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Unit 2 part-II

CDMA allows all stations to transmit simultaneously by assigning each station a unique code. Each station multiplies its data by its code before transmission. At the receiver, the data is extracted by multiplying the received signal by the code of the intended transmitter. This eliminates interference from other simultaneous transmissions using different codes, which have a net value of zero when multiplied together. CDMA differs from other multiplexing techniques by not requiring timesharing of the channel and allowing all users to be active at once.

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33 views

Unit 2 part-II

CDMA allows all stations to transmit simultaneously by assigning each station a unique code. Each station multiplies its data by its code before transmission. At the receiver, the data is extracted by multiplying the received signal by the code of the intended transmitter. This eliminates interference from other simultaneous transmissions using different codes, which have a net value of zero when multiplied together. CDMA differs from other multiplexing techniques by not requiring timesharing of the channel and allowing all users to be active at once.

Uploaded by

Jyo Reddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CDMA

• CDMA simply means communication with different codes.


• CDMA differs from FDMA because
→ only one channel occupies the entire bandwidth of the link.
• CDMA differs from TDMA because
→ all stations can send data simultaneously; there is no timesharing.

In CDMA, one channel carries all transmissions simultaneously


Implementation
• Let us assume we have four stations 1, 2, 3, and 4 connected to the same channel.
• The data from station-1 are d1, from station-2 are d2, and so on.
• The code assigned to the first station is c1, to the second is c2, and so on.
• We assume that the assigned codes have 2 properties.
1) If we multiply each code by another, we get 0.
2) If we multiply each code by itself, we get 4 (the number of stations).

• Here is how it works


 Station-1 multiplies the data by the code to get d1.c1.
 Station-2 multiplies the data by the code to get d2.c2. And so on.
 The data that go on the channel are the sum of all these terms.


 The receiver multiplies the data on the channel by the code of the sender.

For example, suppose stations 1 and 2 are talking to each other.


Station-2 wants to hear what station-1 is saying.
Station-2 multiplies the data on the channel by c1 the code of station-1.

(c1.c1)=4, (c2.c1)=0, (c3.c1)=0, and (c4.c1)=0,

Therefore, station-2 divides the result by 4 to get the data from station-1.
Chips
• CDMA is based on coding theory.
• Each station is assigned a code, which is a sequence of numbers called chips.

Data Representation
• We follow the following rules for encoding:
1) To send a 0 bit, a station encodes the bit as -1
2) To send a 1 bit, a station encodes the bit as +1
3) When a station is idle, it sends no signal, which is interpreted as a 0.

Encoding and Decoding


• We assume that
 Stations 1 and 2 are sending a 0 bit.
 Station-4 is sending a 1 bit.
 Station-3 is silent.

• Here is how it works


 At the sender-site, the data are translated to -1, -1, 0, and +1.
 Each station multiplies the corresponding number by its chip (its
orthogonal sequence).
 The result is a new sequence which is sent to the channel.
 The sequence on the channel is the sum of all 4 sequences.
 Now imagine station-3, which is silent, is listening to station-2.
 Station-3 multiplies the total data on the channel by the code for station-2,
which is [+1 -1 +1-1], to get.

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