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Traffic Engg

This document discusses traffic engineering for telephone systems. It covers measuring traffic in units of erlangs, calculating grade of service based on traffic levels and number of circuits, and determining the number of circuits needed based on expected traffic loads and acceptable grades of service. Traffic engineering is used to optimize resource allocation and quality of service for telephone networks.

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Mystica Veluz
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51 views4 pages

Traffic Engg

This document discusses traffic engineering for telephone systems. It covers measuring traffic in units of erlangs, calculating grade of service based on traffic levels and number of circuits, and determining the number of circuits needed based on expected traffic loads and acceptable grades of service. Traffic engineering is used to optimize resource allocation and quality of service for telephone networks.

Uploaded by

Mystica Veluz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION

The use of mathematical modeling to predict line, equipment, and staff capacities
for telephone systems is an accepted technique for fine-tuning existing systems, as well
as designing new ones. Through sensitivity analysis, such predictions can also provide a
comprehensive overview of a particular design.

Traffic Engineering

Traffic Engineering is a most fascinating and complex topic, just as applicable to


telephone traffic as to any other kind of traffic. It is related to measuring such traffic and
its fluctuations and growth, as well as optimum traffic routing arrangements.

Measurement of traffic.

To find out how many circuits are needed on a given route, it is first necessary
to know how much traffic there is. To do that, one must be able to measure traffic. The
unit of measurement is the erlang, which is a dimensionless quantity (actually, it is
minutes per minute). Suppose that for telephone circuits exist between a pair of
places, and it is found that, in a particular half-hour period, the circuits carried
respectively 25, 15, 5, and 24 minutes of traffic. That is to vary, each circuit was busy
for the period indicated, and so the total occupied was 25 + 15 +5 + 24 = 69 minutes.
The average occupancy during the half-hour was thus 69/30 = 2.3 erlangs. Needless
to say, the traffic may have fluctuated during this period. As instance when all four
circuits were busy, the carried traffic was 4 erlangs, and there may have also been
instance of no occupancy at all, i.e., 0 erlangs.

Grade of Service.

The expression “carried traffic“ was carefully used above. Thus in not the same
as offered traffic. For example, 20 erlang may be offered to 10 circuits, and which
case a lot of the offered traffic will fail to secure each circuit, and conjunction will
result. It is possible to calculate statistically the degree of congestion, or grade of
service, as it is known, given the amount of traffic in erlangs and the number of circuits
and their arrangement. However, it is a lot easier to look up the information in erlang
tables. Such tables are used to calculate the grade of service for a particular number
of erlangs on a given group of circuits, or to calculate the number of circuits require to
ensure zero grade of service is virtually impossible, prohibitively expensive and
unnecessary. It would be rather like providing an eight-lane highway between two
small towns, because of the small finite probability that all four lanes in one direction
might one day have parallel cars in them, and a fifth vehicle will want to pass them.
The internationally accepted worst grades of service are 3 percent if a route carries no
subscribers-dialed traffic, and 1 percent otherwise. On the 10 busiest days of the year
(not counting special occasions such as Christmas, or catastrophes) the grade of
service many approach, but should not exceed, the design figure.

When calculating the erlang load for the formula you plan to use, make sure you
include everything. For example you are using a telephone bill for the source of traffic
load remember that this does not include dialing time, only time once the call is answered.
If you a going to size a trunk group, you must also add the average dialing time to this
value, as the trunk holding time per call includes; the dialing time, ring to answer time etc.

Table 1 : Call Function Possibilities


ITEM OUTGOING CALL INCOMING CALL
Dialing time (DTMF) 1 – 7 seconds 1 1 second 1
Dialing time (Rotary) 5 – 12 seconds1 5 second (@ 10 pulse /sec)
Network call setup 1 – 3 seconds 2 1 - 3 seconds
Ringing Time 12 seconds (2 rings) 12 seconds (2 rings)
Operator Answer 5 – 8 seconds 5 – 8 seconds
Ringing at Station 12 seconds (2 rings) 12 seconds (2 rings)
Conversation Time variable variable
Most available literature on traffic engineering either concentrates on obscure and
complicated calculations, or alludes to formulas, but does not include them.

Traffic engineering techniques are used most often to determine:

 Line and trunk quantities required for a PBX or computer


 Number of DTMF (Dual Tone Multi-Frequency) registers, conference, RAN
(Recorded Announcement Route) trunks etc. required.
 Traffic capacity of a PBX, given the number of speech paths (simultaneous
conversations) available.
 Quantities, service levels, and usage of such special service trunks as foreign
exchange (FX), discounted toll trunks, and tie trunks (leased lines between
PBXs)
 Operators staffing levels and performance predictions as well as the impact of
system change on staff quantities.
 Automatic call distributor (ACD) staffing and service levels.

OBJECTIVES

 Given expected traffic (+ Growth assumptions)


 Provision resources (trunks, switches)
 To minimize cost
 Subject to minimum acceptable quality of service requirements

Traffic Characterization

Traffic

Circiut-Switched Packet-switched
e.g. telephone traffic e.g. data traffic

Link Network Link Network


TERMINOLOGY

The terms used in traffic engineering are standard telecommunications usage.

ARRIVAL RATE
- Is the number of calls that will arrive at a facility during a finite time
period.

BLOCKING
- Occurs whenever the number of calls, in or out, exceeds the number of
facilities (lines, trunks, agents, operators) available to support them.

CENTUM CALL SECONDS (CCS)


- This is a measure of telephone traffic in 100 seconds increments.

ERLANG
- Defined as a dimensionless unit of traffic intensity.

HOLDING TIME
- Is the call length, call overhead time, plus queuing time, if any.

HOLDING TIME DISTRIBUTION


- Is generally considered the talk time, but for trunk sizing.

QUEUING
- Is waiting in a holding facility until a server becomes available.

SERVERS
- Is a generic name for lines, trunks, registers or people which receive or
originates calls.

SOURCES
- Originate calls to a system; their number influencing the formula chosen
to calculate the effective grade of service of a line group.

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