c04.

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182 Chapter 4 Structures

PROBLEMS 4/4 Determine the force in each member of the loaded

truss.
Introductory Problems
D 6m C
4/1 Determine the force in each member of the loaded
truss. Explain why knowledge of the lengths of the
members is unnecessary.
5m 5m
Ans. AB
1.2 kN C, AC
1.039 kN T 5000 N
BC
2.08 kN C

A 45° B
2.4 kN
6m

B Problem 4/4

4/5 Determine the force in each member of the loaded

truss.
A 30° 60° C Ans. AB
5.63 kN C, AF
3.38 kN T
BC
4.13 kN C, BE
0.901 kN T
BF
4 kN T, CD
6.88 kN C
CE
5.50 kN T, DE
4.13 kN T
Problem 4/1 EF
3.38 kN T

4/2 Determine the force in each member of the loaded B C

truss. Identify any zero-force members by inspection.

8 kN 4m
A 3m 6m 3m D
F E
D

4 kN 6 kN
2.1 m
Problem 4/5
A 3.6 m 3.6 m C
B 4/6 Calculate the force in each member of the loaded
truss. All triangles are isosceles.
Problem 4/2
6 kN B C
4/3 Determine the force in each member of the loaded
truss. 4m
Ans. AB
3000 N T, AC
4240 N C, CD
4240 N T
AD
3000 N C, BC
6000 N T A D
6m E 6m
B 2m C
45° 8 kN

Problem 4/6
2m

45°
45° 45° D
A 4m

3000 N

Problem 4/3
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Article 4/3 Problems 183

4/7 Determine the force in member AC of the loaded 4/10 Determine the forces in members BE and CE of the
truss. The two quarter-circular members act as two- loaded truss.
force members.
L 5 kN
Ans. AC
T
2

L 3 kN
B

3m C
B

A 45° D
3m E 3m

BC = CD
A C
Problem 4/10

Problem 4/7
Representative Problems
4/8 Determine the force in each member of the loaded
4/11 Calculate the forces in members CG and CF for the
truss. Make use of the symmetry of the truss and of
truss shown.
the loading.
Ans. CG
2.24 kN T, CF
1 kN C
B C D
2 kN
4m
E 2m B 2m C 2m D
5m 5m 5m 5m A
A
H G F

4 kN G
30 kN 60 kN 30 kN 3m

Problem 4/8 F

4/9 Determine the force in each member of the loaded E

truss.
Ans. AB
14.42 kN T, AC
2.07 kN C, AD
0 Problem 4/11
BC
6.45 kN T, BD
12.89 kN C
4/12 Each member of the truss is a uniform 8-m bar with
A a mass of 400 kg. Calculate the average tension or
compression in each member due to the weights of
2m the members.

4m E D
B
D

3m

C 60° 60° 60° 60°

A C
8m B 8m

5 kN
15° Problem 4/12

Problem 4/9
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184 Chapter 4 Structures

4/13 A drawbridge is being raised by a cable EI. The four 4/15 Determine the forces in members BC and BG of the
joint loadings shown result from the weight of the loaded truss.
roadway. Determine the forces in members EF, DE, Ans. BC
3.46 kN C, BG
1.528 kN T
DF, CD, and FG.
Ans. EF
15.46 kN C, DE
18.43 kN T 3 kN 3 kN
DF
17.47 kN C, CD
10.90 kN T
FG
29.1 kN C 2m
C D
I
2m 2m
4m E 2m 2m
50° B E
4m F m H
3.2
4m 2m 2m
G

H D A F
3m G 3m
C
8 kN
B
20° 2 kN
A 16 kN

16 kN Problem 4/15

8 kN 4/16 Determine the forces in members BI, CI, and HI for

the loaded truss. All angles are 30
, 60
, or 90
.
Problem 4/13
C D
4/14 The truss is composed of equilateral triangles of
sides a and is loaded and supported as shown. Deter- B E
mine the forces in members EF, DE, and DF.

A F
A a I a H a G a
30° – –
2 2
G L
4 kN 2 kN
a
F Problem 4/16
a
B
a E

C
30°

Problem 4/14
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Article 4/3 Problems 185

4/17 Determine the forces in members AF, BE, BF, and 4/19 A snow load transfers the forces shown to the upper
CE of the loaded truss. joints of a Pratt roof truss. Neglect any horizontal
Ans. AF
6.13 kN T, BE
5.59 kN T reactions at the supports and solve for the forces in
BF
6.50 kN C, CE
5 kN C all members.
Ans. AB
DE
BC
CD
3.35 kN C
D AH
EF
3 kN T, BH
DF
1 kN C
6 kN
CF
CH
1.414 kN T, FG
GH
2 kN T

2m 1 kN
C
5 kN E 1 kN C 1 kN

2m 1 kN B D 1 kN
2m
B
4 kN F A E
2m H 2m G 2m F 2m
2m
Problem 4/19
A
G
4/20 The loading of Prob. 4/19 is shown applied to a Howe
roof truss. Neglect any horizontal reactions at the
3m supports and solve for the forces in all members.
Compare with the results of Prob. 4/19.
Problem 4/17
1 kN
4/18 The signboard truss is designed to support a hori-
zontal wind load of 4 kN. A separate analysis shows 1 kN C 1 kN
that 58 of this force is transmitted to the center con-
nection at C and the rest is equally divided between 1 kN B D 1 kN
2m
D and B. Calculate the forces in members BE and
BC.
A E
2m H 2m G 2m F 2m
D
Problem 4/20
2m
C E 4/21 Determine the force in each member of the pair of
4 kN
trusses which support the 20-kN load at their com-
2m
mon joint C.
B F
2m Ans. AB
BC
BG
0, AG
CG
11.55 kN C
2m
20 kN
A G

B C D
2m 1m
60° 60°
Problem 4/18

G F

60° 60°
A E

Problem 4/21
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186 Chapter 4 Structures

4/22 Determine the force in member BF of the loaded 4/24 Verify the fact that each of the trusses contains one
truss. or more elements of redundancy and propose two
separate changes, either one of which would remove
A the redundancy and produce complete statical deter-
B minacy. All members can support compression as
well as tension.

2R H C E C E
C
G
F A F A F
R 30° B D B D
30°
30°
D
O E
(a) (b)

L L
F
Problem 4/22 C D C D

4/23 The rectangular frame is composed of four perimeter E E

A B A B
two-force members and two cables AC and BD which
are incapable of supporting compression. Determine
the forces in all members due to the load L in posi-
(c) (d)
tion (a) and then in position (b).
Ans. (a) AB
AD
BD
0, BC
L C
Problem 4/24
5L 4L
AC
T, CD
C
3 3
4/25 Determine the forces in members AC and AD of the
(b) AB
AD
BC
BD
0 loaded truss.
5L 4L Ans. AC
AD
3.12 kN C
AC
T, CD
C
3 3
A 1.2 m B
25°
L 40°
C
(a)
A 2 kN
4d 1.2 m D
B

1.2 m
3d
E

C Problem 4/25
D (b)

Problem 4/23
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Article 4/3 Problems 187

4/26 Analysis of the wind acting on a small Hawaiian
4/28 Determine the force in member CM of the loaded
church, which withstood the 280-km/h winds of truss.
Hurricane Iniki in 1992, showed the forces transmit- Ans. CM
3.41L T
ted to each roof truss panel to be as shown. Treat
the structure as a symmetrical simple truss and ne- 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
glect any horizontal component of the support reac- D E F
tion at A. Identify the truss member which supports C G
the largest force, tension or compression, and calcu- L
M K
late this force.
B N J H
9.80 kN L L L
A I
D L L
28.0 kN Arc of radius 16 m
Arc of radius 18 m
C
E
Problem 4/28

6m F

18.20 kN

A B
24.0 kN

9m

Problem 4/26

4/27 The tower for a transmission line is modeled by the

truss shown. The crossed members in the center sec-
tions of the truss may be assumed to be capable of
supporting tension only. For the loads of 1.8 kN ap-
plied in the vertical plane, compute the forces in-
duced in members AB, DB, and CD.
Ans. AB
3.89 kN C, DB
0, CD
0.932 kN C

5 panels at 3 m
H I J D E A

3m
G B
1.8 kN F C 1.8 kN
3 m 15° 15°
K L
3m

5m

Problem 4/27
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192 Chapter 4 Structures

PROBLEMS 4/32 Determine the forces in members GH and CG for

the truss loaded and supported as shown. Does the
Introductory Problems statical indeterminacy of the supports affect your
calculation?
4/29 Determine the forces in members CG and GH.
Ans. CG
0, GH
27 kN T J 4m H 4m G 4m F

7 panels at 3 m
4m
B C D E

A
4m 4m B 4m C 4m D
A F 60°
H G E
50 kN

12 kN 12 kN Problem 4/32

Problem 4/29 4/33 Determine the force in member DG of the loaded

truss.
4/30 Determine the force in member AE of the loaded Ans. DG
L T
truss.
5 panels at 4 m
2.4 kN 3.2 kN
L L L L L L

A 2m B 2m C E D C

1m 4 3 4
3
7
2m A F G
D H
12
E

Problem 4/30
B

4/31 Determine the force in member BC of the loaded

Dimensions in meters
truss.
Ans. BC
24.1 kN T
Problem 4/33

15 kN 25 kN 20 kN
4/34 Determine the force in member BE of the loaded
truss.
2m C 2m
B D
A L
1.5 m
L
3m 3m E B
H L
C
A F
3m 20° D
G F E
Problem 4/31 d d d d d
–– –– –– –– ––
6 6 6 6 3
AH = GH

Problem 4/34
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Article 4/4 Problems 193

Representative Problems 4/38 Determine the forces in members BC and FG of the

loaded symmetrical truss. Show that this calculation
4/35 Determine the forces in members DE and DL. can be accomplished by using one section and two
Ans. DE
24 kN T, DL
33.9 kN C equations, each of which contains only one of the
two unknowns. Are the results affected by the stati-
2m 2m 2m 2m cal indeterminacy of the supports at the base?
D E F G H D 2m 2m
1200 N E
K
2m 1m
2m
C I 0.5 m
K J C J
L 800 N F
2m 8 kN
2m
B M
B I
400 N G
2m
2m
A N
A H

Problem 4/35
Problem 4/38
4/36 Calculate the forces in members BC, BE, and EF.
Solve for each force from an equilibrium equation 4/39 The truss shown is composed of 45
right triangles.
which contains that force as the only unknown. The crossed members in the center two panels are
slender tie rods incapable of supporting compres-
14 kN
sion. Retain the two rods which are under tension
and compute the magnitudes of their tensions. Also
A 3m B 3m C 3m find the force in member MN.
D Ans. FN
GM
84.8 kN T, MN
20 kN T
2m J H G F E D
3m 3m C
80 kN
E
K L M N O
G F
A B
Problem 4/36 100 kN

4/37 Calculate the forces in members BC, CD, and CG of

Problem 4/39
the loaded truss composed of equilateral triangles,
each of side length 8 m.
Ans. BC
1.155 kN T, CD
5.20 kN T
CG
4.04 kN C

A B C D E

5 kN
J 8m
I H G F

3 kN

Problem 4/37
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194 Chapter 4 Structures

4/40 Determine the force in member BF. 4/43 Determine the forces in members DE, DL, LM, and
EL of the loaded symmetrical truss.
D Ans. DE
4.80L C, DL
0.0446L T, LM
4.54L T
EL
3.80L T

C L

L L
B E
L L
L D F L
–– ––
A 30° 2 2
C G
L
15° G 30°
B M K H
F 3m N J
E A 25°
36 kN 12 kN I
2m 2m 2m
4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
Problem 4/40
Problem 4/43
4/41 Determine the forces in members CD, CJ, and DJ.
Ans. CD
0.562L C, CJ
1.562L T 4/44 Determine the forces in members DQ and CQ of the
DJ
1.250L C loaded symmetrical truss.

6 panels at 3 m N H
M I
L K J
M L K J I H
4m O T
P Q R S
4m 5 m 3.5 m
5m
A 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m G
B C D E F G B C D E F
A
L L L L L L L L L L L L L
–– ––
2 2
Problem 4/41
Problem 4/44
4/42 Compute the force in member HN of the loaded
truss. 4/45 Calculate the forces in members CB, CG, and FG for
the loaded truss without first calculating the force in
L any other member.
L L Ans. CB
56.2 kN C, CG
13.87 kN T
L L FG
19.62 kN T
L F L
L L
–– E G ––
2 2
D H
C I
6m

B J
2m 2m
A K
R Q P O N M L
8 panels at 3 m

Problem 4/42
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Article 4/4 Problems 195

E 4/48 Determine the forces in members DE, EI, FI, and HI

3m of the arched roof truss.

3m F 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 4
3m
3m 100
D 75 kN kN 75 kN
3m
C 25 kN D 25 kN
G
C E 3
3m 4
B F
B
J I
H
3m
2000 kg K H
60° J 14
A
A G
Dimensions in meters
Problem 4/45

4/46 The hinged frames ACE and DFB are connected by Problem 4/48
two hinged bars, AB and CD, which cross without
being connected. Compute the force in AB. 4/49 Determine the force in member GK of the loaded
symmetrical truss.
5m Ans. GK
2.13L T
A D
10 kN
6 panels at 3 m

C B B C D E F G H
6m
4m
E F
6m

3m 2m 3m M L K I
A N J
Problem 4/46
L L L
L L
4/47 Determine the force in member JM of the loaded L Arc of radius 25 m L
–– ––
truss. 2 2
Ans. JM
0.0901L T
Problem 4/49
D
C E
B F 4/50 Determine the force in member CL of the loaded
truss. The radius of curvature of the upper chord
M
5m
N
BCDEFG is 30 m.
4m 4m
A 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m 3m G Arc of radius 30 m
D E
L K J I H C F
B G
O
L L L L L L L
–– –– 6m
2 2 H
6m 6m 6m 6m 6m
A
N M L K J I
Problem 4/47
3m 3m
L L L L L L

Problem 4/50
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196 Chapter 4 Structures

4/51 Determine the force in member DK of the loaded 1.5 m H

overhead sign truss. 1.5 m I 1m
3m
1.5 m J
Ans. DK
5 kN T M 1.5 m K
G
N L F
6 panels at 4 m 15° E
2.25 m
B C D E F 60° 60°
G D
A
2.5 m O C
T P
O P Q R S
2.5 m 2.25 m 1000 kg
H
N
M L K J I A B

5 kN 10 kN 20 kN
10 m Problem 4/53

4/54 A design model for a transmission-line tower is

shown in the figure. Members GH, FG, OP, and NO
U V are insulated cables; all other members are steel
bars. For the loading shown, compute the forces in
members FI, FJ, EJ, EK, and ER. Use a combina-
Problem 4/51 tion of methods if desired.
Ans. FI
ER
0, FJ
7.81 kN T

4/52 Determine the force in member DG of the compound EJ
3.61 kN C, EK
22.4 kN C
truss. The joints all lie on radial lines subtending an-
gles of 15
as indicated, and the curved members act 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m 4m
as two-force members. Distance OC
OA
OB
R.
K
Ans. DG
0.569L C
J L
I M 6m
15°
H N
E C
60° F E Q P 60°
G 30° 30° O 6m
F
L D R
D G
25 kN 25 kN 6m
1R
1. C S
H R
0.9
A B
6m
O
R B T

6m
Problem 4/52 A U

4/53 Determine the force in member CK of the loaded

truss. 5.4 m
Ans. CK
9290 N C
Problem 4/54
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200 Chapter 4 Structures

PROBLEMS 4 kN

(In the following problems, use plus for tension and minus
for compression.)

4/55 Determine the forces in members AB, AC, and AD.

Point M is the centroid of triangle BCD. A
Ans. TAB
6.43 kN, TAC
0, TAD
6.43 kN

4 kN
A
400 mm

3m
B D

250 mm
D C
2m
B y
M Problem 4/56
2m
2m 4/57 The space truss in the form of a tetrahedron is sup-
C ported by ball-and-socket connections at its base
points A and B and is prevented from rotating about
AB by the vertical tie bar CD. After noting the verti-
x cal components of the reactions under the symmetri-
cal truss at A and B, draw a free-body diagram of the
Problem 4/55
triangular configuration of links BDE and determine
the x-component of the force exerted by the founda-
4/56 The base of an automobile jackstand forms an equi-
tion on the truss at B.
lateral triangle of side length 250 mm and is cen-
Ans. Bx
P
tered under the collar A. Model the structure as one
with a ball and socket at each joint and determine z
the forces in members BC, BD, and CD. Neglect any E
horizontal reaction components under the feet B, C,
and D. D
B P b

y
b
C

b A
b
b
x

Problem 4/57
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Article 4/5 Problems 201

4/58 The rectangular space truss 16 m in height is 4/60 For the space truss shown, check the sufficiency of
erected on a horizontal square base 12 m on a side. the supports and also the number of and arrange-
Guy wires are attached to the structure at E and G ment of the members to ensure statical determinacy,
as shown and are tightened until the tension T in both external and internal. Determine the forces in
each wire is 9 kN. Calculate the force F in each of members AE, BE, BF, and CE.
the diagonal members.
y
H

E G
F
C 1.5a
16 m

T T
D B x
D z
a
A C
6m 6m a
12 A
m m E
12 a
B

L
F L
Problem 4/58
Problem 4/60
4/59 The tetrahedral space truss has a horizontal base
ABC in the form of an isosceles triangle and legs AD, 4/61 Determine the force in member BD of the regular
BD, and CD which support the mass m from point D. pyramid with square base.
Each vertex of the base is suspended by a vertical Ans. DB
2.00L
wire from an overhead support. Calculate the forces
induced in members AC and AB. 2L
4 5
Ans. FAC
54mg, FAB
27 mg
A

z
y
B
3m 6a
4m
1m E
A
C 4m
B D L
6m x
5a
5a C

Problem 4/61
m

Problem 4/59
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202 Chapter 4 Structures

4/62 A space truss is being designed with the elements 4/64 The pyramidal truss section BCDEF is symmetric
shown. How many more members are needed to about the vertical x-z plane as shown. Cables AE,
make the truss stable internally? Name the members AF, and AB support a 5-kN load. Determine the
(by specifying their end points) which would produce force in member BE.
one possible configuration of internal stability.
360
z mm 360
mm
C
300 mm
D
300 mm

E F 360 mm
B
F
O
360 mm
E
x A z
y
C
440 mm
y
B A x

Problem 4/62 5 kN

Problem 4/64
4/63 The space truss shown is secured to the fixed sup-
ports at A, B, and E and is loaded by the force L
which has equal x- and y-components but no vertical
4/65 The lengthy boom of an overhead construction
z-component. Show that there is a sufficient number crane, a portion of which is shown, is an example of
of members to provide internal stability and that a periodic structure—one which is composed of
their placement is adequate for this purpose. Next repeated and identical structural units. Use the
determine the forces in members CD, BC, and CE. method of sections to find the forces in members FJ
and GJ.
L2 L3
Ans. FBC
, FCD
0, FCE
 Ans. FJ
0, GJ
70.8 kN
4 2

y 2m
2m 1m
K
x a A a H
E B
a
D L
I
M F
B 2m J C
2m G A
C 2m D
2m
2a BC = BD = CD = 2 m

5000 kg
E L
45° Problem 4/65
F
a
z

Problem 4/63
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Article 4/5 Problems 203

4/66 A space truss consists of two pyramids on identical L

square bases in the horizontal x-y plane with com- B
mon side DG. The truss is loaded at the vertex A by b
the downward force L and is supported by the verti- A
cal reactions shown at its corners. All members ex- b H
cept the two base diagonals are of the same length b.
Take advantage of the two vertical planes of symme- b
R2
try and determine the forces in AB and DA. (Note
G
that link AB prevents the two pyramids from hing- C b F
ing about DG.)
b
2L
Ans. AB
 R2 D b
4 R1
z b
2L E
DA

8
R1
y
x

Problem 4/66
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210 Chapter 4 Structures

PROBLEMS 4/69 For an 80-N squeeze on the handles of the pliers, de-
termine the force F applied to the round rod by each
Introductory Problems jaw. In addition, calculate the force supported by the
(Unless otherwise instructed, neglect the mass of the pin at A.
various members and all friction in the problems which Ans. F
217 N, A
297 N
follow.)
80 N
35 mm 95 mm
4/67 Determine the force in member BD and the forces
supported by all pins in the loaded frame.
Ans. BD
9.66 kN, A
8.09 kN
B
D
9.66 kN

2.5 kN A

0.8 m
C
0.8 m 15°
B

A 80 N

Problem 4/69
45°
D 4/70 Compute the force supported by the pin at A for the
slip-joint pliers under a grip of 100 N.
Problem 4/67
270 mm
45°
m

4/68 Determine the force supported by each pin of the

m

100 N
60

loaded truss.

A A
30°
R
45° 100 N
M
C Problem 4/70

4/71 Determine the force supported by the roller at E.

D
Ans. E
150 N
Problem 4/68
D

0.3 m
C E

0.3 m
200 N
B 0.6 m
0.3 m
A F

1.2 m

Problem 4/71
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Article 4/6 Problems 211

4/72 Calculate the magnitude of the force acting on the 4/75 The handheld press is useful for such tasks as
pin at D. Pin C is fixed in DE and bears against the squeezing rivets or punching holes. What force P is
smooth slot in the triangular plate. applied to the sheet metal at E for the 60-N forces
applied to the handles?
Ans. P
2050 N
E

80 mm 60 N
100 N
205 mm
B
C A

140 mm 6 mm
120 mm 55 mm
C
A D D 17 mm
52 mm 27 mm

160 mm B

Problem 4/72 E
60 N
4/73 Determine the reaction at the roller F for the frame
loaded as shown.
Ans. F
800 N Problem 4/75

0.2 m 0.2 m 4/76 The device shown is used to straighten bowed deck-
ing boards just prior to final nailing to the joists.
There is a lower bracket (not shown) at O which
0.3 m D E
F fixes the part OA to a joist, so that the pivot A may
be considered fixed. For a given force P exerted per-
60°
C pendicular to the handle ABC as shown, determine
A B the corresponding normal force N applied to the
250 N bent board near point B. Neglect friction.
0.5 m 0.3 m
O
Problem 4/73 A
2°
B
4/74 Given the values of the load L and dimension R, for
175 mm
what value of the couple M will the force in link CH
be zero?

R R R
500 mm
P
H
C

15°
D C B M A
F G Problem 4/76
E

R 2R

Problem 4/74
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212 Chapter 4 Structures

4/77 The “jaws-of-life” device is utilized by rescuers to Representative Problems

pry apart wreckage, thus helping to free accident
victims. If a pressure of 3.5 MPa is developed behind 4/79 The wingnut B of the collapsible bucksaw is tight-
the piston P of area 13(103) mm2, determine the ver- ened until the tension in rod AB is 200 N. Determine
tical force R which is exerted by the jaw tips on the the force in the saw blade EF and the magnitude F
wreckage for the position shown. Note that link AB of the force supported by pin C.
and its counterpart are both horizontal in the figure Ans. EF
100 N T, F
300 N
for this position.
Ans. R
5.06 kN 25° 25°

R
A B
100 80 mm
C
25 31.25 D
25 P 31.25
A 160 mm
100 B
C
R
E F

450
50 25

Dimensions in millimeters
Problem 4/79
Problem 4/77
4/80 The elements of a floor jack are shown in the figure.
4/78 Determine the moment M which must be applied at The figure CDFE is a parallelogram. Calculate the
A to keep the frame in static equilibrium in the posi- force in the hydraulic cylinder AB corresponding to
tion shown. Also calculate the magnitude of the pin the 10-kN load supported as shown. What is the
reaction at A. force in link EF ?

E 10 kN
114 222 30
1.25 m
D
C 1.5 m D
150 kg 30
1m 68.4 C
F
1m
M 60° 60° 60 A
A B E
B

Problem 4/78 Dimensions in millimeters

Problem 4/80
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Article 4/6 Problems 213

4/81 The device shown is used for lifting 55-gallon drums. D

Determine the magnitude of the force exerted at B.
Ans. B
1.855 kN

2.2 kN 0.5 m

293 mm 33 mm E
C
A B F
A 90 mm
B
60 kg
240 mm
0.4 m 0.4 m 0.4 m

D C Problem 4/83

4/84 If a force F
15 N is required to release the spring-

loaded clamps, what are the normal reactions at A
and B if F
0?

586 mm 18 21 32
F
mm mm mm
Problem 4/81
C E
A
4/82 Calculate the x- and y-components of the force C
which member BC exerts on member ACD. The ca- O
bles are wrapped securely around the two pulleys,
which are fastened together.
B
D G
2m
0.25 m
B 0.5 m F
45°
Problem 4/84
D

2m
C
y

A x
m = 100 kg

Problem 4/82

4/83 Determine the magnitude of the pin reaction at A

and the magnitude and direction of the force reac-
tion at the rollers. The pulleys at C and D are small.
Ans. A
999 N, F
314 N up
c04.qxd 11/6/07 4:17 PM Page 214

214 Chapter 4 Structures

4/85 The figure illustrates a common problem associated 4/86 The ramp is used as passengers board a small com-
with simple structures. Under the loadings L, the muter airplane. The total mass of the ramp and six
rafters can rotate, the ridge beam at A can lower, passengers is 750 kg with mass center at G. Deter-
and the walls BC and DE can rotate outward, as mine the force in the hydraulic cylinder AB and the
shown in part b of the figure. This phenomenon is magnitude of the pin reaction at C.
sometimes clearly observed in old wooden farm
structures as a central sagging of the ridge beam
when viewed from the side. A simple remedy is
shown in part a of the figure. A chain or cable is
stretched between fasteners at B and E, and the
G
turnbuckle F is tightened until a proper tension is
achieved, thereby preventing the outward tilting of
the walls. For given values of the dimension d and 740 mm B
the point loads L (which result from the distributed A
loads of the rafter and roofing weights and any addi- C
tional loads such as snow), calculate the tension T
required so that there are no outward forces on the 605 mm 1210 mm 2300 mm
walls at B and E. Assume that the support of the
Problem 4/86
rafters at the ridge beam is purely horizontal and
that all joints are free to rotate.
Ans. T
24 L 4/87 A small bolt cutter operated by hand for cutting
35 small bolts and rods is shown in the sketch. For a
d d d hand grip P
150 N, determine the force Q devel-
–– –– ––
6 3 2 oped by each jaw on the rod to be cut.
L A L Ans. Q
2.7 kN

P
7 20 60 30 180
12

B F E

(a)

C D

L L Dimensions in millimeters
A
P

Problem 4/87

(b)

Problem 4/85
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Article 4/6 Problems 215

4/88 The clamp shown in the figure is frequently used in 4/90 When the crank AB is vertical, the beam CD is hori-
welding operations. Determine the clamping force zontal and the cable makes a 20
angle with the hori-
on the two metal pieces at E and the magnitudes of zontal. Compute the moment M required for
the forces supported by pins A, B, and D. equilibrium of the frame.

1m 2m
C D
E
M
0.65 m E 0.6 m
72

D 0.5 m A 0.20 m

B C 16.8 B
7.2 20°
A m = 100 kg

72 Problem 4/90

60 N 60 N
4/91 A 75-N force is applied to the handle OAB of the
cork puller. Determine the extraction force F ex-
14.4 14.4
erted on the cork.
66 66 Ans. F
227 N
Dimensions in millimeters
15°
Problem 4/88 31 mm 75 N
66 mm

4/89 The clamp is adjusted so that it exerts a pair of 200-

N compressive forces on the boards between its O A B
swivel grips. Determine the force in the threaded
shaft BC and the magnitude of the pin reaction at D. 4.8 mm
Ans. BC
375 N C, D
425 N 31 mm

9.6 mm
C
D E
10
10
F
30
A Problem 4/91
B C

35 35 40
Dimensions in millimeters

Problem 4/89
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216 Chapter 4 Structures

4/92 The illustration represents the framework for a 4/94 The dual-grip clamp shown in the figure is used to
storage-shelf unit, with the intermediate shelves not provide added clamping force with a positive action.
shown. The variable x represents different bracing If the vertical screw is tightened to produce a clamp-
configurations. Determine and plot, over the range ing force of 3 kN and then the horizontal screw is
x tightened until the force in the screw at A is dou-
0   1, the force in the brace EF corresponding
h bled, find the total reaction R on the pin at B.
to the applied force P. What happens if x
0?

h
P
A B

h A
E
x
x

F 125
h mm

D C
B

Problem 4/92
75
4/93 The simple crane supports the 3-Mg load. Determine mm
the tension T in the cable and the magnitude of the
pin reaction at O. Problem 4/94
Ans. T
114.2 kN, O
113.4 kN
4/95 Determine the vertical clamping force at E in terms
0.6 of the force P applied to the handle of the toggle
3.75 3.15 clamp, which holds the workpiece F in place.
A Ans. E
7.2P
0.6
B 270 mm 120 mm
O 1.2

D C P
D B

120
90 mm E
mm
3 Mg C A F

120 mm
Dimensions in meters
210 mm
Problem 4/93
Problem 4/95
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Article 4/6 Problems 217

4/96 Compute the force in link AB of the lifting tongs 4/98 The machine shown is used for moving heavy items
which cross without touching. such as pallets of bricks around construction sites.
For the horizontal boom position shown, determine
the force in each of the two hydraulic cylinders AB.
540 540 The mass of the boom is 1500 kg with mass center at
mm mm G1, and the mass of the cube of bricks is 2000 kg
E with mass center at G2.
360 mm
C 740 mm
D
600 mm 1700 mm 3060 mm
600 mm
A B
150 mm
O B
400 kg 720 mm G1
890 mm G2
A
F G

900 mm
Problem 4/98

Problem 4/96
4/99 The forklift area of the machine of Prob. 4/98 is
shown with additional dimensional detail. Deter-
4/97 The elements of a spring-loaded mechanism for a
mine the force in the single hydraulic cylinder CD.
car-trunk lid are shown in the figure. For the equi-
The mass of the cube of bricks is 2000 kg with mass
librium position shown, determine the moment MA
center at G2. You may neglect the effects of the mass
which each of two torsional springs at A must exert
of the forklift components.
on link AB. The mass of the trunk lid is 18 kg with
Ans. FCD
127.8 kN
mass center at G. The effects of the weights of the
other members may be neglected.
Ans. MA
9.94 N  m CCW
C
735 mm G2
205 mm
80 mm
215 mm E
G D

480 835
350 mm mm mm
35 mm
23 mm O
Problem 4/99
28 mm A B C
4/100 Determine the vertical clamping force at E in terms
15 mm 60 mm
of the force P applied to the handle of the toggle
Problem 4/97 clamp.

80 mm 160 mm P
16 mm
12 mm 12 mm
D

C 5 mm
E A B 12 mm

Problem 4/100
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218 Chapter 4 Structures

4/101 The device shown is used to drag loaded wooden 4/103 The figure shows a wheel puller which is designed
pallets across warehouse floors. The wood board to remove a V-belt pulley P from its tight-fitting
shown is one of several members that comprise the shaft S by tightening of the central screw. If the
base of the pallet. For the 4-kN force applied by a pulley starts to slide off the shaft when the com-
forklift, determine the magnitude of the force sup- pression in the screw has reached 1.2 kN, calculate
ported by pin C and the normal gripping forces at A the magnitude of the force supported by each jaw
and B. at A. The adjusting screws D support horizontal
Ans. C
5.46 kN, An
Bn
3.08 kN force and keep the side arms parallel with the cen-
tral screw.
93 93 156 Ans. A
0.626 kN

111 60
A
mm
F C
4 kN B D
36 D C
E
60 mm
Dimensions in millimeters

Problem 4/101 B

4/102 A modification of the pallet puller of Prob. 4/101 is P 90 mm

shown here. For the same net 4-kN force as in
Prob. 4/101, determine the magnitude of the force
supported by pin C and the normal gripping forces S A
at A and B. 15 mm

93 93 93 156 Problem 4/103

2 kN G D 4/104 The elements of a front-hinged automobile-hood

assembly are shown in the figure. The light link-
111
A ages BC and CD and the gas-pressurized strut EF
F C hold the hood in the open position shown. In this
B position, the hood is free to rotate clockwise about
36
pin O; pin A is locked until the hood has been low-
2 kN H E ered to a nearly closed horizontal position. For a
Dimensions in millimeters hood mass of 40 kg with center of mass at G, deter-
mine the minimum compression force C in the
Problem 4/102 strut which will maintain the open-hood position.
Note that there are two links OA spaced across the
front of the car, but only one set of the remaining
links, located on the inside of the right-front fender.
c04.qxd 11/6/07 4:17 PM Page 219

Article 4/6 Problems 219

4/106 A 250-N force is applied to the foot-operated air

pump. The return spring S exerts a 3-N  m mo-
ment on member OBA for this position. Determine
the corresponding compression force C in the cylin-
der BD. If the diameter of the piston in the cylinder
60°
is 45 mm, estimate the air pressure generated for
these conditions. State any assumptions.

175 mm G

B
250 mm

40° C
40° A 5°
F 25
125
O E 15°
75°
D
250 N

AO = 100 mm DE = 75 mm A
BC = CD = 225 mm
100
Problem 4/104
B
4/105 The elements of a rear suspension for a front-
wheel-drive car are shown in the figure. Determine
85 D
the magnitude of the force at each joint if the nor-
S
mal force F exerted on the tire has a magnitude of O 25
3600 N.
Ans. A
4550 N, B
4410 N
225 50
C
D
1898 N, E
F
5920 N
Dimensions in millimeters
60 mm
220 Problem 4/106
mm
F
130 mm C
60 mm
D
245 mm

A E B

260 165
mm mm
F = 3600 N
90 mm

Problem 4/105
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220 Chapter 4 Structures

4/107 The truck shown is used to deliver food to aircraft. 4/109 Determine the compression force C exerted on the
The elevated unit has a mass of 1000 kg with cen- can for an applied force P
50 N when the can
ter of mass at G. Determine the required force in crusher is in the position shown. Note that there
the hydraulic cylinder AB. are two links AB and two links AOD, with one pair
Ans. FAB
32.9 kN of linkages on each side of the stationary portion of
the crusher. Also, pin B is on the vertical centerline
425 of the can. Finally, note that small square projec-
1000 1425
tions E of the moving jaw move in recessed slots of
the fixed frame.
Ans. C
249 N
G
5°

C D
1350
A E
B
B
1350
E
F H

10°
O
Dimensions in millimeters P = 50 N
Problem 4/107 65 mm

18 mm A
4/108 A lifting device for transporting 135-kg steel drums
D
is shown. Calculate the magnitude of the force ex- 70 mm
erted on the drum at E and F. 240 mm

340 340 Problem 4/109

mm mm

P 4/110 Determine the compression force C exerted on the

can for an applied force P
50 N when the can
A
B crusher is in the position shown. Point B is cen-
350 250 mm tered on the bottom of the can.
G mm
D
C 120 mm

F E 72 mm
O

B
A

225 mm
10°
30°
140 mm
500
mm

Problem 4/108 P = 50 N

Problem 4/110
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Article 4/6 Problems 221

4/111 Determine the force in cylinder AB due to the com- 4/113 The car hoist allows the car to be driven onto the
bined weight of the bucket and operator. The com- platform, after which the rear wheels are raised. If
bined mass is 180 kg with mass center at G. the loading from both rear wheels is 6 kN, deter-
Ans. FAB
9200 N mine the force in the hydraulic cylinder AB. Ne-
glect the weight of the platform itself. Member
BCD is a right-angle bell crank pinned to the ramp
at C.
G Ans. AB
15.87 kN C

1960
E
255 700 mm
D B
F 670 O 300 mm
255
A 255
C C
100 mm
A
B
375 mm
2268 60°
215 748 215 D
Dimensions in millimeters

Problem 4/111 Problem 4/113

4/112 Additional detail in the bucket area of the cherry- 4/114 The aircraft landing gear consists of a spring- and
picker of Prob. 4/111 is given in the figure. Solve hydraulically-loaded piston and cylinder D and
for the force in cylinder HJ due to the effects of the the two pivoted links OB and CB. If the gear is
180-kg combined mass of the bucket and operator, moving along the runway at a constant speed with
with mass center at G. the wheel supporting a stabilized constant load of
24 kN, calculate the total force which the pin at A
supports.

K
C
H G
395 mm J D
700 mm
305 mm
I
B
1000 mm 670 mm A 30°
250 mm
Problem 4/112 O
250 mm

Problem 4/114
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222 Chapter 4 Structures

4/115 Determine the force in the hydraulic cylinder AB 50 75

and the magnitude of the pin reaction at O for the 300
position shown. The bucket and its load have a
combined mass of 2000 kg with center of mass at
G. You may neglect the effect of the weights of the
other members. E
Ans. FAB
84.1 kN, O
81.4 kN
300
D
G 125
F
375
O
C
B 275
G A 325
400
Dimensions in millimeters

Problem 4/116

1250 1250
150 4/117 An adjustable tow bar connecting the tractor unit
H with the landing gear J of a large aircraft is
Dimensions in millimeters
shown in the figure. Adjusting the height of the
Problem 4/115 hook F at the end of the tow bar is accomplished by
the hydraulic cylinder CD activated by a small
4/116 Consider the additional dimensional detail for the hand pump (not shown). For the nominal position
front-end loader of Prob. 4/115. Determine the shown of the triangular linkage ABC, calculate the
force in the hydraulic cylinder CE. The mass of the force P supplied by the cylinder to the pin C to posi-
bucket and its load is 2000 kg with center of mass tion the tow bar. The rig has a total mass of 50 kg
at G. You may ignore the effects of the weights of and is supported by the tractor hitch at E.
other members. Ans. P
298 N

H
AB = AC = 500 J
300 C
D 30°
E F
G
A
B

750 600 200

Dimensions in millimeters

Problem 4/117
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Article 4/6 Problems 223

4/118 An automatic window-positioning system for a 4/120 The figure shows a special rig designed to erect ver-
greenhouse is shown in the figure. Window OA has tical sections of a construction tower. The assembly
a mass of 50 kg with mass center at G. A motor A has a mass of 1.5 Mg and is elevated by the plat-
(not shown) drives the gear C, which in turn moves form B, which itself has a mass of 2 Mg. The plat-
the positioning rack AB. For the window position form is guided up the fixed vertical column by
shown, determine the motor torque M which must rollers and is activated by the hydraulic cylinder
be supplied to the pinion C. Neglect the weight of CD and links EDF and FH. For the particular posi-
bar AB. tion shown, calculate the force R exerted by the hy-
draulic cylinder at D and the magnitude of the
force supported by the pin at E.
D
M
570 mm 180 mm
1.75
C O
B B
295 mm
Pitch 410 mm
G
diameter 30°
C 765 mm E H A

3.2
A 0.75 D

5
1.2
5
Problem 4/118 3.75
2.5 F
4/119 The pruning mechanism of a pole saw is shown as 0
it cuts a branch S. For the particular position C
drawn, the actuating cord is parallel to the pole and
carries a tension of 120 N. Determine the shearing
force P applied to the branch by the cutter and the
3.00
total force supported by the pin at E. The force ex-
erted by the light return spring at C is small and Dimensions in meters
may be neglected.
Ans. P
1351 N, E
300 N Problem 4/120

20°
20°
C
120 N
20°
D
B

E A
S
75°

AB = 25 mm, BC = ED = 75 mm
EB = DC = 112.5 mm
DF = 150 mm

Problem 4/119
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224 Chapter 4 Structures

4/121 Determine the force acting on member ABC at con- 4/122 In the schematic representation of an actual struc-
nection A for the loaded space frame shown. Each ture, T represents a turnbuckle, C and D are non-
connection may be treated as a ball-and-socket thrust-bearing hinges whose axes are along the line
joint. CD, and B, E, and F are ball-and-socket joints. De-
Ans. A
4.25 kN termine the tension T in the turnbuckle and the
force in member EF.
z
1 kN

B 50°

2m
2m
x
E

0.5
m
3.5 m C
C G
T F
m
0.75 m 500 kg
4m B A y 0.75 D

4 kN
3m

A Problem 4/122
3m 2m
x E 2m

D y

Problem 4/121
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Article 4/7 Chapter Review 225

4/7 CHAPTER REVIEW

In Chapter 4 we have applied the principles of equilibrium to two
classes of problems: (a) simple trusses and (b) frames and machines. No
new theory was needed, since we merely drew the necessary free-body dia-
grams and applied our familiar equations of equilibrium. The structures
dealt with in Chapter 4, however, have given us the opportunity to further
develop our appreciation for a systematic approach to mechanics problems.
The most essential features of the analysis of these two classes of
structures are reviewed in the following statements.

(a) Simple Trusses

1. Simple trusses are composed of two-force members joined at their
ends and capable of supporting tension or compression. Each inter-
nal force, therefore, is always in the direction of the line joining the
endpoints of its member.
2. Simple trusses are built from the basic rigid (noncollapsible) unit of
the triangle for plane trusses and the tetrahedron for space trusses.
Additional units of a truss are formed by adding new members, two
for plane trusses and three for space trusses, attached to existing
joints and joined at their ends to form a new joint.
3. The joints of simple trusses are assumed to be pin connections for
plane trusses and ball-and-socket connections for space trusses.
Thus, the joints can transmit force but not moment.
4. External loads are assumed to be applied only at the joints.
5. Trusses are statically determinate externally when the external
constraints are not in excess of those required to maintain an equi-
librium position.
6. Trusses are statically determinate internally when constructed in
the manner described in item (2), where internal members are not
in excess of those required to prevent collapse.
7. The method of joints utilizes the force equations of equilibrium for
each joint. Analysis normally begins at a joint where at least one
force is known and not more than two forces are unknown for plane
trusses or not more than three forces are unknown for space trusses.
8. The method of sections utilizes a free body of an entire section of a
truss containing two or more joints. In general, the method involves
the equilibrium of a nonconcurrent system of forces. The moment
equation of equilibrium is especially useful when the method of sec-
tions is used. In general, the forces acting on a section which cuts
more than three unknown members of a plane truss cannot be
solved for completely because there are only three independent
equations of equilibrium.
9. The vector representing a force acting on a joint or a section is
drawn on the same side of the joint or section as the member which
transmits the force. With this convention, tension is indicated when
the force arrow is away from the joint or section, and compression is
indicated when the arrow points toward the joint or section.
c04.qxd 11/6/07 4:17 PM Page 226

226 Chapter 4 Structures

10. When the two diagonal members which brace a quadrilateral panel
are flexible members incapable of supporting compression, only the
one in tension is retained in the analysis, and the panel remains
statically determinate.
11. When two joined members under load are collinear and a third
member with a different direction is joined with their connection,
the force in the third member must be zero unless an external force
is applied at the joint with a component normal to the collinear
members.

(b) Frames and Machines

1. Frames and machines are structures which contain one or more
multiforce members. A multiforce member is one which has acting
on it three or more forces, or two or more forces and one or more
couples.
2. Frames are structures designed to support loads, generally under
static conditions. Machines are structures which transform input
forces and moments to output forces and moments and generally in-
volve moving parts. Some structures may be classified as either a
frame or a machine.
3. Only frames and machines which are statically determinate exter-
nally and internally are considered here.
4. If a frame or machine as a whole is a rigid (noncollapsible) unit
when its external supports are removed, then we begin the analysis
by computing the external reactions on the entire unit. If a frame or
machine as a whole is a nonrigid (collapsible) unit when its external
supports are removed, then the analysis of the external reactions
cannot be completed until the structure is dismembered.
5. Forces acting in the internal connections of frames and machines
are calculated by dismembering the structure and constructing a
separate free-body diagram of each part. The principle of action and
reaction must be strictly observed; otherwise, error will result.
6. The force and moment equations of equilibrium are applied to the
members as needed to compute the desired unknowns.
c04.qxd 11/6/07 4:17 PM Page 227

Article 4/7 Review Problems 227

REVIEW PROBLEMS 4/126 Determine the forces in members CH and CF.

4/123 The support apparatus for a power line for a light- 2m 2m 2m 2m

rapid-transit train is shown. If a tension of 2.5 kN
exists in cable EDF, determine the force F sup- A B C D E
ported by the bolt at B.
Ans. F
7.39 kN 2m
F
24 kN
1700 I
mm H G
350 A 24 kN
mm 900 mm
D C 24 kN
F 35°
35° B Problem 4/126
E
W
4/127 Calculate the force in member BG using a free-
Problem 4/123 body diagram of the rigid member ABC.
Ans. BG
8 kN C
4/124 Determine the force in each member of the loaded
truss. E 3m F 3m G

25 kN
3m

3m 3m A
25 kN C 25 kN
D C B

B 4m D
4 kN

E Problem 4/127
A 6m 6m
F
4/128 Show that the force in the horizontal member BD
AB = BC = CD = DE is independent of its position x within the triangu-
lar truss. Each side of the overall truss supports a
Problem 4/124
centered vertical load L as shown by the two
dashed vectors, and their loads are then distributed
4/125 The specialty tool is used for installing and remov-
to the joints as shown by the solid vectors.
ing snap rings. Determine the spreading force ap-
plied at G and H if P
50 N.
Ans. G
181.8 N –Lx
––
d

P C –d–
x L L 2
C
A G 30° 30° –L–
F
16 mm –L– 2
30 mm 2
13 mm H –d–
d–x 2
3 mm B
D E B D
60 32 33
mm mm mm
–L– 1 – –x– –L– 1 – –x–
P
16 mm 2 ( d ) A E
2 ( d )
Problem 4/125
Problem 4/128
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228 Chapter 4 Structures

4/129 The basic structural shape and loading of Prob. 4/131 The nose-wheel assembly is raised by the applica-
4/128 is now treated as the loaded frame shown in tion of a torque M to link BC through the shaft at
the figure. Determine the force in the horizontal B. If the arm and wheel AO have a combined mass
member BD as a function of its position x within of 50 kg with center of mass at G, find the value of
the frame. M necessary to lift the wheel when D is directly
0.289Ld under B, at which position angle
is 30
.
Ans. BD
x Ans. M
153.3 N m

z
C 400
d/2 mm
L L
x B
M
30° 30°
+ + A 500 mm
d/2
C
B D
θ
800 mm 500 mm
A E
D
G
Problem 4/129
200 mm O

4/130 Determine the forces in members CH, AH, and CD

of the loaded truss.

3 kN Problem 4/131

3 kN 3 kN 4/132 Determine the force in member BF of the loaded

1.5 kN D 1.5 kN truss.

8 kN
C E
B 2m F
C
1m 1m
A 3m 3m G 1.5 m
B 3m D
H
BC = CD = DE = EF

Problem 4/130 F 3m

A E

4m

Problem 4/132
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Article 4/7 Review Problems 229

4/133 Determine the forces in members AB, BI, and CI of 4/135 An antitorque wrench is designed for use by a
the simple truss. Note that all curved members are crewman of a spacecraft where he has no stable
two-force members. platform against which to push as he tightens a
Ans. AB
2.26L T, BI
L T, CI
0.458L T bolt. The pin A fits into an adjacent hole in the
structure which contains the bolt to be turned.
Arc of radius 50 m H Successive oscillations of the gear and handle unit
I turn the socket in one direction through the action
G
20 m
of a ratchet mechanism. The reaction against the
pin A provides the “antitorque” characteristic of
A F the tool. For a gripping force P
150 N, determine
B C D E the torque M transmitted to the bolt and the exter-
nal reaction R against the pin A normal to the line
L L L L AB. (One side of the tool is used for tightening and
15 m 15 m 20 m 15 m 15 m the opposite side for loosening a bolt.)
Ans. M
7.88 N  m, R
137.0 N
Problem 4/133
17.5 40 120 mm
mm mm P
4/134 The structure of Prob. 4/133 is modified in that the
four curved members are replaced by the two mem-
bers AIH and HGF. Instrumentation indicates the
tension in members CH and DH to be 0.5L each.
Determine the forces in members AB, BI, and CI. B A
Is the problem solvable without the information
about CH?
A
H P
Arc of radius 50 m

I G
20 m

A F
Problem 4/135
B C D E
L L L L 4/136 Determine the forces in members DM and DN of
15 m 15 m 20 m 15 m 15 m the loaded symmetrical truss.

L L L L L
Problem 4/134

C D E F G
M L

B H
N K
24 m
O J

30°

A 30° I

Problem 4/136
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230 Chapter 4 Structures

4/137 The depicted structure is under consideration as L

the upper portion of a transmission-line tower and
is supported at points F, G, H, and I. Point C is di- B
L L
rectly above the center of rectangle FGHI. Deter-
mine the force in member CD. A C
Ans. CD
2.4L T
E D
α
α R
2a
1.5R
1.5a
1.5a L L
B
C 2a
D
H
a I
1.5
A G a
F 1.25a L L

L
1.25a L
α = 22.5°
E
Problem 4/138
L
4/139 Determine the forces in members AD and DG.
Problem 4/137 Ans. AD
0.625L C, DG
2.5L C

4/138 The structure shown is being considered as part of

H
a large cylindrical vessel which must support exter- d d
nal loads. Strain-gage instrumentation indicates E
d
that the compressive force in member BE is 0.8L. B
Determine the forces in members AB and DE. I
Make use of symmetry. F
C
J d
– G 0.8 d
2 d
D
L d
A
L
L

Problem 4/139
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Article 4/7 Review Problems 231

4/140 Each of the landing struts for a planet exploration *4/142 The truck with bed-mounted crane is used in the
spacecraft is designed as a space truss symmetrical delivery of cubes of bricks. For the given position
about the vertical x-z plane as shown. For a landing of the carrier C along the boom, determine and
force F
2.2 kN, calculate the corresponding force plot the force F in the hydraulic cylinder AB as a
in member BE. The assumption of static equilib- function of the elevation angle
for 0 
 75
.
rium for the truss is permissible if the mass of the Find the maximum value of F and the correspond-
truss is very small. Assume equal loads in the sym- ing angle
. Neglect the mass of the boom com-
metrically placed members. pared with that of the 1500-kg pallet of bricks.
Ans. FBE
1.620 kN
C
0.9 m 6m
1m
0.4 m C
B
0.4 m O θ
D
0.5 m 1.65 m
F B
A
0.5 m 0.30 m
E

0.9 m z y 1500 kg
A
x
Problem 4/142

1.2 m
*4/143 The type of marine crane shown is utilized for
F
both dockside and offshore operations. Determine
and plot the force in member BC as a function of
Problem 4/140
the boom angle
for 0 
 80
and state the
value of this force for

40
. Neglect the radius
of all pulleys and the weight of the boom.
Computer-Oriented Problems*
Ans. BC
190.5 kN at

40

*4/141 For a given force P on the handle of the toggle
clamp the clamping force C increases to very large F
13 m
values as the angle
decreases. For P
120 N de-
termine the relationship between C and
and plot E
C
it as a function of
from

2
to

30
. Assume
that the shaft slides freely in its guide.
240 12 m
Ans. C
N 12 m
32 m
sin
60° 60° D θ

P A B 10 Mg
150
mm
50
mm

50 Problem 4/143
mm A θ
B
C
O

Problem 4/141
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232 Chapter 4 Structures

*4/144 Boom OA of the large waterfront crane can rotate *4/146 The lift shown is used to elevate motorcycles dur-
about the vertical member OB. Determine and plot ing manufacture and repair. The hydraulic cylin-
the forces in members BC and BD as functions of
der OM remains at the 60
angle as the elevation
over the range 90

 90
. The mass of the angle
varies. The figures ACDE and FHIJ (J
crate is 3 Mg. The 45
elevation angle of the boom hidden) are parallelograms. There is a ball-and-
remains constant; the cables for control of boom el- socket joint at M to allow rotation of the frame
evation angle have been omitted for clarity. BKMNG. If the total load L
4 kN, determine
and plot the required axial cylinder force R as a
A′ function of
over the range 0 
 90
. State the
maximum value of R and the angle at which the
B maximum occurs. Over the same range of
, plot
θ
C the side force S applied to the cylinder rod at M
A 20 m
45°
5 and state its maximum absolute value.
5°
45
4
L
O –
45°
5 4
45° L
L –
D – 4
4
I L
–
4
D
H
N
C
Problem 4/144 216
540 K
M θ
*4/145 A door-opening mechanism is shown in the figure.
192 G
The spring-loaded hinges at O provide a moment B
60
60
60° E
KT
which tends to close the door, where
is the F
door-opening angle and the torsional spring con- O
O′ 126
stant KT
56.5 N m/rad. The motor unit at A
A 210
provides a variable moment M so that the slowly
opening door is always in quasi-static equilibrium.
Dimensions in millimeters
Determine the moment M and the pin force at B
as functions of
for the range 0 
 90
. State Problem 4/146
the value of M for

45
.
Ans. M
32.2 N m at

45

θ
O

75
C

150
M
A

275

B
100 350

Dimensions in millimeters

Problem 4/145
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Article 4/7 Review Problems 233

*4/147 The uniform 30-kg ventilation door OAP is opened *4/149 The “jaws of life” device is used by rescuers to pry
by the mechanism shown. Plot the required force apart wreckage. A pressure of 35 MPa (35(106)
in the cylinder DE as a function of the door open- N/m2) is developed behind the piston of 50-mm ra-
ing angle
over the range 0 

max, where dius. Begin by determining the prying force R, the

max is the maximum opening. Determine the min- force in link AB, and the horizontal force reaction
imum and maximum values of this force and the at C for the condition shown on the left. Then de-
angles at which these extremes occur. Note that velop expressions for and plot those quantities as
the cylinder is not horizontal when

0. functions of the jaw angle
(shown on the right)
Ans. (FDE)max
3580 N at

0 over the range 0 
 45
. State the minimum
(FDE)min
0 at
max
65.9
value of R and the value of
for which this ex-
treme occurs.
Ans. At

0: R
75 000 N, AB
211 000 N
Cx
85 400 N
Rmin
49 400 N at

23.2

20 60 70
275 525
θ
O A P D D

R R R θ θ R
B 210
300 E
D B B
60
100 C A 60
C A
C

350 400
110
AB = 300 CD = DB = 150
Dimensions in millimeters Dimensions in millimeters

Problem 4/147 Problem 4/149

*4/148 The machine shown is used to help load luggage

into airliners. The combined mass of the conveyor
and luggage is 100 kg with mass center at G. De-
termine and plot the force in the hydraulic cylin-
der as a function of
over the range 5

 30

and state the maximum value over this range.

2130 mm
G
E

B C θ
D 500 mm
A

1060 mm
1660 mm
DE = 1945 mm CD = 1150 mm

Problem 4/148