Review of Differentiation and Antidifferentiation

Review of Differentiation and Integration for students of
ODEs
Here is a review of basic material from Calculus I and Calculus II needed for this course, as well as
practice problems on integration. We begin with is a brief summary of the rules of differentiation.
Here are the basic derivatives:

d d
dx
c = 0 for any constant c dx
xk = kxk−1 for k 6= 0 constant
d d d
dx
sin x = cos x dx
tan x = sec2 x dx
sec x = sec x tan x
d d d
dx
cos x = − sin x dx
cot x = − csc2 x dx
csc x = − csc x cot x
d d
dx
ex = ex dx
ax = ax ln a for a > 0 constant
d 1 d 1 d 1
dx
ln x = x dx
log x = x ln 10 dx
loga x = x ln a
d √ 1 d √ −1 d 1
dx
arcsin x = 1−x2 dx
arccos x = 1−x2 dx
arctan x = 1+x2
Here k 6= 0 is constant, a > 0 is constant, and c is any constant.
Differentiation of other functions is done using the following rules. For any functions f and g that are
differentiable at x.
Constant multiple rule: if c is any constant,

d

′
dx cf = cf (x)
Summation rule:
d

dx f + g = f ′ (x) + g ′ (x)
Product rule:
d

dx f g = f ′ (x) g(x) + f (x) g ′ (x)
Quotient rule: if g(x) 6= 0, then

d f f ′ (x) g(x)−f (x) g ′ (x)

dx g = (g(x))
2
Chain rule: if f is differentiable at g(x) and g is differentiable at x, then

d

dx f (g(x)) = f ′ (g(x)) g ′ (x)
When you solve ODEs (or when you do problems from the review of techniques of integration) you
should check your answer by differentiation. For integration problems, if the derivative of your solution
is equal to the integrand, you know that your solution is correct. Here’s an example.
Z
1 2x
e2x dx =
e +c
2
d 1 2x 1 2x

e = e · 2 = e2x
dx 2 2
Checking will help to practice differentiation and also to gain understanding of integration.
From the derivatives on the first page come these basic anti-derivatives:
1
k dx = kx + c xn dx = xn+1 + c for n 6= −1 constant
R R
n+1
cos x = sin x + c sec2 x dx = tan x + c sec x tan x dx = sec x + c

R R R
sin x dx = − cos x + c csc2 x dx = − cot x + c csc x cot x dx = − csc x + c

R R R
1 x 1
ex dx = ex + c ax dx = +c dx = ln x + c
R R R
ln a
a x
√ 1 dx = arcsin x + c 1
dx = arctan x + c
R R
1−x2 1+x2
Here k 6= 0 is constant, a > 0 is constant, and c is any constant.
The rules for differentiation have corresponding rules for integration:
Constant multiple rule: if c is any constant,

Z Z
cf (x) dx = c f (x) dx
Summation rule:
Z Z Z
(f (x) + g(x)) dx = f (x) dx + g(x) dx
Integration by parts (this comes from the product rule):

Z Z
u dv = uv − v du
You should also be able to use the substitution method (which comes from the chain rule), and partial
fractions decomposition (which is an algebraic manipulation of the integrand).
What follows are some integration problems for review of these techniques. They were taken from
Michael Spivak’s Calculus 2nd edition Publish or Perish Press. This textbook is a masterpiece, with
a focus on proofs in calculus of one variable. However, it does cover techniques of integration and the
sequence of problems there are very helpful.
In order to review differentiation check your solutions by differentiating them. The result should
be equal to the original integrand. For example:
1. Simplify the integrand, then integrate.

√
5 √
x√+ x 3 6 2x 3x
(b) e +ee4x+e dx
x
(a)
R R
x
dx
R 8x2 +6x+4
(d) 53x dx
R x
(c) x+1
dx
2
(e) tan x dx (f) √x−1+1 √x+1 dx
R R
2. Integrate using the method of substitution. (The check will require using the chain rule.)
2
(a) ex sin ex dx (b) x e−x dx
R R
(c) lnxx dx (d) e√2x +2eex

R R
x +1 dx
R e x
(e) ee ex dx
R x
(f) √x dx
R √
(g) R x 1 − x2 dx (h) R ln(cos x) tan x dx
R
(i) √321−x2 dx (j) √1−x x

4 dx
1 R ln(ln x)
(k) 42 +x (l) x ln x dx
R
2 dx
3. Integrate using integration by parts. (The check will require using the product rule.)
2
(a) R x2 ex dx (b) R x3 ex dx
R R
(c) R x(ln x)2 dx (d) R x2 sin x dx

(e) R (ln x)3 dx (f) R x1√ln(ln x) dx
(g) cos(ln x) dx (h) x ln x dx
4. Partial Fractions
R 2x2 +x+1 2x
(a) (x+3)(x−1) (b) (x2 +x+1)
R
2 dx 2 dx
R x+4 R 2x2 +7x−1
(c) x2 +1 dx (d) (x−1)(x2 −1) dx
3x2 +3x+1 R 3 +x+2
(e) (x+1)(x (f) xx4 +2x
R
2 +x+1) dx 2 +1 dx

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Review of Differentiation and Integration for students of

Here are the basic derivatives:

Here k 6= 0 is constant, a > 0 is constant, and c is any constant.

Constant multiple rule: if c is any constant,

Chain rule: if f is differentiable at g(x) and g is differentiable at x, then

cos x = sin x + c sec2 x dx = tan x + c sec x tan x dx = sec x + c

sin x dx = − cos x + c csc2 x dx = − cot x + c csc x cot x dx = − csc x + c

Here k 6= 0 is constant, a > 0 is constant, and c is any constant.

The rules for differentiation have corresponding rules for integration:

Constant multiple rule: if c is any constant,

Integration by parts (this comes from the product rule):

1. Simplify the integrand, then integrate.

(c) lnxx dx (d) e√2x +2eex

(i) √321−x2 dx (j) √1−x x

(c) R x(ln x)2 dx (d) R x2 sin x dx

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