operating procedures for the 0.2 ml, as appropriate. Store at − 70 °C. Larger volumes can
maintenance of such cell lines in culture. Volumes of be thawed, dispensed into smaller quantities and re-frozen
reagents are indicated for cell cultures carried out in 75 cm2 when required. The EMCV stock will retain its original titre
flasks. Other types of containers (flasks or plates) may be if stored permanently at approximately − 70 °C, but repeated
used but volumes must be adapted accordingly. freeze-thaw cycles or storage at higher temperatures, e.g. at
approximately − 20 °C, results in progressive loss of titre.
3.1. MAINTENANCE AND PREPARATION OF Hep2c
CELLS 3.3. ASSAY PROCEDURE
Hep2c cells are maintained and passaged in culture 3.3.1. Determination of the dose-response range
medium A. Preparation of the solutions
Cells are stored as frozen stocks using standard operating Dilute the appropriate standard for interferon (for example
procedures. Growing cells may be maintained in culture a specific WHO sub-type interferon standard) in culture
up to a permitted passage number of 30, after which new medium A, in 10-fold dose increments, to give doses covering
cultures are established from frozen stocks. the range of 1000 - 0.001 IU/ml. Carry out the assay
procedure in 96-well microtitre plates. To each well add
At the beginning of the assay procedure, harvest the cells 100 µl of culture medium A. Add approximately 100 µl of
from the flasks showing 90 per cent confluent monolayers each dilution of the reference preparation to each well except
using the trypsin-treatment procedure described below. for those intended for virus controls. Using a multichannel
— Remove the culture medium from the flasks. pipette set at 100 µl, mix the contents of the wells.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 627
5.6. Assay of interferons EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Dispensing of the cell suspension Estimate the concentrations of interferon standard that give
the maximum and minimum reduction of cytopathic effect.
Pour the cell suspension of Hep2c cells, which has been This is the dose response corresponding to the working
adjusted to contain approximately 6 × 105 cells/ml of range of the assay.
culture medium A, into a plastic Petri-dish. Dispense the 3.3.2. Assay procedure
cell suspension from the Petri-dish into each well of the
microtitre plates, using a multichannel pipette set at 100 µl. Carry out the assay as described above, using :
Incubate the plates for about 24 h in an incubator set at — as test solutions, the substance to be examined, diluted
37 °C and 5 per cent CO2. in two-fold increments with culture medium A to give
nominal concentrations covering the working range of
Viral infection the assay,

At this stage, using an inverted microscope, check that the — as reference solutions, the appropriate standard for
monolayers of Hep2c cells are confluent, that they show a interferon (for example, a specific WHO sub-type
relatively even distribution of cells, that they have correct interferon) in culture medium A, diluted in two-fold
morphology and that they are healthy. increments to give nominal concentrations covering the
working range of the assay.
Remove most of the culture medium from the wells by 3.3.3. Data analysis
inverting the plate and shaking it and blotting on a paper
towel (proceed in an identical way when discarding fluids Results of the cytopathic effect reduction assay generally
from micro-titre plates as described later). Dilute the EMCV fit a sigmoidal dose-response curve, when the interferon
stock with fresh culture medium A to a titre of approximately concentration (the log of the reciprocal of the interferon
3 × 107 PFU/ml (NOTE : each plate requires approximately dilution) is plotted versus stain absorbance.
20 ml of diluted virus, plus 5 per cent to 10 per cent of
extra volume). Dispense the diluted suspension from a 9 cm Plot the interferon concentration (log reciprocal of dilution)
sterile Petri-dish using a multichannel pipette set at 200 µl to versus the stain absorbance for the interferon reference
all wells including virus controls, but excluding cell controls. preparation and for the interferon test solutions. Using the
Add approximately 200 µl of culture medium A without virus linear portion of the curve, calculate the concentration of
to each of the cell control wells. interferon in the sample by comparing the responses for test
and reference solutions, using the usual statistical methods
Return the plates to the incubator set at 37 °C and 5 per for a parallel line assay.
cent CO2 for approximately 24 h.

Staining
4. VALIDATION OF OTHER PROCEDURES
Examine the plates microscopically to check that the EMCV 4.1. CHOICE OF CELL LINE AND VIRUS
has caused a cytopathic effect (c.p.e.) in the virus controls. A number of other combinations of cell line and virus
The time interval for maximum c.p.e. may vary from one have been used in anti-viral assays for interferons. For
assay to the next because of inherent variation of Hep2c example, EMCV has been used in combination with the A549
cells to virus challenge over a given period of continuous epithelial lung carcinoma cell line, Semliki Forest virus or
cultivation. Sindbis virus have been used with human fibroblasts, and
vesicular stomatitis virus has been used with either human
Remove most of the culture medium from the wells by diploid fibroblasts, the human amnion WISH cell line or the
discarding into an appropriate decontaminating solution Madin-Darby bovine kidney cell line. In each case the choice
(sodium hypochlorite is suitable). Dispense phosphate of the cell line/virus combination is usually based on that
buffered saline pH 7.4 R into each well. Discard the which gives the most sensitive response to the interferon
phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4 R into a decontaminating preparation to be assayed, and gives parallel responses when
solution. Dispense into each well 150 µl of staining comparing the test preparation and interferon standard.
solution. Stain the cells for approximately 30 min at
room temperature. Discard the staining solution into a 4.2. CHOICE OF RESPONSE
decontaminating solution. Dispense approximately 150 µl of The staining procedure described above measures remaining
fixing solution. Fix for 10 min at room temperature. Discard viable cells. A number of other responses have been used,
the fixing solution into a decontaminating solution and including methyl violet or crystal violet staining, or the
wash the cell monolayers by immersing the assay plates in a thiazolyl blue (MTT) conversion procedure. In each case,
plastic box containing running water. Discard the water and the method is selected on the basis of producing a suitably
superficially dry the plates with paper towels. Dry the assay linear and sensitive relationship between response colour
plates at 20 °C to 37 °C until all moisture has evaporated. and viable cell count.
4.3. STATISTICAL VALIDATION
Add 150 µl of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide to each well. Elute As with all parallel line bioassays, the assay must satisfy the
the stain by gentle agitation of the plates or by hitting usual statistical criteria of linearity of response, parallelism
them against the palm of the hand. Make sure that the and variance.
stain is evenly distributed in all wells before making
spectrophotometric readings. 4.4. VALIDATION OF ASSAY LAYOUT
As with all microtitre plate assay procedures, attention must
Read the absorbance at 610 nm to 620 nm, using a microtitre be given to validating the assay layout. In particular, bias
plate reader, taking as a blank a well or a column of wells due to non-random pipetting order or plate edge effects must
containing no cells and approximately 150 µl of 0.1 M be investigated and eliminated, by randomising the assay
sodium hydroxide. layout, or by avoiding the use of edge wells.

628 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.6. Assay of interferons

REAGENTS AND CULTURE MEDIA Staining solution

Culture medium A (10 per cent neonatal calf serum) Naphthalene black 0.5 g

RPMI 1640 culture medium, supplemented with antibiotics if 450 ml Acetic acid, glacial 90 ml
necessary (penicillin 10 000 IU/ml; streptomycin 10 ng/ml)
Sodium acetate, anhydrous 8.2 g
L-Glutamine, 200 mM, sterile 5 ml
Water to produce 1000 ml
Neonatal calf serum 50 ml
Fixing solution
Culture medium B (2 per cent foetal bovine serum) Formaldehyde, 40 per cent 100 ml
RPMI 1640 culture medium, supplemented with antibiotics if 490 ml
necessary (penicillin 10 000 IU/ml; streptomycin 10 ng/ml) Acetic acid, glacial 90 ml
L-Glutamine, 200 mM, sterile 5 ml Sodium acetate, anhydrous 8.2 g
Foetal bovine serum 10 ml Water to produce 1000 ml

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 629
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

630 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

5.7. TABLE OF PHYSICAL

CHARACTERISTICS
OF RADIONUCLIDES
MENTIONED IN
THE EUROPEAN
PHARMACOPOEIA
5.7. Table of physical characteristics of radionuclides
mentioned in the European Pharmacopoeia..................... 633

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 631
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

632 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.7. Table of physical characteristics of radionuclides

01/2008:50700 ** PTB (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt,

Braunschweig, Germany),
*** NPL (National Physical Laboratory, Teddington,
5.7. TABLE OF PHYSICAL Middlesex, UK).
CHARACTERISTICS OF The uncertainty of the half-lives are given in parentheses.
RADIONUCLIDES MENTIONED In principle the digits in parentheses are the standard
uncertainty of the corresponding last digits of the
IN THE EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA indicated numerical value (‘Guide to the Expression of
Uncertainty in Measurement’, International Organisation for
The following table is given to complete the general Standardisation (ISO), 1993, ISBN 92-67-10188-9).
monograph Radiopharmaceutical preparations (0125). The following abbreviations are used:
The values are obtained from the database of
eA = Auger electrons,
the National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC) at
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton. N.Y., ce = conversion electrons,
USA, directly accessible via Internet at the address:
‘http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nndc/nudat/radform.html’.
β− = electrons,
In case another source of information is preferred (more
recent values), this source is explicitly mentioned. β+ = positrons,
Other data sources: γ = gamma rays,
* DAMRI (Département des Applications et de la Métrologie
X = X-rays.
des Rayonnements Ionisants, CEA Gif-sur-Yvette, France),
Electronic emission Photon emission

Emission Emission
probabili- probabili-
Radionuclide Half-life Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100 Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100
disintegra- disintegra-
tions) tions)

Tritium (3H) *
12.33 (6) years β
* − *
0.006 (I) (max: 0.019) *
100

Carbon-11 (11C) 20.385 (20) min β+ 0.386 (I) (max: 0.960) 99.8 γ 0.511 199.5 (II)

Nitrogen-13 (13N) 9.965 (4) min β+ 0.492 (I) (max: 1.198) 99.8 γ 0.511 199.6 (II)

Oxygen-15 (15O) 122.24 (16) s β+ 0.735 (I) (max: 1.732) 99.9 γ 0.511 199.8 (II)

Fluorine-18 (18F) 109.77 (5) min β+ 0.250 (I) (max: 0.633) 96.7 γ 0.511 193.5 (II)

Phosphorus-32 (32P) 14.26 (4) days β− 0.695 (I) (max: 1.71) 100

Phosphorus-33 (33P) 25.34 (12) days β− 0.076 (I) (max: 0.249) 100

Sulphur-35 (35S) 87.51 (12) days β− 0.049 (I) (max: 0.167) 100

27.7025 (24) days eA 0.004 67 X 0.005 22.3

Chromium-51 (51Cr)
γ 0.320 9.9

(I) Mean energy of the β spectrum.

(II) Maximum emission probability corresponding to a total annihilation in the source per 100 disintegrations.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 633
5.7. Table of physical characteristics of radionuclides EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Electronic emission Photon emission

Emission Emission
probabili- probabili-
Radionuclide Half-life Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100 Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100
disintegra- disintegra-
tions) tions)

77.27 (3) days eA 0.006 47 X 0.006-0.007 25

β+ 0.179 (I)
0.9 γ 0.511 38.0 (II)
(I)
0.631 18.1 0.847 100.0

1.038 14.1

1.175 2.2

1.238 66.1
Cobalt-56 (56Co)
1.360 4.3

1.771 15.5

2.015 3.0

2.035 7.8

2.598 17.0

3.202 3.1

3.253 7.6

271.79 (9) days eA+ce 0.006-0.007 177.4 X 0.006-0.007 57

ce 0.014 7.4 γ 0.014 9.2

Cobalt-57 (57Co)
0.115 1.8 0.122 85.6

0.129 1.3 0.136 10.7

0.692 0.15

70.86 (7) days eA 0.006 49.4 X 0.006-0.007 26.3

β+ 0.201 (I)
14.9 γ 0.511 29.9 (II)
58
Cobalt-58 ( Co)
0.811 99.4

0.864 0.7

1.675 0.5

5.2714 (5) years β −

0.096 (I)
(max: 0.318) 99.9 γ 1.173 100.0
Cobalt-60 (60Co)
1.333 100.0

(I) Mean energy of the β spectrum.

(II) Maximum emission probability corresponding to a total annihilation in the source per 100 disintegrations.

634 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.7. Table of physical characteristics of radionuclides

Electronic emission Photon emission

Emission Emission
probabili- probabili-
Radionuclide Half-life Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100 Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100
disintegra- disintegra-
tions) tions)

9.49 (7) hours eA 0.008 21 X 0.009-0.010 19.1

β+ 0.157 (I)
1 γ 0.511 112 (II)
(I)
0.331 0.7 0.834 5.9
(I)
0.397 3.8 1.039 37
(I)
0.782 0.3 1.333 1.2
(I)
1.90 50 1.919 2.1

2.190 5.6
Gallium-66 (66Ga)
2.423 1.9

2.752 23.4

3.229 1.5

3.381 1.5

3.792 1.1

4.086 1.3

4.295 4.1

4.807 1.8

3.2612 (6) days eA 0.008 62 X 0.008-0.010 57

ce 0.082-0.084 30.4 γ 0.091-0.093 42.4

0.090-0.092 3.6 0.185 21.2

Gallium-67 (67Ga)
0.175 0.3 0.209 2.4

0.300 16.8

0.394 4.7

0.888 0.15

270.82 (27) days eA 0.008 42.4 X 0.009-0.010 44.1

Germanium-68 (68Ge)
in equilibrium with
Gallium-68 (68Ga) β+ 0.353 (I)
1.2 γ 0.511 178.3
(68Ga: 67.629
(I)
(24) min) 0.836 88.0 1.077 3.0

67.629 (24) min eA 0.008 5.1 X 0.009-0.010 4.7

Gallium-68 (68Ga)
β+ 0.353 (I)
1.2 γ 0.511 178.3
(I)
0.836 88.0 1.077 3.0

13.10 (3) s ce 0.176 26.4 X 0.012-0.014 17.0

Krypton-81m (81mKr) 0.189 4.6

γ 0.190 67.6

(I) Mean energy of the β spectrum.

(II) Maximum emission probability corresponding to a total annihilation in the source per 100 disintegrations.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 635
5.7. Table of physical characteristics of radionuclides EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Electronic emission Photon emission

Emission Emission
probabili- probabili-
Radionuclide Half-life Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100 Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100
disintegra- disintegra-
tions) tions)

4.576 (5) hours eA 0.011 31.3 X 0.013-0.014 57.2

ce 0.176 25.0 γ 0.190 64

Rubidium-81 (81Rb) 0.188 4.3 0.446 23.2

in equilibrium with
Krypton-81m (81mKr) 0.457 3.0

β+ 0.253 (I)
1.8 0.510 5.3
(I)
0.447 25.0 0.511 54.2

(81mKr: 13.10 (3) s) 0.538 2.2

50.53 (7) days β− 0.583 (I) (max: 1.492) 99.99 γ 0.909 0.01
Strontium-89 (89Sr)
in equilibrium with
Yttrium-89m (89mY)
(89mY: 16.06 (4) s)

28.74 (4) years β− 0.196 (I) (max: 0.546) 100

Strontium-90 (90Sr)
in equilibrium with
Yttrium-90 (90Y)
(90Y: 64.10 (8) hours)

64.10 (8) hours β− 0.934 (I) (max: 2.280) 100

Yttrium-90 (90Y)

65.94 (1) hours β− 0.133 (I)

16.4 X 0.018-0.021 3.6
(I)
0.290 1.1

0.443 (I)
82.4 γ 0.041 1.1
99
Molybdene-99 ( Mo)
0.141 4.5
in equilibrium with
Technetium-99m 0.181 6
(99mTc)
0.366 1.2

(99mTc: 6.01 (1) hours) 0.740 12.1

0.778 4.3

6.01 (1) hours ce 0.002 74 X 0.018-0.021 7.3

eA 0.015 2.1 γ 0.141 89.1

Technetium-99m
(99mTc)

ce 0.120 9.4

0.137-0.140 1.3

2.11 × 105 years β− 0.085 (I) (max: 0.294) 100

Technetium-99 (99Tc)

(I) Mean energy of the β spectrum.

(II) Maximum emission probability corresponding to a total annihilation in the source per 100 disintegrations.

636 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.7. Table of physical characteristics of radionuclides

Electronic emission Photon emission

Emission Emission
probabili- probabili-
Radionuclide Half-life Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100 Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100
disintegra- disintegra-
tions) tions)

39.26 (2) days eA+ce 0.017 12 X 0.020-0.023 9.0

Ruthenium-103 (103Ru) ce γ
0.030-0.039 88.3 0.497 91
in equilibrium with
Rhodium-103m 0.610 5.8
(103mRh)
β −
0.031 (I)
6.6
(103mRh:
(I)
56.114 (20) min) 0.064 92.2

4.9 (1) hours eA 0.019 13.4 X 0.023-0.026 70.5

γ 0.642 25.9

Indium-110 (110In) 0.658 98.3

0.885 92.9

0.938 68.4

0.997 10.5

69.1 (5) min eA 0.019 5.3 X 0.023-0.026 27.8

Indium-110m (110mIn) β+ 1.015 (I)

61 γ 0.511 123.4 (II)

0.658 97.8

2.129 2.1

2.8047 (5) days eA 0.019 15.6 X 0.003 6.9

0.023-0.026 82.3

ce 0.145 7.8
Indium-111 (111In)
0.167-0.171 1.3 γ 0.171 90.2

0.219 4.9 0.245 94.0

0.241-0.245 1.0

49.51 (1) days ce 0.162 40 X 0.023-0.027 36.3

0.186-0.190 40
Indium-114m (114mIn)
in equilibrium with γ 0.190 15.6
Indium-114 (114In)
β
* −
0.777 (I) (max: 1.985) 95 0.558 3.2

(114In: 71.9 (1) s) 0.725 3.2

154.0 (7) days eA 0.003 88.0 X 0.026-0.031 50.5

0.022-0.023 7.4
Tellurium-121m
γ 0.212 81.4
(121mTe)
in equilibrium with ce 0.050 33.2 1.102 2.5
Tellure-121 (121Te)
(121Te: 19.16 (5) days) 0.077 40.0

0.180 6.1

(I) Mean energy of the β spectrum.

(II) Maximum emission probability corresponding to a total annihilation in the source per 100 disintegrations.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 637
5.7. Table of physical characteristics of radionuclides EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Electronic emission Photon emission

Emission Emission
probabili- probabili-
Radionuclide Half-life Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100 Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100
disintegra- disintegra-
tions) tions)
**
19.16 (5) days eA 0.022 11.6 X 0.026-0.030 75.6

Tellurium-121 (121Te) γ 0.470 1.4

0.508 17.7

0.573 80.3

13.27 (8) hours eA 0.023 12.3 X 0.004 9.3

0.027-0.031 86.6

ce 0.127 13.6

0.154 1.8 γ 0.159 83.3

Iodine-123 (123I) 0.158 0.4 0.346 0.1

0.440 0.4

0.505 0.3

0.529 1.4

0.538 0.4

59.402 (14) days eA+ce 0.004 80 X 0.004 15.5

0.023-0.035 33 0.027 114

Iodine-125 (125I) 0.031 26

γ 0.035 6.7

13.11 (5) days eA 0.023 6 X 0.027-0.031 42.2

ce 0.354 0.5 γ 0.388 34

0.634 0.1 0.491 2.9

0.511 2.3 (II)

Iodine-126 (126I)
β− 0.109 (I)
3.6 0.666 33
(I)
0.290 32.1 0.754 4.2
(I)
0.459 8.0 0.880 0.8

1.420 0.3

β+ 0.530 (I)
1

(I) Mean energy of the β spectrum.

(II) Maximum emission probability corresponding to a total annihilation in the source per 100 disintegrations.

638 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.7. Table of physical characteristics of radionuclides

Electronic emission Photon emission

Emission Emission
probabili- probabili-
Radionuclide Half-life Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100 Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100
disintegra- disintegra-
tions) tions)

8.02070 (11) days ce 0.46 3.5 X 0.029-0.030 3.9

0.330 1.6

γ 0.080 2.6

Iodine-131 (131I) β −
0.069 (I)
2.1 0.284 6.1
(I)
0.097 7.3 0.365 81.7
(I)
0.192 89.9 0.637 7.2

0.723 1.8

11.84 (7) days eA 0.025 6.8 X 0.004 8.3

0.030 44.0

Xenon-131m ( 131m
Xe) ce 0.129 61 0.034 10.2

0.159 28.5

0.163 8.3 γ 0.164 2.0

20.8 (1) hours β− 0.140 (I)

3.8 γ 0.530 87
133
Iodine-133 ( I) 0.162 (I)
3.2 0.875 4.5
(decays to radioactive
(I)
Xenon-133) 0.299 4.2 1.298 2.4
(I)
0.441 83

5.243 (1) days eA 0.026 5.8 X 0.004 6.3

0.031 40.3

ce 0.045 55.1 0.035 9.4

Xenon-133 (133Xe)
0.075-0.080 9.9

γ 0.080 38.3

β− 0.101 (I)
99.0

2.19 (1) days eA 0.025 7 X 0.004 7.8

0.030 45.9
Xenon-133m (133mXe)
(decays to radioactive ce 0.199 64.0 0.034 10.6
Xenon-133)
0.228 20.7

0.232 4.6 γ 0.233 10.0

(I) Mean energy of the β spectrum.

(II) Maximum emission probability corresponding to a total annihilation in the source per 100 disintegrations.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 639
5.7. Table of physical characteristics of radionuclides EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Electronic emission Photon emission

Emission Emission
probabili- probabili-
Radionuclide Half-life Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100 Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100
disintegra- disintegra-
tions) tions)

6.57 (2) hours β− 0.140 (I)

7.4 γ *
0.527 13.8
(I)
0.237 8 0.547 7.2
(I)
0.307 8.8 0.837 6.7

0.352 (I)
21.9 1.039 8.0
Iodine-135 (135I)
(I)
(decays to radioactive 0.399 8 1.132 22.7
Xenon-135)
(I)
0.444 7.5 1.260 28.9

0.529 (I)
23.8 1.458 8.7

1.678 9.6

1.791 7.8

9.14 (2) hours ce 0.214 5.5 X 0.031-0.035 5.0

Xenon-135 (135Xe)
β− 0.171 3.1 γ 0.250 90.2

0.308 96.0 0.608 2.9

30.04 (3) years eA 0.026 0.8 X 0.005 1

0.032-0.036 7

ce 0.624 8.0
Caesium-137 (137Cs)
in equilibrium with 0.656 1.4 γ 0.662 85.1
Barium-137m (137mBa)

β− 0.174 (I)
94.4

(137mBa: 2.552 (1) min) 0.416 (I)

5.6

26.1 (1) hours ce 0.285 3.4 X 0.010 32.0

0.353 1.4 0.069-0.071 63.3

0.08 17.5

β+ 0.495 (I)
0.3

γ 0.368 87.2

0.579 13.8
Thallium-200 (200Tl)
0.828 10.8

1.206 29.9

1.226 3.4

1.274 3.3

1.363 3.4

1.515 4.0

(I) Mean energy of the β spectrum.

(II) Maximum emission probability corresponding to a total annihilation in the source per 100 disintegrations.

640 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.7. Table of physical characteristics of radionuclides

Electronic emission Photon emission

Emission Emission
probabili- probabili-
Radionuclide Half-life Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100 Type Energy (MeV) ty (per 100
disintegra- disintegra-
tions) tions)

9.33 (3) hours eA 0.055 3 X 0.070-0.073 69

0.083 19

ce 0.246 8.5

0.276 2 γ 0.331 79

0.316 2.3 0.361 9.9

0.406 2.0
201
Lead-201 ( Pb) 0.585 3.6
(decays to radioactive
Thallium-201) 0.692 4.3

0.767 3.2

0.826 2.4

0.908 5.7

0.946 7.9

1.099 1.8

1.277 1.6

72.912 (17) hours ce 0.016-0.017 17.7 X 0.010 46.0

0.027-0.029 4.1 0.069-0.071 73.7

0.052 7.2 0.080 20.4

Thallium-201 (201Tl)
0.084 15.4

0.153 2.6 γ 0.135 2.6

0,167 10.0

12.23 (2) days eA 0.054 2.8 X 0.010 31.0

0.069-0.071 61.6
202
Thallium-202 ( Tl) ce 0.357 2.4 0.080 17.1

γ 0.440 91.4

51.873 (9) hours eA 0.055 3.0 X 0.010 37.0

0.071-0.073 69.6

ce 0.194 13.3 0.083 19.4

Lead-203 (203Pb)

γ 0.279 80.8

0.401 3.4

(I) Mean energy of the β spectrum.

(II) Maximum emission probability corresponding to a total annihilation in the source per 100 disintegrations.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 641
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

642 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

5.8. PHARMACOPOEIAL
HARMONISATION
5.8. Pharmacopoeial harmonisation.. ................................... 645

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 643
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

644 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.8. Pharmacopoeial harmonisation

01/2008:50800 Work on harmonisation is carried out by a well-defined but

informal process in the Pharmacopoeial Discussion Group
(PDG), in which the European Pharmacopoeia, the Japanese
5.8. PHARMACOPOEIAL Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopoeia are
associated. Information will be given in subsequent revised
HARMONISATION versions of this general chapter on items that have been
dealt with by the PDG.
This general chapter is included for guidance of users. Where harmonisation of general chapters is carried out, the
It provides information on the degree of harmonisation aim is to arrive at interchangeable methods or requirements
and consequently interchangeability of various general so that demonstration of compliance using a general chapter
chapters and monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia from one of the three pharmacopoeias implies that the same
and those of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia and United result would be obtained using the general chapter of either
States Pharmacopoeia. The chapter does not affect in any of the other pharmacopoeias. If residual differences remain
way the status of the monographs and general chapters as in harmonised general chapters, information will be given in
the authoritative reference in any case of doubt or dispute subsequent versions of this general chapter.
where compliance with the European Pharmacopoeia is
Where harmonisation of monographs is carried out, the aim
required.
is to arrive at identical requirements for all attributes of a
The European Pharmacopoeia Commission recognises the product. For some products, it can be extremely difficult to
utility of working with other pharmacopoeial bodies to achieve complete harmonisation, for example because of
develop harmonised monographs and general chapters. differences in legal status and interpretation. It has therefore
Such harmonisation is fully compatible with the declared appeared to the PDG worthwhile to approve and publish
aims of the Commission and has benefits of different monographs in which as many attributes as possible are
kinds, notably the simplification and rationalisation of harmonised. Information on any non-harmonised attributes
quality control methods and licensing procedures. Such will be included in subsequent versions of this general
harmonisation also enhances the benefits of the work of the chapter.
International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) and the The three Pharmacopoeias have undertaken not to make
Veterinary International Co-operation on Harmonisation unilateral changes to harmonised monographs and general
(VICH) since some of the guidelines developed depend on chapters but rather to apply the agreed revision procedure
pharmacopoeial general chapters for their application. whereby all partners adopt a revision simultaneously.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 645
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

646 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

5.9. POLYMORPHISM
5.9. Polymorphism..................................................................... 649

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 647
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

648 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.9. Polymorphism

01/2008:50900 one phase to another is a univariate equilibrium, so that at

a given pressure this state is characterised by a transition
5.9. POLYMORPHISM temperature. However, if only one of the forms is stable over
the entire temperature range, the change is irreversible or
Polymorphism (or crystal polymorphism) is a phenomenon monotropic.
related to the solid state ; it is the ability of a compound in
the solid state to exist in different crystalline forms having Different crystalline forms or solvates may be produced by
the same chemical composition. Substances that exist in a varying the crystallisation conditions (temperature, pressure,
non-crystalline solid state are said to be amorphous. solvent, concentration, rate of crystallisation, seeding of
the crystallisation medium, presence and concentration of
When this phenomenon is observed for a chemical element impurities, etc.).
(for example, sulphur), the term allotropy is used instead
of polymorphism. The following techniques may be used to study
The term pseudopolymorphism is used to describe solvates polymorphism :
(including hydrates), where a solvent is present in the crystal — X-ray diffraction of powders (2.9.33),
matrix in stoichiometric proportions ; the term may also be — X-ray diffraction of single crystals,
extended to include compounds where the solvent is trapped
in the matrix in variable proportions. However the term — thermal analysis (2.2.34) (differential scanning
pseudopolymorphism is ambiguous because of its use in calorimetry, thermogravimetry, thermomicroscopy),
different circumstances. It is therefore preferable to use only — microcalorimetry,
the terms “solvates” and “hydrates”.
— moisture absorption analysis,
Where a monograph indicates that a substance shows
polymorphism, this may be true crystal polymorphism, — optical and electronic microscopy,
occurrence of solvates, allotropy or occurrence of the — solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance,
amorphous form.
— infrared absorption spectrophotometry (2.2.24),
The identity of chemical composition implies that all
crystalline and amorphous forms of a given species have — Raman spectrometry (2.2.48),
the same chemical behaviour in solution or as a melt ; in — measurement of solubility and intrinsic dissolution rate,
contrast, their physico-chemical and physical characteristics
(solubility, hardness, compressibility, density, melting point, — density measurement.
etc.), and therefore their reactivity and bioavailability may These techniques are often complementary and it is
be different at the solid state. indispensable to use several of them.
When a compound shows polymorphism, the form for Pressure/temperature and energy/temperature diagrams
which the free enthalpy is lowest at a given temperature based on analytical data are valuable tools for fully
and pressure is the most thermodynamically stable. The understanding the energetic relationship (enantiotropism,
other forms are said to be in a metastable state. At normal monotropism) and the thermodynamic stability of the
temperature and pressure, a metastable form may remain individual modifications of a polymorphic compound.
unchanged or may change to a thermodynamically more
stable form. For solvates, differential scanning calorimetry and
thermogravimetry are preferable, combined with
If there are several crystalline forms, one form is measurements of solubility, intrinsic dissolution rate and
thermodynamically more stable at a given temperature and X-ray diffraction.
pressure. A given crystalline form may constitute a phase
that can reach equilibrium with other solid phases and with For hydrates, water sorption/desorption isotherms are
the liquid and gas phases. determined to demonstrate the zones of relative stability.
If each crystalline form is the more stable within a given In general, hydrates are less soluble in water than anhydrous
temperature range, the change from one form to another is forms, and likewise solvates are less soluble in their solvent
reversible and is said to be enantiotropic. The change from than unsolvated forms.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 649
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

650 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

5.10. CONTROL
OF IMPURITIES IN
SUBSTANCES FOR
PHARMACEUTICAL USE
5.10. Control of impurities in substances for pharmaceutical
use............................................................................................... 653

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 651
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

652 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.10. Impurities in substances for pharmaceutical use

01/2008:51000 organic and inorganic impurities that are relevant in view

of the sources of active substances in authorised medicinal
5.10. CONTROL OF IMPURITIES products.
IN SUBSTANCES FOR Control of residual solvents is provided by the general
monograph Substances for pharmaceutical use (2034) and
PHARMACEUTICAL USE general chapter 5.4. Residual solvents. The certificate of
suitability of a monograph of the European Pharmacopoeia
Preamble
for a given source of a substance indicates the residual
The monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia on solvents that are controlled together with the specified
substances for pharmaceutical use are designed to ensure acceptance criteria and the validated control method where
acceptable quality for users. The role of the Pharmacopoeia this differs from those described in general chapter 2.4.24.
in public health protection requires that adequate control Identification and control of residual solvents.
of impurities be provided by monographs. The quality
required is based on scientific, technical and regulatory Monographs on organic chemicals usually have a test
considerations. entitled “Related substances” that covers relevant organic
impurities. This test may be supplemented by specific tests
Requirements concerning impurities are given in specific where the general test does not control a given impurity
monographs and in the general monograph Substances or where there are particular reasons (for example, safety
for pharmaceutical use (2034). Specific monographs reasons) for requiring special control.
and the general monograph are complementary : specific
monographs prescribe acceptance criteria for impurities Where a monograph has no Related substances (or
whereas the general monograph deals with the need for equivalent) test but only specific tests, the user of a
qualification, identification and reporting of any organic substance must nevertheless ensure that there is suitable
impurities that occur in active substances. control of organic impurities ; those occurring above the
identification threshold are to be identified (wherever
The thresholds for reporting, identification and qualification
possible) and, unless justified, those occurring above
contained in the general monograph Substances for
the qualification threshold are to be qualified (see also
pharmaceutical use (2034) apply to all related substances.
under Recommendations to users of monographs of active
However, if a monograph does not contain a related
substances).
substances test based on a quantitative method, any new
impurities occurring above a threshold may be overlooked Where the monograph covers substances with different
since the test is not capable to detect those impurities. impurity profiles, it may have a single related substances test
The provisions of the Related substances section of the to cover all impurities mentioned in the Impurities section or
general monograph Substances for pharmaceutical several tests may be necessary to give control of all known
use (2034), notably those concerning thresholds, do not profiles. Compliance may be established by carrying out
apply to excipients ; also excluded from the provisions only the tests relevant to the known impurity profile for the
of this section are : biological and biotechnological source of the substance.
products ; peptides ; oligonucleotides ; radiopharmaceuticals ; Instructions for control of impurities may be included in
fermentation products and semisynthetic products derived the Production section of a monograph, for example where
therefrom ; herbal products and crude products of animal and the only analytical method appropriate for the control of
plant origin. Although the thresholds stated in the general a given impurity is to be performed by the manufacturer
monograph do not apply, the general concepts of reporting, since the method is too technically complex for general use
identification (wherever possible) and qualification of or cannot be applied to the final drug substance and/or
impurities are equally valid for these classes. where validation of the production process (including the
Basis for the elaboration of monographs of the European purification step) will give sufficient control.
Pharmacopoeia Impurities section in monographs on active substances
European Pharmacopoeia monographs are elaborated on The Impurities section in a monograph includes impurities
substances that are present in medicinal products that have (chemical structure and name wherever possible), which are
been authorised by the competent authorities of Parties to usually organic, that are known to be detected by the tests
the European Pharmacopoeia Convention. Consequently, prescribed in the monograph. It is based on information
these monographs do not necessarily cover all sources of available at the time of elaboration or revision of the
substances for pharmaceutical use on the world market. monograph and is not necessarily exhaustive. The section
Organic and inorganic impurities present in those substances includes specified impurities and, where so indicated, other
that have been evaluated by the competent authorities are detectable impurities.
qualified with respect to safety at the maximum authorised Specified impurities have an acceptance criterion not
content (at the maximum daily dose) unless new safety data greater than that authorised by the competent authorities.
that become available following evaluation justify lower
Other detectable impurities are potential impurities with
limits.
a defined structure but not known to be normally present
European Pharmacopoeia monographs on substances above the identification threshold in substances used
for pharmaceutical use are elaborated by groups of in medicinal products that have been authorised by the
experts and working parties collaborating with national competent authorities of Parties to the Convention. They are
pharmacopoeia authorities, the competent authorities for given in the Impurities section for information.
marketing authorisation, national control laboratories and
the European Pharmacopoeia laboratory ; they are also Where an impurity other than a specified impurity is found in
assisted by the producers of the substances and/or the an active substance it is the responsibility of the user of the
pharmaceutical manufacturers that use these substances. substance to check whether it has to be identified/qualified,
depending on its content, nature, maximum daily dose
Control of impurities in substances for pharmaceutical use and relevant identification/qualification threshold, in
The quality with respect to impurities is controlled by a set of accordance with the general monograph on Substances for
tests within a monograph. These tests are intended to cover pharmaceutical use (2034), Related substances section.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 653
5.10. Impurities in substances for pharmaceutical use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

It should be noted that specific thresholds are applied to Where a single related substances test covers different
substances exclusively for veterinary use. impurity profiles, only impurities for the known profile
Interpretation of the test for related substances in the from a single source need to be reported in the certificate
monographs on active substances of analysis unless the marketing authorisation holder uses
active substances with different impurity profiles.
A specific monograph on a substance for pharmaceutical use Identification of impurities (peak assignment)
is to be read and interpreted in conjunction with the general Where a monograph has an individual limit for an impurity,
monograph on Substances for pharmaceutical use (2034). it is often necessary to define means of identification, for
Where a general acceptance criterion for impurities example using a reference substance, a representative
(“any other impurity”, “other impurities”, “any impurity”) chromatogram or relative retention. The user of the
equivalent to a nominal content greater than the applicable substance may find it necessary to identify impurities other
identification threshold (see the general monograph on than those for which the monograph provides a means of
Substances for pharmaceutical use (2034)) is prescribed, identification, for example to check the suitability of the
this is valid only for specified impurities mentioned in the specification for a given impurity profile by comparison
Impurities section. The need for identification (wherever with the Impurities section. The European Pharmacopoeia
possible), reporting, specification and qualification of does not provide reference substances, representative
other impurities that occur must be considered according chromatograms or information on relative retentions for this
to the requirements of the general monograph. It is the purpose, unless prescribed in the monograph. Users will
responsibility of the user of the substance to determine therefore have to apply the available scientific techniques
the validity of the acceptance criteria for impurities not for identification.
mentioned in the Impurities section and for those indicated New impurities/Specified impurities above the specified
as other detectable impurities. limit
Where a new manufacturing process or change in an
Acceptance criteria for the related substances test are established process leads to the occurrence of a new
presented in different ways in existing monographs ; the impurity, it is necessary to apply the provisions of the
decision tree (Figure 5.10.-1) may be used as an aid in general monograph on Substances for pharmaceutical
the interpretation of general acceptance criteria and their use (2034) regarding identification and qualification and
relation with the Impurities section of the monograph. to verify the suitability of the monograph for control of the
General acceptance criteria for “other” impurities are impurity. A certificate of suitability is a means for confirming
expressed in various ways in the monographs : “any other for a substance from a given source that the new impurity is
impurity”, “other impurities”, “any impurity”, “any spot”, adequately controlled or the certificate contains a method
“any band”, etc. The general acceptance criteria may apply to for control with a defined acceptance criterion. In the latter
certain specified impurities only or to unspecified impurities case revision of the monograph will be initiated.
and certain specified impurities, depending on the nature Where a new manufacturing process or change in an
of the active substance and the applicable identification established process leads to the occurrence of a specified
threshold. Pending editorial adaptation of already published impurity above the specified limit, it is necessary to apply
monographs using unequivocal terminology, the decision the provisions of the general monograph on Substances for
tree (Figure 5.10.-1) may be used to determine the acceptance pharmaceutical use (2034) regarding qualification.
criterion to be applied. Chromatographic methods
Recommendations to users of monographs of active General chapter 2.2.46. Chromatographic separation
substances techniques deals with various aspects of impurities control.
Monographs give a specification for suitable quality of Information is available via the EDQM website on commercial
substances with impurity profiles corresponding to those names for columns and other reagents and equipment found
taken into account during elaboration and/or revision of suitable during monograph development, where this is
the monograph. It is the responsibility of the user of the considered useful.
substance to check that the monograph provides adequate GLOSSARY
control of impurities for a substance for pharmaceutical
use from a given source, notably by using the procedure Disregard limit : in chromatographic tests, the nominal
for certification of suitability of the monographs of the content at or below which peaks/signals are not taken into
European Pharmacopoeia. account for calculating a sum of impurities. The numerical
values for the disregard limit and the reporting threshold
A monograph with a related substances test based on a are usually the same.
quantitative method (such as liquid chromatography, gas Identification threshold : a limit above which an impurity is
chromatography and capillary electrophoresis) provides to be identified.
adequate control of impurities for a substance from a given
source if impurities present in amounts above the applicable Identified impurity : an impurity for which structural
identification threshold are specified impurities mentioned characterisation has been achieved.
in the Impurities section. Impurity : any component of a substance for pharmaceutical
use that is not the chemical entity defined as the substance.
If the substance contains impurities other than those
mentioned in the Impurities section, it has to be verified that Nominal concentration : concentration calculated on the
these impurities are detectable by the method described basis of the concentration of the prescribed reference and
in the monograph, otherwise a new method must be taking account of the prescribed correction factor.
developed and revision of the monograph must be requested. Other detectable impurities : potential impurities with a
Depending on the contents found and the limits proposed, defined structure that are known to be detected by the tests
the identification and/or the qualification of these impurities in a monograph but not known to be normally present
must be considered. above the identification threshold in substances used

654 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.10. Impurities in substances for pharmaceutical use

Figure 5.10.-1. – Decision tree for interpretation of general acceptance criteria for “other” impurities in monographs

in medicinal products that have been authorised by the competent authorities of Parties to the Convention, it will be
competent authorities of Parties to the Convention. They included in the Impurities section under Other detectable
are unspecified impurities and are thus limited by a general impurities for information.
acceptance criterion. Qualification : the process of acquiring and evaluating
Potential impurity : an impurity that theoretically can arise data that establishes the biological safety of an individual
during manufacture or storage. It may or may not actually impurity or a given impurity profile at the level(s) specified.
appear in the substance. Where a potential impurity is Qualification threshold : a limit above which an impurity
known to be detected by the tests in a monograph but is to be qualified.
not known to be normally present in substances used
in medicinal products that have been authorised by the Related substances : title used in monographs for general
tests for organic impurities.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 655
5.10. Impurities in substances for pharmaceutical use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Reporting threshold : a limit above which an impurity is to Unidentified impurity : an impurity for which a structural
be reported. Synonym : reporting level. characterisation has not been achieved and that is defined
Specified impurity : an impurity that is individually solely by qualitative analytical properties (for example,
listed and limited with a specific acceptance criterion in a relative retention).
monograph. A specified impurity can be either identified or Unspecified impurity : an impurity that is limited by a
unidentified. general acceptance criterion and not individually listed with
its own specific acceptance criterion.

656 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

5.11. CHARACTERS
SECTION IN MONOGRAPHS
5.11. Characters section in monographs.. ............................ 659

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 657
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

658 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.11. Characters section in monographs

01/2008:51100 Mount a few particles of the substance to be examined in

mineral oil on a clean glass slide. Examine under a polarising
5.11. CHARACTERS SECTION IN microscope. Crystalline particles exhibit birefringence and
extinction positions when the microscope stage is revolved.
MONOGRAPHS
SOLUBILITY
The General Notices indicate that the statements included For this test a maximum of 111 mg of substance (for each
in the Characters section are not to be interpreted in a strict solvent) and a maximum of 30 ml of each solvent are
sense and are not requirements. For information of users, necessary.
the methods recommended to authors of monographs as the
basis for statements concerning hygroscopicity, crystallinity Dissolving procedure
and solubility are given below. Shake vigorously for 1 min and place in a constant
temperature device, maintained at a temperature of
HYGROSCOPICITY 25.0 ± 0.5 °C for 15 min. If the substance is not completely
This method is to be carried out on a substance that complies dissolved, repeat the shaking for 1 min and place the tube in
with the test for loss on drying or water content of the the constant temperature device for 15 min.
monograph. The method gives an indication of the degree of Method
hygroscopicity rather than a true determination.
Weigh 100 mg of finely powdered substance (90) (2.9.12) in
Use a glass weighing vessel 50 mm in external diameter a stoppered tube (16 mm in internal diameter and 160 mm
and 15 mm high. Weigh the vessel and stopper (m1). Place long), add 0.1 ml of the solvent and proceed as described
the amount of substance prescribed for the test for loss under Dissolving Procedure. If the substance is completely
on drying or water in the vessel and weigh (m2). Place the dissolved, it is very soluble.
unstoppered vessel in a desiccator at 25 °C containing a
saturated solution of ammonium chloride or ammonium If the substance is not completely dissolved, add 0.9 ml
sulphate or place it in a climatic cabinet set at 25 ± 1 °C and of the solvent and proceed as described under Dissolving
80 ± 2 per cent relative humidity. Allow to stand for 24 h. Procedure. If the substance is completely dissolved, it is
Stopper the weighing vessel and weigh (m3). freely soluble.
Calculate the percentage increase in mass using the If the substance is not completely dissolved, add 2.0 ml
expression : of the solvent and proceed as described under Dissolving
Procedure. If the substance is completely dissolved, it is
soluble.
If the substance is not completely dissolved, add 7.0 ml
The result is interpreted as follows : of the solvent and proceed as described under Dissolving
Procedure. If the substance is completely dissolved, it is
— deliquescent : sufficient water is absorbed to form a liquid, sparingly soluble.
— very hygroscopic : increase in mass is equal to or greater If the substance is not completely dissolved, weigh 10 mg
than 15 per cent, of finely powdered substance (90) (2.9.12) in a stoppered
— hygroscopic : increase in mass is less than 15 per cent tube, add 10.0 ml of the solvent and proceed as described
and equal to or greater than 2 per cent, under Dissolving Procedure. If the substance is completely
— slightly hygroscopic : increase in mass is less than 2 per dissolved, it is slightly soluble.
cent and equal to or greater than 0.2 per cent. If the substance is not completely dissolved, weigh 1 mg
of finely powdered substance (90) (2.9.12) in a stoppered
CRYSTALLINITY tube, add 10.0 ml of the solvent and proceed as described
This method is employed to establish the crystalline or under Dissolving Procedure. If the substance is completely
amorphous nature of a substance. dissolved, it is very slightly soluble.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 659
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

660 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

5.12. REFERENCE
STANDARDS
5.12. Reference standards........................................................ 663

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 661
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

662 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.12. Reference standards

01/2008:51200 Reference Material (RM). A material or substance, one or

more of whose property values are sufficiently homogeneous
5.12. REFERENCE STANDARDS and well established to be used for the calibration of an
apparatus, the assessment of a measurement method, or for
This chapter is published for information. assigning values to materials.
1. INTRODUCTION Certified Reference Material (CRM). A reference material,
‘Reference standard’ is used in this chapter as a general term accompanied by a certificate, one or more of whose property
covering reference substances, reference preparations and values are certified by a procedure that establishes its
reference spectra. traceability to an accurate realisation of the unit in which the
Reference standards are frequently necessary to achieve property values are expressed, and for which each certified
adequate quality control of substances for pharmaceutical value is accompanied by an uncertainty at a stated level of
use and pharmaceutical preparations. confidence.
Reference standards are established using suitable NOTE : pharmacopoeial reference standards are to be
procedures and their continued suitability for use is distinguished from reference materials and certified
monitored according to a predefined programme. Where reference materials, which may be used in several contexts
a reference standard is needed, it is an integral part of using a variety of analytical techniques for quantitative
the pharmacopoeial monograph or the manufacturer’s purposes. The use of reference materials is required or
specification. Where a European Pharmacopoeia reference recommended in a number of monographs and general
standard is referred to in a monograph or general chapter, chapters of the pharmacopoeia, notably for calibration or
it represents the official standard that is alone authoritative verification of satisfactory performance of instruments.
in case of doubt or dispute. The specificity of pharmacopoeial reference standards
Reference materials and certified reference materials are has been officially recognised in the introduction of ISO
defined below but are not otherwise dealt with in this Guide 34 - General requirements for the competence of
chapter. reference material producers - (Second Edition 2000) :
In several parts of the chapter, detailed information is given “Pharmacopoeia standards and substances are established
for chemical reference substances but not for biological and distributed by pharmacopoeia authorities following the
reference preparations. The general principles given apply general principle of this guide. It should be noted, however,
to the latter, but in view of their heterogeneous nature and that a different approach is used by the pharmacopoeia
frequently their complexity compared to chemical reference authorities to give the user the information provided by
substances, detailed information on their use, establishment the certificate of analysis and the expiration dates. Also,
and the re-test programmes applied is not included. For the uncertainty of their assigned values is not stated
peptide and protein reference standards, a specific approach since it is negligible in relation to the defined limits of the
is used for certain aspects, notably the establishment of method-specific assays of the pharmacopoeias for which
an assigned content ; this chapter does not deal with that they are used.”
approach.
3. USE OF REFERENCE STANDARDS
2. TERMINOLOGY Reference standards are employed in the identification,
Primary standard. A standard shown to have suitable purity testing and assay of substances for pharmaceutical
properties for the intended use, the demonstration of use and pharmaceutical preparations. Reference standards
suitability being made without comparison to an existing are shown to be suitable for their intended purpose ; they are
standard. not necessarily suitable for other purposes. If a reference
Secondary standard. A standard established by comparison standard is to be used for any purpose other than that for
with a primary standard. which it has been established, its suitability for the new
International standard. An international standard is a use has to be fully demonstrated. Any value assigned to a
primary standard that defines an International Unit. The reference standard is valid for the intended use and not
equivalence in International Units of an international necessarily for other uses.
standard is stated by the World Health Organisation. A European Pharmacopoeia reference standard with an
European Pharmacopoeia reference standard. A reference assigned content/potency for use in the assay of a substance
standard established under the aegis of and approved by the for pharmaceutical use may be suitable to determine the
European Pharmacopoeia Commission. content of that substance in a pharmaceutical preparation
where all the following conditions are fulfilled :
European Pharmacopoeia Chemical Reference Substance
(CRS). A substance or mixture of substances intended — the chromatographic assay method described in the active
for use as stated in a monograph or general chapter of substance monograph is employed ;
the European Pharmacopoeia. European Pharmacopoeia — the user verifies the applicability of the method to
Chemical Reference Substances are primary standards, the particular pharmaceutical preparation (absence of
except for those (notably antibiotics) that are calibrated interference) ;
in International Units. The latter are secondary standards
— any pre-treatment of the sample (e.g. extraction) is
traceable to the international standard.
validated for the particular pharmaceutical preparation ;
European Pharmacopoeia Biological Reference
Preparation (BRP). A substance or mixture of substances — the use is approved by the competent authority.
intended for use as stated in a monograph or general Reference standards are also established for the
chapter of the European Pharmacopoeia. European determination of the content of components of herbal
Pharmacopoeia Biological Reference Preparations are either drugs and herbal drug preparations. These may be : the
secondary standards calibrated in International Units or active principles themselves ; marker constituents used for
primary standards, which may be used to define a European quantification ; or extracts. Reference standards consisting
Pharmacopoeia Unit. Other assigned values may also be of extracts are established using well-characterised samples
used, for example, virus titre, or number of bacteria. of active principles or marker constituents.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 663
5.12. Reference standards EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

It is the policy of the European Pharmacopoeia to supply An establishment report for the reference standard is
reference standards in adequate quantities for immediate prepared and approved by the qualified person.
use after opening of the container. Use in other conditions 4-2. EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA REFERENCE
is the responsibility of the analyst. If an unopened container STANDARDS
is stored in the recommended conditions, it remains suitable
The candidate standards are tested against a wide variety of
for use as long as it is of the current batch. Information
analytical methods. The extent of testing and the number of
on current batch numbers is provided in the reference
laboratories involved depends on the use of the reference
standards catalogue available from the European Directorate
standard. Compliance with the relevant monograph is
for the Quality of Medicines (Council of Europe). Storage of
usually required, unless otherwise justified.
solutions of reference standards is not recommended unless
suitability has been demonstrated by the user. Where a collaborative trial is carried out during
Secondary standards. A secondary standard may be used establishment, a protocol is provided for each participant
for routine quality control purposes for any of the uses and only valid results derived according to the protocol
described above for primary standards, provided that it are used for establishing an assigned value or otherwise
is established with reference to the primary standard. A confirming suitability.
secondary standard is established and employed to reduce For chemical reference substances, relevant parts of the
the use of the primary standard, which requires more following programme are typically applied.
extensive characterisation and evaluation and may be 4-2-1. Identification. In general, a batch selected from the
available only in a limited quantity. A secondary standard is normal production of the substance is satisfactory. It is
used only for the same purpose as the primary standard with shown to comply with the requirements of the monograph ;
reference to which it has been established. full structural elucidation is carried out for the first batch.
4. ESTABLISHMENT OF REFERENCE STANDARDS 4-2-2. Related substances test. A reference standard
4-1. PRIMARY STANDARD corresponding to an impurity is characterised for identity
A substance or preparation to be established as a primary and purity. Where a reference standard is used to determine
standard is characterised by a variety of analytical techniques the content of a given impurity, the preferred minimum
chosen to demonstrate its suitability for use. content is 95.0 per cent ; where this is achieved no assigned
value is given, the content being considered as 100.0 per
For substances for pharmaceutical use and their impurities, cent ; this approximation is acceptable since there will be no
relevant parts of the following test programme are usually appreciable effect on the determination of impurities. When
applied. this minimum content cannot be obtained, the standard has
— Characterisation of the substance (structural elucidation) an assigned content.
by appropriate chemical attributes such as structural If an impurity is not available in a sufficient quantity to
formula, empirical formula and molecular weight. A establish a reference standard, a number of other options
number of techniques may be used including: exist :
— nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry ; — preparation of a reference standard that contains
— mass spectrometry ; a mixture of the compound(s) and the impurity or
— infrared spectrophotometry ; impurities ;
— elemental analysis. — preparation of a reference standard containing a mixture
— Determination of the purity : of specified impurities.
— determination of the content of organic impurities by Where such a mixture is also used to determine the content
an appropriate separation technique or spectrometric of a given impurity, the content of the impurity in the
method, where applicable ; reference standard is determined by appropriate separation
methods and a value assigned to the reference standard.
— quantitative determination of water ;
— determination of the content of residual solvents ; 4-2-3. Assay
— determination of loss on drying, which may in certain 4-2-3-1. Chemical assay. When a reference standard is to be
circumstances replace the determinations of water and used for quantitative determination of an active substance or
residual solvents ; an excipient (assay standard), the extent of testing is greater.
In general, several collaborating laboratories examine the
— determination of inorganic impurities (test for proposed substance, following a detailed protocol that
heavy metals, sulphated ash, atomic spectrometry, describes the procedures to be followed. The results obtained
inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, X-ray are used to assign a content. It is particularly important to
fluorescence) ; the results are not used in determining quantify the impurities if a selective assay is employed. In
an assigned content, except where they would have an such a case, it is best to examine the proposed substance
appreciable impact upon it ; by additional analytical procedures that are scientifically
— determination of the purity by an absolute method justified, including, where possible, absolute methods.
(e.g. differential scanning calorimetry or phase
If a reference standard is required for a non-chromatographic
solubility analysis where appropriate ; the results of
assay method (e.g. colorimetry or ultraviolet
these determinations are used to support and confirm
spectrophotometry), the relative reactivity or relative
the results obtained from separation techniques ; they
absorbance of the impurities present in a substance must be
are not used in the calculation of the assigned value).
checked to ensure that they are not markedly different from
For a primary chemical reference substance to be established those of the substance.
for assay purposes, the assigned content is generally
calculated from the values obtained from the analyses A protocol is prepared and must be strictly followed by the
performed for the determination of impurities (organic, participants of the collaborative trial to assign the content.
inorganic, water and solvents) by applying the principle of The protocol usually requires :
mass balance ; other suitable methods are also used. — determination of water (or loss on drying) ;

664 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.12. Reference standards

— estimation of the organic impurities (including residual Identification

solvents when appropriate) using the prescribed — For use in infrared spectrophotometry : the absorbance
separation techniques ; bands correspond in position and relative size to the
— and possibly, determination of the content of the absorbance bands of the primary standard.
substance by an absolute method ; this would be a — For use in separation techniques : the migration distance,
confirmatory determination not necessarily performed by migration time and retention time of the secondary
all participants and the results would not be used in the standard are the same as those of the primary standard for
calculation of the assigned value. thin-layer chromatography or electrophoresis, capillary
The protocol also indicates the system suitability tests and electrophoresis and gas or liquid chromatography
acceptance criteria for each of the tests performed. respectively.
Unless otherwise stated, an assigned value is given for the Purity test. For use in separation techniques : as for
substance or preparation as presented in the container (‘as identification but when used for quantification, a content
is’), and the contents are not to be dried before use. For relative to the signal from the primary standard is to be
assay standards prepared by lyophilisation the content of the established.
pure substance is indicated in milligrams or International Assay. Secondary standards are assayed against a primary
Units per vial. standard with an assigned content or potency. The property
4-2-3-2. Microbiological assay. A reference standard for for which a value is to be assigned for the secondary standard
the microbiological assay is first shown to comply with the is similar in magnitude to that of the primary reference
monograph. If the results are satisfactory a collaborative standard with which it is compared. Both the number of
microbiological assay is carried out, using the international independent replicate determinations to be performed and
standard. The potency is expressed in International Units. the acceptance criteria to be applied are predefined.
If an international standard does not exist, European
Pharmacopoeia Units are used. The assigned potency 5. PRODUCTION, LABELLING, STORAGE AND
is calculated from the results of a collaborative trial. DISTRIBUTION
Various validity criteria are applied including parallelism,
5-1. PRODUCTION
linearity, and quadratic fit, according to the usual statistical
procedures (5.3). The assigned potency with the confidence All operations are carried out according to the relevant
limits is calculated from statistically valid results. norms of best practice to ensure the traceability and
integrity of the reference standard. The production record
4-2-3-3. Assay of components of herbal drugs and herbal includes information regarding filling, labelling and storage.
drug preparations. Reference standards used in monographs Reference standards are dispensed into containers under
of herbal drugs vary in the extent of testing depending on appropriate filling and closure conditions, to ensure the
the type of reference standard. integrity of the reference standard. The containers employed
— An active component or marker constituent is may be multi-use or single use, but the latter is preferred
characterised and evaluated for identity and purity ; a to minimise the risk of decomposition, contamination, or
value for content is assigned irrespective of the purity. water uptake.
— An extract is used as a reference standard when 5-2. LABELLING
insufficient active principle or marker constituent The labelling bears the name of the reference standard, the
is available. The assigned content of the extract is name of the supplier, the batch number, and any other
established by means of a collaborative trial using a information necessary to the proper use of the reference
well-characterised sample of the active principle or marker standard. If used as an assay standard the following
component for which a value is to be assigned. information is also given:
4-2-4. Establishment report. A report containing the results — the assigned percentage content ;
of the establishment study as well as information concerning — or, the content in milligrams or millilitres of the chemical
the use of the reference standard is prepared. The report entity in the container ;
for a chemical assay standard has a value assigned to the
substance with the rationale for attributing that value. The — or, the assigned potency (for biological assays or
estimated uncertainty of the assigned value is calculated, and microbiological assays) in units either per milligram or
where it is less than a predefined value, which is considered per vial.
to be negligible in relation to the acceptance criteria for the For a manufacturer’s reference standard, the label indicates
assay, then the study is accepted. Otherwise, the trial may a re-test or expiry date. For European Pharmacopoeia
be repeated, in whole or in part, or the limits defined for the reference standards, no re-test or expiry date is given since
pharmaceutical substance may be widened. The uncertainty the re-test programme (see below) monitors continued
of the assigned value is not given as part of the information fitness for use.
provided with the reference standard, since the precision of
the method and the uncertainty of the value attributed to Leaflets. An accompanying explanatory leaflet may also
the reference standard are taken into account when setting be provided giving information needed for correct use of
the limit(s) in a monograph. the reference standard. An explanatory leaflet is considered
as part of the labelling. Where stated in a monograph, a
4-3. SECONDARY STANDARD chromatogram is included in the leaflet.
A secondary standard should exhibit the same property or
5-3. STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION
properties as the primary standard, relevant for the test(s) for
which it is established. The extent of testing is not so great as Reference standards are to be stored and distributed in
is required for the establishment of a primary standard. The conditions suitable to ensure optimal stability.
secondary standard is established by comparison with the European Pharmacopoeia reference standards. European
primary standard to which it is traceable. An official primary Pharmacopoeia reference standards are mostly stored in
standard is used wherever possible for establishment of temperature-controlled rooms at 5 ± 3 °C. However, a
secondary standards. number of reference standards that are relatively unstable

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 665
5.12. Reference standards EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

are stored at − 20 ± 5 °C or, in a few cases (e.g. live virus — hygroscopicity ;

preparations), at − 80 ± 10 °C, and for cell cultures, under — physical form ;
liquid nitrogen (− 180 °C).
— intended use ;
Special packaging is employed to minimise the risk of
— presentation (single use/multiple use).
damage during transport.
Most reference standards are presented in powder form
Reference standards that are normally stored at 5 ± 3 °C
but some are prepared as solutions. Preferably, reference
are dispatched by normal mail since short excursions from
standards are presented as single-use units. However, if the
the long-term storage temperature are not deleterious to
standard is presented in multi-use containers then re-testing
the reference standard. Reference standards stored at
may be more frequent for hygroscopic or oxygen-sensitive
− 20 °C are packed on ice and dispatched by express courier.
substances. The testing methods include the determination
Reference standards stored at − 80 °C or stored under liquid
of water and decomposition products (where known).
nitrogen are packed on solid carbon dioxide and dispatched
The re-test period may be lengthened with the support of
by express courier.
sufficient data. The maximum permitted variation from the
6. RE-TEST PROGRAMME assigned value should be pre-defined, and if exceeded, the
batch should be re-established or replaced.
A system is established and implemented to ensure the
continued fitness-for-use of the reference standards. European Pharmacopoeia reference standards. The
Normally, a re-test programme is applied, taking account of monitoring programme of the EDQM includes a selection of
the known physico-chemical properties and stability data for the following tests, chosen for their rapidity, sensitivity and
the reference standard. Reference standards are periodically applicability to small quantities:
tested for stability during storage. A monitoring programme — determination of water, loss on drying and/or
is applied that is designed to detect at an early stage any sign thermogravimetric analysis ;
of decomposition using appropriate analytical techniques. — estimation of impurities by stability-indicating separation
The methods employed should be chosen from amongst techniques ;
those performed during establishment so that baseline data
are available. — where appropriate, determination of the molar purity by
differential scanning calorimetry ;
The periodicity and extent of re-testing reference standards
depends on a number of factors including: — application of other specific tests for detecting impurities.
— stability ; Any significant differences observed compared with the
last examination will lead to more extensive examination
— container and closure system ; of the batch and, if necessary, to the establishment of a
— storage conditions ; replacement batch.

666 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

5.14. GENE TRANSFER

MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR
HUMAN USE
5.14. Gene transfer medicinal products for human use.. .. 669 Plasmid vectors for human use............................................... 674
Adenovirus vectors for human use.. ...................................... 670 Bacterial cells used for the manufacture of plasmid vectors
Poxvirus vectors for human use.. ........................................... 672 for human use.. ........................................................................ 676

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 667
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

668 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.14. Gene transfer medicinal products for human use

01/2008:51400 PRODUCTION
corrected 6.0 Substances used in production. The raw materials used
during the manufacturing process, including viral seed lot
and cell bank establishment, where applicable, are qualified.
5.14. GENE TRANSFER MEDICINAL Unless otherwise justified, all substances used are produced
PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE within a recognised quality assurance system using suitable
production facilities. Suitable specifications are established
This general chapter is published for information. to control notably their identity, potency (where applicable),
purity and safety in terms of microbiological quality and
This general chapter contains a series of texts on gene bacterial endotoxin contamination. The quality of water
transfer medicinal products for human use. The texts used complies with the relevant corresponding monographs
provide a framework of requirements applicable to the (Purified water (0008), Highly purified water (1927), Water
production and control of these products. For a specific for injections (0169)). The use of antibiotics is avoided
medicinal product, application of these requirements and wherever possible during production.
the need for any further texts is decided by the competent
Viral safety. The requirements of chapter 5.1.7 apply.
authority. The texts are designed to be applicable to
approved products ; the need for application of part or all Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (5.2.8). A risk
of the texts to products used during the different phases assessment of the product with respect to transmissible
of clinical trials is decided by the competent authority. spongiform encephalopathies is carried out and suitable
The provisions of the chapter do not exclude the use measures are taken to minimise such risk.
of alternative production and control methods that are
acceptable to the competent authority. Recombinant vectors
Further detailed recommendations on gene transfer
PRODUCTION
medicinal products for human use are provided by
the Note for Guidance on the Quality, Preclinical GENERAL PROVISIONS
and Clinical Aspects of Gene Transfer Medicinal For viral vectors, production is based on a cell bank system
Products (CPMP/BWP/3088/99) and the Guideline on and a virus seed-lot system, wherever possible.
Development and Manufacture of Lentiviral Vectors For plasmid vectors, production is based on a bacterial cell
(CHMP/BWP/2458/03) of the Committee for Medicinal bank system.
Products for Human Use (including any subsequent
revisions of these documents). The production method shall have been shown to yield a
vector of consistent quality in order to guarantee efficacy
and safety in man. Unless otherwise justified and authorised,
DEFINITION the vector in the final product shall have undergone no
more passages or subcultures from the master seed lot than
For the purposes of this general chapter, gene transfer were used to prepare the vector shown in clinical trials to be
medicinal product (GTMP) shall mean a product obtained satisfactory with respect to safety and efficacy.
through a set of manufacturing processes aimed at the
transfer, to be performed either in vivo or ex vivo, of a SUBSTRATE FOR VECTOR PROPAGATION
prophylactic, diagnostic or therapeutic gene (i.e. a piece The substrates used comply with relevant requirements of
of nucleic acid) to human/animal cells, and its subsequent the European Pharmacopoeia (5.2.2, 5.2.3, and the section
expression in vivo. The gene transfer involves an expression at the end of this general chapter : Bacterial cells used for
system known as a vector, which can be of viral as well as the manufacture of plasmid vectors for human use).
non-viral origin. The vector can also be included in a human CHARACTERISATION OF THE VECTOR
or animal cell. Historical records of vector construction are documented,
Recombinant vectors, such as viral vectors and plasmids. including the origin of the vector and its subsequent
Recombinant vectors are either injected directly into manipulation, notably deleted or modified regions.
the patient’s body (in vivo gene transfer) or transferred The vector is characterised using suitable and validated
into host cells before administration of these genetically methods.
modified cells to the patient (ex vivo gene transfer). Viral The genetic stability of the vector at or beyond the maximum
vectors are derived from various viruses (for example, passage level used for production is assessed by suitable
adenoviruses, poxviruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, methods.
adeno-associated-viruses, herpesviruses). These vectors
can be replicative, non-replicative or conditionally PROPAGATION AND HARVEST
replicative. Plasmid vectors include nucleic acids in a All processing of the cell banks and subsequent cell cultures
simple formulation (for example, naked DNA) or complexed is done in an area where no other cells or vectors are handled
to various molecules (synthetic vectors such as lipids or at the same time. Any material of human or animal origin
polymers). Genetic material transferred by GTMPs consists used in the preparation of cell suspensions and culture media
of nucleotide sequences, which may encode gene products, is qualified. The purity of the harvest is verified by suitable
antisense transcripts or ribozymes. Chemically synthesised tests as defined in the corresponding specific sections.
oligonucleotides are not within the scope of this general PURIFIED HARVEST
chapter. After transfer, the genetic material may remain The bulk of active substance is defined as a lot of purified
either cytoplasmic or episomal, or may be integrated into recombinant vectors (viral vectors, or naked or complexed
the host cell genome, depending on the integrating or plasmids).
non-integrating status of the vector.
FINAL LOT
Genetically modified cells. Genetically modified eukaryotic Unless otherwise justified and authorised, formulation and
or bacterial cells are modified by vectors to express a product distribution of the final bulk is carried out under aseptic
of interest. conditions using sterile containers (3.2).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 669
5.14. Gene transfer medicinal products for human use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The stability of the final lot is assessed using stability The competent authority may approve a reduced testing
protocols including the duration, storage conditions, number programme where necessary because of limited availability
of lots to be tested, test schedule and assays to be performed. of cells. Where necessary because of time constraints, the
product may be released for use before the completion of
certain tests.
ASSAYS AND TESTS

The GTMPs comply with assays and tests described in the ADENOVIRUS VECTORS
corresponding specific sections.
FOR HUMAN USE
DEFINITION
Genetically modified cells Adenovirus vectors for human use are freeze-dried or liquid
preparations of recombinant adenoviruses, genetically
modified to transfer genetic material to human somatic cells
For cells to be modified with a recombinant vector, the data
in vivo or ex vivo.
related to the recombinant vector are documented above,
under Recombinant vectors. PRODUCTION
VECTOR CONSTRUCTION
There are different approaches for the design and
PRODUCTION construction of an adenovirus vector. The purpose of
CELL SUBSTRATE clinical use determines which approach is optimal. A
For xenogeneic cell lines, including bacterial cells, a cell method is chosen that minimises the risk of generating
bank system comprising a master cell bank and working cell replication-competent adenovirus vectors or that effectively
banks is established. eliminates potential helper viruses during production.
VECTOR PRODUCTION
For autologous and allogeneic cells, a cell banking system The production method shall have been shown to yield a
comprising a master cell bank and working cell banks is vector of consistent quality in order to guarantee efficacy
established wherever possible. and safety in man. Unless otherwise justified and authorised,
TRANSFECTION / TRANSDUCTION the vector in the final product shall have undergone no more
passages from the master seed lot than were used to prepare
Cells are transduced or transfected using a recombinant the vector shown in clinical trials to be satisfactory with
vector (plasmid or viral vector) qualified as described under respect to safety and efficacy.
Recombinant vectors ; the process is validated. They are
handled under aseptic conditions in an area where no other The genetic and phenotypic stability of the vector construct
cells or vectors are handled at the same time. All reagents at or beyond the maximum passage level used for production
used during cell manipulation steps are fully qualified. is assessed by suitable methods.
Antibiotics are avoided unless otherwise justified and SUBSTRATE FOR VECTOR PROPAGATION
authorised. Transfection or transduction is carried out The vector is propagated in continuous cell lines
under aseptic conditions. (5.2.3) based on a cell bank system. The occurrence
FINAL LOT of replication-competent adenoviruses (RCAs) may be
In the case of frozen storage, the viability of genetically significant when large regions of homology exist between
modified cells is assessed before freezing and after thawing. the viral genome and the genome of the complementation
cells. This occurrence may be minimised by minimising the
If the cells are not used within a short period, stability is homology between both genomes. The use of cells with no
determined by verifying cell viability and expression of the sequence homology with the vector is recommended for
genetic insert. production.
VECTOR SEED LOT
In the case of genetically modified cells encapsulated before Production of the vector is based on a seed-lot system.
implantation in man, any encapsulating component used The strain of adenovirus used is identified by historical
is considered as part of the final product, and is therefore records that include information on its origin and its
quality-controlled and fully characterised (for example, subsequent manipulation, notably deleted or modified
physical integrity, selective permeability, sterility). regions. A detailed description of the genetic insert(s) and
the flanking control regions is established, including the
nucleotide sequence. The method by which the genetic
ASSAYS AND TESTS insert is introduced into the vector is documented.
Controls of xenogeneic, allogeneic or autologous cells Only a seed lot that complies with the following requirements
include the following : may be used for vector production.
Identification. The vector is identified in the master seed
— identity, counting and viability of cells ; lot and each working seed lot by immunochemical methods
(2.7.1) or nucleic acid amplification techniques (NATs)
— overall integrity, functionality, copies per cell, transfer (2.6.21).
and expression efficiency of the genetic insert ;
Genetic and phenotypic characterisation. The following
— microbiological controls (2.6.1 or 2.6.27), endotoxin tests are carried out.
content, mycoplasma contamination (2.6.7), adventitious — The entire genome of the vector is sequenced at a
virus contamination and, where applicable, replicative passage level comparable to a production batch and the
vector generation. analytically determined sequence is compared to the

670 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.14. Gene transfer medicinal products for human use

theoretical sequence based on vector construction and Control cells. Control cells comply with a test for
available databases. identification (5.2.3) and a test for extraneous agents
— Restriction analysis is performed on the vector DNA (2.6.16).
of the master seed lot, each working seed lot and a PURIFIED HARVEST
production batch. The viral DNA is extracted, purified Several single harvests may be pooled before the purification
and digested with sufficient resolution. The digested process. The purification process is validated to demonstrate
fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis or capillary the satisfactory removal of impurities.
electrophoresis and the observed restriction pattern is Purified harvests that comply with the following
compared to the theoretical restriction pattern based on requirements may be used in the preparation of the final
vector construction. bulk.
— A suitable number of isolated sub-clones are tested for Vector concentration. The titre of infectious vector and
expression of the genetic insert product(s) and biological the concentration of vector particles in purified harvests
activity at a passage level comparable to a production are determined.
batch. Sub-clones giving lower levels of expression or
biological activity need further characterisation. Identification. The vector is identified by immunochemical
methods (2.7.1) or NATs (2.6.21).
Vector concentration. The titre of infectious vector or the
concentration of vector particles in the master seed lot and Genomic integrity. Genomic integrity of the vector is
each working seed lot are determined. verified by suitable methods such as restriction analysis.
Extraneous agents (2.6.16). The master seed lot and each Residual host-cell protein. The concentration of residual
working seed lot comply with the tests for extraneous agents. host-cell protein is determined by a suitable immunochemical
method (2.7.1), unless the process has been validated to
Replication-competent adenoviruses (RCAs). RCAs are demonstrate suitable clearance.
generated by homologous recombination between the
recombinant viral DNA and the adenovirus sequences Residual host-cell DNA. The content of residual host-cell
integrated into the genome of the complementation cells. DNA is determined using a suitable method, unless
the process has been validated to demonstrate suitable
Detection of RCAs is performed by a suitable method clearance. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is
approved by the competent authority. It is generally recommended for its sensitivity and specificity, but other
performed by an infectivity assay on sensitive detector cell suitable techniques may also be used.
lines, which are not able to complement for the genes deleted
from the vector. Other indicators of viral replication may Residual reagents. Where reagents are used during
be used as appropriate. the purification process, tests (for example, liquid
chromatography or atomic absorption spectrometry) for
When RCAs are not supposed to be present in the test these substances are carried out on the purified harvest,
sample, considering vector construction and cell lines unless the process has been validated to demonstrate
used, at least 2, but preferably 3 or 4 successive passages suitable clearance.
are performed on the detector cell line, where applicable.
Detection of a cytopathic effect at the end of the passages Residual antibiotics. Where antibiotics are used during
reveals the presence of RCAs in the preparation. Positive the production process, their residual concentration
controls are included in each assay to monitor its sensitivity. is determined by a microbiological assay (adapted
from 2.7.2) or by other suitable methods (for example, liquid
When RCAs are expected to be present in the test sample, chromatography), unless the process has been validated to
plaque-assays or limit dilution assays on a detector cell line demonstrate suitable clearance.
may be performed.
FINAL BULK
PROPAGATION AND HARVEST Several purified harvests may be pooled during preparation
All processing of the cell bank and subsequent cell cultures of the final bulk. A stabiliser and other excipients may
is done in an area with a suitable containment level where be added. The formulated product is filtered through a
no other cells or vectors are handled at the same time. Any bacteria-retentive filter.
material of human or animal origin used in the preparation Only a final bulk that complies with the following
of cell suspensions and culture media is qualified. The requirement may be used in the preparation of the final lot.
cell culture medium may contain a pH indicator such as
phenol red and suitable antibiotics at the lowest effective Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility, carried
concentration, but it is preferable to have a substrate free out using 10 ml for each medium.
from antibiotics during production. Unless otherwise FINAL LOT
justified and authorised, at no stage during production is Only a final lot that complies with each of the requirements
penicillin or streptomycin used. A portion of the production given below under Identification, Tests and Assay may be
cell cultures is set aside as uninfected cell cultures (control released for use.
cells). Provided that the tests for bovine serum albumin (when
Each single harvest that complies with the following bovine serum is used to manufacture the vector) and RCAs
requirements may be used in the preparation of the purified have been carried out with satisfactory results on the final
harvest. bulk, they may be omitted on the final lot.
Identification. The vector is identified by immunochemical IDENTIFICATION
methods (2.7.1) or NATs (2.6.21).
The vector is identified by immunochemical methods (2.7.1)
Vector concentration. The titre of infectious vector and or NATs (2.6.21) or restriction analysis.
the concentration of vector particles in single harvests are
determined. TESTS
Extraneous agents (2.6.16). The single harvest complies Osmolality (2.2.35) : within the limits approved for the
with the tests for extraneous agents. particular preparation.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 671
5.14. Gene transfer medicinal products for human use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

pH (2.2.3) : within the limits approved for the particular — the name or composition and the volume of the
preparation. reconstituting liquid to be added ;
Extractable volume (2.9.17). It complies with the test for — the time within which the product is to be used after
extractable volume. reconstitution.
Residual moisture (2.5.12) : within the limits approved for
the particular freeze-dried preparation.
Bovine serum albumin : not more than the limit approved POXVIRUS VECTORS FOR HUMAN USE
for the particular preparation, determined by a suitable
immunochemical method (2.7.1), where bovine serum has DEFINITION
been used during production. Poxvirus vectors for human use are freeze-dried or liquid
Replication-competent adenovirus (RCA) concentration: preparations of recombinant poxviruses, genetically modified
within the limits approved for the particular preparation. to transfer genetic material to human somatic cells in vivo
or ex vivo.
Vector aggregates. Vector aggregates are determined by
suitable methods (for example, light scattering). PRODUCTION
Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility. VECTOR CONSTRUCTION
Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) : less than the limit approved The general design of a poxvirus vector is currently as
for the particular preparation. follows : the genetic insert is inserted downstream of a
Thermal stability. Maintain samples of the vector final lot poxvirus promoter. This expression cassette is inserted into
at a temperature and for a length of time that are adapted the poxvirus genome in such a manner that it interrupts
and authorised for the particular preparation. Determine a viral gene non-essential for replication or is positioned
the total infectious vector concentration after heating, as between 2 virus open reading frames.
described below under Assay. Determine in parallel the In most strategies used so far for the construction of the
vector concentration of a non-heated sample. The estimation vector, the expression cassette is first inserted within the
of the difference between the total vector concentration target site of a virus DNA fragment cloned into a bacterial
without heating and after heating is within the limits plasmid. The plasmid is then introduced into host cells,
approved for the particular preparation. cultured in vitro, which are simultaneously infected with the
parental poxvirus. DNA recombination occurs within the
ASSAY infected cells, between homologous sequences in the viral
Vector particle concentration. Physical titration is genome and viral sequences in the plasmid so as to transfer
performed by a suitable technique (for example, liquid the genetic insert into the targeted site of the viral genome.
chromatography, absorbance measurement or NATs The correct targeting of the inserted DNA is checked by
(2.6.21)). Use an appropriate vector reference standard to restriction-enzyme mapping, NATs (2.6.21) and sequencing.
validate each assay. Successive plaque-cloning steps are performed to purify
the recombinant poxvirus from the mixture of parental and
The vector particle concentration of the preparation to be
recombinant poxviruses. A variety of methods (for example,
examined is not less than the concentration stated on the
foreign marker genes, DNA hybridisation, immunological
label.
detection, phenotypic changes in the virus) are employed to
Infectious vector titre. Titrate the preparation to be facilitate recognition and/or selection of the recombinant
examined by inoculation into cell cultures. Titrate an poxvirus from the background of parental virus. Where
appropriate vector reference standard to validate each assay. foreign marker genes have been transiently employed,
The assay is invalid if : they are removed by appropriate methods from the final
— the confidence interval (P = 0.95) of the logarithm of the recombinant poxvirus.
vector concentration is greater than a value authorised An alternative strategy for creating poxvirus vectors begins
by the competent authority ; with the in vitro construction of a full-length virus genome
— the infectious vector titre of the reference standard is harbouring the expression cassette within a chosen target
outside limit values defined by a control chart. site. This recombinant genome is then introduced into host
cells simultaneously infected with a helper poxvirus that is
Ratio of vector particle concentration to infectious unable to multiply. The helper virus may be a poxvirus of the
vector titre : within the limits approved for the particular same species whose ability to multiply has been inactivated,
preparation. or another poxvirus species that does not multiply in the
Expression of the genetic insert product. The expression host cells.
of the genetic insert product(s) is determined wherever The construction of non-replicative poxvirus vectors
possible, following inoculation of cell cultures with the relies on specific host cell lines or primary cells that are
particular preparation at a predetermined multiplicity of naturally permissive, or on host cell lines that have been
infection, by suitable immunochemical (2.7.1) or biochemical modified to express an essential poxvirus gene. These
assays or by flow cytometry (2.7.24). cells fulfill the general requirements for the production of
Biological activity. Unless otherwise justified and medicinal products (5.2.3) and do not allow the generation
authorised, biological activity is determined by a suitable of replicative vectors.
in vitro or in vivo test. VECTOR PRODUCTION
LABELLING The production method shall have been shown to yield a
The label states : vector of consistent quality in order to guarantee efficacy
and safety in man. Unless otherwise justified and authorised,
— the content of active substance ; the vector in the final product shall have undergone no more
— the recommended human dose, expressed in vector passages from the master seed lot than were used to prepare
particle concentration ; the vector shown in clinical trials to be satisfactory with
— for freeze-dried preparations : respect to safety and efficacy.

672 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.14. Gene transfer medicinal products for human use

The genetic and phenotypic stability of the vector construct Unless otherwise justified and authorised, at no stage during
at or beyond the maximum passage level used for production production is penicillin or streptomycin used. A portion of
is assessed by suitable methods. the production cell culture is set aside as uninfected cell
SUBSTRATE FOR VECTOR PROPAGATION cultures (control cells).
The vector is propagated under aseptic conditions in human Each single harvest that complies with the following
diploid cells (5.2.3), in continuous cell lines (5.2.3) or in requirements may be used in the preparation of the purified
cultures of chick-embryo cells derived from a chicken flock harvest.
free from specified pathogens (5.2.2). When the vector is Identification. The vector is identified by immunochemical
propagated in a continuous cell line or in human diploid methods (2.7.1) or NATs (2.6.21).
cells, a cell-bank system is established. Infectious vector titre. The titre of infectious vector in
VECTOR SEED LOT single harvests is determined.
Production of the vector is based on a seed-lot system. Extraneous agents (2.6.16). The single harvest complies
The strain of poxvirus used is identified by historical records with the tests for extraneous agents, except where cytopathic
that include information on its origin and its subsequent strains cannot be neutralised and the vector causes
manipulation, notably deleted or modified regions. A detailed interference. Where a test cannot be performed, carry out a
description of the genetic insert(s) and the flanking control suitable validated alternative.
regions is established, including the nucleotide sequence.
Control cells. If human diploid cells or a continuous cell
The method by which the genetic insert is introduced into
line are used for production, the control cells comply with a
the vector is documented.
test for identification (5.2.3). They comply with the tests for
Only a seed lot that complies with the following requirements extraneous agents (2.6.16).
may be used for vector production.
PURIFIED HARVEST
Identification. The vector is identified in the master seed Processing is carried out under aseptic conditions. Several
lot and each working seed lot by immunochemical methods single harvests may be pooled before the purification
(2.7.1) or NATs (2.6.21). process. The harvest is first clarified to remove cells and
Genetic and phenotypic characterisation. The following then, where applicable, purified by validated methods.
tests are carried out. Purified harvests that comply with the following
— The entire genome of the vector is sequenced at a requirements may be used in the preparation of the final
passage level comparable to a production batch and the bulk.
analytically determined sequence is compared to the Infectious vector titre. The titre of infectious vector in
theoretical sequence based on vector construction and purified harvests is determined.
available databases. Identification. The vector is identified by immunochemical
— Restriction analysis is performed on the vector DNA methods (2.7.1) or NATs (2.6.21).
of the master seed lot, each working seed lot and a
Genomic integrity. Genomic integrity of the vector is
production batch. The viral DNA is extracted, purified
verified by suitable methods such as restriction analysis.
and digested with sufficient resolution. The digested
fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis or capillary Ratio of infectious vector titre to total protein
electrophoresis and the observed restriction pattern is concentration. The total protein concentration is
compared to the theoretical restriction pattern based on determined by a suitable method (2.5.33). The ratio between
vector construction. infectious vector titre and total protein concentration is
— A suitable number of isolated sub-clones are tested for calculated.
expression of the genetic insert product(s) and biological Residual host-cell protein. The concentration of residual
activity at a passage level comparable to a production host-cell protein is determined by a suitable immunochemical
batch. Sub-clones giving lower levels of expression or method (2.7.1), unless the process has been validated to
biological activity need further characterisation. demonstrate suitable clearance.
— The host range is verified by determining the replication Residual host-cell DNA. The content of residual host-cell
properties of the vector and comparing them with that DNA is determined using a suitable method, unless the
of the parental virus, at a passage level comparable to a process has been validated to demonstrate suitable clearance.
production batch. Quantitative PCR is recommended for its sensitivity and
Infectious vector titre. The titre of infectious vector in the specificity, but other suitable techniques may also be used.
master seed lot and each working seed lot is determined. Residual reagents. Where reagents are used during
Extraneous agents (2.6.16). The master seed lot and each the purification process, tests (for example, liquid
working seed lot comply with the tests for extraneous agents, chromatography or atomic absorption spectrometry) for
except where cytopathic strains cannot be neutralised and these substances are carried out on the purified harvest,
the vector causes interference. Where a test cannot be unless the process has been validated to demonstrate
performed, carry out a suitable validated alternative. suitable clearance.
PROPAGATION AND HARVEST Residual antibiotics. Where antibiotics are used during
the production process, their residual concentration is
All processing of the cell bank and subsequent cell cultures
determined by a microbiological assay (adapted from
is done under aseptic conditions in an area with a suitable
2.7.2) or by other suitable methods (for example, liquid
containment level where no other cells or vectors are
chromatography), unless the process has been validated to
handled at the same time. Any material of human or animal
demonstrate suitable clearance.
origin used in the preparation of cell suspensions and culture
media is qualified. The cell culture medium may contain a FINAL BULK
pH indicator such as phenol red and suitable antibiotics Several purified harvests may be pooled during preparation
at the lowest effective concentration, but it is preferable to of the final bulk. A stabiliser and other excipients may be
have a substrate free from antibiotics during production. added.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 673
5.14. Gene transfer medicinal products for human use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Only a final bulk that complies with the following Biological activity. Unless otherwise justifed and authorised,
requirement may be used in the preparation of the final lot. biological activity is determined by a suitable in vitro or in
Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility carried vivo test.
out using 10 ml for each medium. LABELLING
FINAL LOT The label states :
Only a final lot that complies with each of the requirements
— the minimum vector titre per human dose ;
given below under Identification, Tests and Assay may be
released for use. — the recommended human dose ;
Provided that the test for bovine serum albumin (when — for freeze-dried preparations :
bovine serum is used to manufacture the vector) has been — the name or composition and the volume of the
carried out with satisfactory results on the final bulk, it may reconstituting liquid to be added ;
be omitted on the final lot.
— the time within which the product is to be used after
reconstitution.
IDENTIFICATION
The vector is identified by immunochemical methods (2.7.1)
or NATs (2.6.21).
PLASMID VECTORS FOR HUMAN USE
TESTS
Osmolality (2.2.35) : within the limits approved for the DEFINITION
particular preparation. Plasmid vectors for human use are double-stranded circular
forms of bacterial DNA that carry a gene of interest or
pH (2.2.3) : within the limits approved for the particular
a nucleotide sequence encoding antisense sequences or
preparation.
ribozymes and its expression cassette ; they are amplified in
Extractable volume (2.9.17). It complies with the test for bacteria at an extrachromosomal location. They are used to
extractable volume. transfer genetic material into human somatic cells in vivo
Residual moisture (2.5.12) : within the limits approved for or to genetically modify autologous, allogeneic, xenogeneic
the particular freeze-dried preparation. or bacterial cells before administration to humans. Plasmid
vectors may be presented as naked DNA or may be
Bovine serum albumin : not more than the limit approved formulated with synthetic delivery systems such as lipids
for the particular preparation, determined by a suitable (lipoplexes), polymers (polyplexes) and/or peptide ligands
immunochemical method (2.7.1), where bovine serum has that facilitate transfer across the cell membrane and delivery
been used during production. to the cell, or that target delivery via specific receptors.
Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility. Plasmids formulated with synthetic delivery systems are not
Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) : less than the limit approved within the scope of this section.
for the particular preparation.
PRODUCTION
Thermal stability. Maintain samples of the vector final lot
PLASMID CONSTRUCTION
at a temperature and for a length of time that are adapted
and authorised for the particular preparation. Determine A typical plasmid vector is composed of :
the total infectious vector concentration after heating, as — the plasmid vector backbone that contains multiple
described below under Assay. Determine in parallel the restriction endonuclease recognition sites for insertion of
vector concentration of a non-heated sample. The estimation the genetic insert and the bacterial elements necessary for
of the difference between the total vector concentration plasmid production, such as selectable genetic markers
without heating and after heating is within the limits for the identification of cells that carry the recombinant
approved for the particular preparation. vector ;
— the required regulatory genetic elements to facilitate
ASSAY expression of the genetic insert ;
Infectious vector titre. Titrate at least 3 vials of the — the genetic insert ;
preparation to be examined by inoculation into cell cultures. — a polyadenylation signal.
Titrate a vial of an appropriate vector reference standard to A complete description of the plasmid DNA, including its
validate each assay. nucleotide sequence, is established with the identification,
The vector titre of the preparation to be examined is not less source, means of isolation and nucleotide sequence of the
than the minimum amount stated on the label. genetic insert. The source and function of component parts
of the plasmid, such as the origin of replication, viral and
The assay is invalid if :
eukaryotic promoters and genes encoding selection markers,
— the confidence interval (P = 0.95) of the logarithm of the are documented.
vector concentration is greater than a value authorised GENERAL PROVISIONS
by the competent authority ;
Cell banks. Production of plasmid vectors is based
— the infectious vector titre of the reference standard is on a bacterial cell-bank system with generation and
outside limit values defined by a control chart. characterisation of a master cell bank (MCB), working
Expression of the genetic insert product. The expression cell banks (WCBs) and end-of-production cells (EOPCs),
of the genetic insert product(s) is determined, wherever which comply with the section at the end of this general
possible, following inoculation of cell cultures with the chapter : Bacterial cells used for the manufacture of plasmid
particular preparation at a predetermined multiplicity of vectors for human use. The raw materials used during the
infection, by suitable immunochemical (2.7.1) or biochemical manufacturing process, including cell bank establishment,
assays or by flow cytometry (2.7.24). are qualified.

674 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 5.14. Gene transfer medicinal products for human use

Selection techniques. Unless otherwise justified and examples of which are given below. For quantification of
authorised, antibiotic-resistance genes used as selectable supercoiled forms, anion-exchange high performance liquid
genetic markers, particularly for clinically useful antibiotics, chromatography (HPLC) or capillary electrophoresis may
are not included in the vector construct. Other selection be used. Capillary electrophoresis is also suitable for the
techniques for the recombinant plasmid are preferred. quantification of other forms.
Reference standards. A suitable batch of the formulated Residual host-cell DNA. The content of residual host-cell
plasmid, preferably one that has been clinically evaluated, DNA is determined using a suitable method, unless the
is fully characterised and retained for use as a reference process has been validated to demonstrate suitable clearance.
standard as necessary in routine control tests. Quantitative PCR is recommended for its sensitivity and
PROPAGATION AND HARVEST specificity, but other suitable techniques may also be used.
Plasmid DNA is transferred to host strain bacterial cells Residual RNA. The content of residual RNA is determined,
and a single clone of transformed bacteria is expanded to unless the process has been validated to demonstrate
create the MCB. The WCB is then derived from the MCB. suitable clearance. Reverse-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) may be
The EOPCs are obtained from the WCB by fermentation in used, or quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain
production conditions. reaction (RT-PCR) (2.6.21) when a lower limit of detection is
Plasmid DNA is isolated from harvested cells using an required.
extraction step and is purified to obtain the bulk product. Residual host-cell protein. The concentration of residual
Unless otherwise justified and authorised, caesium host-cell protein is determined using standard protein assays
chloride-ethidium bromide density gradients are not used (2.5.33), SDS-PAGE followed by silver staining, or specific
for production. immuno-assays such as western blot or ELISA, unless the
PURIFIED PLASMID process has been validated to demonstrate suitable clearance.
The production process is optimised to remove impurities Microbiological control. Depending on the preparation
consistently while retaining product activity. The concerned, it complies with the test for sterility (2.6.1) or the
requirement to test for a particular impurity depends on the bioburden is determined (2.6.12).
following : Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) : less than the limit approved
— the demonstrated capability of the manufacture and for the particular preparation.
purification processes to remove or inactivate the impurity
FINAL BULK
through process validation, using specific quantification
methods ; Several purified harvests may be pooled during preparation
of the final bulk. A stabiliser and other excipients may
— the potential toxicity associated with the impurity ; be added. The formulated product is filtered through a
— the potential decrease of the efficacy of the genetic insert bacteria-retentive filter.
product associated with the impurity.
If selective resistance to specific antibiotics has been used Only a final bulk that complies with the following
for selection, data from validation studies of purification requirement may be used in the preparation of the final lot.
procedures are required to demonstrate the clearance Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility, carried
capability for residual antibiotics. out using 10 ml for each medium.
Relevant in-process controls are performed to ensure that FINAL LOT
the process is continuously under control, for example, Only a final lot that complies with each of the requirements
amount and form of plasmid after the extraction steps and given below under Identification, Tests and Assay may be
amount of endotoxins after the extraction steps. released for use.
Only a batch of purified plasmid that complies with the
following requirements may be used.
IDENTIFICATION
Identity and integrity of the purified plasmid. Identity and
integrity of the purified plasmid are established by suitable The plasmid vector is identified by restriction-digest analysis
methods such as sequencing or nucleic acid amplification or by sequencing. The test for biological activity also serves
techniques (2.6.21) ; restriction-digest analysis may be used to identify the product.
where it is sufficient to detect potential critical modifications
in the plasmid and confirm the plasmid identity. TESTS
Plasmid DNA. The following indications are given as Tests carried out on the final lot include the following.
examples.
Appearance.
DNA concentrations greater than 500 ng/ml may be
determined using absorbance measurement at 260 nm. A pH (2.2.3) : within the limits approved for the particular
50 µg/ml double-stranded DNA solution has an absorbance preparation.
of 1 (specific absorbance 200). Extractable volume (2.9.17). It complies with the test for
DNA concentrations less than 500 ng/ml are determined extractable volume.
following incubation with fluorescent dyes that bind Residual moisture (2.5.12) : within the limits approved for
specifically to double-stranded DNA, using a reference the particular freeze-dried preparation.
standard of DNA to establish a calibration curve.
DNA forms. The percentage of the specific monomeric
Liquid chromatography may also be used to determine the
supercoiled form is determined as described for the purified
concentration of plasmid DNA using a reference standard.
plasmid.
In some cases, capillary electrophoresis is also acceptable.
DNA forms. Plasmid DNA is characterised in terms of the Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility.
proportions of supercoiled, multimeric, relaxed monomer Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) : less than the limit approved
and linear forms, using suitable analytical methods, for the particular preparation.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 675
5.14. Gene transfer medicinal products for human use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

ASSAY Assay Host MCB WCB EOPCs*

strain
Plasmid DNA : not less than the quantity stated on the label,
Identity and purity
determined, for example, by one of the following methods.
Viability + + + +
DNA concentrations greater than 500 ng/ml may be
determined using absorbance measurement at 260 nm. A Bacterial strain characterisation + + – +
50 µg/ml double-stranded DNA solution has an absorbance Genotyping / phenotyping + + – +
of 1 (specific absorbance 200).
Presence of the plasmid
DNA concentrations less than 500 ng/ml are determined
following incubation with fluorescent dyes that bind — Sequence of the DNA plasmid – + – +
specifically to double-stranded DNA, using a reference — Copy number – + + +
standard of DNA to establish a calibration curve.
— Restriction map – + + +
Liquid chromatography may also be used to determine the
— Percentage of cells retaining – + + +
concentration of plasmid DNA using a reference standard.
the plasmid
In some cases, capillary electrophoresis is also acceptable.
Adventitious agents
Biological activity. Wherever possible, biological activity
Purity by plating + + + +
is assessed through in vitro or in vivo bioassays. A
well-defined, representative reference standard is required as Presence of bacteriophage + + – +
a positive control for the assay. Bioassays employed to assay
* EOPCs are cells with a passage number at least equivalent to that used
plasmid vectors generally involve transfection of a relevant for production. The analysis has to be done once to validate each new
cell line in vitro, followed by some functional measure of WCB, except for purity, which has to be tested for each fermentation.
the expressed genetic insert. Such functional assays provide
information about the activity of the product encoded by the IDENTITY AND PURITY TESTING
genetic insert instead of the expression level of the genetic Viability. The number of viable cells is determined by plating
insert itself. a diluted aliquot of bacterial cells on an appropriate medium
It may be necessary to supplement the bioassay with and counting individual colonies.
western-blot and ELISA assays to assess the integrity and Biochemical and physiological bacterial strain
quantity of the expressed product. characterisation. Depending on the bacterial strain used
for production, relevant biochemical and physiological
LABELLING characterisation is performed to confirm cell identity at the
The label states : species level.
— the plasmid DNA concentration ; Genotyping / phenotyping. The genotype of bacterial cells is
verified by determination of the suitable specific phenotypic
— the recommended human dose ; markers or by appropriate genetic analysis.
— for freeze-dried preparations : Presence of the plasmid
— the name and volume of the liquid to be added ; Sequencing. The whole nucleotide sequence of the plasmid
— the time within which the product is to be used after is verified.
reconstitution. Copy number. The plasmid DNA is isolated and purified
from a known number of bacteria and the copy number
determined by a validated method such as quantitative PCR
(2.6.21).
Restriction map. Restriction endonuclease digestion is
BACTERIAL CELLS USED FOR performed with sufficient resolution to verify that the
THE MANUFACTURE OF PLASMID structure of the plasmid is unaltered in bacterial cells.
Percentage of cells retaining the plasmid. Bacterial
VECTORS FOR HUMAN USE elements present in the plasmid, such as selectable genetic
markers, are used to define the percentage of bacteria
Production of plasmid vectors for human use is based on
retaining the plasmid.
the use of a bacterial cell-bank system with generation
and characterisation of a master cell bank (MCB), working ADVENTITIOUS AGENTS AND ENDOGENOUS VIRUSES
cell banks (WCBs) and end-of-production cells (EOPCs). A
Purity by plating. Bacterial cells are streaked out onto
bacterial cell bank for the manufacture of plasmid vectors
suitable media and incubated in the required conditions in
is a collection of vials containing bacterial cells stored
order to detect potential bacterial contaminants. In order to
under defined conditions, with uniform composition, and
test for inhibition of the growth of contaminating organisms,
obtained from pooled cells derived from a single clone of a
additional tests in the presence of a definite amount of
transformed host strain. The MCB has a known, documented
relevant positive control bacteria are carried out. A suitable
history ; it is preferably derived from a qualified repository
number of colonies is examined ; no contamination is
source. The WCB is produced by expanding one or more
detected.
vials of the MCB. Methods and reagents used to produce the
bank and storage conditions are documented. Presence of bacteriophage. Bacterial cells are plated
and incubated in a medium allowing proliferation of
MCBs and WCBs are qualified by testing an aliquot of the bacteriophages, to test for bacteriophage presence. The test
banked material or testing a subculture of the cell bank. is validated by the use of a reference bacteriophage strain
The following table indicates the tests required at each stage and permissive cells as positive controls. A suitable number
of production. of colonies is examined ; no contamination is detected.

676 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

GENERAL MONOGRAPHS
Allergen products....................................................................... 679 Products of fermentation.. ....................................................... 693
Essential oils.. ............................................................................. 680 Products with risk of transmitting agents of animal
Extracts.. ...................................................................................... 682 spongiform encephalopathies............................................... 694
Herbal drug preparations......................................................... 684 Radiopharmaceutical preparations.. ...................................... 695
Herbal drugs.. ............................................................................. 684 Recombinant DNA technology, products of......................... 701
Herbal teas................................................................................... 685 Substances for pharmaceutical use.. ..................................... 703
Immunosera for human use, animal...................................... 685 Vaccines for human use............................................................ 705
Immunosera for veterinary use............................................... 687 Vaccines for veterinary use...................................................... 707
Monoclonal antibodies for human use.................................. 690 Vegetable fatty oils..................................................................... 712

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 677
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

678 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Allergen products

01/2008:1063 Mites and moulds. Biologically active contaminants such as

mycotoxins in moulds must be minimised and any presence
ALLERGEN PRODUCTS justified. Care must be taken to minimise any allergenic
constituents of the media used for the cultivation of mites
and moulds as source materials. Culture media that contain
Producta allergenica substances of human or animal origin must be justified
and, when required must be suitably treated to ensure the
DEFINITION inactivation or elimination of possible transmissible agents
Allergen products are pharmaceutical preparations derived of disease.
from extracts of naturally occurring source materials
containing allergens, which are substances that cause or Animal epithelia. Animal epithelia must be obtained from
provoke allergic (hypersensitivity) disease. The allergenic healthy animals selected to avoid possible transmissible
components are most often of a proteinaceous nature. agents of disease.
Allergen products are intended for in vivo diagnosis or MANUFACTURING PROCESS
treatment of allergic (hypersensitivity) diseases attributed Allergen products are generally obtained by extraction, and
to these allergens. may be purified, from the source materials using appropriate
Allergen products are available as finished products, as methods shown to preserve the biological properties of the
bulk preparations in dried form, solutions or suspensions allergenic components. Allergen products are manufactured
intended to be further concentrated or diluted prior to under conditions designed to minimise microbial growth and
use or as final preparations in solutions, suspensions or enzymatic degradation.
freeze-dried. Allergen products intended for parenteral, A purification procedure, if any, is designed to minimise
bronchial and conjunctival administration are sterile. the content of any potential irritant low-molecular-mass
For diagnostic use, allergen products are usually prepared components or other non-allergenic components.
as unmodified extracts in a 50 per cent V/V solution of Allergen products may contain a suitable antimicrobial
glycerol for skin-prick testing. For intradermal diagnosis preservative. The nature and the concentration of the
or for provocation tests by nasal, ocular or bronchial antimicrobial preservative have to be justified.
routes, suitable dilutions of allergen products may be The manufacturing process comprises various stages.
prepared by dilution of aqueous or glycerinated extracts, Native allergen extracts result after separation from the
or by reconstitution immediately before use of unmodified extracted source materials.
freeze-dried extracts.
For immunotherapy, allergen products may be either Intermediate allergen products are obtained by further
unmodified extracts or extracts modified chemically and/or processing or modification of the native allergen extracts.
by adsorption onto different carriers (for example, aluminium The modification may be achieved by chemical processes
hydroxide, calcium phosphate or tyrosine). (chemical conjugation) or physical processes (physical
adsorption onto different carriers, for example, aluminium
This monograph does not apply to : chemicals that are hydroxide, calcium phosphate or tyrosine). They may also
used solely for diagnosis of contact dermatitis ; chemically be modified by inclusion into such vehicles as liposomes or
synthesised products ; allergens derived by rDNA microspheres, or by the addition of other biologically active
technology ; finished products used on a named-patient agents to enhance efficacy or safety. Intermediate allergen
basis. It does not necessarily apply to allergen products products may be freeze-dried.
for veterinary use.
Bulk allergen preparations consist of products in solution or
PRODUCTION suspension which will not be further processed or modified,
Allergen products are derived from a wide range of allergenic and are ready for dilution or filling into final containers.
source materials. They are often prepared as bulk products IN-HOUSE REFERENCE PREPARATION
intended to be further diluted or concentrated prior to use. An appropriate representative preparation is selected as
They may be treated to modify or reduce the allergenic the In-House Reference Preparation (IHRP), characterised
activity or remain unmodified. and used to verify batch-to-batch consistency. The IHRP is
Where allergen products are manufactured using materials stored in suitably sized aliquots under conditions ensuring
of human or animal origin, the requirements of chapter its stability, usually freeze-dried.
5.1.7. Viral safety apply. Characterisation of the In-House Reference Preparation.
SOURCE MATERIALS The extent of characterisation of the IHRP depends on
Source materials for the preparation of allergen products are the nature of the allergenic source material, knowledge
mostly pollens, moulds, mites, animal epithelia, hymenoptera of the allergenic components and availability of suitable
venoms and certain foods. reagents, as well as the intended use. The characterised
IHRP is used as reference in the batch control of native
They are described by their origin, nature, method of allergen extracts or intermediate allergen products and, if
collection or production and pretreatment, and are stored possible, in the batch control of final allergen preparations.
under defined conditions that minimise deterioration.
The In-House Reference Preparation (IHRP) is characterised
The collection or production, as well as the handling of by the protein content determination and a protein profile
the source materials are such that uniform qualitative and using relevant methods (such as isoelectric focusing,
quantitative composition is ensured as far as possible from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis
batch to batch. or molecular-mass profiling). Allergenic components
Pollens. Potential chemical contaminants, such as pesticides may be detected by appropriate methods (for example,
and heavy metals, must be minimised. Pollens contain not immunoblotting or crossed radio-immunoelectrophoresis).
more than 1 per cent of foreign pollens as determined by Characterisation of the allergenic components may include
microscopic examination. Pollens contain not more than identification of relevant allergens based on serological or
1 per cent of mould spores as determined by microscopic other techniques using a pool or individual sera from allergic
examination. patients, or allergen-specific polyclonal or monoclonal

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 679
Essential oils EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

antibodies. When allergen reference substances are available, Antigen profile. The antigens are identified by means of
determination of the content of individual allergens may be suitable techniques using antigen-specific animal antibodies.
performed. Individual allergens are identified according to Allergen profile. Relevant allergenic components
internationally established nomenclature whenever possible. are identified by means of suitable techniques using
Where possible, the biological potency of the IHRP is allergen-specific human antibodies.
established by in vivo techniques such as skin testing, Total allergenic activity. The activity is 50 per cent to
and expressed in units of biological activity. If not, for 200 per cent of the stated amount as assayed by inhibition of
certain extracts, potency may be established by suitable the binding capacity of specific immunoglobulin E antibodies
immunoassays (for example, those based on the inhibition or a suitable equivalent in vitro method.
of the binding capacity of specific immunoglobulin E
antibodies) or by quantitative techniques for a single major Individual allergens : 50 per cent to 200 per cent of the
component. stated amount, determined by a suitable method.
STORAGE
IDENTIFICATION
Adsorbed allergen products should not be frozen.
Identity is confirmed at the intermediate or other applicable
stage by comparison with the IHRP using protein profiling LABELLING
by appropriate methods (for example, isoelectric focusing, The label states :
sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
or immunoelectrophoresis). — the biological potency and/or the protein content and/or
the extraction concentration ;
TESTS — the route of administration and the intended use ;
Various biochemical and immunological tests have been — the storage conditions ;
developed in order to characterise allergens qualitatively — where applicable, the name and amount of added
and quantitatively. However, some of the methods, antimicrobial preservative ;
particularly for the determination of allergenic activity — for freeze-dried preparations :
and allergen profile, are not applicable to all products
at present. This is because knowledge of the allergenic — the name, composition and volume of the
components or the required reagents is not available. reconstituting liquid to be added
Accordingly, allergen products have been classified in — the period of time within which the preparation is to
different categories with increasing test requirements, be used after reconstitution ;
according to quality and intended use. — where applicable, that the preparation is sterile ;
Where possible the following tests are applied to the — where applicable, the name and amount of adsorbent.
final preparations. If not, they must be performed on the
extracts as late as possible in the manufacturing process,
for example, at the stage immediately prior to that stage 01/2008:2098
(modification, dilution etc.) which renders the test not
feasible on the final preparation.
ESSENTIAL OILS
Water (2.5.12). Not more than 5 per cent for freeze-dried
products.
Aetherolea
Sterility (2.6.1). Allergen products intended for parenteral,
bronchial and conjunctival administration comply with the The statements in this monograph are intended to be read
test for sterility. in conjunction with individual monographs on essential
Protein content : 80 per cent to 120 per cent of the stated oils in the European Pharmacopoeia. Application of the
content of a given batch. If the biological potency can be monograph to other essential oils may be decided by the
determined then the test for protein content may be omitted. competent authority.
Protein profile. The protein composition determined by DEFINITION
suitable methods corresponds to that of the IHRP.
Odorous product, usually of complex composition, obtained
Abnormal toxicity (2.6.9). Allergen products obtained from from a botanically defined plant raw material by steam
moulds and intended for parenteral administration (except distillation, dry distillation, or a suitable mechanical process
skin-prick tests) comply with the test for abnormal toxicity without heating. Essential oils are usually separated from
for immunosera and vaccines for human use. the aqueous phase by a physical process that does not
Various additional tests, some with increasing selectivity, significantly affect their composition.
depending on the allergen product concerned can be Essential oils may be subjected to a suitable subsequent
applied, but in any case for allergen products intended for treatment. Thus an essential oil may be commercially known
therapeutic use, a validated test measuring the potency as being deterpenated, desesquiterpenated, rectified or
(total allergenic activity, determination of individual ‘x’-free.
allergens or any other justified tests) must be applied. — A deterpenated essential oil is an essential oil from which
Aluminium (2.5.13). Not less than 80 per cent and not more monoterpene hydrocarbons have been removed, partially
than 120 per cent of the stated amount but in any case or totally.
not more than 1.25 mg per human dose unless otherwise — A deterpenated and desesquiterpenated essential oil
justified and authorised, when aluminium hydroxide or is an essential oil from which mono- and sesquiterpene
aluminium phosphate is used as adsorbent. hydrocarbons have been removed, partially or totally.
Calcium (2.5.14). Not less than 80 per cent and not more — A rectified essential oil is an essential oil that has been
than 120 per cent of the stated amount when calcium subjected to fractional distillation to remove certain
phosphate is used as adsorbent. constituents or modify the content.

680 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Essential oils

— An ‘x’-free essential oil is an essential oil that has been Chromatographic profile. Gas chromatography (2.2.28) :
subjected to partial or complete removal of one or more use the normalisation procedure.
constituents.
In addition to the system suitability test given in the specific
monograph, it is necessary to check the suitability of the
PRODUCTION chromatographic system using the following test, which
is to be carried out periodically within the framework of
Depending on the monograph, the plant raw material may performance qualification.
be fresh, wilted, dried, whole, broken or ground.
The chromatogram shown in Figure 2098.-1 is given as an
Steam distillation. The essential oil is produced by the example.
passage of steam through the plant raw material in a suitable
apparatus. The steam may be introduced from an external Reference solution : essential oil CRS. If necessary, the
source or generated by boiling water below the raw material reference solution can be diluted with heptane R.
or by boiling water in which the raw material is immersed. Column :
The steam and oil vapours are condensed. The water and
essential oil are separated by decantation. — material : fused silica ;
Dry distillation. The essential oil is produced by — size : l = 60 m, Ø = 0.25 mm ;
high-temperature heating of stems or barks in a suitable — stationary phase : macrogol 20 000 R (0.25 µm).
apparatus without the addition of water or steam.
Carrier gas : helium for chromatography R.
Mechanical process. The essential oil, usually known as
‘cold-pressed’, is produced by a mechanical process without Flow rate : 1.5 ml/min.
any heating. It is mainly applied to Citrus fruit and involves Split ratio : 1:500. The split ratio/injection volume can be
expression of the oil from the pericarp and subsequent adjusted in order to fit the specific equipment used, provided
separation by physical means. that the column load stays the same.
In certain cases, a suitable antioxidant may be added to the Temperature :
essential oil.
Time Temperature
(min) (°C)
CHARACTERS Column 0 - 15 70
The appearance and the odour of the essential oil is 15 - 100 70 → 240
determined. 100 - 105 240
Injection port 250
IDENTIFICATION
Detector 270
Essential oils are identified by their gas chromatographic
profile, or failing this, by any other test that may be required Detection : flame ionisation.
(for example, a test by thin-layer chromatography).
Injection : 1 µl.
TESTS Identification of components : use the chromatogram
supplied with essential oil CRS.
GENERAL TESTS
System suitability : reference solution :
The essential oil complies with the prescribed limits for the
following tests. — resolution : minimum 1.5 between the peaks due to
Relative density (2.2.5). linalol and linalyl acetate ;
Refractive index (2.2.6). — signal-to-noise ratio : minimum 100 for the peak due to
decanal ;
Optical rotation (2.2.7).
— limits : the percentage content of each of the 9
Fatty oils and resinified essential oils (2.8.7). components is within the limits stated on the leaflet
SUPPLEMENTARY TESTS provided with essential oil CRS.
If necessary, the essential oil complies with the prescribed
limits for the following tests. STORAGE
Freezing point (2.2.18). In a well-filled, airtight container, protected from light.
Acid value (2.5.1).
LABELLING
Peroxide value (2.5.5).
The label states :
Foreign esters (2.8.6).
— the scientific name of the plant raw material used ;
Residue on evaporation (2.8.9).
— where applicable, the type and/or the chemotype of the
Water (2.8.5). essential oil ;
Solubility in alcohol (2.8.10). — where applicable, the method of production ;
Falsification. If appropriate, a test for one or
— where applicable, the name and concentration of any
more falsifications may be carried out by thin-layer
added antioxidant ;
chromatography (2.2.27), by gas chromatography (2.2.28)
using a chiral column if necessary, or by any other suitable — where applicable, additional processing steps that are not
method. specified under Definition.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 681
Extracts EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

1. α-pinene 3. hexanol 5. linalol 7. β-caryophyllene 9. benzyl salicylate

2. cineole 4. decanal 6. linalyl acetate 8. eugenol

Figure 2098.-1. – Chromatogram for the test for chromatographic profile of essential oils

01/2008:0765 herbal drug or animal matter to be extracted may undergo a

preliminary treatment, for example, inactivation of enzymes,
EXTRACTS grinding or defatting. In addition, unwanted matter may be
removed after extraction.
Extracta Herbal drugs, animal matter and organic solvents used
for the preparation of extracts comply with any relevant
DEFINITION monograph of the Pharmacopoeia. For soft and dry extracts
Extracts are preparations of liquid (liquid extracts and where the organic solvent is removed by evaporation,
tinctures), semi-solid (soft extracts) or solid (dry extracts) recovered or recycled solvent may be used, provided that the
consistency, obtained from herbal drugs or animal matter, recovery procedures are controlled and monitored to ensure
which are usually in a dry state. that solvents meet appropriate standards before re-use or
Where medicinal products are manufactured using extracts admixture with other approved materials. Water used for
of animal origin, the requirements of chapter 5.1.7. Viral the preparation of extracts is of a suitable quality. Except
safety apply. for the test for bacterial endotoxins, water complying with
Different types of extract may be distinguished. Standardised the section on Purified water in bulk in the monograph on
extracts are adjusted within an acceptable tolerance to Purified water (0008) is suitable. Potable water may be
a given content of constituents with known therapeutic suitable if it complies with a defined specification that allows
activity ; standardisation is achieved by adjustment of the consistent production of a suitable extract.
the extract with inert material or by blending batches of Where applicable, concentration to the intended consistency
extracts. Quantified extracts are adjusted to a defined range is carried out using suitable methods, usually under reduced
of constituents ; adjustments are made by blending batches pressure and at a temperature at which deterioration of the
of extracts. Other extracts are essentially defined by their constituents is reduced to a minimum. Essential oils that
production process (state of the herbal drug or animal have been separated during processing may be restored to
matter to be extracted, solvent, extraction conditions) and the extracts at an appropriate stage in the manufacturing
their specifications. process. Suitable excipients may be added at various stages
of the manufacturing process, for example to improve
PRODUCTION technological qualities such as homogeneity or consistency.
Extracts are prepared by suitable methods using ethanol or Suitable stabilisers and antimicrobial preservatives may also
other suitable solvents. Different batches of the herbal drug be added.
or animal matter may be blended prior to extraction. The

682 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Extracts

Extraction with a given solvent leads to typical proportions Methanol and 2-propanol (2.9.11) : maximum 0.05 per
of characterised constituents in the extractable matter ; cent V/V of methanol and maximum 0.05 per cent V/V of
during production of standardised and quantified extracts, 2-propanol for alcoholic liquid extracts, unless otherwise
purification procedures may be applied that increase these prescribed.
proportions with respect to the expected values ; such Dry residue (2.8.16). Where applicable, the liquid extract
extracts are referred to as ‘refined’. complies with the limits prescribed in the monograph,
IDENTIFICATION corrected if necessary, taking into account any excipient
used.
Extracts are identified using a suitable method.
TESTS STORAGE
Where applicable, as a result of analysis of the herbal drug Protected from light.
or animal matter used for production and in view of the
production process, tests for microbiological quality (5.1.4), LABELLING
heavy metals, aflatoxins and pesticide residues (2.8.13) in The label states in addition to the requirements listed above :
the extracts may be necessary. — where applicable, the ethanol content in per cent V/V in
ASSAY the final extract.
Wherever possible, extracts are assayed by a suitable method.
Tinctures — tincturae
LABELLING
The label states : DEFINITION
— the herbal drug or animal matter used ; Tinctures are liquid preparations that are usually obtained
— whether the extract is liquid, soft or dry, or whether it using either 1 part of herbal drug or animal matter and
is a tincture ; 10 parts of extraction solvent, or 1 part of herbal drug or
animal matter and 5 parts of extraction solvent.
— for standardised extracts, the content of constituents with
known therapeutic activity ; PRODUCTION
— for quantified extracts, the content of constituents Tinctures are prepared by maceration or percolation (outline
(markers) used for quantification ; methodology is given below) using only ethanol of a suitable
— the ratio of the starting material to the genuine extract concentration for extraction of the herbal drug or animal
(DER) ; matter, or by dissolving a soft or dry extract (which has been
— the solvent or solvents used for extraction ; produced using the same strength of extraction solvent as
— where applicable, that a fresh herbal drug or fresh animal is used in preparing the tincture by direct extraction) of
matter has been used ; the herbal drug or animal matter in ethanol of a suitable
— where applicable, that the extract is ‘refined’ ; concentration. Tinctures are filtered, if necessary.
— the name and amount of any excipient used including Tinctures are usually clear. A slight sediment may form on
stabilisers and antimicrobial preservatives ; standing, which is acceptable as long as the composition of
the tincture is not changed significantly.
— where applicable, the percentage of dry residue.
Production by maceration. Unless otherwise prescribed,
Liquid extracts — extracta fluida reduce the herbal drug or animal matter to be extracted to
pieces of suitable size, mix thoroughly with the prescribed
DEFINITION extraction solvent and allow to stand in a closed container
Liquid extracts are liquid preparations of which, in general, for an appropriate time. The residue is separated from the
1 part by mass or volume is equivalent to 1 part by mass of the extraction solvent and, if necessary, pressed out. In the latter
dried herbal drug or animal matter. These preparations are case, the 2 liquids obtained are combined.
adjusted, if necessary, so that they satisfy the requirements Production by percolation. If necessary, reduce the herbal
for content of solvent, and, where applicable, for constituents. drug or animal matter to be extracted to pieces of suitable
size. Mix thoroughly with a portion of the prescribed
PRODUCTION extraction solvent and allow to stand for an appropriate time.
Liquid extracts are prepared by using ethanol of a suitable Transfer to a percolator and allow the percolate to flow at
concentration or water to extract the herbal drug or animal room temperature slowly making sure that the herbal drug
matter, or by dissolving a soft or dry extract (which has been or animal matter to be extracted is always covered with the
produced using the same strength of extraction solvent as remaining extraction solvent. The residue may be pressed
is used in preparing the liquid extract by direct extraction) out and the expressed liquid combined with the percolate.
of the herbal drug or animal matter in either ethanol of a
suitable concentration or water. Liquid extracts may be TESTS
filtered, if necessary. Relative density (2.2.5). Where applicable, the tincture
A slight sediment may form on standing, which is acceptable complies with the limits prescribed in the monograph.
as long as the composition of the liquid extract is not
changed significantly. Ethanol (2.9.10). The ethanol content complies with that
prescribed.
TESTS Methanol and 2-propanol (2.9.11) : maximum 0.05 per
Relative density (2.2.5). Where applicable, the liquid extract cent V/V of methanol and maximum 0.05 per cent V/V of
complies with the limits prescribed in the monograph. 2-propanol, unless otherwise prescribed.
Ethanol (2.9.10). For alcoholic liquid extracts, carry out Dry residue (2.8.16). Where applicable, the tincture complies
the determination of ethanol content. The ethanol content with the limits prescribed in the monograph, corrected if
complies with that prescribed. necessary, taking into account any excipient used.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 683
Herbal drug preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

STORAGE 01/2008:1433
Protected from light. corrected 6.0

LABELLING HERBAL DRUGS

The label states in addition to the requirements listed above :
— for tinctures other than standardised and quantified Plantae medicinales
tinctures, the ratio of starting material to extraction liquid
or of starting material to final tincture ; DEFINITION
— the ethanol content in per cent V/V in the final tincture. Herbal drugs are mainly whole, fragmented, or cut plants,
parts of plants, algae, fungi or lichen, in an unprocessed
Soft extracts — extracta spissa state, usually in dried form but sometimes fresh. Certain
exudates that have not been subjected to a specific treatment
DEFINITION are also considered to be herbal drugs. Herbal drugs are
Soft extracts are semi-solid preparations obtained by precisely defined by the botanical scientific name according
evaporation or partial evaporation of the solvent used for to the binominal system (genus, species, variety and author).
extraction.
PRODUCTION
TESTS Herbal drugs are obtained from cultivated or wild plants.
Dry residue (2.8.16). The soft extract complies with the Suitable collection, cultivation, harvesting, drying,
limits prescribed in the monograph. fragmentation and storage conditions are essential to
guarantee the quality of herbal drugs.
Solvents. Where applicable, a monograph on a soft extract
prescribes a limit test for the solvent used for extraction. Herbal drugs are, as far as possible, free from impurities such
as soil, dust, dirt and other contaminants such as fungal,
STORAGE insect and other animal contaminations. They are not rotten.
Protected from light. If a decontaminating treatment has been used, it is necessary
to demonstrate that the constituents of the plant are not
affected and that no harmful residues remain. The use of
Dry extracts — extracta sicca ethylene oxide is prohibited for the decontamination of
DEFINITION herbal drugs.
Dry extracts are solid preparations obtained by evaporation IDENTIFICATION
of the solvent used for their production. Dry extracts usually
have a loss on drying or a water content of not greater than Herbal drugs are identified using their macroscopic and
5 per cent m/m. microscopic descriptions and any further tests that may be
required (for example, thin-layer chromatography).
TESTS
TESTS
Water (2.2.13). Where applicable, the dry extract complies
with the limits prescribed in the monograph. Foreign matter (2.8.2). Carry out a test for foreign matter,
unless otherwise prescribed or justified and authorised. The
Loss on drying (2.8.17). Where applicable, the dry extract content of foreign matter is not more than 2 per cent m/m,
complies with the limits prescribed in the monograph. unless otherwise prescribed or justified and authorised. A
Solvents. Where applicable, a monograph on a dry extract specific appropriate test may apply to herbal drugs liable
prescribes a limit test for the solvent used for extraction. to be adulterated.
Loss on drying (2.2.32). Carry out a test for loss on drying,
STORAGE
unless otherwise prescribed or justified and authorised.
In an airtight container, protected from light.
Water (2.2.13). A determination of water may be carried out
instead of a test for loss on drying for herbal drugs with a
high essential-oil content.
01/2008:1434 Pesticides (2.8.13). Herbal drugs comply with the
requirements for pesticide residues. The requirements take
HERBAL DRUG PREPARATIONS into account the nature of the plant, where necessary the
preparation in which the plant might be used, and where
available the knowledge of the complete record of treatment
Plantae medicinales praeparatae of the batch of the plant.
DEFINITION Microbial contamination. Recommendations on the
Herbal drug preparations are obtained by subjecting microbiological quality of herbal medicinal products
herbal drugs to treatments such as extraction, distillation, consisting solely of one or more herbal drugs are given in
expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or the text 5.1.4. Microbiological quality of pharmaceutical
fermentation. These include comminuted or powdered preparations.
herbal drugs, tinctures, extracts, essential oils, expressed Where necessary, herbal drugs comply with other tests, such
juices and processed exudates. as the following, for example.
Herbal teas comply with the monograph on Herbal Total ash (2.4.16).
teas (1435).
Ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid (2.8.1).
Instant herbal teas consist of powder or granules of one or
more herbal drug preparation(s) intended for the preparation Extractable matter.
of an oral solution immediately before use. Swelling index (2.8.4).

684 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Immunosera for human use, animal

Bitterness value (2.8.15). 01/2008:0084

Heavy metals. The risk of contamination of herbal drugs
by heavy metals must be considered. If an individual IMMUNOSERA FOR HUMAN USE,
monograph does not prescribe a test for heavy metals or
specific elements, such a test or tests may be required if ANIMAL
justified.
Aflatoxins (2.8.18). Where necessary, limits for aflatoxins Immunosera ex animali ad usum humanum
may be required.
Radioactive contamination. In some specific circumstances, DEFINITION
the risk of radioactive contamination is to be considered.
Animal immunosera for human use are liquid or freeze-dried
ASSAY preparations containing purified immunoglobulins or
Unless otherwise prescribed or justified and authorised, immunoglobulin fragments obtained from serum or plasma
herbal drugs are assayed by an appropriate method. of immunised animals of different species.
The immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments have
STORAGE the power of specifically neutralising or binding to the
Protected from light. antigen used for immunisation. The antigens include
microbial or other toxins, human antigens, suspensions of
bacterial and viral antigens and venoms of snakes, scorpions
01/2008:1435 and spiders. The preparation is intended for intravenous
or intramuscular administration, after dilution where
HERBAL TEAS applicable.

PRODUCTION
Plantae ad ptisanam
GENERAL PROVISIONS
DEFINITION The production method shall have been shown to yield
Herbal teas consist exclusively of one or more herbal consistently immunosera of acceptable safety, potency in
drugs intended for oral aqueous preparations by means man and stability.
of decoction, infusion or maceration. The preparation is
prepared immediately before use. Any reagent of biological origin used in the production of
immunosera shall be free of contamination with bacteria,
Herbal teas are usually supplied in bulk form or in sachets. fungi and viruses. The general requirements of chapter 5.1.7.
The herbal drugs used comply with the appropriate Viral safety apply to the manufacture of animal immunosera
individual European Pharmacopoeia monographs or in their for human use, in conjunction with the more specific
absence to the general monograph on Herbal drugs (1433). requirements relating to viral safety in this monograph. The
Recommendations on the microbiological quality of herbal method of preparation includes a step or steps that have been
teas (5.1.4. – Category 4) take into account the prescribed shown to remove or inactivate known agents of infection.
preparation method (use of boiling or non-boiling water). Methods used for production are validated, effective,
IDENTIFICATION reproducible and do not impair the biological activity of the
product.
The identity of herbal drugs present in herbal teas is checked
by botanical examinations. The production method is validated to demonstrate that the
product, if tested, would comply with the test for abnormal
TESTS toxicity for immunosera and vaccines for human use (2.6.9).
The proportion of herbal drugs present in herbal teas is Reference preparation. A batch shown to be suitable in
checked by appropriate methods. clinical trials, or a batch representative thereof, is used as
Herbal teas in sachets comply with the following test : the reference preparation for the tests for high molecular
Uniformity of mass. Determine the average mass of twenty mass proteins and purity.
randomly chosen units as follows : weigh a single full ANIMALS
sachet of herbal tea, open it without losing any fragments. The animals used are of a species approved by the competent
Empty it completely using a brush. Weigh the empty sachet authority, are healthy and are exclusively reserved
and calculate the mass of the contents by subtraction. for production of immunoserum. They are tested and
Repeat the operation on the nineteen remaining sachets. shown to be free from a defined list of infectious agents.
Unless otherwise justified not more than two of the twenty The introduction of animals into a closed herd follows
individual masses of the contents deviate from the average specified procedures, including definition of quarantine
mass of the contents by more than the percentage deviation measures. Where appropriate, additional specific agents are
shown in the table below and none deviates by more than considered depending on the geographical localisation of
twice that percentage. the establishment used for the breeding and production of
Average mass Percentage deviation the animals. The feed originates from a controlled source
and no animal proteins are added. The suppliers of animals
less than 1.5 g 15 per cent are certified by the competent authority.
1.5 g to 2.0 g included 10 per cent If the animals are treated with antibiotics, a suitable
withdrawal period is allowed before collection of blood
more than 2.0 g 7.5 per cent
or plasma. The animals are not treated with penicillin
antibiotics. If a live vaccine is administered, a suitable
STORAGE waiting period is imposed between vaccination and collection
Store protected from light. of serum or plasma for immunoserum production.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 685
Immunosera for human use, animal EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

IMMUNISATION affect the immunobiological characteristics of the product.

The antigens used are identified and characterised, where For products intended to consist of immunoglobulin
appropriate ; where relevant, they are shown to be free from fragments, the methods are validated to guarantee total
extraneous infectious agents. They are identified by their fragmentation. The methods of purification used are such
names and a batch number ; information on the source and that they do not generate additional components that
preparation are recorded. compromise the quality and the safety of the product.
The selected animals are isolated for at least 1 week before Unless otherwise justified and authorised, validated
being immunised according to a defined schedule, with procedures are applied for removal and/or inactivation of
booster injections at suitable intervals. Adjuvants may be viruses. The procedures are selected to avoid the formation
used. of polymers or aggregates and, unless the product is intended
to consist of Fab′ fragments, to minimise the splitting of
Animals are kept under general health surveillance and
F(ab′)2 into Fab′ fragments.
specific antibody production is controlled at each cycle of
immunisation. After purification and treatment for removal and/or
inactivation of viruses, a stabiliser may be added to the
Animals are thoroughly examined before collection of blood intermediate product, which may be stored for a period
or plasma. If an animal shows any pathological lesion not defined in light of stability data.
related to the immunisation process, it is not used, nor are
any other of the animals in the group concerned, unless Only an intermediate product that complies with the
it is evident that their use will not impair the safety of the following requirements may be used in the preparation of
product. the final bulk.
COLLECTION OF BLOOD OR PLASMA Purity. Examine by non-reducing polyacrylamide gel
Collection of blood is made by venepuncture or electrophoresis (2.2.31), by comparison with the reference
plasmapheresis. The puncture area is shaved, cleaned preparation. The bands are compared in intensity and no
and disinfected. The animals may be anaesthetised under additional bands are found.
conditions that do not influence the quality of the product. FINAL BULK
Unless otherwise prescribed, an antimicrobial preservative The final bulk is prepared from a single intermediate product
may be added. The blood or plasma is collected in such a or from a pool of intermediate products obtained from
manner as to maintain sterility of the product. The blood animals of the same species. Intermediate products with
or plasma collection is conducted at a site separate from different specificities may be pooled.
the area where the animals are kept or bred and the area An antimicrobial preservative and a stabiliser may be added.
where the immunoserum is purified. If the serum or plasma If an antimicrobial preservative has been added to the blood
is stored before further processing, precautions are taken to or plasma, the same substance is used as the antimicrobial
avoid microbial contamination. preservative in the final bulk.
Several single plasma or serum samples may be pooled Only a final bulk that complies with the following
before purification. The single or pooled samples are tested requirements may be used in the preparation of the final lot.
before purification for the following tests.
Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine
Tests for contaminating viruses. If an antimicrobial the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
preservative is added, it must be neutralised before carrying physico-chemical method. It contains not less than 85 per
out the tests, or the tests are carried out on a sample taken cent and not more than 115 per cent of the amount stated
before addition of the antimicrobial preservative. Each pool on the label.
is tested for contaminating viruses by suitable in vitro tests.
Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility.
Each pool is tested for viruses by inoculation to cell cultures
capable of detecting a wide range of viruses relevant for the FINAL LOT
particular product. The final bulk of immunoserum is distributed aseptically into
sterile, tamper-proof containers. The containers are closed
Potency. Carry out a biological assay as indicated in the so as to prevent contamination.
monograph and express the result in International Units per
Only a final lot that complies with the requirements
millilitre, where applicable. A validated in vitro method may
prescribed below under Identification, Tests and Assay may
also be used.
be released for use. Provided that the tests for osmolality,
Protein content. Dilute the product to be examined with protein content, molecular-size distribution, antimicrobial
a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R to obtain a solution preservative, stabiliser, purity, foreign proteins and albumin
containing about 15 mg of protein in 2 ml. To 2 ml of this and the assay have been carried out with satisfactory results
solution in a round-bottomed centrifuge tube add 2 ml of on the final bulk, they may be omitted on the final lot.
a 75 g/l solution of sodium molybdate R and 2 ml of a Reconstitute the preparation to be examined as stated on
mixture of 1 volume of nitrogen-free sulphuric acid R and the label immediately before carrying out the identification,
30 volumes of water R. Shake, centrifuge for 5 min, decant tests (except those for solubility and water) and assay.
the supernatant liquid and allow the inverted tube to drain
on filter paper. Determine the nitrogen in the residue by IDENTIFICATION
the method of sulphuric acid digestion (2.5.9) and calculate The identity is established by immunological tests and,
the content of protein by multiplying by 6.25. The protein where necessary, by determination of biological activity. The
content is within approved limits. assay may also serve for identification.
PURIFICATION AND VIRAL INACTIVATION
The immunoglobulins are concentrated and purified by CHARACTERS
fractional precipitation, chromatography, immunoadsorption Immunosera are clear to opalescent and colourless to
or by other chemical or physical methods. They may be very faintly yellow liquids. They are free from turbidity.
processed further by enzyme treatment. The methods are Freeze-dried products are white or slightly yellow powders
selected and validated to avoid contamination at all steps of or solid friable masses. After reconstitution they show the
processing and to avoid formation of protein aggregates that same characteristics as liquid preparations.

686 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Immunosera for veterinary use

TESTS STORAGE
Solubility. To a container of the preparation to be examined, Protected from light, at the temperature stated on the label.
add the volume of the liquid for reconstitution stated on the Do not allow liquid preparations to freeze.
label. The preparation dissolves completely within the time Expiry date. The expiry date is calculated from the beginning
stated on the label. of the assay.
Extractable volume (2.9.17). It complies with the
LABELLING
requirement for extractable volume.
The label states :
pH (2.2.3). The pH is within the limits approved for the
particular product. — the number of International Units per millilitre, where
applicable ;
Osmolality (2.2.35) : minimum 240 mosmol/kg after
dilution, where applicable. — the amount of protein per container ;
— for freeze-dried preparations :
Protein content : 90 per cent to 110 per cent of the amount
stated on the label, and, unless otherwise justified and — the name and volume of the reconstituting liquid to
authorised, not more than 100 g/l. be added ;
— that the immunoserum is to be used immediately after
Dilute the preparation to be examined with a 9 g/l solution
reconstitution ;
of sodium chloride R to obtain a solution containing about
15 mg of protein in 2 ml. To 2 ml of this solution in a — the time required for complete dissolution ;
round-bottomed centrifuge tube add 2 ml of a 75 g/l solution — the route of administration ;
of sodium molybdate R and 2 ml of a mixture of 1 volume — the storage conditions ;
of nitrogen-free sulphuric acid R and 30 volumes of — the expiry date, except for containers of less than 1 ml
water R. Shake, centrifuge for 5 min, decant the supernatant which are individually packed ; the expiry date may be
liquid and allow the inverted tube to drain on filter paper. omitted from the label on the container, provided it is
Determine the nitrogen in the residue by the method of shown on the package and the label on the package
sulphuric acid digestion (2.5.9) and calculate the content of states that the container must be kept in the package
protein by multiplying by 6.25. until required for use ;
Molecular-size distribution. Examine by liquid — the animal species of origin ;
chromatography (2.2.29 or 2.2.30). It complies with the
— the name and amount of any antimicrobial preservative,
specification approved for the particular product.
any stabiliser and any other substance added to the
Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine immunoserum.
the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
physicochemical method. The amount is not less than the
minimum amount shown to be effective and is not greater 01/2008:0030
than 115 per cent of that stated on the label.
Phenol (2.5.15) : maximum 2.5 g/l for preparations IMMUNOSERA FOR VETERINARY USE
containing phenol.
Stabiliser. Determine the amount of stabiliser by a suitable Immunosera ad usum veterinarium
physico-chemical method. The preparation contains not less DEFINITION
than 80 per cent and not more than 120 per cent of the
quantity stated on the label. Immunosera for veterinary use are preparations
containing immunoglobulins, purified immunoglobulins or
Purity. Examine by non-reducing polyacrylamide gel immunoglobulin fragments obtained from serum or plasma
electrophoresis (2.2.31), by comparison with the reference of immunised animals. They may be preparations of crude
preparation. No additional bands are found for the polyclonal antisera or purified preparations.
preparation to be examined.
The immunoglobulins or immunoglobulin fragments have
Foreign proteins. When examined by precipitation tests the power of specifically neutralising the antigen used for
with specific antisera, only protein from the declared animal immunisation. The antigens include microbial or other
species is shown to be present, unless otherwise prescribed, toxins, bacterial and viral antigens, venoms of snakes and
for example where material of human origin is used during hormones. The preparation is intended for parenteral
production. administration to provide passive immunity.
Albumin. Unless otherwise prescribed in the monograph,
PRODUCTION
when examined electrophoretically, the content of albumin
is not greater than the limit approved for the particular GENERAL PROVISIONS
product and, in any case, is not greater than 3 per cent. Immunosera are obtained from the serum or plasma of
Water (2.5.12) : maximum 3 per cent. healthy animals immunised by administration of one or more
suitable antigens.
Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility. The production method shall have been shown to yield
Pyrogens (2.6.8). Unless otherwise justified and authorised, consistently batches of immunosera of acceptable safety
it complies with the test for pyrogens. Unless otherwise (5.2.6) and efficacy (5.2.7).
prescribed, inject 1 ml per kilogram of the rabbit’s body mass. DONOR ANIMALS
The animals used are exclusively reserved for production
ASSAY of immunoserum. They are maintained under conditions
Carry out a biological assay as indicated in the monograph protecting them from the introduction of disease, as far as
and express the result in International Units per millilitre, possible. The donor animals, and any animals in contact
where appropriate. A validated in vitro method may also with them, are tested and shown to be free from a defined
be used. list of infectious agents and re-tested at suitable intervals.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 687
Immunosera for veterinary use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The list of agents for testing includes not only those agents The rate of clearance of any residues that may arise from
that are relevant to the donor animal, but also those that the immunising antigen or medication given needs to be
are relevant to the recipient target species for the product. taken into account. In the case of the risk of residues from
Where the donor animals have not been demonstrated chemical substances, consideration could be given to the
to be free from a relevant pathogen, a justification must inclusion of a withdrawal period for the finished product. If
be provided and a validated inactivation or purification the immunising agent consists of a live organism, the time
procedure must be included in the manufacturing procedure. between immunisation and collection may need to take into
The feed originates from a controlled source. Where the account the time required for the donor to eliminate the
donor animals are chickens, use chickens from a flock free immunogen, particularly if any residual live organisms might
from specified pathogens (5.2.2). Where applicable for the be harmful to the recipient.
species used, measures are taken to avoid contamination PREPARATION OF THE FINISHED PRODUCT
with agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
Several single plasma or serum collections from one or
As far as possible, animals being introduced into the herd more animals may be pooled to form a bulk for preparation
are from a known source and have a known breeding and of a batch. The number of collections that may be used to
rearing history. The introduction of animals into the herd produce a bulk and the size of the bulk are defined. Where
follows specified procedures, including defined quarantine pooling is not undertaken, the production procedure must
measures. During the quarantine period the animals are be very carefully controlled to ensure that the consistency
observed and tested to establish that they are free from of the product is satisfactory.
the list of agents relevant for the donor animals. It may be
necessary to test the animals in quarantine for freedom from The active substance is subjected to a purification and/or
additional agents, depending on their known breeding and inactivation procedure unless omission of such a step has
rearing history or any lack of information on their source. been justifed and agreed with the competent authority.
The procedure applied must have been validated and be
Any routine or therapeutic medicinal treatment administered shown not to adversely impair the biological activity of the
to the animals in quarantine or thereafter must be recorded. product. The validation studies must address the ability
of the procedure to inactivate or remove any potential
IMMUNISING ANTIGEN contaminants such as pathogens that could be transmitted
The principles described in the Production section of from the donor to the recipient target species and infectious
Vaccines for veterinary use (0062) are applied to the agents such as those that cause ubiquitous infections in the
production of the immunogen. The antigen used is identified donor animals and cannot be readily eliminated from these
and characterised. The starting materials used for antigen donor animals.
preparation must be controlled to minimise the risk of
contamination with extraneous agents. The antigen may For purified immunosera, the globulins containing the
be blended with a suitable adjuvant. The immunogen is immune substances may be obtained from the crude
produced on a batch basis. The batches must be prepared immunoserum by enzyme treatment and fractional
and tested in such a manner that assures that each batch precipitation or by other suitable chemical or physical
will be equally safe and free from extraneous agents and will methods
produce a satisfactory, consistent immune response. Antimicrobial preservatives. Antimicrobial preservatives
IMMUNISATION are used to prevent spoilage or adverse effects caused by
The donor animals are immunised according to a defined microbial contamination occurring during use of a product.
schedule. For each animal, the details of the dose of Antimicrobial preservatives are not included in freeze-dried
immunising antigen, route of administration and dates products but, if justified, taking into account the maximum
of administration are recorded. Animals are kept under recommended period of use after reconstitution, they
general health surveillance and the development of specific may be included in the diluent for multidose freeze-dried
antibodies are monitored at appropriate stages of the products. For single-dose liquid preparations, inclusion of
immunisation process. antimicrobial preservatives is not normally acceptable, but
may be acceptable, for example where the same product
COLLECTION OF BLOOD OR PLASMA is filled in single-dose and multidose containers and is
Animals are thoroughly examined before each collection. for use in non-food producing species. For multidose
Only healthy animals may be used as a donor animal. liquid preparations, the need for effective antimicrobial
Collection of blood is made by venepuncture or preservation is evaluated taking into account likely
plasmapheresis. The puncture area is shaved, cleaned and contamination during use and the maximum recommended
disinfected. The method of collection and the volume to period of use after broaching of the container.
be collected on each occasion are specified. The blood or
plasma is collected in such a manner as to maintain sterility During development studies the effectiveness of the
of the product. If the serum or plasma is stored before antimicrobial preservative throughout the period of validity
further processing, precautions are taken to avoid microbial shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the competent
contamination. authority.
The blood or plasma collection is conducted at a site separate The efficacy of the antimicrobial preservative is evaluated
from the area where the animals are kept or bred and the as described in chapter 5.1.3 ; for a multidose preparation,
area where the immunoserum is further processed. additional samples are taken, to monitor the effect of the
antimicrobial preservative over the proposed in-use shelf-life.
Clear criteria are established for determining the time If neither the A criteria nor the B criteria can be met, then in
between immunisation and first collection of blood or plasma justified cases the following criteria are applied to antisera
as well as the time between subsequent collections and the for veterinary use : bacteria, no increase at 24 h and 7 days,
length of time over which collections are made. The criteria 3 log reduction at 14 days, no increase at 28 days ; fungi, no
applied must take into account the effect of the collections increase at 14 days and 28 days.
on the health and welfare of the animal as well as the effect
on the consistency of production of batches of the finished Addition of antibiotics as antimicrobial preservative is not
product, over time. acceptable.

688 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Immunosera for veterinary use

Unless otherwise prescribed in the monograph, the final bulk given suitable treatment to prevent unnecessary suffering.
is distributed aseptically into sterile, tamper-proof containers In accordance with the General Notices, alternative test
which are then closed so as to exclude contamination. methods may be used to demonstrate compliance with
The preparation may be freeze-dried. the monograph and the use of such tests is particularly
encouraged when this leads to replacement or reduction of
In-process tests. Suitable tests are carried out in-process, animal use or reduction of suffering.
such as on samples from collections before pooling to form
a bulk. pH (2.2.3). The pH of crude and purified immunosera is
shown to be within the limits set for the products.
BATCH TESTS
The tests that are necessary to demonstrate the suitability Formaldehyde. If formaldehyde is used for production of
of a batch of a product will vary and are influenced by immunoserum, a test for free formaldehyde is carried out as
a number of factors, including the detailed method of prescribed under Tests.
production. The tests to be conducted by the manufacturer Other inactivating agents. When other inactivation methods
on a particular product are agreed with the competent are used, appropriate tests are carried out to demonstrate
authority. If a product is treated by a validated procedure for that the inactivating agent has been removed or reduced to
inactivation of extraneous agents, the test for extraneous an acceptable residual level.
agents can be omitted on that product with the agreement Batch potency test. If a specific monograph exists for the
of the competent authority. If a product is treated by a product, the test described under Potency is not necessarily
validated procedure for inactivation of mycoplasmas, the test carried out for routine testing of batches of antiserum. The
for mycoplasmas can be omitted on that product with the type of batch potency test to be carried out will depend on
agreement of the competent authority. the claims being made for the product. Wherever possible,
Only a batch that complies with each of the relevant in vitro tests must be used. The type of test required
requirements given below under Identification, Tests and may include measurement of antibodies against specific
Potency and/or in the relevant specific monograph may infectious organisms, determination of the type of antibody
be released for use. With the agreement of the competent (e.g. neutralising or opsonising). All tests must be validated.
authority, certain tests may be omitted where in-process The criteria for acceptance must be set with reference to a
tests give an equal or better guarantee that the batch would batch that has been shown to comply with the requirements
comply or where alternative tests validated with respect to specified under Potency if a specific monograph exists for
the Pharmacopoeia method have been carried out. the product, and which has been shown to have satisfactory
Certain tests, e.g. for antimicrobial preservatives, for efficacy, in accordance with the claims being made for the
foreign proteins and for albumin, may be carried out by the product.
manufacturer on the final bulk rather than on the batch, Total immunoglobulins. A test for the quantities of total
batches or sub-batches of finished product prepared from it. immunoglobulins and/or total gammaglobulins and/or
In some circumstances, e.g. when collections are made into specific immunoglobulin classes is carried out. The results
plasmapheresis bags and each one is, essentially, a batch, obtained must be within the limits set for the product and
pools of samples may be tested, with the agreement of the agreed with the competent authority. The batch contains not
competent authority. more than the level shown to be safe in the safety studies
It is recognised that, in accordance with General Notices and, unless the batch potency test specifically covers all
(section 1.1. General statements), for an established appropriate immunoglobulins, the level in the batch is not
antiserum the routine application of the safety test will less than that in the batch or batches shown to be effective
be waived by the competent authority in the interests of in the efficacy studies.
animal welfare when a sufficient number of consecutive Total protein. For products where claims are being made
batches have been produced and found to comply with this which relate to the protein content, as well as demonstrating
test, thus demonstrating consistency of the manufacturing that the batch contains not more than the stated upper limit,
process. Significant changes to the manufacturing process the batch shall be shown to contain not less than that in the
may require resumption of routine testing to re-establish batch or batches shown to be effective in the efficacy studies.
consistency. The number of consecutive batches to be
tested depends on a number of factors such as the type Extraneous agents. In addition to the test described under
of antiserum, the frequency of production of batches, and Tests, specific tests may be required depending on the nature
experience with the immunoserum during developmental of the preparation, its risk of contamination and the use
safety testing and during application of the batch safety test. of the product. In particular, specific tests for important
Without prejudice to the decision of the competent authority potential pathogens may be required when the donor and
in the light of information available for a given antiserum, recipient species are the same and when these agents
testing of 10 consecutive batches is likely to be sufficient would not be detected reliably by the general screening test
for the majority of products. For products with an inherent described under Tests.
safety risk, it may be necessary to continue to conduct the Water. Where applicable, the freeze-drying process is
safety test on each batch. checked by a determination of water and shown to be within
Animal tests. In accordance with the provisions of the the limits set for the product.
European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate
Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific IDENTIFICATION
Purposes, tests must be carried out in such a way as to use The identity of the product is established by immunological
the minimum number of animals and to cause the least pain, tests and, where necessary, by determination of biological
suffering, distress or lasting harm. The criteria for judging activity. The potency test may also serve for identification.
tests in monographs must be applied in the light of this. For
example, if it is indicated that an animal is considered to
show positive, infected etc. when typical clinical signs occur TESTS
then as soon as sufficient indication of a positive result is The following requirements refer to liquid immunosera and
obtained the animal in question shall be either euthanised or reconstituted freeze-dried immunosera.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 689
Monoclonal antibodies for human use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Foreign proteins. When examined by precipitation tests end of 14 days for the presence of a haemadsorbing agent.
with specific antisera against plasma proteins of a suitable The batch complies with the test if there is no evidence of
range of species, only protein from the declared animal the presence of an extraneous agent.
species is shown to be present. For immunosera of avian origin, if a test in cell culture is
Albumin. Purified immunosera comply with a test for insufficient to detect potential extraneous agents, a test
albumin. Unless otherwise prescribed in the monograph, is conducted by inoculation of embryonated eggs from
when examined electrophoretically, purified immunosera flocks free from specified pathogens (5.2.2) or by some
show not more than a trace of albumin, and the content other suitable method (polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for
of albumin is in any case not greater than 30 g/l of the example).
reconstituted preparation, where applicable. POTENCY
Total protein. Dilute the preparation to be examined with Carry out a suitable test for potency.
a 9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R to obtain a solution
Where a specific monograph exists, carry out the biological
containing about 15 mg of protein in 2 ml. To 2 ml of this
assay prescribed in the monograph and express the result in
solution in a round-bottomed centrifuge tube add 2 ml of
International Units per millilitre when such exist.
a 75 g/l solution of sodium molybdate R and 2 ml of a
mixture of 1 volume of nitrogen-free sulphuric acid R and STORAGE
30 volumes of water R. Shake, centrifuge for 5 min, discard
Protected from light, at a temperature of 5 ± 3 °C. Liquid
the supernatant liquid and allow the inverted tube to drain
immunosera must not be allowed to freeze.
on filter paper. Determine the nitrogen in the residue by
the method of sulphuric acid digestion (2.5.9) and calculate LABELLING
the content of protein by multiplying by 6.25. The results
The label states :
obtained are not greater than the upper limit stated on the
label. — that the preparation is for veterinary use ;
— whether or not the preparation is purified ;
Antimicrobial preservative. Determine the amount of
antimicrobial preservative by a suitable physicochemical — the minimum number of International Units per millilitre,
method. The amount is not less than the minimum amount where such exist ;
shown to be effective and is not greater than 115 per cent of — the volume of the preparation in the container ;
that stated on the label. — the indications for the product ;
Formaldehyde (2.4.18). Where formaldehyde has been used — the instructions for use including the interval between
in the preparation, the concentration of free formaldehyde is any repeat administrations and the maximum number of
not greater than 0.5 g/l, unless a higher amount has been administrations that is recommended ;
shown to be safe. — the recipient target species for the immunoserum ;
Sterility (2.6.1). Immunosera for veterinary use comply with — the dose recommended for different species ;
the test for sterility. When the volume of liquid in a container — the route(s) of administration ;
is greater than 100 ml, the method of membrane filtration — the name of the species of the donor animal ;
is used wherever possible. If this method is used, incubate — the maximum quantity of total protein ;
the media for not less than 14 days. Where the method of — the name and amount of any antimicrobial preservative
membrane filtration cannot be employed, the method of or other substance added to the immunoserum ;
direct inoculation may be used. Where the volume of liquid
in each container is at least 20 ml, the minimum volume — any contra-indications to the use of the product including
to be used for each culture medium is 10 per cent of the any required warning on the dangers of administration
contents of the container or 5 ml, whichever is the least. The of an overdose ;
appropriate number of items to be tested (2.6.1) is 1 per cent — for freeze-dried immunosera :
of the batch with a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 10. — the name or composition and the volume of the
reconstituting liquid to be added ;
Mycoplasmas (2.6.7). Immunosera for veterinary use comply
with the test for mycoplasmas. — the period within which the immunoserum is to be
used after reconstitution.
Safety. A test is conducted in one of the species for
which the product is recommended. Unless an overdose is 01/2008:2031
specifically contraindicated on the label, twice the maximum
recommended dose for the species used is administered MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
by a recommended route. If there is a warning against
administration of an overdose, a single dose is administered. FOR HUMAN USE
For products to be used in mammals, use 2 animals of the
minimum age for which the product is recommended. For Anticorpora monoclonalia
avian products, use not fewer than 10 birds of the minimum ad usum humanum
age recommended. The birds are observed for 21 days. The
other species are observed for 14 days. No abnormal local DEFINITION
or systemic reaction occurs. Monoclonal antibodies for human use are preparations of
Extraneous agents. A test for extraneous agents is an immunoglobulin or a fragment of an immunoglobulin,
conducted by inoculation of cell cultures sensitive to for example, F(ab′)2, with defined specificity, produced by
pathogens of the species of the donor animal and into cells a single clone of cells. They may be conjugated to other
sensitive to pathogens of each of the recipient target species substances, including for radiolabelling.
stated on the label (2.6.25). Observe the cells for 14 days. They can be obtained from immortalised B lymphocytes that
During this time, carry out at least one passage. The cells are cloned and expanded as continuous cell lines or from
are checked daily for cytopathic effect and are checked at the rDNA-engineered cell lines.

690 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Monoclonal antibodies for human use

Currently available rDNA-engineered antibodies include the carbohydrate moiety, disulphide bridges, conformation,
following antibodies. specificity, affinity, specific biological activity and
heterogeneity (characterisation of isoforms).
Chimeric monoclonal antibodies : the variable heavy and
light chain domains of a human antibody are replaced by A battery of suitable analytical techniques is used including
those of a non-human species, which possess the desired chemical, physical, immunochemical and biological tests (for
antigen specificity. example, peptide mapping, N- and C-terminal amino-acid
sequencing, mass spectrometry, chromatographic,
Humanised monoclonal antibodies : the 3 short electrophoretic and spectroscopic techniques). Additional
hypervariable sequences (the complementarity determining tests are performed to obtain information on cross-reactivity
regions) of non-human variable domains for each chain are with human tissues.
engineered into the variable domain framework of a human
antibody ; other sequence changes may be made to improve For those products that are modified by fragmentation or
antigen binding. conjugation, the influence of the methods used on the
antibody is characterised.
Recombinant human monoclonal antibodies : the variable
heavy and light chain domain of a human antibody are Process intermediates. Where process intermediates are
combined with the constant region of a human antibody. stored, an expiry date or a storage period justified by stability
data is established for each.
Monoclonal antibodies obtained from cell lines modified
by recombinant DNA technology also comply with the Biological assay. The biological assay is chosen in terms
requirements of the monograph Products of recombinant of its correlation with the intended mode of action of the
DNA technology (0784). monoclonal antibody.
Reference preparation. A batch shown to be stable
This monograph applies to monoclonal antibodies for
and shown to be suitable in clinical trials, or a batch
therapeutic and prophylactic use and for use as in vivo
representative thereof, is used as a reference preparation for
diagnostics. It does not apply to monoclonal antibodies
the identification, tests and assay. The reference preparation
used as reagents in the manufacture of medicinal products.
is appropriately characterised as defined under Product
Nor does it apply to monoclonal antibodies produced in
characterisation, except that it is not necessary to examine
ascites, for which requirements are decided by the competent
cross-reactivity for each batch of reference preparation.
authority.
Definition of a batch. Definition of a batch (including batch
PRODUCTION size) is required throughout the process.
GENERAL PROVISIONS SOURCE CELLS
Production is based on a seed-lot system using a master cell Source cells include fusion partners, lymphocytes, myeloma
bank and, if applicable, a working cell bank derived from cells, feeder cells and host cells for the expression of the
the cloned cells. The production method is validated during recombinant monoclonal antibody.
development studies in order to prevent transmission of The origin and characteristics of the parental cell are
infectious agents by the final product. All biological materials documented, including information on the health of the
and cells used in the production are characterised and are donors, and on the fusion partner used (for example,
in compliance with chapter 5.2.8. Minimising the risk of myeloma cell line, human lymphoblastoid B-cell line).
transmitting animal spongiform encephalopathy agents Wherever possible, source cells undergo suitable screening
via human and veterinary medicinal products. Where for extraneous agents and endogenous agents. The choice of
monoclonal antibodies for human use are manufactured viruses for the tests is dependent on the species and tissue
using materials of human or animal origin, the requirements of origin.
of chapter 5.1.7. Viral safety also apply. Where an
immunogen is used it is characterised and the method of CELL LINE PRODUCING THE MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
immunisation is documented. The suitability of the cell line producing the monoclonal
antibody is demonstrated by :
Process validation. During development studies, the
production method is validated for the following aspects : — documentation on the history of the cell line including
description of the cell fusion, immortalisation or
— consistency of the production process including transfection and cloning procedure ;
fermentation, purification and, where applicable,
fragmentation method ; — characterisation of the cell line (for example, phenotype,
isoenzyme analysis, immunochemical markers and
— removal or inactivation of infectious agents ; cytogenetic markers) ;
— adequate removal of product- and process-related — characterisation of relevant features of the antibody ;
impurities (for example, host-cell protein and DNA, — stability of antibody secretion with respect to the
protein A, antibiotics, cell-culture components) ; characteristics of the antibody and level of expression and
— specificity and specific activity of the monoclonal glycosylation up to or beyond the population doubling
antibody ; level or generation number used for routine production ;
— absence of non-endotoxin pyrogens ; — for recombinant DNA products, stability of the
host/vector genetic and phenotypic characteristics up to
— reusability of purification components (for example, or beyond the population doubling level or generation
column material), limits or acceptance criteria being set number used for routine production.
as a function of the validation ;
CELL BANKS
— methods used for conjugation, where applicable. The master cell bank is a homogeneous suspension of the
Product characterisation. The product is characterised cell line producing the monoclonal antibody, distributed
to obtain adequate information including : structural in equal volumes in a single operation into individual
integrity, isotype, amino-acid sequence, secondary structure, containers for storage.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 691
Monoclonal antibodies for human use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

A working cell bank is a homogeneous suspension of the cell PURIFICATION

material derived from the master cell bank at a finite passage Harvests may be pooled before further processing. The
level, distributed in equal volumes in a single operation into purification process includes steps that remove and/or
individual containers for storage. inactivate non-enveloped and enveloped viruses. A
validated purification process, for which removal and/or
Post-production cells are cells cultured up to or beyond the
inactivation of infectious agents and removal of product- and
population doubling level or generation number used for
process-related impurities has been demonstrated is used.
routine production.
Defined steps of the process lead to a purified antibody of
The following tests are performed on the master cell bank : constant quality and biological activity.
viability, identity, sterility (bacteria, fungi, mycoplasmas), The test programme on the purified monoclonal antibody
characterisation of the monoclonal antibody produced. depends on the validation of the process, on demonstration
Non-endogenous viral contamination is tested with a suitable of consistency and on the expected level of product-
range of in vivo and in vitro tests. Retrovirus and other and process-related impurities. The purified monoclonal
endogenous viral contamination is tested using a suitable antibody is tested for bioburden and bacterial endotoxins,
range of in vitro tests. purity, integrity and potency by suitable analytical methods,
The following tests are performed on the working cell bank : comparing with the reference preparation where necessary.
viability, identity, sterility (bacteria, fungi, mycoplasmas). If storage of intermediates is intended, adequate stability of
Adventitious viral contamination is tested with a suitable these preparations and its impact on quality or shelf-life of
range of in vivo and in vitro tests. For the first working cell the finished product are evaluated.
bank, these tests are performed on post-production cells, FINAL BULK
generated from that working cell bank ; for working cell The final bulk is prepared from one or more batches of
banks subsequent to the first working cell bank, a single purified monoclonal antibody. Suitable stabilisers and other
in vitro and in vivo test can be done either directly on the excipients may be added during preparation of the final bulk.
working cell bank or on post-production cells.
Only a final bulk that complies with the following
For the master cell bank and working cell bank, tests requirements may be used in the preparation of the final lot.
for specific viruses are carried out when potentially Sterility (2.6.1). Carry out the test using 10 ml for each
contaminated biological material has been used during medium.
preparation of the cell banks, taking into account the species
of origin of this material. This may not be necessary when Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14). It complies with the limit
this material is inactivated using validated procedures. approved for the particular product.
The following tests are performed on the post-production Process-related impurities. Suitable tests for
cells : sterility (bacteria, fungi, mycoplasmas). Virus tests are host-cell-derived proteins, host-cell- and vector-derived
performed on cells or cell culture supernatants. For this, DNA and other process-related impurities are carried out
non-endogenous viral contamination is tested with a suitable on a suitable number of final bulks or batches of purified
range of in vivo and in vitro tests. Retrovirus and other monoclonal antibodies. The final bulk complies with the
endogenous viral contamination is tested using a suitable limits approved for the particular product. When consistency
range of in vitro tests. of the purification process has been demonstrated, the tests
may subsequently be omitted.
CULTURE AND HARVEST
FINAL LOT
Production at finite passage level (single harvest). Cells are The final bulk is distributed aseptically into sterile containers,
cultivated up to a defined maximum number of passages or which are then closed so as to prevent contamination.
population doublings (in accordance with the stability of the
cell line). Product is harvested in a single operation. CHARACTERS
Continuous-culture production (multiple harvest). Cells are Liquid preparations are clear or slightly opalescent,
continuously cultivated for a defined period (in accordance colourless or slightly yellow liquids, without visible particles.
with the stability of the system and production consistency). Freeze-dried products are white or slightly yellow powders
Monitoring is necessary throughout the life of the culture ; or solid friable masses. After reconstitution they show the
the required frequency and type of monitoring will depend same characteristics as liquid preparations.
on the nature of the production system.
IDENTIFICATION
Each harvest is tested for antibody content, bioburden, The identity is established by suitable validated methods
endotoxin and mycoplasmas. Routine general or specific comparing the product with the reference preparation. The
tests for adventitious viruses are carried out at a suitable assay also contributes to identification.
stage depending on the nature of the manufacturing process
and the materials used. For processes using production at TESTS
finite passage level (single harvest), at least 3 harvests are Appearance. Liquid or reconstituted freeze-dried
tested for adventitious viruses using a suitable range of in preparations are clear or slightly opalescent and colourless
vitro methods. or slightly yellow, without visible particles.
The acceptance criteria for harvests for further processing Solubility. Freeze-dried preparations dissolve completely
are clearly defined and linked to the schedule of monitoring in the prescribed volume of reconstituting liquid, within a
applied. If any adventitious viruses are detected, the process defined time, giving a clear or slightly opalescent solution
is carefully investigated to determine the cause of the without visible particles.
contamination and the harvest is not further processed.
Harvests in which an endogenous virus has been detected pH (2.2.3). It complies with the limits approved for the
are not used for purification unless an appropriate action particular product.
plan has been defined to prevent transmission of infectious Osmolality (2.2.35) : minimum 240 mosmol/kg, diluted for
agents by the final product. use where applicable.

692 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Products of fermentation

Extractable volume (2.9.17). It complies with the test for 01/2008:1468

extractable volume.
Total protein (2.5.33). It complies with the limits approved PRODUCTS OF FERMENTATION
for the particular product.
Molecular-size distribution. Molecular-size distribution is
determined by a suitable method, for example, size-exclusion
Producta ab fermentatione
chromatography (2.2.30). It complies with the limits This monograph applies to indirect gene products obtained
approved for the particular product. by fermentation. It is not applicable to :
Molecular identity and structural integrity. Depending on — monographs in the Pharmacopoeia concerning vaccines
the nature of the monoclonal antibody, its microheterogeneity for human or veterinary use ;
and isoforms, a number of different tests can be used to
demonstrate molecular identity and structural integrity. — products derived from continuous cell lines of human
These tests may include peptide mapping, isoelectric or animal origin ;
focusing, ion-exchange chromatography, hydrophobic — direct gene products that result from the transcription
interaction chromatography, oligosaccharide mapping, and translation from nucleic acid to protein, whether or
monosaccharide content and mass spectrometry. not subject to post-translational modification ;
Purity. Examine by a suitable validated method, such — products obtained by semi-synthesis from a product
as SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2.2.31) of fermentation and those obtained by biocatalytic
under non-reducing and reducing conditions or capillary transformation ;
electrophoresis (2.2.47). Suitable tests for process-related
and product-related impurities are carried out. — whole broth concentrates or raw fermentation products.
Stabiliser. Where applicable, it complies with the limits This monograph provides general requirements for the
approved for the particular product. development and manufacture of products of fermentation.
These requirements are not necessarily comprehensive in a
Water (2.5.12). Freeze-dried products comply with the limits given case and requirements complementary or additional
approved for the particular product. to those prescribed in this monograph may be imposed in
Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility. an individual monograph or by the competent authority.
Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14). It complies with the limits DEFINITION
approved for the particular product.
For the purposes of this monograph, products of fermentation
Tests applied to modified antibodies. Suitable tests are are active or inactive pharmaceutical substances produced
carried out depending on the type of modification. by controlled fermentation as indirect gene products. They
are primary or secondary metabolites of micro-organisms
ASSAY such as bacteria, yeasts, fungi and micro-algae, whether
or not modified by traditional procedures or recombinant
Carry out a suitable assay against the reference preparation. DNA (rDNA) technology. Such metabolites include vitamins,
Design of the assay and calculation of the results are made amino acids, antibiotics, alkaloids and polysaccharides.
according to the usual principles (for example, 5.3).
They may be obtained by batch or continuous fermentation
processes followed by procedures such as extraction,
STORAGE concentration, purification and isolation.
As stated on the label.
PRODUCTION
Expiry date. The expiry date is calculated from the date of Production is based on a process that has been validated and
sterile filtration, the date of filling (for liquid preparations) shown to be suitable. The extent of validation depends on
or the date of freeze-drying (where applicable). the critical nature of the respective process step.

LABEL CHARACTERISATION OF THE PRODUCER

MICRO-ORGANISM
The label states :
The history of the micro-organism used for production
— the number of International Units per millilitre, where is documented. The micro-organism is adequately
applicable ; characterised. This may include determination of the
— the quantity of protein per container ; phenotype of the micro-organism, macroscopic and
microscopic methods and biochemical tests and, if
— the quantity of monoclonal antibody in the container ; appropriate, determination of the genotype of the
micro-organism and molecular genetic tests.
— for liquid preparations, the volume of the preparation in
the container ;
PROCESSES USING A SEED-LOT SYSTEM
— for freeze-dried preparations : The master cell bank is a homogeneous suspension or
— the name and the volume of the reconstitution liquid lyophilisate of the original cells distributed into individual
to be added ; containers for storage. The viability and productivity of
the cells under the selected storage conditions and their
— the period of time within which the monoclonal suitability for initiating a satisfactory production process
antibody is to be used after reconstitution ; after storage must be demonstrated.
— the dilution to be made before use of the product, where Propagation of the master cell bank may take place through
applicable. a seed-lot system that uses a working cell bank.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 693
Products with risk of TSE EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The working cell bank is a homogeneous suspension or Production conditions may be monitored, as appropriate, by
lyophilisate of the cell material derived from the master cell suitable procedures for example to control and check :
bank, distributed in equal volumes into individual containers — temperature,
for storage (for example, in liquid nitrogen).
— pH,
Production may take place by batch or continuous culture
and may be terminated under defined conditions. — rate of aeration,
All containers in a cell bank are stored under identical — rate of agitation,
conditions. Once removed from storage, the individual — pressure,
ampoules, vials or culture straws are not returned to the
cell bank. and to monitor the concentration of the required product.

PROCESSES USING STAGED GROWTH IN CULTURES DOWN-STREAM PROCESSING

The contents of a container of the working cell bank are At the end of fermentation, the producer micro-organism is
used, if necessary after resuspension, to prepare an inoculum inactivated or removed. Further processing is designed to
in a suitable medium. After a suitable period of growth, reduce residues originating from the culture medium to an
the cultures are used to initiate the fermentation process, acceptable level and to ensure that the desired product is
if necessary following preculture in a prefermentor. The recovered with consistent quality.
conditions to be used at each stage of the process are defined
Various purification processes may be used, for example,
and must be met with each production run.
charcoal treatment, ultrafiltration and solvent extraction. It
CHANGE CONTROL must be demonstrated that the process or processes chosen
reduce to a minimum or remove :
If the production process is altered in a way that causes a
significant change in the impurity profile of the product, the — residues from the producer micro-organism, culture
critical steps associated with this change in impurity profile media, substrates and precursors,
are revalidated. — unwanted transformation products of substrates and
If a significant change has taken place in the micro-organism precursors.
used for production that causes a significant change in If necessary, suitable tests are performed either as in-process
the impurity profile of the product, the critical steps of the controls or on the isolated product of fermentation.
production process associated with this change, particularly
the procedure for purification and isolation, are revalidated. IDENTIFICATION, TESTS AND ASSAY
Revalidation includes demonstration that new impurities The requirements with which the product must comply
present in the product as a result of the change are throughout its period of validity, as well as specific test
adequately controlled by the test procedures. If necessary, methods, are stated in the individual monographs.
additional or alternative tests must be introduced with
appropriate limits. If the change in the process or in the
micro-organism results in an increase in the level of an
impurity already present, the acceptability of such an
increase is addressed. 01/2008:1483
When a master cell bank is replaced, the critical steps of
the production process must be revalidated to the extent
necessary to demonstrate that no adverse change has PRODUCTS WITH RISK OF
occurred in the quality and safety of the product. Particular TRANSMITTING AGENTS OF ANIMAL
attention must be given to possible changes in the impurity SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES
profile of the product if a modified or new micro-organism is
introduced into the process.
Producta cum possibili transmissione
RAW MATERIALS
vectorium enkephalopathiarum
The raw materials employed in the fermentation and/or
down-stream processing are of suitable quality for the spongiformium animalium
intended purpose. They are tested to ensure that they
comply with written specifications. DEFINITION
Levels of bioburden in media or in the inlet air for aeration Products with risk of transmitting agents of animal
are reduced to an adequately low level to ensure that if spongiform encephalopathies are those derived from
microbiological contamination occurs, it does not adversely tissues or secretions of animals susceptible to transmissible
affect the quality, purity and safety of the product. Addition spongiform encephalopathies other than by experimental
of components such as nutrients, precursors, and substrates challenge. This monograph applies to all substances
during fermentation takes place aseptically. or preparations obtained from such animals and to all
substances or preparations where products obtained from
IN-PROCESS CONTROLS such animals are included as active substances or excipients
or have been used during production, for example as raw or
In-process controls are in place to ensure the consistency source materials, starting materials or reagents.
of the conditions during fermentation and down-stream
processing and of the quality of the isolated product.
Particular attention must be paid to ensure that any PRODUCTION
microbial contamination that adversely affects the quality, Production complies with chapter 5.2.8. Minimising the
purity and safety of the product is detected by the controls risk of transmitting animal spongiform encephalophathy
applied. agents via human and veterinary medicinal products.

694 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Radiopharmaceutical preparations

01/2008:0125 The decay of a radionuclide is governed by the laws of

probability with a characteristic decay constant and follows
an exponential law. The time in which a given quantity of
RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL a radionuclide decays to half its initial value is termed the
half-life (T1/2).
PREPARATIONS
The penetrating power of each radiation varies considerably
according to its nature and its energy. Alpha particles are
completely absorbed in a thickness of a few micrometers
Radiopharmaceutica to some tens of micrometers of matter. Beta particles are
completely absorbed in a thickness of several millimetres
to several centimetres of matter. Gamma rays are not
DEFINITION completely absorbed but only attenuated and a tenfold
For the purposes of this general monograph, reduction may require, for example, several centimetres of
radiopharmaceutical preparations cover : lead. For most absorbents, the denser the absorbent, the
shorter the range of alpha and beta particles and the greater
— radiopharmaceutical : any medicinal product which, the attenuation of gamma rays.
when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides Each radionuclide is characterised by an invariable
(radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose, half-life, expressed in units of time and by the nature
and energy of its radiation or radiations. The energy is
— radionuclide generator : any system incorporating a fixed expressed in electronvolts (eV), kilo-electronvolts (keV) or
parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter mega-electronvolts (MeV).
radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by
any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical Generally the term “radioactivity” is used to describe the
preparation, phenomenon of radioactive decay and to express the physical
quantity (activity) of this phenomenon. The radioactivity of
— kit for radiopharmaceutical preparation : any preparation a preparation is the number of nuclear disintegrations or
to be reconstituted and/or combined with radionuclides transformations per unit time.
in the final radiopharmaceutical preparation, usually
prior to its administration, In the International System (SI), radioactivity is expressed
in becquerel (Bq) which is one nuclear transformation per
— radiopharmaceutical precursor : any other radionuclide second. Absolute radioactivity measurements require a
produced for the radio-labelling of another substance specialised laboratory but identification and measurement
prior to administration. of radiation can be carried out relatively by comparing
with standardised preparations provided by laboratories
A nuclide is a species of atom characterised by the number recognised by the competent authority.
of protons and neutrons in its nucleus (and hence by its
Radionuclidic purity : the ratio, expressed as a percentage,
atomic number Z, and mass number A) and also by its
of the radioactivity of the radionuclide concerned to the
nuclear energy state. Isotopes of an element are nuclides
total radioactivity of the radiopharmaceutical preparation.
with the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
The relevant radionuclidic impurities are listed with their
Nuclides containing an unstable arrangement of protons
limits in the individual monographs.
and neutrons will transform spontaneously to either a stable
or another unstable combination of protons and neutrons Radiochemical purity : the ratio, expressed as a percentage,
with a constant statistical probability. Such nuclides are said of the radioactivity of the radionuclide concerned which is
to be radioactive and are called radionuclides. The initial present in the radiopharmaceutical preparation in the stated
unstable nuclide is referred to as the parent radionuclide chemical form, to the total radioactivity of that radionuclide
and the resulting nuclide as the daughter nuclide. present in the radiopharmaceutical preparation. The relevant
radiochemical impurities are listed with their limits in the
The radioactive decay or transformation may involve the individual monographs.
emission of charged particles, electron capture (EC) or
isomeric transition (IT). The charged particles emitted Chemical purity : in monographs on radiopharmaceutical
from the nucleus may be alpha particles (helium nucleus preparations chemical purity is controlled by specifying
of mass number 4) or beta particles (negatively charged, limits on chemical impurities.
generally called electrons or positively charged, generally Isotopic carrier : a stable isotope of the element concerned
called positrons). The emission of charged particles from either present or added to the radioactive preparation in
the nucleus may be accompanied by the emission of gamma the same chemical form as that in which the radionuclide
rays. Gamma rays are also emitted in the process of isomeric is present.
transition. These emissions of gamma rays may be partly Specific radioactivity : the radioactivity of a radionuclide
replaced by the ejection of electrons known as internal per unit mass of the element or of the chemical form
conversion electrons. This phenomenon, like the process concerned.
of electron capture, causes a secondary emission of X-rays
(due to the reorganisation of the electrons in the atom). Radioactive concentration : the radioactivity of a
This secondary emission may itself be partly replaced radionuclide per unit volume.
by the ejection of electrons known as Auger electrons. Total radioactivity: the radioactivity of the radionuclide,
Radionuclides with a deficit of neutrons may decay by expressed per unit (vial, capsule, ampoule, generator, etc).
emitting positrons. These radionuclides are called positron
emitters. Positrons are annihilated on contact with electrons, Starting materials : all the constituents which make up the
the process being accompanied by the emission of usually radiopharmaceutical preparations.
two gamma photons, each with an energy of 511 keV, Period of validity : the time during which specifications
generally emitted at 180° to each other, termed annihilation described in the monograph must be fulfilled. Expiry date
radiation. and, if necessary, time must be clearly stated.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 695
Radiopharmaceutical preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

PRODUCTION The chemical form, the purity, the physical state and the
A radiopharmaceutical preparation monograph describes chemical additives, as well as the bombardment conditions
as precisely as possible the method of production of the and the direct physical and chemical environment will
radionuclide. A radiopharmaceutical preparation contains determine the chemical state and chemical purity of the
its radionuclide : radionuclides which are produced.
— as an element in atomic or molecular form, e.g. [133Xe], In the production of radionuclides and particularly of
[15O]O2, short-lived radionuclides it may not be possible to determine
any of these quality criteria before further processing
— as an ion, e.g. [131I]iodide, [99mTc]pertechnetate, and manufacture of radiopharmaceutical preparations.
— included in or attached to organic molecules by Therefore each batch of target material must be tested in
chelation, e.g. [111In]oxine or by covalent bonding, e.g. test production runs before its use in routine radionuclide
2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. production and manufacture of the radiopharmaceutical
preparations, to ensure that under specified conditions, the
The practical ways of producing radionuclides for use in, or target yields the radionuclide in the desired quantity and
as radiopharmaceutical preparations are : quality specified.
— neutron bombardment of target materials (generally in The target material is contained in a holder in gaseous, liquid
nuclear reactors), or solid state, in order to be irradiated by a beam of particles.
— charged particles bombardment of target materials (in For neutron bombardment, the target material is commonly
accelerators such as cyclotrons), contained in quartz ampoules or high purity aluminium or
— nuclear fission of heavy nuclides of target materials titanium containers. It is necessary to ascertain that no
(generally after neutron or particle bombardment), interaction can occur between the container and its contents
under the irradiation conditions (temperature, pressure,
— from a radionuclide generator. time).
NEUTRON OR CHARGED PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT For charged particle bombardment, the holder for target
The nuclear reaction and the probability of its occurrence material is usually built of aluminium or another appropriate
in unit time are dependent on the nature and physical metal, with inlet and outlet ports, a surrounding cooling
properties of the target material and the nature, energy and system and usually a thin metal foil target window. The
quantity of the incident particles. nature and thickness of the target window have a particular
The nuclear transformation occurring through particle influence on the yield of the nuclear reaction and may also
bombardment may be written in the form : affect the radionuclidic purity.
target nucleus (bombarding particle, emitted particle or The production procedure clearly describes :
radiation) produced nucleus. — target material,
58
Examples : Fe(n,γ)59Fe — construction of the holder for target material,
18
O(p,n)18F — loading of target material into the irradiation system,
In addition to the desired nuclear reaction adventitious — method of irradiation (bombardment),
transformations may occur. These will be influenced by the — separation of the desired radionuclide,
energy of the incident particle and the purity of the target
material. Such adventitious transformations may give rise and evaluates all effects on the efficiency of the production in
to radionuclidic impurities. terms of quality and quantity of the produced radionuclide.
NUCLEAR FISSION The chemical state of the isolated radionuclide may play a
A small number of nuclides with a high atomic number are major role in all further processing.
fissionable and the most frequently used reaction is the PRECURSORS FOR SYNTHESIS
fission of uranium-235 by neutrons in a nuclear reactor. Generally, these precursors are not produced on a large scale.
Iodine-131, molybdenum-99 and xenon-133 may be produced Some precursors are synthesised by the radiopharmaceutical
by nuclear fission of uranium-235. Their extraction from production laboratory, others are supplied by specialised
a mixture of more than 200 other radionuclides must be producers or laboratories.
carefully controlled in order to minimise the radionuclidic
Tests for identity, for chemical purity and the assay must be
impurities.
performed by validated procedures.
RADIONUCLIDE GENERATORS
When batches of precursors are accepted using data from
Radionuclide generator systems use a relatively long-lived the certificates of analysis, suitable evidence has to be
parent radionuclide which decays to a daughter radionuclide, established to demonstrate the consistent reliability of the
usually with a shorter half-life. supplier’s analyses and at least one identity test must be
By separating the daughter radionuclide from the parent conducted. It is recommended to test precursor materials
radionuclide by a chemical or physical process, it is possible in production runs before their use for the manufacture of
to use the daughter at a considerable distance from the radiopharmaceutical preparations, to ensure that under
production site of the generators despite its short half-life. specified production conditions, the precursor yields the
TARGET MATERIALS radiopharmaceutical preparation in the desired quantity and
quality specified.
The isotopic composition and purity of the target material
will determine the relative percentages of the principal PERFORMANCE OF THE PRODUCTION SYSTEM
radionuclide and radionuclidic impurities. The use of All operations, from the preparation of the target to the
isotopically enriched target material in which the abundance dispensing of the final radiopharmaceutical preparation,
of the required target nuclide has been artificially increased, must be clearly documented including their impact on the
can improve the production yield and the purity of the purity of the final product and the efficiency of the procedure.
desired radionuclide. Where possible, in-process controls are performed and the

696 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Radiopharmaceutical preparations

results recorded at each production step to identify at which solid (residue from drying in a capsule), it is protected by a
level a possible discrepancy from the normal production cover consisting of a sheet of adhesive cellulose acetate or of
pathway may have occurred. some other material.
a) The production of radiopharmaceutical preparations may The same source is measured in the same geometrical
make use of mechanical and automated processes that are conditions and at intervals usually corresponding to half
used in the pharmaceutical industry, subject to adapting of the estimated half-life throughout a time equal to about
these to the specificity of the radioactive starting material three half-lives. The correct functioning of the apparatus is
and to the requirements of radioprotection. checked using a source of long half-life and, if necessary,
b) For radiopharmaceutical preparations containing corrections for any changes of the count rate have to be
shortlived radionuclides, such as certain positron applied (see Measurement of Radioactivity).
emitters, remotely controlled production and automated A graph can be drawn with time as the abscissa and the
radiosynthesis are generally used. For radionuclides with logarithm of the relative instrument reading (e.g. count
a very short half-life (less than 20 min) the control of the rate) as the ordinate. The calculated half-life differs by
performance of the production system is an important not more than 5 per cent from the half-life stated in the
measure to assure the quality of the radiopharmaceutical Pharmacopoeia, unless otherwise stated.
preparation before its release.
Determination of the nature and energy of the radiation.
c) Any production procedure must be validated in test The nature and energy of the radiation emitted may be
production runs before its use in routine manufacture of determined by several procedures including the construction
radiopharmaceutical preparations, to ensure that under of an attenuation curve and the use of spectrometry. The
specified production conditions, the production system attenuation curve can be used for analysis of electron
yields the radiopharmaceutical preparation in the desired radiation ; spectrometry is mostly used for identification of
quantity and specified quality. gamma rays and detectable X-rays.
d) The preparation of the dosage form of the final The attenuation curve is drawn for pure electron emitters
radiopharmaceutical preparation in the practice of nuclear when no spectrometer for beta rays is available or for
medicine generally involves limited radioactivity starting from beta/gamma emitters when no spectrometer for gamma
ready-to-use radiopharmaceutical preparations, generators, rays is available. This method of estimating the maximum
kits and radioactive precursors. All conditions which may energy of beta radiation gives only an approximate value.
affect the quality of the product (e.g. radiochemical purity The source, suitably mounted to give constant geometrical
and sterility) must be clearly defined and must include conditions, is placed in front of the thin window of a
appropriate measures for radiation protection. Geiger-Müller counter or a proportional counter. The source
IDENTIFICATION is protected as described above. The count rate of the source
is then measured. Between the source and the counter
Radioactive decay : radioactivity decays at an exponential are placed, in succession, at least six aluminium screens of
rate with a decay constant characteristic of each radionuclide. increasing mass per unit area within such limits that with
The curve of exponential decay (decay curve) is described a pure beta emitter this count rate is not affected by the
by the equation : addition of further screens. The screens are inserted in
such a manner that constant geometrical conditions are
maintained. A graph is drawn showing, as the abscissa, the
mass per unit area of the screen expressed in milligrams per
At = the radioactivity at time t, square centimetre and, as the ordinate, the logarithm of the
Ao = the radioactivity at time t = 0, count rate for each screen examined. A graph is drawn in
the same manner for a standardised preparation. The mass
λ = the decay constant characteristic of each attenuation coefficients are calculated from the median parts
radionuclide, of the curves, which are practically rectilinear.
e = the base of Napierian logarithms. The mass attenuation coefficient µm, expressed in square
The half-life (T1/2) is related to the decay constant (λ) by the centimetres per milligram, depends on the energy spectrum
equation : of the beta radiation and on the nature and the physical
properties of the screen. It therefore allows beta emitters to
be identified. It is calculated using the equation :

The radionuclide is generally identified by its half-life or by

the nature and energy of its radiation or radiations or by
both, as prescribed in the monograph. m1 = mass per unit area of the lightest screen,
Measurement of half-life. The half-life is measured with a m2 mass per unit area of the heaviest screen, m1 and
=
suitable detection apparatus such as an ionisation chamber, m2 being within the rectilinear part of the curve,
a Geiger-Müller counter, a scintillation counter (solid crystal,
liquid) or a semiconductor detector. The preparation to be A1 = count rate for mass per unit area m1,
tested is used as such or diluted or dried in a capsule after A2 = count rate for mass per unit area m2.
appropriate dilution. The radioactivity chosen, having regard
to experimental conditions, must be of a sufficiently high The mass attenuation coefficient µm thus calculated does not
level to allow detection during several estimated half-lives, differ by more than 10 per cent from the coefficient obtained
but not too high to minimise count rate losses, for example under identical conditions using a standardised preparation
due to dead time. of the same radionuclide.
The radioactive source is prepared in a manner that will The range of beta particles is a further parameter which
avoid loss of material during handling. If it is a liquid can be used for the determination of the beta energy. It is
(solution), it is contained in bottles or sealed tubes. If it is a obtained from the graph described above as the mass per unit

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 697
Radiopharmaceutical preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

area corresponding to the intersection of the extrapolations available for short-lived radionuclides e.g. positron emitters.
of the descending rectilinear part of the attenuation curve Measuring instruments are calibrated using suitable
and the horizontal line of background radioactivity. standards for the particular radionuclides. Standards are
Liquid scintillation counting may be used to obtain spectra available from the laboratories recognised by the competent
of α and β− emitters (see measurement of radioactivity). authority. Ionisation chambers and Geiger-Müller counters
Gamma spectrometry is used to identify radionuclides by may be used to measure beta and beta/gamma emitters ;
the energy and intensity of their gamma rays and X-rays. scintillation or semiconductor counters or ionisation
chambers may be used for measuring gamma emitters ;
The preferred detector for gamma and X-ray spectrometry is low-energy beta emitters require a liquid-scintillation
a germanium semiconductor detector. A thallium-activated counter. For the detection and measurement of alpha
sodium iodide scintillation detector is also used but this has emitters, specialised equipment and techniques are required.
a much lower energy resolution. For an accurate comparison of radioactive sources, it is
The gamma detector has to be calibrated using standard essential for samples and standards to be measured under
sources because the detection efficiency is a function of the similar conditions.
energy of the gamma and X-rays as well as the form of the Low-energy beta emitters may be measured by
source and the source-to-detector distance. The detection liquid-scintillation counting. The sample is dissolved in
efficiency may be measured using a calibrated source of the a solution containing one or more often two organic
radionuclide to be measured or, for more general work, a fluorescent substances (primary and secondary scintillators),
graph of efficiency against gamma and X-ray energy may be which convert part of the energy of disintegration into
constructed from a series of calibrated sources of various photons of light, which are detected by a photomultiplier
radionuclides. and converted into electrical impulses. When using a
The gamma and X-ray spectrum of a radionuclide which liquid-scintillation counter, comparative measurements are
emits gamma and X-rays is unique to that nuclide and is corrected for light-quenching effects. Direct measurements
characterised by the energies and the number of photons are made, wherever possible, under similar conditions,
of particular energies emitted per transformation from (e.g. volumes and type of solutions) for the source to be
one energy level to another energy level. This property examined and the standard source.
contributes to the identification of radionuclides present in a All measurements of radioactivity must be corrected by
source and to their quantification. It allows the estimation subtracting the background due to radioactivity in the
of the degree of radionuclidic impurity by detecting peaks environment and to spurious signals generated in the
other than those expected. equipment itself.
It is possible to establish the rate of the decay of radioactivity With some equipment, when measurements are made at
using gamma spectrometry since the peaks diminish in high levels of radioactivity, it may be necessary to correct
amplitude as a function of the half-life. If, in such a source, for loss by coincidence due to the finite resolving time of
a radioactive impurity with a different half-life is present, the detector and its associated electronic equipment. For
it is possible to detect the latter by identification of the a counting system with a fixed dead time τ following each
characteristic peak or peaks whose amplitudes decrease count, the correction is :
at a different rate from that expected for the particular
radionuclide. A determination of the half-life of the
additional peaks by repeated measurements of the sample
will help to identify the impurity.
The Table of physical characteristics of radionuclides N = the true count rate per second,
mentioned in the European Pharmacopoeia (5.7) Nobs = the observed count rate per second,
summarises the most commonly accepted physical
characteristics of radionuclides used in preparations τ = the dead time, in seconds.
which are the subject of monographs in the European With some equipment this correction is made automatically.
Pharmacopoeia. In addition, the Table states the physical Corrections for loss by coincidence must be made before the
characteristics of the main potential impurities of the correction for background radiation.
radionuclides mentioned in the monographs.
If the time of an individual measurement, tm is not negligible
By “transition probability” is meant the probability of the short compared with the half-life, T1/2, the decay during this
transformation of a nucleus in a given energy state, via the measurement time must be taken into account. After having
transition concerned. Instead of “probability” the terms corrected the instrument reading (count rate, ionisation
“intensity” and “abundance” are frequently used. current, etc.) for background and, if necessary, for losses
By “emission probability” is meant the probability of an atom due to electronic effects, the decay correction during
of a radionuclide giving rise to the emission of the particles measurement time is :
or radiation concerned.
Irrespective of whether the one or the other meaning is
intended, probability is usually measured in terms of 100
disintegrations.
MEASUREMENT OF RADIOACTIVITY
The radioactivity of a preparation is stated at a given date
and, if necessary, time. Rcorr = instrument reading corrected to the beginning of
the individual measurement,
The absolute measurement of the radioactivity of a given
sample may be carried out if the decay scheme of the R = instrument reading before decay correction, but
radionuclide is known, but in practice many corrections already corrected for background, etc.
are required to obtain accurate results. For this reason it The results of determinations of radioactivity show variations
is common to carry out the measurement with the aid of which derive mainly from the random nature of nuclear
a primary standard source. Primary standards may not be transformation. A sufficient number of counts must be

698 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Radiopharmaceutical preparations

registered in order to compensate for variations in the In principle, any method of analytical separation may
number of transformations per unit of time. The standard be used in the determination of radiochemical purity.
deviation is the square root of the counts, so at least For example, the monographs for radiopharmaceutical
10 000 counts are necessary to obtain a relative standard products may include paper chromatography (2.2.26),
deviation of not more than 1 per cent (confidence interval : thin-layer chromatography (2.2.27), electrophoresis (2.2.31),
1 sigma). size-exclusion chromatography (2.2.30), gas chromatography
All statements of radioactive content are accompanied by a (2.2.28) and liquid chromatography (2.2.29). The technical
statement of the date and, if necessary, the time at which the description of these analytical methods is set out in the
measurement was made. This statement of the radioactive monographs. Moreover certain precautions special to
content must be made with reference to a time zone (GMT, radioactivity must also be taken for radiation protection.
CET). The radioactivity at other times may be calculated In a hospital environment thin-layer and paper
from the exponential equation or from tables. chromatography are mostly used. In paper and thin-layer
The radioactivity of a solution is expressed per unit volume chromatography, a volume equal to that described in the
to give the radioactive concentration. monograph is deposited on the starting-line as prescribed in
the general methods for chromatography. It is preferable not
to dilute the preparation to be examined but it is important
RADIONUCLIDIC PURITY
to avoid depositing such a quantity of radioactivity that
In most of the cases, to state the radionuclidic purity of counting losses by coincidence occur during measurement of
a radiopharmaceutical preparation, the identity of every the radioactivity. On account of the very small quantities of
radionuclide present and their radioactivity must be known. the radioactive material applied, a carrier may be added when
The most generally useful method for examination of specified in a particular monograph. After development,
radionuclidic purity is that of gamma spectrometry. It the support is dried and the positions of the radioactive
is not a completely reliable method because alpha- and areas are detected by autoradiography or by measurement
beta-emitting impurities are not usually easily detectable of radioactivity over the length of the chromatogram, using
and, when sodium iodide detectors are employed, the peaks suitable collimated counters or by cutting the strips and
due to gamma emitting impurities are often obscured by the counting each portion. The positions of the spots or areas
spectrum of the principal radionuclide. permit chemical identification by comparison with solutions
The individual monographs prescribe the radionuclidic purity of the same chemical substances (non-radioactive) using a
required (for example, the gamma-ray spectrum does not suitable detection method.
significantly differ from that of a standardised preparation) Radioactivity may be measured by integration using an
and may set limits for specific radionuclidic impurities (for automatic-plotting instrument or a digital counter. The
example, cobalt-60 in cobalt-57). While these requirements ratios of the areas under the peaks give the ratios of the
are necessary, they are not in themselves sufficient to ensure radioactive concentration of the chemical substances. When
that the radionuclidic purity of a preparation is sufficient for the strips are cut into portions, the ratios of the quantities
human use. The manufacturer must examine the product of radioactivity measured give the ratio of concentrations of
in detail and especially must examine preparations of the radioactive chemical species.
radionuclides of short half-life for impurities of long half-life
after a suitable period of decay. In this way, information SPECIFIC RADIOACTIVITY
on the suitability of the manufacturing processes and the Specific radioactivity is usually calculated taking into account
adequacy of the testing procedures may be obtained. In cases the radioactive concentration (radioactivity per unit volume)
where two or more positron emitting radionuclides need to and the concentration of the chemical substance being
be identified and/or differentiated, as e.g. 18F-impurities in studied, after verification that the radioactivity is attributable
13N-preparations, half-life determinations need to be carried only to the radionuclide (radionuclidic purity) and the
out in addition to gamma spectrometry. chemical species (radiochemical purity) concerned.
Due to differences in the half-lives of the different Specific radioactivity changes with time. The statement of
radionuclides present in a radiopharmaceutical preparation, the specific radioactivity therefore includes reference to a
the radionuclidic purity changes with time. The requirement date and, if necessary, time. The requirement of the specific
of the radionuclidic purity must be fulfilled throughout the radioactivity must be fulfilled throughout the period of
period of validity. It is sometimes difficult to carry out these validity.
tests before authorising the release for use of the batch
when the half-life of the radionuclide in the preparation is CHEMICAL PURITY
short. The test then constitutes a control of the quality of
production. The determination of chemical purity requires quantification
of the individual chemical impurities specified in the
RADIOCHEMICAL PURITY monograph.
The determination of radiochemical purity requires ENANTIOMERIC PURITY
separation of the different chemical substances containing
the radionuclide and estimating the percentage of Where appropriate, the stereoisomeric purity has to be
radioactivity associated with the declared chemical verified.
substance. Radiochemical impurities may originate from :
PHYSIOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION
— radionuclide production,
A physiological distribution test is prescribed, if necessary, for
— subsequent chemical procedures, certain radiopharmaceutical preparations. The distribution
— incomplete preparative separation, pattern of radioactivity observed in specified organs, tissues
or other body compartments of an appropriate animal
— chemical changes during storage. species (usually rats or mice) can be a reliable indication
The requirement of the radiochemical purity must be fulfilled of the expected distribution in humans and thus of the
throughout the period of validity. suitability for the intended purpose.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 699
Radiopharmaceutical preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The individual monograph prescribes the details concerning When the half-life of the radionuclide is very short (e.g. less
the performance of the test and the physiological distribution than 20 min), the administration of the radiopharmaceutical
requirements which must be met for the radiopharmaceutical preparation to the patient is generally on-line with a validated
preparation. A physiological distribution conforming to the production system.
requirements will assure appropriate distribution of the For safety reasons (high level of radioactivity) it is not
radioactive compounds to the intended biological target in possible to use the quantity of the radiopharmaceutical
humans and limits its distribution to non-target areas. preparations as required in the test for sterility (2.6.1). The
In general, the test is performed as follows. method by membrane filtration is to be preferred to limit
irradiation of personnel.
Each of three animals is injected intravenously with the
preparation to be tested. If relevant, the species, sex, strain Notwithstanding the requirements concerning the
and weight and/or age of the animals is specified in the use of antimicrobial preservatives in Parenteral
monograph. The test injection is the radiopharmaceutical preparations (0520), their addition to radiopharmaceutical
preparation as it is intended for human use. Where preparations in multidose containers is not obligatory,
applicable, products are reconstituted according to the unless prescribed in the monograph.
manufacturer’s instructions. In some cases, dilution BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS - PYROGENS
immediately before injection may be necessary.
For certain radiopharmaceutical preparations a test for
The administration will normally be made via the intravenous bacterial endotoxins is prescribed. The test is carried out
route for which purpose the caudal vein is used. Other as described in the general method (2.6.14), taking the
veins such as the saphenous, femoral, jugular or penile necessary precautions to limit irradiation of the personnel
veins may be used in special cases. Animals showing carrying out the test.
evidence of extravasation of the injection (observed at the The limit for bacterial endotoxins is indicated in the
time of injection or revealed by subsequent assay of tissue individual monograph.
radioactivity) are rejected from the test.
When the nature of the radiopharmaceutical preparation
Immediately after injection each animal is placed in a results in an interference by inhibition or activation and it is
separate cage which will allow collection of excreta and not possible to eliminate the interfering factor(s), the test for
prevent contamination of the body surface of the animal. pyrogens (2.6.8) may be specifically prescribed.
At the specified time after injection, the animals are It is sometimes difficult to carry out these tests before
euthanised by an appropriate method and dissected. releasing the batch for use when the half-life of the
Selected organs and tissues are assayed for their radioactivity radionuclide in the preparation is short. The test then
using a suitable instrument as described elsewhere in this constitutes a control of the quality of production.
monograph. The physiological distribution is then calculated
and expressed in terms of the percentage of the radioactivity STORAGE
which is found in each of the selected organs or tissues. For Store in an airtight container in a place that is sufficiently
this purpose the radioactivity in an organ may be related shielded to protect personnel from irradiation by primary
to the injected radioactivity calculated from the radioactive or secondary emissions and that complies with national
content of the syringe measured before and after injection. and international regulations concerning the storage
For some radiopharmaceutical preparations it may be of radioactive substances. During storage, containers
appropriate to determine the ratio of the radioactivity in may darken due to irradiation. Such darkening does not
weighed samples of selected tissues (radioactivity/mass). necessarily involve deterioration of the preparations.
For a preparation to meet the requirements of the test, Radiopharmaceutical preparations are intended for use
the distribution of radioactivity in at least two of the three within a short time and the end of the period of validity must
animals must comply with all the specified criteria. be clearly stated.
LABELLING
STERILITY
The labelling of radiopharmaceutical preparations complies
Radiopharmaceutical preparations for parenteral with the relevant national and European legislation.
administration must be prepared using precautions designed The label on the direct container states :
to exclude microbial contamination and to ensure sterility.
The test for sterility is carried out as described in the general — the name of the preparation and/or its reference,
method for sterility (2.6.1). Special difficulties arise with — the name of the manufacturer,
radiopharmaceutical preparations because of the short — an identification number,
half-life of some radionuclides small size of batches and
the radiation hazards. It is not always possible to await the — for liquid and gaseous preparations : the total radioactivity
results of the test for sterility before authorisation of the in the container, or the radioactive concentration per
release for use of the batch concerned. Parametric release millilitre at a stated date and, if necessary, time, and
(5.1.1) of the product manufactured by a fully validated the volume of liquid in the container,
process is the method of choice in such cases. When — for solid preparations (such as freeze-dried preparations) :
aseptic manufacturing is used, the test for sterility has to be the total radioactivity at a stated date and, if necessary,
executed as a control of the quality of production. time. After reconstitution with the appropriate solution,
the preparation is considered as a liquid preparation,
When the size of a batch of the radiopharmaceutical
preparation is limited to one or a few samples (e.g. — for capsules : the radioactivity per capsule at a stated date
therapeutic or very short-lived radiopharmaceutical and, if necessary, time and the number of capsules in the
preparation), sampling the batch for sterility testing may container.
not be applicable. If the radiopharmaceutical preparation is The labelling can be adapted in certain cases (e.g.
sterilised by filtration and/or aseptically processed (5.1.1) radiopharmaceutical preparations containing short-lived
process validation is critical. radionuclides).

700 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Recombinant DNA technology, products of

In addition, the label on the outer package states : confirmed at the seed-lot stage, up to and beyond the normal
— the route of administration, level of population doubling for full-scale fermentation ; in
— the period of validity or the expiry date, certain systems, for example, where multiple copies of the
gene are inserted into the genome of a continuous cell line,
— the name and concentration of any added antimicrobial it may be inappropriate to sequence the cloned gene at the
preservative, production level ; under these circumstances, Southern blot
— where applicable, any special storage conditions. analysis of total cellular DNA or sequence analysis of the
messenger RNA (mRNA) may be helpful, particular attention
being paid to the characterisation of the expressed protein ;
01/2008:0784
iii. the construction, genetics and structure of the complete
expression vector ;
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY, Characterisation of the host-vector system, including :
PRODUCTS OF i. mechanism of transfer of the vector into the host cells ;
ii. copy number, physical state and stability of the vector
Producta ab arte ADN recombinandorum inside the host cell ;
This monograph provides general requirements for the iii. measures used to promote and control the expression.
development and manufacture of products of recombinant CELL-BANK SYSTEM
DNA technology. These requirements are not necessarily The master cell bank is a homogeneous suspension of the
comprehensive in a given case and requirements original cells already transformed by the expression vector
complementary or additional to those prescribed in this containing the desired gene, distributed in equal volumes
monograph may be imposed in an individual monograph into individual containers for storage (for example, in liquid
or by the competent authority. nitrogen). In some cases it may be necessary to establish
The monograph is not applicable to modified live organisms separate master cell banks for the expression vector and the
that are intended to be used directly in man and animals, host cells.
for example as live vaccines. The working cell bank is a homogeneous suspension of the
DEFINITION cell material derived from the master cell bank(s) at a finite
passage level, distributed in equal volumes into individual
Products of rDNA technology are produced by genetic containers for storage (for example, in liquid nitrogen).
modification in which DNA coding for the required product
is introduced, usually by means of a plasmid or a viral vector, In both cell banks, all containers are treated identically
into a suitable micro-organism or cell line, in which that during storage and, once removed from storage, the
DNA is expressed and translated into protein. The desired containers are not returned to the cell stock.
product is then recovered by extraction and purification. The cell bank may be used for production at a finite passage
The cell or micro-organism before harbouring the vector is level or for continuous-culture production.
referred to as the host cell, and the stable association of the Production at a finite passage level
two used in the manufacturing process is referred to as the
host-vector system. This cultivation method is defined by a limited number
of passages or population doublings which must not be
PRODUCTION exceeded during production. The maximum number of cell
Production is based on a validated seed-lot system using doublings, or passage levels, during which the manufacturing
a host-vector combination that has been shown to be process routinely meets the criteria described below must
suitable to the satisfaction of the competent authority. The be stated.
seed-lot system uses a master cell bank and a working cell Continuous-culture production
bank derived from the master seed lot of the host-vector By this cultivation method the number of passages or
combination. A detailed description of cultivation, extraction population doublings is not restricted from the beginning
and purification steps and a definition of the production of production. Criteria for the harvesting as well as for
batch shall be established. the termination of production have to be defined by the
Where products of rDNA technology are manufactured using manufacturer. Monitoring is necessary throughout the life of
materials of human or animal origin, the requirements of the culture ; the required frequency and type of monitoring
chapter 5.1.7. Viral safety apply. will depend on the nature of the production system and the
The determination of the suitability of the host-vector product.
combination and the validation of the seed-lot system include Information is required on the molecular integrity of the
the following elements. gene being expressed and on the phenotypic and genotypic
CLONING AND EXPRESSION characteristics of the host cell after long-term cultivation.
The suitability of the host-vector system, particularly as The acceptance of harvests for further processing must be
regards microbiological purity, is demonstrated by : clearly linked to the schedule of monitoring applied and a
clear definition of a ‘batch’ of product for further processing
Characterisation of the host cell, including source, is required.
phenotype and genotype, and of the cell-culture media ;
VALIDATION OF THE CELL BANKS
Documentation of the strategy for the cloning of the gene
and characterisation of the recombinant vector, including : Validation of the cell banks includes :
i. the origin and characterisation of the gene ; i. stability by measuring viability and the retention of the
vector ;
ii. nucleotide-sequence analysis of the cloned gene and the
flanking control regions of the expression vector ; the cloned ii. identity of the cells by phenotypic features ;
sequences are kept to a minimum and all relevant expressed iii. where appropriate, evidence that the cell banks are free
sequences are clearly identified and confirmed at the RNA from potentially oncogenic or infective adventitious agents
level ; the DNA sequence of the cloned gene is normally (viral, bacterial, fungal or mycoplasmal) ; special attention

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 701
Recombinant DNA technology, products of EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

has to be given to viruses that can commonly contaminate Total protein. The yield of protein is determined.
the species from which the cell line has been derived ; Chemical purity. The purity of the protein product is
certain cell lines contain endogenous viruses, for example, analysed in comparison with a reference preparation by a
retroviruses, which may not readily be eliminated ; the suitable method such as liquid chromatography, capillary
expression of these organisms, under a variety of conditions electrophoresis or sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide
known to cause their induction, shall be tested for ; gel electrophoresis.
iv. for mammalian cells, details of the tumorigenic potential
of the cell bank shall be obtained. Host-cell-derived proteins. Host-cell-derived proteins are
detected by immunochemical methods, using, for example,
CONTROL OF THE CELLS polyclonal antisera raised against protein components of
The origin, form, storage, use and stability at the anticipated the host-vector system used to manufacture the product,
rate of use must be documented in full for all cell banks unless otherwise prescribed. The following types of
under conditions of storage and recovery. New cell banks procedure may be used : liquid-phase displacement
must be fully validated. assays (for example, radio-immunoassay), liquid-phase
VALIDATION OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS direct-binding assays and direct-binding assays using antigens
immobilised on nitrocellulose (or similar) membranes (for
Extraction and purification example, dot-immunoblot assays, Western blots). General
The capacity of each step of the extraction and purification requirements for the validation of immunoassay procedures
procedure to remove and/or inactivate contaminating are given under 2.7.1. Immunochemical Methods. In
substances derived from the host cell or culture medium, addition, immunoassay methods for host-cell contaminants
including, in particular, virus particles, proteins, nucleic meet the following criteria.
acids and added substances, must be validated.
— Antigen preparations. Antisera are raised against a
Validation studies are carried out to demonstrate that the preparation of antigens derived from the host organism,
production process routinely meets the following criteria : into which has been inserted the vector used in the
— exclusion of extraneous agents from the product ; manufacturing process that lacks the specific gene coding
studies including, for example, viruses with relevant for the product. This host cell is cultured, and proteins
physico-chemical features are undertaken, and a reduction are extracted, using conditions identical to those used
capacity for such contaminants at each relevant stage of for culture and extraction in the manufacturing process.
purification is established ; Partly purified preparations of antigens, using some of
— adequate removal of vector, host-cell, culture medium the purification steps in the manufacturing process, may
and reagent-derived contaminants from the product ; the also be used for the preparation of antisera.
reduction capacity for DNA is established by spiking ; the — Calibration and standardisation. Quantitative data
reduction of proteins of animal origin can be determined are obtained by comparison with dose-response curves
by immunochemical methods ; obtained using standard preparations of host-derived
— maintenance within stated limits of the yield of product protein antigens. Since these preparations are mixtures
from the culture ; of poorly defined proteins, a standard preparation
— adequate stability of any intermediate of production is prepared and calibrated by a suitable protein
and/or manufacturing when it is intended to use determination method. This preparation is stored in a
intermediate storage during the process. stable state suitable for use over an extended period of
time.
Characterisation of the substance
The identity, purity, potency and stability of the final bulk — Antisera. Antisera contain high-avidity antibodies
product are established initially by carrying out a wide range recognising as many different proteins in the antigen
of chemical, physical, immunochemical and biological tests. mixture as possible, and do not cross-react with the
Prior to release, each batch of the product is tested by the product.
manufacturer for identity and purity and an appropriate Host-cell- and vector-derived DNA. Residual DNA is
assay is carried out. detected by hybridisation analysis, using suitably sensitive,
Production consistency sequence-independent analytical techniques or other suitably
sensitive analytical techniques.
Suitable tests for demonstrating the consistency of the
production and purification are performed. In particular, the Hybridisation analysis
tests include characterisation tests, in-process controls and DNA in the test sample is denatured to give single-stranded
final-product tests as exemplified below. DNA, immobilised on a nitrocellulose or other suitable
AMINO-ACID COMPOSITION filter and hybridised with labelled DNA prepared from the
Partial amino-acid sequence analysis. The sequence data host-vector manufacturing system (DNA probes). Although
permit confirmation of the correct N-terminal processing a wide variety of experimental approaches is available,
and detection of loss of the C-terminal amino acids. hybridisation methods for measurement of host-vector DNA
Peptide mapping. Peptide mapping using chemical and/or meet the following criteria.
enzymatic cleavage of the protein product and analysis by a — DNA probes. Purified DNA is obtained from the
suitable method such as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, host-vector system grown under the same conditions
capillary electrophoresis or liquid chromatography must as those used in the manufacturing process. Host
show no significant difference between the test protein and chromosomal DNA and vector DNA may be separately
the reference preparation. Peptide mapping can also be used prepared and used as probes.
to demonstrate correct disulphide bonding.
— Calibration and standardisation. Quantitative data
DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR MASS are obtained by comparison with responses obtained
Cloned-gene retention. The minimum percentage of cells using standard preparations. Chromosomal DNA probes
containing the vector or the cloned gene after cultivation is and vector DNA probes are used with chromosomal
approved by the relevant authority. DNA and vector DNA standards, respectively.

702 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Substances for pharmaceutical use

Standard preparations are calibrated by spectroscopic in other ways. Processing with addition of excipients is
measurements and stored in a state suitable for use over permitted only where this is specifically stated in the
an extended period of time. Definition of the individual monograph.
— Hybridisation conditions. The stringency of hybridisation Substance for pharmaceutical use of special grade.
conditions is such as to ensure specific hybridisation Unless otherwise indicated or restricted in the individual
between probes and standard DNA preparations and the monographs, a substance for pharmaceutical use is intended
drug substances must not interfere with hybridisation for human and veterinary use, and is of appropriate quality
at the concentrations used. for the manufacture of all dosage forms in which it can be
used.
Sequence-independent techniques
Polymorphism. Individual monographs do not usually
Suitable procedures include : detection of sulphonated specify crystalline or amorphous forms, unless bioavailability
cytosine residues in single-stranded DNA (where DNA is is affected. All forms of a substance for pharmaceutical use
immobilised on a filter and cytosines are derivatised in situ, comply with the requirements of the monograph, unless
before detection and quantitation using an antibody directed otherwise indicated.
against the sulphonated group) ; detection of single-stranded
DNA using a fragment of single-stranded DNA bound to a PRODUCTION
protein and an antibody of this protein. Neither procedure
requires the use of specific host or vector DNA as an assay Substances for pharmaceutical use are manufactured
standard. However, the method used must be validated to by procedures that are designed to ensure a consistent
ensure parallelism with the DNA standard used, linearity of quality and comply with the requirements of the individual
response and non-interference of either the drug substance monograph or approved specification.
or excipients of the formulation at the dilutions used in the The provisions of general chapter 5.10 apply to the control
assay. of impurities in substances for pharmaceutical use.
Whether or not it is specifically stated in the individual
IDENTIFICATION, TESTS AND ASSAY monograph that the substance for pharmaceutical use :
The requirements with which the final product (bulk material — is a recombinant protein or another substance obtained
or dose form) must comply throughout its period of validity, as a direct gene product based on genetic modification,
as well as specific test methods, are stated in the individual where applicable, the substance also complies with the
monograph. requirements of the general monograph on Products of
recombinant DNA technology (0784) ;
— is obtained from animals susceptible to transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies other than by experimental
01/2008:2034 challenge, where applicable, the substance also complies
with the requirements of the general monograph on
Products with risk of transmitting agents of animal
SUBSTANCES spongiform encephalopathies (1483) ;
FOR PHARMACEUTICAL USE — is a substance derived from a fermentation process,
whether or not the micro-organisms involved are modified
by traditional procedures or recombinant DNA (rDNA)
Corpora ad usum pharmaceuticum technology, where applicable, the substance complies
with the requirements of the general monograph on
The statements in this monograph are intended to be read Products of fermentation (1468).
in conjunction with individual monographs on substances
in the Pharmacopoeia. Application of the monograph If solvents are used during production, they are of suitable
to other substances may be decided by the competent quality. In addition, their toxicity and their residual level
authority. are taken into consideration (5.4). If water is used during
production, it is of suitable quality.
DEFINITION If substances are produced or processed to yield a certain
Substances for pharmaceutical use are any organic or form or grade, that specific form or grade of the substance
inorganic substances that are used as active substances complies with the requirements of the monograph. Certain
or excipients for the production of medicinal products for functionality-related tests may be described to control
human or veterinary use. They may be obtained from natural properties that may influence the suitability of the substance
sources or produced by extraction from raw materials, and subsequently the properties of dosage forms prepared
fermentation or synthesis. from it.
This monograph does not apply to herbal drugs, herbal drug Powdered substances may be processed to obtain a certain
preparations or extracts, which are the subject of separate degree of fineness (2.9.12).
general monographs [Herbal drugs (1433), Herbal drug Compacted substances are processed to increase the particle
preparations (1434), Extracts (0765)]. size or to obtain particles of a specific form and/or to obtain
a substance with a higher bulk density.
Where medicinal products are manufactured using
substances for pharmaceutical use of human or animal Coated active substances consist of particles of the active
origin, the requirements of chapter 5.1.7. Viral safety apply. substance coated with one or more suitable excipients.
Substances for pharmaceutical use may be used as such or Granulated active substances are particles of a specified
as starting materials for subsequent formulation to prepare size and/or form produced from the active substance by
medicinal products. Depending on the formulation, certain granulation directly or with one or more suitable excipients.
substances may be used either as active substances or as If substances are processed with excipients, these excipients
excipients. Solid substances may be compacted, coated, comply with the requirements of the relevant monograph or,
granulated, powdered to a certain fineness or processed where no such monograph exists, the approved specification.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 703
Substances for pharmaceutical use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

CHARACTERS of general relevance for substances subject to microbial

The statements under the heading Characters (e.g. contamination. Depending on the nature of the substance
statements about the solubility or a decomposition point) and its intended use, different acceptance criteria may be
are not to be interpreted in a strict sense and are not justified.
requirements. They are given for information. Sterility (2.6.1). If intended for use in the manufacture
Where a substance may show polymorphism, this may be of sterile dosage forms without a further appropriate
stated under Characters in order to draw this to the attention sterilisation procedure, or if offered as sterile grade, the
of the user who may have to take this characteristic into substance for pharmaceutical use complies with the test for
consideration during formulation of a preparation. sterility.
IDENTIFICATION Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14). If offered as bacterial
endotoxin-free grade, the substance for pharmaceutical use
Where under Identification an individual monograph complies with the test for bacterial endotoxins. The limit
contains subdivisions entitled First identification and and test method (if not gelation method A) are stated in the
Second identification, the test or tests that constitute the individual monograph. The limit is calculated in accordance
First identification may be used in all circumstances. The with Test for bacterial endotoxins : guidelines (2.6.14),
test or tests that constitute the Second identification may unless a lower limit is justified from results from production
be used for identification, provided it can be demonstrated batches or is required by the competent authority. Where a
that the substance is fully traceable to a batch certified to test for bacterial endotoxins is prescribed, a test for pyrogens
comply with all the other requirements of the monograph. is not required.
TESTS Pyrogens (2.6.8). If the test for pyrogens is justified rather
Polymorphism (5.9). If the nature of a crystalline or than the test for bacterial endotoxins and if a pyrogen-free
amorphous form imposes restrictions on its use in grade is offered, the substance for pharmaceutical use
preparations, the nature of the specific crystalline or complies with the test for pyrogens. The limit and test
amorphous form is identified, its morphology is adequately method are stated in the individual monograph or approved
controlled and its identity is stated on the label. by the competent authority. Based on appropriate test
validation for bacterial endotoxins and pyrogens, the test for
Related substances. Unless otherwise prescribed or justified bacterial endotoxins may replace the test for pyrogens.
and authorised, organic impurities in active substances are
to be reported, identified wherever possible, and qualified Additional properties. Control of additional properties (e.g.
as indicated in Table 2034.-1. physical characteristics, functionality-related characteristics)
may be necessary for individual manufacturing processes
Specific thresholds may be applied for impurities known or formulations. Grades (such as sterile, endotoxin-free,
to be unusually potent or to produce toxic or unexpected pyrogen-free) may be produced with a view to manufacture of
pharmacological effects. preparations for parenteral administration or other dosage
If the individual monograph does not provide suitable forms and appropriate requirements may be specified in an
control for a new impurity, a suitable test for control must individual monograph.
be developed and included in the specification for the
substance. ASSAY
The requirements above do not apply to biological and Unless justified and authorised, contents of substances for
biotechnological products, peptides, oligonucleotides, pharmaceutical use are determined. Suitable methods are
radiopharmaceuticals, products of fermentation and used.
semi-synthetic products derived therefrom, to crude products
of animal or plant origin or herbal products. LABELLING
Residual solvents are limited according to the principles In general, labelling is subject to supranational and national
defined in chapter 5.4, using general method 2.4.24 regulation and to international agreements. The statements
or another suitable method. Where a quantitative under the heading Labelling therefore are not comprehensive
determination of a residual solvent is carried out and a test and, moreover, for the purposes of the Pharmacopoeia
for loss on drying is not carried out, the content of residual only those statements that are necessary to demonstrate
solvent is taken into account for calculation of the assay compliance or non-compliance with the monograph are
content of the substance, the specific optical rotation and mandatory. Any other labelling statements are included
the specific absorbance. as recommendations. When the term ‘label’ is used in the
Pharmacopoeia, the labelling statements may appear on the
Microbiological quality. Individual monographs give container, the package, a leaflet accompanying the package
acceptance criteria for microbiological quality wherever or a certificate of analysis accompanying the article, as
such control is necessary. Table 5.1.4.-2. – Acceptance decided by the competent authority.
criteria for microbiological quality of non-sterile
Where appropriate, the label states that the substance is :
substances for pharmaceutical use in chapter 5.1.4.
Microbiological quality of pharmaceutical preparations — intended for a specific use ;
gives recommendations on microbiological quality that are — of a distinct crystalline form ;
Table 2034.-1. – Reporting, identification and qualification of organic impurities in active substances
Use Maximum daily Reporting Identification Qualification
dose threshold threshold threshold
Human use or human and ≤ 2 g/day > 0.05 per cent > 0.10 per cent or a daily > 0.15 per cent or a daily
veterinary use intake of > 1.0 mg (whichever intake of > 1.0 mg (whichever
is the lower) is the lower)
Human use or human and > 2 g/day > 0.03 per cent > 0.05 per cent > 0.05 per cent
veterinary use
Veterinary use only Not applicable > 0.1 per cent > 0.2 per cent > 0.5 per cent

704 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Vaccines for human use

— of a specific degree of fineness ; Viral vaccines are prepared from viruses grown in animals,
— compacted ; in fertilised eggs, in suitable cell cultures or in suitable
— coated ; tissues or by culture of genetically engineered cells. They
are liquids that vary in opacity according to the type of
— granulated ; preparation or may be freeze-dried. Liquid preparations
— sterile ; and freeze-dried preparations after reconstitution may be
— free from bacterial endotoxins ; coloured if a pH indicator such as phenol red has been used
— free from pyrogens ; in the culture medium.
— containing gliding agents. PRODUCTION
Where applicable, the label states :
General provisions. The production method for a given
— the degree of hydration, product must have been shown to yield consistently batches
— the name and concentration of any added substance (for comparable with the batch of proven clinical efficacy and
example, an antimicrobial preservative or an antioxidant). safety in man. Requirements for production including
Where an active substance is processed with addition of an in-process testing are included in individual monographs.
excipient or excipients, the label states the excipient(s) used Where justified and authorised, certain tests may be omitted
and the content of active substance and excipient(s). where it can be demonstrated, for example by validation
studies, that the production process consistently ensures
compliance with the test.
01/2008:0153
Unless otherwise justified and authorised, vaccines
are produced using a seed-lot system. The methods of
VACCINES FOR HUMAN USE preparation are designed to maintain adequate immunogenic
properties, to render the preparation harmless and to
Vaccina ad usum humanum prevent contamination with extraneous agents.
Where vaccines for human use are manufactured
For a combined vaccine, where there is no monograph using materials of human or animal origin, the general
to cover a particular combination, the vaccine complies requirements of chapter 5.1.7. Viral safety apply in
with the monograph for each individual component, with conjunction with the more specific requirements relating to
any necessary modifications approved by the competent viral safety in this monograph, in chapters 5.2.2. Chicken
authority. flocks free from specified pathogens for the production and
DEFINITION quality control of vaccines, 5.2.3. Cell substrates for the
production of vaccines for human use and 2.6.16. Tests for
Vaccines for human use are preparations containing extraneous agents in viral vaccines for human use, and in
substances capable of inducing a specific and active individual monographs.
immunity in man against an infecting agent or the toxin or
the antigen elaborated by it. They shall have been shown Unless otherwise justified and authorised, in the production
to have acceptable immunogenic activity in man with of a final lot of vaccine, the number of passages of a virus, or
the intended vaccination schedule. They may contain an the number of subcultures of a bacterium, from the master
adjuvant. seed lot shall not exceed that used for production of the
Vaccines for human use may contain : organisms inactivated vaccine shown in clinical studies to be satisfactory with
by chemical or physical means that maintain adequate respect to safety and efficacy.
immunogenic properties ; living organisms that are naturally Vaccines are as far as possible free from ingredients known
avirulent or that have been treated to attenuate their to cause toxic, allergic or other undesirable reactions in
virulence whilst retaining adequate immunogenic properties ; man. Suitable additives, including stabilisers and adjuvants
antigens extracted from the organisms or secreted by them may be incorporated. Penicillin and streptomycin are not
or produced by genetic engineering ; the antigens may be used at any stage of production nor added to the final
used in their native state or may be detoxified by chemical product ; however, master seed lots prepared with media
or physical means and may be aggregated, polymerised or containing penicillin or streptomycin may, where justified
conjugated to a carrier to increase their immunogenicity. and authorised, be used for production.
Terminology used in monographs on vaccines for human use Consistency of production is an important feature of vaccine
is defined in chapter 5.2.1. production. Monographs on vaccines for human use give
Bacterial vaccines are suspensions of various degrees of limits for various tests carried out during production and on
opacity in colourless or almost colourless liquids, or may the final lot. These limits may be in the form of maximum
be freeze-dried. The concentration of living or inactivated values, minimum values or minimum and maximum
bacteria is expressed in terms of International Units of tolerances around a given value. While compliance with
opacity or, where appropriate, is determined by direct cell these limits is required, it is not necessarily sufficient to
count or, for living bacteria, by viable count. ensure consistency of production for a given vaccine. For
Bacterial toxoids are prepared from toxins by diminishing relevant tests, the manufacturer must therefore define for
their toxicity to a non-detectable level or by completely each product a suitable action or release limit or limits to
eliminating it by physical or chemical procedures whilst be applied in view of the results found for batches tested
retaining adequate immunogenic properties. The toxins clinically and those used to demonstrate consistency of
are obtained from selected strains of micro-organisms. The production. These limits may be subsequently refined on a
method of production is such that the toxoid does not revert statistical basis in the light of production data.
to toxin. Toxoids may be liquid or freeze-dried. They may be Substrates for propagation. Substrates for propagation
purified and adsorbed. Adsorbed toxoids are suspensions comply with the relevant requirements of the Pharmacopoeia
of white or grey particles dispersed in colourless or pale (5.2.2, 5.2.3) or in the absence of such requirements with
yellow liquids and may form a sediment at the bottom of the those of the competent authority. Processing of cell banks
container. and subsequent cell cultures is done under aseptic conditions

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 705
Vaccines for human use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

in an area where no other cells are being handled. Serum may be carried out on representative samples in conditions
and trypsin used in the preparation of cell suspensions shall equivalent to those intended to be used for storage. For
be shown to be free from extraneous agents. each intermediate (except for seed lots), a period of validity
Seed lots. The strain of bacterium or virus used in a master applicable for the intended storage conditions is established,
seed lot is identified by historical records that include where appropriate in the light of stability studies.
information on the origin of the strain and its subsequent Final bulk. The final bulk is prepared by aseptically blending
manipulation. Suitable measures are taken to ensure that the ingredients of the vaccine.
no micro-organism other than the seed strain is present in Adsorbents. Vaccines may be adsorbed on aluminium
a seed lot. hydroxide, aluminium phosphate, calcium phosphate or
Culture media. Culture media are as far as possible free other suitable adsorbent ; the adsorbents are prepared in
from ingredients known to cause toxic, allergic or other special conditions which confer the appropriate physical
undesirable reactions in man ; if inclusion of such ingredients form and adsorptive properties.
is necessary, it shall be demonstrated that the amount Antimicrobial preservatives. Antimicrobial preservatives
present in the final lot is reduced to such a level as to render are used to prevent spoilage or adverse effects caused by
the product safe. Approved animal (but not human) serum microbial contamination occurring during the use of a
may be used in the growth medium for cell cultures but vaccine. Antimicrobial preservatives are not included in
the medium used for maintaining cell growth during virus freeze-dried products. For single-dose liquid preparations,
multiplication shall not contain serum, unless otherwise inclusion of antimicrobial preservatives is not normally
stated. Cell culture media may contain a pH indicator such acceptable. For multidose liquid preparations, the need for
as phenol red and approved antibiotics at the lowest effective effective antimicrobial preservation is evaluated taking into
concentration although it is preferable to have a medium account likely contamination during use and the maximum
free from antibiotics during production. recommended period of use after broaching of the container.
Propagation and harvest. The seed cultures are propagated If an antimicrobial preservative is used, it shall be shown
and harvested under defined conditions. The purity of that it does not impair the safety or efficacy of the vaccine.
the harvest is verified by suitable tests as defined in the Addition of antibiotics as antimicrobial preservatives is not
monograph. normally acceptable.
Control cells. For vaccines produced in cell cultures, control During development studies, the effectiveness of the
cells are maintained and tested as prescribed. In order to antimicrobial preservative throughout the period of validity
provide a valid control, these cells must be maintained in shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the competent
conditions that are essentially equivalent to those used authority.
for the production cell cultures, including use of the same The efficacy of the antimicrobial preservative is evaluated as
batches of media and media changes. described in chapter 5.1.3. If neither the A criteria nor the
B criteria can be met, then in justified cases the following
Control eggs. For live vaccines produced in eggs, control
criteria are applied to vaccines for human use : bacteria, no
eggs are incubated and tested as prescribed in the
increase at 24 h and 7 days, 3 log reduction at 14 days, no
monograph.
increase at 28 days ; fungi, no increase at 14 days and 28 days.
Purification. Where applicable, validated purification
Final lot. For vaccines for parenteral administration, the final
procedures may be applied.
lot is prepared by aseptically distributing the final bulk into
Inactivation. Inactivated vaccines are produced using a sterile tamper-proof containers which, after freeze-drying
validated inactivation process whose effectiveness and where applicable, are closed so as to exclude contamination.
consistency have been demonstrated. Where there are For vaccines for administration by a non-parenteral route,
recognised potential contaminants of a harvest, for example the final lot is prepared by distributing the final bulk under
in vaccines produced in eggs from healthy, non-SPF flocks, suitable conditions into sterile, tamper-proof containers.
the inactivation process is also validated with respect to
Appearance. Each container (vial, syringe or ampoule)
the potential contaminants. A test for effectiveness of the
in each final lot is inspected visually or mechanically for
inactivation process is carried out as soon as possible after
acceptable appearance.
the inactivation process, unless otherwise justified and
authorised. Degree of adsorption. During development of an adsorbed
vaccine, the degree of adsorption is evaluated as part of the
Stability of intermediates. During production of vaccines, consistency testing. A release specification for the degree
intermediates are obtained at various stages and are stored, of adsorption is established in the light of results found
sometimes for long periods. Such intermediates include : for batches used in clinical testing. From the stability data
— seed lots ; generated for the vaccine it must be shown that at the end
— live or inactivated harvests from bacterial or viral cultures ; of the period of validity the degree of adsorption will not be
— purified harvests that may consist of toxins or toxoids, less than for batches used in clinical testing.
polysaccharides, bacterial or viral suspensions ; Stability. During development studies, maintenance of
— purified antigens ; potency of the final lot throughout the period of validity shall
— adsorbed antigens ; be demonstrated ; the loss of potency in the recommended
storage conditions is assessed and excessive loss even within
— conjugated polysaccharides ; the limits of acceptable potency may indicate that the vaccine
— final bulk vaccine ; is unacceptable.
— vaccine in the final closed container stored at a Expiry date. Unless otherwise stated, the expiry date is
temperature lower than that used for stability studies and calculated from the beginning of the assay or from the
intended for release without re-assay. beginning of the first assay for a combined vaccine. For
Except where they are used within a short period of time, vaccines stored at a temperature lower than that used for
stability studies are carried out on the intermediates in the stability studies and intended for release without re-assay,
intended storage conditions to establish the expected extent the expiry date is calculated from the date of removal from
of degradation. For final bulk vaccine, stability studies cold storage. If, for a given vaccine, an assay is not carried

706 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Vaccines for veterinary use

out, the expiry date for the final lot is calculated from the — the recommended human dose and route of
date of an approved stability-indicating test or failing this administration ;
from the date of freeze-drying or the date of filling into the — the storage conditions ;
final containers. For a combined vaccine where components
— the expiry date ;
are presented in separate containers, the expiry date is that
of the component which expires first. — the name and amount of any antimicrobial preservative ;
The expiry date applies to vaccines stored in the prescribed — the name of any antibiotic, adjuvant, flavour or stabiliser
conditions. present in the vaccine ;
Animal tests. In accordance with the provisions of the — the name of any constituent that may cause adverse
European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate reactions and any contra-indications to the use of the
Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific vaccine ;
Purposes, tests must be carried out in such a way as to use — for freeze-dried vaccines :
the minimum number of animals and to cause the least pain, — the name or composition and the volume of the
suffering, distress or lasting harm. The criteria for judging reconstituting liquid to be added ;
tests in monographs must be applied in the light of this. — the time within which the vaccine is to be used after
For example, if it is indicated that an animal is considered reconstitution.
to show positive, infected etc. when typical clinical signs or
death occur then as soon as sufficient indication of a positive
result is obtained the animal in question shall be either
humanely destroyed or given suitable treatment to prevent 01/2008:0062
unnecessary suffering. In accordance with the General
Notices, alternative test methods may be used to demonstrate VACCINES FOR VETERINARY USE
compliance with the monograph and the use of such tests is
particularly encouraged when this leads to replacement or
reduction of animal use or reduction of suffering. Vaccina ad usum veterinarium
TESTS In the case of combined vaccines, for each component that
is the subject of a monograph in the Pharmacopoeia, the
Vaccines comply with the tests prescribed in individual provisions of that monograph apply to that component,
monographs including, where applicable, the following : modified where necessary as indicated (see Tests (Safety)
pH (2.2.3). Liquid vaccines, after reconstitution where below, Evaluation of safety of veterinary vaccines (5.2.6)
applicable, comply with the limits for pH approved for the and Evaluation of efficacy of veterinary vaccines (5.2.7)).
particular preparation.
1. DEFINITION
Adjuvant. If the vaccine contains an adjuvant, the amount Vaccines for veterinary use are preparations containing
is determined and shown to be within acceptable limits antigenic substances and are administered for the purpose
with respect to the expected amount (see also the tests for of inducing a specific and active immunity against disease
aluminium and calcium below). provoked by bacteria, toxins, viruses, fungi or parasites. The
Aluminium (2.5.13) : maximum 1.25 mg of aluminium (Al) vaccines, live or inactivated, confer active immunity that
per single human dose where an aluminium adsorbent has may be transferred passively via maternal antibodies against
been used in the vaccine, unless otherwise stated. the immunogens they contain and sometimes also against
Calcium (2.5.14) : maximum 1.3 mg of calcium (Ca) per antigenically related organisms. Vaccines may contain
single human dose where a calcium adsorbent has been used bacteria, toxins, viruses or fungi, living or inactivated,
in the vaccine, unless otherwise stated. parasites, or antigenic fractions or substances produced by
these organisms and rendered harmless whilst retaining
Free formaldehyde (2.4.18) : maximum 0.2 g/l of free all or part of their antigenic properties ; vaccines may also
formaldehyde is present in the final product where contain combinations of these constituents. The antigens
formaldehyde has been used in the preparation of the may be produced by recombinant DNA technology. Suitable
vaccine, unless otherwise stated. adjuvants may be included to enhance the immunising
Phenol (2.5.15) : maximum 2.5 g/l is present in the final properties of the vaccines.
product where phenol has been used in the preparation of Terminology used in monographs on vaccines for veterinary
the vaccine, unless otherwise stated. use is defined in chapter 5.2.1.
Water (2.5.12) : maximum 3.0 per cent m/m for freeze-dried 1-1. BACTERIAL VACCINES AND BACTERIAL TOXOIDS
vaccines, unless otherwise stated. Bacterial vaccines and bacterial toxoids are prepared from
Extractable volume (2.9.17). Unless otherwise justified and cultures grown on suitable solid or liquid media, or by other
authorised, it complies with the requirement for extractable suitable means ; the requirements of this section do not
volume. apply to bacterial vaccines prepared in cell cultures or in
live animals. The strain of bacterium used may have been
STORAGE modified by genetic engineering. The identity, antigenic
potency and purity of each bacterial culture used is carefully
Store protected from light. Unless otherwise stated, the controlled.
storage temperature is 5 ± 3 °C ; liquid adsorbed vaccines
must not be allowed to freeze. Bacterial vaccines contain inactivated or live bacteria or
their antigenic components ; they are liquid preparations of
LABELLING various degrees of opacity or they may be freeze-dried.
The label states : Bacterial toxoids are prepared from toxins by diminishing
their toxicity to a very low level or by completely eliminating
— the name of the preparation ; it by physical or chemical means whilst retaining adequate
— a reference identifying the final lot ; immunising potency. The toxins are obtained from selected

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 707
Vaccines for veterinary use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

strains of specified micro-organisms grown in suitable Where it is unavoidable to use animals or animal tissues in
media or are obtained by other suitable means, for example, the production of veterinary vaccines, such animals shall be
chemical synthesis. free from specified pathogens, as appropriate to the source
The toxoids may be : species and the target animal for the vaccine.
— liquid, 2-1-2. Media used for seed culture preparation and for
— precipitated with alum or another suitable agent, production. At least the qualitative composition must be
— purified and/or adsorbed on aluminium phosphate, recorded of media used for seed culture preparation and for
aluminium hydroxide, calcium phosphate or another production. The grade of each named ingredient is specified.
adsorbent prescribed in the monograph. Where media or ingredients are claimed as proprietary,
this is indicated and an appropriate description recorded.
Bacterial toxoids are clear or slightly opalescent liquids. Ingredients that are derived from animals are specified as to
Adsorbed toxoids are suspensions or emulsions. Certain the source species and country of origin, and must comply
toxoids may be freeze-dried. with the criteria described in chapter 5.2.5. Preparation
Unless otherwise indicated, statements and requirements processes for media used, including sterilisation procedures,
given below for bacterial vaccines apply equally to bacterial are documented.
vaccines, bacterial toxoids and products containing a
combination of bacterial cells and toxoid. The addition of antibiotics during the manufacturing process
is normally restricted to cell culture fluids and other media,
1-2. VIRAL VACCINES egg inocula and material harvested from skin or other
Viral vaccines are prepared by growth in suitable cell cultures tissues.
(5.2.4), in tissues, in micro-organisms, in fertilised eggs or,
where no other possibility is available, in live animals, or by 2-1-3. Seed lots
other suitable means. The strain of virus used may have 2-1-3-1. Bacterial seed lots
been modified by genetic engineering. They are liquid or
freeze-dried preparations of one or more viruses or viral 2-1-3-1-1. General requirements. The genus and species
subunits or peptides. (and varieties where appropriate) of the bacteria used in
the vaccine are stated. Bacteria used in manufacture are
Live viral vaccines are prepared from viruses of attenuated handled in a seed-lot system wherever possible. Each master
virulence or of natural low virulence for the target species. seed lot is tested as described below. A record of the origin,
Inactivated viral vaccines are treated by a validated date of isolation, passage history (including purification
procedure for inactivation of the virus and may be purified and characterisation procedures) and storage conditions is
and concentrated. maintained for each master seed lot. Each master seed lot is
1-3. VECTOR VACCINES assigned a specific code for identification purposes.
Vector vaccines are liquid or freeze-dried preparations of one 2-1-3-1-2. Propagation. The minimum and maximum number
or more types of live micro-organisms (bacteria or viruses) of subcultures of each master seed lot prior to the production
that are non-pathogenic or have low pathogenicity for the stage are specified. The methods used for the preparation
target species and in which have been inserted one or more of seed cultures, preparation of suspensions for seeding,
genes encoding antigens that stimulate an immune response techniques for inoculation of seeds, titre and concentration
protective against other microorganisms. of inocula and the media used, are documented. It shall be
2. PRODUCTION demonstrated that the characteristics of the seed material
(for example, dissociation or antigenicity) are not changed
2-1. PREPARATION OF THE VACCINE by these subcultures. The conditions under which each seed
The methods of preparation, which vary according to the lot is stored are documented.
type of vaccine, are such as to maintain the identity and
immunogenicity of the antigen and to ensure freedom from 2-1-3-1-3. Identity and purity. Each master seed lot is shown
contamination with extraneous agents. to contain only the species and strain of bacterium stated. A
brief description of the method of identifying each strain by
Substances of animal origin used in the production of biochemical, serological and morphological characteristics
vaccines for veterinary use comply with the requirements of and distinguishing it as far as possible from related strains is
chapter 5.2.5. Other substances used in the preparation of recorded, as is also the method of determining the purity of
vaccines for veterinary use comply with requirements of the the strain. If the master seed lot is shown to contain living
Pharmacopoeia (where a relevant monograph exists) and organisms of any kind other than the species and strain
are prepared in a manner that avoids contamination of the stated, then it is unsuitable for vaccine production.
vaccine.
2-1-3-2. Virus seed lots
2-1-1. Substrates for production. Cell cultures used in the
production of vaccines for veterinary use comply with the 2-1-3-2-1. General requirements. Viruses used in manufacture
requirements of chapter 5.2.4. are handled in a seed-lot system. Each master seed lot
Where a monograph refers to chicken flocks free from is tested as described below. A record of the origin, date
specified pathogens (SPF), these flocks comply with the of isolation, passage history (including purification and
requirements prescribed in chapter 5.2.2. characterisation procedures) and storage conditions is
For production of inactivated vaccines, where vaccine maintained for each seed lot. Each master seed lot is assigned
organisms are grown in poultry embryos, such embryos a specific code for identification purposes. Production of
are derived either from SPF flocks (5.2.2) or from healthy vaccine is not normally undertaken using virus more than
non-SPF flocks free from the presence of certain agents and 5 passages from the master seed lot. In the tests on the
their antibodies, as specified in the monograph. It may be master seed lot described below, the organisms used are not
necessary to demonstrate that the inactivation process is normally more than 5 passages from the master seed lot at
effective against specified potential contaminants. For the the start of the tests, unless otherwise indicated.
production of a master seed lot and for all passages of a Where the master seed lot is contained within a permanently
micro-organism up to and including the working seed lot, infected master cell seed, the following tests are carried out
eggs from SPF flocks (5.2.2) are used. on an appropriate volume of virus from disrupted master

708 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Vaccines for veterinary use

cell seed. Where relevant tests have been carried out on 2-1-4. Inactivation. Inactivated vaccines are subjected
disrupted cells to validate the suitability of the master cell to a validated inactivation procedure. The testing of the
seed, these tests need not be repeated. inactivation kinetics described below is carried out once
2-1-3-2-2. Propagation. The master seed lot and all for a given production process. The rest of this section
subsequent passages are propagated on cells, on applies to each production run. When conducting tests for
embryonated eggs or in animals that have been shown to inactivation, it is essential to take account of the possibility
be suitable for vaccine production (see above), and, where that under the conditions of manufacture, organisms may be
applicable, using substances of animal origin that meet the physically protected from inactivant.
requirements prescribed in chapter 5.2.5. 2-1-4-1. Inactivation kinetics. The inactivating agent and
2-1-3-2-3. Identification. A suitable method to identify the the inactivation procedure shall be shown, under conditions
vaccine strain and to distinguish it as far as possible from of manufacture, to inactivate the vaccine micro-organism.
related strains must be used. Adequate data on inactivation kinetics shall be obtained.
2-1-3-2-4. Bacteria and fungi. The master seed lot complies Normally, the time required for inactivation shall be not more
with the test for sterility (2.6.1). than 67 per cent of the duration of the inactivation process.
2-1-3-2-5. Mycoplasmas (2.6.7). The master seed lot complies 2-1-4-2. Aziridine. If an aziridine compound is used as the
with the test for mycoplasmas (culture method and indicator inactivating agent then it shall be shown that no inactivating
cell culture method). agent remains at the end of the inactivation procedure.
This may be accomplished by neutralising the inactivating
2-1-3-2-6. Absence of extraneous viruses. Monographs may
agent with thiosulphate and demonstrating residual
contain requirements for freedom from extraneous agents,
thiosulphate in the inactivated harvest at the completion of
otherwise the requirements stated below apply.
the inactivation procedure.
Preparations of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
2-1-4-3. Formaldehyde. If formaldehyde is used as the
containing high levels of neutralising antibody to the virus
inactivating agent, then a test for free formaldehyde is
of the seed lot are made on a batch basis, using antigen that
carried out as prescribed under Tests.
is not derived from any passage level of the virus isolate
giving rise to the master seed virus. Each batch of serum is 2-1-4-4. Other inactivating agents. When other inactivation
maintained at 56 °C for 30 min to inactivate complement. methods are used, appropriate tests are carried out to
Each batch is shown to be free of antibodies to potential demonstrate that the inactivating agent has been removed
contaminants of the seed virus and is shown to be free of or reduced to an acceptable residual level.
any non-specific inhibiting effects on the ability of viruses to 2-1-4-5. Residual live virus/bacteria and/or detoxification
infect and propagate within cells (or eggs, where applicable). testing. A test for complete inactivation and/or detoxification
If such a serum cannot be obtained, other methods are used is performed immediately after the inactivation and/or
to remove or neutralise the seed virus specifically. detoxification procedure and, if applicable, the neutralisation
If the seed lot virus would interfere with the conduct and or removal of the inactivating or detoxifying agent.
sensitivity of a test for extraneous viruses, a sample of the 2-1-4-5-1. Bacterial vaccines. The test selected shall be
master seed lot is treated with a minimum amount of the appropriate to the vaccine bacteria being used and shall
monoclonal or polyclonal antibody so that the vaccine consist of at least 2 passages in production medium or, if solid
virus is neutralised as far as possible or removed. The final medium has been used for production, in a suitable liquid
virus-serum mixture shall, if possible, contain at least the medium or in the medium prescribed in the monograph.
virus content of 10 doses of vaccine per 0.1 ml for avian The product complies with the test if no evidence of any live
vaccines and per millilitre for other vaccines. For avian micro-organism is observed.
vaccines, the testing to be carried out on seed lots is given in 2-1-4-5-2. Bacterial toxoids. The test selected shall be
chapter 2.6.24. For mammalian vaccines, the seed lot or the appropriate to the toxin or toxins present and shall be the
mixture of seed lot and antiserum is tested for freedom from most sensitive available.
extraneous agents as follows. 2-1-4-5-3. Viral vaccines. The test selected shall be
The mixture is inoculated onto cultures of at least 70 cm2 of appropriate to the vaccine virus being used and must consist
the required cell types. The cultures may be inoculated at of at least 2 passages in cells, embryonated eggs or, where no
any suitable stage of growth up to 70 per cent confluency. other suitably sensitive method is available, in animals. The
At least 1 monolayer of each type must be retained as a quantity of cell samples, eggs or animals shall be sufficient
control. The cultures must be monitored daily for a week. At to ensure appropriate sensitivity of the test. For tests in cell
the end of this period the cultures are freeze thawed 3 times, cultures, not less than 150 cm2 of cell culture monolayer is
centrifuged to remove cell debris and re-inoculated onto the inoculated with 1.0 ml of inactivated harvest. The product
same cell type as above. This is repeated twice. The final complies with the test if no evidence of the presence of any
passage must produce sufficient cells in appropriate vessels live virus or other micro-organism is observed.
to carry out the tests below.
The final bulk vaccine is prepared by combining one or
Cytopathic and haemadsorbing agents are tested for using more batches of antigen that comply with all the relevant
the methods described in the relevant sections on testing cell requirements with any auxiliary substances, such as
cultures (5.2.4) and techniques such as immuno-fluorescence adjuvants, stabilisers, antimicrobial preservatives and
are used for detection of specific contaminants for the tests diluents.
in cell cultures. The master seed lot is inoculated onto :
2-2. CHOICE OF VACCINE COMPOSITION AND CHOICE
— primary cells of the species of origin of the virus,
OF VACCINE STRAIN
— cells sensitive to viruses pathogenic for the species for For the choice of vaccine composition and choice of
which the vaccine is intended, vaccine strain, important aspects to be evaluated include
— cells sensitive to pestiviruses. safety, efficacy and stability. General requirements for
If the master seed lot is shown to contain living organisms evaluation of safety and efficacy are given in chapter 5.2.6
of any kind, other than the virus of the species and strain and chapter 5.2.7. These requirements may be made more
stated, or foreign viral antigens, then it is unsuitable for explicit or supplemented by the requirements of specific
vaccine production. monographs.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 709
Vaccines for veterinary use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

For live vaccines, a maximum virus titre or bacterial count — Fish :

acceptable from the point of view of safety is established — broodstock fish/fish raised primarily for food
during development studies. This is then used as the production.
maximum acceptable titre for each batch of vaccine at
release. 2-2-5. Antimicrobial preservatives. Antimicrobial
preservatives are used to prevent spoilage or adverse effects
2-2-1. Potency and immunogenicity. The tests given under caused by microbial contamination occurring during use of a
the headings Potency and Immunogenicity in monographs vaccine which is expected to be no longer than 10 h after first
serve 2 purposes : broaching. Antimicrobial preservatives are not included in
— the Potency section establishes by a well-controlled test freeze-dried products but, if justified, taking into account the
in experimental conditions, the minimum acceptable maximum recommended period of use after reconstitution,
vaccinating capacity for all vaccines within the scope of they may be included in the diluent for multi-dose
the definition, which must be guaranteed throughout the freeze-dried products. For single-dose liquid preparations,
period of validity ; inclusion of antimicrobial preservatives is not acceptable
— well-controlled experimental studies are normally unless justified and authorised, but may be acceptable, for
a part of the overall demonstration of efficacy of a example where the same vaccine is filled in single-dose and
vaccine (see chapter 5.2.7) ; the test referred to in the multidose containers and is used in non-food-producing
section ‘Immunogenicity’ (it usually cross-refers to the species. For multidose liquid preparations, the need for
Immunogenicity section) is suitable as a part of this effective antimicrobial preservation is evaluated taking into
testing. account likely contamination during use and the maximum
2-2-2. Route of administration. During development of recommended period of use after broaching of the container.
a vaccine, safety and immunogenicity are demonstrated During development studies the effectiveness of the
for each route of administration to be recommended. antimicrobial preservative throughout the period of validity
The following is a non-exhaustive list of such routes of shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the competent
administration : authority.
— intramuscular, The efficacy of the antimicrobial preservative is evaluated as
— subcutaneous, described in chapter 5.1.3 and in addition samples are tested
at suitable intervals over the proposed in use shelf-life. If
— intravenous, neither the A criteria nor the B criteria can be met, then in
— ocular, justified cases the following criteria are applied to vaccines
— oral, for veterinary use : bacteria, no increase from 24 h to 7 days,
— nasal, 3 log reduction at 14 days, no increase at 28 days ; fungi, no
— foot-stab, increase at 14 days and 28 days.
— wing web, Addition of antibiotics as antimicrobial preservative is
generally not acceptable.
— intradermal,
— intraperitoneal, 2-2-6. Stability. Evidence of stability is obtained to justify
the proposed period of validity. This evidence takes the form
— in ovo. of the results of virus titrations, bacterial counts or potency
2-2-3. Methods of administration. During development tests carried out at regular intervals until 3 months beyond
of a vaccine, safety and immunogenicity are demonstrated the end of the shelf life on not fewer than 3 representative
for each method of administration to be recommended. consecutive batches of vaccine kept under recommended
The following is a non-exhaustive list of such methods of storage conditions together with results from studies of
administration : moisture content (for freeze-dried products), physical tests
— injection, on the adjuvant, chemical tests on substances such as
— drinking water, the adjuvant constituents and preservatives and pH, as
appropriate.
— spray,
Where applicable, studies on the stability of the reconstituted
— eye-drop, vaccine are carried out, using the product reconstituted in
— scarification, accordance with the proposed recommendations.
— implantation, 2-3. MANUFACTURER’S TESTS
— immersion. Certain tests may be carried out on the final bulk vaccine
2-2-4. Categories of animal. Monographs may indicate that rather than on the batch or batches prepared from it ; such
a given test is to be carried out for each category of animal tests include those for antimicrobial preservatives, free
of the target species for which the product is recommended formaldehyde and the potency determination for inactivated
or is to be recommended. The following is a non-exhaustive vaccines.
list of categories that are to be taken into account. 2-3-1. Residual live virus/bacteria and/or detoxification
— Mammals : testing. For inactivated vaccines, where the auxiliary
— pregnant animals/non-pregnant animals, substances would interfere with a test for inactivation
— animals raised primarily for breeding/animals raised and/or detoxification, a test for inactivation or detoxification
primarily for food production, is carried out during preparation of the final bulk, after the
different batches of antigen have been combined but before
— animals of the minimum age or size recommended for addition of auxiliary substances ; the test for inactivation or
vaccination. detoxification may then be omitted on the final bulk and the
— Avian species : batch.
— birds raised primarily for egg production/birds raised Where there is a risk of reversion to toxicity, the test
primarily for production of meat, for detoxification performed at the latest stage of the
— birds before point of lay/birds after onset of lay. production process at which the sensitivity of the test is not

710 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Vaccines for veterinary use

compromised (e.g. after the different batches of antigen Animal tests. In accordance with the provisions of the
have been combined but before the addition of auxiliary European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate
substances) is important to demonstrate a lack of reversion Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific
to toxicity. Purposes, tests must be carried out in such a way as to use
the minimum number of animals and to cause the least pain,
2-3-2. Batch potency test. For most vaccines, the tests cited
suffering, distress or lasting harm. The criteria for judging
under Potency or Immunogenicity are not suitable for the
tests in monographs must be applied in the light of this.
routine testing of batches.
For example, if it is indicated that an animal is considered
For live vaccines, the minimum acceptable virus titre to be positive, infected etc. when typical clinical signs
or bacterial count that gives satisfactory results in the occur then as soon as it is clear that the result will not be
Potency test and other efficacy studies is established during affected the animal in question shall be either euthanised or
development. For routine testing it must be demonstrated given suitable treatment to prevent unnecessary suffering.
for each batch that the titre or count at release is such that In accordance with the General Notices, alternative test
at the end of the period of validity, in the light of stability methods may be used to demonstrate compliance with
studies, the vaccine, stored in the recommended conditions, the monograph and the use of such tests is particularly
will contain not less than the minimum acceptable virus titre encouraged when this leads to replacement or reduction of
or bacterial count determined during development studies. animal use or reduction of suffering.
2-3-4-1. Physical tests. A vaccine with an oily adjuvant is
For inactivated vaccines, if the test described under Potency tested for viscosity by a suitable method and shown to be
is not used for routine testing, a batch potency test is within the limits set for the product. The stability of the
established during development. The aim of the batch emulsion shall be demonstrated.
potency test is to ensure that each batch of vaccine would,
if tested, comply with the test described under Potency 2-3-4-2. Chemical tests. Tests for the concentrations of
and Immunogenicity. The acceptance criteria for the batch appropriate substances such as aluminium and preservatives
potency test are therefore established by correlation with are carried out to show that these are within the limits set
the test described under Potency. Where a batch potency for the product.
test is described in a monograph, this is given as an example 2-3-4-3. pH. The pH of liquid products and diluents is
of a test that is considered suitable, after establishment of measured and shown to be within the limits set for the
correlation with the potency test ; other test models can also product.
be used.
2-3-4-4. Water. Where applicable, the freeze-drying process
2-3-3. Batch. Unless otherwise prescribed in the monograph, is checked by a determination of water and shown to be
the final bulk vaccine is distributed aseptically into sterile, within the limits set for the product.
tamper-proof containers which are then closed so as to
exclude contamination.
3. BATCH TESTS
Only a batch that complies with each of the requirements The monographs also indicate tests to be carried out on
given below under 3. Batch tests or in the relevant individual each particular vaccine.
monograph may be released for use. With the agreement
of the competent authority, certain of the batch tests may All hen eggs, chickens and chicken cell cultures for use
be omitted where in-process tests give an equal or better in quality control tests shall be derived from an SPF flock
guarantee that the batch would comply or where alternative (5.2.2).
tests validated with respect to the Pharmacopoeia method 3-1. Identification. For inactivated vaccines, the
have been carried out. identification prescribed in monographs is usually an
antibody induction test since this is applicable to all vaccines.
The identification test can often be conveniently combined
with the batch potency test to avoid unnecessary use of 3-2. Formaldehyde (2.4.18 ; use Method B if sodium
animals. For a given vaccine, a validated in vitro test can be metabisulphite has been used to neutralise excess
used to avoid the unnecessary use of animals. formaldehyde). Where formaldehyde has been used in the
preparation, the concentration of free formaldehyde is not
It is recognised that, in accordance with General Notices greater than 0.5 g/l, unless a higher amount has been shown
(section 1.1. General statements), for an established vaccine to be safe.
the routine application of the safety test will be waived by 3-3. Phenol (2.5.15). When the vaccine contains phenol, the
the competent authority in the interests of animal welfare concentration is not greater than 5 g/l.
when a sufficient number of consecutive production batches
3-4. Sterility (2.6.1). Where prescribed in the monograph,
have been produced and found to comply with the test,
vaccines comply with the test for sterility. Where the volume
thus demonstrating consistency of the manufacturing
of liquid in a container is greater than 100 ml, the method of
process. Significant changes to the manufacturing process
membrane filtration is used wherever possible. Where the
may require resumption of routine testing to re-establish
method of membrane filtration cannot be used, the method
consistency. The number of consecutive batches to be tested
of direct inoculation may be used. Where the volume of
depends on a number of factors such as the type of vaccine,
liquid in each container is at least 20 ml, the minimum
the frequency of production of batches and experience with
volume to be used for each culture medium is 10 per cent
the vaccine during development safety testing and during
of the contents or 5 ml, whichever is less. The appropriate
application of the batch safety test. Without prejudice
number of items to be tested (2.6.1) is 1 per cent of the batch
to the decision of the competent authority in the light
with a minimum of 4 and a maximum of 10.
of information available for a given vaccine, testing of
10 consecutive batches is likely to be sufficient for most For avian live viral vaccines, for non-parenteral use only, the
products. For products with an inherent safety risk, it may requirement for sterility is usually replaced by requirements
be necessary to continue to conduct the safety test on each for absence of pathogenic micro-organisms and for a
batch. maximum of 1 non-pathogenic micro-organism per dose.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 711
Vegetable fatty oils EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

3-5. Extraneous agents. Monographs prescribe a set of 10 birds of one of the species for which the vaccine is
measures that taken together give an acceptable degree of recommended, the birds being free from antibodies against
assurance that the final product does not contain infectious the disease agent for which the vaccine is intended to provide
extraneous agents. These measures include : protection.
1) production within a seed-lot system and a cell-seed system, 3-8. Potency. The vaccine complies with the requirements
wherever possible ; of the test mentioned under Immunogenicity (section 2-3-1)
2) extensive testing of seed lots and cell seed for extraneous when administered by a recommended route and method.
agents ;
4. STORAGE
3) requirements for SPF flocks used for providing substrates
for vaccine production ; Store protected from light at a temperature of 5 ± 3 °C,
unless otherwise indicated. Liquid preparations are not to
4) testing of substances of animal origin, which must, be allowed to freeze, unless otherwise indicated.
wherever possible, undergo an inactivation procedure ;
5) for live vaccines, testing of the final product for infectious 5. LABELLING
extraneous agents ; such tests are less extensive than those The label states :
carried out at earlier stages because of the guarantees given — that the preparation is for veterinary use,
by in-process testing.
— the volume of the preparation and the number of doses
In cases of doubt, the tests intended for the seed lot of a in the container,
live vaccine may also be applied to the final product. If an
extraneous agent is found in such a test, the vaccine does — the route of administration,
not comply the monograph. — the type or types of bacteria or viruses used and for live
Avian live viral vaccines comply with the tests for extraneous vaccines the minimum and the maximum number of live
agents in batches of finished products (2.6.25). bacteria or the minimum and the maximum virus titre,
3-6. Mycoplasmas (2.6.7). Where prescribed in a monograph, — where applicable, for inactivated vaccines, the minimum
the vaccine complies with the test for mycoplasmas (culture potency in International Units,
method). — where applicable, the name and amount of antimicrobial
preservative or other substance added to the vaccine,
3-7. Safety. In general, 2 doses of an inactivated vaccine
and/or 10 doses of a live vaccine are injected by a — the name of any substance that may cause an adverse
recommended route. It may be necessary to reduce the reaction,
prescribed number of doses under certain circumstances — for freeze-dried vaccines :
or amend the method of re-constitution and injection, for — the name or composition and the volume of the
example for a combined vaccine, where it is difficult to reconstituting liquid to be added,
reconstitute 10 doses of the live component in 2 doses of
— the period within which the vaccine is to be used after
the inactivated component. The animals are observed for
reconstitution,
the longest period stated in the monographs. No abnormal
local or systemic reaction occurs. Where several batches are — for vaccines with an oily adjuvant, that if the vaccine is
prepared from the same final bulk, the safety test is carried accidentally injected into man, urgent medical attention
out on the first batch and then omitted for further batches is necessary,
prepared from the same final bulk. — the animal species for which the vaccine is intended,
During development studies, the type and degree of reactions — the indications for the vaccine,
expected with the vaccine are defined in the light of safety — the instructions for use,
testing. This definition is then used as part of the operating
procedure for the batch safety test to evaluate acceptable — any contra-indications to the use of the product including
and unacceptable reactions. any required warning on the dangers of administration
of an overdose,
The immune status of animals to be used for the safety
test is specified in the individual monograph. For most — the doses recommended for different species.
monographs, one of the 3 following categories is specified :
1) the animals must be free from antibodies against the
virus/bacterium/toxin etc. contained in the vaccine, 01/2008:1579
2) the animals are preferably free from antibodies but
animals with a low level of antibody may be used as long as VEGETABLE FATTY OILS
the animals have not been vaccinated and the administration
of the vaccine does not cause an anamnestic response,
Olea herbaria
3) the animals must not have been vaccinated against the
disease the vaccine is intended to prevent. DEFINITION
As a general rule, category 1 is specified for live vaccines. Vegetable fatty oils are mainly solid or liquid triglycerides
For other vaccines, category 2 is usually specified but where of fatty acids. They may contain small amounts of other
most animals available for use in tests would comply with lipids such as waxes, free fatty acids, partial glycerides or
category 1, this may be specified for inactivated vaccines also. unsaponifiable matters. Vegetable fatty oils are obtained
Category 3 is specified for some inactivated vaccines where from the seeds, the fruit or the pit/stone/kernel of various
determination of antibodies prior to testing is unnecessary plants by expression and/or solvent extraction, then possibly
or impractical. For poultry vaccines, as a general rule the refined and hydrogenated. A suitable antioxidant may be
use of SPF birds is specified. added if necessary.
For avian vaccines, the safety test is generally carried out Virgin oil : an oil obtained from raw materials of special
using 10 SPF chickens (5.2.2), except that for vaccines not quality by mechanical procedures (e.g. by cold expression
recommended for use in chickens it is carried out using or centrifugation).

712 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Vegetable fatty oils

Refined oil : an oil obtained by expression and/or solvent different speeds ; the solid particles are discarded from
extraction, and subsequently either alkali refining (followed the tapered end of the bowl and the oil flows out from
by bleaching and any deodorisation) or physical refining. the other end.
Hydrogenated oil : an oil obtained by expression and/or Solvent extraction. Prior to extraction, the following steps
solvent extraction, and subsequently either alkali refining are carried out : the seeds are tempered for about a week at
or physical refining, then possible bleaching, followed a temperature below 24 °C in order to loosen the hull from
by drying, hydrogenation and subsequent bleaching and the seed and allow the seed moisture to attain equilibrium,
deodorisation. then the seeds are cleaned, ground, dehulled and flaked.
Only alkali-refined oils are used in the preparation of The most widely used solvent is a mixture of mainly n-hexane
parenteral dosage forms. and methylpentanes (bp : 65-70 °C) commonly referred to as
‘hexane’. Due to the major fire and explosive risks of this
PRODUCTION mixture, liquified gases and supercritical gases may also be
used.
Measures are taken to ensure that the oil complies with the
limit for benzo[a]pyrene decided by the competent authority. REFINING
A limit of 2.0 ppb is set in Commission Regulation (EC) The objective of refining is to remove impurities and
No. 208/2005. contaminants of the oil with the least possible damage to the
triglycerides and with minimal loss of oil. The contents of
OBTENTION OF A CRUDE OIL the following substances are reduced :
Where the plant has a high oil content, the oil is generally
— free fatty acids, which may cause deterioration of the oil
obtained by expression under heating followed by an
by oxidation, a smoked taste when heated and a sharp
extraction ; where the plant has a low oil content, the oil is
flavour (by alkali refining) ;
generally obtained by direct extraction.
— water, which favours the enzymatic hydrolysis reactions
Mechanical procedures (by alkali refining, drying) ;
A. Expression — partial glycerides, which may cause foaming and a bitter
High-pressure screw-pressing. It consists of some or all taste (by neutralisation, washing) ;
of the following steps : cleaning, drying, dehulling or — phosphatides and phosphorous compounds, which
decorticating, grinding, cooking and flaking. have emulsifying properties and may cause deposits, a
During cleaning the foreign matter is eliminated. Drying darkening of the oil when heated, a cloudy appearance
may be necessary if the seed moisture content is higher and bad organoleptic stability (by alkali refining) ;
than desirable for downstream processing. Decorticating is — colouring matters such as chlorophyll (by alkali refining)
useful to obtain a high-protein meal by reduction of fibre and carotenoids (by bleaching) ;
and to reduce impurities in the oil. Cooking serves various
— glycolipids, which may form colloidal solutions with
purposes : completion of the breakdown of oil cells, lowering
water ;
of the viscosity of the oil, coagulation of the protein in the
meal, adjustment of the moisture level, sterilisation of the — free hydrocarbons, paraffin, waxes and resinous materials ;
seed, detoxifying undesirable seed constituents (gossypol — metals (Fe, Cu, Pb, Sn, Pt, Pd, etc.), which are strong
for cottonseed) and fixing certain phosphatides in the cake oxidation catalysts ;
thus lowering subsequent refining losses. The efficacy of the — pigments such as gossypol (in cottonseed oil) or
expression process is such that only 3 per cent to 6 per cent mycotoxins such as aflatoxin (mainly in arachis seeds) ;
of the oil is left in the cake.
— pesticides ;
Wet screw-pressing. The bunches are loaded into cages
(for palm fruit) and moved into a horizontal steriliser with — oxidation products (aldehydes, peroxides) ;
application of live steam and heating. The purposes of this — proteins having possible allergic reactions ;
steriliser are inactivation of enzymes, loosening of the fruit — unsaponifiable matters (sterols, tocopherols and other
on the bunch, coagulation of proteins, etc. After heating vitamins) ;
in a digester, the pulp is fed to a screw-press. The oil is
centrifugally clarified and vacuum-dried. — polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Pre-pressing followed by solvent extraction. The same Alkali refining. It involves the following steps : degumming
sequence of steps is performed as above. The main if necessary, neutralisation using alkali, washing and drying.
function of pre-pressing is to obtain a cake of excellent Degumming. During this step of the refining, i.e. treatment
permeability for the following solvent extraction stage. The with water and/or phosphoric acid and/or sodium chloride,
extraction is performed either in a percolation-type or in the phosphatides, phosphorous compounds and metals are
an immersion-type apparatus. The efficacy of the solvent eliminated. The use of this step depends on the nature of
extraction process is such that residual oil levels in meal are the oil.
generally below 1 per cent. Neutralisation with alkali. This step reduces the
B. Centrifugation free-fatty-acid content below 0.1 per cent ; the fatty acids are
converted into oil-insoluble soaps, also called ‘soapstocks’.
Centrifugation separates the oily phase from the aqueous Other substances may be removed by adsorption on these
phase, which contains water-soluble components and soaps : mucilaginous substances, phosphatides, oxidation
residual solid particles. This operation can be carried out products, colouring matters, etc. All substances that become
using : insoluble in the oil on hydration are removed. Neutralisation
— self-cleaning bowl or disc centrifuges ; with alkali has the disadvantage of saponifying a portion of
— super-decanters, which are horizontal turbines equipped neutral oil if the neutralisation is not well conducted.
with a cylindrical bowl that tapers slightly at one end and Washing. This operation consists in removing the excess of
which contains a continuously turning screw that scrapes soaps and alkali as well as the remaining traces of metals,
the sides of the bowl ; the screw and the bowl rotate at phosphatides and other impurities, using hot water.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 713
Vegetable fatty oils EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Drying. The remaining water is eliminated under vacuum WINTERISATION

before any further steps, such as bleaching. Elimination of solids and waxes by filtration at low
Physical refining. It involves a steam treatment of the oil temperature (also called dewaxing). These solids and waxes
under high vacuum at a temperature greater than 235 °C. could affect the appearance of the oil and cause deposits.
This technique must be applied to oils naturally low in HYDROGENATION
phosphatides and metals (palm, coconut, olive) or from The hydrogenation of the dried and/or bleached oil is
which phosphatides and metals have been removed by an performed using a catalyst (e.g. Ni, Pt, Pd), at a temperature
acid treatment using concentrated phosphoric acid followed of about 100-200 °C under hydrogen pressure. The catalyst
by an adsorptive treatment with activated bleaching earth is then removed by filtration at 90 °C. The hydrogen must
(for sunflower, rapeseed, soya-bean). Moreover, it cannot be be pure : free of poisons for the catalyst, water-free, and low
used for heat-sensitive oils (cottonseed oil), which darken. in carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen contents. Small
Bleaching. The common method of bleaching is by amounts of polymers may be obtained. Trans-fatty acids are
adsorption treatment of the oil, which is generally heated formed during partial hydrogenation.
at 90 °C for 30 min under vacuum, with bleaching earth CHROMATOGRAPHIC PURIFICATION
(natural or activated) or carbon (activated or not) ; synthetic In high-purity applications, mainly for parenteral uses, the oil
silica adsorbents may also be added. Substances that have may be further purified by passing the oil through a column
not been totally removed during refining are eliminated, for containing an activated earth. A solvent may sometimes be
example carotenoids and chlorophyll. used to improve the efficiency. High-polarity molecules, such
Deodorisation. Deodorisation eliminates odours, volatile as oxidised materials, acids, alcohols, partial glycerides and
substances and any residual extraction solvents ; it involves free sterols, are preferentially removed.
injecting dry vapour into the oil, which is kept under vacuum When the oil is used in the preparation of parenteral dosage
at a high temperature. Different temperatures are used forms, the limits set in the monograph for the acid value, the
according to the oil : 200-235 °C for 1.5-3 h or greater than peroxide value and the water content may be different.
240 °C for 30 min.
LABELLING
One of the main side reactions is thermic decolourisation
due to the destruction of carotenoids when the temperature The label states :
is greater than 150 °C. This technique provokes a loss of — where applicable, that the oil was obtained by expression
substances that may be distilled (free fatty acids, sterols, or extraction ;
tocopherols, part of the refined oil), and may cause cis-trans — where applicable, that the oil is suitable for use in the
isomerisation of the unsaturated fatty-acid double bonds. manufacture of parenteral dosage forms.

714 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

DOSAGE FORMS
Glossary.........................................................................................717 Patches, transdermal................................................................. 737
Capsules.. ......................................................................................717 Powders for cutaneous application........................................ 738
Chewing gums, medicated.. ..................................................... 719 Powders, oral.. ............................................................................ 738
Ear preparations......................................................................... 719 Premixes for medicated feeding stuffs for veterinary use.. 739
Eye preparations.. ...................................................................... 721 Preparations for inhalation...................................................... 739
Foams, medicated.. .................................................................... 723 Preparations for irrigation.. ..................................................... 743
Granules.. ..................................................................................... 723 Pressurised pharmaceutical preparations.. .......................... 744
Intramammary preparations for veterinary use.................. 725 Rectal preparations.................................................................... 744
Intraruminal devices.. ............................................................... 725 Semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application.. .......... 746
Intrauterine preparations for veterinary use.. ..................... 726 Sticks.. .......................................................................................... 748
Liquid preparations for cutaneous application.. ................. 728 Tablets.. ........................................................................................ 748
Liquid preparations for oral use............................................. 728 Tampons, medicated ................................................................. 751
Nasal preparations.. ................................................................... 730 Vaginal preparations.. ............................................................... 751
Oromucosal preparations......................................................... 732 Veterinary liquid preparations for cutaneous application.. 752
Parenteral preparations............................................................ 735

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 715
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

716 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Capsules

01/2008:1502 Large-volume parenterals

Infusions and injections supplied in containers with a
GLOSSARY nominal content of more than 100 ml.
The following introductory text provides definitions and/or Small-volume parenterals
explanations of terms that may be found in, or used in Infusions and injections supplied in containers with a
association with, the general monographs on dosage forms, nominal content of 100 ml or less.
but that are not defined within them. Where relevant,
reference is made to other equivalent terms that may be
found in other publications or contexts.
01/2008:0016
This glossary is published for information.
Standard Term CAPSULES
Standard Terms for describing the pharmaceutical form of
a medicinal product, the routes of administration and the Capsulae
containers used have been established by the European
Pharmacopoeia Commission and are provided in a separate The requirements of this monograph do not necessarily
publication on Standard Terms. apply to preparations that are presented as capsules
Active substance intended for use other than by oral administration.
Requirements for such preparations may be found, where
Equivalent terms : active ingredient, drug substance, appropriate, in other general monographs, for example
medicinal substance, active pharmaceutical ingredient. Rectal preparations (1145) and Vaginal preparations (1164).
Vehicle
DEFINITION
A vehicle is the carrier, composed of one or more excipients,
for the active substance(s) in a liquid preparation. Capsules are solid preparations with hard or soft shells
of various shapes and capacities, usually containing a
Basis single dose of active substance(s). They are intended for oral
A basis is the carrier, composed of one or more excipients, for administration.
the active substance(s) in semi-solid and solid preparations. The capsule shells are made of gelatin or other substances,
Conventional-release dosage forms the consistency of which may be adjusted by the addition
of substances such as glycerol or sorbitol. Excipients
Conventional-release dosage forms are preparations
such as surface-active agents, opaque fillers, antimicrobial
showing a release of the active substance(s) which is not
preservatives, sweeteners, colouring matter authorised by
deliberately modified by a special formulation design and/or
the competent authority and flavouring substances may be
manufacturing method. In the case of a solid dosage form,
added. The capsules may bear surface markings.
the dissolution profile of the active substance depends
essentially on its intrinsic properties. Equivalent term : The contents of capsules may be solid, liquid or of a
immediate-release dosage form. paste-like consistency. They consist of one or more active
substances with or without excipients such as solvents,
Modified-release dosage forms diluents, lubricants and disintegrating agents. The contents
Modified-release dosage forms are preparations where the do not cause deterioration of the shell. The shell, however, is
rate and/or place of release of the active substance(s) attacked by the digestive fluids and the contents are released.
is different from that of a conventional-release dosage Where applicable, containers for capsules comply with the
form administered by the same route. This deliberate requirements of Materials used for the manufacture of
modification is achieved by a special formulation design containers (3.1 and subsections) and Containers (3.2 and
and/or manufacturing method. Modified-release dosage subsections).
forms include prolonged-release, delayed-release and
pulsatile-release dosage forms. Several categories of capsules may be distinguished :
— hard capsules ;
Prolonged-release dosage forms
— soft capsules ;
Prolonged-release dosage forms are modified-release dosage
forms showing a slower release of the active substance(s) — gastro-resistant capsules ;
than that of a conventional-release dosage form administered — modified-release capsules ;
by the same route. Prolonged-release is achieved by a — cachets.
special formulation design and/or manufacturing method.
Equivalent term : extended-release dosage form. PRODUCTION
Delayed-release dosage forms In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution
Delayed-release dosage forms are modified-release dosage of capsules, suitable measures are taken to ensure their
forms showing a release of the active substance(s) which is microbial quality ; recommendations on this aspect
delayed. Delayed release is achieved by a special formulation are provided in the text on Microbiological quality of
design and/or manufacturing method. Delayed-release pharmaceutical preparations (5.1.4).
dosage forms include gastro-resistant preparations as defined TESTS
in the general monographs on solid oral dosage forms.
Uniformity of dosage units. Capsules comply with the test
Pulsatile-release dosage forms for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40) or, where justified and
Pulsatile-release dosage forms are modified-release dosage authorised, with the tests for uniformity of content and/or
forms showing a sequential release of the active substance(s). uniformity of mass shown below. Herbal drugs and herbal
Sequential release is achieved by a special formulation drug preparations present in the dosage form are not subject
design and/or manufacturing method. to the provisions of this paragraph.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 717
Capsules EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed TESTS

or justified and authorised, capsules with a content of active Disintegration. Soft capsules comply with the test for
substance less than 2 mg or less than 2 per cent of the disintegration of tablets and capsules (2.9.1). Use water R
fill mass comply with test B for uniformity of content of as the liquid medium. When justified and authorised, 0.1 M
single-dose preparations. If the preparation has more than hydrochloric acid or artificial gastric juice R may be used
one active substance, the requirement applies only to those as the liquid medium. Add a disc to each tube. Liquid active
ingredients which correspond to the above conditions. substances dispensed in soft capsules may attack the disc ; in
Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Capsules comply with the test such circumstances and where authorised, the disc may be
for uniformity of mass of single-dose preparations. If the omitted. Operate the apparatus for 30 min, unless otherwise
test for uniformity of content is prescribed for all the active justified and authorised. If the capsules fail to comply
substances, the test for uniformity of mass is not required. because of adherence to the discs, the results are invalid.
Dissolution. A suitable test may be carried out to Repeat the test on a further 6 capsules omitting the discs.
demonstrate the appropriate release of the active
substance(s), for example one of the tests described in Modified-release capsules
Dissolution test for solid dosage forms (2.9.3).
Where a dissolution test is prescribed, a disintegration test DEFINITION
may not be required.
Modified-release capsules are hard or soft capsules in which
STORAGE the contents or the shell or both contain special excipients
or are prepared by a special process designed to modify the
Store at a temperature not exceeding 30 °C. rate, the place or the time at which the active substance(s)
are released.
LABELLING
Modified-release capsules include prolonged-release capsules
The label states the name of any added antimicrobial and delayed-release capsules.
preservative.
PRODUCTION
Hard capsules A suitable test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate
release of the active substance(s).
DEFINITION
Hard capsules have shells consisting of 2 prefabricated,
cylindrical sections, each of which has one rounded, closed Gastro-resistant capsules
end and one open end.
DEFINITION
PRODUCTION
Gastro-resistant capsules are delayed-release capsules
The active substance(s), usually in solid form (powder or that are intended to resist the gastric fluid and to release
granules), are filled into one of the sections that is then their active substance or substances in the intestinal fluid.
closed by slipping the other section over it. The security of Usually they are prepared by filling capsules with granules
the closure may be strengthened by suitable means. or with particles covered with a gastro-resistant coating, or
in certain cases, by providing hard or soft capsules with a
TESTS gastro-resistant shell (enteric capsules).
Disintegration. Hard capsules comply with the test for
disintegration of tablets and capsules (2.9.1). Use water R PRODUCTION
as the liquid medium. When justified and authorised, 0.1 M For capsules filled with granules or filled with particles
hydrochloric acid or artificial gastric juice R may be used covered with a gastro-resistant coating, a suitable test is
as the liquid medium. If the capsules float on the surface of carried out to demonstrate the appropriate release of the
the water, a disc may be added. Operate the apparatus for active substance(s).
30 min, unless otherwise justified and authorised.
TESTS
Soft capsules Disintegration. For capsules with a gastro-resistant shell
carry out the test for disintegration (2.9.1) with the following
DEFINITION modifications. Use 0.1 M hydrochloric acid as the liquid
Soft capsules have thicker shells than those of hard capsules. medium and operate the apparatus for 2 h, or other such
The shells consist of a single part and are of various shapes. time as may be authorised, without the discs. Examine
the state of the capsules. The time of resistance to the
PRODUCTION acid medium varies according to the formulation of the
Soft capsules are usually formed, filled and sealed in one capsules to be examined. It is typically 2 h to 3 h but even
operation, but for extemporaneous use the shell may be with authorised deviations it must not be less than 1 h. No
prefabricated. The shell material may contain an active capsule shows signs of disintegration or rupture permitting
substance. the escape of the contents. Replace the acid by phosphate
buffer solution pH 6.8 R. When justified and authorised, a
Liquids may be enclosed directly ; solids are usually dissolved buffer solution of pH 6.8 with added pancreas powder (for
or dispersed in a suitable vehicle to give a solution or example, 0.35 g of pancreas powder R per 100 ml of buffer
dispersion of a paste-like consistency. solution) may be used. Add a disc to each tube. Operate the
There may be partial migration of the constituents from the apparatus for 60 min. If the capsules fail to comply because
capsule contents into the shell and vice versa because of the of adherence to the discs, the results are invalid. Repeat the
nature of the materials and the surfaces in contact. test on a further 6 capsules omitting the discs.

718 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Ear preparations

Dissolution. For capsules prepared from granules or uniformity of content and/or uniformity of mass shown
particles already covered with a gastro-resistant coating, a below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations present
suitable test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions of this
release of the active substance(s), for example the test paragraph.
described in Dissolution test for solid dosage forms (2.9.3). Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed
or justified and authorised, medicated chewing gums with
Cachets a content of active substance less than 2 mg or less than
2 per cent of the total mass comply with test A for uniformity
DEFINITION of content of single-dose preparations. If the preparation
Cachets are solid preparations consisting of a hard shell contains more than one active substance, the requirement
containing a single dose of one or more active substances. applies only to those active substances which correspond to
The cachet shell is made of unleavened bread usually from the above conditions.
rice flour and consists of 2 prefabricated flat cylindrical Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Uncoated medicated chewing
sections. Before administration, the cachets are immersed in gums and, unless otherwise justified and authorised, coated
water for a few seconds, placed on the tongue and swallowed medicated chewing gums comply with the test for uniformity
with a draught of water. of mass of single-dose preparations. If the test for uniformity
LABELLING of content is prescribed for all the active substances, the test
for uniformity of mass is not required.
The label states the method of administration of the cachets.
STORAGE
Store uncoated medicated chewing gums protected from
01/2008:1239 humidity and light.

CHEWING GUMS, MEDICATED

01/2008:0652
Masticabilia gummis medicata
DEFINITION EAR PREPARATIONS
Medicated chewing gums are solid, single-dose preparations
with a base consisting mainly of gum that are intended to be Auricularia
chewed but not swallowed. DEFINITION
They contain one or more active substances which are Ear preparations are liquid, semi-solid or solid preparations
released by chewing. After dissolution or dispersion of the intended for instillation, for spraying, for insufflation, for
active substances in saliva, chewing gums are intended to application to the auditory meatus or as an ear wash.
be used for :
Ear preparations usually contain 1 or more active substances
— local treatment of mouth diseases,
in a suitable vehicle. They may contain excipients, for
— systemic delivery after absorption through the buccal example, to adjust tonicity or viscosity, to adjust or stabilise
mucosa or from the gastrointestinal tract. the pH, to increase the solubility of the active substances, to
stabilise the preparation or to provide adequate antimicrobial
PRODUCTION
properties. The excipients do not adversely affect the
Medicated chewing gums are made with a tasteless intended medicinal action of the preparation or, at the
masticatory gum base that consists of natural or synthetic concentrations used, cause toxicity or undue local irritation.
elastomers. They may contain other excipients such as
Preparations for application to the injured ear, particularly
fillers, softeners, sweetening agents, flavouring substances,
where the eardrum is perforated, or prior to surgery are
stabilisers and plasticisers and authorised colouring matter.
sterile, free from antimicrobial preservatives and supplied in
Medicated chewing gums are manufactured by compression single-dose containers.
or by softening or melting the gum bases and adding
successively the other substances. In the latter case, chewing Ear preparations are supplied in multi-dose or single-dose
gums are then further processed to obtain the desired gum containers, provided, if necessary, with a suitable
presentation. The medicated chewing gums may be coated, administration device which may be designed to avoid the
for example, if necessary to protect from humidity and light. introduction of contaminants.
Unless otherwise justified and authorised, a suitable test Unless otherwise justified and authorised, aqueous ear
is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate release of preparations supplied in multidose containers contain
the active substance(s). The method Dissolution test for a suitable antimicrobial preservative at a suitable
medicated chewing gums (2.9.25) may be used to that concentration, except where the preparation itself has
purpose. adequate antimicrobial properties.
In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution of Where applicable, containers for ear preparations comply
medicated chewing gums, suitable means must be taken to with the requirements of Materials used for the manufacture
ensure their microbial quality ; recommendations related of containers (3.1 and subsections) and Containers (3.2 and
to this aspect are provided in the general chapter on subsections).
Microbiological quality of pharmaceutical preparations Several categories of ear preparations may be distinguished :
(5.1.4). — ear drops and sprays ;
TESTS — semi-solid ear preparations ;
— ear powders ;
Uniformity of dosage units. Medicated chewing gums
comply with the test for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40) — ear washes ;
or, where justified and authorised, with the tests for — ear tampons.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 719
Ear preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

PRODUCTION Ear drops and ear sprays

During development of an ear preparation whose formulation
contains an antimicrobial preservative, the need for and the DEFINITION
efficacy of the chosen preservative shall be demonstrated to Ear drops and ear sprays are solutions, emulsions or
the satisfaction of the competent authority. A suitable test suspensions of one or more active substances in liquids
method together with criteria for judging the preservative suitable for application to the auditory meatus without
properties of the formulation are provided in the text on exerting harmful pressure on the eardrum (for example,
Efficacy of antimicrobial preservation (5.1.3). water, glycols or fatty oils). They may also be placed in the
During development of ear washes, it must be demonstrated auditory meatus by means of a tampon impregnated with
that the nominal content can be withdrawn from the the liquid.
container of preparations presented in single-dose Emulsions may show evidence of phase separation but are
containers. readily redispersed on shaking. Suspensions may show a
In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution sediment which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a
of ear preparations, suitable means are taken to ensure suspension which remains sufficiently stable to enable the
their microbial quality ; recommendations on this aspect correct dose to be delivered.
are provided in the text on Microbiological quality of Ear drops are usually supplied in multidose containers of
pharmaceutical preparations (5.1.4). glass or suitable plastic material that are fitted with an
integral dropper or with a screw cap of suitable materials
Sterile ear preparations are prepared using materials
incorporating a dropper and rubber or plastic teat.
and methods designed to ensure sterility and to avoid
Alternatively, such a cap assembly is supplied separately.
the introduction of contaminants and the growth of
Ear sprays are usually supplied in multi-dose containers
micro-organisms ; recommendations on this aspect are
fitted with an appropriate applicator. When ear sprays
provided in the text on Methods of preparation of sterile
are supplied in pressurised containers, these comply
products (5.1.1).
with the requirements of the monograph on Pressurised
In the manufacture of ear preparations containing dispersed pharmaceutical preparations (0523).
particles, measures are taken to ensure a suitable and
controlled particle size with regard to the intended use.
Semi-solid ear preparations
TESTS
DEFINITION
Uniformity of dosage units. Single-dose ear preparations
comply with the test for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40) Semi-solid ear preparations are intended for application to
or, where justified and authorised, with the tests for the external auditory meatus, if necessary by means of a
uniformity of content and/or uniformity of mass shown tampon impregnated with the preparation.
below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations present Semi-solid ear preparations comply with the requirements of
in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions of this the monograph on Semi-solid preparations for cutaneous
paragraph. application (0132).
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed They are supplied in containers fitted with a suitable
or justified and authorised, single-dose ear preparations with applicator.
a content of active substance less than 2 mg or less than
2 per cent of the total mass comply with test B for uniformity
of content of single-dose preparations. If the preparation has Ear powders
more than one active substance, the requirement applies only
to those ingredients that correspond to the above conditions. DEFINITION
Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Single-dose ear preparations Ear powders comply with the requirements of the monograph
comply with the test for uniformity of mass of single-dose on Powders for cutaneous application (1166).
preparations. If the test for uniformity of content is They are supplied in containers fitted with a suitable device
prescribed for all the active substances, the test for for application or insufflation.
uniformity of mass is not required.
Sterility (2.6.1). Where the label indicates that the ear
preparation is sterile, it complies with the test for sterility. Ear washes
STORAGE DEFINITION
Ear washes are preparations intended to cleanse the external
If the preparation is sterile, store in a sterile, airtight,
auditory meatus. They are usually aqueous solutions with a
tamper-proof container.
pH within physiological limits.
LABELLING Ear washes intended for application to injured parts or prior
to a surgical operation are sterile.
The label states :
— the name of any added antimicrobial preservative ; Ear tampons
— where applicable, that the preparation is sterile ;
— for multidose containers, the period after opening the DEFINITION
container after which the contents must not be used. Ear tampons are intended to be inserted into the external
This period does not exceed 4 weeks, unless otherwise auditory meatus. They comply with the requirements of the
justified and authorised. monograph on Medicated tampons (1155).

720 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Eye preparations

01/2008:1163 Eye drops may contain excipients, for example, to adjust

the tonicity or the viscosity of the preparation, to adjust
EYE PREPARATIONS or stabilise the pH, to increase the solubility of the active
substance, or to stabilise the preparation. These substances
do not adversely affect the intended medicinal action or, at
Ophthalmica the concentrations used, cause undue local irritation.
DEFINITION Aqueous preparations supplied in multidose containers
Eye preparations are sterile liquid, semi-solid or solid contain a suitable antimicrobial preservative in appropriate
preparations intended for administration upon the eyeball concentration except when the preparation itself has
and/or to the conjunctiva, or for insertion in the conjunctival adequate antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial
sac. preservative chosen must be compatible with the other
ingredients of the preparation and must remain effective
Where applicable, containers for eye preparations comply throughout the period of time during which eye drops are
with the requirements of materials used for the manufacture in use.
of containers (3.1 and subsections) and containers (3.2 and
subsections). If eye drops do not contain antimicrobial preservatives
they are supplied in single-dose containers or in multidose
Several categories of eye preparations may be distinguished : containers preventing microbial contamination of the
— eye drops ; contents after opening.
— eye lotions ; Eye drops intended for use in surgical procedures do not
— powders for eye drops and powders for eye lotions ; contain antimicrobial preservatives.
— semi-solid eye preparations ; Eye drops that are solutions, examined under suitable
— ophthalmic inserts. conditions of visibility, are practically clear and practically
free from particles.
PRODUCTION Eye drops that are suspensions may show a sediment that is
During the development of an eye preparation whose readily redispersed on shaking to give a suspension which
formulation contains an antimicrobial preservative, the remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be
necessity for and the efficacy of the chosen preservative delivered.
shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the competent Multidose preparations are supplied in containers that allow
authority. A suitable test method together with criteria successive drops of the preparation to be administered. The
for judging the preservative properties of the formulation containers contain at most 10 ml of the preparation, unless
are provided in chapter 5.1.3. Efficacy of antimicrobial otherwise justified and authorised.
preservation.
Eye preparations are prepared using materials and methods TESTS
designed to ensure sterility and to avoid the introduction Particle size. Unless otherwise justified and authorised, eye
of contaminants and the growth of micro-organisms ; drops in the form of a suspension comply with the following
recommendations on this aspect are provided in chapter test : introduce a suitable quantity of the suspension
5.1.1. Methods of preparation of sterile products. into a counting cell or with a micropipette onto a slide,
In the manufacture of eye preparations containing dispersed as appropriate, and scan under a microscope an area
particles, measures are taken to ensure a suitable and corresponding to 10 µg of the solid phase. For practical
controlled particle size with regard to the intended use. reasons, it is recommended that the whole sample is first
scanned at low magnification (e.g. × 50) and particles greater
During development, it must be demonstrated that the
than 25 µm are identified. These larger particles can then
nominal contents can be withdrawn from the container of
be measured at a larger magnification (e.g. × 200 to × 500).
liquid and semi-solid eye preparations supplied in single-dose
For each 10 µg of solid active substance, not more than 20
containers.
particles have a maximum dimension greater than 25 µm,
TESTS and not more than 2 of these particles have a maximum
dimension greater than 50 µm. None of the particles has a
Sterility (2.6.1). Eye preparations comply with the test. maximum dimension greater than 90 µm.
Applicators supplied separately also comply with the test.
Remove the applicator with aseptic precautions from its LABELLING
package and transfer it to a tube of culture medium so that it The label states, for multidose containers, the period after
is completely immersed. Incubate and interpret the results opening the container after which the contents must not be
as described in the test. used. This period does not exceed 4 weeks, unless otherwise
justified and authorised.
STORAGE
Unless otherwise justified and authorised, store in a sterile, Eye lotions
tamper-proof container.
DEFINITION
LABELLING Eye lotions are sterile aqueous solutions intended for use in
The label states the name of any added antimicrobial rinsing or bathing the eye or for impregnating eye dressings.
preservative. Eye lotions may contain excipients, for example to adjust
the tonicity or the viscosity of the preparation or to adjust
Eye drops or stabilise the pH. These substances do not adversely affect
the intended action or, at the concentrations used, cause
DEFINITION undue local irritation.
Eye drops are sterile aqueous or oily solutions, emulsions or Eye lotions supplied in multidose containers contain
suspensions of one or more active substances intended for a suitable antimicrobial preservative in appropriate
instillation into the eye. concentration except when the preparation itself has

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 721
Eye preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

adequate antimicrobial properties. The antimicrobial Semi-solid eye preparations comply with the requirements
preservative chosen is compatible with the other ingredients of the monograph Semi-solid preparations for cutaneous
of the preparation and remains effective throughout the application (0132). The basis is non-irritant to the
period of time during which the eye lotions are in use. conjunctiva.
If eye lotions do not contain antimicrobial preservatives, they Semi-solid eye preparations are packed in small, sterilised
are supplied in single-dose containers. Eye lotions intended collapsible tubes fitted or provided with a sterilised cannula.
for use in surgical procedures or in first-aid treatment do not The containers contain at most 10 g of the preparation,
contain an antimicrobial preservative and are supplied in unless otherwise justified and authorised. The tubes must be
single-dose containers. well-closed to prevent microbial contamination. Semi-solid
Eye lotions, examined under suitable conditions of visibility, eye preparations may also be packed in suitably designed
are practically clear and practically free from particles. single-dose containers. The containers, or the nozzles of
tubes, are of such a shape as to facilitate administration
The containers for multidose preparations do not contain without contamination.
more than 200 ml of eye lotion, unless otherwise justified
and authorised. TESTS
LABELLING Particle size. Semi-solid eye preparations containing
dispersed solid particles comply with the following test :
The label states : spread gently a quantity of the preparation corresponding
— where applicable, that the contents are to be used on one to at least 10 µg of solid active substance as a thin layer.
occasion only ; Scan under a microscope the whole area of the sample. For
— for multidose containers, the period after opening the practical reasons, it is recommended that the whole sample is
container after which the contents must not be used ; first scanned at a small magnification (e.g. × 50) and particles
this period does not exceed 4 weeks, unless otherwise greater than 25 µm are identified. These larger particles
justified and authorised. can then be measured at a larger magnification (e.g. × 200
to × 500). For each 10 µg of solid active substance, not
more than 20 particles have a maximum dimension greater
Powders for eye drops and powders than 25 µm, and not more than 2 of these particles have
for eye lotions a maximum dimension greater than 50 µm. None of the
particles has a maximum dimension greater than 90 µm.
DEFINITION
LABELLING
Powders for the preparation of eye drops and eye lotions are
supplied in a dry, sterile form to be dissolved or suspended The label states, for multidose containers, the period after
in an appropriate liquid vehicle at the time of administration. opening the container after which the contents must not be
They may contain excipients to facilitate dissolution or used. This period does not exceed 4 weeks, unless otherwise
dispersion, to prevent caking, to adjust the tonicity, to adjust justified and authorised.
or stabilise the pH or to stabilise the preparation.
After dissolution or suspension in the prescribed liquid, they Ophthalmic inserts
comply with the requirements for eye drops or eye lotions, as DEFINITION
appropriate.
Ophthalmic inserts are sterile, solid or semi-solid
TESTS preparations of suitable size and shape, designed to be
inserted in the conjunctival sac, to produce an ocular effect.
Uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40). Single-dose powders They generally consist of a reservoir of active substance
for eye drops and eye lotions comply with the test or, where embedded in a matrix or bounded by a rate-controlling
justified and authorised, with the tests for uniformity of membrane. The active substance, which is more or less
content and/or uniformity of mass shown below. Herbal soluble in lacrymal liquid, is released over a determined
drugs and herbal drug preparations present in the dosage period of time.
form are not subject to the provisions of this paragraph.
Ophthalmic inserts are individually distributed into sterile
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed containers.
or justified and authorised, single-dose powders for eye
drops and eye lotions with a content of active substance less PRODUCTION
then 2 mg or less than 2 per cent of the total mass comply In the manufacture of ophthalmic inserts, measures are
with test B. If the preparation has more than one active taken to ensure a suitable dissolution behaviour.
substance, the requirement applies only to those substances
that correspond to the above condition. TESTS
Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Single-dose powders for eye Uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40). Ophthalmic inserts
drops and eye lotions comply with the test. If the test comply with the test or, where justified and authorised, with
for uniformity of content is prescribed for all the active the test for uniformity of content shown below. Herbal drugs
substances, the test for uniformity of mass is not required. and herbal drug preparations present in the dosage form are
not subject to the provisions of this paragraph.
Semi-solid eye preparations Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Ophthalmic inserts comply,
where applicable, with test A.
DEFINITION
LABELLING
Semi-solid eye preparations are sterile ointments, creams
or gels intended for application to the conjunctiva or to The label states :
the eyelids. They contain one or more active substances — where applicable, the total quantity of active substance
dissolved or dispersed in a suitable basis. They have a per insert ;
homogeneous appearance. — where applicable, the dose released per unit time.

722 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Granules

01/2008:1105 foam-generating container equipped with a push button

fitted to this connection. Maintain the container at about
FOAMS, MEDICATED 25 °C for at least 24 h. Shake the container, taking care not
to warm it, to homogenise the liquid phase of the contents
and dispense 5 ml to 10 ml of the foam to waste. Connect the
Musci medicati push button to the outlet of the burette. Press the button
Additional requirements for medicated foams may be and introduce about 30 ml of foam in a single delivery. Close
found, where appropriate, in other general monographs, the stopcock and at the same time start the chronometer
for example on Rectal preparations (1145), Vaginal and read the volume of foam in the burette. Every 10 s read
preparations (1164) and Liquid preparations for cutaneous the growing volume until the maximum volume is reached.
application (0927). Carry out three measurements. None of the times needed to
obtain the maximum volume is more than 5 min.
DEFINITION
Medicated foams are preparations consisting of large volumes
of gas dispersed in a liquid generally containing one or more 50

active substances, a surfactant ensuring their formation

and various other excipients. Medicated foams are usually
40
intended for application to the skin or mucous membranes.
Medicated foams are usually formed at the time of
administration from a liquid preparation in a pressurised 30
container. The container is equipped with a device consisting
of a valve and a push button suitable for the delivery of the
foam. 20

Medicated foams intended for use on severely injured skin

and on large open wounds are sterile. 10
Medicated foams supplied in pressurised containers comply
with the requirements of the monograph on Pressurised
pharmaceutical preparations (0523). 0

PRODUCTION
Sterile medicated foams are prepared using materials
and methods designed to ensure sterility and to avoid
the introduction of contaminants and the growth of
micro-organisms ; recommendations on this aspect are
provided in the text on Methods of preparation of sterile
products (5.1.1).
TESTS
Relative foam density. Maintain the container at about
25 °C for at least 24 h. Taking care not to warm the Figure 1105.-1. – Apparatus for the determination of the
container, fit a rigid tube 70 mm to 100 mm long and about duration of expansion
1 mm in internal diameter onto the push button. Shake the Sterility (2.6.1). When the label indicates that the
container to homogenise the liquid phase of the contents and preparation is sterile, it complies with the test for sterility.
dispense 5 ml to 10 ml of foam to waste. Tare a flat-bottomed
dish with a volume of about 60 ml and about 35 mm high. LABELLING
Place the end of the rigid tube attached to the push button The label states, where applicable, that the preparation is
in the corner of the dish, press the push button and fill the sterile.
dish uniformly, using a circular motion. After the foam has
completely expanded, level off by removing the excess foam
with a slide. Weigh. Determine the mass of the same volume 01/2008:0499
of water R by filling the same dish with water R.
The relative foam density is equivalent to the ratio : GRANULES
Granulata
m Requirements for granules to be used for the preparation of
= mass of the test sample of foam, in grams, oral solutions or suspensions are given in the monograph
e = mass of same volume of water R, in grams. on Liquid preparations for oral use (0672). Where justified
and authorised, the requirements of this monograph do not
Carry out three measurements. None of the individual values apply to granules for veterinary use.
deviate by more than 20 per cent from the mean value.
Duration of expansion. The apparatus (Figure 1105.-1) DEFINITION
consists of a 50 ml burette, 15 mm in internal diameter, Granules are preparations consisting of solid, dry aggregates
with 0.1 ml graduations and fitted with a 4 mm single bore of powder particles sufficiently resistant to withstand
stopcock. The graduation corresponding to 30 ml is at least handling. They are intended for oral administration. Some
210 mm from the axis of the stopcock. The lower part of are swallowed as such, some are chewed and some are
the burette is connected by means of a plastic tube not dissolved or dispersed in water or another suitable liquid
longer than 50 mm and 4 mm in internal diameter to the before being administered.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 723
Granules EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Granules contain one or more active substances with or TESTS

without excipients and, if necessary, colouring matter Disintegration. Place one dose of the effervescent granules
authorised by the competent authority and flavouring in a beaker containing 200 ml of water R at 15-25 °C ;
substances. numerous bubbles of gas are evolved. When the evolution
Granules are presented as single-dose or multidose of gas around the individual grains ceases, the granules
preparations. Each dose of a multidose preparation is have disintegrated, being either dissolved or dispersed in
administered by means of a device suitable for measuring the water. Repeat the operation on 5 other doses. The
the quantity prescribed. For single-dose granules, each dose preparation complies with the test if each of the 6 doses used
is enclosed in an individual container, for example a sachet disintegrates within 5 min.
or a vial.
Where applicable, containers for granules comply with the STORAGE
requirements of Materials used for the manufacture of In an airtight container.
containers (3.1 and subsections) and Containers (3.2 and
subsections).
Coated granules
Several categories of granules may be distinguished :
— effervescent granules, DEFINITION
— coated granules, Coated granules are usually multidose preparations and
consist of granules coated with one or more layers of
— gastro-resistant granules, mixtures of various excipients.
— modified-release granules.
PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION The substances used as coatings are usually applied as a
In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution of solution or suspension in conditions in which evaporation
granules, suitable means are taken to ensure their microbial of the vehicle occurs.
quality ; recommendations on this aspect are provided in
the text on Microbiological quality of pharmaceutical TESTS
preparations (5.1.4). Dissolution. A suitable test may be carried out to
demonstrate the appropriate release of the active
TESTS substance(s), for example one of the tests described in
Uniformity of dosage units. Single-dose granules comply Dissolution test for solid dosage forms (2.9.3).
with the test for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40) or,
where justified and authorised, with the tests for uniformity Modified-release granules
of content and/or uniformity of mass shown below. Herbal
drugs and herbal drug preparations present in the dosage DEFINITION
form are not subject to the provisions of this paragraph.
Modified-release granules are coated or uncoated granules
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed which contain special excipients or which are prepared by
or justified and authorised, single-dose granules with a special procedures, or both, designed to modify the rate, the
content of active substance less than 2 mg or less than 2 per place or the time at which the active substance or substances
cent of the total mass comply with test B for uniformity of are released.
content of single-dose preparations. If the preparation has
Modified-release granules include prolonged-release granules
more than one active substance, the requirement applies
and delayed-release granules.
only to those substances which correspond to the above
conditions. PRODUCTION
Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Single-dose granules except A suitable test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate
for coated granules comply with the test for uniformity of release of the active substance(s).
mass of single-dose preparations. If the test for uniformity of
content is prescribed for all the active substances, the test TESTS
for uniformity of mass is not required.
Dissolution. Carry out a suitable test to demonstrate the
Uniformity of mass of delivered doses from multidose appropriate release of the active substance(s), for example
containers (2.9.27). Granules supplied in multidose the test described in Dissolution test for solid dosage forms
containers comply with the test. (2.9.3).
STORAGE
If the preparation contains volatile ingredients or the
Gastro-resistant granules
contents have to be protected, store in an airtight container. DEFINITION
Gastro-resistant granules are delayed-release granules that
Effervescent granules are intended to resist the gastric fluid and to release the
active substance(s) in the intestinal fluid. These properties
DEFINITION are achieved by covering the granules with a gastro-resistant
Effervescent granules are uncoated granules generally material (enteric-coated granules) or by other suitable means.
containing acid substances and carbonates or hydrogen
carbonates which react rapidly in the presence of water to PRODUCTION
release carbon dioxide. They are intended to be dissolved or A suitable test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate
dispersed in water before administration. release of the active substance(s).

724 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Intraruminal devices

TESTS TESTS
Deliverable mass or volume. Squeeze out as much as
Dissolution. Carry out a suitable test to demonstrate the
possible of the contents of ten containers according to the
appropriate release of the active substance(s), for example
instructions on the label. The mean mass or volume does
the test described in Dissolution test for solid dosage forms
(2.9.3). not differ by more than 10 per cent from the nominal mass
or volume.
Sterility (2.6.1). Intramammary preparations for veterinary
01/2008:0945 use comply with the test for sterility ; use the technique of
membrane filtration or, in justified cases, direct inoculation
of the culture media. Squeeze out the contents of ten
INTRAMAMMARY PREPARATIONS containers and mix thoroughly. For each medium, use 0.5 g
FOR VETERINARY USE to 1 g (or 0.5 ml to 1 ml as appropriate) taken from the
mixed sample.
Praeparationes intramammariae STORAGE
ad usum veterinarium Store in a sterile, airtight, tamper-proof container.

DEFINITION LABELLING
Intramammary preparations for veterinary use are sterile The label states :
preparations intended for introduction into the mammary — the name of the active substance(s) and the mass or
gland via the teat canal. There are two main categories : number of International Units of the active substance(s)
those intended for administration to lactating animals, and that may be delivered from the container using normal
those intended for administration to animals at the end of technique,
lactation or to non-lactating animals for the treatment or — whether the preparation is intended for use in a lactating
prevention of infection. animal or a non-lactating animal,
Intramammary preparations for veterinary use are solutions, — in the case of multidose containers, the name of any
emulsions or suspensions or semi-solid preparations added antimicrobial preservative.
containing one or more active substances in a suitable
vehicle. They may contain excipients such as stabilising, 01/2008:1228
emulsifying, suspending and thickening agents. Suspensions
may show a sediment which is readily dispersed on shaking.
Emulsions may show evidence of phase separation but are INTRARUMINAL DEVICES
readily redispersed on shaking.
Unless otherwise justified and authorised, intramammary Praeparationes intraruminales
preparations for veterinary use are supplied in containers for The requirements of this monograph do not apply to
use on one occasion only for introduction in a single teat preparations (sometimes known as boluses), such as
canal of an animal. large conventional tablets, capsules or moulded dosage
If supplied in multidose containers, aqueous preparations forms which give immediate or prolonged release of the
contain a suitable antimicrobial preservative at a suitable active substance(s). Such preparations comply with the
concentration, except where the preparation itself has relevant parts of the monographs on Capsules (0016) or
adequate antimicrobial properties. Precautions for Tablets (0478).
administration and for storage between administrations DEFINITION
must be taken.
Intraruminal devices are solid preparations each containing
Where applicable, containers for intramammary preparations one or more active substances. They are intended for oral
for veterinary use comply with the requirements of Materials administration to ruminant animals and are designed to be
used for the manufacture of containers (3.1 and subsections) retained in the rumen to deliver the active substance(s) in a
and Containers (3.2 and subsections). continuous or pulsatile manner. The period of release of the
active substance(s) may vary from days to weeks according
PRODUCTION
to the nature of the formulation and/or the delivery device.
During the development of a intramammary preparation Intraruminal devices may be administered using a balling
for veterinary use, the formulation for which contains an gun. Some intraruminal devices are intended to float on the
antimicrobial preservative, the effectiveness of the chosen surface of the ruminal fluid while others are intended to
preservative shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of remain on the floor of the rumen or reticulum. Each device
the competent authority. A suitable test method together has a density appropriate for its intended purpose.
with criteria for judging the preservative properties of
the formulation are provided in the text on Efficacy of PRODUCTION
antimicrobial preservation (5.1.3). For continuous release, the intraruminal device is designed
Intramammary preparations for veterinary use are prepared to release the active substance(s) at a defined rate over a
using materials and methods designed to ensure sterility and defined period of time. This may be achieved by erosion,
to avoid the introduction of contaminants and the growth corrosion, diffusion, osmotic pressure or any other suitable
of micro-organisms ; recommendations on this aspect are chemical, physical or physico-chemical means.
provided in the text on Methods of preparation of sterile For pulsatile-release, the intraruminal device is designed to
products (5.1.1). release a specific quantity of active substance(s) at one or
In the manufacture of intramammary preparations for several defined intermediate times. This may be achieved by
veterinary use containing dispersed particles, measures are corrosion by ruminal fluids of the metallic elements of the
taken to ensure a suitable and controlled particle size with intraruminal device which leads to sequential release of the
regard to the intended use. constituent units which are usually in the form of tablets.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 725
Intrauterine preparations for veterinary use EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

In the manufacture of intraruminal devices, means are taken — tablets for intrauterine solutions and suspensions,
to ensure an appropriate release of the active substance(s). — semi-solid intrauterine preparations,
In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution of — intrauterine foams,
intraruminal devices, suitable means are taken to ensure
their microbial quality ; recommendations on this aspect — intrauterine sticks.
are provided in the text on Microbiological quality of
pharmaceutical preparations (5.1.4). PRODUCTION
During the development of an intrauterine preparation for
TESTS veterinary use, the effectiveness of any added antimicrobial
Uniformity of dosage units. Constituent tablet units of preservative shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of
intraruminal devices comply with the test for uniformity of the competent authority. A suitable test method together
dosage units (2.9.40) or, where justified and authorised, with with criteria for judging the preservative properties of the
the tests for uniformity of content and/or uniformity of mass formulation are provided under Efficacy of antimicrobial
shown below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations preservation (5.1.3).
present in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution of
of this paragraph. intrauterine preparations for veterinary use, suitable means
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise justified and are taken to ensure their microbial quality ; recommendations
authorised, constituent tablet units of intraruminal devices on this aspect are provided in the text on Microbiological
in which the active substances are present at levels less than quality of pharmaceutical preparations (5.1.4, Category 2).
2 mg or less than 2 per cent of the total mass comply with Sterile intrauterine preparations for veterinary use are
test A for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations. prepared using materials and methods designed to ensure
If the preparation contains more than one active substance, sterility and to avoid the introduction of contaminants and
the requirement applies only to those substances which the growth of microorganisms ; recommendations on this
correspond to the above conditions. aspect are provided in the text on Methods of preparation of
Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Unless otherwise justified and sterile products (5.1.1).
authorised, the constituent tablet units of intraruminal During development, it must be demonstrated that the
devices comply with the test for uniformity of mass. If the nominal content can be withdrawn from the container of
test for uniformity of content is prescribed for all active liquid and semi-solid intrauterine preparations for veterinary
substances, the test for uniformity of mass is not required. use presented in single-dose containers.

LABELLING TESTS
The label states : Uniformity of dosage units. Single-dose intrauterine
— for continuous-release devices, the dose released per unit preparations for veterinary use comply with the test for
time, uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40) or, where justified and
authorised, with the tests for uniformity of content and/or
— for pulsatile-release devices, the dose released at uniformity of mass shown below. Herbal drugs and herbal
specified times. drug preparations present in the dosage form are not subject
to the provisions of this paragraph.
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed
or justified and authorised, solid single-dose preparations
01/2008:1806 with a content of active substance less than 2 mg or less than
2 per cent of the total mass comply with test A (intrauterine
INTRAUTERINE PREPARATIONS FOR tablets) or test B (intrauterine capsules) for uniformity of
content of single-dose preparations. If the preparation has
VETERINARY USE more than 1 active substance, the requirement applies only to
those substances which correspond to the above conditions.
Praeparationes intra-uterinae Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Solid single-dose intrauterine
ad usum veterinarium preparations for veterinary use comply with the test for
uniformity of mass of single-dose preparations. If the
DEFINITION test for uniformity of content is prescribed or justified
Intrauterine preparations for veterinary use are liquid, and authorised for all the active substances, the test for
semi-solid or solid preparations intended for the direct uniformity of mass is not required.
administration to the uterus (cervix, cavity or fundus), Dissolution. A suitable test may be carried out to
usually in order to obtain a local effect. They contain 1 or demonstrate the appropriate release of the active
more active substances in a suitable basis. substance(s) from solid single-dose intrauterine preparations
Where appropriate, containers for intrauterine preparations for veterinary use, for example one of the tests described in
for veterinary use comply with the requirements for Dissolution test for solid dosage forms (2.9.3).
Materials used for the manufacture of containers (3.1 and When a dissolution test is prescribed, a disintegration test
subsections) and Containers (3.2 and subsections). may not be required.
Several categories of intrauterine preparations for veterinary Sterility (2.6.1). Sterile intrauterine preparations for
use may be distinguished : veterinary use comply with the test for sterility. Applicators
— intrauterine tablets, supplied with the preparation also comply with the test for
sterility. Remove the applicator with aseptic precautions
— intrauterine capsules, from its package and transfer it to a tube of culture medium
— intrauterine solutions, emulsions and suspensions, so that it is completely immersed. Incubate and interpret the
concentrates for intrauterine solutions, results as described in the test for sterility.

726 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Intrauterine preparations for veterinary use

LABELLING PRODUCTION
The label states : In the manufacture of intrauterine suspensions, measures
— the name of any added antimicrobial preservative, are taken to ensure a suitable and controlled particle size
with regard to the intended use.
— where applicable, that the preparation is sterile.

Tablets for intrauterine solutions and

Intrauterine tablets suspensions
DEFINITION
DEFINITION
Intrauterine tablets are solid preparations each containing a
single dose of 1 or more active substances. They generally Tablets intended for the preparation of intrauterine solutions
conform to the definition given in the monograph on and suspensions are single-dose preparations which are
Tablets (0478). dissolved or dispersed in water at the time of administration.
They may contain excipients to facilitate dissolution or
A suitable applicator may be used for application into the dispersion or to prevent caking.
uterus.
Tablets for intrauterine solutions or suspensions conform
TESTS with the definition given in the monograph on Tablets (0478).
Disintegration. Unless intended for prolonged local action, After dissolution or dispersion, they comply with the
they comply with the test for disintegration of suppositories requirements for intrauterine solutions or intrauterine
and pessaries (2.9.2). Examine the state of the tablets after suspensions, as appropriate.
30 min, unless otherwise justified and authorised.
TESTS
Disintegration. Tablets for intrauterine solutions or
Intrauterine capsules suspensions disintegrate within 3 min when tested according
to the test for disintegration of tablets and capsules (2.9.1),
DEFINITION but using water R at 15-25 °C.
Intrauterine capsules are solid, single-dose preparations.
They are generally similar to soft capsules, differing only in LABELLING
their shape and size. Intrauterine capsules have various The label states :
shapes, usually ovoid. They are smooth and have a uniform
external appearance. — the method of preparation of the intrauterine solution or
suspension,
A suitable applicator may be used for application into the
uterus. — the conditions and duration of storage of the solution or
suspension after reconstitution.
TESTS
Disintegration. Unless intended for prolonged local action, Semi-solid intrauterine preparations
they comply with the test for disintegration of suppositories
and pessaries (2.9.2). Examine the state of the capsules after DEFINITION
30 min, unless otherwise justified and authorised.
Semi-solid preparations for intrauterine use are ointments,
creams or gels.
Intrauterine solutions, Semi-solid preparations for intrauterine use comply with the
suspensions and emulsions requirements of the monograph on Semi-solid preparations
Concentrates for intrauterine solutions for cutaneous application (0132).
They are often supplied in single-dose containers. The
DEFINITION container is adapted to deliver the preparation to the uterus
or it may be accompanied by a suitable applicator.
Intrauterine solutions, suspensions and emulsions are liquid
preparations. Concentrates for intrauterine solutions are
intended for administration after dilution. Intrauterine foams
They may contain excipients, for example to adjust the
viscosity of the preparation, to adjust or stabilise the pH, DEFINITION
to increase the solubility of the active substance(s) or to Intrauterine foams comply with the requirements of the
stabilise the preparation. The excipients do not adversely monograph on Medicated foams (1105).
affect the intended medical action, or, at the concentrations
used, cause undue local irritation. They are supplied in multi-dose containers. The container is
adapted to deliver the preparation to the uterus or it may be
Intrauterine emulsions may show evidence of phase accompanied by a suitable applicator.
separation, but are readily redispersed on shaking.
Intrauterine suspensions may show a sediment that is readily
dispersed on shaking to give a suspension which remains Intrauterine sticks
sufficiently stable to enable a homogeneous preparation to
be delivered. DEFINITION
They may be supplied in single-dose containers. The Intrauterine sticks comply with the requirements of the
container is adapted to deliver the preparation to the uterus monograph on Sticks (1154). They often produce a foam
or it may be accompanied by a suitable applicator. when coming into contact with physiological fluids.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 727
Liquid preparations for cutaneous application EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:0927 In the manufacture of liquid preparations for cutaneous

application containing dispersed particles, measures are
taken to ensure a suitable and controlled particle size with
LIQUID PREPARATIONS FOR regard to the intended use.
CUTANEOUS APPLICATION
TESTS
Praeparationes liquidae ad usum dermicum Sterility (2.6.1). Where the label indicates that the
preparation is sterile, it complies with the test for sterility.
Where justified and authorised, the requirements of this
monograph do not apply to preparations intended for STORAGE
systemic and veterinary use. If the preparation is sterile, store in a sterile, airtight,
tamper-proof container.
DEFINITION
LABELLING
Liquid preparations for cutaneous application are
preparations of a variety of viscosities intended for local The label states :
or transdermal delivery of active ingredients. They are — the name of any added antimicrobial preservative ;
solutions, emulsions or suspensions that may contain 1 or — where applicable, that the preparation is sterile.
more active substances in a suitable vehicle. They may
contain suitable antimicrobial preservatives, antioxidants
and other excipients such as stabilisers, emulsifiers and Shampoos
thickeners.
DEFINITION
Emulsions may show evidence of phase separation but Shampoos are liquid or, occasionally, semi-solid preparations
are readily redispersed on shaking. Suspensions may intended for application to the scalp and subsequent washing
show a sediment that is readily dispersed on shaking to away with water. Upon rubbing with water they usually form
give a suspension that is sufficiently stable to enable a a foam.
homogeneous preparation to be delivered.
They are emulsions, suspensions or solutions. Shampoos
Where applicable, containers for liquid preparations for normally contain surface active agents.
cutaneous application comply with the requirements of
Materials used for the manufacture of containers (3.1 and
subsections) and Containers (3.2 and subsections). Cutaneous foams
When liquid preparations for cutaneous application are DEFINITION
dispensed in pressurised containers, the containers comply
with the requirements of the monograph on Pressurised Cutaneous foams comply with the requirements of the
pharmaceutical preparations (0523). monograph on Medicated foams (1105).
Preparations specifically intended for use on severely injured
skin are sterile.
Several categories of liquid preparations for cutaneous 01/2008:0672
application may be distinguished, for example :
— shampoos ; LIQUID PREPARATIONS FOR
— cutaneous foams. ORAL USE
PRODUCTION Praeparationes liquidae peroraliae
During development of a liquid preparation for cutaneous
application whose formulation contains an antimicrobial Where justified and authorised, the requirements of this
preservative, the need for and the efficacy of the chosen monograph do not apply to liquid preparations for oral use
preservative shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of intended for veterinary use.
the competent authority. A suitable test method together
with criteria for judging the preservative properties of DEFINITION
the formulation are provided in the text on Efficacy of Liquid preparations for oral use are usually solutions,
antimicrobial preservation (5.1.3). emulsions or suspensions containing one or more active
During development, it must be demonstrated that the substances in a suitable vehicle ; they may, however, consist
nominal content can be withdrawn from the container of of liquid active substances used as such (oral liquids).
liquid preparations for cutaneous application presented in Some preparations for oral use are prepared by dilution
single-dose containers. of concentrated liquid preparations, or from powders or
In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution granules for the preparation of oral solutions or suspensions,
of liquid preparations for cutaneous application, suitable for oral drops or for syrups, using a suitable vehicle.
measures are taken to ensure their microbial quality ; The vehicle for any preparations for oral use is chosen
recommendations on this aspect are provided in the text on having regard to the nature of the active substance(s) and
Microbiological quality of pharmaceutical preparations to provide organoleptic characteristics appropriate to the
(5.1.4). intended use of the preparation.
Sterile liquid preparations for cutaneous application are Liquid preparations for oral use may contain suitable
prepared using materials and methods designed to ensure antimicrobial preservatives, antioxidants and other excipients
sterility and to avoid the introduction of contaminants and such as dispersing, suspending, thickening, emulsifying,
the growth of micro-organisms ; recommendations on this buffering, wetting, solubilising, stabilising, flavouring and
aspect are provided in the text on Methods of preparation of sweetening agents and colouring matter, authorised by the
sterile products (5.1.1). competent authority.

728 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Liquid preparations for oral use

Emulsions may show evidence of phase separation but are weigh again and carry on repeating the addition and
readily redispersed on shaking. Suspensions may show a weighing until a total of 10 masses are obtained. No single
sediment, which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a mass deviates by more than 10 per cent from the average
suspension that remains sufficiently stable to enable the mass. The total of 10 masses does not differ by more than
correct dose to be delivered. 15 per cent from the nominal mass of 10 doses. If necessary,
Where applicable, containers for liquid preparations for oral measure the total volume of 10 doses. The volume does not
use comply with the requirements of Materials used for differ by more than 15 per cent from the nominal volume of
the manufacture of containers (3.1 and subsections) and 10 doses.
Containers (3.2 and subsections). Uniformity of mass of delivered doses from multidose
Several categories of preparations may be distinguished ; containers (2.9.27). Liquid preparations for oral use
— oral solutions, emulsions and suspensions ; supplied in multidose containers comply with the test. Oral
drops are not subject to the provisions of this test.
— powders and granules for oral solutions and suspensions ;
— oral drops ; LABELLING
— powders for oral drops ; The label states the name of any added antimicrobial
— syrups ; preservative.
— powders and granules for syrups.
Oral solutions, emulsions and suspensions
PRODUCTION
During development of a preparation for oral use whose DEFINITION
formulation contains an antimicrobial preservative, the Oral solutions, emulsions and suspensions are supplied
need for and the efficacy of the chosen preservative shall be in single-dose or multidose containers. Each dose from a
demonstrated to the satisfaction of the competent authority. multidose container is administered by means of a device
A suitable test method together with criteria for judging the suitable for measuring the prescribed volume. The device is
preservative properties of the formulation are provided in usually a spoon or a cup for volumes of 5 ml or multiples
the text on Efficacy of antimicrobial preservation (5.1.3). thereof or an oral syringe for other volumes.
During development, it must be demonstrated that the
nominal content can be withdrawn from the container, for Powders and granules for oral solutions
liquid preparations for oral use presented in single-dose and suspensions
containers.
In the manufacturing, packaging, storage and distribution of DEFINITION
liquid preparations for oral use, suitable measures are taken Powders and granules for the preparation of oral solutions
to ensure their microbial quality ; recommendations on this or suspensions generally conform to the definitions in the
aspect are provided in the text on Microbiological quality of monographs on Oral powders (1165) or Granules (0499) as
pharmaceutical preparations (5.1.4). appropriate. They may contain excipients, in particular to
In the manufacture of liquid preparations for oral use facilitate dispersion or dissolution and to prevent caking.
containing dispersed particles, measures are taken to ensure After dissolution or suspension, they comply with the
a suitable and controlled particle size with regard to the requirements for oral solutions or oral suspensions, as
intended use. appropriate.
TESTS TESTS
Uniformity of dosage units. Solutions, suspensions and Uniformity of dosage units. Single-dose powders and
emulsions in single-dose containers comply with the test single-dose granules comply with the test for uniformity of
for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40) or, where justified dosage units (2.9.40) or, where justified and authorised, with
and authorised, with the test for uniformity of content or the tests for uniformity of content and/or uniformity of mass
uniformity of mass shown below. Herbal drugs and herbal shown below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations
drug preparations present in the dosage form are not subject present in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions
to the provisions of this paragraph. of this paragraph.
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed
or justified and authorised, single-dose preparations that are or justified and authorised, single-dose powders and
suspensions comply with the following test. After shaking, single-dose granules with a content of active substance
empty each container as completely as possible and carry less than 2 mg or less than 2 per cent of the total mass
out the test on the individual contents. They comply with comply with test B for uniformity of content of single-dose
test B for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations. preparations. If the preparation has more than one active
Uniformity of mass. Single-dose preparations that are substance, the requirement applies only to those substances
solutions or emulsions comply with the following test : that correspond to the above conditions.
weigh individually the contents of 20 containers, emptied as Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Single-dose powders and
completely as possible, and determine the average mass. Not single-dose granules comply with the test for uniformity of
more than 2 of the individual masses deviate by more than mass of single-dose preparations. If the test for uniformity of
10 per cent from the average mass and none deviate by more content is prescribed for all the active substances, the test
than 20 per cent. for uniformity of mass is not required.
Dose and uniformity of dose of oral drops. Into a suitable LABELLING
graduated cylinder, introduce by means of the dropping
device the number of drops usually prescribed for one dose, The label states :
or introduce by means of the measuring device the usually — the method of preparation of the solution or suspension ;
prescribed quantity. The dropping speed does not exceed — the conditions and the duration of storage after
2 drops per second. Weigh the liquid, repeat the addition, reconstitution.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 729
Nasal preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Oral drops After dissolution, they comply with the requirements for
syrups.
DEFINITION
Oral drops are solutions, emulsions or suspensions that are TESTS
administered in small volumes such as drops by the means Uniformity of dosage units. Single-dose powders and
of a suitable device. granules for syrups comply with the test for uniformity of
dosage units (2.9.40) or, where justified and authorised, with
LABELLING the tests for uniformity of content and/or uniformity of mass
The label states the number of drops per millilitre of shown below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations
preparation or per gram of preparation if the dose is present in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions
measured in drops. of this paragraph.
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed
Powders for oral drops or justified and authorised, single-dose powders and
granules for syrups with a content of active substance
DEFINITION less than 2 mg or less than 2 per cent of the total mass
Powders for the preparation of oral drops generally conform comply with test B for uniformity of content of single-dose
to the definition of Oral powders (1165). They may contain preparations. If the preparation has more than one active
excipients to facilitate dissolution or suspension in the substance, the requirement applies only to those substances
prescribed liquid or to prevent caking. that correspond to the above conditions.
After dissolution or suspension, they comply with the Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Single-dose powders and
requirements for oral drops. granules for syrups comply with the test for uniformity of
TESTS mass of single-dose preparations. If the test for uniformity of
content is prescribed for all the active substances, the test
Uniformity of dosage units. Single-dose powders for oral for uniformity of mass is not required.
drops comply with the test for uniformity of dosage units
(2.9.40) or, where justified and authorised, with the tests 01/2008:0676
for uniformity of content and/or uniformity of mass shown
below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations present NASAL PREPARATIONS
in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions of this
paragraph.
Nasalia
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed
or justified and authorised, single-dose powders for oral DEFINITION
drops with a content of active substance less than 2 mg Nasal preparations are liquid, semi-solid or solid preparations
or less than 2 per cent of the total mass comply with intended for administration to the nasal cavities to obtain
test B for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations. a systemic or local effect. They contain one or more active
If the preparation has more than one active substance, substances. Nasal preparations are as far as possible
the requirement applies only to those substances that non-irritating and do not adversely affect the functions of the
correspond to the above conditions. nasal mucosa and its cilia. Aqueous nasal preparations are
Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Single-dose powders for usually isotonic and may contain excipients, for example, to
oral drops comply with the test for uniformity of mass adjust the viscosity of the preparation, to adjust or stabilise
of single-dose preparations. If the test for uniformity of the pH, to increase the solubility of the active substance, or
content is prescribed for all the active substances, the test to stabilise the preparation.
for uniformity of mass is not required. Nasal preparations are supplied in multidose or single-dose
containers, provided, if necessary, with a suitable
Syrups administration device, which may be designed to avoid the
introduction of contaminants.
DEFINITION Unless otherwise justified and authorised, aqueous nasal
Syrups are aqueous preparations characterised by a sweet preparations supplied in multidose containers contain
taste and a viscous consistency. They may contain sucrose a suitable antimicrobial preservative in an appropriate
at a concentration of at least 45 per cent m/m. The concentration, except where the preparation itself has
sweet taste can also be obtained by using other polyols or adequate antimicrobial properties.
sweetening agents. Syrups usually contain aromatic or other Where applicable, the containers comply with the
flavouring agents. Each dose from a multidose container is requirements of Materials used for the manufacture of
administered by means of a device suitable for measuring containers (3.1 and subsections) and Containers (3.2 and
the prescribed volume. The device is usually a spoon or a subsections).
cup for volumes of 5 ml or multiples thereof. Several categories of nasal preparations may be
LABELLING distinguished :
The label states the name and concentration of the polyol — nasal drops and liquid nasal sprays ;
or sweetening agent. — nasal powders ;
— semi-solid nasal preparations ;
Powders and granules for syrups — nasal washes ;
— nasal sticks.
DEFINITION
Powders and granules for syrups generally conform to the PRODUCTION
definitions in the monograph on Oral powders (1165) or During the development of a nasal preparation whose
Granules (0499). They may contain excipients to facilitate formulation contains an antimicrobial preservative, the
dissolution. efficacy of the chosen preservative shall be demonstrated to

730 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Nasal preparations

the satisfaction of the competent authority. A suitable test Uniformity of mass. Nasal drops that are solutions comply
method together with criteria for judging the preservative with the following test. Weigh individually the contents
properties of the formulation are provided in the text on of 10 containers emptied as completely as possible, and
Efficacy of antimicrobial preservation (5.1.3). determine the average mass. Not more than 2 of the
In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution of individual masses deviate by more than 10 per cent from the
nasal preparations, suitable measures are taken to ensure average mass, and none deviate by more than 20 per cent.
their microbial quality ; recommendations on this aspect Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Nasal drops that are
are provided in the text on Microbiological quality of suspensions or emulsions comply with the following test.
pharmaceutical preparations (5.1.4). Empty each container as completely as possible and carry
Sterile nasal preparations are prepared using materials out the test on the individual contents. They comply with
and methods designed to ensure sterility and to avoid test B for uniformity of content.
the introduction of contaminants and the growth of METERED-DOSE NASAL SPRAYS
micro-organisms ; recommendations on this aspect are
Uniformity of dosage units. Metered-dose nasal sprays
provided in the text on Methods of preparation of sterile
comply with the test for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40)
products (5.1.1).
or, where justified and authorised, with the test for
In the manufacture of nasal preparations containing uniformity of mass or the test for uniformity of delivered dose
dispersed particles, measures are taken to ensure a suitable shown below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations
and controlled particle size with regard to the intended use. present in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions
of this paragraph.
TESTS
In the case of metered-dose nasal sprays that are solutions,
Sterility (2.6.1). Where the label states that the preparation proceed as follows. Discharge once to waste. Wait for a
is sterile, it complies with the test for sterility. minimum of 5 s, shake for 5 s and discharge again to waste.
STORAGE Repeat this procedure for a further 3 actuations. Weigh the
container, discharge once to waste and weigh the container
If the preparation is sterile, store in a sterile, airtight, again. Calculate the difference between the 2 masses. Repeat
tamper-proof container. the procedure for a further 9 containers. Determine the
LABELLING mass variation (2.9.40).
The label states : In the case of metered-dose nasal sprays that are
suspensions or emulsions, proceed as follows. Use an
— the name of any added antimicrobial preservative ; apparatus capable of quantitatively retaining the dose
— where applicable, that the preparation is sterile. leaving the actuator of the atomising device. Shake the
container for 5 s and discharge once to waste. Wait for a
Nasal drops and liquid nasal sprays minimum of 5 s, shake for 5 s and discharge again to waste.
Repeat this procedure for a further 3 actuations. After
DEFINITION 2 s, fire 1 dose of the metered-dose nasal spray into the
Nasal drops and liquid nasal sprays are solutions, emulsions collecting vessel by actuating the atomising device. Collect
or suspensions intended for instillation or spraying into the the contents of the collecting vessel by successive rinses.
nasal cavities. Determine the content of active substance in the combined
rinses. Repeat the procedure for a further 9 containers.
Emulsions may show evidence of phase separation but are Determine the content uniformity (2.9.40).
easily redispersed on shaking. Suspensions may show a
sediment, which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a Uniformity of mass. Metered-dose nasal sprays that are
suspension that remains sufficiently stable to enable the solutions comply with the following test. Discharge once
correct dose to be delivered. to waste. Wait for a minimum of 5 s, shake for 5 s and
discharge again to waste. Repeat this procedure for a further
Nasal drops are usually supplied in multidose containers
3 actuations. Weigh the container, discharge once to waste
provided with a suitable applicator.
and weigh the container again. Calculate the difference
Liquid nasal sprays are supplied in containers with atomising between the 2 masses. Repeat the procedure for a further
devices or in pressurised containers fitted with a suitable 9 containers.
adapter and with or without a metering dose valve, which The preparation complies with the test if not more than 2 of
comply with the requirements of the monograph on the individual values deviate by more than 25 per cent from
Pressurised pharmaceutical preparations (0523). the average value and none deviate by more than 35 per cent.
The size of droplets of the spray is such as to localise their
Uniformity of delivered dose. Metered-dose nasal sprays
deposition in the nasal cavity.
that are suspensions or emulsions comply with the
TESTS following test. Use an apparatus capable of quantitatively
Unless otherwise prescribed or justified and authorised, retaining the dose leaving the actuator of the atomising
nasal drops supplied in single-dose containers and device. Shake the container for 5 s and discharge once
single doses of metered-dose nasal sprays, both intended for to waste. Wait for a minimum of 5 s, shake for 5 s and
systemic action, comply with the following tests. discharge again to waste. Repeat this procedure for a further
3 actuations. After 2 s, fire 1 dose of the metered-dose nasal
NASAL DROPS IN SINGLE-DOSE CONTAINERS spray into the collecting vessel by actuating the atomising
Uniformity of dosage units. Nasal drops in single-dose device. Collect the contents of the collecting vessel by
containers comply with the test for uniformity of dosage units successive rinses. Determine the content of active substance
(2.9.40) or, where justified and authorised, with the test in the combined rinses. Repeat the procedure for a further
for uniformity of mass or uniformity of content shown 9 containers.
below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations present Unless otherwise justified and authorised, the preparation
in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions of this complies with the test if not more than 1 of the individual
paragraph. contents is outside the limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 731
Oromucosal preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

and none are outside the limits of 65 per cent to 135 per DEFINITION
cent of the average content. Oromucosal preparations are solid, semi-solid or liquid
If 2 or at most 3 individual contents are outside the limits of preparations, containing one or more active substances
75 per cent to 125 per cent but within the limits of 65 per intended for administration to the oral cavity and/or the
cent to 135 per cent, repeat the test for 20 more containers. throat to obtain a local or systemic effect. Preparations
The preparation complies with the test if not more than intended for a local effect may be designed for application to a
3 individual contents of the 30 individual contents are specific site within the oral cavity such as the gums (gingival
outside the limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent and none preparations) or the throat (oropharyngeal preparations).
are outside the limits of 65 per cent to 135 per cent of the Preparations intended for a systemic effect are designed to be
average content. absorbed primarily at one or more sites on the oral mucosa
(e.g. sublingual preparations). Mucoadhesive preparations
Nasal powders are intended to be retained in the oral cavity by adhesion
to the mucosal epithelium and may modify systemic drug
DEFINITION absorption at the site of application. For many oromucosal
preparations, it is likely that some proportion of the active
Nasal powders are powders intended for insufflation into the substance(s) will be swallowed and may be absorbed via the
nasal cavity by means of a suitable device. gastrointestinal tract.
They comply with the requirements of the monograph on
Powders for cutaneous application (1166). Oromucosal preparations may contain suitable antimicrobial
preservatives and other excipients such as dispersing,
The size of the particles is such as to localise their deposition suspending, thickening, emulsifying, buffering, wetting,
in the nasal cavity and is verified by adequate methods of solubilising, stabilising, flavouring and sweetening agents.
particle-size determination. Solid preparations may in addition contain glidants,
lubricants and excipients capable of modifying the release of
Semi-solid nasal preparations the active substance(s).
Where applicable, containers for oromucosal preparations
DEFINITION comply with the requirements for Materials used for the
manufacture of containers (3.1 and subsections) and
Semi-solid nasal preparations comply with the requirements
Containers (3.2 and subsections).
of the monograph on Semi-solid preparations for cutaneous
application (0132). Several categories of preparations for oromucosal use may
The containers are adapted to deliver the product to the site be distinguished :
of application. — gargles ;
— mouthwashes ;
Nasal washes — gingival solutions ;
DEFINITION — oromucosal solutions and oromucosal suspensions ;
Nasal washes are generally aqueous isotonic solutions — semi-solid oromucosal preparations (including for
intended to cleanse the nasal cavities. example gingival gel, gingival paste, oromucosal gel,
Nasal washes intended for application to injured parts or oromucosal paste) ;
prior to a surgical operation are sterile. — oromucosal drops, oromucosal sprays and sublingual
sprays (including oropharyngeal sprays) ;
PRODUCTION
— lozenges and pastilles ;
During development, it must be demonstrated that the
nominal content can be withdrawn from the container, for — compressed lozenges ;
nasal washes presented in single-dose containers. — sublingual tablets and buccal tablets ;
— oromucosal capsules ;
Nasal sticks
— mucoadhesive preparations.
DEFINITION
Nasal sticks comply with the monograph on Sticks (1154). PRODUCTION
During the development of an oromucosal preparation
containing an antimicrobial preservative, the effectiveness
of the chosen preservative shall be demonstrated to the
01/2008:1807 satisfaction of the competent authority. A suitable test
method together with the criteria for judging the preservative
properties of the formulation are provided in 5.1.3 Efficacy
OROMUCOSAL PREPARATIONS of antimicrobial preservation.
In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution of
Praeparationes buccales oromucosal preparations, suitable means are taken to ensure
This monograph does not apply to dental preparations or their microbiological quality ; recommendations on this
to preparations such as chewable tablets (0478), medicated aspect are provided in the text on Microbiological quality of
chewing gums (1239), oral lyophilisates and other solid pharmaceutical preparations (5.1.4).
or semi-solid preparations that are intended to be chewed In the manufacture of semi-solid and liquid oromucosal
or dispersed in the saliva before being swallowed. Where preparations containing dispersed particles, measures are
justified and authorised, this monograph does not apply to taken to ensure a suitable and controlled particle size with
preparations for veterinary use. regard to the intended use.

732 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Oromucosal preparations

TESTS Semi-solid oromucosal preparations

Uniformity of dosage units. Single-dose oromucosal DEFINITION
preparations comply with the test for uniformity of
dosage units (2.9.40) or, where justified and authorised, with Semi-solid oromucosal preparations are hydrophilic gels or
the test for uniformity of content and/or uniformity of mass pastes intended for administration to the oral cavity or to a
shown below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations specific part of the oral cavity such as the gingivae (gingival
present in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions gel, gingival paste). They may be provided as single-dose
of this paragraph. preparations.
Semi-solid oromucosal preparations comply with the
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed
requirements of the monograph on Semi-solid preparations
or justified and authorised, single-dose oromucosal
for cutaneous use (0132).
preparations with a content of active substance less than
2 mg or less than 2 per cent of the total mass comply with
test A (compressed and moulded dosage forms) or test B Oromucosal drops, oromucosal sprays and
(capsules) for the uniformity of content of single-dose sublingual sprays
preparations. If the preparation contains more than one
active substance, this requirement applies only to those DEFINITION
substances that correspond to the above conditions. Oromucosal drops, oromucosal sprays and sublingual sprays
Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Solid single-dose oromucosal are solutions, emulsions or suspensions intended for local or
preparations comply with the test for uniformity of mass. systemic effect. They are applied by instillation or spraying
If the test for the uniformity of content is prescribed, or into the oral cavity or onto a specific part of the oral cavity
justified and authorised, for all active substances, the test such as spraying under the tongue (sublingual spray) or into
for uniformity of mass is not required. the throat (oropharyngeal spray).
Emulsions may show evidence of phase separation but are
LABELLING readily redispersed on shaking. Suspensions may show a
The label states the name of any added antimicrobial sediment which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a
preservative. suspension which remains sufficiently stable to enable the
correct dose to be delivered.
Gargles Liquid oromucosal sprays are supplied in containers with
atomising devices or in pressurised containers having a
DEFINITION suitable adaptor, with or without a metering dose valve,
Gargles are aqueous solutions intended for gargling to which comply with the requirements of the monograph on
obtain a local effect. They are not to be swallowed. They are Pressurised pharmaceutical preparations (0523).
supplied as ready-to-use solutions or concentrated solutions The size of the droplets of the spray is such as to localise
to be diluted. They may also be prepared from powders or their deposition in the oral cavity or the throat as intended.
tablets to be dissolved in water before use.
Gargles may contain excipients to adjust the pH which, as far TESTS
as possible, is neutral. Unless otherwise prescribed or justified and authorised,
oromucosal drops supplied in single-dose containers, single
Mouthwashes doses of metered-dose oromucosal sprays and sublingual
sprays, all intended for systemic action, comply with the
DEFINITION following tests.
Mouthwashes are aqueous solutions intended for use in OROMUCOSAL DROPS IN SINGLE-DOSE CONTAINERS
contact with the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. They
are not to be swallowed. They are supplied as ready-to-use Uniformity of dosage units. Oromucosal drops in single-dose
solutions or concentrated solutions to be diluted. They may containers comply with the test for uniformity of dosage units
also be prepared from powders or tablets to be dissolved in (2.9.40) or, where justified and authorised, with the test
water before use. for uniformity of mass or uniformity of content shown
below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations present
Mouthwashes may contain excipients to adjust the pH which,
in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions of this
as far as possible, is neutral.
paragraph.
Gingival solutions Uniformity of mass. Oromucosal drops that are solutions
comply with the following test. Weigh individually the
DEFINITION contents of 10 containers emptied as completely as possible,
Gingival solutions are intended for administration to the and determine the average mass. Maximum 2 of the
gingivae by means of a suitable applicator. individual masses deviate by more than 10 per cent from the
average mass and none deviates by more than 20 per cent.
Oromucosal solutions and oromucosal Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Oromucosal drops that are
suspensions or emulsions comply with the following test.
suspensions Empty each container as completely as possible and carry
DEFINITION out the test on the individual contents. They comply with
test B of uniformity of content.
Oromucosal solutions and oromucosal suspensions are
liquid preparations intended for administration to the oral METERED-DOSE OROMUCOSAL SPRAYS AND
cavity by means of a suitable applicator. SUBLINGUAL SPRAYS
Oromucosal suspensions may show a sediment which is Uniformity of dosage units. Metered-dose oromucosal sprays
readily dispersible on shaking to give a suspension which and sublingual sprays comply with the test for uniformity of
remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be dosage units (2.9.40) or, where justified and authorised, with
delivered. the test for uniformity of mass or the test for uniformity of

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 733
Oromucosal preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

delivered dose shown below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug Lozenges and pastilles
preparations present in the dosage form are not subject to
the provisions of this paragraph. DEFINITION
Lozenges and pastilles are solid, single-dose preparations
In the case of metered-dose oromucosal sprays and intended to be sucked to obtain, usually, a local effect in the
sublingual sprays that are solutions, proceed as follows. oral cavity and the throat. They contain one or more active
Discharge once to waste. Wait for a minimum of 5 s, shake substances, usually in a flavoured and sweetened base, and
for 5 s and discharge again to waste. Repeat this procedure are intended to dissolve or disintegrate slowly in the mouth
for a further 3 actuations. Weigh the container, discharge when sucked.
once to waste and weigh the container again. Calculate the Lozenges are hard preparations prepared by moulding.
difference between the 2 masses. Repeat the procedure for a Pastilles are soft, flexible preparations prepared by moulding
further 9 containers. Determine the mass variation (2.9.40). of mixtures containing natural or synthetic polymers or
gums and sweeteners.
In the case of metered-dose oromucosal sprays and
sublingual sprays that are suspensions or emulsions
proceed as follows. Use an apparatus capable of Compressed lozenges
quantitatively retaining the dose leaving the actuator of the
atomising device. DEFINITION
Compressed lozenges are solid, single-dose preparations
Shake the container for 5 s and discharge once to waste. intended to be sucked to obtain a local or systemic effect.
Wait for a minimum of 5 s, shake for 5 s and discharge again They are prepared by compression and are often rhomboid
to waste. Repeat this procedure for a further 3 actuations. in shape.
After 2 s, fire 1 dose of the metered-dose spray into the Compressed lozenges conform with the general definition
collecting vessel by actuating the atomising device. Collect of tablets.
the contents of the collecting vessel by successive rinses.
Determine the content of active substance in the combined PRODUCTION
rinses. Repeat the procedure for a further 9 containers. In the manufacture of compressed lozenges, measures are
Determine the content uniformity (2.9.40). taken to ensure that they possess suitable mechanical
Uniformity of mass. Metered-dose oromucosal sprays strength to resist handling without crumbling or breaking.
and sublingual sprays that are solutions comply with the This may be demonstrated by examining the Friability of
following test. Discharge once to waste. Wait for a minimum uncoated tablets (2.9.7) and the Resistance to crushing of
of 5 s, shake for 5 s and discharge again to waste. Repeat this tablets (2.9.8).
procedure for a further 3 actuations. Weigh the container,
TESTS
discharge once to waste and weigh the container again.
Calculate the difference between the 2 masses. Repeat the Dissolution. For compressed lozenges intended for a
procedure for a further 9 containers. systemic effect, a suitable test is carried out to demonstrate
the appropriate release of the active substance(s).
The preparation complies with the test if maximum 2 of the
individual values deviate by more than 25 per cent from the Sublingual tablets and buccal tablets
average value and none deviates by more than 35 per cent.
Uniformity of delivered dose. Metered-dose oromucosal DEFINITION
sprays and sublingual sprays that are suspensions or Sublingual tablets and buccal tablets are solid, single-dose
emulsions comply with the following test. Use an apparatus preparations to be applied under the tongue or to the
capable of quantitatively retaining the dose leaving the buccal cavity, respectively, to obtain a systemic effect. They
actuator of the atomising device. are prepared by compression of mixtures of powders or
granulations into tablets with a shape suited for the intended
Shake the container for 5 s and discharge once to waste. use.
Wait for a minimum of 5 s, shake for 5 s and discharge again Sublingual tablets and buccal tablets conform to the general
to waste. Repeat this procedure for a further 3 actuations. definition of tablets.
After 2 s, fire 1 dose of the metered-dose spray into the
collecting vessel by actuating the atomising device. Collect PRODUCTION
the contents of the collecting vessel by successive rinses. In the manufacture of sublingual tablets and buccal tablets,
Determine the content of active substance in the combined measures are taken to ensure that they possess suitable
rinses. Repeat the procedure for a further 9 containers. mechanical strength to resist handling without crumbling
or breaking. This may be demonstrated by examining the
Unless otherwise justified and authorised, the preparation Friability of uncoated tablets (2.9.7) and the Resistance to
complies with the test if maximum 1 of the individual crushing of tablets (2.9.8).
contents is outside the limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent
and none is outside the limits of 65 per cent to 135 per cent TESTS
of the average content.
Dissolution. Unless otherwise justified and authorised, a
If 2 or maximum 3 individual contents are outside the suitable test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate
limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent but within the limits release of the active substance(s).
of 65 per cent to 135 per cent, repeat the test for 20 more
containers. The preparation complies with the test if Oromucosal capsules
maximum 3 individual contents of the 30 individual contents
are outside the limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent and DEFINITION
none is outside the limits of 65 per cent to 135 per cent of Oromucosal capsules are soft capsules to be chewed or
the average content. sucked.

734 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Parenteral preparations

Mucoadhesive preparations of a part or the whole of the contents without removal of the
closure. The plastic materials or elastomers (3.2.9) used to
DEFINITION manufacture the closures are sufficiently firm and elastic
Mucoadhesive preparations contain one or more active to allow the passage of a needle with the least possible
substances intended for systemic absorption through the shedding of particles. Closures for multidose containers are
buccal mucosa over a prolonged period of time. They may sufficiently elastic to ensure that the puncture is resealed
be supplied as mucoadhesive buccal tablets or as other when the needle is withdrawn.
mucoadhesive solid or semi-solid preparations. Several categories of parenteral preparations may be
Mucoadhesive buccal tablets are prepared by compression distinguished :
of mono- or multi-layered tablets. They usually contain — injections,
hydrophilic polymers, which on wetting with the saliva
produce a flexible hydrogel that adheres to the buccal — infusions,
mucosa. — concentrates for injections or infusions,
— powders for injections or infusions,
PRODUCTION
— gels for injections,
In the manufacture of mucoadhesive buccal tablets,
measures are taken to ensure that they possess suitable — implants.
mechanical strength to resist handling without crumbling PRODUCTION
or breaking. This may be demonstrated by examining the
Friability of uncoated tablets (2.9.7) and the Resistance to During the development of a parenteral preparation, the
crushing of tablets (2.9.8). formulation for which contains an antimicrobial preservative,
the effectiveness of the chosen preservative shall be
TESTS demonstrated to the satisfaction of the competent authority.
Dissolution. Unless otherwise justified and authorised, a A suitable test method together with criteria for judging
suitable test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate the preservative properties of the formulation are provided
release of the active substance(s). under Efficacy of antimicrobial preservation (5.1.3).
Parenteral preparations are prepared using materials
and methods designed to ensure sterility and to avoid
01/2008:0520 the introduction of contaminants and the growth of
micro-organisms. Recommendations on this aspect are
provided in the text on Methods of preparation of sterile
PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS products (5.1.1).
Water used in the manufacture of parenteral preparations
Parenteralia complies with the requirements of water for injections in
bulk stated in the monograph on Water for injections (0169).
The requirements of this monograph do not necessarily
apply to products derived from human blood, to TESTS
immunological preparations, or radiopharmaceutical Particulate contamination : sub-visible particles (2.9.19).
preparations. Special requirements may apply to For preparations for human use, solutions for infusion or
preparations for veterinary use depending on the species solutions for injection comply with the test.
of animal for which the preparation is intended.
In the case of preparations for subcutaneous or
DEFINITION intramuscular injection, higher limits may be appropriate.
Radiopharmaceutical preparations are exempt from these
Parenteral preparations are sterile preparations intended for requirements. Preparations for which the label states that
administration by injection, infusion or implantation into the product is to be used with a final filter are exempt from
the human or animal body. these requirements, providing it has been demonstrated that
Parenteral preparations may require the use of excipients, the filter delivers a solution that complies with the test.
for example to make the preparation isotonic with respect For preparations for veterinary use, when supplied in
to blood, to adjust the pH, to increase solubility, to prevent containers with a nominal content of more than 100 ml
deterioration of the active substances or to provide adequate and when the content is equivalent to a dose of more than
antimicrobial properties, but not to adversely affect the 1.4 ml per kilogram of body mass, solutions for infusion or
intended medicinal action of the preparation or, at the solutions for injection comply with the test for particulate
concentrations used, to cause toxicity or undue local contamination : sub-visible particles.
irritation.
Containers for parenteral preparations are made as far as Sterility (2.6.1). Parenteral preparations comply with the
possible from materials that are sufficiently transparent test for sterility.
to permit the visual inspection of the contents, except for STORAGE
implants and in other justified and authorised cases.
In a sterile, airtight, tamper-proof container.
Where applicable, the containers for parenteral preparations
comply with the requirements for Materials used for the LABELLING
manufacture of containers (3.1 and subsections) and The label states :
Containers (3.2 and subsections).
— the name and concentration of any added antimicrobial
Parenteral preparations are supplied in glass containers preservative,
(3.2.1) or in other containers such as plastic containers
(3.2.2, 3.2.2.1 and 3.2.9) and prefilled syringes. The tightness — where applicable, that the solution is to be used in
of the container is ensured by suitable means. Closures conjunction with a final filter,
ensure a good seal, prevent the access of micro-organisms — where applicable, that the preparation is free from
and other contaminants and usually permit the withdrawal bacterial endotoxins or that it is apyrogenic.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 735
Parenteral preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Injections Bacterial endotoxins - pyrogens. A test for bacterial

endotoxins (2.6.14) is carried out or, where justified and
authorised, the test for pyrogens (2.6.8). Recommendations
DEFINITION on the limits for bacterial endotoxins are given in
Injections are sterile solutions, emulsions or suspensions. chapter 2.6.14.
They are prepared by dissolving, emulsifying or suspending Preparations for human use. The preparation complies with
the active substance(s) and any added excipients in water, in a test for bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) or with the test for
a suitable non-aqueous liquid, that may be non-sterile where pyrogens (2.6.8).
justified, or in a mixture of these vehicles.
Preparations for veterinary use. When the volume to be
Solutions for injection, examined under suitable conditions injected in a single dose is 15 ml or more and is equivalent
of visibility, are clear and practically free from particles. to a dose of 0.2 ml or more per kilogram of body mass, the
preparation complies with a test for bacterial endotoxins
Emulsions for injection do not show any evidence of phase (2.6.14) or with the test for pyrogens (2.6.8).
separation. Suspensions for injection may show a sediment
which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a suspension Any preparation. Where the label states that the preparation
which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose is free from bacterial endotoxins or apyrogenic, respectively,
to be withdrawn. the preparation complies with a test for bacterial endotoxins
(2.6.14) or with the test for pyrogens (2.6.8), respectively.
Multidose preparations. Multidose aqueous injections
contain a suitable antimicrobial preservative at an Infusions
appropriate concentration except when the preparation itself
has adequate antimicrobial properties. When a preparation DEFINITION
for parenteral use is presented in a multidose container, Infusions are sterile, aqueous solutions or emulsions with
the precautions to be taken for its administration and more water as the continuous phase. They are usually made
particularly for its storage between successive withdrawals isotonic with respect to blood. They are principally intended
are given. for administration in large volume. Infusions do not contain
Antimicrobial preservatives. Aqueous preparations which any added antimicrobial preservative.
are prepared using aseptic precautions and which cannot be Solutions for infusion, examined under suitable conditions
terminally sterilised may contain a suitable antimicrobial of visibility are clear and practically free from particles.
preservative in an appropriate concentration. Emulsions for infusion do not show any evidence of phase
No antimicrobial preservative is added when : separation.

— the volume to be injected in a single dose exceeds 15 ml, PRODUCTION

unless otherwise justified, In the manufacture of infusions containing dispersed
particles, measures are taken to ensure a suitable and
— the preparation is intended for administration by routes controlled particle size with regard to the intended use.
where, for medical reasons, an antimicrobial preservative
is not acceptable, such as intracisternally, epidurally, The volume of the infusion in the container is sufficient
intrathecally or by any route giving access to the to permit the withdrawal and administration of the
cerebrospinal fluid, or intra- or retro-ocularly. nominal dose using a normal technique (2.9.17).

Such preparations are presented in single-dose containers. TESTS

Bacterial endotoxins - pyrogens. They comply with a test
PRODUCTION for bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) or, where justified and
authorised, with the test for pyrogens (2.6.8). For the latter
In the manufacture of injections containing dispersed test inject 10 ml per kilogram of body mass into each rabbit,
particles, measures are taken to ensure a suitable and unless otherwise justified and authorised.
controlled particle size with regard to the intended use.
Single-dose preparations. The volume of the injection in a Concentrates for injections or infusions
single-dose container is sufficient to permit the withdrawal
and administration of the nominal dose using a normal DEFINITION
technique (2.9.17). Concentrates for injections or infusions are sterile solutions
intended for injection or infusion after dilution. They are
diluted to a prescribed volume with a prescribed liquid
TESTS before administration. After dilution, they comply with the
Uniformity of dosage units. Single-dose suspensions for requirements for injections or for infusions.
injection comply with the test for uniformity of dosage units
(2.9.40) or, where justified and authorised, with the test for TESTS
uniformity of content shown below. Herbal drugs and herbal Bacterial endotoxins - pyrogens. They comply with the
drug preparations present in the dosage form are not subject requirements prescribed for injections or for infusions, after
to the provisions of this paragraph. dilution to a suitable volume.
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed
or justified and authorised, single-dose suspensions for Powders for injections or infusions
injection with a content of active substance less than 2 mg
or less than 2 per cent of the total mass comply with test A DEFINITION
for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations. If Powders for injections or infusions are solid, sterile
the preparation contains more than one active substance, substances distributed in their final containers and
the requirement applies only to those substances that which, when shaken with the prescribed volume of a
correspond to the above conditions. prescribed sterile liquid rapidly form either clear and

736 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Patches, transdermal

practically particle-free solutions or uniform suspensions. 01/2008:1011

After dissolution or suspension, they comply with the
requirements for injections or for infusions.
PATCHES, TRANSDERMAL
Freeze-dried products for parenteral use are considered as
powders for injections or infusions. Emplastra transcutanea
DEFINITION
PRODUCTION
Transdermal patches are flexible pharmaceutical
The uniformity of content and uniformity of mass of preparations of varying sizes, containing one or more active
freeze-dried products for parenteral use are ensured by the substances. They are intended to be applied to the unbroken
in-process control of the amount of the solution prior to skin in order to deliver the active substance(s) to the systemic
freeze-drying. circulation after passing through the skin barrier.
Transdermal patches normally consist of an outer covering
which supports a preparation which contains the active
TESTS substance(s). The transdermal patches are covered on the
Uniformity of dosage units. Powders for injections or site of the release surface of the preparation by a protective
infusions comply with the test for uniformity of dosage units liner, which is removed before applying the patch to the skin.
(2.9.40) or, where justified and authorised, with the tests The outer covering is a backing sheet impermeable to the
for uniformity of content and/or uniformity of mass shown active substance(s) and normally impermeable to water,
below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations present designed to support and protect the preparation. The outer
in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions of this covering may have the same dimensions as the preparation
paragraph. or it may be larger. In the latter case the overlapping
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed border of the outer covering is covered by pressure-sensitive
or justified and authorised, powders for injections or adhesive substances which assure the adhesion of the patch
infusions with a content of active substance less than 2 mg to the skin.
or less than 2 per cent of the total mass, or with a unit mass The preparation contains the active substance(s) together
equal to or less than 40 mg comply with test A for uniformity with excipients such as stabilisers, solubilisers or substances
of content of single-dose preparations. If the preparation intended to modify the release rate or to enhance transdermal
contains more than one active substance, the requirement absorption. It may be a single layer or multi-layer solid or
applies only to those substances that correspond to the semi-solid matrix, and in this case it is the composition
above conditions. and structure of the matrix which determines the diffusion
Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Powders for injections or pattern of the active substance(s) to the skin. The matrix
infusions comply with the test for uniformity of mass of may contain pressure-sensitive adhesives which assure the
single-dose preparations. If the test for uniformity of content adhesion of the preparation to the skin. The preparation
is prescribed for all the active substances, the test for may exist as a semi-solid reservoir one side of which is a
uniformity of mass is not required. membrane which may control the release and the diffusion
of the active substance(s) from the preparation. The
Bacterial endotoxins - pyrogens. They comply with the pressure-sensitive adhesive substances may, in this case, be
requirements prescribed for injections or for infusions, after applied to some or all parts of the membrane, or only around
dissolution or suspension in a suitable volume of liquid. the border of the membrane of the outer covering.
When applied to the dried, clean and unbroken skin, the
transdermal patch adheres firmly to the skin by gentle
LABELLING pressure of the hand or the fingers and can be peeled off
The label states the instructions for the preparation of without causing appreciable injury to the skin or detachment
injections and infusions. of the preparation from the outer covering. The patch must
not be irritant or sensitising to the skin, even after repeated
applications.
Gels for injections The protective liner generally consists of a sheet of plastic or
metal material. When removed, the protective liner does not
detach the preparation (matrix or reservoir) or the adhesive
DEFINITION from the patch.
Transdermal patches are normally individually enclosed in
Gels for injections are sterile gels with a viscosity suitable sealed sachets.
to guarantee a modified release of the active substance(s)
at the site of injection. PRODUCTION
In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution
of transdermal patches suitable means are taken to ensure
Implants their microbial quality ; recommendations on this aspect
are provided in the text on Microbiological quality of
pharmaceutical preparations (5.1.4).
DEFINITION
Implants are sterile, solid preparations of a size and shape TESTS
suitable for parenteral implantation and release of the active Uniformity of dosage units. Transdermal patches comply
substance(s) over an extended period of time. Each dose is with the test for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40) or,
provided in a sterile container. where justified and authorised, with the test for uniformity

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 737
Powders for cutaneous application EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

of content shown below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug PRODUCTION

preparations present in the dosage form are not subject to In the manufacture of powders for cutaneous application,
the provisions of this paragraph. measures are taken to ensure a suitable particle size with
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed regard to the intended use.
or justified and authorised, transdermal patches comply with In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution of
test C for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations. powders for cutaneous application, suitable means are taken
Dissolution. A suitable test may be required to demonstrate to ensure their microbial quality ; recommendations on this
the appropriate release of the active substance(s), for aspect are provided in the text on Microbiological quality of
example one of the tests described in Dissolution test for pharmaceutical preparations (5.1.4).
transdermal patches (2.9.4). The disc assembly method, the Sterile powders for cutaneous application are prepared
cell method or the rotating cylinder method may be used, using materials and methods designed to ensure sterility and
as suitable, according to the composition, dimensions and to avoid the introduction of contaminants and the growth
shape of the patch. of micro-organisms ; recommendations on this aspect are
A membrane may be used. It can be of various materials, provided in the text on Methods of preparation of sterile
such as inert porous cellulose or silicones, and must not products (5.1.1).
affect the release kinetics of the active substance(s) from TESTS
the patch. Furthermore, it must be free of substances that
may interfere with its performance (for example grease). Fineness. If prescribed, the fineness of a powder is
The membrane may be suitably treated before the tests, determined by the sieve test (2.9.12) or another appropriate
for example, by maintaining it in the medium to be used in method.
the test for 24 h. Apply the membrane above the releasing Uniformity of dosage units. Single-dose powders for
surface of the patch, avoiding the formation of air bubbles. cutaneous application comply with the test for uniformity of
The test conditions and the requirements are to be authorised dosage units (2.9.40) or, where justified and authorised, with
by the competent authority. the tests for uniformity of content and/or uniformity of mass
shown below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations
STORAGE present in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions
Store at room temperature, unless otherwise indicated. of this paragraph.
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed
LABELLING or justified and authorised, single-dose powders for
The label states, where applicable, the total quantity of active cutaneous application with a content of active substance
substance(s) per patch, the dose released per unit time and less than 2 mg or less than 2 per cent of the total mass
the area of the releasing surface. comply with test B for uniformity of content of single-dose
preparations. If the preparation has more than one active
substance, the requirement applies only to those substances
which correspond to the above conditions.
01/2008:1166 Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Single-dose powders for
cutaneous application comply with the test for uniformity of
POWDERS FOR CUTANEOUS mass of single-dose preparations. If the test for uniformity of
content is prescribed for all the active substances, the test
APPLICATION for uniformity of mass is not required.
Sterility (2.6.1). Where the label indicates that the
Pulveres ad usum dermicum preparation is sterile, it complies with the test for sterility.
Where justified and authorised, the requirements of
this monograph do not apply to powders for cutaneous LABELLING
application intended for veterinary use. The label states :
— that the preparation is for external use,
DEFINITION
— where applicable, that the preparation is sterile.
Powders for cutaneous application are preparations
consisting of solid, loose, dry particles of varying degrees of
fineness. They contain one or more active substances, with 01/2008:1165
or without excipients and, if necessary, colouring matter
authorised by the competent authority.
Powders for cutaneous application are presented as
POWDERS, ORAL
single-dose powders or multidose powders. They are free
from grittiness. Powders specifically intended for use on Pulveres perorales
large open wounds or on severely injured skin are sterile. Requirements for powders to be used for the preparation of
Multidose powders for cutaneous application may be oral solutions or suspensions are given in the monograph
dispensed in sifter-top containers, containers equipped with for Liquid preparations for oral use (0672). Where justified
a mechanical spraying device or in pressurised containers. and authorised, the requirements of this monograph do not
apply to oral powders intended for veterinary use.
Powders dispensed in pressurised containers comply
with the requirements of Pressurised pharmaceutical DEFINITION
preparations (0523). Oral powders are preparations consisting of solid, loose, dry
Where applicable, containers for powders comply with the particles of varying degrees of fineness. They contain one
requirements of Materials used for the manufacture of or more active substances, with or without excipients and,
containers (3.1 and subsections) and Containers (3.2 and if necessary, colouring matter authorised by the competent
subsections). authority and flavouring substances. They are generally

738 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Preparations for inhalation

administered in or with water or another suitable liquid. 01/2008:1037

They may also be swallowed directly. They are presented as
single-dose or multidose preparations.
PREMIXES FOR MEDICATED FEEDING
Where applicable, containers for oral powders comply with
the requirements of Materials used for the manufacture of
STUFFS FOR VETERINARY USE
containers (3.1 and subsections) and Containers (3.2 and
subsections). Praeadmixta ad alimenta medicata
Multidose oral powders require the provision of a measuring ad usum veterinarium
device capable of delivering the quantity prescribed.
Each dose of a single-dose powder is enclosed in an DEFINITION
individual container, for example a sachet or a vial. Mixtures of one or more active substances, usually in
suitable bases, that are prepared to facilitate feeding the
PRODUCTION active substances to animals. They are used exclusively in
the preparation of medicated feeding stuffs.
In the manufacture of oral powders, means are taken to
ensure a suitable particle size with regard to the intended Premixes occur in granulated, powdered, semi-solid or liquid
use. form. Used as powders or granules, they are free-flowing
and homogeneous ; any aggregates break apart during
In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution normal handling. Used in liquid form, they are homogeneous
of oral powders, suitable means are taken to ensure suspensions or solutions which may be obtained from
their microbial quality ; recommendations on this aspect thixotropic gels or structured liquids. The particle size and
are provided in the text on Microbiological quality of other properties are such as to ensure uniform distribution
pharmaceutical preparations (5.1.4). of the active substance(s) in the final feed. Unless otherwise
justified and authorised, the instructions for use state that
TESTS the concentration of a premix in granulated or powdered
Uniformity of dosage units. Single-dose oral powders form is at least 0.5 per cent in the medicated feeding stuff.
comply with the test for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40)
or, where justified and authorised, with the tests for PRODUCTION
uniformity of content and/or uniformity of mass shown Active substance. An active substance intended for
below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations present incorporation into a medicated premix complies with the
in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions of this requirements of the relevant monograph of the European
paragraph. Pharmacopoeia, unless already otherwise justified and
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed authorised for existing premixes.
or justified and authorised, single-dose oral powders with a
content of active substance less than 2 mg or less than 2 per TESTS
cent of the total mass comply with test B for uniformity of Loss on drying (2.2.32). Unless otherwise justified and
content of single-dose preparations. If the preparation has authorised, for premixes occurring in granulated or
more than one active substance, the requirement applies powdered form, maximum 15.0 per cent, determined on
only to those substances which correspond to the above 3.000 g by drying in an oven at 100-105 °C for 2 h.
conditions.
Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Single-dose oral powders LABELLING
comply with the test for uniformity of mass of single-dose The label states :
preparations. If the test for uniformity of content is — the category of animal for which the premix is intended,
prescribed for all the active substances, the test for
uniformity of mass is not required. — the instructions for the preparation of the medicated
feeding stuffs from the premix and the basic feed,
Uniformity of mass of delivered doses from multidose
containers (2.9.27). Oral powders supplied in multidose — where applicable, the time that must elapse between
containers comply with the test. the cessation of feeding of the medicated feeding stuff
and collection of the material intended for human
consumption.
STORAGE
If the preparation contains volatile ingredients, or the
contents have to be protected, store in an airtight container.
01/2008:0671
Effervescent powders
PREPARATIONS FOR INHALATION
Effervescent powders are presented as single-dose or
multidose preparations and generally contain acid
substances and carbonates or hydrogen carbonates which
Inhalanda
react rapidly in the presence of water to release carbon
dioxide. They are intended to be dissolved or dispersed in DEFINITION
water before administration. Preparations for inhalation are liquid or solid preparations
intended for administration as vapours or aerosols to the
lung in order to obtain a local or systemic effect. They
STORAGE
contain one or more active substances which may be
In an airtight container. dissolved or dispersed in a suitable vehicle.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 739
Preparations for inhalation EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Preparations for inhalation may, depending on the type A. PREPARATIONS INTENDED TO BE CONVERTED INTO
of preparation, contain propellants, cosolvents, diluents, VAPOUR
antimicrobial preservatives, solubilising and stabilising DEFINITION
agents, etc. These excipients do not adversely affect the
Preparations intended to be converted into vapour are
functions of the mucosa of the respiratory tract or its cilia.
solutions, dispersions or solid preparations. They are usually
Preparations for inhalation are supplied in multidose or added to hot water and the vapour generated is inhaled.
single-dose containers. When supplied in pressurised
containers, they comply with the requirements of B. LIQUID PREPARATIONS FOR NEBULISATION
the monograph on Pressurised pharmaceutical DEFINITION
preparations (0523).
Liquid preparations for inhalation intended to be converted
Preparations intended to be administered as aerosols into aerosols by continuously operating nebulisers or
(dispersions of solid or liquid particles in a gas) are metered-dose nebulisers are solutions, suspensions or
administered by one of the following devices : emulsions. Suitable cosolvents or solubilisers may be used
— nebuliser, to increase the solubility of the active substances.
— pressurised metered-dose inhaler, Liquid preparations for nebulisation in concentrated form
— powder inhaler. for use in continuously operating nebulisers are diluted to
the prescribed volume with the prescribed liquid before use.
PRODUCTION Liquids for nebulisation may also be prepared from powders.
During the development of a preparation for inhalation which The pH of the liquid preparations for use in continuously
contains an antimicrobial preservative, the effectiveness operating nebulisers is not lower than 3 and not higher
of the chosen preservative shall be demonstrated to the than 8.5.
satisfaction of the competent authority. A suitable test Suspensions and emulsions are readily dispersible on
method together with the criteria for judging the preservative shaking and they remain sufficiently stable to enable the
properties of the formulation are described in the text on correct dose to be delivered.
Efficacy of antimicrobial preservation (5.1.3).
Aqueous preparations for nebulisation supplied in multidose
The size of aerosol particles to be inhaled is controlled so containers may contain a suitable antimicrobial preservative
that a significant fraction is deposited in the lung. The at a suitable concentration except where the preparation
fine-particle characteristics of preparations for inhalation are itself has adequate antimicrobial properties.
determined by the method for Aerodynamic assessment of
Continuously operating nebulisers are devices that convert
fine particles (2.9.18).
liquids into aerosols by high-pressure gases, ultrasonic
In assessing the uniformity of delivered dose of a multidose vibration or other methods. They allow the dose to be
inhaler, it is not sufficient to test a single inhaler. inhaled at an appropriate rate and particle size which
Manufacturers must substitute procedures which take both ensures deposition of the preparation in the lungs.
inter- and intra-inhaler dose uniformity into account. A
Metered-dose nebulisers are devices that convert liquids into
suitable procedure based on the intra-inhaler test would
aerosols by high-pressure gases, ultrasonic vibration or other
be to collect each of the specified doses at the beginning,
methods. The volume of liquid to be nebulised is metered so
middle and end of the number of doses stated on the label
that the aerosol dose can be inhaled with one breath.
from separate inhalers.
Pressurised metered-dose inhalers are tested for leakage. All C. PRESSURISED METERED-DOSE PREPARATIONS FOR
inhalers are tested for extraneous particulate contamination. INHALATION
LABELLING DEFINITION
Pressurised metered-dose preparations for inhalation are
For metered-dose preparations the label states : solutions, suspensions or emulsions supplied in containers
— the delivered dose, except for preparations for which equipped with a metering valve and which are held under
the dose has been established as a metered-dose or as pressure with suitable propellants or suitable mixtures of
a predispensed-dose, liquefied propellants, which can act also as solvents. Suitable
— where applicable, the number of deliveries from the cosolvents, solubilisers and stabilisers may be added.
inhaler to provide the minimum recommended dose, The delivered dose is the dose delivered from the inhaler
— the number of deliveries per inhaler. to the patient. For some preparations, the dose has
The label states, where applicable, the name of any added been established as a metered dose. The metered dose is
antimicrobial preservative. determined by adding the amount deposited on the inhaler
to the delivered dose. It may also be determined directly.
TESTS
Liquid preparations for inhalation For breath-operated pressurised metered-dose inhalers, the
3 categories of liquid preparations for inhalation may be test conditions described below may need to be modified to
distinguished : ensure that breath actuation occurs for the inhaler under
test.
A. preparations intended to be converted into vapour,
B. liquid preparations for nebulisation, Uniformity of delivered dose. Containers usually operate
in a valve-down position. For containers that operate in a
C. pressurised metered-dose preparations for inhalation. valve-up position, an equivalent test is applied using methods
Liquid preparations for inhalation are solutions or that ensure the complete collection of the delivered dose. In
dispersions. all cases, prepare the inhaler as directed in the instructions
Dispersions are readily dispersible on shaking and they to the patient.
remain sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be The dose collection apparatus must be capable of
delivered. Suitable excipients may be used. quantitatively capturing the delivered dose.

740 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Preparations for inhalation

The following apparatus (Figure 0671.-1) and procedure may active substance into the atmosphere. The filter-support base
be used. is designed to accommodate 25 mm diameter filter disks. The
The apparatus consists of a filter-support base with filter disk and other materials used in the construction of
an open-mesh filter-support, such as a stainless steel the apparatus must be compatible with the active substance
screen, a collection tube that is clamped or screwed to the and solvents that are used to extract the active substance
filter-support base, and a mouthpiece adapter to ensure an from the filter. One end of the collection tube is designed to
airtight seal between the collection tube and the mouthpiece. hold the filter disk tightly against the filter-support base.
Use a mouthpiece adapter which ensures that the front face When assembled, the joints between the components of the
of the inhaler mouthpiece is flush with the front face or the apparatus are airtight so that when a vacuum is applied
2.5 mm indented shoulder of the sample collection tube, to the base of the filter, all of the air drawn through the
as appropriate. The vacuum connector is connected to a collection tube passes through the inhaler.
system comprising a vacuum source and a flow regulator. Unless otherwise prescribed in the instructions to the
The source should be adjusted to draw air through the patient, shake the inhaler for 5 s and discharge one delivery
complete assembly, including the filter and the inhaler to be to waste. Fire the inverted inhaler into the apparatus,
tested, at 28.3 litres/min (± 5 per cent). Air should be drawn depressing the valve for a sufficient time to ensure complete
continuously through the apparatus to avoid loss of the discharge. Repeat the procedure until the number of

Figure 0671.-1. – Dose collection apparatus for pressurised metered-dose inhalers

Dimensions in millimetres

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 741
Preparations for inhalation EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

deliveries that constitute the minimum recommended dose TESTS

have been sampled. Quantitatively collect the contents of the Uniformity of delivered dose. In all cases, prepare the
apparatus and determine the amount of active substance. inhaler as directed in the instructions to the patient. The dose
Repeat the procedure for a further 2 doses. collection apparatus must be capable of quantitatively
Discharge the device to waste, waiting not less than 5 s capturing the delivered dose. A dose collection apparatus
between actuations until (n/2)+1 deliveries remain, where similar to that described for the evaluation of pressurised
n is the number of deliveries stated on the label. Collect metered-dose inhalers may be used provided that the
4 doses using the procedure described above. dimensions of the tube and the filter can accommodate
Discharge the device to waste, waiting not less than 5 s the measured flow rate. A suitable tube is defined in
between actuations until 3 doses remain. Collect these Table 0671.-1. Connect the tube to a flow system according
3 doses using the procedure described above. to the scheme specified in Figure 0671.-2 and Table 0671.-1.
For preparations containing more than one active substance, Unless otherwise stated, determine the test flow rate and
carry out the test for uniformity of delivered dose for each duration using the dose collection tube, the associated flow
active substance. system, a suitable differential pressure meter and a suitable
Unless otherwise justified and authorised, the preparation volumetric flowmeter, calibrated for the flow leaving the
complies with the test if 9 out of 10 results lie between meter, according to the following procedure.
75 per cent and 125 per cent of the average value and all lie
between 65 per cent and 135 per cent. If 2 or 3 values lie Prepare the inhaler for use and connect it to the inlet of
outside the limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent, repeat the the apparatus using a mouthpiece adapter to ensure an
test for 2 more inhalers. Not more than 3 of the 30 values airtight seal. Use a mouthpiece adapter which ensures that
lie outside the limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent and no the front face of the inhaler mouthpiece is flush with the
value lies outside the limits of 65 per cent to 135 per cent. front face of the sample collection tube. Connect one port
of a differential pressure meter to the pressure reading
Fine particle dose. Using an apparatus and procedure point, P1, in Figure 0671.-2 and let the other be open to
described in Aerodynamic assessment of fine particles the atmosphere. Switch on the pump, open the 2-way
(2.9.18 - Apparatus C, D or E), calculate the fine particle dose. solenoid valve and adjust the flow control valve until the
Number of deliveries per inhaler. Take one inhaler and pressure drop across the inhaler is 4.0 kPa (40.8 cm H2O)
discharge the contents to waste, actuating the valve at as indicated by the differential pressure meter. Remove the
intervals of not less than 5 s. The total number of deliveries inhaler from the mouthpiece adapter and without touching
so discharged from the inhaler is not less than the number the flow control valve, connect a flowmeter to the inlet of
stated on the label (this test may be combined with the test the sampling apparatus. Use a flowmeter calibrated for
for uniformity of delivered dose). the volumetric flow leaving the meter, or calculate the
volumetric flow leaving the meter (Qout) using the ideal gas
Powders for inhalation law. For a meter calibrated for the entering volumetric flow
(Qin), use the following expression :
DEFINITION
Powders for inhalation are presented as single-dose
powders or multidose powders. To facilitate their use,
active substances may be combined with a suitable carrier.
They are generally administered by powder inhalers. For P0 = atmospheric pressure,
pre-metered inhalers, the inhaler is loaded with powders ∆P = pressure drop over the meter.
pre-dispensed in capsules or other suitable pharmaceutical
forms. For inhalers using a powder reservoir, the dose is If the flow rate is above 100 litres/min adjust the flow
created by a metering mechanism within the inhaler. control valve to obtain a flow rate of 100 litres/min (± 5 per
The delivered dose is the dose delivered from the inhaler. cent). Note the volumetric airflow rate exiting the meter and
For some preparations, the dose has been established as a define this as the test flow rate, Qout, in litres per minute.
metered dose or as a predispensed dose. The metered dose is Define the test flow duration, T, in seconds so that a volume
determined by adding the amount deposited on the inhaler of 4 litres of air is drawn from the mouthpiece of the inhaler
to the delivered dose. It may also be determined directly. at the test flow rate, Qout.

Figure 0671.-2. – Apparatus suitable for measuring the uniformity of delivered dose for powder inhalers

742 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Preparations for irrigation

Ensure that critical flow occurs in the flow control valve by Repeat the procedure for a further 2 doses.
the following procedure ; with the inhaler in place and the Discharge the device to waste until (n/2)+1 deliveries
test flow rate Qout, measure the absolute pressure on both remain, where n is the number of deliveries stated on the
sides of the control valve (pressure reading points P2 and P3 label. If necessary, store the inhaler to discharge electrostatic
in Figure 0671.-2). A ratio P3/P2 of less than or equal to 0.5 charges. Collect 4 doses using the procedure described
indicates critical flow. Switch to a more powerful pump and above.
re-measure the test flow rate if critical flow is not indicated. Discharge the device to waste until 3 doses remain. If
Table 0671.-1. – Specifications of the apparatus used for necessary, store the inhaler to discharge electrostatic
powder inhalers described in Figure 0671.-2 charges. Collect 3 doses using the procedure described
Description
above.
Code Item
For preparations containing more than one active substance,
A Sample collection Capable of quantitatively capturing the deliv-
tube ered dose, e.g. dose collection tube similar to carry out the test for uniformity of delivered dose for each
that described in Figure 0671.-1 with dimen- active substance.
sions of 34.85 mm ID × 12 cm length (e.g. Results. The preparation complies with the test if 9 out
product number XX40 047 00, Millipore Cor-
poration, Bedford, MA 01732 with modified of 10 results lie between 75 per cent and 125 per cent of the
exit tube, ID ≥ 8 mm, fitted with Gelman pro- average value and all lie between 65 per cent and 135 per
duct number 61631), or equivalent. cent. If 2 or 3 values lie outside the limits of 75 per cent to
B Filter 47 mm filter, e.g. A/E glass fibre filter 125 per cent, repeat the test for 2 more inhalers. Not more
(Gelman Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI 48106), or than 3 of the 30 values lie outside the limits of 75 per cent
equivalent.
to 125 per cent and no value lies outside the limits of 65 per
C Connector ID ≥ 8 mm, e.g., short metal coupling, with cent to 135 per cent.
low-diameter branch to P3.
D Vacuum tubing A length of suitable tubing having an In justified and authorised cases, these ranges may be
ID ≥ 8 mm and an internal volume of extended but no value should be greater than 150 per cent
25 ± 5 ml. or less than 50 per cent of the average value.
E 2-way solenoid A 2-way, 2-port solenoid valve having a Fine particle dose. Using the apparatus and procedure
valve minimum airflow resistance orifice with
ID ≥ 8 mm and an opening time ≤ 100 ms described in Aerodynamic assessment of fine particles
(e.g. type 256-A08, Bürkert GmbH, D-74653 (2.9.18 - Apparatus C, D or E), calculate the fine particle dose.
Ingelfingen), or equivalent.
Number of deliveries per inhaler for multidose inhalers.
F Vacuum pump Pump must be capable of drawing the re-
quired flow rate through the assembled
Discharge doses from the inhaler until empty, at the
apparatus with the powder inhaler in the predetermined flow rate. Record the deliveries discharged.
mouthpiece adapter (e.g. product type 1023, The total number of doses delivered is not less than the
1423 or 2565, Gast Manufacturing Inc., number stated on the label (this test may be combined with
Benton Harbor, MI 49022), or equivalent.
Connect the pump to the 2-way solenoid
the test for uniformity of delivered dose).
valve using short and/or wide (≥ 10 mm ID)
vacuum tubing and connectors to minimise 01/2008:1116
pump capacity requirements.
G Timer Timer capable of driving the 2-way sole-
noid valve for the required time period (e.g. PREPARATIONS FOR IRRIGATION
type G814, RS Components International,
Corby, NN17 9RS, UK), or equivalent. Praeparationes ad irrigationem
P1 Pressure tap 2.2 mm ID, 3.1 mm OD, flush with internal
DEFINITION
surface of the sample collection tube, cen-
tred and burr-free, 59 mm from its inlet. The
pressure tap P1 must never be open to thePreparations for irrigation are sterile, aqueous, large-volume
atmosphere. preparations intended to be used for irrigation of body
P1 Pressure cavities, wounds and surfaces, for example during surgical
Differential pressure to atmosphere (P1) or
P2 measurements absolute pressure (P2 and P3). procedures.
P3 Preparations for irrigation are either solutions prepared by
H Flow control valve Adjustable regulating valve with maximum dissolving one or more active substances, electrolytes or
Cv ≥ 1, (e.g. type 8FV12LNSS, Parker Han- osmotically active substances in water complying with the
nifin plc., Barnstaple, EX31 1NP, UK), or requirements for Water for injections (0169) or they consist
equivalent.
of such water alone. In the latter case, the preparation may
Predispensed systems. Prepare the inhaler as directed in the be labelled as ‘water for irrigation’. Irrigation solutions
instructions to the patient and connect it to the apparatus are usually adjusted to make the preparation isotonic with
using an adapter which ensures a good seal. Draw air respect to blood.
through the inhaler using the predetermined conditions. Examined in suitable conditions of visibility, preparations for
Repeat the procedure until the number of deliveries which irrigation are clear and practically free from particles.
constitute the minimum recommended dose have been
Preparations for irrigation are supplied in single-dose
sampled. Quantitatively collect the contents of the apparatus
containers. The containers and closures comply with the
and determine the amount of active substance.
requirements for containers for preparations for parenteral
Repeat the procedure for a further 9 doses. use (3.2.1 and 3.2.2), but the administration port of the
Reservoir systems. Prepare the inhaler as directed in the container is incompatible with intravenous administration
instructions to the patient and connect it to the apparatus equipment and does not allow the preparation for irrigation
using an adapter which ensures a good seal. Draw air to be administered with such equipment.
through the inhaler under the predetermined conditions.
Repeat the procedure until the number of deliveries which PRODUCTION
constitute the minimum recommended dose have been Preparations for irrigation are prepared using materials
sampled. Quantitatively collect the contents of the apparatus and methods designed to ensure sterility and to avoid
and determine the amount of active substance. the introduction of contaminants and the growth of

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 743
Pressurised pharmaceutical preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

micro-organisms ; recommendations on this aspect are Containers. The containers are tight and resistant to the
provided in the text on Methods of preparation of sterile internal pressure and may be made of metal, glass, plastic or
products (5.1.1). combinations of these materials. They are compatible with
During development, it must be demonstrated that the their contents. Glass containers are protected with a plastic
nominal content can be withdrawn from the container. coating.
Spraying device. The valve keeps the container tightly
TESTS closed when not in use and regulates the delivery of
Sterility (2.6.1). Preparations for irrigation comply with the the contents during use. The spray characteristics are
test for sterility. influenced by the type of spraying device, in particular by
the dimensions, number and location of orifices. Some
Bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) : less than 0.5 IU/ml. valves provide a continuous release, others (“metering dose
Pyrogens (2.6.8). Preparations for which a validated test valves”) deliver a defined quantity of product upon each
for bacterial endotoxins cannot be carried out comply with valve actuation.
the test for pyrogens. Inject per kilogram of the rabbit’s The various valve materials in contact with the contents are
mass 10 ml of the preparation, unless otherwise justified compatible with them.
and authorised.
Requirements for pressurised pharmaceutical preparations.
LABELLING Pressurised preparations are provided with a delivery device
appropriate for the intended application.
The label states :
Special requirements may be necessary for the selection of
— that the preparation is not to be used for injection ;
propellants, for particle size and the single-dose delivered
— that the preparation is to be used on one occasion only by the metering valves.
and that any unused portion of the preparation is to be
discarded. LABELLING
The label states :
— the method of use,
01/2008:0523 — any precautions to be taken,
— for a container with a metering dose valve, the amount of
PRESSURISED PHARMACEUTICAL active substance in a unit-spray.
PREPARATIONS
Praeparationes pharmaceuticae in vasis 01/2008:1145
cum pressu
Additional requirements for preparations presented RECTAL PREPARATIONS
in pressurised containers may be found, where
appropriate, in other general monographs, for example Rectalia
Preparations for inhalation (0671), Liquid preparations
for cutaneous application (0927), Powders for cutaneous DEFINITION
application (1166), Nasal preparations (0676) and Ear Rectal preparations are intended for rectal use in order to
preparations (0652). obtain a systemic or local effect, or they may be intended
for diagnostic purposes.
DEFINITION
Where applicable, containers for rectal preparations comply
Pressurised pharmaceutical preparations are presented in with the requirements for materials used for the manufacture
special containers under pressure of a gas and contain one or of containers (3.1 and subsections) and containers (3.2 and
more active substances. The preparations are released from subsections).
the container, upon actuation of an appropriate valve, in the
form of an aerosol (dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a Several categories of rectal preparations may be
gas, the size of the particles being adapted to the intended distinguished :
use) or of a liquid or semisolid jet such as a foam. The — suppositories ;
pressure for the release is generated by suitable propellants. — rectal capsules ;
The preparations consist of a solution, an emulsion or a — rectal solutions, emulsions and suspensions ;
suspension and are intended for local application to the skin
or to mucous membranes of various body orifices, or for — powders and tablets for rectal solutions and suspensions ;
inhalation. Suitable excipients may also be used, for example — semi-solid rectal preparations ;
solvents, solubilisers, emulsifying agents, suspending agents — rectal foams ;
and lubricants for the valve to prevent clogging.
— rectal tampons.
Propellants. The propellants are either gases liquefied
under pressure or compressed gases or low-boiling liquids. PRODUCTION
Liquefied gases are, for example, fluorinated hydrocarbons During the development of a rectal preparation whose
and low-molecular-mass hydrocarbons (such as propane and formulation contains an antimicrobial preservative, the
butane). Compressed gases are, for example, carbon dioxide, need for and the efficacy of the chosen preservative shall be
nitrogen and nitrous oxide. demonstrated to the satisfaction of the competent authority.
Mixtures of these propellants may be used to obtain optimal A suitable test method together with criteria for judging the
solution properties and desirable pressure, delivery and preservative properties of the formulation are provided in
spray characteristics. chapter 5.1.3 Efficacy of antimicrobial preservation.

744 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Rectal preparations

During development, it must be demonstrated that the such as hard fat, macrogols, cocoa butter, and various
nominal contents can be withdrawn from the container gelatinous mixtures consisting of, for example, gelatin, water
of liquid and semi-solid rectal preparations presented in and glycerol. The determination of the softening time of
single-dose containers. lipophilic suppositories (2.9.22) is carried out.
In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution of A suitable test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate
rectal preparations, suitable measures are taken to ensure release of the active substance(s) from suppositories
their microbial quality ; recommendations on this aspect intended for modified release or for prolonged local action.
are provided in chapter 5.1.4 Microbiological quality of In the manufacture of suppositories containing dispersed
pharmaceutical preparations. active substances, measures are taken to ensure a suitable
In the manufacture of semi-solid and liquid rectal and controlled particle size.
preparations containing dispersed particles, measures are
taken to ensure a suitable and controlled particle size with TESTS
regard to the intended use. Disintegration (2.9.2). Unless intended for modified release
or for prolonged local action, they comply with the test. For
TESTS suppositories with a fatty base, examine after 30 min, and
Uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40). Liquid and semi-solid for suppositories with a water-soluble base, examine after
single-dose rectal preparations comply with the test. Solid 60 min, unless otherwise justified and authorised.
single-dose rectal preparations comply with the test or,
where justified and authorised, with the tests for uniformity Rectal capsules
of content and/or uniformity of mass shown below. Herbal
drugs and herbal drug preparations present in the dosage DEFINITION
form are not subject to the provisions of this paragraph.
Rectal capsules (shell suppositories) are solid, single-dose
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed preparations generally similar to soft capsules as defined
or justified and authorised, solid single-dose rectal in the monograph Capsules (0016) except that they may
preparations with a content of active substance less than have lubricating coatings. They are of elongated shape, are
2 mg or less than 2 per cent of the total mass comply with smooth and have a uniform external appearance.
test A (tablets) or test B (suppositories, rectal capsules). If
the preparation contains more than one active substance, PRODUCTION
this requirement applies only to those substances that
correspond to the above conditions. A suitable test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate
release of the active substance(s) from rectal capsules
Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Solid single-dose rectal intended for modified release or for prolonged local action.
preparations comply with the test. If the test for uniformity
of content is prescribed for all active substances, the test for TESTS
uniformity of mass is not required. Disintegration (2.9.2). Unless intended for modified release
Dissolution. A suitable test may be required to demonstrate or for prolonged local action, they comply with the test.
the appropriate release of the active substance(s) from Examine the state of the capsules after 30 min, unless
solid single-dose rectal preparations, for example 2.9.42 otherwise justified and authorised.
Dissolution test for lipophilic solid dosage forms.
Where a dissolution test is prescribed, a disintegration test Rectal solutions, emulsions
may not be required.
and suspensions
LABELLING
DEFINITION
The label states the name of any added antimicrobial
preservative. Rectal solutions, emulsions and suspensions are liquid
preparations intended for rectal use in order to obtain
a systemic or local effect, or they may be intended for
Suppositories diagnostic purposes.
Rectal solutions, emulsions and suspensions are supplied
DEFINITION in single-dose containers and contain 1 or more active
Suppositories are solid, single-dose preparations. The substances dissolved or dispersed in water, glycerol or
shape, volume and consistency of suppositories are suitable macrogols or other suitable solvents. Emulsions may show
for rectal administration. evidence of phase separation but are readily redispersed on
They contain 1 or more active substances dispersed or shaking. Suspensions may show a sediment that is readily
dissolved in a suitable basis that may be soluble or dispersible dispersible on shaking to give a suspension that remains
in water or may melt at body temperature. Excipients such sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be delivered.
as diluents, adsorbents, surface-active agents, lubricants, Rectal solutions, emulsions and suspensions may contain
antimicrobial preservatives and colouring matter, authorised excipients, for example to adjust the viscosity of the
by the competent authority, may be added if necessary. preparation, to adjust or stabilise the pH, to increase the
solubility of the active substance(s) or to stabilise the
PRODUCTION preparation. These substances do not adversely affect the
Suppositories are prepared by compression or moulding. If intended medical action or, at the concentrations used,
necessary, the active substance(s) are previously ground and cause undue local irritation.
sieved through a suitable sieve. When prepared by moulding, Rectal solutions, emulsions and suspensions are supplied
the medicated mass, sufficiently liquefied by heating, is in containers containing a volume in the range of 2.5 ml to
poured into suitable moulds. The suppository solidifies on 2000 ml. The container is adapted to deliver the preparation
cooling. Various excipients are available for this process, to the rectum or is accompanied by a suitable applicator.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 745
Semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Powders and tablets for rectal solutions 01/2008:0132

and suspensions
SEMI-SOLID PREPARATIONS FOR
DEFINITION
CUTANEOUS APPLICATION
Powders and tablets intended for the preparation of rectal Praeparationes molles ad usum dermicum
solutions or suspensions are single-dose preparations that
are dissolved or dispersed in water or other suitable solvents The requirements of this monograph apply to all
at the time of administration. They may contain excipients to semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application. Where
facilitate dissolution or dispersion or to prevent aggregation appropriate, additional requirements specific to semi-solid
of the particles. preparations intended to be applied to particular surfaces
or mucous membranes may be found in other general
After dissolution or suspension, they comply with the monographs, for example Ear preparations (0652), Nasal
requirements for rectal solutions or rectal suspensions, as preparations (0676), Rectal preparations (1145), Eye
appropriate. preparations (1163) and Vaginal preparations (1164).
DEFINITION
TESTS Semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application are
Disintegration (2.9.1). Tablets for rectal solutions or intended for local or transdermal delivery of active
suspensions comply with the test, but using water R at substances, or for their emollient or protective action. They
15-25 °C and 6 tablets. Examine the state of the tablets are of homogeneous appearance.
after 3 min. The tablets comply with the test if all 6 have Semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application consist
disintegrated. of a simple or compound basis in which, usually, 1 or more
active substances are dissolved or dispersed. According to
its composition, the basis may influence the activity of the
LABELLING preparation.
The label states : The basis may consist of natural or synthetic substances
and may be single phase or multiphase. According to the
— the method of preparation of the rectal solution or nature of the basis, the preparation may have hydrophilic or
suspension ; hydrophobic properties ; it may contain suitable excipients
such as antimicrobial preservatives, antioxidants, stabilisers,
— the conditions and duration of storage of the solution or emulsifiers, thickeners and penetration enhancers.
suspension after constitution.
Semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application intended
for use on severely injured skin are sterile.
Where applicable, containers for semi-solid preparations for
Semi-solid rectal preparations cutaneous application comply with the requirements for
Materials used for the manufacture of containers (3.1 and
DEFINITION subsections) and Containers (3.2 and subsections).
Several categories of semi-solid preparations for cutaneous
Semi-solid rectal preparations are ointments, creams or gels. application may be distinguished :
They are often supplied as single-dose preparations in — ointments ;
containers provided with a suitable applicator. — creams ;
— gels ;
Semi-solid rectal preparations comply with the requirements
of the monograph Semi-solid preparations for cutaneous — pastes ;
application (0132). — poultices ;
— medicated plasters.
According to their structure, ointments, creams and gels
Rectal foams generally show viscoelastic behaviour and are non-Newtonian
in character e.g. plastic, pseudoplastic or thixotropic type
flow at high shear rates. Pastes frequently exhibit dilatancy.
DEFINITION
PRODUCTION
Rectal foams comply with the requirements of the
During development of semi-solid preparations for cutaneous
monograph Medicated foams (1105).
application whose formulation contains an antimicrobial
preservative, the need for and the efficacy of the chosen
preservative shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of
Rectal tampons the competent authority. A suitable test method together
with criteria for judging the preservative properties of
the formulation are provided in Efficacy of antimicrobial
DEFINITION preservation (5.1.3). In the manufacture, packaging,
Rectal tampons are solid, single-dose preparations intended storage and distribution of semi-solid preparations for
to be inserted into the lower part of the rectum for a limited cutaneous application, suitable steps are taken to ensure
time. their microbiological quality ; recommendations on this are
provided in Microbiological Quality of Pharmaceutical
They comply with the requirements of the monograph Preparations (5.1.4). Sterile semi-solid preparations
Medicated tampons (1155). for cutaneous application are prepared using materials

746 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application

and methods designed to ensure sterility and to avoid Creams

the introduction of contaminants and the growth of
micro-organisms ; recommendations on this are provided in DEFINITION
Methods of Preparation of Sterile Products (5.1.1). Creams are multiphase preparations consisting of a lipophilic
During development, it must be demonstrated that the phase and an aqueous phase.
nominal content can be withdrawn from the container of Lipophilic Creams
semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application presented Lipophilic creams have as the continuous phase the lipophilic
in single-dose containers. phase. They contain water-in-oil emulsifying agents such as
In the manufacture of semi-solid preparations for cutaneous wool alcohols, sorbitan esters and monoglycerides.
application, suitable measures are taken to ensure that Hydrophilic Creams
the defined rheological properties are fulfilled. Where Hydrophilic creams have as the continuous phase the
appropriate, the following non-mandatory tests may be aqueous phase. They contain oil-in-water emulsifying agents
carried out : measurement of consistency by penetrometry such as sodium or trolamine soaps, sulphated fatty alcohols,
(2.9.9), viscosity (apparent viscosity) (2.2.10) and a suitable polysorbates and polyoxyl fatty acid and fatty alcohol esters
test to demonstrate the appropriate release of the active combined, if necessary, with water-in-oil emulsifying agents.
substance(s).
In the manufacture of semi-solid preparations for cutaneous Gels
application containing 1 or more active substances that are
not dissolved in the basis (e.g. emulsions or suspensions), DEFINITION
measures are taken to ensure appropriate homogeneity of Gels consist of liquids gelled by means of suitable gelling
the preparation to be delivered. agents.
In the manufacture of semi-solid preparations for cutaneous Lipophilic Gels
application containing dispersed particles, measures are
Lipophilic gels (oleogels) are preparations whose bases
taken to ensure a suitable and controlled particle size with
usually consist of liquid paraffin with polyethylene or fatty
regard to the intended use.
oils gelled with colloidal silica or aluminium or zinc soaps.
TESTS Hydrophilic Gels
Sterility (2.6.1). Where the label indicates that the Hydrophilic gels (hydrogels) are preparations whose bases
preparation is sterile, it complies with the test for sterility. usually consist of water, glycerol or propylene glycol
gelled with suitable gelling agents such as starch, cellulose
STORAGE derivatives, carbomers and magnesium-aluminium silicates.
If the preparation contains water or other volatile
ingredients, store in an airtight container. If the preparation Pastes
is sterile, store in a sterile, airtight, tamper-proof container.
DEFINITION
LABELLING Pastes are semi-solid preparations for cutaneous application
The label states : containing large proportions of solids finely dispersed in
— the name of any added antimicrobial preservative ; the basis.
— where applicable, that the preparation is sterile.
Poultices
Ointments DEFINITION
Poultices consist of a hydrophilic heat-retentive basis in
DEFINITION which solid or liquid active substances are dispersed. They
An ointment consists of a single-phase basis in which solids are usually spread thickly on a suitable dressing and heated
or liquids may be dispersed. before application to the skin.
Hydrophobic Ointments
Hydrophobic ointments can absorb only small amounts of Medicated plasters
water. Typical bases used for their formulation are hard, DEFINITION
liquid and light liquid paraffins, vegetable oils, animal fats,
synthetic glycerides, waxes and liquid polyalkylsiloxanes. Medicated plasters are flexible preparations containing 1 or
more active substances. They are intended to be applied
Water-emulsifying Ointments to the skin. They are designed to maintain the active
Water-emulsifying ointments can absorb larger amounts substance(s) in close contact with the skin such that these
of water and thereby produce water-in-oil or oil-in-water may be absorbed slowly, or act as protective or keratolytic
emulsions depending on the nature of the emulsifiers : agents.
water-in-oil emulsifying agents such as wool alcohols, Medicated plasters consist of an adhesive basis, which may
sorbitan esters, monoglycerides and fatty alcohols, or be coloured, containing 1 or more active substances, spread
oil-in-water emulsifying agents such as sulphated fatty as a uniform layer on an appropriate support made of natural
alcohols, polysorbates, macrogol cetostearyl ether or esters or synthetic material. It is not irritant or sensitising to the
of fatty acids with macrogols may be used for this purpose. skin. The adhesive layer is covered by a suitable protective
Their bases are those of the hydrophobic ointments. liner, which is removed before applying the plaster to the
Hydrophilic Ointments skin. When removed, the protective liner does not detach
Hydrophilic ointments are preparations having bases that are the preparation from the outer, supporting layer.
miscible with water. The bases usually consist of mixtures of Medicated plasters are presented in a range of sizes directly
liquid and solid macrogols (polyethylene glycols). They may adapted to their intended use or as larger sheets to be cut
contain appropriate amounts of water. before use. Medicated plasters adhere firmly to the skin

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 747
Sticks EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

when gentle pressure is applied and can be peeled off without 01/2008:0478
causing appreciable injury to the skin or detachment of the
preparation from the outer, supporting layer. TABLETS
TESTS Compressi
Dissolution. A suitable test may be required to demonstrate
the appropriate release of the active substance(s), for The requirements of this monograph do not necessarily
example one of the tests described in Dissolution test for apply to preparations that are presented as tablets
transdermal patches (2.9.4). intended for use other than by oral administration.
Requirements for such preparations may be found, where
appropriate, in other general monographs ; for example
Rectal preparations (1145), Vaginal preparations (1164)
and Oromucosal preparations (1807). This monograph
does not apply to lozenges, oral pastes and oral gums.
Where justified and authorised, the requirements of this
01/2008:1154 monograph do not apply to tablets for veterinary use.

DEFINITION
STICKS Tablets are solid preparations each containing a single dose
of one or more active substances. They are obtained by
compressing uniform volumes of particles or by another
Styli suitable manufacturing technique, such as extrusion,
Additional requirements for sticks may be found, where moulding or freeze-drying (lyophilisation). Tablets are
appropriate, in other general monographs, for example intended for oral administration. Some are swallowed whole,
Nasal preparations (0676). some after being chewed, some are dissolved or dispersed in
water before being administered and some are retained in
the mouth where the active substance is liberated.
DEFINITION The particles consist of one or more active substances with or
without excipients such as diluents, binders, disintegrating
Sticks are solid preparations intended for local application.
agents, glidants, lubricants, substances capable of modifying
They are rod-shaped or conical preparations consisting of
the behaviour of the preparation in the digestive tract,
one or more active substances alone or which are dissolved
colouring matter authorised by the competent authority and
or dispersed in a suitable basis which may dissolve or melt
flavouring substances.
at body temperature.
Tablets are usually straight, circular solid cylinders, the end
Urethral sticks and sticks for insertion into wounds are surfaces of which are flat or convex and the edges of which
sterile. may be bevelled. They may have break-marks and may bear a
symbol or other markings. Tablets may be coated.
PRODUCTION Where applicable, containers for tablets comply with the
requirements for materials used for the manufacture of
In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution of containers (3.1 and subsections) and containers (3.2 and
sticks, suitable means are taken to ensure their microbial subsections).
quality ; recommendations on this aspect are provided in Several categories of tablets for oral use may be
the text on Microbiological quality of pharmaceutical distinguished :
preparations (5.1.4).
— uncoated tablets ;
Urethral sticks and other sterile sticks are prepared using — coated tablets ;
materials and methods designed to ensure sterility and to
— effervescent tablets ;
avoid the introduction of contaminants and the growth
of micro-organisms ; recommendations on this aspect are — soluble tablets ;
provided in the text on Methods of preparation of sterile — dispersible tablets ;
products (5.1.1). — orodispersible tablets ;
In the manufacture of sticks means are taken to ensure that — gastro-resistant tablets ;
the preparation complies with a test for mass uniformity or, — modified-release tablets ;
where appropriate, a test for uniformity of content. — tablets for use in the mouth ;
— oral lyophilisates.
TESTS
PRODUCTION
Sterility (2.6.1). Urethral sticks and sticks for insertion into
wounds comply with the test for sterility. Tablets are usually prepared by compressing uniform
volumes of particles or particle aggregates produced by
granulation methods. In the manufacture of tablets, means
LABELLING are taken to ensure that they possess a suitable mechanical
strength to avoid crumbling or breaking on handling or
The label states : subsequent processing. This may be demonstrated using
— the quantity of active substance(s) per stick, the tests described in chapters 2.9.7. Friability of uncoated
tablets and 2.9.8. Resistance to crushing of tablets.
— for urethral sticks and sticks to be inserted into wounds Chewable tablets are prepared to ensure that they are easily
that they are sterile. crushed by chewing.

748 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Tablets

Subdivision of tablets. Tablets may bear a break-mark or TESTS

break-marks and may be subdivided in parts, either to ease Disintegration (2.9.1). Uncoated tablets comply with the
the intake of the medicinal product or to comply with the test. Use water R as the liquid. Add a disc to each tube.
posology. In the latter case, subdivision must be assessed Operate the apparatus for 15 min, unless otherwise justified
and authorised by the competent authority. In order to and authorised, and examine the state of the tablets. If the
ensure that the patient will receive the intended dose, the tablets fail to comply because of adherence to the discs, the
efficacy of the break-mark(s) must be assessed during the results are invalid. Repeat the test on a further 6 tablets
development of the product, in respect of uniformity of mass omitting the discs.
of the subdivided parts. Each authorised dose must be tested
using the following test. Chewable tablets are not required to comply with the test.
Take 30 tablets at random, break them by hand and, from
all the parts obtained from 1 tablet, take 1 part for the test Coated tablets
and reject the other part(s). Weigh each of the 30 parts
individually and calculate the average mass. The tablets DEFINITION
comply with the test if not more than 1 individual mass Coated tablets are tablets covered with one or more layers of
is outside the limits of 85 per cent to 115 per cent of the mixtures of various substances such as natural or synthetic
average mass. The tablets fail to comply with the test if resins, gums, gelatin, inactive and insoluble fillers, sugars,
more than 1 individual mass is outside these limits, or if plasticisers, polyols, waxes, colouring matter authorised
1 individual mass is outside the limits of 75 per cent to by the competent authority and sometimes flavouring
125 per cent of the average mass. substances and active substances. The substances used as
In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution coatings are usually applied as a solution or suspension in
of tablets, suitable means are taken to ensure their conditions in which evaporation of the vehicle occurs. When
microbiological quality ; recommendations on this aspect the coating is a very thin polymeric coating, the tablets are
are provided in chapter 5.1.4. Microbiological quality of known as film-coated tablets.
pharmaceutical preparations. Coated tablets have a smooth surface, which is often
coloured and may be polished ; a broken section, when
TESTS examined under a lens, shows a core surrounded by one or
Uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40). Tablets comply with more continuous layers with a different texture.
the test or, where justified and authorised, with the tests
for uniformity of content and/or uniformity of mass shown PRODUCTION
below. Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations present Where justified, uniformity of mass or uniformity of content
in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions of this of coated tablets other than film-coated tablets may be
paragraph. ensured by control of the cores.
Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed
or justified and authorised, tablets with a content of active TESTS
substance less than 2 mg or less than 2 per cent of the total Disintegration (2.9.1). Coated tablets other than film-coated
mass comply with test A. If the preparation has more than tablets comply with the test. Use water R as the liquid. Add
1 active substance, the requirement applies only to those a disc to each tube. Operate the apparatus for 60 min, unless
substances that correspond to the above conditions. otherwise justified and authorised, and examine the state of
Unless otherwise justified and authorised, coated tablets the tablets. If any of the tablets has not disintegrated, repeat
other than film-coated tablets comply with test A irrespective the test on a further 6 tablets, replacing water R with 0.1 M
of their content of active substance(s). hydrochloric acid.
Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Uncoated tablets and, unless Film-coated tablets comply with the disintegration test
otherwise justified and authorised, film-coated tablets prescribed above except that the apparatus is operated for
comply with the test. If the test for uniformity of content 30 min, unless otherwise justified and authorised.
is prescribed or justified and authorised for all the active If coated tablets or film-coated tablets fail to comply because
substances, the test for uniformity of mass is not required. of adherence to the discs, the results are invalid. Repeat the
Dissolution. A suitable test may be carried out to test on a further 6 tablets omitting the discs.
demonstrate the appropriate release of the active Chewable coated tablets are not required to comply with
substance(s), for example one of the tests described in the test.
chapter 2.9.3. Dissolution test for solid dosage forms.
Where a dissolution test is prescribed, a disintegration test Effervescent tablets
may not be required.
DEFINITION
Uncoated tablets Effervescent tablets are uncoated tablets generally
containing acid substances and carbonates or hydrogen
DEFINITION carbonates, which react rapidly in the presence of water to
Uncoated tablets include single-layer tablets resulting from release carbon dioxide. They are intended to be dissolved or
a single compression of particles and multi-layer tablets dispersed in water before administration.
consisting of concentric or parallel layers obtained by
successive compression of particles of different composition. TESTS
The excipients used are not specifically intended to modify Disintegration. Place 1 tablet in a beaker containing 200 ml
the release of the active substance in the digestive fluids. of water R at 15-25 °C ; numerous bubbles of gas are
Uncoated tablets conform to the general definition of tablets. evolved. When the evolution of gas around the tablet or its
A broken section, when examined under a lens, shows fragments ceases the tablet has disintegrated, being either
either a relatively uniform texture (single-layer tablets) or a dissolved or dispersed in the water so that no agglomerates
stratified texture (multi-layer tablets) but no signs of coating. of particles remain. Repeat the operation on 5 other tablets.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 749
Tablets EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The tablets comply with the test if each of the 6 tablets used prepared from granules or particles already covered with
disintegrates in the manner prescribed within 5 min, unless a gastro-resistant coating or in certain cases by covering
otherwise justified and authorised. tablets with a gastro-resistant coating (enteric-coated tablets).
Tablets covered with a gastro-resistant coating conform to
Soluble tablets the definition of coated tablets.

DEFINITION PRODUCTION
For tablets prepared from granules or particles already
Soluble tablets are uncoated or film-coated tablets. They
covered with a gastro-resistant coating, a suitable test is
are intended to be dissolved in water before administration.
carried out to demonstrate the appropriate release of the
The solution produced may be slightly opalescent due to the
active substance(s).
added excipients used in the manufacture of the tablets.
TESTS
TESTS
Disintegration (2.9.1). For tablets covered with a
Disintegration (2.9.1). Soluble tablets disintegrate within gastro-resistant coating, carry out the test with the following
3 min, using water R at 15-25 °C. modifications. Use 0.1 M hydrochloric acid as the liquid.
Operate the apparatus for 2 h, or another such time as
Dispersible tablets may be justified and authorised, without the discs and
examine the state of the tablets. The time of resistance to
DEFINITION the acid medium varies according to the formulation of the
tablets to be examined. It is typically 2 h to 3 h but even
Dispersible tablets are uncoated or film-coated tablets with authorised deviations is not less than 1 h. No tablet
intended to be dispersed in water before administration, shows signs of either disintegration (apart from fragments
giving a homogeneous dispersion. of coating) or cracks that would allow the escape of the
contents. Replace the acid by phosphate buffer solution
TESTS pH 6.8 R and add a disc to each tube. Operate the apparatus
Disintegration (2.9.1). Dispersible tablets disintegrate for 60 min and examine the state of the tablets. If the tablets
within 3 min, using water R at 15-25 °C. fail to comply because of adherence to the discs, the results
Fineness of dispersion. Place 2 tablets in 100 ml of water R are invalid. Repeat the test on a further 6 tablets omitting
and stir until completely dispersed. A smooth dispersion the discs.
is produced, which passes through a sieve screen with a Dissolution. For tablets prepared from granules or particles
nominal mesh aperture of 710 µm. already covered with a gastro-resistant coating, a suitable
test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate release
of the active substance(s), for example the test described in
Orodispersible tablets chapter 2.9.3. Dissolution test for solid dosage forms.
DEFINITION
Orodispersible tablets are uncoated tablets intended to be
Tablets for use in the mouth
placed in the mouth where they disperse rapidly before DEFINITION
being swallowed.
Tablets for use in the mouth are usually uncoated tablets.
TESTS They are formulated to effect a slow release and local action
of the active substance(s) or the release and absorption
Disintegration (2.9.1). Orodispersible tablets disintegrate of the active substance(s) at a defined part of the mouth.
within 3 min. They comply with the requirements of the monograph
Oromucosal preparations (1807).
Modified-release tablets
Oral lyophilisates
DEFINITION
Modified-release tablets are coated or uncoated tablets DEFINITION
that contain special excipients or are prepared by special Oral lyophilisates are solid preparations intended either to
procedures, or both, designed to modify the rate, the place be placed in the mouth or to be dispersed (or dissolved) in
or the time at which the active substance(s) are released. water before administration.
Modified-release tablets include prolonged-release tablets, PRODUCTION
delayed-release tablets and pulsatile-release tablets.
Oral lyophilisates are obtained by freeze-drying
PRODUCTION (lyophilisation), involving division into single doses, freezing,
sublimation and drying of usually aqueous, liquid or
A suitable test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate semi-solid preparations.
release of the active substance(s).
TESTS
Gastro-resistant tablets Disintegration. Place 1 oral lyophilisate in a beaker
containing 200 ml of water R at 15-25 °C. It disintegrates
DEFINITION within 3 min. Repeat the test on 5 other oral lyophilisates.
Gastro-resistant tablets are delayed-release tablets that They comply with the test if all 6 have disintegrated.
are intended to resist the gastric fluid and to release their Water (2.5.12). Oral lyophilisates comply with the test ; the
active substance(s) in the intestinal fluid. Usually they are limits are approved by the competent authority.

750 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Vaginal preparations

01/2008:1155 TESTS
Uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40). Liquid and semi-solid
TAMPONS, MEDICATED single-dose vaginal preparations comply with the test. Solid
single-dose vaginal preparations comply with the test or,
Tamponae medicatae where justified and authorised, with the tests for uniformity
of content and/or uniformity of mass shown below. Herbal
Additional requirements for medicated tampons may be drugs and herbal drug preparations present in the dosage
found, where appropriate, in other general monographs, form are not subject to the provisions of this paragraph.
for example Rectal preparations (1145), Vaginal
preparations (1164) and Ear preparations (0652). Uniformity of content (2.9.6). Unless otherwise prescribed
or justified and authorised, solid single-dose vaginal
DEFINITION preparations with a content of active substance less than
Medicated tampons are solid, single-dose preparations 2 mg or less than 2 per cent of the total mass comply with
intended to be inserted into the body cavities for a limited test A (vaginal tablets) or test B (pessaries, vaginal capsules).
period of time. They consist of a suitable material such as If the preparation has more than one active substance,
cellulose, collagen or silicone impregnated with one or more the requirement applies only to those substances which
active substances. correspond to the above conditions.
PRODUCTION Uniformity of mass (2.9.5). Solid single-dose vaginal
preparations comply with the test. If the test for uniformity
In the manufacture, packaging, storage and distribution of content is prescribed for all the active substances, the test
of medicated tampons, suitable means are taken to ensure for uniformity of mass is not required.
their microbial quality ; recommendations on this aspect
are provided in the text on Microbiological quality of Dissolution. A suitable test may be carried out to
pharmaceutical preparations (5.1.4). demonstrate the appropriate release of the active
substance(s) from solid single-dose vaginal preparations,
LABELLING for example one of the tests described in chapter 2.9.3.
The label states the quantity of active substance(s) per Dissolution test for solid dosage forms or in 2.9.42.
tampon. Dissolution test for lipophilic solid dosage forms.
When a dissolution test is prescribed, a disintegration test
may not be required.
01/2008:1164

VAGINAL PREPARATIONS Pessaries

DEFINITION
Vaginalia
Pessaries are solid, single-dose preparations. They have
DEFINITION various shapes, usually ovoid, with a volume and consistency
Vaginal preparations are liquid, semi-solid or solid suitable for insertion into the vagina. They contain 1 or more
preparations intended for administration to the vagina active substances dispersed or dissolved in a suitable basis
usually in order to obtain a local effect. They contain 1 or that may be soluble or dispersible in water or may melt at
more active substances in a suitable basis. body temperature. Excipients such as diluents, adsorbents,
surface-active agents, lubricants, antimicrobial preservatives
Where appropriate, containers for vaginal preparations
and colouring matter authorised by the competent authority
comply with the requirements for materials used for the
may be added, if necessary.
manufacture of containers (3.1 and subsections) and
containers (3.2 and subsections).
PRODUCTION
Several categories of vaginal preparations may be
distinguished : Pessaries are usually prepared by moulding. Where
— pessaries ; appropriate in the manufacture of pessaries, measures are
taken to ensure a suitable and controlled particle size of the
— vaginal tablets ; active substance(s). If necessary, the active substance(s) are
— vaginal capsules ; previously ground and sieved through a suitable sieve.
— vaginal solutions, emulsions and suspensions ; When prepared by moulding, the medicated mass, sufficiently
— tablets for vaginal solutions and suspensions ; liquefied by heating, is poured into suitable moulds. The
— semi-solid vaginal preparations ; pessary solidifies on cooling. Various excipients are available
— vaginal foams ; for this process, such as hard fat, macrogols, cocoa butter,
and various gelatinous mixtures consisting, for example, of
— medicated vaginal tampons. gelatin, water and glycerol.
PRODUCTION A suitable test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate
During development, it must be demonstrated that the release of the active substance(s) from pessaries intended for
nominal contents can be withdrawn from the container prolonged local action.
of liquid and semi-solid vaginal preparations presented in
single-dose containers.
In the manufacturing, packaging, storage and distribution of TESTS
vaginal preparations, suitable measures are taken to ensure Disintegration (2.9.2). Unless intended for prolonged local
their microbial quality ; recommendations on this aspect action, they comply with the test. Examine the state of
are provided in chapter 5.1.4. Microbiological quality of the pessaries after 60 min, unless otherwise justified and
pharmaceutical preparations. authorised.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 751
Veterinary liquid preparations for cutaneous application EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Vaginal tablets Tablets for vaginal solutions

DEFINITION
and suspensions
Vaginal tablets are solid, single-dose preparations. They DEFINITION
generally conform to the definitions of uncoated or Tablets intended for the preparation of vaginal solutions and
film-coated tablets given in the monograph Tablets (0478). suspensions are single-dose preparations that are dissolved
or dispersed in water at the time of administration. They
PRODUCTION may contain excipients to facilitate dissolution or dispersion
or to prevent caking.
A suitable test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate
release of the active substance(s) from vaginal tablets Apart from the test for disintegration, tablets for vaginal
intended for prolonged local action. solutions or suspensions conform with the definition for
Tablets (0478).
TESTS After dissolution or dispersion, they comply with the
requirements for vaginal solutions or vaginal suspensions, as
Disintegration (2.9.2). Unless intended for prolonged local
appropriate.
action, they comply with the test (special method for vaginal
tablets). Examine the state of the tablets after 30 min, unless TESTS
otherwise justified and authorised.
Disintegration (2.9.1). Tablets for vaginal solutions or
suspensions comply with the test, but using water R at
Vaginal capsules 15-25 °C and 6 tablets. Examine the state of the tablets
after 3 min. The tablets comply with the test if all 6 have
DEFINITION disintegrated.
Vaginal capsules (shell pessaries) are solid, single-dose LABELLING
preparations. They are generally similar to soft capsules as The label states :
defined in the monograph Capsules (0016), differing only in
their shape and size. Vaginal capsules have various shapes, — the method of preparation of the vaginal solution or
usually ovoid. They are smooth and have a uniform external suspension ;
appearance. — the conditions and duration of storage of the solution or
suspension after constitution.
PRODUCTION
A suitable test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate Semi-solid vaginal preparations
release of the active substance(s) from vaginal capsules DEFINITION
intended for prolonged local action. Semi-solid vaginal preparations are ointments, creams or
gels.
TESTS
They are often supplied in single-dose containers. The
Disintegration (2.9.2). Unless intended for prolonged local container is provided with a suitable applicator.
action, they comply with the test. Examine the state of Semi-solid vaginal preparations comply with the requirements
the capsules after 30 min, unless otherwise justified and of the monograph Semi-solid preparations for cutaneous
authorised. application (0132).

Vaginal solutions, emulsions Vaginal foams

and suspensions DEFINITION
Vaginal foams comply with the requirements of the
DEFINITION monograph Medicated foams (1105).
Vaginal solutions, emulsions and suspensions are liquid
preparations intended for a local effect, for irrigation or Medicated vaginal tampons
for diagnostic purposes. They may contain excipients, for
example to adjust the viscosity of the preparation, to adjust DEFINITION
or stabilise the pH, to increase the solubility of the active Medicated vaginal tampons are solid, single-dose
substance(s) or to stabilise the preparation. The excipients preparations intended to be inserted in the vagina for a
do not adversely affect the intended medical action or, at the limited time.
concentrations used, cause undue local irritation. They comply with the requirements of the monograph
Vaginal emulsions may show evidence of phase separation Medicated tampons (1155).
but are readily redispersed on shaking. Vaginal suspensions
may show a sediment that is readily dispersed on shaking to 01/2008:1808
give a suspension that remains sufficiently stable to enable a
homogeneous preparation to be delivered. VETERINARY LIQUID PREPARATIONS
They are supplied in single-dose containers. The container FOR CUTANEOUS APPLICATION
is adapted to deliver the preparation to the vagina or it is
accompanied by a suitable applicator. Praeparationes liquidae veterinariae
PRODUCTION ad usum dermicum
In the manufacture of vaginal suspensions measures are Unless otherwise justified and authorised, veterinary liquid
taken to ensure a suitable and controlled particle size with preparations for cutaneous application comply with the
regard to the intended use. requirements of the monograph on Liquid preparations

752 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Veterinary liquid preparations for cutaneous application

for cutaneous application (0927). In addition to these Sprays

requirements, the following statements apply to veterinary
liquid preparations for cutaneous application. DEFINITION
Sprays contain one or more active substances that are
DEFINITION intended to be applied externally for therapeutic or
Veterinary liquid preparations for cutaneous application are prophylactic purposes. They are delivered in the form of an
liquid preparations intended to be applied to the skin to aerosol by the actuation of an appropriate valve or by means
obtain a local and/or systemic effect. They are solutions, of a suitable atomising device that is either an integral part
suspensions or emulsions which may contain one or of the container or is supplied separately.
more active substances in a suitable vehicle. They may be Sprays may be presented in pressurised containers (see
presented as concentrates in the form of wettable powders, Pressurised pharmaceutical preparations (0523)). When
pastes, solutions or suspensions, which are used to prepare so presented, sprays usually consist of one or more active
diluted suspensions or emulsions of active substances. substances in a suitable vehicle held under pressure with
They may contain suitable antimicrobial preservatives, suitable propellants or suitable mixtures of propellants.
antioxidants and other excipients such as stabilisers, When otherwise presented, sprays are supplied in well-closed
emulsifiers and thickeners. containers.
Several categories of veterinary liquid preparations for PRODUCTION
cutaneous application may be distinguished :
During the development and manufacture of a spray,
— cutaneous foams (see Liquid preparations for cutaneous measures are taken to ensure that the assembled product
application (0927)), conforms to a defined spray rate and spray pattern.
— dip concentrates,
— pour-on preparations, Teat dips
— shampoos (see Liquid preparations for cutaneous DEFINITION
application (0927)),
Teat dips contain one or more disinfectant active substances,
— spot-on preparations, usually in the form of solutions into which the teats of an
— sprays, animal are dipped pre- and, where necessary, post-milking
— teat dips, to reduce the population of pathogenic micro-organisms
— teat sprays, on the surfaces. Teat dips may be supplied/presented as
ready-to-use preparations or they may be prepared by dilution
— udder-washes. of teat dip concentrates. Pre- and post-milking teat dips often
differ in formulation. Teat dips usually contain emollients to
Dip concentrates promote skin hydration, to soften the skin and allow healing
of lesions that would otherwise harbour bacteria.
DEFINITION
Dip concentrates are preparations containing one or Teat sprays
more active substances, usually in the form of wettable
powders, pastes, solutions or suspensions, which are used DEFINITION
to prepare diluted solutions, suspensions or emulsions of Teat sprays contain one or more disinfectant active
active substances. The diluted preparations are applied by substances, usually in the form of solutions which are
complete immersion of the animal. sprayed onto the teats of an animal pre- and, where
necessary, post-milking to reduce the population of
pathogenic micro-organisms on the surfaces. Teat sprays
Pour-on preparations may be supplied/presented as ready-to-use preparations or
DEFINITION they may be prepared by dilution of teat spray concentrates.
Pre- and post-milking sprays often differ in formulation. Teat
Pour-on preparations contain one or more active substances sprays usually contain emollients to promote skin hydration,
for the prevention and treatment of ectoparasitic and/or to soften the skin and allow healing of lesions that would
endoparasitic infestations of animals. They are applied otherwise harbour bacteria.
in volumes which are usually greater than 5 ml by pouring
along the animal’s dorsal midline.
Udder-washes
Spot-on preparations DEFINITION
Udder-washes contain one or more disinfectant active
DEFINITION substances, usually in the form of solutions which are
Spot-on preparations contain one or more active substances sprayed onto the udder and teats of an animal to remove mud
for the prevention and treatment of ectoparasitic and/or and faecal contamination before the application of teat dips
endoparasitic infestations of animals. They are applied or sprays. Udder-washes are usually prepared by the dilution
in volumes which are usually less than 10 ml, to a small area either of concentrated preparations or of ready-to-use teat
on the head or back, as appropriate, of the animal. dips or teat sprays.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 753
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

754 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

VACCINES FOR HUMAN USE

Anthrax vaccine for human use (adsorbed, prepared from Hepatitis A (inactivated) and hepatitis B (rDNA) vaccine
culture filtrates).. ..................................................................... 757 (adsorbed).................................................................................. 794
BCG for immunotherapy.. ........................................................ 758 Hepatitis A vaccine (inactivated, adsorbed).. ....................... 795
BCG vaccine, freeze-dried.. ...................................................... 759 Hepatitis A vaccine (inactivated, virosome).. ....................... 797
Cholera vaccine.. .........................................................................761 Hepatitis B vaccine (rDNA)...................................................... 800
Cholera vaccine, freeze-dried.. .................................................761 Influenza vaccine (split virion, inactivated).. ....................... 801
Cholera vaccine (inactivated, oral)......................................... 762 Influenza vaccine (surface antigen, inactivated)................. 803
Diphtheria and tetanus vaccine (adsorbed).. ....................... 763 Influenza vaccine (surface antigen, inactivated, prepared in
Diphtheria and tetanus vaccine (adsorbed, reduced antigen(s) cell cultures).. ........................................................................... 804
content)...................................................................................... 764 Influenza vaccine (surface antigen, inactivated,
Diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B (rDNA) vaccine virosome).. ................................................................................. 806
(adsorbed).................................................................................. 765 Influenza vaccine (whole virion, inactivated).. .................... 808
Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (acellular, component) Influenza vaccine (whole virion, inactivated, prepared in cell
vaccine (adsorbed)................................................................... 767 cultures)......................................................................................810
Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (adsorbed) .. ... 768 Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (live).. ........................ 812
Diphtheria, tetanus and poliomyelitis (inactivated) vaccine Measles vaccine (live).. .............................................................. 813
(adsorbed, reduced antigen(s) content).. ............................ 770 Meningococcal group C conjugate vaccine...........................814
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component) and Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine..................................816
haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine (adsorbed).. ........ 771 Mumps vaccine (live).. ................................................................818
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component) and Pertussis vaccine.........................................................................819
hepatitis B (rDNA) vaccine (adsorbed).. ............................. 774 Pertussis vaccine (acellular, component, adsorbed).. ........ 820
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component) and Pertussis vaccine (acellular, co-purified, adsorbed).. ......... 822
poliomyelitis (inactivated) vaccine (adsorbed).. ................ 775 Pertussis vaccine (adsorbed).. ................................................. 824
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component) and Pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine
poliomyelitis (inactivated) vaccine (adsorbed, reduced (adsorbed).................................................................................. 825
antigen(s) content).. ................................................................ 778 Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.. ............................... 827
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component), Poliomyelitis vaccine (inactivated).. ....................................... 829
hepatitis B (rDNA), poliomyelitis (inactivated) and Poliomyelitis vaccine (oral).. .................................................... 832
haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine (adsorbed).. ........ 780 Rabies vaccine for human use prepared in cell cultures... 836
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component), Rubella vaccine (live).. .............................................................. 838
poliomyelitis (inactivated) and haemophilus type b Smallpox vaccine (live).. ........................................................... 839
conjugate vaccine (adsorbed)................................................ 783 Tetanus vaccine (adsorbed).. ................................................... 844
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and poliomyelitis (inactivated) Tick-borne encephalitis vaccine (inactivated).. .................... 845
vaccine (adsorbed)................................................................... 785 Typhoid polysaccharide vaccine.. ........................................... 847
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis (inactivated) and Typhoid vaccine.......................................................................... 849
haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine (adsorbed).. ........ 787 Typhoid vaccine, freeze-dried.................................................. 849
Diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed).. .............................................. 789 Typhoid vaccine (live, oral, strain Ty 21a)............................ 849
Diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed, reduced antigen content).. 791 Varicella vaccine (live)............................................................... 850
Haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine................................. 792 Yellow fever vaccine (live).. ...................................................... 852

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 755
 EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

756 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Anthrax vaccine for human use

01/2008:2188 Phenotypic parameters. Each seed lot must have a known

biochemical and enzymatic profile and have a known history
of absence of antibiotic resistance.
ANTHRAX VACCINE FOR HUMAN Microbial purity. Each seed lot complies with the
USE (ADSORBED, PREPARED FROM requirements for absence of contaminating organisms.
CULTURE FILTRATES) Purity of bacterial cultures is verified by methods of suitable
sensitivity.

Vaccinum anthracis adsorbatum ab colato Virulence test. The absence of bacterial capsule is
demonstrated for each seed lot by McFadyean stain and the
culturarum ad usum humanum specific toxicity (oedema) test.
REFERENCE PREPARATION
DEFINITION The potency and toxicity of the vaccine bulk are verified
Anthrax vaccine for human use (adsorbed, prepared from using reference standards derived from representative
culture filtrates) is a preparation of Bacillus anthracis vaccine batches. These batches are extensively characterised
antigens precipitated by aluminium potassium sulphate. The for their intended purpose and are stored in suitably sized
antigens are prepared from a sterile culture filtrate produced aliquots under conditions ensuring their stability.
by a non-encapsulated strain, either avirulent or attenuated, PROPAGATION AND HARVEST
of B. anthracis.
The attenuated strain is grown using suitable liquid media.
The main virulence components of B. anthracis are the At the end of cultivation, the purity of the culture is tested.
polyglutamic aicd capsule and 2 binary anthrax toxins, The culture medium is separated from the bacterial mass by
namely lethal toxin and œdema toxin, formed from the filtration. The pH of the filtrate is determined after dilution
respective combination of protective antigen (PA) with either with a 0.9 g/l solution of sodium chloride R and is shown
lethal factor (LF) or œdema factor (EF). to be within limits suitable for stability. A suitable test for
LF is a zinc-dependent endopeptidase and EF is a potent absence of live B. anthracis, including spores, is carried out.
calmodulin and calcium-dependent adenylate cyclase. Aluminium potassium sulphate or an alternative adjuvant
Cell-free cultures of B. anthracis contain PA and because may be added at this stage. An antimicrobial preservative
expression of the 3 toxin-component genes is co-ordinately may be added to the suspension to form the purified harvest.
regulated, LF and EF are also present. In addition, the Only a purified harvest that complies with the following
vaccine is likely to contain many other B. anthracis antigens, requirements may be used in the preparation of the final lot.
including membrane proteins, secreted proteins, cytoplasmic Immunological identity. Confirm the presence
proteins, peptidoglycans, nucleic acids and carbohydrates. of B. anthracis protective antigen by a suitable
immunochemical method (2.7.1).
PRODUCTION
Antimicrobial preservative. Determine the amount of
GENERAL PROVISIONS antimicrobial preservative by a suitable chemical method.
Cultures are managed in a seed-lot system. The vaccine strain The amount is not less than 85 per cent and not greater than
is toxigenic but lacks the plasmid with the necessary genes 115 per cent of the intended content.
for synthesis of the capsule, an important virulence factor. FINAL BULK VACCINE
The production method must be shown to yield a consistent The purified harvest is diluted aseptically with sterile saline
and active product with a safety and efficacy profile that solution to make the final bulk vaccine.
is adequate or equivalent to previous lots. The vaccine Only a final bulk vaccine that complies with the following
must show a level of protection against a virulent strain of requirement may be used in the preparation of the final lot.
B. anthracis, in a suitable animal infection model, that is
equal to or greater than that of a reference vaccine. The Sterility (2.6.1). Carry out the test for sterility, using 10 ml
vaccine must not show a level of toxicity that exceeds that for each medium.
of a reference vaccine. FINAL LOT
The production method and stability of the final lot and The final bulk vaccine is distributed aseptically into sterile,
relevant intermediates are evaluated using one or more tamper-proof glass ampoules and heat-sealed to prevent
indicator tests. Such tests include potency and specific contamination.
toxicity, and may be supported by tests confirming the Only a final lot that is satisfactory with respect to each of
presence of relevant antigens and associated proteins. the requirements given below under Identification, Tests
Release and shelf-life specifications are established based and Assay may be released for use. Provided the potency
upon the results of stability testing so as to ensure assay, the specific toxicity (oedema) test and the test for
satisfactory product performance during the approved antimicrobial preservative have been carried out with
period of validity. satisfactory results on the purified harvest, they may be
omitted on the final lot.
SEED LOTS
The attenuated non-encapsulated strain of B. anthracis used IDENTIFICATION
is identified by historical records that include information on The presence of B. anthracis protective antigen is confirmed
its origin and subsequent manipulation and the tests used by a suitable immunochemical method (2.7.1).
to characterise the strain. These include morphological,
cultural, biochemical and genetic properties of the strain. TESTS
Only a master seed lot or, where applicable, working seed Abnormal toxicity. Inject intraperitoneally up to 4 human
lots, that comply with the following requirements may be doses of vaccine into each of at least 10 healthy mice, each
used. weighing 17-22 g. Observe the mice daily for 7 days. The
Identification. Each seed lot is identified as containing vaccine complies with the test if none of the animals shows
B. anthracis. signs of ill health.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 757
BCG for immunotherapy EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

Specific toxicity (oedema) test. Use not fewer than 2 rabbits It complies with the monograph Vaccines for human
per test. Prepare serial two-fold dilutions of vaccine with use (0153).
normal saline, corresponding to 4, 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.25 human
doses. Inject intradermally 0.1 ml of each dilution of the PRODUCTION
test and of the reference vaccine into the shaved flanks of
2 rabbits. Each rabbit receives the 10 previously prepared GENERAL PROVISIONS
injections (5 dilutions of the test vaccine and 5 dilutions BCG for immunotherapy shall be produced by a staff
of the reference vaccine). In one of the rabbits, the lower consisting of healthy persons who do not work with other
concentrations are injected at the anterior end and the infectious agents ; in particular they shall not work with
higher concentrations at the posterior end. The reverse is virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, nor shall
used for the 2nd rabbit. The rabbits are monitored for 24 h for they be exposed to a known risk of tuberculosis infection.
signs of oedema at the injection site. The vaccine complies Staff are examined periodically for tuberculosis. BCG for
with the test if the oedematous reaction is not greater than immunotherapy is susceptible to sunlight : the procedures
that observed with the reference vaccine. for production shall be so designed that all products are
Alternatively, specific in vitro assays for lethal factor and protected from direct sunlight and from ultraviolet light at
adenylate cyclase activity may be used, subject to validation. all stages of manufacture, testing and storage.
Antimicrobial preservative. Determine the amount of Production is based on a seed-lot system. The production
antimicrobial preservative by a suitable chemical method. method shall have been shown to yield consistently BCG
The content is not less than the minimum amount shown products that can be used for treatment of superficial
to be effective and is not greater than 115 per cent of the bladder cancer and are safe. The product is prepared from
intended content. cultures which are separated from the master seed lot by as
few subcultures as possible and in any case not more than
Aluminium (2.5.13) : maximum 1.25 mg per single human 8 subcultures. During the course of these subcultures the
dose. preparation is not freeze-dried more than once.
Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility. If a bioluminescence test or other biochemical method is
ASSAY used instead of viable count, the method is validated against
the viable count for each stage of the process at which it
The potency of the anthrax vaccine is determined by
is used.
comparing the dose required to protect guinea-pigs against
intradermal challenge by a virulent strain of B. anthracis SEED LOTS
with the dose of a suitable reference preparation that The strain used to establish the master seed lot is chosen for
gives the same protection. Use 9 groups of not fewer than and maintained to preserve its characteristics, its capacity to
16 female guinea-pigs, each weighing 250-350 g. Prepare treat and prevent superficial bladder cancer, and its relative
4 dilutions of the vaccine and of the reference preparation absence of pathogenicity for man and laboratory animals.
containing 1.5, 0.5, 0.17 and 0.05 human doses in 0.5 ml. The strain used shall be identified by historical records
Allocate each dilution to a separate group. The remaining that include information on its origin and subsequent
group receives 0.5 ml of saline and is used to verify the manipulation.
challenge dose. Inject subcutaneously into each guinea-pig Before establishment of a working seed lot a batch is
0.5 ml of the dilution allocated to its group on each of prepared and reserved for use as the comparison product.
2 occasions, 1 week apart. 7 days after the 2nd injection, When a new working seed lot is established, a suitable test
inject intradermally into each guinea-pig 2000 spores of a for delayed hypersensitivity in guinea-pigs is carried out on
virulent strain of B. anthracis (Vollum) in 0.1 ml. Observe a batch of product prepared from the new working seed
the animals for 10 days and record the number of deaths per lot ; the product is shown to be not significantly different in
group. The test is not valid unless all the control animals die activity from the comparison product. Antimicrobial agent
within 5 days of challenge. Using the proportions of animals sensitivity testing is also carried out.
that survive in each of the vaccinated groups, calculate the
potency of the vaccine relative to the reference preparation Only a working seed lot that complies with the following
using the usual statistical methods (5.3). The vaccine requirements may be used for propagation.
complies with the test if : Identification. The bacteria in the working seed lot
— the relative potency estimate exceeds 1.0, or ; are identified as Mycobacterium bovis BCG using
— the 95 per cent confidence interval for the relative potency microbiological techniques, which may be supplemented
includes 1.0, and the lower 95 per cent confidence limit is by molecular biology techniques (for example, nucleic acid
not less than 50 per cent of the relative potency estimate. amplification and restriction-fragment-length polymorphism).
Bacterial and fungal contamination. Carry out the test for
LABELLING sterility (2.6.1), using 10 ml for each medium. The working
The label states that the vaccine is not to be frozen. seed lot complies with the test for sterility, except for the
presence of mycobacteria.
01/2008:1929 Virulent mycobacteria. Examine the working seed lot as
prescribed under Tests, using 10 guinea-pigs.
BCG FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY PROPAGATION AND HARVEST
The bacteria are grown in a suitable medium for not more
BCG ad immunocurationem than 21 days by surface or submerged culture. The culture
medium does not contain substances known to cause toxic
DEFINITION or allergic reactions in human beings or to cause the bacteria
BCG for immunotherapy is a freeze-dried preparation of live to become virulent for guinea-pigs. The culture is harvested
bacteria derived from a culture of the bacillus of Calmette and suspended in a sterile liquid medium that protects the
and Guérin (Mycobacterium bovis BCG) whose capacity for viability of the culture as determined by a suitable method of
treatment has been established. viable count.

758 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 BCG vaccine, freeze-dried

FINAL BULK reactions at the site of injection. Animals that die during
The final bulk is prepared from a single harvest or by pooling the observation period are also examined for signs of
a number of single harvests. A stabiliser may be added ; if tuberculosis. The product complies with the test if none
the stabiliser interferes with the determination of bacterial of the guinea-pigs shows signs of tuberculosis and if not
concentration on the final bulk, the determination is carried more than 1 animal dies during the observation period. If
out before addition of the stabiliser. 2 animals die during this period and autopsy does not reveal
Only final bulk that complies with the following requirements signs of tuberculosis, repeat the test on 6 other guinea-pigs.
may be used in the preparation of the final lot. The product complies with the test if not more than 1 animal
Bacterial and fungal contamination. Carry out the test for dies during the 42 days following the injection and autopsy
sterility (2.6.1), using 10 ml of final bulk for each medium. does not reveal any sign of tuberculosis.
The final bulk complies with the test for sterility, except for Bacterial and fungal contamination. The reconstituted
the presence of mycobacteria. product complies with the test for sterility (2.6.1) except for
the presence of mycobacteria.
Count of viable units. Determine the number of viable units
per millilitre by viable count on solid medium using a Temperature stability. Maintain samples of the freeze-dried
method suitable for the product to be examined or by a product at 37 °C for 4 weeks. Determine the number of
suitable biochemical method. Carry out the test in parallel viable units in the heated product and in unheated product
on a reference preparation of the same strain. as described below. The number of viable units in the heated
product is within the limits approved for the particular
Bacterial concentration. Determine the total bacterial
product but in any case not less than 20 per cent of that in
concentration by a suitable method, either directly by
unheated product.
determining the mass of the micro-organisms, or indirectly by
an opacity method that has been calibrated in relation to the Water. Not more than the limit approved for the particular
mass of the micro-organisms ; if the bacterial concentration is product, determined by a suitable method.
determined before addition of a stabiliser, the concentration
in the final bulk is established by calculation. The total ASSAY
bacterial concentration is within the limits approved for the Determine the number of viable units in the reconstituted
particular product. product by viable count on solid medium using a method
The ratio of the count of viable units to the total bacterial suitable for the product to be examined or by a suitable
concentration is not less than that approved for the validated biochemical method. The number is within
particular product. the range stated on the label. Determine the number of
viable units in the comparison control in parallel.
FINAL LOT
The final bulk is distributed into sterile containers and LABELLING
freeze-dried to a moisture content favourable to the stability The label states :
of the product ; the containers are closed either under — the minimum and the maximum number of viable units
vacuum or under an inert gas. per dose in the reconstituted product,
Except where the filled and closed containers are stored at a — that the product must be protected from direct sunlight.
temperature of − 20 °C or lower, the expiry date is not later
than 4 years from the date of harvest.
01/2008:0163
Only a final lot that complies with the following requirement
for count of viable units and with each of the requirements
given below under Identification, Tests and Assay may be BCG VACCINE, FREEZE-DRIED
released for use. Provided the test for virulent mycobacteria
has been carried out with satisfactory results on the final Vaccinum tuberculosis (BCG)
bulk, it may be omitted on the final lot. cryodesiccatum
Count of viable units. Determine the number of viable units
per millilitre of the reconstituted product by viable count on DEFINITION
solid medium using a method suitable for the product to be Freeze-dried BCG vaccine is a preparation of live bacteria
examined, or by a suitable biochemical method. The ratio of derived from a culture of the bacillus of Calmette and Guérin
the count of viable units after freeze-drying to that before is (Mycobacterium bovis BCG) whose capacity to protect
not less than that approved for the particular product. against tuberculosis has been established.

IDENTIFICATION PRODUCTION
BCG for immunotherapy is identified by microscopic GENERAL PROVISIONS
examination of the bacilli in stained smears demonstrating BCG vaccine shall be produced by a staff consisting of
their acid-fast property and by the characteristic appearance healthy persons who do not work with other infectious
of colonies grown on solid medium. Alternatively, molecular agents ; in particular they shall not work with virulent strains
biology techniques (for example, nucleic acid amplification) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, nor shall they be exposed to
may be used. a known risk of tuberculosis infection. Staff are examined
periodically for tuberculosis. BCG vaccine is susceptible to
TESTS sunlight : the procedures for the preparation of the vaccine
Virulent mycobacteria. Inject subcutaneously or shall be designed so that all cultures and vaccines are
intramuscularly into each of 6 guinea-pigs, each weighing protected from direct sunlight and from ultraviolet light at
250-400 g and having received no treatment likely to all stages of manufacture, testing and storage.
interfere with the test, a quantity of the product to be Production of the vaccine is based on a seed-lot system.
examined equivalent to at least 1/25 of 1 human dose. The production method shall have been shown to yield
Observe the animals for at least 42 days. At the end of this consistently BCG vaccines that induce adequate sensitivity
period, euthanise the guinea-pigs and examine by autopsy to tuberculin in man, that have acceptable protective potency
for signs of infection with tuberculosis, ignoring any minor in animals and are safe. The vaccine is prepared from

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 759
BCG vaccine, freeze-dried EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

cultures which are derived from the master seed lot by as Bacterial concentration. Determine the total bacterial
few subcultures as possible and in any case not more than concentration by a suitable method, either directly by
8 subcultures. During the course of these subcultures the determining the mass of the micro-organisms, or indirectly
preparation is not freeze-dried more than once. by an opacity method that has been calibrated in relation to
the mass of the organisms ; if the bacterial concentration is
If a bioluminescence test or other biochemical method is determined before addition of a stabiliser, the concentration
used instead of viable count, the method is validated against in the final bulk vaccine is established by calculation. The
the viable count for each stage of the process at which it total bacterial concentration is within the limits approved for
is used. the particular product.
BACTERIAL SEED LOTS The ratio of the count of viable units to the total bacterial
The strain used to establish the master seed lot is chosen for concentration is not less than that approved for the
and maintained to preserve its characteristics, its capacity to particular product.
sensitise man to tuberculin and to protect animals against
tuberculosis, and its relative absence of pathogenicity for FINAL LOT
man and laboratory animals. The strain used shall be The final bulk vaccine is distributed into sterile containers
identified by historical records that include information on and freeze-dried to a moisture content favourable to the
its origin and subsequent manipulation. stability of the vaccine ; the containers are closed either
under vacuum or under an inert gas.
A suitable batch of vaccine is prepared from the first working
Except where the filled and closed containers are stored at a
seed lot and is reserved for use as the comparison vaccine.
temperature of − 20 °C or lower, the expiry date is not later
When a new working seed lot is established, a suitable test
than 4 years from the date of harvest.
for delayed hypersensitivity in guinea-pigs is carried out on
a batch of vaccine prepared from the new working seed Only a final lot that complies with the following requirement
lot ; the vaccine is shown to be not significantly different in for count of viable units and with each of the requirements
activity from the comparison vaccine. Antimicrobial agent given below under Identification, Tests and Assay may be
sensitivity testing is also carried out. released for use. Provided the test for virulent mycobacteria
has been carried out with satisfactory results on the final
Only a working seed lot that complies with the following bulk vaccine, it may be omitted on the final lot. Provided
requirements may be used for propagation. the test for excessive dermal reactivity has been carried out
Identification. The bacteria in the working seed lot with satisfactory results on the working seed lot and on
are identified as Mycobacterium bovis BCG using 5 consecutive final lots produced from it, the test may be
microbiological techniques, which may be supplemented omitted on the final lot.
by molecular biology techniques (for example, nucleic acid Count of viable units. Determine the number of viable units
amplification and restriction-fragment-length polymorphism). per millilitre of the reconstituted vaccine by viable count on
Bacterial and fungal contamination. Carry out the test for solid medium using a method suitable for the vaccine to be
sterility (2.6.1), using 10 ml for each medium. The working examined or by a suitable biochemical method. The ratio of
seed lot complies with the test for sterility except for the the count of viable units after freeze-drying to that before is
presence of mycobacteria. not less than that approved for the particular product.
Virulent mycobacteria. Examine the working seed lot as IDENTIFICATION
prescribed under Tests, using 10 guinea-pigs.
BCG vaccine is identified by microscopic examination of
PROPAGATION AND HARVEST the bacilli in stained smears demonstrating their acid-fast
The bacteria are grown in a suitable medium for not more property and by the characteristic appearance of colonies
than 21 days by surface or submerged culture. The culture grown on solid medium. Alternatively, molecular biology
medium does not contain substances known to cause toxic techniques (for example nucleic acid amplification) may be
or allergic reactions in humans or to cause the bacteria to used.
become virulent for guinea-pigs. The culture is harvested
and suspended in a sterile liquid medium that protects the TESTS
viability of the vaccine as determined by a suitable method
of viable count. Virulent mycobacteria. Inject subcutaneously or
intramuscularly into each of 6 guinea-pigs, each weighing
FINAL BULK VACCINE 250-400 g and having received no treatment likely to interfere
The final bulk vaccine is prepared from a single harvest or with the test, a quantity of vaccine equivalent to at least
by pooling a number of single harvests. A stabiliser may be 50 human doses. Observe the animals for at least 42 days.
added ; if the stabiliser interferes with the determination At the end of this period, euthanise the guinea-pigs and
of bacterial concentration in the final bulk vaccine, the examine by autopsy for signs of infection with tuberculosis,
determination is carried out before addition of the stabiliser. ignoring any minor reactions at the site of injection. Animals
that die during the observation period are also examined
Only final bulk vaccine that complies with the following
for signs of tuberculosis. The vaccine complies with the
requirements may be used in the preparation of the final lot.
test if none of the guinea-pigs shows signs of tuberculosis
Bacterial and fungal contamination. Carry out the test for and if not more than 1 animal dies during the observation
sterility (2.6.1), using 10 ml for each medium. The final bulk period. If 2 animals die during this period and autopsy does
vaccine complies with the test for sterility except for the not reveal signs of tuberculosis repeat the test on 6 other
presence of mycobacteria. guinea-pigs. The vaccine complies with the test if not more
Count of viable units. Determine the number of viable units than 1 animal dies during the 42 days following the injection
per millilitre by viable count on solid medium using a and autopsy does not reveal any sign of tuberculosis.
method suitable for the vaccine to be examined or by a Bacterial and fungal contamination. The reconstituted
suitable biochemical method. Carry out the test in parallel vaccine complies with the test for sterility (2.6.1) except for
on a reference preparation of the same strain. the presence of mycobacteria.

760 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Cholera vaccine, freeze-dried

Excessive dermal reactivity. Use 6 healthy, white or The production method is validated to demonstrate that the
pale-coloured guinea-pigs, each weighing not less than 250 g product, if tested, would comply with the test for abnormal
and having received no treatment likely to interfere with the toxicity for immunosera and vaccines for human use (2.6.9)
test. Inject intradermally into each guinea-pig, according to a modified as follows : inject 0.5 ml of the vaccine into each
randomised plan, 0.1 ml of the reconstituted vaccine and of mouse and 1.0 ml into each guinea pig.
2 tenfold serial dilutions of the vaccine and identical doses of
the comparison vaccine. Observe the lesions formed at the IDENTIFICATION
site of the injection for 4 weeks. The vaccine complies with It is identified by specific agglutination tests.
the test if the reaction it produces is not markedly different
from that produced by the comparison vaccine. TESTS
Temperature stability. Maintain samples of the freeze-dried Phenol (2.5.15). If phenol has been used in the preparation,
vaccine at 37 °C for 4 weeks. Determine the number of the concentration is not more than 5 g/l.
viable units in the heated vaccine and in unheated vaccine as Antibody production. Test the ability of the vaccine to
described below. The number of viable units in the heated induce antibodies (such as agglutinating, vibriocidal or
vaccine is not less than 20 per cent that in unheated vaccine. haemagglutinating antibodies) in the guinea-pig, the rabbit
Water. Not more than the limit approved for the particular or the mouse. Administer the vaccine to a group of at least
product, determined by a suitable method. 6 animals. At the end of the interval of time necessary for
maximum antibody formation, determined in preliminary
ASSAY tests, collect sera from the animals and titrate them
Determine the number of viable units in the reconstituted individually for the appropriate antibody using a suitable
vaccine by viable count on solid medium using a method method. The vaccine to be examined passes the test if each
suitable for the vaccine to be examined or by a suitable serotype has elicited a significant antibody response.
validated biochemical method. The number is within Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility.
the range stated on the label. Determine the number of
viable units in the comparison vaccine in parallel. LABELLING
The label states :
LABELLING
— the method used to inactivate the bacteria,
The label states :
— the number of bacteria in each human dose.
— the minimum and maximum number of viable units per
millilitre in the reconstituted vaccine,
— that the vaccine must be protected from direct sunlight. 01/2008:0155

01/2008:0154
CHOLERA VACCINE, FREEZE-DRIED

CHOLERA VACCINE Vaccinum cholerae cryodesiccatum

DEFINITION
Vaccinum cholerae Freeze-dried cholera vaccine is a preparation of a suitable
strain or strains of Vibrio cholerae. The vaccine is
DEFINITION reconstituted as stated on the label to give a uniform
Cholera vaccine is a homogeneous suspension of a suitable suspension containing not less than 8 × 109 bacteria in each
strain or strains of Vibrio cholerae containing not less than human dose. The human dose does not exceed 1.0 ml of the
8 × 109 bacteria in each human dose. The human dose does reconstituted vaccine.
not exceed 1.0 ml.
PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION The vaccine is prepared using a seed-lot system. The vaccine
The vaccine is prepared using a seed-lot system. The vaccine consists of a mixture of equal parts of vaccines prepared
consists of a mixture of equal parts of vaccines prepared from smooth strains of the 2 main serological types, Inaba
from smooth strains of the 2 main serological types, Inaba and Ogawa. These may be of the classical biotype with or
and Ogawa. These may be of the classical biotype with or without the El-Tor biotype. A single strain or several strains
without the El-Tor biotype. A single strain or several strains of each type may be included. All strains must contain, in
of each type may be included. All strains must contain, in addition to their type O antigens, the heat-stable O antigen
addition to their type O antigens, the heat-stable O antigen common to Inaba and Ogawa. If more than one strain each
common to Inaba and Ogawa. If more than one strain each of Inaba and Ogawa are used, these may be selected so as
of Inaba and Ogawa are used, these may be selected so as to contain other O antigens in addition. The World Health
to contain other O antigens in addition. The World Health Organisation recommends new strains which may be used
Organisation recommends new strains which may be used if necessary in accordance with the regulations in force in
if necessary, in accordance with the regulations in force in the signatory States of the Convention on the Elaboration
the signatory States of the Convention on the Elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia. In order to comply with
of a European Pharmacopoeia. In order to comply with the requirements for vaccination certificates required for
the requirements for vaccination certificates required for international travel, the vaccine must contain not less than
international travel, the vaccine must contain not less than 8 × 109 organisms of the classical biotype. Each strain is
8 × 109 organisms of the classical biotype. Each strain is grown separately. The bacteria are inactivated either by
grown separately. The bacteria are inactivated either by heating the suspensions (for example, at 56 °C for 1 h) or
heating the suspensions (for example, at 56 °C for 1 h) or by by treatment with formaldehyde or by a combination of the
treatment with formaldehyde or phenol or by a combination physical and chemical methods. Phenol is not used in the
of the physical and chemical methods. preparation. The vaccine is distributed into sterile containers

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 761
Cholera vaccine (inactivated, oral) EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

and freeze-dried to a moisture content favourable to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The CTB is produced by
stability of the vaccine. The containers are then closed so recombinant DNA technology in a strain that lacks the gene
as to exclude contamination. for cholera toxin subunit A (ctxA-). Selected V. cholerae
The production method is validated to demonstrate that the strains are low cholera-toxin producers.
product, if tested, would comply with the test for abnormal The World Health Organisation (WHO) can recommend new
toxicity for immunosera and vaccines for human use (2.6.9) vaccine strains or antigens that may be used if necessary, in
modified as follows : inject 0.5 ml of the vaccine into each accordance with the regulations in force in the signatory
mouse and 1.0 ml into each guinea pig. states of the Convention on the Elaboration of a European
Pharmacopoeia.
IDENTIFICATION
SEED LOTS
The vaccine reconstituted as stated on the label is identified The strains of V. cholerae used shall be identified by historical
by specific agglutination tests. records that include information on the origin of the strains
TESTS and their subsequent manipulation. Characterisation and
maintenance of the recombinant strains and plasmids used
Phenol (2.5.15). If phenol has been used in the preparation, for production of the recombinant B subunit of cholera
the concentration is not more than 5 g/l. toxin (rCTB) and the origin of the gene for cholera toxin
Antibody production. Test the ability of the vaccine to subunit B (ctxB) are documented. The stability of the rCTB
induce antibodies (such as agglutinating, vibriocidal or plasmid in the recombinant strain during storage and beyond
haemagglutinating antibodies) in the guinea-pig, the rabbit the passage level used in production is confirmed.
or the mouse. Administer the reconstituted vaccine to a Characterisation of the rCTB is undertaken using a variety of
group of at least 6 animals. At the end of the interval of time analytical techniques including determination of molecular
necessary for maximum antibody formation, determined in size, charge and amino acid composition. Techniques
preliminary tests, collect sera from the animals and titrate suitable for such purposes include sodium dodecyl sulphate
them individually for the appropriate antibody using a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and different
suitable method. The vaccine to be examined passes the test liquid chromatographies. The identity of the product is
if each serotype has elicited a significant antibody response. confirmed by at least partial N-terminal and C-terminal
Sterility (2.6.1). The reconstituted vaccine complies with the amino acid sequencing.
test for sterility. Master seed lots are grown on agar plates, which may
contain appropriate antibiotics. Colonies are used to
LABELLING produce working seed lots in liquid media that are free from
The label states : antibiotics. Cultures derived from the working seed lot must
— the method used to inactivate the bacteria, have the same characteristics as the cultures of the strain
from which the master seed lot was derived.
— the number of bacteria in each human dose.
Only a seed lot that complies with the following requirements
may be used in the preparation of the monovalent cell
harvest.
01/2008:2327 Identification. Master seed lots are identified by colony
morphology, and by biochemical characterisation, using
suitable molecular assays or immunoassays. Working seed
CHOLERA VACCINE lots are identified by colony morphology and by molecular
(INACTIVATED, ORAL) assays or immunoassays.
Purity. Purity of master seed lots and working seed lots is
Vaccinum cholerae perorale inactivatum verified by methods of suitable sensitivity.
PROPAGATION AND HARVEST
DEFINITION
Each strain is grown separately from the working seed lot.
Cholera vaccine (inactivated, oral) is a homogeneous
suspension of inactivated suitable strains of Vibrio cholerae Cultures are checked at different stages of fermentation
serogroup O1, representing serotypes and biotypes of (subcultures and main culture) for purity, identity, cell
epidemic strains. The vaccine may contain the B subunit opacity, pH and biochemical characteristics. Unsatisfactory
of cholera toxin (CTB). Just prior to ingestion, one dose of cultures must be discarded.
vaccine suspension is mixed with a suitable buffer as stated Production cultures are shown to be consistent in respect of
on the label. growth rate, pH and yield of cells or cell products.
PRODUCTION MONOVALENT CELL HARVEST
Only a monovalent harvest that complies with established
GENERAL PROVISIONS specifications for the following tests may be used.
The production method must be validated to yield
consistently vaccines comparable with the vaccine of proven pH (2.2.3) : within the range approved for the particular
clinical efficacy and safety in man. product.
The production process must be validated to show that no Identification. Relevant antigenic characteristics are verified
clinically significant quantities of active toxin are present in by suitable immunological or biochemical assays.
the product. Purity. Samples of culture are examined by microscopy of
CHOICE OF VACCINE STRAIN Gram-stained smears, by inoculation of appropriate culture
The vaccine consists of a mixture of epidemic V. cholerae media or by another suitable procedure.
strains inactivated by a suitable method such as heat Opacity. The absorbance at 600 nm (2.2.25) is within the
or formalin inactivation. All strains express smooth range approved for the particular product.

762 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Diphtheria and tetanus vaccine (adsorbed)

INACTIVATED MONOVALENT CELL BULK Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine

To limit the possibility of contamination, inactivation is the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
initiated as soon as possible after preparation. Bacteria chemical or physico-chemical method. The amount is not
are inactivated after washing, either by treatment with less than 85 per cent and not greater than 115 per cent of
formaldehyde or by heating under conditions that ensure the intended amount.
inactivation. FINAL LOT
The final bulk is mixed to homogeneity and filled aseptically
Only an inactivated monovalent cell bulk that complies with into suitable containers.
established specifications for the following tests may be used
Only a final lot that is within the limits approved for the
in the preparation of the final bulk.
particular product and is satisfactory with respect to each of
pH (2.2.3) : within the range approved for the particular the requirements given below under Identification, Tests and
product. Assay may be released for use.
Identification : verified by slide agglutination. IDENTIFICATION
Inactivation. Complete inactivation is verified by a suitable Serotypes are detected by a suitable immunoassay (2.7.1) or
culture method. molecular assay. rCTB is detected by a suitable immunoassay
(2.7.1). The antigen-content assays may also serve as an
Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility, carried identity test.
out using 10 ml for each medium.
Opacity. The inactivation process may affect the accuracy of TESTS
opacity measurements. pH (2.2.3) : within the range approved for the particular
product.
Purity. Samples of culture are examined by microscopy of
Gram-stained smears, by inoculation of appropriate culture Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility.
media or by another suitable procedure. Free formaldehyde (2.4.18) : maximum 0.2 g/l, where
Smooth LPS content : verified by a suitable immunoassay applicable.
(2.7.1). Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine
the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
Residual cholera toxin. The absence of residual cholera
chemical or physico-chemical method. The amount is not
toxin is verified by a suitable immunoassay (2.7.1) or
less than 85 per cent and not greater than 115 per cent of
biochemical assay.
the intended amount.
Free formaldehyde (2.4.18) : content to be determined
where formaldehyde is used for inactivation. ASSAY
PURIFIED rCTB Antigen content. The amount of smooth LPS, and where
applicable, the amount of rCTB, are within the limits
Production of the rCTB follows the guidelines for assuring approved for the particular product, determined by a suitable
the quality of pharmaceutical and biological products immunoassay (2.7.1).
prepared by recombinant technology and is covered by the
monograph Products of recombinant DNA technology LABELLING
(0784). Prior to harvest, the cell culture is checked for The label states :
purity and opacity. rCTB is harvested by suitable filtration,
— the method of inactivation ;
concentrated by diafiltration, purified by chromatography,
filter-sterilised and stored under suitable conditions. The pH — the serogroup, serotypes and biotypes of vaccine strains ;
of the pooled eluate is adjusted prior to buffer exchange. — the number of bacteria per human dose ;
— the amount of rCTB.
Only purified rCTB that complies with established
specifications for the following tests may be used in the
preparation of the final bulk. 01/2008:0444
pH (2.2.3) : within the range approved for the particular
product. DIPHTHERIA AND TETANUS VACCINE
Purity : verified by SDS-PAGE (2.2.31) and an appropriate
(ADSORBED)
liquid chromatography method (2.2.29).
Vaccinum diphtheriae et tetani adsorbatum
Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility, carried
out using 10 ml for each medium. DEFINITION
rCTB. The amount of rCTB is determined by a suitable Diphtheria and tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) is a preparation
immunoassay (2.7.1). of diphtheria formol toxoid and tetanus formol toxoid with
a mineral adsorbent. The formol toxoids are prepared from
FINAL BULK the toxins produced by the growth of Corynebacterium
The final bulk vaccine is prepared by aseptically mixing a diphtheriae and Clostridium tetani, respectively.
suitable buffer with monovalent cell bulks. Where used, the
rCTB bulk is added in appropriate amounts. Preservatives, if PRODUCTION
used, may be added at this stage. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Specific toxicity of the diphtheria and tetanus components.
Only a final bulk that complies with the following
The production method is validated to demonstrate that
requirements may be used in the preparation of the final lot.
the product, if tested, would comply with the following test:
Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility, carried inject subcutaneously 5 times the single human dose stated
out using 10 ml for each medium. on the label into each of 5 healthy guinea-pigs, each weighing

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 763
DIP-TET, reduced antigen(s) content EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

250-350 g, that have not previously been treated with any Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine
material that will interfere with the test. If within 42 days of the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
the injection any of the animals shows signs of or dies from chemical method. The content is not less than the minimum
diphtheria toxaemia or tetanus, the vaccine does not comply amount shown to be effective and is not greater than 115 per
with the test. If more than 1 animal dies from non-specific cent of the quantity stated on the label.
causes, repeat the test once ; if more than 1 animal dies in Sterility (2.6.1). The vaccine complies with the test for
the second test, the vaccine does not comply with the test. sterility.
BULK PURIFIED DIPHTHERIA AND TETANUS TOXOIDS
The bulk purified diphtheria and tetanus toxoids are prepared ASSAY
as described in the monographs on Diphtheria vaccine Diphtheria component. Carry out one of the prescribed
(adsorbed) (0443) and Tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (0452) methods for the assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)
and comply with the requirements prescribed therein. (2.7.6).
FINAL BULK VACCINE The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
The final bulk vaccine is prepared by adsorption of suitable potency is not less than 30 IU per single human dose.
quantities of bulk purified diphtheria toxoid and tetanus Tetanus component. Carry out one of the prescribed
toxoid onto a mineral carrier such as hydrated aluminium methods for the assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (2.7.8).
phosphate or aluminium hydroxide ; the resulting mixture is The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
approximately isotonic with blood. Suitable antimicrobial potency is not less than 40 IU per single human dose.
preservatives may be added. Certain antimicrobial
preservatives, particularly those of the phenolic type, LABELLING
adversely affect the antigenic activity and must not be used. The label states :
Only a final bulk vaccine that complies with the following
— the minimum number of International Units of each
requirements may be used in the preparation of the final lot.
component per single human dose,
Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine — where applicable, that the vaccine is intended for primary
the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable vaccination of children and is not necessarily suitable for
chemical method. The amount is not less than 85 per cent reinforcing doses or for administration to adults,
and not greater than 115 per cent of the intended amount.
— the name and the amount of the adsorbent,
Sterility (2.6.1). Carry out the test for sterility using 10 ml — that the vaccine must be shaken before use,
for each medium.
— that the vaccine is not to be frozen.
FINAL LOT
The final bulk vaccine is distributed aseptically into sterile,
tamper-proof containers. The containers are closed so as to 01/2008:0647
prevent contamination.
Only a final lot that is satisfactory with respect to each of DIPHTHERIA AND TETANUS VACCINE
the requirements given below under Identification, Tests
and Assay may be released for use. Provided the test for (ADSORBED, REDUCED ANTIGEN(S)
antimicrobial preservative and the assay have been carried CONTENT)
out with satisfactory results on the final bulk vaccine, they
may be omitted on the final lot. Vaccinum diphtheriae et tetani,
Provided the free formaldehyde content has been determined antigeni-o(-is) minutum, adsorbatum
on the bulk purified antigens or on the final bulk and it has
been shown that the content in the final lot will not exceed DEFINITION
0.2 g/l, the test for free formaldehyde may be omitted on Diphtheria and tetanus vaccine (adsorbed, reduced antigen(s)
the final lot. content) is a preparation of diphtheria formol toxoid and
IDENTIFICATION tetanus formol toxoid with a mineral adsorbent. The formol
toxoids are prepared from the toxins produced by the
A. Diphtheria toxoid is identified by a suitable growth of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Clostridium
immunochemical method (2.7.1). The following method, tetani, respectively. It shall have been demonstrated to the
applicable to certain vaccines, is given as an example. competent authority that the quantity of diphtheria toxoid
Dissolve in the vaccine to be examined sufficient sodium used does not produce adverse reactions in subjects from
citrate R to give a 100 g/l solution. Maintain at 37 °C for the age groups for which the vaccine is intended.
about 16 h and centrifuge until a clear supernatant liquid
is obtained. The clear supernatant liquid reacts with a PRODUCTION
suitable diphtheria antitoxin, giving a precipitate. GENERAL PROVISIONS
B. Tetanus toxoid is identified by a suitable immunochemical
Specific toxicity of the diphtheria and tetanus components.
method (2.7.1). The following method, applicable to
The production method is validated to demonstrate that
certain vaccines, is given as an example. The clear
the product, if tested, would comply with the following test :
supernatant liquid obtained as described in identification
inject subcutaneously 5 times the single human dose stated
test A reacts with a suitable tetanus antitoxin, giving a
on the label into each of 5 healthy guinea-pigs, each weighing
precipitate.
250-350 g, that have not previously been treated with any
TESTS material that will interfere with the test. If within 42 days of
the injection any of the animals shows signs of or dies from
Aluminium (2.5.13) : maximum 1.25 mg per single human diphtheria toxaemia or tetanus, the vaccine does not comply
dose, if aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium with the test. If more than one animal dies from non-specific
phosphate is used as the adsorbent. causes, repeat the test once ; if more than one animal dies in
Free formaldehyde (2.4.18) : maximum 0.2 g/l. the second test, the vaccine does not comply with the test.

764 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 DIP-TET-HBV

BULK PURIFIED DIPHTHERIA TOXOID AND TETANUS TESTS

TOXOIDS Aluminium (2.5.13) : maximum 1.25 mg per single human
The bulk purified diphtheria and tetanus toxoids are prepared dose, if aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium
as described in the monographs on Diphtheria vaccine phosphate is used as the adsorbent.
(adsorbed) (0443) and Tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (0452)
and comply with the requirements prescribed therein. Free formaldehyde (2.4.18) : maximum 0.2 g/l.
Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine
FINAL BULK VACCINE the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
The vaccine is prepared by adsorption of suitable quantities chemical method. The content is not less than the minimum
of bulk purified diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid onto amount shown to be effective and is not greater than 115 per
a mineral carrier such as hydrated aluminium phosphate or cent of the quantity stated on the label.
aluminium hydroxide ; the resulting mixture is approximately
isotonic with blood. Suitable antimicrobial preservatives may Sterility (2.6.1). The vaccine complies with the test for
be added. Certain antimicrobial preservatives, particularly sterility.
those of the phenolic type, adversely affect the antigenic ASSAY
activity and must not be used.
Diphtheria component. Carry out one of the prescribed
Only a final bulk vaccine that complies with the following methods for the assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)
requirements may be used in the preparation of the final lot. (2.7.6).
Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable potency is not less than 2 IU per single human dose.
chemical method. The amount is not less than 85 per cent Tetanus component. Carry out one of the prescribed
and not greater than 115 per cent of the intended amount. methods for the assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (2.7.8).
Sterility (2.6.1). Carry out the test for sterility using 10 ml The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
for each medium. potency is not less than 20 IU per single human dose.
FINAL LOT LABELLING
The final bulk vaccine is distributed aseptically into sterile, The label states :
tamper-proof containers. The containers are closed so as to
— the minimum number of International Units of each
prevent contamination.
component per single human dose ;
Only a final lot that is satisfactory with respect to each of — the name and the amount of the adsorbent ;
the requirements given below under Identification, Tests — that the vaccine must be shaken before use ;
and Assay may be released for use. Provided the test for
— that the vaccine is not to be frozen.
antimicrobial preservative and the assay have been carried
out with satisfactory results on the final bulk vaccine, they
may be omitted on the final lot. 01/2008:2062
Provided the free formaldehyde content has been determined
on the bulk purified toxoids or on the final bulk and it has DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS AND
been shown that the content in the final lot will not exceed HEPATITIS B (rDNA) VACCINE
0.2 g/l, the test for free formaldehyde may be omitted on
the final lot. (ADSORBED)
Vaccinum diphtheriae, tetani et
IDENTIFICATION
hepatitidis B (ADNr) adsorbatum
A. Diphtheria toxoid is identified by a suitable
immunochemical method (2.7.1). The following method, DEFINITION
applicable to certain vaccines, is given as an example. Diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B (rDNA) vaccine
Dissolve in the vaccine to be examined sufficient sodium (adsorbed) is a combined vaccine composed of : diphtheria
citrate R to give a 100 g/l solution. Maintain at 37 °C for formol toxoid ; tetanus formol toxoid ; hepatitis B surface
about 16 h and centrifuge until a clear supernatant liquid antigen (HBsAg) ; a mineral adsorbent such as aluminium
is obtained. The clear supernatant liquid reacts with a hydroxide or hydrated aluminium phosphate.
suitable diphtheria antitoxin, giving a precipitate. If a The formol toxoids are prepared from the toxins produced
satisfactory result is not obtained with a vaccine adsorbed by the growth of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and
on aluminium hydroxide, carry out the test as follows. Clostridium tetani, respectively.
Centrifuge 15 ml of the vaccine to be examined and HBsAg is a component protein of hepatitis B virus ; the
suspend the residue in 5 ml of a freshly prepared mixture antigen is obtained by recombinant DNA technology.
of 1 volume of a 56 g/l solution of sodium edetate R and
49 volumes of a 90 g/l solution of disodium hydrogen PRODUCTION
phosphate R. Maintain at 37 °C for not less than 6 h and GENERAL PROVISIONS
centrifuge. The clear supernatant liquid reacts with a The production method shall have been shown to yield
suitable diphtheria antitoxin, giving a precipitate. consistently vaccines comparable with the vaccine of proven
B. Tetanus toxoid is identified by a suitable immunochemical clinical efficacy and safety in man.
method (2.7.1). The following method, applicable to The content of bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) in the bulk
certain vaccines, is given as an example. The clear purified diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid is determined
supernatant liquid obtained during identification to monitor the purification procedure and to limit the
test A reacts with a suitable tetanus antitoxin, giving a amount in the final vaccine. For each component, the
precipitate. content of bacterial endotoxins is less than the limit approved

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 765
DIP-TET-HBV EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

for the particular vaccine and in any case the contents are Osmolality (2.2.35). The osmolality of the vaccine is within
such that the final vaccine contains less than 100 IU per the limits approved for the particular preparation.
single human dose.
IDENTIFICATION
Reference vaccine(s). Provided valid assays can be
performed, monocomponent reference vaccines may be used A. Diphtheria toxoid is identified by a suitable
for the assays on the combined vaccine. If this is not possible immunochemical method (2.7.1). The following method,
because of interaction between the components of the applicable to certain vaccines, is given as an example.
combined vaccine or because of the difference in composition Dissolve in the vaccine to be examined sufficient sodium
between monocomponent reference vaccine and the test citrate R to give a 100 g/l solution. Maintain at 37 °C for
vaccine, a batch of combined vaccine shown to be effective about 16 h and centrifuge until a clear supernatant liquid
in clinical trials or a batch representative thereof is used as is obtained. The clear supernatant liquid reacts with a
a reference vaccine. For the preparation of a representative suitable diphtheria antitoxin, giving a precipitate.
batch, strict adherence to the production process used for B. Tetanus toxoid is identified by a suitable immunochemical
the batch tested in clinical trials is necessary. The reference method (2.7.1). The following method, applicable to
vaccine may be stabilised by a method that has been shown certain vaccines, is given as an example. The clear
to have no effect on the assay procedure. supernatant liquid obtained during identification
Specific toxicity of the diphtheria and tetanus components. test A reacts with a suitable tetanus antitoxin, giving a
The production method is validated to demonstrate that precipitate.
the product, if tested, would comply with the following test : C. The assay or, where applicable, the electrophoretic
inject subcutaneously 5 times the single human dose stated profile, serves also to identify the hepatitis B component
on the label into each of 5 healthy guinea-pigs, each weighing of the vaccine.
250-350 g, that have not previously been treated with any
material that will interfere with the test. If within 42 days of TESTS
the injection any of the animals shows signs of or dies from Aluminium (2.5.13) : maximum 1.25 mg per single human
diphtheria toxaemia or tetanus, the vaccine does not comply dose, if aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium
with the test. If more than 1 animal dies from non-specific phosphate is used as the adsorbent.
causes, repeat the test once ; if more than 1 animal dies in
the second test, the vaccine does not comply with the test. Free formaldehyde (2.4.18) : maximum 0.2 g/l.
PRODUCTION OF THE COMPONENTS Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine
The production of the components complies with the the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
requirements of the monographs on Diphtheria vaccine chemical method. The content is not less than the minimum
(adsorbed) (0443), Tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (0452) and amount shown to be effective and is not greater than 115 per
Hepatitis B vaccine (rDNA) (1056). cent of the quantity stated on the label.
FINAL BULK VACCINE Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility.
The final bulk vaccine is prepared by adsorption, separately Pyrogens (2.6.8). It complies with the test for pyrogens.
or together, of suitable quantities of bulk purified diphtheria Inject the equivalent of 1 human dose into each rabbit.
toxoid, tetanus toxoid and HBsAg onto a mineral carrier such
as aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium phosphate. ASSAY
Suitable antimicrobial preservatives may be added. Diphtheria component. Carry out one of the prescribed
Only a final bulk vaccine that complies with the following methods for the assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)
requirements may be used in the preparation of the final lot. (2.7.6).
Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable potency is not less than 30 IU per single human dose.
chemical method. The amount is not less than 85 per cent Tetanus component. Carry out one of the prescribed
and not greater than 115 per cent of the intended content. methods for the assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (2.7.8).
Sterility (2.6.1). Carry out the test for sterility using 10 ml The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
for each medium. potency is not less than 40 IU per single human dose.
FINAL LOT Hepatitis B component. It complies with the assay of
Only a final lot that is satisfactory with respect to the test hepatitis B vaccine (2.7.15).
for osmolality and with respect to each of the requirements
given below under Identification, Tests and Assay may be LABELLING
released for use. The label states :
Provided the test for antimicrobial preservative and the — the minimum number of International Units of diphtheria
assays for the diphtheria and tetanus components have been and tetanus toxoid per single human dose,
carried out with satisfactory results on the final bulk vaccine, — the amount of HBsAg per single human dose,
they may be omitted on the final lot.
— the type of cells used for production of the HBsAg
Provided the content of free formaldehyde has been component,
determined on the bulk purified antigens or on the final — where applicable, that the vaccine is intended for primary
bulk and it has been shown that the content in the final lot vaccination of children and is not necessarily suitable for
will not exceed 0.2 g/l, the test for free formaldehyde may reinforcing doses or for administration to adults,
be omitted on the final lot.
— the name and the amount of the adsorbent,
If an in vivo assay is used for the hepatitis B component,
provided it has been carried out with satisfactory results on — that the vaccine must be shaken before use,
the final bulk vaccine, it may be omitted on the final lot. — that the vaccine is not to be frozen.

766 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (acellular, component) vaccine

01/2008:1931 combined vaccine or because of the difference in composition

corrected 6.0 between monocomponent reference vaccine and the test
vaccine, a batch of combined vaccine shown to be effective
in clinical trials or a batch representative thereof is used as
DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS AND a reference vaccine. For the preparation of a representative
PERTUSSIS (ACELLULAR, batch, strict adherence to the production process used for
COMPONENT) VACCINE (ADSORBED) the batch tested in clinical trials is necessary. The reference
vaccine may be stabilised by a method that has been shown
to have no effect on the assay procedure.
Vaccinum diphtheriae, tetani et pertussis PRODUCTION OF THE COMPONENTS
sine cellulis ex elementis praeparatum The production of the components complies with the
adsorbatum requirements of the monographs on Diphtheria vaccine
(adsorbed) (0443), Tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (0452) and
DEFINITION Pertussis vaccine (acellular, component, adsorbed) (1356).
Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (acellular, component) FINAL BULK VACCINE
vaccine (adsorbed) is a combined vaccine composed of: The final bulk vaccine is prepared by adsorption of suitable
diphtheria formol toxoid ; tetanus formol toxoid ; individually quantities of bulk purified diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid
purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis ; a and pertussis components separately or together onto a
mineral adsorbent such as aluminium hydroxide or hydrated mineral carrier such as aluminium hydroxide or hydrated
aluminium phosphate. aluminium phosphate. Suitable antimicrobial preservatives
The formol toxoids are prepared from the toxins produced may be added.
by the growth of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Only a final bulk vaccine that complies with the following
Clostridium tetani, respectively. requirements may be used in the preparation of the final lot.
The vaccine contains either pertussis toxoid or a
Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine
pertussis-toxin-like protein free from toxic properties,
the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
produced by expression of a genetically modified form of
chemical method. The amount is not less than 85 per cent
the corresponding gene. Pertussis toxoid is prepared from
and not greater than 115 per cent of the intended content.
pertussis toxin by a method that renders the latter harmless
while maintaining adequate immunogenic properties Sterility (2.6.1). Carry out the test for sterility using 10 ml
and avoiding reversion to toxin. The vaccine may also for each medium.
contain filamentous haemagglutinin, pertactin (a 69 kDa FINAL LOT
outer-membrane protein) and other defined components Only a final lot that is satisfactory with respect to the test
of B. pertussis such as fimbrial-2 and fimbrial-3 antigens. for osmolality and with respect to each of the requirements
The latter 2 antigens may be copurified. The antigenic given below under Identification, Tests and Assay may be
composition and characteristics are based on evidence of released for use.
protection and freedom from unexpected reactions in the
target group for which the vaccine is intended. Provided the tests for absence of residual pertussis toxin,
irreversibility of pertussis toxoid, free formaldehyde and
PRODUCTION antimicrobial preservative and the assay have been carried
GENERAL PROVISIONS out with satisfactory results on the final bulk vaccine, they
may be omitted on the final lot.
The production method shall have been shown to yield
consistently vaccines comparable with the vaccine of proven Provided the free formaldehyde content has been determined
clinical efficacy and safety in man. on the bulk purified antigens or on the final bulk and it has
been shown that the content in the final lot will not exceed
Specific toxicity of the diphtheria and tetanus components. 0.2 g/l, the test for free formaldehyde may be omitted on
The production method is validated to demonstrate that the final lot.
the product, if tested, would comply with the following test :
inject subcutaneously 5 times the single human dose stated Osmolality (2.2.35). The osmolality of the vaccine is within
on the label into each of 5 healthy guinea-pigs, each weighing the limits approved for the particular preparation.
250-350 g, that have not previously been treated with any
material that will interfere with the test. If within 42 days of IDENTIFICATION
the injection any of the animals shows signs of or dies from A. Diphtheria toxoid is identified by a suitable
diphtheria toxaemia or tetanus, the vaccine does not comply immunochemical method (2.7.1). The following method,
with the test. If more than 1 animal dies from non-specific applicable to certain vaccines, is given as an example.
causes, repeat the test once ; if more than 1 animal dies in Dissolve in the vaccine to be examined sufficient sodium
the second test, the vaccine does not comply with the test. citrate R to give a 100 g/l solution. Maintain at 37 °C for
The content of bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) in the bulk about 16 h and centrifuge until a clear supernatant liquid
purified diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid and pertussis is obtained. The clear supernatant liquid reacts with a
components is determined to monitor the purification suitable diphtheria antitoxin, giving a precipitate.
procedure and to limit the amount in the final vaccine. For B. Tetanus toxoid is identified by a suitable immunochemical
each component, the content of bacterial endotoxins is less method (2.7.1). The following method, applicable to
than the limit approved for the particular vaccine and, in any certain vaccines, is given as an example. The clear
case, the contents are such that the final vaccine contains supernatant liquid obtained as described in identification
less than 100 IU per single human dose. test A reacts with a suitable tetanus antitoxin, giving a
Reference vaccine(s). Provided valid assays can be precipitate.
performed, monocomponent reference vaccines may be used C. The pertussis components are identified by a suitable
for the assays on the combined vaccine. If this is not possible immunochemical method (2.7.1). The following method,
because of interaction between the components of the applicable to certain vaccines, is given as an example.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 767
Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (adsorbed) EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The clear supernatant liquid obtained as described in LABELLING

identification test A reacts with specific antisera to the The label states :
pertussis components of the vaccine. — the minimum number of International Units of diphtheria
and tetanus toxoid per single human dose ;
TESTS
— the names and amounts of the pertussis components per
Absence of residual pertussis toxin and irreversibility single human dose ;
of pertussis toxoid. This test is not necessary for the — where applicable, that the vaccine is intended for primary
product obtained by genetic modification. Use 3 groups vaccination of children and is not necessarily suitable for
each of not fewer than 5 histamine-sensitive mice. Inject reinforcing doses or for administration to adults ;
intraperitoneally into the first group twice the single human
dose of the vaccine stored at 2-8 °C. Inject intraperitoneally — the name and the amount of the adsorbent ;
into the second group twice the single human dose of the — that the vaccine must be shaken before use ;
vaccine incubated at 37 °C for 4 weeks. Inject diluent — that the vaccine is not to be frozen ;
intraperitoneally into the third group of mice. After — where applicable, that the vaccine contains a pertussis
5 days, inject into each mouse 2 mg of histamine base toxin-like protein produced by genetic modification.
intraperitoneally in a volume not exceeding 0.5 ml and
observe for 24 h. The test is invalid if 1 or more control mice
die following histamine challenge. The vaccine complies 01/2008:0445
with the test if no animal in the first or second group dies
following histamine challenge. If 1 mouse dies in either or DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS AND
both of the first and second groups, the test may be repeated
with the same number of mice or with a greater number and PERTUSSIS VACCINE (ADSORBED)
the results of valid tests combined ; the vaccine complies with
the test if, in both of the groups given the vaccine, not more Vaccinum diphtheriae, tetani et pertussis
than 5 per cent of the total number of mice die following
histamine challenge. adsorbatum
The histamine sensitivity of the strain of mice used is DEFINITION
verified at suitable intervals as follows : inject intravenously Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (adsorbed) is a
threefold dilutions of a reference pertussis toxin preparation preparation of diphtheria formol toxoid and tetanus formol
in phosphate-buffered saline solution containing 2 g/l of toxoid with a mineral adsorbent to which a suspension of
gelatin and challenge with histamine as above ; the strain is inactivated Bordetella pertussis has been added. The formol
suitable if more than 50 per cent of the animals are sensitised toxoids are prepared from the toxins produced by the growth
by 50 ng of pertussis toxin and none of the control animals of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Clostridium tetani,
injected with only diluent and challenged similarly with respectively.
histamine show symptoms of sensitisation.
Pertussis toxin BRP is suitable for use as a reference PRODUCTION
pertussis toxin. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Aluminium (2.5.13) : maximum 1.25 mg per single human Specific toxicity of the diphtheria and tetanus components.
dose, if aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium The production method is validated to demonstrate that
phosphate is used as the adsorbent. the product, if tested, would comply with the following test :
inject subcutaneously 5 times the single human dose stated
Free formaldehyde (2.4.18) : maximum 0.2 g/l. on the label into each of 5 healthy guinea-pigs, each weighing
Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine 250-350 g, that have not previously been treated with any
the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable material that will interfere with the test. If within 42 days of
chemical method. The content is not less than the minimum the injection any of the animals shows signs of or dies from
amount shown to be effective and is not greater than 115 per diphtheria toxaemia or tetanus, the vaccine does not comply
cent of the quantity stated on the label. with the test. If more than 1 animal dies from non-specific
Sterility (2.6.1). The vaccine complies with the test for causes, repeat the test once ; if more than 1 animal dies in
sterility. the second test, the vaccine does not comply with the test.
BULK PURIFIED DIPHTHERIA AND TETANUS TOXOIDS,
ASSAY BULK INACTIVATED B. PERTUSSIS SUSPENSION
Diphtheria component. Carry out one of the prescribed The bulk purified diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and
methods for the assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed) the inactivated B. pertussis suspension are prepared as
(2.7.6). described in the monographs on Diphtheria vaccine
(adsorbed) (0443), Tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (0452)
The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated and Pertussis vaccine (adsorbed) (0161), respectively, and
potency is not less than the minimum potency stated on comply with the requirements prescribed therein.
the label.
FINAL BULK VACCINE
Unless otherwise justified and authorised, the minimum The final bulk vaccine is prepared by adsorption of suitable
potency stated on the label is 30 IU per single human dose. quantities of bulk purified diphtheria toxoid and tetanus
Tetanus component. Carry out one of the prescribed toxoid onto a mineral carrier such as hydrated aluminium
methods for the assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (2.7.8). phosphate or aluminium hydroxide and admixture of
an appropriate quantity of a suspension of inactivated
The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated B. pertussis ; the resulting mixture is approximately isotonic
potency is not less than 40 IU per single human dose. with blood. The B. pertussis concentration of the final bulk
Pertussis component. The vaccine complies with the assay vaccine does not exceed that corresponding to an opacity
of pertussis vaccine (acellular) (2.7.16). of 20 IU per single human dose. If 2 or more strains of B.

768 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis vaccine (adsorbed)

pertussis are used, the composition of consecutive lots of or distribute males and females equally between the groups.
the final bulk vaccine shall be consistent with respect to Allow the animals access to food and water for at least 2 h
the proportion of each strain as measured in opacity units. before injection and during the test. Inject each mouse of
Suitable antimicrobial preservatives may be added to the vaccine group intraperitoneally with 0.5 ml, containing a
the bulk vaccine. Certain antimicrobial preservatives, quantity of the vaccine equivalent to not less than half the
particularly those of the phenolic type, adversely affect the single human dose. Inject each mouse of the control group
antigenic activity and must not be used. with 0.5 ml of a 9 g/l sterile solution of sodium chloride R,
preferably containing the same amount of antimicrobial
Only a final bulk vaccine that complies with the following preservative as that injected with the vaccine. Weigh the
requirements may be used in the preparation of the final lot. groups of mice immediately before the injection and 72 h
Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine and 7 days after the injection. The vaccine complies with the
the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable test if : (a) at the end of 72 h the total mass of the group of
chemical method. The amount is not less than 85 per cent vaccinated mice is not less than that preceding the injection ;
and not greater than 115 per cent of the intended amount. (b) at the end of 7 days the average increase in mass per
vaccinated mouse is not less than 60 per cent of that per
Sterility (2.6.1). Carry out the test for sterility using 10 ml control mouse ; and (c) not more than 5 per cent of the
for each medium. vaccinated mice die during the test. The test may be repeated
FINAL LOT and the results of the tests combined.
The final bulk vaccine is distributed aseptically into sterile, Aluminium (2.5.13) : maximum 1.25 mg per single human
tamper-proof containers. The containers are closed so as to dose, if aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium
prevent contamination. phosphate is used as the adsorbent.
Only a final lot that is satisfactory with respect to each of Free formaldehyde (2.4.18) : maximum 0.2 g/l.
the requirements given below under Identification, Tests Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine
and Assay may be released for use. Provided the tests for the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
specific toxicity of the pertussis component, antimicrobial chemical method. The content is not less than the minimum
preservative and the assay have been carried out with amount shown to be effective and is not greater than 115 per
satisfactory results on the final bulk vaccine, they may be cent of the quantity stated on the label.
omitted on the final lot.
Sterility (2.6.1). The vaccine complies with the test for
Provided the free formaldehyde content has been determined sterility.
on the bulk purified antigens or on the final bulk and it has
been shown that the content in the final lot will not exceed
ASSAY
0.2 g/l, the test for free formaldehyde may be omitted on
the final lot. Diphtheria component. Carry out one of the prescribed
methods for the assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)
(2.7.6).
IDENTIFICATION
The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
A. Diphtheria toxoid is identified by a suitable potency is not less than 30 IU per single human dose.
immunochemical method (2.7.1). The following method, Tetanus component. Carry out one of the prescribed
applicable to certain vaccines, is given as an example. methods for the assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (2.7.8).
Dissolve in the vaccine to be examined sufficient
sodium citrate R to give a 100 g/l solution. Maintain If the test is carried out in guinea-pigs, the lower confidence
at 37 °C for about 16 h and centrifuge until a clear limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated potency is not less than
supernatant liquid is obtained ; reserve the precipitate for 40 IU per single human dose ; if the test is carried out in
identification test C. The clear supernatant liquid reacts mice, the lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
with a suitable diphtheria antitoxin, giving a precipitate. potency is not less than 60 IU per single human dose.
Pertussis component. Carry out the assay of pertussis
B. Tetanus toxoid is identified by a suitable immunochemical
vaccine (2.7.7).
method (2.7.1). The following method, applicable to
certain vaccines, is given as an example. The clear The estimated potency is not less than 4 IU per single
supernatant liquid obtained during identification human dose and the lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the
test A reacts with a suitable tetanus antitoxin, giving a estimated potency is not less than 2 IU per single human
precipitate. dose.
C. Dissolve in the vaccine to be examined sufficient
sodium citrate R to give a 100 g/l solution. Maintain at LABELLING
37 °C for about 16 h and centrifuge to obtain a bacterial
The label states :
precipitate. Other suitable methods for separating the
bacteria from the adsorbent may also be used. Identify — the minimum number of International Units of each
pertussis vaccine by agglutination of the bacteria from component per single human dose,
the resuspended precipitate by antisera specific to
B. pertussis or by the assay. — where applicable, that the vaccine is intended for primary
vaccination of children and is not necessarily suitable for
reinforcing doses or for administration to adults,
TESTS — the name and the amount of the adsorbent,
Specific toxicity of the pertussis component. Use not fewer — that the vaccine must be shaken before use,
than 5 mice each weighing 14 g to 16 g for the vaccine
group and for the saline control. Use mice of the same sex — that the vaccine is not to be frozen.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 769
DIP-TET-IPV, reduced antigen(s) content EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:2328 PRODUCTION OF THE COMPONENTS

The production of the components complies with the
DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS AND requirements of the monographs on Diphtheria vaccine
(adsorbed) (0443), Tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (0452) and
POLIOMYELITIS (INACTIVATED) Poliomyelitis vaccine (inactivated) (0214).
VACCINE (ADSORBED, REDUCED FINAL BULK VACCINE
ANTIGEN(S) CONTENT) The final bulk vaccine is prepared by adsorption onto a
mineral carrier such as aluminium hydroxide or hydrated
Vaccinum diphtheriae, tetani et aluminium phosphate, separately or together, of suitable
quantities of bulk purified diphtheria toxoid and tetanus
poliomyelitidis inactivatum, antigeni-o(-is) toxoid, and an admixture of suitable quantities of purified
minutum, adsorbatum monovalent harvests of human poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3
or a suitable quantity of a trivalent pool of such purified
DEFINITION monovalent harvests. Suitable antimicrobial preservatives
Diphtheria, tetanus and poliomyelitis (inactivated) vaccine may be added.
(adsorbed, reduced antigen(s) content) is a combined vaccine Only a final bulk vaccine that complies with the following
containing : diphtheria formol toxoid ; tetanus formol toxoid ; requirements may be used in the preparation of the final lot.
suitable strains of human poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 grown
in suitable cell cultures and inactivated by a validated Bovine serum albumin. Determined on the poliomyelitis
method ; a mineral adsorbent such as aluminium hydroxide components by a suitable immunochemical method (2.7.1)
or hydrated aluminium phosphate. after virus harvest and before addition of the adsorbent in
the preparation of the final bulk vaccine, the amount of
The formol toxoids are prepared from the toxins produced bovine serum albumin is such that the content in the final
by the growth of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and vaccine will be not more than 50 ng per single human dose.
Clostridium tetani respectively.
The amount of diphtheria toxoid per single human dose is Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine
reduced compared to vaccines generally used for primary the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
vaccination ; the amount of tetanus toxoid may also be chemical method. The amount is not less than 85 per cent
reduced. and not greater than 115 per cent of the intended content.
Sterility (2.6.1). Carry out the test for sterility using 10 ml
PRODUCTION for each medium.
GENERAL PROVISIONS FINAL LOT
The production method shall have been shown to yield The final bulk vaccine is distributed aseptically into sterile,
consistently vaccines comparable with the vaccine of proven tamper-proof containers. The containers are closed so as to
clinical efficacy and safety in man. prevent contamination.
Reference vaccine(s). Provided valid assays can be Only a final lot that is satisfactory with respect to the test
performed, monocomponent reference vaccines may be used for osmolality and with respect to each of the requirements
for the assays on the combined vaccine. If this is not possible given below under Identification, Tests and Assay may be
because of interaction between the components of the released for use.
combined vaccine or because of the difference in composition
between the monocomponent reference vaccine and the test Provided the test for antimicrobial preservative and the
vaccine, a batch of combined vaccine shown to be effective assays for the diphtheria and tetanus components have been
in clinical trials or a batch representative thereof is used as carried out with satisfactory results on the final bulk vaccine,
a reference vaccine. For the preparation of a representative they may be omitted on the final lot.
batch, strict adherence to the production process used for Provided the free formaldehyde content has been determined
the batch tested in clinical trials is necessary. The reference on the bulk purified antigens or on the final bulk and it has
vaccine may be stabilised by a method that has been shown been shown that the content in the final lot will not exceed
to have no effect on the assay procedure. 0.2 g/l, the test for free formaldehyde may be omitted on
Specific toxicity of the diphtheria and tetanus components. the final lot.
The production method is validated to demonstrate that Provided the determination of D-antigen content cannot
the product, if tested, would comply with the following test : be carried out on the final lot, it is carried out during
inject subcutaneously 5 times the single human dose stated preparation of the final bulk before addition of the adsorbent.
on the label into each of 5 healthy guinea-pigs, each weighing
250-350 g, that have not previously been treated with any Provided the in vivo assay for the poliomyelitis component
material that will interfere with the test. If within 42 days of has been carried out with satisfactory results on the final
the injection any of the animals shows signs of or dies from bulk vaccine, it may be omitted on the final lot.
diphtheria toxaemia or tetanus, the vaccine does not comply The in vivo assay for the poliomyelitis component may be
with the test. If more than one animal dies from non-specific omitted once it has been demonstrated for a given vaccine
causes, repeat the test once ; if more than one animal dies in and for each poliovirus type that the acceptance criteria
the second test, the vaccine does not comply with the test. for the D-antigen determination are such that it yields the
The content of bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) in bulk purified same result as the in vivo assay in terms of acceptance or
diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid and inactivated monovalent rejection of a batch. This demonstration must include testing
poliovirus harvests is determined to monitor the purification of subpotent batches, produced experimentally if necessary,
procedure and to limit the amount in the final vaccine. For for example by heat treatment or other means of diminishing
each component, the content of bacterial endotoxins is less the immunogenic activity. Where there is a significant
than the limit approved for the particular vaccine and, in any change in the manufacturing process of the antigens or their
case, the contents are such that the final vaccine contains formulation, any impact on the in vivo and in vitro assays
less than 100 IU per single human dose. must be evaluated, and the need for revalidation considered.

770 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and haemophilus type b vaccine

Osmolality (2.2.35). The osmolality of the vaccine is within assay of D-antigen. The European Pharmacopoeia Unit and
the limits approved for the particular preparation. the International Unit are equivalent.
In vivo test. The vaccine complies with the in vivo assay of
IDENTIFICATION poliomyelitis vaccine (inactivated) (2.7.20).
A. Diphtheria toxoid is identified by a suitable
immunochemical method (2.7.1). The following method, LABELLING
applicable to certain vaccines, is given as an example. The label states :
Dissolve in the vaccine to be examined sufficient sodium — the minimum number of International Units of diphtheria
citrate R to give a 100 g/l solution. Maintain at 37 °C for and tetanus toxoid per single human dose ;
about 16 h and centrifuge until a clear supernatant liquid
is obtained. The clear supernatant liquid reacts with a — the types of poliovirus contained in the vaccine ;
suitable diphtheria antitoxin, giving a precipitate. If a — the nominal amount of poliovirus of each type (1, 2
satisfactory result is not obtained with a vaccine adsorbed and 3), expressed in European Pharmacopoeia Units of
on aluminium hydroxide, carry out the test as follows. D-antigen, per single human dose ;
Centrifuge 15 ml of the vaccine to be examined and — the type of cells used for production of the poliomyelitis
suspend the residue in 5 ml of a freshly prepared mixture component ;
of 1 volume of a 56 g/l solution of sodium edetate R and — the name and the amount of the adsorbent ;
49 volumes of a 90 g/l solution of disodium hydrogen
phosphate R. Maintain at 37 °C for not less than 6 h and — that the vaccine must be shaken before use ;
centrifuge. The clear supernatant liquid reacts with a — that the vaccine is not to be frozen.
suitable diphtheria antitoxin, giving a precipitate.
B. Tetanus toxoid is identified by a suitable immunochemical
method (2.7.1). The following method, applicable to 01/2008:1932
certain vaccines, is given as an example. The clear corrected 6.0
supernatant liquid obtained as described in identification
test A reacts with a suitable tetanus antitoxin, giving a
precipitate.
DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS, PERTUSSIS
C. The vaccine is shown to contain human poliovirus types 1, (ACELLULAR, COMPONENT) AND
2 and 3 by a suitable immunochemical method (2.7.1) HAEMOPHILUS TYPE b CONJUGATE
such as the determination of D-antigen by enzyme-linked VACCINE (ADSORBED)
immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

TESTS Vaccinum diphtheriae, tetani, pertussis

Aluminium (2.5.13) : maximum 1.25 mg per single human sine cellulis ex elementis praeparatum
dose, if aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium cumque haemophili stirpi b coniugatum
phosphate is used as the adsorbent.
adsorbatum
Free formaldehyde (2.4.18) : maximum 0.2 g/l.
Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine DEFINITION
the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component) and
chemical method. The content is not less than the minimum haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine (adsorbed) is a
amount shown to be effective and is not greater than 115 per combined vaccine composed of : diphtheria formol toxoid ;
cent of the quantity stated on the label. tetanus formol toxoid ; individually purified antigenic
Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility. components of Bordetella pertussis ; polyribosylribitol
phosphate (PRP) covalently bound to a carrier protein ; a
ASSAY mineral absorbent such as aluminium hydroxide or hydrated
aluminium phosphate. The product may be presented with
Diphtheria component. Carry out one of the prescribed the haemophilus type b component in a separate container,
methods for the assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed) the contents of which are mixed with the other components
(2.7.6). immediately before use.
The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated The formol toxoids are prepared from the toxins produced
potency is not less than 2 IU per single human dose. by the growth of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and
Tetanus component. Carry out one of the prescribed Clostridium tetani respectively.
methods for the assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (2.7.8). The vaccine contains either pertussis toxoid or a
The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated pertussis-toxin-like protein free from toxic properties
potency is not less than 20 IU per single human dose. produced by expression of a genetically modified form of
the corresponding gene. Pertussis toxoid is prepared from
Poliomyelitis component pertussis toxin by a method that renders the toxin harmless
D-antigen content. As a measure of consistency of while maintaining adequate immunogenic properties
production, determine the D-antigen content for human and avoiding reversion to toxin. The acellular pertussis
poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 by a suitable immunochemical component may also contain filamentous haemagglutinin,
method (2.7.1) following desorption, using a reference pertactin (a 69 kDa outer-membrane protein) and other
preparation calibrated in European Pharmacopoeia Units defined components of B. pertussis such as fimbrial-2 and
of D-antigen. For each type, the content, expressed with fimbrial-3 antigens. The latter 2 antigens may be copurified.
reference to the amount of D-antigen stated on the label, The antigenic composition and characteristics are based
is within the limits approved for the particular product. on evidence of protection and freedom from unexpected
Poliomyelitis vaccine (inactivated) BRP is calibrated in reactions in the target group for which the vaccine is
European Pharmacopoeia Units and intended for use in the intended.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 771
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and haemophilus type b vaccine EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

PRP is a linear copolymer composed of repeated units of PRODUCTION OF THE COMPONENTS

3-β-D-ribofuranosyl-(1→1)-ribitol-5-phosphate [(C10H19O12P)n], The production of the components complies with the
with a defined molecular size and derived from a suitable requirements of the monographs on Diphtheria vaccine
strain of Haemophilus influenzae type b. The carrier (adsorbed) (0443), Tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (0452),
protein, when conjugated to PRP, is capable of inducing Pertussis vaccine (acellular, component, adsorbed) (1356)
a T-cell-dependent B-cell immune response to the and Haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine (1219).
polysaccharide.
FINAL BULK VACCINE
Different methods of preparation may be used : a final
bulk vaccine may be prepared by adsorption, separately or
PRODUCTION together, of suitable quantities of bulk purified diphtheria
GENERAL PROVISIONS toxoid, tetanus toxoid, acellular pertussis components and
The production method shall have been shown to yield PRP conjugate onto a mineral carrier such as aluminium
consistently vaccines comparable with the vaccine of proven hydroxide or hydrated aluminium phosphate ; or 2 final
clinical efficacy and safety in man. bulks may be prepared and filled separately, one containing
the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis components, the other
If the vaccine is presented with the haemophilus component the haemophilus component, which may be freeze-dried.
in a separate vial, as part of consistency studies the assays of Suitable antimicrobial preservatives may be added.
the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis components are carried Only a final bulk vaccine that complies with the following
out on a suitable number of batches of vaccine reconstituted requirements may be used in the preparation of the final lot.
as for use. For subsequent routine control, the assays of
these components may be carried out without mixing with Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine
the haemophilus component. the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
chemical method. The amount is not less than 85 per cent
Specific toxicity of the diphtheria and tetanus components. and not greater than 115 per cent of the intended content.
The production method is validated to demonstrate that
the product, if tested, would comply with the following test : Sterility (2.6.1). Carry out the test for sterility using 10 ml
inject subcutaneously 5 times the single human dose stated for each medium.
on the label into each of 5 healthy guinea-pigs, each weighing FINAL LOT
250-350 g, that have not previously been treated with any Only a final lot that is satisfactory with respect to the test
material that will interfere with the test. If within 42 days of for osmolality shown below and with respect to each of the
the injection any of the animals shows signs of or dies from requirements given below under Identification, Tests and
diphtheria toxaemia or tetanus, the vaccine does not comply Assay may be released for use.
with the test. If more than 1 animal dies from non-specific Provided the tests for absence of residual pertussis
causes, repeat the test once ; if more than 1 animal dies in toxin, irreversibility of pertussis toxoid and antimicrobial
the second test, the vaccine does not comply with the test. preservative and the assay have been carried out with
The content of bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) in bulk purified satisfactory results on the final bulk vaccine, they may be
diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, pertussis components omitted on the final lot.
and bulk PRP conjugate is determined to monitor the Provided the free formaldehyde content has been determined
purification procedure and to limit the amount in the final on the bulk purified antigens or the final bulk and it has
vaccine. For each component, the content of bacterial been shown that the content in the final lot will not exceed
endotoxins is less than the limit approved for the particular 0.2 g/l, the test for free formaldehyde may be omitted on
vaccine ; if the vaccine is presented with the haemophilus the final lot.
component in a separate container, the contents of the Osmolality. (2.2.35). The osmolality of the vaccine,
diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis antigens are in any case reconstituted where applicable, is within the limits approved
such that the final vial for these components contains less for the particular preparation.
than 100 IU per single human dose.
pH (2.2.3). The pH of the vaccine, reconstituted if necessary,
The production method is validated to demonstrate that the is within the range approved for the particular product.
product, if tested, would comply with the test for abnormal Free PRP. Unbound PRP is determined after removal of the
toxicity for immunosera and vaccines for human use (2.6.9). conjugate, for example by anion-exchange, size-exclusion
or hydrophobic chromatography, ultrafiltration or other
During development studies and wherever revalidation validated methods. The amount of free PRP is not greater
is necessary, it shall be demonstrated by tests in animals than that approved for the particular product.
that the vaccine induces a T-cell dependent B-cell immune
response to PRP. IDENTIFICATION
Reference vaccine(s). Provided valid assays can be If the vaccine is presented with the haemophilus component
performed, monocomponent reference vaccines may be used in a separate vial : identification tests A, B and C are carried
for the assays on the combined vaccine. If this is not possible out using the vial containing the diphtheria, tetanus and
because of interaction between the components of the pertussis components ; identification test D is carried out
combined vaccine or because of the difference in composition on the vial containing the haemophilus components.
between monocomponent reference vaccine and the test A. Diphtheria toxoid is identified by a suitable
vaccine, a batch of combined vaccine shown to be effective immunochemical method (2.7.1). The following method,
in clinical trials or a batch representative thereof is used as applicable to certain vaccines, is given as an example.
a reference vaccine. For the preparation of a representative Dissolve in the vaccine to be examined sufficient sodium
batch, strict adherence to the production process used for citrate R to give a 100 g/l solution. Maintain at 37 °C for
the batch tested in clinical trials is necessary. The reference about 16 h and centrifuge until a clear supernatant liquid
vaccine may be stabilised by a method that has been shown is obtained. The clear supernatant liquid reacts with a
to have no effect on the assay procedure. suitable diphtheria antitoxin, giving a precipitate.

772 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and haemophilus type b vaccine

B. Tetanus toxoid is identified by a suitable immunochemical PRP : minimum 80 per cent of the amount of PRP stated
method (2.7.1). The following method, applicable to on the label. PRP is determined either by assay of ribose
certain vaccines, is given as an example. The clear (2.5.31) or phosphorus (2.5.18), by an immunochemical
supernatant liquid obtained as described in identification method (2.7.1) or by anion-exchange liquid chromatography
test A reacts with a suitable tetanus antitoxin, giving a (2.2.29) with pulsed-amperometric detection.
precipitate. Aluminium (2.5.13) : maximum 1.25 mg per single human
dose, if aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium
C. The pertussis components are identified by a suitable phosphate is used as the adsorbent.
immunochemical method (2.7.1). The following method,
applicable to certain vaccines, is given as an example. Free formaldehyde (2.4.18) : maximum 0.2 g/l.
The clear supernatant liquid obtained as described in Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine
identification test A reacts with a specific antisera to the the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
pertussis components of the vaccine. chemical method. The content is not less than the minimum
amount shown to be effective and is not greater than 115 per
D. The haemophilus component is identified by a suitable cent of the quantity stated on the label.
immunochemical method (2.7.1) for PRP.
Water (2.5.12) : maximum 3.0 per cent for the freeze-dried
haemophilus component.
Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility.
TESTS
Pyrogens (2.6.8). It complies with the test for pyrogens.
If the product is presented with the haemophilus Inject per kilogram of the rabbit’s mass a quantity of the
component in a separate container : the tests for absence vaccine equivalent to : 1 µg of PRP for a vaccine with
of residual pertussis toxin, irreversibility of pertussis diphtheria toxoid or CRM 197 diphtheria protein as carrier ;
toxoid, aluminium, free formaldehyde, antimicrobial 0.1 µg of PRP for a vaccine with tetanus toxoid as carrier ;
preservative and sterility are carried out on the container 0.025 µg of PRP for a vaccine with OMP as carrier.
with the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis components ; the
tests for PRP content, water (where applicable), sterility ASSAY
and pyrogens are carried out on the container with the
haemophilus component. Diphtheria component. Carry out one of the prescribed
methods for the assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)
If the haemophilus component is freeze-dried, some tests (2.7.6).
may be carried out on the freeze-dried product rather than The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
on the bulk conjugate where the freeze-drying process may potency is not less than the minimum potency stated on
affect the component to be tested. the label.
Absence of residual pertussis toxin and irreversibility Unless otherwise justified and authorised, the minimum
of pertussis toxoid. This test is not necessary for the potency stated on the label is 30 IU per single human dose.
product obtained by genetic modification. Use 3 groups
each of not fewer than 5 histamine-sensitive mice. Inject Tetanus component. Carry out one of the prescribed
intraperitoneally into the first group twice the single human methods for the assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (2.7.8).
dose of the vaccine stored at 2-8 °C. Inject intraperitoneally The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
into the second group twice the single human dose of the potency is not less than 40 IU per single human dose.
vaccine incubated at 37 °C for 4 weeks. Inject diluent
intraperitoneally into the third group of mice. After 5 days, Pertussis component. The vaccine complies with the assay
inject intraperitoneally into each mouse 2 mg of histamine of pertussis vaccine (acellular) (2.7.16).
base in a volume not exceeding 0.5 ml and observe for 24 h.
The test is invalid if 1 or more control mice die following LABELLING
histamine challenge. The vaccine complies with the test if no
animal in the first or second group dies following histamine The label states :
challenge. If 1 mouse dies in either or both of the first and — the minimum number of International Units of diphtheria
second groups, the test may be repeated with the same and tetanus toxoid per single human dose ;
number of mice or with a greater number and the results of
valid tests combined ; the vaccine complies with the test if, in — the names and amounts of the pertussis components per
both of the groups given the vaccine, not more than 5 per single human dose ;
cent of the total number of mice die following histamine
challenge. — the number of micrograms of PRP per single human dose ;
— the type and nominal amount of carrier protein per single
The histamine sensitivity of the strain of mice used is human dose ;
verified at suitable intervals as follows : inject intravenously
threefold dilutions of a reference pertussis toxin preparation — where applicable, that the vaccine is intended for primary
in phosphate-buffered saline solution containing 2 g/l of vaccination of children and is not necessarily suitable for
gelatin and challenge with histamine as above ; the strain is reinforcing doses or for administration to adults ;
suitable if more than 50 per cent of the animals are sensitised — the name and the amount of the adsorbent ;
by 50 ng of pertussis toxin and none of the control animals
injected with only diluent and challenged similarly with — that the vaccine must be shaken before use ;
histamine show symptoms of sensitisation. — that the vaccine is not to be frozen ;
Pertussis toxin BRP is suitable for use as a reference — where applicable, that the vaccine contains a pertussis
pertussis toxin. toxin-like protein produced by genetic modification.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 773
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and hepatitis B vaccine EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:1933 Reference vaccine(s). Provided valid assays can be

corrected 6.0 performed, monocomponent reference vaccines may be used
for the assays on the combined vaccine. If this is not possible
DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS, PERTUSSIS because of interaction between the components of the
combined vaccine or because of the difference in composition
(ACELLULAR, COMPONENT) AND between monocomponent reference vaccine and the test
HEPATITIS B (rDNA) VACCINE vaccine, a batch of combined vaccine shown to be effective
in clinical trials or a batch representative thereof is used as
(ADSORBED) a reference vaccine. For the preparation of a representative
batch, strict adherence to the production process used for
Vaccinum diphtheriae, tetani, pertussis the batch tested in clinical trials is necessary. The reference
vaccine may be stabilised by a method that has been shown
sine cellulis ex elementis praeparatum et to have no effect on the assay procedure.
hepatitidis B (ADNr) adsorbatum PRODUCTION OF THE COMPONENTS
The production of the components complies with the
DEFINITION
requirements of the monographs on Diphtheria vaccine
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component) and (adsorbed) (0443), Tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (0452),
hepatitis B (rDNA) vaccine (adsorbed) is a combined vaccine Pertussis vaccine (acellular, component, adsorbed) (1356)
composed of: diphtheria formol toxoid ; tetanus formol and Hepatitis B vaccine (rDNA) (1056).
toxoid ; individually purified antigenic components of
Bordella pertussis ; hepatitis B surface antigen ; a mineral FINAL BULK VACCINE
adsorbent such as aluminium hydroxide or hydrated The final bulk vaccine is prepared by adsorption, separately
aluminium phosphate. or together, of suitable quantities of bulk purified diphtheria
toxoid, tetanus toxoid, acellular pertussis components and
The formol toxoids are prepared from the toxins produced hepatitis B surface antigen onto a mineral carrier such as
by the growth of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium phosphate.
Clostridium tetani, respectively. Suitable antimicrobial preservatives may be added.
The vaccine contains either pertussis toxoid or a Only a final bulk vaccine that complies with the following
pertussis-toxin-like protein free from toxic properties, requirements may be used in the preparation of the final lot.
produced by expression of a genetically modified form of
the corresponding gene. Pertussis toxoid is prepared from Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine
pertussis toxin by a method that renders the latter harmless the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
while maintaining adequate immunogenic properties chemical method. The amount is not less than 85 per cent
and avoiding reversion to toxin. The vaccine may also and not greater than 115 per cent of the intended content.
contain filamentous haemagglutinin, pertactin (a 69 kDa Sterility (2.6.1). Carry out the test for sterility using 10 ml
outer-membrane protein) and other defined components for each medium.
of B. pertussis such as fimbrial-2 and fimbrial-3 antigens.
The latter 2 antigens may be copurified. The antigenic FINAL LOT
composition and characteristics are based on evidence of Only a final lot that is satisfactory with respect to the test
protection and freedom from unexpected reactions in the for osmolality and with respect to each of the requirements
target group for which the vaccine is intended. given below under Identification, Tests and Assay may be
released for use.
Hepatitis B surface antigen is a component protein of
hepatitis B virus ; the antigen is obtained by recombinant Provided the tests for absence of residual pertussis
DNA technology. toxin, irreversibility of pertussis toxoid and antimicrobial
preservative and the assays for the diphtheria, tetanus and
PRODUCTION pertussis components have been carried out with satisfactory
results on the final bulk vaccine, they may be omitted on
GENERAL PROVISIONS the final lot.
The production method shall have been shown to yield
consistently vaccines comparable with the vaccine of proven Provided the content of free formaldehyde has been
clinical efficacy and safety in man. determined on the bulk purified antigens or on the final
bulk and it has been shown that the content in the final lot
Specific toxicity of the diphtheria and tetanus components. will not exceed 0.2 g/l, the test for free formaldehyde may
The production method is validated to demonstrate that be omitted on the final lot.
the product, if tested, would comply with the following test :
inject subcutaneously 5 times the single human dose stated If an in vivo assay is used for the hepatitis B component,
on the label into each of 5 healthy guinea-pigs, each weighing provided it has been carried out with satisfactory results on
250-350 g, that have not previously been treated with any the final bulk vaccine, it may be omitted on the final lot.
material that will interfere with the test. If within 42 days of Osmolality (2.2.35). The osmolality of the vaccine is within
the injection any of the animals shows signs of or dies from the limits approved for the particular preparation.
diphtheria toxaemia or tetanus, the vaccine does not comply
with the test. If more than 1 animal dies from non-specific IDENTIFICATION
causes, repeat the test once ; if more than 1 animal dies in A. Diphtheria toxoid is identified by a suitable
the second test, the vaccine does not comply with the test. immunochemical method (2.7.1). The following method,
The content of bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) in the bulk applicable to certain vaccines, is given as an example.
purified diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid and pertussis Dissolve in the vaccine to be examined sufficient sodium
components is determined to monitor the purification citrate R to give a 100 g/l solution. Maintain at 37 °C for
procedure and to limit the amount in the final vaccine. For about 16 h and centrifuge until a clear supernatant liquid
each component, the content of bacterial endotoxins is less is obtained. The clear supernatant liquid reacts with a
than the limit approved for the particular vaccine. suitable diphtheria antitoxin, giving a precipitate.

774 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and poliomyelitis vaccine

B. Tetanus toxoid is identified by a suitable immunochemical ASSAY

method (2.7.1). The following method, applicable to Diphtheria component. Carry out one of the prescribed
certain vaccines, is given as an example. The clear methods for the assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)
supernatant liquid obtained as described in identification (2.7.6).
test A reacts with a suitable tetanus antitoxin, giving a
precipitate. The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
potency is not less than the minimum potency stated on
C. The pertussis components are identified by a suitable the label.
immunochemical method (2.7.1). The following method, Unless otherwise justified and authorised, the minimum
applicable to certain vaccines, is given as an example. potency stated on the label is 30 IU per single human dose.
The clear supernatant liquid obtained as described in
identification test A reacts with a specific antisera to the Tetanus component. Carry out one of the prescribed
pertussis components of the vaccine. methods for the assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (2.7.8).
The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
D. The assay or, where applicable, the electrophoretic potency is not less than 40 IU per single human dose.
profile, serves also to identify the hepatitis B component
Pertussis component. The vaccine complies with the assay
of the vaccine.
of pertussis vaccine (acellular) (2.7.16).
Hepatitis B component. The vaccine complies with the
TESTS assay of hepatitis B vaccine (2.7.15).
Absence of residual pertussis toxin and irreversibility LABELLING
of pertussis toxoid. This test is not necessary for the
product obtained by genetic modification. Use 3 groups The label states :
each of not fewer than 5 histamine-sensitive mice. Inject — the minimum number of International Units of diphtheria
intraperitoneally into the first group twice the single human and tetanus toxoid per single human dose ;
dose of the vaccine stored at 2-8 °C. Inject intraperitoneally — the names and amounts of the pertussis components per
into the second group twice the single human dose of the single human dose ;
vaccine incubated at 37 °C for 4 weeks. Inject diluent — the amount of HBsAg per single human dose ;
intraperitoneally into the third group of mice. After 5 days,
inject intraperitoneally into each mouse 2 mg of histamine — the type of cells used for production of the hepatitis B
base in a volume not exceeding 0.5 ml and observe for 24 h. component ;
The test is invalid if 1 or more control mice die following — where applicable, that the vaccine is intended for primary
histamine challenge. The vaccine complies with the test if no vaccination of children and is not necessarily suitable for
animal in the first or second group dies following histamine reinforcing doses or for administration to adults ;
challenge. If 1 mouse dies in either or both of the first and — the name and the amount of the adsorbent ;
second groups, the test may be repeated with the same — that the vaccine must be shaken before use ;
number of mice or with a greater number and the results of
valid tests combined ; the vaccine complies with the test if, in — that the vaccine is not to be frozen ;
both of the groups given the vaccine, not more than 5 per — where applicable, that the vaccine contains a pertussis
cent of the total number of mice die following histamine toxin-like protein produced by genetic modification.
challenge.
The histamine sensitivity of the strain of mice used is
verified at suitable intervals as follows : inject intravenously 01/2008:1934
threefold dilutions of a reference pertussis toxin preparation corrected 6.0
in phosphate-buffered saline solution containing 2 g/l of
gelatin and challenge with histamine as above ; the strain is DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS, PERTUSSIS
suitable if more than 50 per cent of the animals are sensitised
by 50 ng of pertussis toxin and none of the control animals (ACELLULAR, COMPONENT) AND
injected with only diluent and challenged similarly with POLIOMYELITIS (INACTIVATED)
histamine show symptoms of sensitisation. VACCINE (ADSORBED)
Pertussis toxin BRP is suitable for use as a reference
pertussis toxin. Vaccinum diphtheriae, tetani, pertussis
Aluminium (2.5.13) : maximum 1.25 mg per single human sine cellulis ex elementis praeparatum et
dose, if aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium
phosphate is used as the adsorbent.
poliomyelitidis inactivatum adsorbatum
Free formaldehyde (2.4.18) : maximum 0.2 g/l. DEFINITION
Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component) and
the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable poliomyelitis (inactivated) vaccine (adsorbed) is a combined
chemical method. The content is not less than the minimum vaccine containing : diphtheria formol toxoid ; tetanus
amount shown to be effective and is not greater than 115 per formol toxoid ; individually purified antigenic components of
cent of the quantity stated on the label. Bordetella pertussis ; suitable strains of human poliovirus
types 1, 2 and 3 grown in suitable cell cultures and
Sterility (2.6.1). The vaccine complies with the test for inactivated by a validated method ; a mineral adsorbent such
sterility. as aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium phosphate.
Pyrogens (2.6.8). The vaccine complies with the test for The formol toxoids are prepared from the toxins produced
pyrogens. Inject the equivalent of 1 human dose into each by the growth of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and
rabbit. Clostridium tetani respectively.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 775
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and poliomyelitis vaccine EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

The vaccine contains either pertussis toxoid or a human poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 or a suitable quantity of a
pertussis-toxin-like protein free from toxic properties trivalent pool of such purified monovalent harvests. Suitable
produced by expression of a genetically modified form of antimicrobial preservatives may be added.
the corresponding gene. Pertussis toxoid is prepared from Only a final bulk vaccine that complies with the following
pertussis toxin by a method that renders the toxin harmless requirements may be used in the preparation of the final lot.
while maintaining adequate immunogenic properties
and avoiding reversion to toxin. The vaccine may also Bovine serum albumin. Determined on the poliomyelitis
contain filamentous haemagglutinin, pertactin (a 69 kDa components by a suitable immunochemical method (2.7.1)
outer-membrane protein) and other defined components after virus harvest and before addition of the adsorbent in
of B. pertussis such as fimbrial-2 and fimbrial-3 antigens. the preparation of the final bulk vaccine, the amount of
The latter 2 antigens may be copurified. The antigenic bovine serum albumin is such that the content in the final
composition and characteristics are based on evidence of vaccine will be not more than 50 ng per single human dose.
protection and freedom from unexpected reactions in the Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine
target group for which the vaccine is intended. the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
chemical method. The amount is not less than 85 per cent
PRODUCTION and not greater than 115 per cent of the intended content.
GENERAL PROVISIONS Sterility (2.6.1). Carry out the test for sterility using 10 ml
The production method shall have been shown to yield for each medium.
consistently vaccines comparable with the vaccine of proven
clinical efficacy and safety in man. FINAL LOT
Only a final lot that is satisfactory with respect to the test
Specific toxicity of the diphtheria and tetanus components. for osmolality and with respect to each of the requirements
The production method is validated to demonstrate that given below under Identification, Tests and Assay may be
the product, if tested, would comply with the following test : released for use.
inject subcutaneously 5 times the single human dose stated
on the label into each of 5 healthy guinea-pigs, each weighing Provided the test for absence of residual pertussis toxin and
250-350 g, that have not previously been treated with any irreversibility of pertussis toxoid, antimicrobial preservative
material that will interfere with the test. If within 42 days of and the assays for the diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis
the injection any of the animals shows signs of or dies from components have been carried out with satisfactory results
diphtheria toxaemia or tetanus, the vaccine does not comply on the final bulk vaccine, they may be omitted on the final
with the test. If more than 1 animal dies from non-specific lot.
causes, repeat the test once ; if more than 1 animal dies in Provided the free formaldehyde content has been determined
the second test, the vaccine does not comply with the test. on the bulk purified antigens or on the final bulk and it has
The content of bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) in bulk purified been shown that the content in the final lot will not exceed
diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, pertussis components 0.2 g/l, the test for free formaldehyde may be omitted on
and purified, inactivated monovalent poliovirus harvests is the final lot.
determined to monitor the purification procedure and to Provided that the determination of D-antigen content has
limit the amount in the final vaccine. For each component, been carried out with satisfactory results during preparation
the content of bacterial endotoxins is less than the limit of the final bulk before addition of the adsorbent, it may be
approved for the particular vaccine and, in any case, the omitted on the final lot.
contents are such that the final vaccine contains less than
100 IU per single human dose. Provided that the in vivo assay for the poliomyelitis
Reference vaccine(s). Provided valid assays can be component has been carried out with satisfactory results on
performed, monocomponent reference vaccines may be used the final bulk vaccine, it may be omitted on the final lot.
for the assays on the combined vaccine. If this is not possible The in vivo assay for the poliomyelitis component may be
because of interaction between the components of the omitted once it has been demonstrated for a given product
combined vaccine or because of the difference in composition and for each poliovirus type that the acceptance criteria
between monocomponent reference vaccine and the test for the D-antigen determination are such that it yields the
vaccine, a batch of combined vaccine shown to be effective same result as the in vivo assay in terms of acceptance or
in clinical trials or a batch representative thereof is used as rejection of a batch. This demonstration must include testing
a reference vaccine. For the preparation of a representative of subpotent batches, produced experimentally if necessary,
batch, strict adherence to the production process used for for example by heat treatment or other means of diminishing
the batch tested in clinical trials is necessary. The reference the immunogenic activity. Where there is a significant
vaccine may be stabilised by a method that has been shown change in the manufacturing process of the antigens or their
to have no effect on the assay procedure. formulation, any impact on the in vivo and in vitro assays
PRODUCTION OF THE COMPONENTS must be evaluated, and the need for revalidation considered.
The production of the components complies with the Osmolality (2.2.35). The osmolality of the vaccine is within
requirements of the monographs on Diphtheria vaccine the limits approved for the particular preparation.
(adsorbed) (0443), Tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (0452),
Pertussis vaccine (acellular, component, adsorbed) (1356) IDENTIFICATION
and Poliomyelitis vaccine (inactivated) (0214).
A. Diphtheria toxoid is identified by a suitable
FINAL BULK VACCINE immunochemical method (2.7.1). The following method,
The final bulk vaccine is prepared by adsorption onto a applicable to certain vaccines, is given as an example.
mineral carrier such as aluminium hydroxide or hydrated Dissolve in the vaccine to be examined sufficient sodium
aluminium phosphate, separately or together, of suitable citrate R to give a 100 g/l solution. Maintain at 37 °C for
quantities of bulk purified diphtheria toxoid, tetanus about 16 h and centrifuge until a clear supernatant liquid
toxoid, acellular pertussis components and admixture of is obtained. The clear supernatant liquid reacts with a
suitable quantities of purified monovalent harvests of suitable diphtheria antitoxin, giving a precipitate.

776 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and poliomyelitis vaccine

B. Tetanus toxoid is identified by a suitable immunochemical Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility.
method (2.7.1). The following method, applicable to
certain vaccines, is given as an example. The clear
supernatant liquid obtained as described in identification ASSAY
test A reacts with a suitable tetanus antitoxin, giving a
precipitate. Diphtheria component. Carry out one of the prescribed
methods for the assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)
(2.7.6).
C. The pertussis components are identified by a suitable
immunochemical method (2.7.1). The following method, The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
applicable to certain vaccines, is given as an example. potency is not less than the minimum potency stated on
The clear supernatant liquid obtained as described in the label.
identification test A reacts with a specific antisera to the
pertussis components of the vaccine. Unless otherwise justified and authorised, the minimum
potency stated on the label is 30 IU per single human dose.
D. The vaccine is shown to contain human poliovirus types 1, Tetanus component. Carry out one of the prescribed
2 and 3 by a suitable immunochemical method (2.7.1) methods for the assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (2.7.8).
such as the determination of D-antigen by enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
potency is not less than 40 IU per single human dose.
Pertussis component. The vaccine complies with the assay
of pertussis vaccine (acellular) (2.7.16).
TESTS Poliomyelitis component
Absence of residual pertussis toxin and irreversibility D-antigen content. As a measure of consistency of
of pertussis toxoid. This test is not necessary for the production, determine the D-antigen content for human
product obtained by genetic modification. Use 3 groups poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 by a suitable immunochemical
each of not fewer than 5 histamine-sensitive mice. Inject method (2.7.1) following desorption, using a reference
intraperitoneally into the first group twice the single human preparation calibrated in European Pharmacopoeia Units
dose of the vaccine stored at 2-8 °C. Inject intraperitoneally of D-antigen. For each type, the content, expressed with
into the second group twice the single human dose of the reference to the amount of D-antigen stated on the label,
vaccine incubated at 37 °C for 4 weeks. Inject diluent is within the limits approved for the particular product.
intraperitoneally into the third group of mice. After 5 days, Poliomyelitis vaccine (inactivated) BRP is calibrated in
inject intraperitoneally into each mouse 2 mg of histamine European Pharmacopoeia Units and intended for use in the
base in a volume not exceeding 0.5 ml and observe for 24 h. assay of D-antigen. The European Pharmacopoeia Unit and
The test is invalid if 1 or more control mice die following the International Unit are equivalent.
histamine challenge. The vaccine complies with the test if no
animal in the first or second group dies following histamine In vivo test. The vaccine complies with the in vivo assay of
challenge. If 1 mouse dies in either or both of the first poliomyelitis vaccine (inactivated) (2.7.20).
and second groups, the test may be repeated with the same
number of mice or with a greater number and the results of
valid tests combined ; the vaccine complies with the test if, in LABELLING
both of the groups given the vaccine, not more than 5 per
cent of the total number of mice die following histamine The label states :
challenge. — the minimum number of International Units of diphtheria
and tetanus toxoid per single human dose ;
The histamine sensitivity of the strain of mice used is
verified at suitable intervals as follows : inject intravenously — the names and amounts of the pertussis components per
threefold dilutions of a reference pertussis toxin preparation single human dose ;
in phosphate-buffered saline solution containing 2 g/l of
gelatin and challenge with histamine as above ; the strain is — the types of poliovirus contained in the vaccine ;
suitable if more than 50 per cent of the animals are sensitised — the nominal amount of poliovirus of each type (1, 2
by 50 ng of pertussis toxin and none of the control animals and 3), expressed in European Pharmacopoeia Units of
injected with only diluent and challenged similarly with D-antigen, per single human dose ;
histamine show symptoms of sensitisation.
— the type of cells used for production of the poliomyelitis
Pertussis toxin BRP is suitable for use as a reference component ;
pertussis toxin.
— where applicable, that the vaccine is intended for primary
Aluminium (2.5.13) : maximum 1.25 mg per single human vaccination of children and is not necessarily suitable for
dose if aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium reinforcing doses or for administration to adults ;
phosphate is used as the adsorbent.
— the name and the amount of the adsorbent ;
Free formaldehyde (2.4.18) : maximum 0.2 g/l.
— that the vaccine must be shaken before use ;
Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine
the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable — that the vaccine is not to be frozen ;
chemical method. The content is not less than the minimum
amount shown to be effective and is not greater than 115 per — where applicable, that the vaccine contains a pertussis
cent of the quantity stated on the label. toxin-like protein produced by genetic modification.

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 777
DIP-TET-PERa-IPV, reduced antigen(s) content EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

01/2008:2329 Specific toxicity of the diphtheria and tetanus components.

The production method is validated to demonstrate that
DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS, PERTUSSIS the product, if tested, would comply with the following test :
inject subcutaneously 5 times the single human dose stated
(ACELLULAR, COMPONENT) AND on the label into each of 5 healthy guinea-pigs, each weighing
POLIOMYELITIS (INACTIVATED) 250-350 g, that have not previously been treated with any
material that will interfere with the test. If within 42 days of
VACCINE (ADSORBED, REDUCED the injection any of the animals shows signs of or dies from
ANTIGEN(S) CONTENT) diphtheria toxaemia or tetanus, the vaccine does not comply
with the test. If more than one animal dies from non-specific
causes, repeat the test once ; if more than one animal dies in
Vaccinum diphtheriae, tetani, pertussis the second test, the vaccine does not comply with the test.
sine cellulis ex elementis praeparatum et The content of bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) in bulk purified
poliomyelitidis inactivatum, antigeni-o(-is) diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid, pertussis components and
inactivated monovalent poliovirus harvests is determined to
minutum, adsorbatum monitor the purification procedure and to limit the amount
in the final vaccine. For each component, the content of
DEFINITION bacterial endotoxins is less than the limit approved for the
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component) and particular vaccine and, in any case, the contents are such
poliomyelitis (inactivated) vaccine (adsorbed, reduced that the final vaccine contains less than 100 IU per single
antigen(s) content) is a combined vaccine containing : human dose.
diphtheria formol toxoid ; tetanus formol toxoid ; individually PRODUCTION OF THE COMPONENTS
purified antigenic components of Bordetella pertussis ;
The production of the components complies with the
suitable strains of human poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 grown
requirements of the monographs on Diphtheria vaccine
in suitable cell cultures and inactivated by a validated
(adsorbed) (0443), Tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (0452),
method ; a mineral adsorbent such as aluminium hydroxide
Pertussis vaccine (acellular, component, adsorbed) (1356)
or hydrated aluminium phosphate.
and Poliomyelitis vaccine (inactivated) (0214).
The formol toxoids are prepared from the toxins produced
FINAL BULK VACCINE
by the growth of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and
Clostridium tetani respectively. The final bulk vaccine is prepared by adsorption onto a
mineral carrier such as aluminium hydroxide or hydrated
The amount of diphtheria toxoid per single human dose is aluminium phosphate, separately or together, of suitable
reduced compared to vaccines generally used for primary quantities of bulk purified diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxoid
vaccination ; the amounts of tetanus toxoid and pertussis and acellular pertussis components, and an admixture
components may also be reduced. of suitable quantities of purified monovalent harvests of
The vaccine contains either pertussis toxoid or a human poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 or a suitable quantity of a
pertussis-toxin-like protein free from toxic properties trivalent pool of such purified monovalent harvests. Suitable
produced by expression of a genetically modified form of antimicrobial preservatives may be added.
the corresponding gene. Pertussis toxoid is prepared from Only a final bulk vaccine that complies with the following
pertussis toxin by a method that renders the toxin harmless requirements may be used in the preparation of the final lot.
while maintaining adequate immunogenic properties
and avoiding reversion to toxin. The vaccine may also Bovine serum albumin. Determined on the poliomyelitis
contain filamentous haemagglutinin, pertactin (a 69 kDa components by a suitable immunochemical method (2.7.1)
outer-membrane protein) and other defined components after virus harvest and before addition of the adsorbent in
of B. pertussis such as fimbrial-2 and fimbrial-3 antigens. the preparation of the final bulk vaccine, the amount of
The latter 2 antigens may be copurified. The antigenic bovine serum albumin is such that the content in the final
composition and characteristics are based on evidence of vaccine will be not more than 50 ng per single human dose.
protection and freedom from unexpected reactions in the Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine
target group for which the vaccine is intended. the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
chemical method. The amount is not less than 85 per cent
PRODUCTION and not greater than 115 per cent of the intended content.
GENERAL PROVISIONS Sterility (2.6.1). Carry out the test for sterility using 10 ml
The production method shall have been shown to yield for each medium.
consistently vaccines comparable with the vaccine of proven FINAL LOT
clinical efficacy and safety in man.
The final bulk vaccine is distributed aseptically into sterile,
Reference vaccine(s). Provided valid assays can be tamper-proof containers. The containers are closed so as to
performed, monocomponent reference vaccines may be used prevent contamination.
for the assays on the combined vaccine. If this is not possible
because of interaction between the components of the Only a final lot that is satisfactory with respect to the test
combined vaccine or because of the difference in composition for osmolality and with respect to each of the requirements
between the monocomponent reference vaccine and the test given below under Identification, Tests and Assay may be
vaccine, a batch of combined vaccine shown to be effective released for use.
in clinical trials or a batch representative thereof is used as Provided the test for absence of residual pertussis toxin and
a reference vaccine. For the preparation of a representative irreversibility of pertussis toxoid, the test for antimicrobial
batch, strict adherence to the production process used for preservative and the assays for the diphtheria, tetanus and
the batch tested in clinical trials is necessary. The reference pertussis components have been carried out with satisfactory
vaccine may be stabilised by a method that has been shown results on the final bulk vaccine, they may be omitted on
to have no effect on the assay procedure. the final lot.

778 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 DIP-TET-PERa-IPV, reduced antigen(s) content

Provided the free formaldehyde content has been determined dose of the vaccine stored at 2-8 °C. Inject intraperitoneally
on the bulk purified antigens or on the final bulk and it has into the second group twice the single human dose of the
been shown that the content in the final lot will not exceed vaccine incubated at 37 °C for 4 weeks. Inject diluent
0.2 g/l, the test for free formaldehyde may be omitted on intraperitoneally into the third group of mice. After 5 days,
the final lot. inject intraperitoneally into each mouse 2 mg of histamine
Provided the determination of D-antigen content cannot base in a volume not exceeding 0.5 ml and observe for 24 h.
be carried out on the final lot, it is carried out during The test is invalid if one or more control mice die following
preparation of the final bulk before addition of the adsorbent. histamine challenge. The vaccine complies with the test if no
animal in the first or second group dies following histamine
Provided the in vivo assay for the poliomyelitis component challenge. If one mouse dies in either or both of the first
has been carried out with satisfactory results on the final and second groups, the test may be repeated with the same
bulk vaccine, it may be omitted on the final lot. number of mice or with a greater number and the results of
The in vivo assay for the poliomyelitis component may be valid tests combined ; the vaccine complies with the test if, in
omitted once it has been demonstrated for a given vaccine both of the groups given the vaccine, not more than 5 per
and for each poliovirus type that the acceptance criteria cent of the total number of mice die following histamine
for the D-antigen determination are such that it yields the challenge.
same result as the in vivo assay in terms of acceptance or The histamine sensitivity of the strain of mice used is
rejection of a batch. This demonstration must include testing verified at suitable intervals as follows : inject intravenously
of subpotent batches, produced experimentally if necessary, threefold dilutions of a reference pertussis toxin preparation
for example by heat treatment or other means of diminishing in phosphate-buffered saline solution containing 2 g/l of
the immunogenic activity. Where there is a significant gelatin and challenge with histamine as above ; the strain is
change in the manufacturing process of the antigens or their suitable if more than 50 per cent of the animals are sensitised
formulation, any impact on the in vivo and in vitro assays by 50 ng of pertussis toxin and none of the control animals
must be evaluated, and the need for revalidation considered. injected with only diluent and challenged similarly with
Osmolality (2.2.35). The osmolality of the vaccine is within histamine show symptoms of sensitisation.
the limits approved for the particular preparation. Pertussis toxin BRP is suitable for use as a reference
pertussis toxin.
IDENTIFICATION
A. Diphtheria toxoid is identified by a suitable Aluminium (2.5.13) : maximum 1.25 mg per single human
immunochemical method (2.7.1). The following method, dose, if aluminium hydroxide or hydrated aluminium
applicable to certain vaccines, is given as an example. phosphate is used as the adsorbent.
Dissolve in the vaccine to be examined sufficient sodium Free formaldehyde (2.4.18) : maximum 0.2 g/l.
citrate R to give a 100 g/l solution. Maintain at 37 °C for Antimicrobial preservative. Where applicable, determine
about 16 h and centrifuge until a clear supernatant liquid the amount of antimicrobial preservative by a suitable
is obtained. The clear supernatant liquid reacts with a chemical method. The content is not less than the minimum
suitable diphtheria antitoxin, giving a precipitate. If a amount shown to be effective and is not greater than 115 per
satisfactory result is not obtained with a vaccine adsorbed cent of the quantity stated on the label.
on aluminium hydroxide, carry out the test as follows.
Centrifuge 15 ml of the vaccine to be examined and Sterility (2.6.1). It complies with the test for sterility.
suspend the residue in 5 ml of a freshly prepared mixture ASSAY
of 1 volume of a 56 g/l solution of sodium edetate R and
49 volumes of a 90 g/l solution of disodium hydrogen Diphtheria component. Carry out one of the prescribed
phosphate R. Maintain at 37 °C for not less than 6 h and methods for the assay of diphtheria vaccine (adsorbed)
centrifuge. The clear supernatant liquid reacts with a (2.7.6).
suitable diphtheria antitoxin, giving a precipitate. The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
B. Tetanus toxoid is identified by a suitable immunochemical potency is not less than 2 IU per single human dose.
method (2.7.1). The following method, applicable to Tetanus component. Carry out one of the prescribed
certain vaccines, is given as an example. The clear methods for the assay of tetanus vaccine (adsorbed) (2.7.8).
supernatant liquid obtained as described in identification The lower confidence limit (P = 0.95) of the estimated
test A reacts with a suitable tetanus antitoxin, giving a potency is not less than 20 IU per single human dose.
precipitate.
C. The pertussis components are identified by a suitable Pertussis component. The vaccine complies with the assay
immunochemical method (2.7.1). The following method, of pertussis vaccine (acellular) (2.7.16).
applicable to certain vaccines, is given as an example. Poliomyelitis component
The clear supernatant liquid obtained as described in D-antigen content. As a measure of consistency of
identification test A reacts with a specific antisera to the production, determine the D-antigen content for human
pertussis components of the vaccine. poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 by a suitable immunochemical
D. The vaccine is shown to contain human poliovirus types method (2.7.1) following desorption, using a reference
1, 2 and 3 by a suitable immunochemical method (2.7.1) preparation calibrated in European Pharmacopoeia Units
such as the determination of D-antigen by enzyme-linked of D-antigen. For each type, the content, expressed with
immunosorbent assay (ELISA). reference to the amount of D-antigen stated on the label,
is within the limits approved for the particular product.
TESTS Poliomyelitis vaccine (inactivated) BRP is calibrated in
Absence of residual pertussis toxin and irreversibility European Pharmacopoeia Units and intended for use in the
of pertussis toxoid. This test is not necessary for the assay of D-antigen. The European Pharmacopoeia Unit and
product obtained by genetic modification. Use 3 groups the International Unit are equivalent.
each of not fewer than 5 histamine-sensitive mice. Inject In vivo test. The vaccine complies with the in vivo assay of
intraperitoneally into the first group twice the single human poliomyelitis vaccine (inactivated) (2.7.20).

General Notices (1) apply to all monographs and other texts 779
DIP-TET-PERa-HBV-IPV-HIB EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0

LABELLING component may also contain filamentous haemagglutinin,

The label states : pertactin (a 69 kDa outer-membrane protein) and other
defined components of B. pertussis such as fimbrial-2 and
— the minimum number of International Units of diphtheria fimbrial-3 antigens. The latter 2 antigens may be copurified.
and tetanus toxoid per single human dose ; The antigenic composition and characteristics are based
— the names and amounts of the pertussis components per on evidence of protection and freedom from unexpected
single human dose ; reactions in the target group for which the vaccine is
— where applicable, that the vaccine contains a pertussis intended.
toxin-like protein produced by genetic modification ; Hepatitis B surface antigen is a component protein of
— the types of poliovirus contained in the vaccine ; hepatitis B virus ; the antigen is obtained by recombinant
— the nominal amount of poliovirus of each type (1, 2 DNA technology.
and 3), expressed in European Pharmacopoeia Units of PRP is a linear copolymer composed of repeated units of 3-β-
D-antigen, per single human dose ; D-ribofuranosyl-(1 → 1)-ribitol-5-phosphate [(C10H19O12P)n],
— the type of cells used for production of the poliomyelitis with a defined molecular size and derived from a suitable
component ; strain of Haemophilus influenzae type b. The carrier
protein, when conjugated to PRP, is capable of inducing
— the name and the amount of the adsorbent ; a T-cell-dependent B-cell immune response to the
— that the vaccine must be shaken before use ; polysaccharide.
— that the vaccine is not to be frozen.
PRODUCTION
GENERAL PROVISIONS
The production method shall have been shown to yield
01/2008:2067 consistently vaccines comparable with the vaccine of proven
corrected 6.0 clinical efficacy and safety in man.
If the vaccine is presented with the haemophilus component
DIPHTHERIA, TETANUS, PERTUSSIS in a separate vial, as part of consistency studies the assays
(ACELLULAR, COMPONENT), of the diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and
HEPATITIS B (rDNA), POLIOMYELITIS poliomyelitis components are carried out on a suitable
number of batches of vaccine reconstituted as for use. For
(INACTIVATED) AND HAEMOPHILUS subsequent routine control, the assays of these components
TYPE b CONJUGATE VACCINE may be carried out without mixing with the haemophilus
component.
(ADSORBED) Specific toxicity of the diphtheria and tetanus components.
The production method is validated to demonstrate that
Vaccinum diphtheriae, tetani, pertussis the product, if tested, would comply with the following test :
sine cellulis ex elementis praeparatum, inject subcutaneously 5 times the single human dose stated
on the label into each of 5 healthy guinea-pigs, each weighing
hepatitidis B (ADNr), poliomyelitidis 250-350 g, that have not previously been treated with any
inactivatum et haemophili stirpi b material that will interfere with the test. If within 42 days of
the injection any of the animals shows signs of or dies from
coniugatum adsorbatum diphtheria, toxaemia or tetanus, the vaccine does not comply
DEFINITION with the test. If more than 1 animal dies from non-specific
causes, repeat the test once ; if more than 1 animal dies in
Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (acellular, component),
the second test, the vaccine does not comply with the test.
hepatitis B (rDNA), poliomyelitis (inactivated) and
haemophilus type b conjugate vaccine (adsorbed) is a The content of bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14) in bulk purified
combined vaccine composed of: diphtheria formol toxoid ; diphtheria toxoid, bulk purified tetanus toxoid, bulk purified
tetanus formol toxoid ; individually purified antigenic pertussis components, the hepatitis B surface antigen, the
components of Bordetella pertussis ; hepatitis B surface purified, inactivated monovalent poliovirus harvests and bulk
antigen (HBsAg) ; human poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 grown PRP conjugate is determined to monitor the purification
in suitable cell cultures and inactivated by a suitable method ; procedure and to limit the amount in the final vaccine. For
polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) covalently bound to each component, the content of bacterial endotoxins is not
a carrier protein. The antigens in the vaccine may be greater than the limit approved.
adsorbed on a mineral carrier such as aluminium hydroxide During development studies and wherever revalidation is
or hydrated aluminium phosphate. The product may be necessary a test for pyrogens in rabbits (2.6.8) is carried out
presented with the haemophilus component in a separate by injection of a suitable dose of the final lot. The vaccine is
container, the contents of which are mixed with the other shown to be acceptable with respect to absence of pyrogenic
components immediately before or during use. activity.
The formol toxoids are prepared from the toxins produced During development studies and wherever revalidation
by the growth of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and is necessary, it shall be demonstrated by tests in animals
Clostridium tetani respectively. that the vaccine induces a T-cell-dependent B-cell immune
The vaccine contains either pertussis toxoid or a response to PRP.
pertussis-toxin-like protein free from toxic properties The stability of the final lot and relevant intermediates
produced by expression of a genetically modified form of is evaluated using one or more indicator tests. For
the corresponding gene. Pertussis toxoid is prepared from the haemophilus component, such tests may include
pertussis toxin by a method that renders the toxin harmless determination of molecular size, determination of free
while maintaining adequate immunogenic properties PRP in the conjugate and kinetics of depolymerisation.
and avoiding reversion to toxin. The acellular pertussis Taking account of the results of the stability testing, release

780 See the information section on general monographs (cover pages)

EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0 DIP-TET-PERa-HBV-IPV-HIB

requirements are set for these indicator tests to ensure that Sterility (2.6.1). Carry out the test for sterility using 10 ml
the vaccine will be satisfactory at the end of the period of for each medium.
validity. FINAL LOT
Reference vaccine(s). Provided valid assays can be Where the haemophilus component is in a separate
performed, monocomponent reference vaccines may be used container, the final bulk of the haemophilus component is
for the assays on the combined vaccine. If this is not possible freeze-dried. Only a final lot that is satisfactory with respect
because of interaction between the components of the to the t