Scribd
Upload
116 views21 pages

Modulation Techniques PDF

The document discusses various waveform coding techniques used in digital communication systems, including DPCM, DM, and ADM. DPCM encodes differences between adjacent signal samples rather than the samples themselves, reducing redundancy. DM is a 1-bit version of DPCM that approximates signals as staircases. ADM improves on DM by making the quantization step size adaptive based on signal characteristics, allowing better tracking of steep and slow segments.

Uploaded by

vignesh n
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
116 views21 pages

Modulation Techniques PDF

The document discusses various waveform coding techniques used in digital communication systems, including DPCM, DM, and ADM. DPCM encodes differences between adjacent signal samples rather than the samples themselves, reducing redundancy. DM is a 1-bit version of DPCM that approximates signals as staircases. ADM improves on DM by making the quantization step size adaptive based on signal characteristics, allowing better tracking of steep and slow segments.

Uploaded by

vignesh n
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Digital Communication Systems

Module 2
Waveform Coding Techniques

DPCM – DM – ADM

Dr. Rajesh. A
Differential Pulse Code
Modulation (DPCM)
 For the signals which does not change rapidly from one sample to
next sample, the PCM scheme is not preferred.
 When such highly correlated samples are encoded the resulting
encoded signal contains redundant information.
 By removing this redundancy before encoding an efficient coded
signal can be obtained.
 One of such scheme is the DPCM technique. By knowing the past
behavior of a signal up to a certain point in time, it is possible to
make some inference about the future values.
Differential Pulse Code
Modulation (DPCM)
• What if we look at sample differences, not the samples themselves?
– Differences tend to be smaller
• Use 4 bits instead of 12, maybe?
• Changes between adjacent samples small
• Send value, then relative changes
– value uses full bits, changes use fewer bits
– E.g., 220, 218, 221, 219, 220, 221, 222, 218,.. (all values between
218 and 222)
– Difference sequence sent: 220, +2, -3, 2, -1, -1, -1, +4....
– Result: originally for encoding sequence 0..255 numbers need 8 bits;
– Difference coding: need only 3 bits
DPCM - Transmitter
DPCM - Receiver

 The receiver consists of a decoder to reconstruct the quantized error


signal.
 The quantized version of the original input is reconstructed from the
decoder output using the same predictor as used in the transmitter.
 In the absence of noise the encoded signal at the receiver input is
identical to the encoded signal at the transmitter output.
 Correspondingly the receive output is equal to u(nTs), which differs
from the input x(nts) only by the quantizing error q(nTs).
DPCM
Prediction Gain
DPCM
Prediction Gain
Delta Modulation (DM)
• Delta Modulation is a special case of DPCM.
• In DPCM scheme if the base band signal is sampled at a rate
much higher than the Nyquist rate purposely to increase the
correlation between adjacent samples of the signal, so as to
permit the use of a simple quantizing strategy for constructing
the encoded signal, Delta modulation (DM) is precisely such as
scheme.
• Delta Modulation is the one-bit (or two-level) versions of
DPCM.
Delta Modulation
 DM provides a staircase approximation to the over sampled
version of an input base band signal.
 The difference between the input and the approximation is
quantized into only two levels, namely, ±δ corresponding to
positive and negative differences, respectively
 Thus, if the approximation falls below the signal at any sampling
epoch, it is increased by δ.
 Provided that the signal does not change too rapidly from sample
to sample, we find that the stair case approximation remains
within ±δ of the input signal.
Delta Modulation
 The symbol δ denotes the absolute value of the two

representation levels of the one-bit quantizer used in the DM.

 These two levels are indicated in the transfer characteristic of Fig

 The step size ∆ of the quantizer is related to δ by ∆=2δ


DM - Transmitter
DM - Receiver

 In the receiver, shown in fig., the stair case approximation u(t) is reconstructed
bypassing the incoming sequence of positive and negative pulses through an
accumulator in a manner similar to that used in the transmitter.
 The out-of –band quantization noise in the high frequency staircase waveform
u(t) is rejected by passing it through a low-pass filter with a band-width equal
to the original signal bandwidth.
DM – Types of Distortion
DM – Types of Distortion
DM – Types of Distortion
DM – Types of Distortion
• Noise
– Slope overload noise (when the analog waveform
is changing rapidly than the staircase can follow)
– Quantizing noise (when the analog waveform is
changing slowly)
• Trade-off
– The quantizing noise increases as the size of the
step increases.
– The slope overload noise increases as the size of
the step decreases.
Adaptive Delta Modulation
(ADM)
 The performance of a delta modulator can be improved
significantly by making the step size of the modulator assume a
time-varying form.
 In particular, during a steep segment of the input signal the step
size is increased.
 Conversely, when the input signal is varying slowly, the step size
is reduced.
 In this way, the size is adapted to the level of the input signal. The
resulting method is called adaptive delta modulation (ADM).
Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM)
 In ADM, the step size is bounded as follows
δmin ≤ δ(nTs) ≤ δmax
 Here, the upper limit, δmax controls the amount of slope overload
distortion
 The lower limit, δmin controls the amount of idle channel noise
 The adaption rule for δ(nTs) is expressed as
δ(nTs) = g(nTs) δ(nTs – Ts)
where the time-varying multiplier g(nTs) depends on the present
binary output b(nTs) of the delta modulator and the M previous
values b(nTs – Ts) ……. b(nTs – MTs).
Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM)
 The algorithm is initiated with a starting step size δstart = δmin
 The adaption algorithm is also called constant factor ADM with
one-bit memory
 The one-bit memory refers to the explicit utilization of the single
previous bit b(nTs – Ts)
 In general, g(nTs) is given by

 This algorithm of above equation with K=1.5 has been found to be


well matched to typically speech and image inputs alike, for a
wide range of bit rates.
ADM – Transmitter
ADM – Receiver

You might also like