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    Structural Engineering Art and Approximation 1 161018 3 Mod PDF

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    Bartosz Zaforemski
    This document summarizes a talk given by Hugh Morrison on structural engineering art and approximation. The three main points are: 1. Morrison discusses how he wrote a book on using simplified methods and sketches to understand structural engineering problems. 2. He provides two examples from the book, summarizing the analysis of a historic airship structure and a contemporary stair structure. 3. Morrison concludes that sketching and approximation methods allow engineers to define problems, make assumptions clear, find rough solutions, and verify models, gaining an understanding of how structures will behave.

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    Structural Engineering Art and Approximation 1 161018 3 Mod PDF

    Uploaded by

    Bartosz Zaforemski
    2K views46 pages
    This document summarizes a talk given by Hugh Morrison on structural engineering art and approximation. The three main points are: 1. Morrison discusses how he wrote a book on using simplified methods and sketches to understand structural engineering problems. 2. He provides two examples from the book, summarizing the analysis of a historic airship structure and a contemporary stair structure. 3. Morrison concludes that sketching and approximation methods allow engineers to define problems, make assumptions clear, find rough solutions, and verify models, gaining an understanding of how structures will behave.

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    This document summarizes a talk given by Hugh Morrison on structural engineering art and approximation. The three main points are: 1. Morrison discusses how he wrote a book on using simplified methods and sketches to understand structural engineering problems. 2. He provides two examples from the book, summarizing the analysis of a historic airship structure and a contemporary stair structure. 3. Morrison concludes that sketching and approximation methods allow engineers to define problems, make assumptions clear, find rough solutions, and verify models, gaining an understanding of how structures will behave.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2K views46 pages

    Structural Engineering Art and Approximation 1 161018 3 Mod PDF

    Uploaded by

    Bartosz Zaforemski
    This document summarizes a talk given by Hugh Morrison on structural engineering art and approximation. The three main points are: 1. Morrison discusses how he wrote a book on using simplified methods and sketches to understand structural engineering problems. 2. He provides two examples from the book, summarizing the analysis of a historic airship structure and a contemporary stair structure. 3. Morrison concludes that sketching and approximation methods allow engineers to define problems, make assumptions clear, find rough solutions, and verify models, gaining an understanding of how structures will behave.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 46
    At a glance
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    The talk discussed the benefits of using sketches and rough calculations in engineering design.

    A historic and contemporary structure were reviewed as examples.

    Techniques like assuming uniform pressure/suction, equivalent point loads, and triangular load approximations were discussed.

    Structural Engineering Art

    and Approximation

    A Talk
    By
    Hugh Morrison
    Any Questions?

    Please Speak Up!

    And turn off mobile


    phones….
    Summary of Talk

    ‘Why’ and ‘How’ the book came to be written

    Illustration: Historic and Contemporary structure.

    Samples from the book

    Conclusion: the benefits of sketching and


    approximation.
    ‘WHY’ and ‘HOW’ the book came to be written

    Teds
    Ram
    STAAD
    GSA
    NO COMPUTER

    Desert Island Engineering?


    I’m an engineer
    get me out of here!
    “ENGINEERING IS THE ART OF APPROXIMATION”

    ART APPROXIMATION

    PROPOSE and
    C R E AT I V E T H O U G H T TEST OPTIONS:
    and self-expression s ke t c h e s a n d r o u g h
    calculations

    Culminating in a ‘wholesome’, DESIGN is finding a solution


    ‘pleasing’ solution within acceptable limits
    Ove Arup Quote
    Engineering problems are under-defined,
    there are many solutions, good,
    bad and indifferent.
    The art is to arrive at a good solution.

    This is a creative activity, involving


    imagination, intuition and deliberate choice.”
    SUMMARY
    With simplified methods one can be assured that:

    THE PROBLEM IS DEFINED


    THE ASSUMPTIONS ARE CLEAR

    THERE IS A ROUGH SOLUTION

    THE COMPUTER MODEL IS VERIFIABLE


    ONE KNOWS APPROXIMATELY
    HOW THE STRUCTURE WILL BEHAVE
    One thing to be sure,
    I will not be
    presenting anything
    like this…
    A REVIEW OF AN HISTORIC AND A
    CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURE
    GOOD EXERCISE: Look at Built Structures
    UNFAMILIAR STRUCTURES:
    To avoid preconceptions
    SKETCHES

    ASSUMPTIONS LISTED

    APPROXIMATE CALCULATIONS
    R100 AIRSHIP

    Chief designer: Barnes Wallis


    Lead Stress Engineer: Neville Norway Shute
    DESCRIPTION OF STRUCTURE
    Hydrogen filled buoyancy
    bags top centre.

    Powered by 3 16 side polygon with steel


    diesel gondolas radial ties – circa. 25-35mm dia.

    Duralumin transverse and longitudinal frames


    Trussed approx. 680mm deep

    Circa 15 transverse frames at 13.5m (45ft)


    Maximum net pressure
    Transverse Frames Assumed 1kPa

    Transverse Frame
    Max 40m diameter
    ASSUMPTIONS

    UNIFORM SUCTION: RING INEFFECTIVE


    Radial Cables Resist Load
    UNIFORM INWARDS PRESSURE: RADIAL CABLES INEFFECTIVE
    Ring Resists Load

    ASYMMETRICAL LOADING:
    (SUCTION AREA) CABLES IN TENSION
    RING IS INEFFECTIVE IN BENDING
    HAND CALCULATIONS IN EASY STEPS

    CONSTANT SUCTION 1kPa CONSTANT PRESSURE 1kPa UNEQUAL PRESSURE 1kPa


    R100 CONCLUSION

    STAGE 2: MORE DETAILED DESIGN CHECKS


    LEVEL OF REFINEMENT: DECIDE WHAT IS APPROPRIATE?

    FOR EXAMPLE:

    Cable stress close to yield – examine further 35m diameter?

    Check Ring with combined bending/cable tension.


    Computer analysis of a 2D half frame linear/non-linear

    Buckling checks?
    Longitudonal Frame checks?
    NEVILLE SHUTE: A Delighted Engineer...

    After literally months of labour, having filled


    perhaps fifty foolscap sheets with closely
    pencilled figures, after many
    disappointments and heartaches, the truth
    stood revealed, real, and perfect, and
    unquestionable; the very truth.”
    ISTRUCTE STAIR HQ BASTWICK STREET

    Expedition Engineers
    Hugh Broughton Architects

    June/July 2015: Design Feature


    IstructE magazine

    REVIEW OF DESIGN: alternative load path


    CONSIDERED
    ISTRUCTE STAIR BASTWICK STREET
    Torsion Increases
    down the stair
    Torsion and
    Shear resisted
    By wall
    Tread loads
    No cantilever bending
    accumulate

    Traditional Cantilever Stair – Load path


    ASSUMPTIONS
    1. GLASS balustrade ineffective

    2. BARS transfer shears/torsion into wall


    3. 50% STAIR loaded onto wall
    4. 50% STAIR and balustrade load
    cumulatively onto outer stringer

    5. LOCAL TORSION resisted at


    each tread by STRINGER
    DOES NOT ACCUMULATE

    6. LANDING supports upper half of FLIGHT


    Alternative Load Path
    FREE BODY DIAGRAM
    Balustrade/stringer/half tread each 1kN

    Cumulating loads onto stringer/landing


    x10 treads max = 10kN

    Local applied Torsion (over tread width)


    = (10-9)x0.25 = 0.25kNm 1OkN

    Resolving Shears at support

    R1= T/0.08m+0.8/2=3.6kN (down)

    R2=-T/0.08m+0.8/2=-2.7kN(up)
    INITIAL MODEL - VERIFICATION
    Concrete treads 40mm thick (plates)
    75x30mm stepped stringer (steel)

    ‘LIKE WOBBLY TEETH’ – WALL


    SUPPORTS with VERY LOW PULL OUT
    STIFFNESS

    REACTIONS +3.7/2.8 – OK

    STRINGER AXIAL FORCE 10.6kN – OK


    INITIAL MODEL DEFLECTIONS

    DEFLECTIONS HIGH NO GLASS – 10mm ADDING GLASS – DEFLECTION 0.50mm


    REVISED MODEL – FIXED SUPPORTS
    By fixing supports shears at support model corresponded to Expedition design

    EXPEDITION MODEL
    HORIZONTAL SHEARS

    EXPEDITION MODEL
    NO GLASS –
    DEFLECTION 1mm
    REVISED MODEL – NATURAL FREQUENCY

    Natural Frequency at 14.9Hz similar


    to Expedition site observations

    EXPEDITION MODEL
    14.9Hz
    DOES THE ALTERNATIVE LOAD PATH MODEL
    HELP?

    POST DRILLED ANCHORS POSSIBLE


    (pre-forming holes complicated construction)

    SINCE GLASS BALUSTRADE


    INCLUDED – natural frequency >
    14.9Hz
    CONCLUSION

    Sketches and hand calculations used to


    understand problem

    Support loads may be estimated


    Elements may be Initially Sized and Checked

    Initial COMPUTER MODEL built from


    FIRST APPROXIMATIONS
    EXAMPLES FROM THE BOOK
    Structural Engineering: Efficacy, Balance and Grace
    Simply Supported Beams Learning from Failure

    Cantilever Beams
    Continuous Beams

    Framed Structures
    Trusses and Vierendeel Structures
    Tension and Suspension Structures
    Arches, Vaults and Domes
    Torsion Structures and Ring Beams
    Plate Structures
    Deep Beams, Load Carrying Walls and Diaphragms
    Dynamics
    TRIANGULAR LOADING – ASSUMING UDL 2/3 PEAK
    Classic Bending Moments/Shears UDL in place of Triangular Loading

    Equivalent
    UDL 2/3 peak

    +33% Bending

    +0% max shear

    +33% deflection
    ASSUMING CENTRAL POINT LOAD – WHEN ACTUAL LOAD OFF CENTRE
    Classic Bending Moments/Shears Use When Point Load off-centre (up to Middle Third Zone)

    Equivalent
    Assume Central Point Load

    +11% Bending

    -140% max shear – calculate separately!

    +15% deflection
    CANTILEVERS
    Comparison of Cantilever with Cantilever with Backspan Cantilever with Backspan
    Simply Supported Point Load UDL

    Increasing backspan Increasing backspan


    To 4L 4xencastre UDL backspan increased influence
    FRAME STRUCTURES
    Wind Frame Traditional Wind Loading – Virtual Pins Columns
    Design

    Design Beams Assuming


    Simply Supported
    Quick estimation of Wind Bending
    TRUSSES AND VIERENDEELS – KING POST TRUSS
    Kingpost Truss
    Statically Indeterminate
    Combination of Beam
    and Truss Action
    TENSION STRUCTURES – FABRIC TENSION ROOF STRUCTURE
    NON LINEAR ANALYSIS

    Form Finding
    (dynamic relaxation)

    LINEAR ESTIMATION
    POSSIBLE

    Assume line load in


    Fabric (say 3kN/m)
    Cable loads from T=PR
    Goodwood Racecourse - 1991 (utilise railway curves)

    External reactions from


    collected cable loads
    TENSION STRUCTURES – FABRIC TENSION ROOF STRUCTURE
    Internal Force Diagram

    External Forces Net Effect on


    Supporting Structure
    COMPRESSION - CATHEDRAL BUTTRESSING – THE MIDDLE THIRD RULE!

    Cathedral Section
    Estimate Buttress
    (and Pinnacle) weight

    Check Foundation thrust


    -line in middle third

    Simple thrust from


    vaulted roof

    Geometric check
    – resolved buttress
    counterweight
    DEEP BEAMS
    Quick Check Table

    Reinforcement Estimate
    Lever Arm 0.62d
    Check Shear overall rectangular section
    Or resolve by STRUT-TIE model
    DYNAMICS – DISCOMFORT/PERCEPTION ASSESSMENT
    Fundamental Natural Frequencies – tendency for slender structures to resonance

    Summary of terms

    Fundamental
    Frequencies

    Damping Ratios

    Simple Excitation
    Calculations

    Discomfort Criteria

    Lateral Frequencies
    Tall Buildings
    FOOTBRIDGE/RAMP 10m SPAN
    Actual 10m span structure with screed floor
    fn 2.6Hz

    NATURAL FREQUENCY
    2.6Hz. Resonance – LIVELY!

    GLASS BALUSTRADE DAMPING


    STADIUM CANTILEVER TIER RESPONSE

    CALCULATION based
    DYNAMIC MAGNIFICATION

    STADIUM tier 3.5Hz


    NATURAL FREQUENCY

    Check further < 6 Hz

    Response Chart Simplified


    EXERCISE BOOK
    A POCKET COMPANION

    15 EXERCISES RELATED TO
    REALISTIC PROBLEMS

    FOLLOWS DESIGN PROCESS

    CROSS REFERS TO MAIN BOOK


    AND FINALLY…STRUCTURAL CURIOSITIES….

    WHAT NO SPREAD?!
    STABLE?
    THE TALK…..

    ‘Why’ and ‘How’ the book came to be written

    Illustration: Historic and Contemporary structure.

    Samples from the book

    Conclusion: the benefits of sketching and


    approximation.
    THANK YOU

    ANY QUESTIONS?

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