AE FORMULAS

A. SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION ENGINEERING

Depth of Water d - depth of water, mm

Pv – moisture content by volume, %
d = Pv Drz / 100 Drz - depth of root zone, mm

Depth of Water d - depth of water, mm

Pw - moisture content by weight, %
d = Pw As Drz / 100 As – apparent specific gravity, decimal
Drz – depth of root zone, mm

Total Available Moisture TAM - total available moisture, %

FC - moisture content at filed capacity, %
TAM = FC - PWP PWP - moisture content at permanent wilting point, %

Moisture Range MR - moisture range, %

RAM – readily available moisture, %
MR = RAM – TAM TAM – total available moisture, %

General formula for water yields Q – rate of flow, ft3/day

of wells K – hydraulic conductivity
π K ( H2 H – height of the static water level above the bottom of
– h2) water bearing formation, ft h – height of water level at
Q= the ell measured from
Loge R/r the water bearing formation, ft
R – radius of influence, ft
R – radius of the well
Water yield of a confined and
unconfined well

2 (π) k t(hc – hw)

Q=
2.3 log10 (Te/Tw)

Flow measurement Q – discharge, m3/sec

A – cross sectional area of water, m2
Q = AV V – mean velocity of water, m/sec

Average stream discharge Qave - average discharge, m3/sec

Aave - average stream cross-sectional area, m2
Qave = 2/3 (Aave) (Vave)
 Vave – maximum stream velocity, m/sec

Weirs and orifices Q – discharge

C – coefficient dependent on the nature of the
Q = C L hm crest and approach condition
L – length of crest
hm – head of the crest, and the exponent “m” is
dependent upon the shape of the weir opening
Orifice under head Q – discharge, m3/sec
A – cross-sectional area of the orifice g – 32.2
Q = CA√2gh ft/sec2
h – height (depth) of water from surface down to the
orifice area
Submerged orifice q – discharge, m3/sec
A – cross-sectional area of the orifice g – 32.2
q = 0.61 A√2gh ft/sec2
h – depth of water
Rectangular weir Q – discharge, m3/sec
C – coefficient of roughness
Q = 2CLh√2gh L – h – depth of water
Q = 2CLh3/2gh g – 32.2 ft/sec2

Partly-filled orifice Q – discharge, m3/sec

h – depth of water
Q = 2hL
Trapezoidal weir

Q = 2.49 H5/2
Triangular notch weir

Q = 2.49 H5/2
Velocity formula V – average velocity, ft/sec
g – acceleration due to gravity
V = √ 2gh h – depth of water (feet) or pressure head
Manning velocity equation V – velocity, ft/sec n –
roughness coefficient
V = 1.486/n R2/3 S1/2 R – hydraulic radius of the channel, m
S – slope/gradient of the channel
Chezy velocity formula C – coefficient of roughness
R – hydraulic radius
V=C√RxS S – slope of water surface, gradient or piezometric
head line
Best hydraulic radius croo-section b – bottom width of the channel
d – depth of water flow
b = 2 d tan θ/2 θ – side slope of the channel

Water flow for vertical pipe Q – discharge, li/sec

D – inside pipe diameter, mm
K D2 H1/2 H – vertical rise of water jet, m
Q= k – discharge coefficient varying from: 0.87 for height
287 of 75 mm to 100 mm, 0.97 for height of 0.3 m to 0.6 m
in pipe of 50 to 200 mm in diameter
Flow of water in a Q – discharge, gal/min
horizontallyinstalled pipe A – cross-sectional area at the end of the pipe, in2 D –
pipe diameter, ft
[ 3.6 x A x X]
Q= X – coordinates of the point on the surface measures
√Y in inches parallel to the pipe
Y – vertical coordinate, ft
Water flow in siphon tubes and Q – siphon discharge, gal/min
pipes A – cross-sectional area of the siphon tube, ft2
h – suction head, ft
Q = 0.65 A √ 2gh
Maximum discharge/flow in Q – maximum non-erosive stream, gal/min
furrows S – slope/gradient of the land/furrow, %

Q = 10/S
Length of furrows L – safe length of furrow, ft
I – rainfall intensity, in/hr
1, 000 A – absorption or infiltration rate of soil, in/hr
L= W – furrow spacing, ft
(I-A)WS S – slope/gradient of furrow, %
Intake rate of soil I – intake rate of soil
t – time rate that water is on the surface of the soil
I=Ktn K – intake rate intercept at unit time
n – slope of the line (vertical scaled distance divided by
the horizontal scaled distance
Design parameters/formulas in Vt – volume of water on the surface of the soil t time
border irrigation t1
W –width of the border check
a) volume of water D0 – depth of water t the upper end
C1 – shape factor
W [ C1D0 + E1 ] E – depth correction factor
Vt = E1 – distance leading to edge in time t1
X1
Advance distance x – distance to the leading edge
q – unit stream size or flow per unit width of border
qt strip
t – total time of flow
x= D0 – depth of water at upper end
[k1D0 + k2 y0] y0 – cumulative intake at the upper end
k1 – surface storage coefficient varying from 0.5 to
less than 1.0
Percolation losses P – percent water intake which is lost by deep
percolation below root zone
(R + 1)n+1 – Rn+1 R – a time ratio
P= x 100 n – the exponent of t in the intake equation
(R +1)n+1 + Rn+1
Unit border stream size Qu - unit stream, ft3/sec
Ea – water application efficiency expressed as a decimal
Qu = 1/Ea [ tcr/(ttcr – tr) ] [ D/7.2 tcr ] , 1.0 – P where P is the percolation loss in decimal
tcr – time in minutes required for infiltration of D inches
of water
tr - recession lag time in minutes (from the time the
stream is cut of average area irrigated per set)

Maximum-stream size per foot qmx – maximum stream in cubic feet per second per foot
width of border strip width of border strip
S – lope/gradient, %
qmx = 0.06 S0.75

Minimum stream size per foot qmin – maximum stream in cubic feet per second per
width of strip foot width of border strip
S – slope/gradient, %
Qmin = 0.004 S0.5
Water conveyance efficiency Ec - water conveyance efficiency
Wt – water delivered to the farm
Wf We – water delivered from the river or reservoir

Ec = x 100
We
Water application efficiency Eu – water application efficiency
Ws - water stored in the soil root zone during irrigation
Ws Wf – water delivered to the farm
Ea = x 100
Wf
Water use efficiency Eu – water use efficiency
Wu – water beneficially used
Wu Wd – water delivered
Eu = x 100
Wd
Water storage efficiency Ea - water use efficiency
Ws – water stored in the root zone during irrigation
Ws Wn – water needed in the root zone prior to irrigation
Ea = x 100
Wn
Water distribution efficiency Ed – water distribution efficiency
y – average numerical deviation in depth of water
Ed = 100 [1 – (y/d)] stored from average depth stored during irrigation
d – average depth of water stored during irrigation
Consumptive use efficiency Ecu - consumptive use efficiency
Wcu – normal consumptive use of water
Wcu Wd - net amount of water depleted from root-zone soil

Ecu = x 100
Wd
Rainfall intensity I – rainfall intensity
K, x and n – constants for a given geographic
I= KTx/tn location
t – duration of storm in minute
T – return period
Return period and probability of t – return period in years
occurrence P- probability in percent that an observed event in a
100 given year is equal to or greater than a given event
T=
P
Thiesen method of rainfall P – representative average rainfall in a watershed of
determination area A
P1, P2, P3 = rainfall depth I the polygon having areas
A1P1+ A2P2 + A3P3 +…AnPn A1, A2, A3 within the watershed
P=
A
Runoff rates-Rational method q – the design peak runoff rate, m3/sec
C – runoff coefficient
q = 0.0028 C I A i – rainfall intensity in mm/hour for the design return
period and for a duration equal to the “time of
concentration” of the watershed
A – watershed area, ha
Time of concentration Tc - time of concentration, min
L – maximum length of flow, m
Tc = 0.0195 L 0.77 Sg0.385 Sg –the watershed gradient in m/m or the difference in
elevation between outlet and the most remote point
divided by the length, L

Flood runoff (Chow method) q – magnitude of the peak runoff (L3/T)

k – coefficient depended on various characteristics of
q = KAx the watershed
A – watershed area, L2

Runoff volume (US/SCS method) Q – direct runoff depth, mm

I – storm rainfall, mm
Q = (I - 0.2S)2 S – maximum potential between rainfall and runoff in
1 + 0.8 S mm, starting at the time the storm begins

Required pump capacity for Q – discharge, gpm

irrigation A – design area, acres
D – gross depth of irrigation, in.
Ad H – average umber of hours of operation per day
Q = 453 F – number of days permitted for irrigation, days
FH

Return period (General formula) T – return period in years

P – probability in percent that n observed event in a
T = 100/P given year is equal to or greater than a given event

Return period (Gumbel’s T – return period in years

formula) N – total number of statistical events
m – rank of events arranged in descending order of
T= N+1 magnitude
m

Dimensional flow of water q – flow rte (L3/T)

(Darcy equation) K – hydraulic conductivity f the flow of medium (L/T)
h – head or potential causing flow (L)
q = KhA / L A – cross-sectional area of flow (L2)
L – length of the flow path (L)
Terrace spacing V.I. – vertical interval between corresponding points of
consecutive terraces or from the top of the slope to the
V.I. = Xs + Y bottom of first terrace, m
X – constant for geographical location
Y – constant for soil erodability and cover
condition during critical erosion periods
- 0.3, 0.6, or 1.2 with the low value for highly
erodable soils with no surface residue and the high
value for erosion-resistant soils with conservation
tillage
s – average land slope above the terrace in percent
Terrace cross section c – cut (L) f – fill (L) h – depth of channel
including freeboard (L)
c + f = h + sW s – original land slope (L/L)
W – width of side slope (L)

Drop spillway capacity (free flow/ q – discharge in m3/s

no C – weir coefficient
submerged) L – weir length, m
h – depth of flow over the crest, m
q = 0.55 C L h3/2
Culvert capacity (flowing full q – flow capacity
condition) (L3/T) a – conduit cross-sectional area
a√ 2gH
(L2)
Q = √ 1 + Ke + Kc L H – head causing flow (L)
Ke – entrance loss coefficient
Kb – loss coefficient for bends in culvert
Top width of dams (those W – top width of dam, m
exceeding H – maximum height of embankment, m
3.5 meters)

W = 0.4 H + 1
Wave height in dams h – height of the wave from trough to crest under
maximum wind velocity, m Df –
h = 0.014 (Df)1/2 fetch or exposure, m
Compaction and settlement – V – total in-place volume (L3)
volume relationship Vs – volume of solids particles (L3)
Ve – volume of voids, either air or water (L3)
V = Vs + Ve
Tractive force (on the bottom of T – tractive force (F/L2)
open channel) w – unit weight of water (9800 N/m3) (F/L3)
d – depth of flow (L)
T = wdsK
s – slope (hydraulic gradient) (L/L)
K – ratio of the tractive force for noncohesive material
necessary to start motion of sloping side of a channel to
that required to start motion for the same on a level
suface
Drainage ditches design capacity q – runoff, m3
C - constnt
q = 0.013 CM0.833 M – watershed area, km2
Drainage and seepage discharge D – drainage coefficient lands in rid regions, mm/day
(from irigted lands in rid regions) P – deep percolation from percolation and bsed on the
– ASAE 1988 maximum area to be irrigated at the same time in
percent of irrigation application
I (P + S) S – field canal seepage los in percent
Dc = 1007
I – irrigation depth of application, days

Discharge equation in pipe drains Q – maximum flow,

(Pillsbury, 1985) L/s A – drained area, ha

Q = 1.56 A0.75
Drain size d – inside diameter, mm
Dc – drainage coefficient, mm/day
d = 52.2 (Dc x A x n)0.375 s-0.1875 A – drainage area, ha
n – roughness coefficient
s – drain slope, m/m
Load formula for ditch conduits Wc - total load on the conduit per unit length
(drainage pipes) (F/L)
Cd – load coefficient for ditch conduits
Wc = CdwBd2 w – unit weight of fill material, (F/L3)
Bd – width of ditch t top of conduit (L)
Conduit formula (for wide Cc – load coefficient for projecting conduits
ditches) Bc – outside diameter of the conduit (L)

Wc = CcwBw2
Soils loads on flexible pipes Wc – total load on the conduit per unit length
(F/L)
Wc = CdwBcBd Cd – load coefficient for ditch conduits w –
unit weight of fill material, (F/L3)
Bc – outside diameter of the conduit (L)
Bd – width of ditch at the top of conduit (L)
Volume storage of reservoir V – volume of storage, (L3) d – distance
between end areas (L) A1 and A2 – end
V = d/2 (A1 + A2) area (L2)
Earthwork volumes Vc – volume of cut (L3)
L – grid spacing (L)
L2 ( ∑ C)2 C – cut on the grid corners(L)
F – fill on the grid corners (L)
Vc =
4 (∑ C + ∑ F)
Prismoidal formula Am – middle are halfway between the end areas

V = d/6 (A1 + 4Am + A2)

Storage volume (when slopes in A0 – area at spillway crest (L2)
the reservoir area is given) d – depth of water above spillway crest (L)
S – average slope of reservoir sides and banks,
177 d2 A01/2 through range of d, %
V = A0 d + S

Sprinkler capacity S1 – spacing along lateral , ft

Sm – spacing between laterals along main in feet
S1Sm x application rate
Capacity =
96.3
Application rate I – application rate, mm/hr
Vg – gross amount of water applied per irrigation, mm
Vg 1000 x q Tsp – time of sprinkling, hours
I= = q – sprinkler discharge, m3/hr
Tsp Sm x Se Sm – spacing between adjacent laterals, m
Se – sprinkler spacing along laterals, m
Irrigation interval T – irrigation interval, day
V – net amount of water in single irrigation not to
V exceed the oil’s water holding capacity, mm
T= Cu – consumptive use, mm/day
Cu
Number of irrigation days T – number of irrigation days within the irrigation
(within irrigation interval) interval, days
Te – number of days moving the systems and no after
T = Tk x Te applied
Gross amount of water per Vg – gros amount of water applied per irrigation
application V – net amount of water in single irrigation not to
exceed the holding capacity of soil
Vg = V/Ea Ea – irrigation efficiency
Sprinkler (nozzle) discharge q – sprinkler or nozzle discharge, gpm
dn – diameter of the nozzle orifice, in
q = 29.85 x C x dn2 x P1/2 P – pressure at the nozzle, psi
C – coefficient of discharge
- 0.95 to 0.98 for well-designed nozzles
- 0.80 for larger nozzles

Average area irrigated daily Ad - average area irrigated daily, ha

A – total area of the field, ha
Ad = A/Tn Tn – number of irrigation days within the irrigation
interval, days
Number of times the system is x – number of times the system is moved per day
moved per day Tsp – time of sprinkling, hrs

x = integer [24Tsp]
Average areas irrigated per set As – average area irrigated per set, ha
Ad – average areas irrigated dily, ha
As = Ad/x x – number of times the system is moved per ady
Area irrigated by a single lateral A1 – area irrigated by a single lateral, ha
Le – effective length of lateral, m
Le x Sm Sm– spacing between adjacent laterals,m
A1 =
1000
Effective length of lateral L1- effective length of laterals, m
Nsl – number of sprinkler along lateral
L1 = Nsl x Sl Sl – spacing of sprinkler long lateral, m
Sprinkler system capacity Q – system capacity
As – average area irrigated per set
Q = As x I I – application rate
Density of sprinkler per hectare Nsp – density of sprinkler per hectare
Sm– spacing between adjacent laterals,m
10,000 Sl – sprinkler spacing along laterals, m
Nsp =
Sm x Sl
Number of sprinkler per set Nsp – number of sprinkler per set
As - average area irrigated per set
Nset = As x Nsp Nsp – density of sprinklers per hectare

Number of lines in a single set Nls – number of lines/set

As – average area irrigated per set
Nls = As/Al Al – area irrigated by a single lateral
Uniformity of distribution ∑lm – ml – sum of the obsolete deviation of individual
collector reading from the mean m – mean of all
1- ∑l x m – m x 1 collector values m1 – individual reading of each
Cu = 100 mxn collector n – number of collectors

B. AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY

Burning Rate BR - burning rate, kg/hr-m2

FCR – fuel consumption rate, kg/hr
BR = FCR / Ag Ag - area of grate; m2

Power Density PD - power density, kg/hr-m2

FCR - fuel consumption rate, kg/hr
PD = FCR / Ag Ag - area of grate, m2

Area of the Fuel Bed Afb - area of the fuel bed, m2

Pd - design power, KCal/hr
Afb = Pd / BR BR - burning rate, KCal/hr-m2

Air Flow Rate Requirement AFR - airflow rate, kg/hr

FCR - fuel consumption rate, kg/hr
AFR = FCR Sa Sa - stoichiometric air requirement, kg air per kg
fuel

Thermal Efficiency ξt - thermal efficiency, %

Qs – heat supplied, KCal/hr
Qs FCR – fuel consumption rate, kg/hr
ξt = x 100 HVF – heating value of fuel, KCal/kg
FCR HVF

Burning Efficiency ξb - burning efficiency, %

Hv - heating value of fuel, KCal/kg
Hv - Hr Hr - heating value of ash residue, KCal/kg
ξb = x 100
Hv
Shelling Efficiency ξ s – shelling efficiency,%
Wc – weight of clean shelled kernel, kg
Wc + Lb + Ls + Lsc Lb – blower loss, kg
ξs = x 100 Ls – separation loss, kg
Wc + Lb + Ls + Lu + Ls Lsc – scattering loss, kg
Lu – unthreshed loss, kg

Fuel Consumption Fc – fuel consumption, Lph

Fu - amount of fuel used, liters
Fc = Fu / to To – operating time, hrs

Shelling Recovery Sr – threshing recovery, %

Wc – weight of clean shelled kernels, kg
Lb – blower loss, kg
Sr = Wc x 100 Ls – separation loss, kg
Wc + Lb + Ls + Lu + Ls Lsc – scattering loss, kg
Lu – unthreshed loss, kg

Cracked Kernels Ck – percentage cracked kernel, %

Nck – number of cracked kernels
Ck = Nck 100 /100 kernel sample

Mechnically Damaged Kernel Dk – percentage damage kernel, %

Ndk – number of damaged kernels
Dk = Ndk 100 / 100 kernel sample

Horsepower Output (Three- HP – power output, hp

Phase) E – voltage, volt
I – current, amperes
HP = √3 η I E pf η - efficiency, decimal
746 pf – power factor, decimal

Power in Circuit (Single-Phase) P – power, watts

E – voltage, volts
P=EI I – current, ampere

Power in Circuit (Three Phase) P – power, watts

E – voltage, volts
I – current, ampere
P = √3 E I
KVA (Single-Phase Circuit) KVA – kilovolt ampere
E – voltage, volt
E I I – current, ampere
KVA =
1000
KVA (Three-Phase Circuit) KVA – kilovolt ampere
E – voltage, volt
1.732 E I I – current, Ampere
KVA =
1000
Horsepower Output (Single- HP – power output, hp
phase) E – voltage, volt I – current, amperes
η - efficiency, decimal
pf – power factor, decimal
HP = η I E pf
746
Horsepower Output (Three- HP – power output, hp
phase) E – voltage, volt
I – current, amperes
HP = √3 η I E pf η - efficiency, decimal
746 pf – power factor, decimal

Slip (Three-Phase Motor) S - slip, decimal

Ns – motor synchronus speed, rpm
S = [Ns – N ] / Ns N – actual motor speed, rpm

Power in Circuit (Single-Phase) P – power, Watts

E – voltage, volts
P=EI I – current, Ampere
Power in Circuit (Three-Phase) P – power, Watts
E – voltage, volts
P = √3 E I I – current, Ampere
Rotor Speed (Synchronous Ns – rotor speed, rpm
Motor) F - frequency of stator volatge, hertz
P – number of pole
Ns = 120 [ f / P ]

Motor Size to Replace Engine MHP - motor power, hp

EHP - engine power, hp
MHP = EHP 2/3

Motor Size to Replace Human MHP - motor power, hp

NH - number of human
MHP = NH 1/4
Drying Capacity Cd – drying capacity, kg/hr
Wi – initial weight of material, kg
Cd = (Wi / Td) Td – drying time, hr

Final Weight of Dried Material Wf – final weight of dried material, kg

Wi – initial weight of material, kg
Wi (100 – Mci) Mci – initial moisture content, %
Wf = MCf – final moisture content, %
(100 – MCf)

Moisture Reduction per Hour MRR – moisture reduction rate, kg/hr

Wi – initial weight, kg
Wi – Wf Wf – final weight, kg
MRR = Td Td – drying time, hr

Heat Supplied to the Dryer Qsd – heat supplied to the dryer, KJ/hr
H2 – enthalpy of drying air, KJ/kg da
60 (h2-h1) AR H1 – enthalpy of ambient air, KJ/kg da
Qsd = AR – airflow rate, m3/min γ -
γ specific volume, m3/kg da

Heat Available in the Fuel Qaf – heat available in the fuel, KJ/hr
FCR – fuel consumption rate, kg/hr
Qaf = FCR HVf HVf – heating value of fuel, KJ/hr

Heat System Efficiency ξhs – heating system efficiency, % Qsd –

heat supplied to the dryer, KJ/hr
ξhs = (Qsd / Qaf) 100 Qaf – heat available in the fuel, KJ/hr

Heat Utilization HU – heat utilization, KJ/kg

Qsd – heat supplied to the dryer, KJ/hr
HU = (Qsd x Td / MR) 100 Td – drying time, hr
MR – amount of moisture removed, kg

Heat Utilization Efficiency ξhu – heat utilization efficiency, %

THU – total heat utilized, KJ/hr
ξhu = THU x 100 Qsd – heat supplied to the dryer, KJ/hr
Qsd

Volume of Grain to be Dried Vg – volume of grain to be dried, m3

Wi – initial weight of grain, tons
Vg = 1000 Wi / Dg Dg – grain density, kg/m3
Drying Floor Area Af – floor area of bin, m2
Vg – volume of grain in bin, m3
Af = Vg / Dg Dg – depth of grain in bin, m

Airflow Requirement Af – air flow rate, m3/min

C – dryer capacity, tons
Af = C SAF SAF – specific air flow rate, m3/min-ton

Apparent Air Velocity in Grain Vapp – apparent air velocity, m/min

Bed AF – total airflow, m3/min
Af – dryer floor area, m2
Vapp = AF / Af
Blower Pressure Draft Pd – blower pressure draft, cm of water
Requirement Ps – specific pressure draft, cm water per meter
depth of grain
Pd = Ps Dg Dg – depth of grain in bed, m

Theoretical Heat Required Qr – theoretical heat required, KJ/min

Hn – net enthalpy, KJ/kg
Hn AF Vs – specific volume of air, m3/kg
Qr = Vs

Theoretical Weight of Fuel WF – theoretical weight of fuel, kg/min

Qr – total heat required, KJ/min
WF = Qr / HVF HVF – heating value of fuel, KJ/kg

Theoretical Volume of Fuel Wf – theoretical volume of fuel, lpm

WF – total weight of fuel, kg/min
Vf = WF / Df Df – density of fuel, kg/liter

Actual Volume of Fuel FVa – actual volume of fuel, lph

Vf – theoretical volume of fuel, lph
FVa = Vf / ξt ξt –thermal efficiency, decimal

Weight of Moisture Removed WMR – weight of moisture removed, kg

Wi – initial weight of grain to be dried, kg
1 - Mci MCi – initial moisture content, decimal
WMR = Wi (1 - ) MCf – final moisture content, decimal
1 – MCf
Drying Time DT – drying time, min
WMR – weight of moisture to be removed, kg
WMR AF – airflow rate mg/min
DT = Vs – air density, kg/m3
AF Vs HR HR – humidity ratio, kg moisture/kg da

Nominal Working Width W - working width,

m n - number of
W = n d rows d - row
spacing, m

Effective Diameter of Ground De - effective diameter of ground wheel under load,

Wheel m
d - distance for a given N, m
De= d / (π N) N - number of revolution, rpm

Delivery Rate Q - delivery rate, kg/ha

L - delivery for a given N, kg
Q =L 10,000 De - effective diameter of ground wheel under load,
π De N W m
N – number of revolution, rpm
W - working with, m

Delivery Rate (PTO-Driven Q - delivery rate, kg/ha

Machine) L - delivery for a given N, kg
v - tractor speed, m/s t – time for
L 10,000 measuring delivery, s
Q = W - working with, m
v t W

Effective Field Capacity efc - effective field capacity, m2/h

A - area covered, m2
efc = A / t t – time used during operation, hr

Theoretical Field Capacity tfc - theoretical field capacity, m2/hr

w - working width, m
tfc = 0.36 w v v - speed of operation,
m/s
Field Efficiency Fe - field efficiency, %
efc - effective field capacity, m2/hr
Fe = (efc / tfc) 100 tfc – theoretical field capacity, m2/hr
Fuel Consumption Rate FC - fuel consumption, lph
V - volume of fuel consumed,l
t - total operating time, hr
FC = V / t
No. of Hills Planted Hn - number of hills
A - area planted, hectares
A 10,000 Sr - row spacing, m
Hn = Sr Sh Sh - hill spacing, m

Wheel Slip Ws - wheel slip, %

No - sum of the revolutions of the driving wheel
No - Nl without load, rev
Ws = x 100 Nl - sum of the revolutions of all driving wheel with
No load, rev

Distance per Hill Dph - distance per hill, mm

Sr - speed ratio of ground wheel and seed plate
Dg - diameter of the ground wheel, mm
Dph = Sr π Dg / Nc Nc - number of cells in the seed plate

Speed Ratio of Ground Wheel and R - speed ratio

Metering Device Nc - number of cells
Hs - hill spacing, m
Nc Hs Cgw - circumference of ground wheel, m
R =
Cgw
Total Weight of Seeds TWs - total weight of seeds needed, kg
Nh - number of hills
Nh Nsh Sw Nsh – number of seeds per hill
TWs = Sw - specific weight of seeds, g/seeds
1000 E E - emergence, decimal

Belt Slip BS – belt slip, %

N0 – revolution per minute of the driven pulley
N0 - N1 without slip, rpm
%BS= x 100 N1 – revolution per minute of the driven pulley under
N0 load, rpm

Wheel Slip Nw1 – sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for
a given distance with slip, rpm
Nw1 – Nw0 Nw0 – sum of the revolutions of all driving wheels for
% WS = x 100 the same distance without slip, rpm
Nw1
Average Swath or Width of Cut S – average swath, m W – is
the width of plot, m n – is
W the number of rounds
S= 2 – is the number of trips per round
2n

Total Distance Traveled D – distance traveled, m

A – is the area of plot, m2
A L – is the length of the plot, m
D= = 2nL S – average swath, m n – is the
S number of rounds

Effective Area Accomplished Ae – effective area accomplished, m2

w – width of plow or rotary tiller, m D
Ae = wD = 2nLw – distance traveled, m L – is the length
of the plot, m n – is the number of
The width of swath is less than the rounds
plow’s or rotary tiller’s width A0 – overlap (area which is plowed or rototilled
twice), m2
A0 = Ae – A
Au – unplowed or rototilled area (area missed), m2 A
The width of swath is greater than – area of the field, m2
the plow’s or rotary tiller’s width

Au = A – Ae

Effective Field Capacity EFC – effective field capacity, m2/hr Ae

– effective area accomplished, m2 t –
60Ae time used during the operation, min
EFC =
t

Theoretical Field Capacity TFC – theoretical field capacity, m2/hr we –

effective or theoretical width of tillage, m v –
TFC = we v speed of operation, m/h

Field Efficiency Feff – field efficiency, %

EFC – effective field capacity, ha/hr
EFC TFC – theoretical field capacity, ha/hr
Feff = x 100
TFC
Fuel Consumption FC – fuel consumption, lph
V – volume of fuel consumed, L
FC = V/t t – total operating time, h

Axle/Rotary Shaft Torque T – shaft torque, kg-m

F – axle or rotary shaft load, kg
T=FL L – length of pony brake arm, m

Axle/Rotary Shaft Power P – shaft power, KW

Ft – total axle or rotary shaft load, kg
Ft N N – speed of axle or rotary shaft, rpm
P=
1340

Specified Fuel Consumption SFC – specific fuel consumption, (g/KW-h)

Fc – fuel consumption, L/h
Fc Pf Pf – density of fuel, g/h
SFC = P P – axle or rotary shaft power, KW

Star Wheel Velocity Vw - average star wheel velocity, m/s

Vf - machine forward velocity, m/s α - angle of
Vw = Vf / cos α inclination of star wheel, 22 deg

Flat Belt Conveyor Velocity Vb - flat belt conveyor velocity, m/s

Vwo - velocity of outer tip of star wheel lugs, m/s
Vb = Vwo P N / π P - pitch of the flat belt lugs, m
N – number of star wheel lugs
Vb = 1.4 Vf Vf - machine forward velocity, m/s

Pitch of the Flat belt Lugs P - pitch of the flat belt lugs, m
D - diameter of star wheel, m
P < D sin (π / N) N - Number of star wheels

Velocity Ratio K - velocity ratio

Vk - average knife velocity, m/s
K = Vk / Vf Vf - average forward velocity, m/s
**k falls 1.3 to 1.4
Hulling Coefficient Ch – hulling coefficient, decimal
Wbr – weight of brown rice, grams
Ch = Wbr / Wp Wp – weight of paddy, grams
Wholeness Coefficient Cw – wholeness coefficient, decimal
Wwbr – weight of whole brown rice, grams
Cw = Wwbr / Wbr Wbr – weight of brown rice, grams
Hulling Efficiency ξh – hulling efficiency, decimal
Ch – hulling coefficient, decimal
ξh = Ch Cw Cw – wholeness coefficient, decimal

Percentage Brown Rice Recovery %BRR – percentage brown rice recovery, %

Wbrr – weight of brown rice, kg
% BRR = (Wbrr / Wp ) x 100 Wp – weight of paddy, kg

Percentage Broken Milled Rice %BR – percentage broken rice, %

Wbr – weight of broken rice, kg
%BR = (Wbr / Wmr) 100 Wmr – weight of milled rice, kg

Throughput Capacity Ct - throughput capacity, kg/hr

Wp – weigh t paddy input, kg
Ct = 0.2 Wp / To : brown rice To - operating time, hr
Ct = [Wp MR]/To: milled rice MR – milling recovery, decimal
0.60 to 0.69

Percentage Brewer’s Rice %BrR – percentage brewer’s rice, %

Wbrr – weight of brewer’s rice, kg
%BrR = (Wbrr / Wmr ) 100 Wmr – weight of milled rice, kg

Hear Rice Recovery %HR – head rice recovery, %

Whr – weight of head rice, kg
%HR = (Whr / Wmr ) 100 Wmr – weight of milled rice

Milling Recovery % MR – milling recovery, %

Wmr – weight of milled rice, %
% MR = ( Wmr / Wp ) 100 Wp – weight of paddy, kg

Speed of Low Speed Rubber Ns - speed of slower rubber roller, rpm

Roller Nh - speed of faster rubber rollre, rpm

Ns = Nh - [0.25 / Nh]

Number of Compartments for NC - number of compartments

Paddy Cb - throughput capacity, kg brown rice per hour
Separator

NC = Cb / 40 : long grain
NC = Cb / 60 : short grain
Number of Brake for Vertical NB – number of brakes, units
Abbrassive Whitener D - cone diameter, mm

NB = [D / 100] : Germany
NB = [D / 100] : Itally
Grain Ratio R – grain ratio, decimal
Wg – weight of grain, grams
R = (Wg / Wgs) Wgs – weight of grain and straw, grams

Actual Capacity Ca – actual thresher capacity, kg/hr

Wc -weight of threshed clean grain, kg
Ca = Wc / To To – operating time, hr

Corrected Capacity Cc – corrected capacity, kg/hr

MCo – observed moisture content, %
100 – MCo Rm MCr – reference MC, 20%
Cc = x x Ca Rm – reference grain-straw ratio, 0.55
100 – MCr Ro Ro – observed grain-straw ratio, decimal
Ca – actual capacity, kg/hr

Purity P – purity, %
Wu – Wc Wu – weight of uncleaned grain, grams
P= [1 – Wc ] 100 Wc – weight of cleaned grains, grams

Total Losses Lt – total losses, kg

Lb– blower loss, kg
Lt = Lb + Ls + Lu + Lsc Ls– separation loss, kg
Lsc – scattering loss, kg
Lu– unthreshed loss, kg

Threshing Efficiency ξt – threshing efficiency,

Wc – weight of clean threshed grain, kg
Wc + Lb + Ls + Lsc Lb – blower loss, kg
ξt = x 100 Ls – separation loss, kg
Wc + Lb + Ls + Lu + Ls Lsc – scattering loss, kg
Lu – unthreshed loss, kg

Threshing Recovery Tr – threshing recovery, %

Wc – weight of clean threshed grain, kg
Wc Lb – blower loss, kg
Tr = x 100 Ls – separation loss, kg
Wc + Lb + Ls + Lu + Ls Lsc – scattering loss, kg
Lu – unthreshed loss, kg
Cracked Grains Cg – percentage cracked grains, %
Ncg – number of cracked grains
Cg = Ncg 100 / (Ncg + Nucg) Nucg – number of uncracked grains

Damaged Grain Dg – percentage damage grains, %

Ndg – number of damaged grains
Dg = Ndg 100 / (Ndg + Nudg) Nudg – number of undamaged grains

Fuel Consumption Fc – fuel consumption, Lph

Fu - amount of fuel used, liters
Fc = Fu / To To – operating time, hrs

Application Rate AR – application rate, liters per hectare

Q – delivery, lpm
10000 Q S – swath, m
AR = S V V – travel speed, m/min

Sprayer Field Capacity FCs – theoretical field capacity, ha/hr

S – swath, m
S V V – travel speed, kph
FCs = 10

Actual Sprayer Field Capacity FCa – actual field capacity, ha/hr

As – area sprayed, hectares
FCa = As / Ts Ts – time spent, hr

Boom Discharge per Minute Qb – boom discharge, lpm

Qn – nozzle discharge, lpm
Qb = Qn Nn Nn – number of nozzle

Piston Displacement Dp – piston displacement, liters

d – diameter of the cylinder, cm
πd2L L – length of actual piston travel, cm
Dp=
4 (1000)

Volumetric Efficiency ξv – volumetric efficiency, %

Va – actual volume discharge, liters
ξv = (Va / Dp) 100 Dp – piston displacement, liters
Spraying Speed V – travelling speed, m/s
Qd – total discharge quantity of boom sprayer,
167 Qd lpm
V= S Q S – spraying width, m
Q – spraying quantity, liters per hectare

Number of Sprayer Load per L - number of loads per hectare

Hectare Q - application rate, liters per hectare
Ct - tank capacity, liters per load

L = Q / Ct

Engine Speed Ve – engine speed, km/hr

R – diameter of wheel, m
0.333 R Ne Ne – engine speed. Rpm
Ve = I I – reduction ratio, 1st gear equal to 4.48 and 4th gear
equal to 1.45

Engine Power Pw – wheel power, kw Pe – engine power,

kw η -mechanical efficiency, 0.75 to 0.95
Pw = η Pe

PTO Power Ppto – PTO horsepower, kw Pe – engine

power, kw η -mechanical efficiency, 0.75
Ppto = η Pe to 0.95

Wheel Axle Torque T – wheel axle torque, N-m N –

wheel axle power, kw
1000 N n – speed of the wheel axle, rpm
T=
2πn

Wheel Axle Power Pd – drawbar power or effective power, kW

Pw – wheel axle power, kw
Pd = Pw – Pl Pl – lost power, kw
or Ps – lost power by slip of wheel, kw
= Pw – (Ps + Pr) Pr – lost power by rolling resistance, kw

Traction Efficiency ηd – traction efficiency, %

ηd = Pd / Pw Pd – drawbar power, kw
Pw – wheel power , kw
Running Resistance R – rolling resistance, kgf
Cr – coefficient of rolling resistance0.01 to 0.4 for
R = Cr W wheel type and 0.05 to 0.12 for track type
W - trator weight, kg

Drive Wheel or Track Slippage % Slip – percent wheel slip, %

R – total drive wheel revolution counts to traverse the
R - r drawbar runway under no load, rev
% Slip = 100 r r – total drive wheel revolution counts to traverse the
drawbar runway under load, rev

Travel Reduction or Slip S – slip, %

An – tract revolution under no load condition, m
An - Al Al – tract revolution under load condition, m
S = 100 Al

Stability Factor K – stability factor, 1.25 min

Fw – static front end weight, kg
Fw W b Wb – wheel base,
K= P – maximum drawbar pull parallel to ground, kg h –
P h height of static line of pull perpendicular to ground

Drawbar Power DHP - drawbar power, kW

F - force measured, kN
DHP = (F S) / 3.6 S - forward speed, km/hr

PTO Power PTOP - power take-off power, kW

F - tangential force, kN
PTOP = 2 π F R N / 60 R - radius of force rotation, m
N - shaft speed, rpm
PTOP = 2 π T N / 60 T - torque, N-m

Hydraulic Power Hy P – hydraulic power, kW

Pg - gage pressure, kPa
HyP = Pg Q / 1000 Q - flow rate, lps

Drawbar Horsepower DHP - drawbar power, hp

NEP - net engine power, hp
DHP = ξm x NEP ξm - mechanical efficiency, 0.75 to 0.81

PTO Power PTOP - power take-off power, hp

NEP - net engine power, hp
PTOP = ξm x NEP ξm - mechanical efficiency, 0.87 to 0.90
Axle Power AXP - axle power, hp
NEP - net engine power, hp
AXP = ξm x NEP ξm - mechanical efficiency, 0.82 to 0.87

Drawbar Horsepower DHP - drawbar power, hp

PTOP – power take-off power, hp
DHP = ξm x PTOP ξm - mechanical efficiency, 0.86 to 0.89

C. AGRICULTURAL ELECTRIFICATION

Power (DC) P – power, Watts

V – voltage, volt
P = VI I – current, Ampere

Power (AC) P – power, volt-ampere

V – voltage, volt
P = VI I – current, Ampere

Power (AC) P – power, Watts

V – voltage, volt I
P = V I pf – current, Ampere
pf – power factor

Ohms Law (DC) I – current, Ampere

V– voltage, volt
I = V/R R – resistance, ohms

Ohms Law (AC) I – current, Ampere

V – voltage
I= V/Z Z – impedance

Power P – power, Watts

I – current, Ampere
P= I2 R R – resistance, ohms

Power P – power, Watts

V – voltage, volts
P = V2 / R R – resistance, ohms

Resistance P – power, Watts

I – current, Ampere
R = P / I2 R – resistance, ohms
Resistance P – power, Watts
V – voltage, volts
R = V2 / P R – resistance, ohms

Voltage V – voltage, volt

P – power, Watts
V=P/ I I – current, Ampere

Voltage (Series) Vt – total voltage, volt

V1 – voltage 1, volt
Vt = V1 + V2 + V3 … V2 – voltage 2, volt
V3 – voltage 3, volt

Resistance (Series) Rt – total resistance, ohms

R1 – resistance 1, ohms
Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 … R2 – resistance 2, ohms
R3 – resistance 3, ohms

Current (Series) It – total current, ampere

I1 – current 1, Ampere
It = I1 = I2 = I3 I2 – current 2, Ampere
I3 – current 3, Ampere

Voltage (Parallel) Vt – total voltage, volt

V1 – voltage 1, volt
Vt = V1 = V2 = V3 V2 – voltage 2, volt
V3 – voltage 3, volt

Resistance (Parallel) Rt – total resistance, ohms

1 R1 – resistance 1, ohms
Rt = R2 – resistance 2, ohms
1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 R3 – resistance 3, ohms

Current (Parallel) It – total current, Ampere

I1 – current 1, Ampere
It = I1 + I2 + I3 I2 – current 2, Ampere
I3 – current 3, Ampere
Energy E – energy, Watt-hour
P – power, Watts
E=PT T – time, hour
D. PROCESSING, HANDLING AND STORAGE OF CROP PRODUCTS

Conduction (Homogenous Wall) Qk - heat transfer rate, W

k - thermal conductivity, W / °K-m
Qk = k A (To – Ti) / x A - surface area, m2
To - outside wall temperature, °K
Ti - inside wall temperature, °K
x - wall thickness, m
Conduction (Composite Wall) Qk - heat transfer rate, W
k - thermal conductivity, W / °K-m
Qk = A (T1 – T4) A - surface area, m2
x12/k12 + x23/k23 + x34/k34 T4 - outside wall temperature, °K
T1 - inside wall temperature, °K
x - wall thickness, m
1,2,3,4 - represent wall surfaces
Conduction (Homogenous Qk - heat transfer rate, W
Cylindrical Wall) K - thermal conductivity, W / °K-m
A - surface area, m2
2 π k L (Ti - To) L - length of cylinder, m
Qk = To - outside wall
Ln ro/ri temperature, °K
Ti - inside wall
temperature, K
r - radius of wall, m
o, i – outside and inside wall surfaces
Convection Qh - heat transfer rate, W
h - heat transfer coefficient, W-m2-°K
Qh = h A (To – Ti ) A - surface area, m2
Tf - fluid temperature, °K
Ts - surface temperature, °K

Radiation Qr - heat trabsfer rate, W ε -

emmisivity
Qr = ε λ A T 4 λ - Stefan-Boltzman constant, 5.7x104
W/m2-°K4
A - surface area, m2
T - temperature of the surface of the
material, °K
Heat Gain on Walls Qw - heat gain from walls, W
A - wall surface area, m2
Qw = A Rt (To – Ti) Rt - thermal transmittance, W/m-°C
To – wall outside temperature, °C
Ti - wall inside temperature, ° C
Air Infiltration Load Qai - air infiltration loss, W
Vr - room volume, m3
Vr Hf AC Hf - heat factor, J
Qai = AC - Air changes, KJ/m3
86400

Product Load Qp - product load, W

Wp - weight of the product, kg
Qp = Wp Cp (Ti – Tf) / 86400 Cp - specific heat of the product, J/kg-°C
Ti – product initial temperature, °C
Tf – product final temperature, °C
Heat of Respiration Load Qr - heat of respiration load, W
Wp – weight of the product, kg
Qr = Wp HRp / 86400 HRp – product heat of respiration, J/kg-day

Light Load Ql - light load, W

Lr - lamp rating, W
Ql = Lr

Human Heat Load Qh - human heat load, W

Nh - number of human
Qh = Nh HRh / 86400 HRh - heat of respiration of human, J/man-
day
Tons of Refrigeration TR - refrigeration capacity, tons of
ref TL – total load, BTU/hr
TR = TL / 12,000

Latent Heat of Freezing Qlf - latent heat of freezing water, KJ

Mw - mass of water, kg
Qlf = Mw LHF LHF - Latent heat of freezing, 336 KJ/kg

Centigrade to Farenheight F - farenheight, deg F C

- centigrade, deg C
F = ( 9/5 ) C + 32

Farenheight to Centigrade C - centigrade, deg C

F - farenheight, deg F
C = (5/9) F - 32
Rankine to Centigrade C - centigrade, deg C R
- rankine, deg R
C = (5/4) R

Centigrade to Rankine R - rankine, deg R

C - centigrade, deg C
R = ( 4/5 ) C

Rankine to Farenheight R - rankine, deg R

F - farenheight, deg F
F = (9/4) R + 32

Farenheight to Rankine F - farenheight, deg F

R - rankine, deg R
R = (4/9) F - 32

Centigrade to Kelvin K - Kelvin, deg K

C - centigrade, deg C
K = C + 273

Farenheight to Kelvin K - Kelvin, deg K

F - farenheight, deg F
K = 1.8 F

E. AGRICULTURAL BUILDINGS / STRUCTURES

Volume of Cement/Sand/Gravel Vc - volume of cement, bags

(1:2:3) Vs - volume of sand, m3
Vg - volume of gravel,m3
Vc = 10.5 Vco
Vs = 0.42 Vco Vco – volume of concrete, m3
Vg = 0.84 Vco

Volume of Cement/Sand/Gravel Vc - volume of cement, bags

(1:2:4) Vs - volume of sand, m3
Vg - volume of gravel,m3
Vc = 7.84 Vco
Vs = 0.44 Vco Vco – volume of concrete, m3
Vg = 0.88 Vco
Volume of Cement/Sand/Gravel Vc - volume of cement, bags
(1:3:6) Vs - volume of sand, m3
Vg - volume of gravel,m3
Vc = 5.48 Vco
Vs = 0.44 Vco Vco – volume of concrete, m3
Vg = 0.88 Vco

Volume of Cement/Sand/Gravel Vc - volume of cement, bags

(1:3.5:7) Vs - volume of sand, m3
Vg - volume of gravel,m3
Vc = 5.00 Vco
Vs = 0.45 Vco Vco – volume of concrete, m3
Vg = 0.90 Vco

Number of Hallow Blocks per m2 NHB - number of hallow blocks, pieces

Wall Area ( 8 in. x 16 in.) Aw – area of wall, m2

NHB = 13 Aw
Volume of Cement and Sand for Vc - volume of cement, bags
Mortar and Vm – volume of mixture, m3
Plaster per m3 of Mixture (1:2) Vs - volume of sand, m3

Vc = 14.5 Vm
Vs = 1.0 Vm
Volume of Cement and Sand for Vc - volume of cement, bags
Mortar and Vm – volume of mixture, m3
Plaster per m3 of Mixture (1:3) Vs - volume of sand, m3

Vc = 9.5 Vm
Vs = 1.0 Vm
Volume of Cement and Sand for Vc - volume of cement, bags
Mortar and Vm – volume of mixture, m3
Plaster per m3 Mixture (1:4) Vs - volume of sand, m3

Vc = 7.0 Vm
Vs = 1.0 Vm
Volume of Cement and Sand for Vc - volume of cement, bags
Mortar and Vm – volume of mixture, m3
Plaster per m3 Mixture (1:5) Vs - volume of sand, m3

Vc = 6.0 Vm
Vs = 1.0 Vm
Quantity of Cement and Sand for Vc - volume of cement, bags
Plastering Vs - volume of sand, m3
per Face (50kg Cement-Class B) Aw – area of wall, m2
Vc = 0.238 Aw
Vs = 0.025 Aw

Quantity of Cement and Sand for Vc - volume of cement, bags

Plastering per Face (50kg Cement- Vs - volume of sand, m3
Class Aw – area of wall, m2
C)

Vc = 0.170 Aw
Vs = 0.025 Aw
Quantity of Cement and Sand for Vc - volume of cement, bags
Plastering per Face (50kg Cement- Vs - volume of sand, m3
Class Aw – area of wall, m2
D)

Vc = 0.150 Aw
Vs = 0.025 Aw
Quantity of Cement and Sand per 100 Vc - volume of cement, bags
- 4 in. CHB Mortar (50kg Cement- Vs - volume of sand, m3
Class B) NHB – number of hallow blocks

Vc = 3.328 NHB/100
Vs = 0.350 NHB /100
Quantity of Cement and Sand per 100 Vc - volume of cement, bags
- 6 in. CHB Mortar (50kg Cement- Vs - volume of sand, m3
Class B) NHB – number of hallow blocks
Vc = 6.418 NHB/100
Vs = 0.675 NHB /100

Quantity of Cement and Sand per 100 Vc - volume of cement, bags

- 8 in. CHB Mortar (50kg Cement- Vs - volume of sand, m3
Class B) NHB – number of hallow blocks

Vc = 9.504 NHB /100

Vs = 1.000 NHB /100

Weight of Tie Wire (No. 16 GI wire) Wtw – weight of tie wire, kg

Wrb - weight of reinforcement bar, tons
Wtw = 20 Wrb
Vertical Reinforcement Bar Lb - length of vertical bar needed, m
Requirement Aw - area of wall, m2

Lb = 3.0 Aw (0.4 m spacing)

Lb = 2.1 Aw (0.6 m spacing)
Lb = 1.5 Aw (0.8 m spacing)

Horizontal Reinforcement Bar Lb - length of vertical bar needed, m

Requirement Aw - area of wall, m2

Lb = 2.7 Aw (every 2 layers)

Lb = 1.9 Aw (every 3 layers)

Lb = 1.7 Aw (every 4 layers)

Board Feet of Lumber BF - number of board foot, bd-ft

T – thickness of wood, in.
T W L W - width of wood, in.
BF = 12 L - length of wood, ft

Number of Board Foot that can be BF - number of board foot, bd-ft

Obtained from Log D – small diameter of log, in.
L - length of log, ft
(D – 4) 2 L
BF = 16

Volume of Paint Needed for Wood Pv - volume of paints needed, liters

Aw - area of wall, m2
Pv = 3.78 Aw / 20 (1st coating)

Pv = 3.78 Aw / 25 (2nd coating)

Nails Requirement Wn - weight of nail needed, kg

BFw – number of board foot of wood, bd-ft
Wn = 20 BFw / 1000

Wood Preservation Vp - volume of preservatives, gal

As - area of surface, m2
Vp = As / 9.3
Lairage SR - space requirement, m2
Na - number of animals
SR = 2.23 Na : large/loose type

SR = 3.30 Na : large/tie-up type

SR = 0.70 Na : swine less than

100kg

SR = 0.60 Na : swine more

than100kg

SR = 0.56 Na : small animals

Goat and Sheep (Solid Floor) SR - space requirement, m2

Na - number of animals
SR = 0.80 Na : 35 kg animal

SR = 1.10 Na : 50 kg animal

SR = 1.40 Na : 70 kg animal

SR = 0.45 Na : kid/lamb

SR = 3.00 Na : buck/ram

Goat and Sheep (Slatted Floor) SR - space requirement, m2

Na - number of animals
SR = 0.70 Na : 35 kg animal
SR = 0.90 Na : 50 kg animal
SR = 1.10 Na : 70 kg animal
SR = 0.35 Na : kid/lamb
SR = 2.60 Na : buck/ram

Goat and Sheep (Open Yard) SR - space requirement, m2

Na - number of animals
SR = 2.00 Na : 35 kg animal

SR = 2.50 Na : 50 kg animal

SR = 3.00 Na : 70 kg animal
Goat and Sheep (Lactating) SR - space requirement, m2
Na - number of animals
SR = 1.30 Na : 50-70 kg pregnant

SR = 1.60 Na : over 70 kg pregnant

SR = 2.00 Na : 50-70 kg lactating

SR = 2.30 Na : over 70 kg lactating

Cattle Feed Lot SR - space requirement, m2

Na - number of animals
SR = 4.00 Na : shed space

SR = 5.00 Na : loafing area

Cattle Ranch (Holding Pen) SR - space requirement, m2

Na - number of animals
SR = 1.30 Na : up to 270 kg

SR = 1.60 Na : 270-540 kg

SR = 1.90 Na : over 540 kg

Cattle Shed or Barn SR - space requirement, m2

Na - number of animals
SR = 1.00 Na : calves up to 3 mo
SR = 2.00 Na : calves 2-3 mo
SR = 3.00 Na : calves 7 mo-1 yr
SR = 4.00 Na : yearling 1-2 yr
SR = 5.00 Na : heifer/steer 2-3 yr
SR = 6.00 Na : milking and dry
cow
SR = 10.00 Na : cows in maternity
stall

Carabao Feedlot SR - space requirement, m2

Na - number of animals
SR = 4.00 Na
Laying Hens (Growing 7-22 Weeks) SR - space requirement, m2
Na - number of birds
SR = 0.14 Na : litter floor

SR = 0.06 Na : slotted floor

SR = 0.07 Na : slot-litter floor

Laying Hens (Laying Beyond 22 SR - space requirement, m2

Weeks) Na - number of birds

SR = 0.17 Na : litter floor

SR = 0.09 Na : slotted floor

SR = 0.14 Na : slot-litter floor

Broiler SR - space requirement, m2

Na - number of birds
SR = 0.0625 Na : 4 week and
below

SR = 0.1250 Na : above 4 weeks

Swine (Group of Growing Swine) SR - space requirement, m2 Na -

number of animals
SR = 0.11 Na : up to 10 kg
SR = 0.20 Na : 11 to 30 kg
SR = 0.35 Na : 21 to 40 kg
SR = 0.50 Na : 41 to 60 kg
SR = 0.70 Na : 61 to 80 kg
SR = 0.85 Na : 81 to 100 kg
Swine SR - space requirement, m2
Na - number of animals
SR = 1.00 Na : Gilts up to mating
SR = 2.50 Na : Adult pigs in group
SR = 1.20 Na : Gestating sows
SR = 7.50 Na : Boar in pens
SR = 7.40 Na : Lactating sows and
liters – individual
pen
SR = 5.60 Na : Lactating sows and
Liters
SR =1.80 Na : Dry sows