21.

1 Magnetic Fields

Chapter 21

Magnetic Forces and

Magnetic Fields
The needle of a compass is permanent magnet that has a north
magnetic pole (N) at one end and a south magnetic pole (S) at
the other.

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21.1 Magnetic Fields 21.1 Magnetic Fields

Surrounding a magnet there is a magnetic field. The direction

of the magnetic field at any point in space is the direction indicated
by the north pole of a small compass needle placed at that point.

The behavior of magnetic

poles is similar to that of
like and unlike electric charges.

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21.1 Magnetic Fields 21.1 Magnetic Fields

The magnetic field lines and pattern of iron filings in the vicinity of a
bar magnet and the magnetic field lines in the gap of a horseshoe
magnet.

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21.2 The Force That a Magnetic Field Exerts on a Charge 21.2 The Force That a Magnetic Field Exerts on a Charge

When a charge is placed in an electric field, it experiences a The following conditions must be met for a charge to experience
force, according to a magnetic force when placed in a magnetic field:
r r
F = qE 1. The charge must be moving.
2. The velocity of the charge must have a component that is
perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.

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21.2 The Force That a Magnetic Field Exerts on a Charge 21.2 The Force That a Magnetic Field Exerts on a Charge

Right Hand Rule No. 1. Extend the right hand so the fingers point
along the direction of the magnetic field and the thumb points along DEFINITION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD
the velocity of the charge. The palm of the hand then faces in the
direction of the magnetic force that acts on a positive charge. The magnitude of the magnetic field at any point in space is defined
as
If the moving charge is negative, F
the direction of the force is opposite B=
to that predicted by RHR-1. qo (v sin θ )

where the angle (0<θ<180o) is the angle between the velocity of

the charge and the direction of the magnetic field.

SI Unit of Magnetic Field: newton ⋅ second

= 1 tesla (T )
coulomb ⋅ meter

1 gauss = 10 −4 tesla

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21.2 The Force That a Magnetic Field Exerts on a Charge 21.2 The Force That a Magnetic Field Exerts on a Charge

Example 1 Magnetic Forces on Charged Particles

A proton in a particle accelerator has a speed of 5.0x106 m/s. The proton

(a) ( )( ) (
F = qo vB sin θ = 1.60 ×10 −19 C 5.0 ×106 m s (0.40T )sin 30.0o )
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encounters a magnetic field whose magnitude is 0.40 T and whose direction = 1.6 ×10 N
makes and angle of 30.0 degrees with respect to the proton’s velocity
(see part (c) of the figure). Find (a) the magnitude and direction of the
force on the proton and (b) the acceleration of the proton. (c) What would F 1.6 ×10 −13 N
(b) a= = = 9.6 × 1013 m s 2
be the force and acceleration of the particle were an electron? mp 1.67 ×10 − 27 kg

(c) Magnitude is the same, but direction is opposite.

F 1.6 × 10 −13 N
a= = = 1.8 ×1017 m s 2
me 9.11× 10 −31 kg

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21.3 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field 21.3 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field

Conceptual Example 2 A Velocity Selector

Charged particle in an electric field. A velocity selector is a device for measuring

the velocity of a charged particle. The device
operates by applying electric and magnetic
forces to the particle in such a way that these
forces balance.

How should an electric field be applied so that

the force it applies to the particle can balance
the magnetic force?

Charged particle in a magnetic field.

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21.3 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field 21.3 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field

The electrical force can do work on a The magnetic force always remains
charged particle. perpendicular to the velocity and is
directed toward the center of the
circular path.

v2
Fc = m
r

The magnetic force cannot do work on a v2

qvB = m
charged particle. r

mv
r=
15
qB 16
21.3 The Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field 21.4 The Mass Spectrometer

Conceptual Example 4 Particle Tracks in a Bubble Chamber

mv mv
The figure shows the bubble-chamber r= = 1
2 mv 2 = eV
tracks from an event that begins at point qB eB
A. At this point a gamma ray travels in
from the left, spontaneously transforms
into two charged particles. The particles
move away from point A, producing two magnitude of KE=PE
electron charge
spiral tracks. A third charged particle is
knocked out of a hydrogen atom and
moves forward, producing the long track.

The magnetic field is directed out of the  er 2  2

paper. Determine the sign of each particle m =   B
and which particle is moving most rapidly.  2V 

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21.4 The Mass Spectrometer 21.5 The Force on a Current in a Magnetic Field

The mass spectrum of naturally

occurring neon, showing three
isotopes. The magnetic force on the
moving charges pushes the
wire to the right.

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21.5 The Force on a Current in a Magnetic Field 21.5 The Force on a Current in a Magnetic Field

Example 5 The Force and Acceleration in a Loudspeaker

F = qvB sin θ The voice coil of a speaker has a diameter of 0.0025 m, contains 55 turns of
wire, and is placed in a 0.10-T magnetic field. The current in the voice coil is
2.0 A. (a) Determine the magnetic force that acts on the coil and the
cone. (b) The voice coil and cone have a combined mass of 0.0200 kg. Find
their acceleration.

 ∆q 
F =  ({ v∆t )B sin θ
12t L
∆3
I

F = ILB sin θ

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21.5 The Force on a Current in a Magnetic Field 21.5 The Force on a Current in a Magnetic Field

(a) F = ILB sin θ

= (2.0 A )[55π (0.0025 m )](0.10 T )sin 90o
= 0.86 N

F 0.86 N
(b) a= = = 43 m s 2
m 0.020 kg
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21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil 21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil

The two forces on the loop have equal magnitude but an application
of RHR-1 shows that they are opposite in direction.

The loop tends to rotate such that its

normal becomes aligned with the magnetic
field.

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21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil 21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil

Example 6 The Torque Exerted on a Current-Carrying Coil

Net torque = τ = ILB( 12 w sin φ ) + ILB( 12 w sin φ ) = IAB sin φ
A coil of wire has an area of 2.0x10-4m2, consists of 100 loops or turns,
and contains a current of 0.045 A. The coil is placed in a uniform magnetic
field of magnitude 0.15 T. (a) Determine the magnetic moment of the coil.
(b) Find the maximum torque that the magnetic field can exert on the
coil.

magnetic
moment
}
(a) ( )
NIA = (100 )(0.045 A ) 2.0 × 10 − 4 m 2 = 9.0 ×10 − 4 A ⋅ m 2

magnetic magnetic
moment
} moment }
(b) τ = NIA B sin φ = (9.0 ×10 − 4 A ⋅ m 2 )(0.15 T )sin 90o = 1.4 ×10 − 4 N ⋅ m
τ = NIA B sin φ
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number of turns of wire
21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil 21.6 The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil

The basic components of

a dc motor.

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents 21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents

Right-Hand Rule No. 2. Curl the fingers of the A LONG, STRAIGHT WIRE
right hand into the shape of a half-circle. Point
the thumb in the direction of the conventional
current, and the tips of the fingers will point
in the direction of the magnetic field. µo I
B=
2π r

µ o = 4π ×10 −7 T ⋅ m A

permeability of
free space

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents 21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents

Example 7 A Current Exerts a Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge

µ I
The long straight wire carries a current F = qvB sin θ = qv o  sin θ
of 3.0 A. A particle has a charge of
+6.5x10-6 C and is moving parallel to
 2π r 
the wire at a distance of 0.050 m. The
speed of the particle is 280 m/s.

Determine the magnitude and direction

of the magnetic force on the particle. µo I
B=
2π r

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents 21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents

Conceptual Example 9 The Net Force That a Current-Carrying Wire

Exerts on a Current Carrying Coil
Current carrying wires can exert forces on each other.
Is the coil attracted to, or repelled by the wire?

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents 21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents

A LOOP OF WIRE Example 10 Finding the Net Magnetic Field

A long straight wire carries a current of 8.0 A and a circular loop of

wire carries a current of 2.0 A and has a radius of 0.030 m. Find the
magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at the center of the loop.

µo I
B=
2R

center of circular loop

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents 21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents

µ o I1 µ o I 2 µ o  I1 I 2 
B= − =  − 
2π r 2 R 2  π r R 
The field lines around the bar magnet resemble those around the loop.

B=
(4π ×10 −7
)
T ⋅ m A  8.0 A
 −
2.0 A 
 = 1.1×10 −5 T
2  π (0.030 m ) 0.030 m 

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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents 21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents

A SOLENOID

number of turns per

unit length

Interior of a solenoid B = µ o nI
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21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents 21.8 Ampere’s Law

AMPERE’S LAW FOR STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS

A cathode ray tube.
For any current geometry that produces a
magnetic field that does not change in time,

∑ B ∆l = µ I
|| o

net current
passing through
surface bounded
by path

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21.8 Ampere’s Law 21.9 Magnetic Materials

Example 11 An Infinitely Long, Straight, Current-Carrying Wire

The intrinsic “spin” and orbital motion of electrons gives rise to the magnetic
Use Ampere’s law to obtain the magnetic field. properties of materials.

∑ B ∆l = µ I
|| o
In ferromagnetic materials groups of neighboring atoms, forming
magnetic domains, the spins of electrons are naturally aligned with
each other.

B (∑ ∆l ) = µ o I

B 2π r = µo I

µo I
B=
2π r
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21.9 Magnetic Materials 21.9 Magnetic Materials

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