Chapter 11: Wide Area Networks and the Internet

 ARPANET was the network that became the basis for the Internet. Based
on a concept first published in 1967, ARPANET was developed under the ARPANET
direction of the U.S. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).

 A versatile data-transmission system using 53-byte packets and designed

to enable various kinds of data, including live audio and video, to be Asynchronous Transfer
multiplexed. Mode (ATM)

 Bridges are slightly more complex than repeaters. Bridges operate at the
second layer, the data link layer of the OSI model. Bridges

 A way to organize a wide-area network is to use circuit switching. This

method is actually very similar to placing a call on the ordinary switch Circuit Switching
telephone network.

 Detects the and corrects errors within frames of data and also provides
“flags” (the bit patterns that indicate the beginning and end of a frame). Data Link Layer

 DEC net refers to a specific set of hardware and software networking

products which implement the DIGITAL Network Architecture (DNA). The
DIGITAL Network Architecture has a set of documents which define the DEC Network
network architecture in general, state the specifications for each layer of Architecture (DNA)
the architecture, and describe the protocols which operate within each
layer.

 A method whereby messages can be left for individual network users;

messages are generally stored on the server in such a way that only the Electronic Mail (E-Mail)
designated recipient can accept them.

 The File Transfer Protocol is a standard network protocol used for the
transfer of computer files between a client and server on a computer File Transport Protocol
network. (FTP)

 Software to prevent unauthorized access to computers on a network by

computers outside the network. Firewall

 A bit or sequence of bits that indicates the beginning or end of a packet. Flag

 It is very similar to X.25, except that it has less built-in-error correction. Frame Relay

 A computer system, normally run by a nonprofit organization, that provides

modern access to the public at no charge (through donations are
encouraged); a typical Freenet has bulletin board areas for local Freenet
messages, and many have Internet access.

 Gateways are used to connect computers running otherwise incompatible

systems, such as different types of mainframes or different electronic-mail Gateways
systems.

 A sequence of bits at the beginning of a packet, containing information

about the type of packet and/or routing. Header

 Hypertext Markup Language is the standard markup language for Hypertext Markup
documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. Language (HTML)
 HTTP is the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web and this
protocol defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what Hypertext Transport
actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various Protocol (HTTP)
commands.

 The International Organization for Standardization is an international

standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national International Standards
standards organizations. Organization (ISO)

 A worldwide public network of networks that connects a very wide variety

computers, applications, and users. Internet

 It is known as a connectionless protocol because it simply sends

messages, called diagrams, onward toward their destination, without Internet Protocol
keeping track on them after that.

 A private network that uses the same TCP/IP protocol suite as the Internet. Intranet

 Leased Lines are available with data rates from 56 Kbs up. Leased Lines
are most suitable when data must be transferred between two centers on a Leased Lines
continuous basis.

 A network that encompasses a city and its environs. Metropolitan-Area

Network

 Sets up the path to transmit data between terminals and arranges data into
packets. Network Layer

 Any data communications network requires some system to organize the

flow of data. The system is normally specified as a hierarchy of protocols. Network Protocol

 Electronic bulletin boards devoted to a wide variety of subjects, accessible

via Internet. Newsgroups

 A system for organizing data-transmission protocols developed by the Open System

International Standard Organization (ISO). Interconnection (OSI)

 Packet Layer was founded with the desire to provide seamless and
complete solutions for any client that seeks quality IT support. Packet Layer

 Packet Switching is a way to organize the lines of a wide-area network.

Each packet begins with a header that includes the address of the node to Packet Switching
which the packet is being sent.

 Determines the function of the packet, specifically, whether it contains Packet Type Identifier
information or control signals. (PTI)

 Concerns the way the hardware transmits data to network. Physical Layer

 A formal set of conventions governing the format and timing of messages. Protocol

 Repeaters are simply devices that regenerate and retransmit packets. Repeaters

 In which are even more complex than bridges, can change packets from
one protocol to another. Routers

 SMTP is a push protocol and is used to send the mail whereas POP (post
office protocol) or IMAP (internet message access protocol) are used to Simple Mail Transport
retrieve those mails at the receiver's side. Protocol (SMTP)
 Store and forward is a data communication technique in which a message
transmitted from a source node is stored at an intermediary device before Store-and-Forward
being forwarded to the destination node. Network

 Systems Network Architecture (SNA) is IBM's proprietary networking

architecture, created in 1974. It is a complete protocol stack for System Network
interconnecting computers and their resources. Architecture (SNA)

 Is an application that allows a remote computer on the network to act as if it

were a dumb terminal. Telnet

 This transport level protocol is responsible for assembling a message into Transmission Control
datagrams for the IP layer. Protocol (TCP)

 A link between computers in which each recognizes a software connection

to the other; the physical connection is not continuous but it consists of Virtual Circuit
packets routed as transmitted.

 Any computer that extends for more than a short distance such as a
building or related group of buildings. Wide-Area Network

 A system that allows users to access documents from widely separated

sources on the Internet, using a common interface. World Wide Web

 The X.25 protocol, developed by the CCITT, is used in many packet

networks to control the interface between an individual data terminal and X.25 Protocol
network.
 Chapter 12: Digital Modulation and Modems
 This variant of QPSK uses two identical constellations which are rotated by 𝝅/𝟒 Delta Phase Shift
45° (𝜋/4 radians, hence the name) with respect to one another. Usually, Keying
either the even or odd symbols are used to select points from one of the
constellations and the other symbols select points from the other
constellation.
 56K Analog Digital modem refers to procedures between a “digital modem” 56K Modem
and an “analog modem”. The analog modem, which may be connected to
the PSTN through either an analog or digital interface, transmits V.34
signals and receives G.711 PCM signals.
 Data transmission by varying the amplitude of the transmitted signal. Amplitude Shift Keying
(ASK)
 It uses a mark frequency of 2225 Hz and space frequency of 2025 Hz. Answer Modem

 A telephone local loop that combines analog telephone service with data Asynchronous Digital
communication. The downstream data rate is greater than the upstream Subscriber line
rate.

 Use of an audio tone of two or more different frequencies to modulate a Audio Frequency-Shift
conventional analog transmitter for data transmission. Keying (AFSK)

 Speed at which symbols are transmitted in a digital communication system. Baud Rate

 It is used for the transmission of call-display information to modern Bell 202 Modem
telephones.

 The Bell 212A modulation scheme defined a standard method of Bell 212A Modem
transmitting full-duplex asynchronous serial data at 1.2 Kbit/s over
analogue transmission lines. The equivalent, but incompatible ITU-T
standard is V.22.

 The Bell 103, which was the first commercial computer modem, is an AT&T Bell 103 Modem
standard for asynchronous 300 bps full-duplex modems that use
frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation on dial-up lines.

 Speed at which data is transmitted in a digital communication system. Bit Rate

 A device to allow data communications over cable-television wiring, as well Cable Modem
as television signals.

 Variant of QAM used with ADSL data communication system. Carrier less Amplitude
Phase (CAP) Modulation
 Community antenna television: a cable television system that receives CATV
television broadcasts by antenna and relays them by cable to paying
subscribers in areas where direct reception is either poor or not possible.

 The computer does most of the processing, including data compression Class 1 Modem
and error correction.

 It can do internally, freeing the associated computer to do other tasks while Class 2 Modem
fax is being transmitted or received.

 A cable modem termination system or CMTS is a piece of equipment, CMTS

typically located in a cable company's headend or hub site, which is used
to provide high speed data services, such as cable Internet or Voice over
Internet Protocol, to cable subscribers.
 The strings command returns each string of printable characters in files. Its Command String
main uses are to determine the contents of and to extract text from binary
files.

 In digital communication, a pattern showing all the possible combinations of Constellation Diagram
amplitude and phase for a signal.

 A modem. Data Communication

Equipment (DCE)
 It allows a modem to achieve data rates greater than would normally be Data Compression
possible over a telephone lines by eliminating redundant data.

 A terminal or computer that communicates via a modem Data Terminal Equipment

(DTE)
 Digital modulation scheme that represents a bit pattern by a change in Delta Phase-Shift Keying
phase from the previous state. (DPSK)

 Any digital modulation scheme that codes two bits of information per Dibit System
transmitted symbol.

 Modulation scheme for ADSL data communication systems that uses many Discrete Multi-Tone
carriers at different frequencies, each modulated using QAM. (DMT) Modulation

 Refers to data sent from a network service provider to a customer. Downstream

 DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line. Users get a high speed bandwidth DSL
connection from a phone wall jack on an existing telephone network.

 Error correction is the process of detecting errors in transmitted messages Error Correction
and reconstructing the original error-free data. Error correction ensures that
corrected and error-free messages are obtained at the receiver side.

 An eye diagram or eye pattern is simply a graphical display of a serial data Eye Diagram
signal with respect to time that shows a pattern that resembles an eye.

 A transmission speed that is less than the maximum of which a modem is Fallback
capable and that the modem is capable and the modem resorts to when
line conditions do not permit transmission at its maximum speed.

 A device for the transmission and reception of facsimile document; it may Fax Modem
be used with a microcomputer or built into a stand-alone fax machine.

 A means of ensuring that a transmitter sends data only when the Flow Control
associated receiver is ready to receiver it.

 Digital modulation scheme using two or more different output frequency. Frequency-Shift Keying
(FSK)
 The term Gaussian refers to the shape of a filter that is used before the Gaussian
modulator to reduce the transmitted bandwidth of the signal.

 Variant of FSK which uses the minimum possible frequency shift for a Gaussian Minimum-Shift
given bit rate. Keying (GMSK)

 A series of commands transmitted to be modem whenever a Initialization String

communication software program is loaded.

 The International Telecommunication Union, originally the International International

Telegraph Union, is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is Telecommunications
responsible for issues that concern information and communication Union (ITU)
technologies.
 1200 bits per second duplex modem standardized for use in the general ITU V.22
switched telephone network and on point-to-point 2-wire leased telephone-
type circuits.

 A modem operating at data signaling rates of up to 33 600 bit/s for use on ITU V.34
the general switched telephone network and on leased point-to-point 2-wire
telephone-type circuits.

 A digital modem and analogue modem pair for use on the Public Switched ITU V.90
Telephone Network (PSTN) at data signaling rates of up to 56 000 bit/s
downstream and up to 33 600 bit/s upstream.

 In digital communication, a logic one. Mark

 The mark frequency is 1200 Hz. Mark Frequency

 Acronym for modulator-demodulator; device to enable data to be Modem

transmitted via analog channel.

 A cable used to make a direct connection between two devices using their Null Modem
serial ports; it is wired to simulate the presence of a link via modem
between the devices.

 The modem that places the call; it transmits with a mark frequency of 1270 Originate Modem
Hz and a space frequency of 1070 Hz.

 A means of transmitting data by shifting the phase angle of the transmitted Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
signal.

 Phase-Shift Keying that employs four different phases and allows two bits Quadrature Phase-Shift
of information to be transmitted simultaneously. Keying (QPSK)

 A means of transmitting data by shifting both the amplitude and the phase Quadrature Amplitude
of the transmitted signal. Modulation (QAM)

 The radio spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum with Radio Spectrum
frequencies from 30 hertz to 300 GHz. Electromagnetic waves in this
frequency range, called radio waves, are widely used in modern
technology, particularly in telecommunication.

 RS-232, Recommended Standard 232 refers to a standard originally RS 232

introduced in 1960 for serial communication transmission of data. It
formally defines signals connecting between a DTE such as a computer
terminal, and a DCE, such as a modem.

 Binary Zero. Space

 The space frequency is 2200 Hz. Space frequency

 A transmitted signal that can have two or more possible states. Symbol

 A series of tones transmitted by a modem to allow the automatic Training Sequence

adjustment of line equalization.

 Telephone Modems employ all three of the modulation techniques FSK, Telephone Modems
PSK and QAM.

 Refers to the direction in which data can be transferred from the client to Upstream
the server (uploading).
 Chapter 13: Multiplexing and Multiple-Access Techniques
 The call will not go through. Blocked

 A bus is a communication system that transfers data between components Bus

inside a computer, or between computers.

 Extra bits used to spread the signal in a direct-sequence spread-spectrum Chips

system.

 System to allow multiple users to use the same frequency with sequence Code-Division Multiple
PN codes and a spread-spectrum modulation scheme. Access (CDMA)

 A digital switch is a device that handles digital signals generated at or

passed through a telephone company central office and forwards them Digital Switching
across the company's backbone network.

 Technique for increasing the bandwidth of a transmitted signal by Direst-Sequence Spread

combining it with a pseudo-random noise signal with a higher bit rate. Spectrum

 One extra bit. Framing Bit

 Form of spread-spectrum communication in which the RF carrier

continually moves from one frequency to another according to prearrange Frequency Hoping
pseudo-random pattern.

 Sharing of a communication channel among multiple users by assigning Frequency-Division

each a different carrier frequency. Multiple Access (FDMA)

 Combing of a several signals into one communication channel by assigning Frequency-Division

each a different carrier frequency. Multiplexing (FDM)

 It shows that time and bandwidth are equivalent. Hartley’s Law

 Each of the time switches has a separate bus. Highway

 Interference is a phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form a

resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude. Interference

 Use of a single channel by more than one transmitter. Multiple Access

 Use of a single channel by more than one signal. Multiplexing

 A transmitted series of ones and zeros that repeats after a set time, and Pseudo-Random Noise
which appears random if the sequence is not known to the receiver. (PN) Sequence

 Pulse-code modulation is a method used to digitally represent sampled Pulse Code Modulation
analog signals. (PCM)

 Variation in received signal strength due to multipath propagation. Rayleigh Fading

 A method of switching that provides a separate physical path for each Space Switching
symbol.

 Improvement in interference rejection due to spreading in a spread-

spectrum system. Spreading Gain

 A group of twelve frames. Superframe

 The T1 (or T-1) carrier is the most commonly used digital transmission
service in the United States, Canada, and Japan, it consists of 24 separate
channels using pulse code modulation (PCM) signals with time-division T1
multiplexing (TDM) at an overall rate of 1.544 million bits per second
(Mbps).

 The T-carrier is a member of the series of carrier systems developed by

AT&T Bell Laboratories for digital transmission of multiplexed telephone T-Carrier
calls.

 System to allow several transmissions to use a single channel by assigning Time Division Multiple
time slots to each. Access (TDMA)

 System to combine several data streams onto a single channel by Time Division
assigning time slots to each. Multiplexing (TDM)

 A method of switching that moves a signal from one time slot to another on
the same physical path. Time Switching

 Twisted-pair lines can be specifically conditioned for use as T1 and T2 Twisted-Pair Line
carriers.
 Chapter 14: Transmission Lines
 A device for coupling balanced and unbalanced lines. Balun

 The ratio between voltage and current on an infinitely long transmission Characteristic Impedance
line.

 A transmission line containing concentric conductors. Coaxial Line

 This device allows the measurements of power moving along the line in Directional Coupler
each direction.

 A transmission line that is terminated in its characteristic impedance is Matched Line

called matched line.

 A transmission line containing parallel conductors separated by spacers. Open-Wire Line

 Parallel lines are usually operated as balanced lines; that is, the impedance Parallel Lines
to ground from each of the two wires is equal.

 The amount of electrical power required for a particular device. Power rating

 The speed at which signals travel down a transmission line. Propagation Velocity

 A section of transmission line, electrically a quarter-wavelength in length, Quarter-Wave

that is used to change impedance on a transmission line. Transformer

 The ratio of reflected to incident voltage on a transmission line. Reflection Coefficient

 Skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current to become Skin Effect
distributed within a conductor such that the current density is largest near
the surface of the conductor, and decreases with greater depths in the
conductor.

 The slotted line is a very straightforward way of conducting transmission Slotted Line
line measurements.

 A graphical transmission line calculator. Smith Chart

 The interaction between the incident and reflected waves, which are both Standing Wave
travelling waves, causes what appears to be a stationary pattern of waves
on the line.

 The ratio of maximum to minimum voltage on a transmission line. Standing –Wave Ratio
(SWR)
 A short section of line, usually short-circuited at one end, used for Stub
impedance matching.

 The surge impedance is the ratio of voltage and current at any point along Surge Impedance
an infinitely long line.

 The SWR concerns magnitudes only and is thus a real number. SWR

 The most important use of TDR is to determine the position and type of Time Domain
defects on a line. Reflectometry

 Any pair of conductors used to conduct electrical energy. Transmission line

 A wave in which the medium moves in the direction of propagation. Travelling Wave
 Ratio of the speed of propagation on a line to that of light in free space. Velocity Factor

 Wavelengths represent a repeating pattern of traveling energy, such as Wavelength

light or sound.
 Chapter 15: Radio Wave Propagation
 The reduction in signal strength due to spreading of the waves at a Attenuation of Free
distance from the transmitter. Space

 The fields vary together, both in time and in space, and there is definite Characteristics Ratio
ratio between electric field intensity and the magnetic field intensity.

 The magnitude of the electric field required to cause breakdown and

arching in a dielectric. Dielectric Strength

 A means of propagation in which the waves are confined within a refractive

region of the troposphere or between such a region and the ground. Ducting

 A device that allows a transmitter and receiver, operating at different

frequencies, to be connected to the same antenna and operate Duplex
simultaneously.

 The area from which the receiving antenna can be considered to extract all
the energy in an electromagnetic wave. Effective Area

 The ratio of an electric force on a charge to the charge, at a given point

(units are volts per meter). Electric Field Intensity

 A vacuum that allows radio wave to propagate without any obstruction. Free Space

 A vertically polarized electromagnetic wave that propagates along the

surface of the earth. Ground Wave

 The ratio of the phase velocity of a wave in free space to that in the
medium under consideration. Index of Refraction

 The ionized region of earth’s atmosphere. Ionosphere

 A hypothetical antenna having zero physical sized and no loss and

radiating equally in all directions. Isotropic Radiator

 Magnitude of the magnetic field vector (units are ampere per minute). Magnetic Field Intensity

 The highest frequency that will be returned by the ionosphere at a given Maximum Usable
point. Frequency
 Changes to the baseband signal caused by multipath reception. Multipath Distortion

 A situation in which signal receives at a receiving antenna via two or more

paths (usually one of these paths is direct from the transmitting antenna Multipath Reception
and the other involves reflection).

 A line drawn perpendicular to the interface between two media. Normal

 The ratio between the signal appearing at the transmitting antenna

terminals and that at the receiving antenna terminals. Path Loss

 A quantum of electromagnetic radiation. Photon

 The direction of the electric field vector of an electromagnetic wave. Polarization

 The power flowing through a unit cross sectional area normal to the
direction of travel of electromagnetic wave. Power Density

 The process by which waves travel through a medium. Propagation

 A receiver capable of receiving several versions of the same signal with Rake Receiver
different arrival times, and combining the received versions into a signal Sectorization
with better quality.

 The wave rotates in a clockwise direction as it recedes. Right Hand

 In cellular radio, the division of a cell into sectors by the use of directional
antennas at a single cell sites. Sectarization

 An electromagnetic wave that is returned to earth by the ionosphere. Sky Wave

 An electromagnetic wave that propagates directly from the transmitting to

the receiving antenna. Space Wave

 Propagation along or near the surface of the earth. Terrestrial Propagation

 This means that the electric field, magnetic field, and the direction of travel Transverse
of the wave are all mutually perpendicular. Electromagnetic (TEM)

 The region of the atmosphere closest to the earth. Troposhere