9/5/2019 CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes : Electrons, Photons and X-rays – AglaSem Schools

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CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes : Electrons,

Photons and X-rays
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Class 12 Physics Electrons, Photons and X-rays – Get here the Notes for Class 12 Physics Electrons, Photons and X-rays. Candidates who are
ambitious to qualify the Class 12 with good score can check this article for Notes. This is possible only when you have the best CBSE Class 12
Physics study material and a smart preparation plan. To assist you with that, we are here with notes. Hope these notes will helps you
understand the important topics and remember the key points for exam point of view. Below we provided the Notes of Class 12 Physics for
topic Electrons, Photons and X-rays.

Class: 12th

Subject: Physics 

Topic: Electrons, Photons and X-rays

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CBSE Class 12 Physics Notes: Electrons, Photons and X-rays

Candidates who are pursuing in Class 12 are advised to revise the notes from this post. With the help of Notes, candidates can plan their
Strategy for particular weaker section of the subject and study hard. So, go ahead and check the Important Notes for Class 12 Physics Electrons,
Photons and X-rays

Cathode Rays

Cathode rays are the stream of fast moving electrons. These rays are produced in a discharge tube at a pressure below 0.01 rom of mercury.

Properties of Cathode Rays

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(i) Cathode rays are not electromagnetic rays.

(ii) Cathode rays are de ected by electric eld and magnetic eld.

(iii) Cathode rays produce heat in metals when they fallon them.

(iv) Cathode rays can pass through thin aluminium or gold foils without puncturing them.

(v) Cathode rays can produce physical and chemical change.

(vi) Cathode ray travel in straight line with high velocity momentum and energy and cast shadow of objects placed in their path.

(vii) On striking the target of high atomic weight and high melting point, they produce X-rays.

(viii) Cathode rays produce uorescence and phosphorescence in certain substance and hence a ect photographic plate.

(ix) When any charge particle move in a eld where magnetic and electric elds are present, without any deviation, then

Magnetic force = Electrostatic force

Bev = Ee or v = E / B

(x) Speci c charge of cathode rays means the ratio of charge and mass.

(xi) Speci c charge of electron was determined by J J Thomson using perpendicular magnetic and electric eld applied on a beam of electrons,
at the same place.
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(xii) Speci
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where, E = electric eld, B = magnetic eld and V =ATSE

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(xii) The value of speci c charge of an electron is 1.7589 * 1011 C / kg.

(xiv) Millikan measured the charge of an electron through his popular oil drop experiment.

(xv) The charge of the electron as determined by Millikan was found to be 1.602 * 10-19 C.

Positive Rays

Positive rays were discovered by Goldstein. Positive rays are moving positive ions of gas lled in the discharge tube. The mass of these particles
is nearly equal to the mass of the atoms of gas.

(i) These consist of fast moving positively charged particles.

(ii) These rays are de ected in magnetic and electric elds.

(iii) These rays travel in straight line.

(iv) Speed of positive rays is less than that of cathode rays.

(v) These rays can produce uorescence and phosphorescence.

Electron Emission

It is the phenomenon of emission of electron from the surface of a metal. The electron emission can be obtained from the following process

(i) Thermionic

(ii) Photoelectric emission

(iii) Field emission

(iv) Secondary emission

Photon

Photons are the packets of energy emitted by a source of radiation. The energy of each photon is,

E = hv

Where h is Planck’s constant and v is frequency of radiation.

The rest mass of a photon is zero.

The momentum of a photon p = hv / c = h / λ

Dynamic or kinetic mass 0f photon m = hv / c2 = h / cλ

where c is speed of light in vacuum and λ is wavelength of radiation. Photons are electrically neutral.

A body can radiate or absorb energy in whose number multiples of a quantum hv, 2hv, 3hv …. nhv, where n is positive integer.

Photoelectric E ect

The phenomena of emission of electrons from a metal surface, when radiations of suitable frequency is incident on it, is called photoelectric
e ect.

Terms Related to Photoelectric E ect

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(i) Work Function(φ) The minimum amount of energy required to eject one electron from a metal surface, is called its work function.
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(ii) Threshold Frequency (vo) The minimum frequency of light

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frequency of that metal.

(iii) Threshold Wavelength (λmax) The maximum wavelength rJ light which can eject photo electron from a metal surface is called threshold
wavelength of that metal.

Relation between work function, threshold frequency and threshold wavelength

φ = hvo = hc / λmax

Laws of Photoelectric E ect

1. For a given metal and frequency of incident light, the photo electric current (the rate of emission of photoelectrons) is directly proportional to
the intensity of incident light.

CBSE Class 11 Physics Notes : Electrons, Photons and X-rays

2. For a given metal. there is a certain minimum frequency, called threshold frequency, below which there is no emission of photo electrons
takes place.

3. Above threshold frequency the maximum kinetic energy of photo electrons depends upon the frequency of incident light.

4. The photoelectric emission is an instantaneous process.

CBSE Class 11 Physics Notes : Electrons, Photons and X-rays

Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation

The maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons

(Ek)max = hv – φ = h(v – vo)

where v is frequency of incident light and vo is threshold frequency.

Stopping Potential

The minimum negative potential given to anode plate at which photoelectric current becomes zero is called stopping potential (Vo).

Maximum kinetic energy of photo electrons

(Ek)max = 1 / 2 mv2max = eVo

Compton E ect

When a monochromatic beam of X – falls on a target containing free electrons. it is scattered. As a result, the electrons recoil and scattered
radiation has wavelength longer than incident one. This e ect is called Compton e ect.

(i) λ’ – λ = λ = Compton shift Δλ = h / moc (1 – cos φ) where mo is rest mass of an electron and c is the speed of light h / moc Compton shift Δλ is
maximum, when φ = 180°

CBSE Class 11 Physics Notes : Electrons, Photons and X-rays

(ii) Kinetic energy of recoil electron

Ek = hc / λ – hc / λ’

(iii) Direction of recoil electron

tan θ = λ sin φ / λ’ – λ cos φ

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(iv) Compton wavelength of electron
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(Δλ)max = 2h / moc 0.0048 A

Matter Waves on de-Broglie Waves

A wave is associated with every moving particle, called matter or de-Broglie wave.

de-Broglie Wavelength

If a particle of mass m is moving with velocity v, then wavelength of de-Broglie wave associated with it is given by

λ = h / p = h / mv

de-Broglie wavelength of an electron is given by

λ = h / mv = h / √2me V = 12.27 / √V A.

where, m = mass of electron, e = electronic charge and V = potential di erence with which electron is accelerated.

Davisson and Germer proves the existence of de-Broglie waves associated with an electron in motion.

Davisson-Germer Experiment

The wave nature of the material particles as predicted by de-Broglie was con rmed by Davisson and Germer (1927) in united states and by GP
Thomson (1928) in scotland.

This experiment veri ed the wave nature of electron using Ni crystal.

Davisson and Germer found that the intensity of scattered beam of electrons was not the same but di erent at di erent angles of scattering. It
is maximum for di racting angle 50° at 54 V potential di erence.

CBSE Class 11 Physics Notes : Electrons, Photons and X-rays

X-rays

When cathode rays strike on a heavy metal of high melting point. then a very small fraction of its energy converts in to a new type of waves,
called X-rays.

Properties of X-rays

X-rays were discovered by Roentgen.

(i) X-rays are electromagnetic waves of wavelengths ranging from 0.1 A to 100 A and frequencies ranging from 1016 Hz to 1018 Hz.

(ii) Soft X-rays have greater wavelength and lower frequency.

(iii) Hard X-rays have lower wavelength and higher frequency.

(iv) X-rays are produced by coolidge tube.

(v) Molybdenum and tungsten provide suitable targets. These elements have large atomic number and high melting point for the purpose.

(vi) The intensity of X – rays depends on the heating voltage or lament current.

(vii) The kinetic energy of X-ray photons depends upon the voltage applied across the ends of coolidge tube.

(viii) Energy of X-ray photon is given by E = hv = hc / λ

(ix) If total energy of fast moving electron transfer to X-ray photon, then its energy, eV = hv = hc / λ

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(x) Wavelength of emitted X-rays is given by λ = hc / eV 
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where, h = Planck’s constant, c = speed of light, e =ATSE

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(xi) Absorption of X-rays

I = Ioe– μx, where Io = initial intensity of X-rays, I = nal intensity of emergent X-rays, x = thickness of material and μ = absorption coe cient.

Di raction of X-rays

X-rays can be di racted by crystals following Bragg’s law. According to which

2d sin θ = n λ

where, n = 1, 2, 3, …, and d = spacing of crystal planes, θ = angle of di raction.

X-rays Spectrum

The energy spectrum of X-. rays is a line spectrum, containing following series :

(i) K – series When electrons of any higher orbit (n = 2,3,4, … ) jump to rst orbit (n = 1) then K-series of X-rays are produced.

(ii) L – series When electrons of higher orbit (n = 3, 4, 5, … ) jump to second orbit (n = 2), then L-series of X-rays are produced.

(iii) M – series When electrons of higher orbit (n = 4,5,6, … )jump to third orbit (n = 3), then M-series of X-rays are produced.

First lines of these series are called Kα, Lα, Mα. Second lines of these series are called Kβ, Lβ, Mβ

Moseley’s Law

The frequency of X-ray is given by

V = a (Z – b)2

where a and b are constants and Z is atomic number of element.

Frequency of X-rays

v ∝ Z2

Hope these notes helped you in your schools exam preparation. Candidates can also check out the Key Points, Important Questions &
Practice Papers for various Subjects for Class 12 in both Hindi and English language form the link below.

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