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Formulae Sheet PDF

This document contains physical constants, mathematical formulae, and conversion factors from various areas of physics. It lists fundamental constants like the electron mass, Planck's constant, and gravitational constant. It also provides equations for calculus, vector calculus, trigonometry, and coordinate systems like polar, spherical, and vector calculus formulae.

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MUHAMMAD NOMAN SALEEM
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96 views4 pages

Formulae Sheet PDF

This document contains physical constants, mathematical formulae, and conversion factors from various areas of physics. It lists fundamental constants like the electron mass, Planck's constant, and gravitational constant. It also provides equations for calculus, vector calculus, trigonometry, and coordinate systems like polar, spherical, and vector calculus formulae.

Uploaded by

MUHAMMAD NOMAN SALEEM
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICAL CONSTANTS & MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

Physical Constants
electron charge e = 1.60×10−19 C
electron mass me = 9.11×10−31 kg = 0.511 MeV c−2
proton mass mp = 1.673×10−27 kg = 938.3 MeV c−2
neutron mass mn = 1.675×10−27 kg = 939.6 MeV c−2
Planck’s constant h = 6.63×10−34 J s
Dirac’s constant (~ = h/2π) ~ = 1.05×10−34 J s
Boltzmann’s constant kB = 1.38×10−23 J K−1 = 8.62×10−5 eV K−1
speed of light in free space c = 299 792 458 m s−1 ≈ 3.00×108 m s−1
permittivity of free space ε0 = 8.85×10−12 F m−1
permeability of free space µ0 = 4π×10−7 H m−1
Avogadro’s constant NA = 6.02×1023 mol−1
gas constant R = 8.32 J mol−1 K−1
ideal gas volume (STP) V0 = 22.4 l mol−1
gravitational constant G = 6.67×10−11 N m2 kg−2
Rydberg constant R∞ = 1.10×107 m−1
Rydberg energy of hydrogen RH = 13.6 eV
Bohr radius a0 = 0.529×10−10 m
Bohr magneton µB = 9.27×10−24 J T−1
fine structure constant α ≈ 1/137
Wien displacement law constant b = 2.898×10−3 m K
Stefan’s constant σ = 5.67×10−8 W m−2 K−4
radiation density constant a = 7.55×10−16 J m−3 K−4
mass of the Sun M = 1.99×1030 kg
radius of the Sun R = 6.96×108 m
luminosity of the Sun L = 3.85×1026 W
mass of the Earth M⊕ = 6.0×1024 kg
radius of the Earth R⊕ = 6.4×106 m

Conversion Factors
1 u (atomic mass unit) = 1.66×10−27 kg = 931.5 MeV c−2 1 Å (angstrom) = 10−10 m
1 astronomical unit = 1.50×1011 m 1 g (gravity) = 9.81 m s−2
1 eV = 1.60×10−19 J 1 parsec = 3.08×1016 m
1 atmosphere = 1.01×105 Pa 1 year = 3.16×107 s
Polar Coordinates

x = r cos θ y = r sin θ dA = r dr dθ

1 ∂2
 
2 1 ∂ ∂
∇ = r + 2 2
r ∂r ∂r r ∂θ

Spherical Coordinates

x = r sin θ cos φ y = r sin θ sin φ z = r cos θ dV = r2 sin θ dr dθ dφ

∂2
   
2 1 ∂ 2 ∂ 1 ∂ ∂ 1
∇ = 2 r + 2 sin θ + 2 2
r ∂r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ2

Calculus
f (x) f 0 (x) f (x) f 0 (x)
xn nxn−1 tan x sec2 x
sin−1 x √ 1

ex ex a a2 −x2
1
cos−1 xa − √a21−x2

ln x = loge x x
tan−1 xa a

sin x cos x a2 +x2
sinh−1 xa √ 1

cos x − sin x x2 +a2
cosh−1 xa √ 1

cosh x sinh x x2 −a2
tanh−1 xa a

sinh x cosh x a2 −x2
0 0
cosec x −cosec x cot x uv u v + uv
u0 v−uv 0
sec x sec x tan x u/v v2

Definite Integrals
Z ∞
n!
xn e−ax dx = (n ≥ 0 and a > 0)
0 an+1
+∞
Z r
−ax2 π
e dx =
−∞ a
Z +∞ r
2 −ax2 1 π
xe dx =
−∞ 2 a3
Z b b Z b du(x)
dv(x)
Integration by Parts: u(x) dx = u(x)v(x) − v(x) dx

a dx a a dx
Series Expansions

(x − a) 0 (x − a)2 00 (x − a)3 000


Taylor series: f (x) = f (a) + f (a) + f (a) + f (a) + · · ·
1! 2! 3!
n    
n
X n n−k k n n!
Binomial expansion: (x + y) = x y and =
k=0
k k (n − k)!k!
n(n − 1) 2
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + ··· (|x| < 1)
2!
x 2 x3 x3 x5 x2 x4
ex = 1 + x + + +· · · , sin x = x − + −· · · and cos x = 1 − + −· · ·
2! 3! 3! 5! 2! 4!
x2 x3
ln(1 + x) = loge (1 + x) = x − + − ··· (|x| < 1)
2 3
n
X 1 − rn+1
Geometric series: rk =
k=0
1−r
Stirling’s formula: loge N ! = N loge N − N or ln N ! = N ln N − N

Trigonometry

sin(a ± b) = sin a cos b ± cos a sin b

cos(a ± b) = cos a cos b ∓ sin a sin b


tan a ± tan b
tan(a ± b) =
1 ∓ tan a tan b
sin 2a = 2 sin a cos a
cos 2a = cos2 a − sin2 a = 2 cos2 a − 1 = 1 − 2 sin2 a
sin a + sin b = 2 sin 21 (a + b) cos 12 (a − b)
sin a − sin b = 2 cos 12 (a + b) sin 12 (a − b)
cos a + cos b = 2 cos 12 (a + b) cos 12 (a − b)
cos a − cos b = −2 sin 12 (a + b) sin 21 (a − b)
eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ
1 iθ 1 iθ
e + e−iθ e − e−iθ
 
cos θ = and sin θ =
2 2i
1 θ 1 θ
e + e−θ e − e−θ
 
cosh θ = and sinh θ =
2 2
sin a sin b sin c
Spherical geometry: = = and cos a = cos b cos c+sin b sin c cos A
sin A sin B sin C
Vector Calculus

A · B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz = Aj Bj

A×B = (Ay Bz − Az By ) î + (Az Bx − Ax Bz ) ĵ + (Ax By − Ay Bx ) k̂ = ijk Aj Bk


A×(B×C) = (A · C)B − (A · B)C
A · (B×C) = B · (C×A) = C · (A×B)
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
grad φ = ∇φ = ∂ j φ = î + ĵ + k̂
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az
div A = ∇ · A = ∂ j Aj = + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
     
∂Az ∂Ay ∂Ax ∂Az ∂Ay ∂Ax
curl A = ∇×A = ijk ∂ j Ak = − î + − ĵ + − k̂
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ ∂ 2φ
∇ · ∇φ = ∇2 φ = + + 2
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z
∇×(∇φ) = 0 and ∇ · (∇×A) = 0
∇×(∇×A) = ∇(∇ · A) − ∇2 A

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