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Basic Calculator Course

This  course is intended to provide a basic introduction to the use  of a financial calculator in evaluating  notes  
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
119 views14 pages

Basic Calculator Course

This  course is intended to provide a basic introduction to the use  of a financial calculator in evaluating  notes  
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic

 Calculator  Course  
For  use  in  evaluating  notes  and  other  income  streams.  

 
Purpose:  

This  course  is  intended  to  provide  a  basic  introduction  to  the  use  of  a  
financial  calculator  in  evaluating  notes  and  other  income  streams.    At  
the  end  of  the  course,  you  should  be  able  to  perform  the  following  
functions  using  your  financial  calculator:  
• Determine  the  number  of  payments,  interest  rate,  principal  balance  or  
payment  amount  for  a  given  note  or  income  stream.  
• Determine  the  discounted  yield  of  a  note.  
• Determine  how  much  to  pay  for  a  note  given  a  desired  yield.  
• Calculate  yields  and  discounts  on  partial  purchases.  
• Discount  complex  cash  flows  (those  with  more  than  one  income  
stream).  
Note:   This  course  is  intended  for  use  with  HP  financial  calculators.    If  you  
use  a  calculator  other  than  HP,  your  keystrokes  may  be  different,  and  
slight  rounding  differences  may  occur.      
All  examples  used  in  this  course  assume  12  payments  per  year.    Please  
ensure  that  your  calculator  is  set  accordingly.  
All  examples  also  assume  that  payments  are  made  at  the  end  of  the  
corresponding  period.    Please  set  your  calculator  to  “END”  mode.  
Consult  your  calculator  manual  if  necessary.  
 

 
 
Special  thanks  to  Bill  Tan,  an  original  National  Note  franchisee,  who  
provided  the  materials  used  to  create  this  course.
 

Part  One:  Variables  


All  calculations  pertaining  to  the  discounting  of  notes  use  the  time  value  of  money  
formula.    This  formula  contains  five  variables.    They  are:  
• N    -­‐    Number  of  Payments,  or  Periods.    The  could  also  be  called  
“Term.”    It  is  important  that  you  enter  the  proper  number  of  periods.    
For  instance,  if  you  are  attempting  to  calculate  the  payment  on  a  five  
year  note  with  monthly  payments,  you  would  enter  60  (5  years  X12  
monthly  payments).  
• I/YR    -­‐    This  is  the  yearly  Interest  Rate  or  Yield.    If  you  have  set  your  
payments  per  year  correctly  as  mentioned  above,  the  calculator  will  
most  likely  automatically  divide  this  number  by  the  periods  per  year  
to  determine  the  periodic  interest  rate.  
• PV    -­‐    This  is  the  Present  Value.    It  represents  the  face  value  of  the  
note,  balance  or  discounted  value.    On  HP  calculators,  always  change  
the  sign  to  a  negative  number,  which  signifies  an  outflow  of  funds.  
• PMT    -­‐    This  is  the  Payment.    It  is  used  to  enter  or  calculate  the  
regular  periodic  payment  of  an  income  stream.  
• Future  Value    -­‐    This  represents  Future  Value,  and  will  be  used  to  
calculate  payments  that  occur  in  the  future,  such  as  balloon  payments,  
final  payments  or  future  balances.      For  fully  amortizing  loans  or  
current  income  streams,  the  value  will  always  be  0.  

Calculating  Variables  
When  calculating  ANY  of  the  five  variables,  simply  enter  the  four  known  variables  
into  the  calculator,  and  press  the  button  for  the  unknown  variable  last  to  find  the  
solution.      NOTE:    Most  calculators  will  automatically  store  0  as  FV,  so  it  may  not  be  
necessary  to  enter  this  value  for  every  calculation.  
  Problem  1  
You  have  received  an  offer  from  a  buyer  to  purchase  your  property.    Because  
of  the  scarcity  of  traditional  financing,  they  have  offered  you  $100,000  but  
would  like  to  make  you  360  monthly  payments  at  6%  interest  per  annum.  
If  you  accept  this  offer,  what  will  be  the  amount  of  the  payment  you  will  
receive  each  month?  

  Solve  for  the  Payment:  


  N     =     360  
  I/Yr   =   6  

  PV   =   -­‐100,000  
  PMT   =   ____________________  
  FV   =   0  
Keystroke  Sequence:  

  360,    N    ,    6    ,    I/YR,    100000    ,    +/-­‐    ,    PV    ,    PMT  


Problem  2  
As  a  business  owner,  you  would  like  to  purchase  a  retail  location  for  one  of  
your  stores,  but  would  like  to  know  the  price  of  the  building  you  can  afford.    
After  speaking  to  a  commercial  lender,  you  find  that  interest  rates  are  
currently  8%,  and  lenders  are  offering  loans  with  240  month  terms.    You  
have  allotted  $1,500  of  your  hard-­‐earned  cash  flow  to  the  monthly  payment  
at  this  location.  
What  can  you  afford  to  pay  for  your  new  building?  

  Solve  for  the  Present  Value:  


  N     =     240  
  I/Yr   =   8  
  PV   =   ____________________  

  PMT   =   1,500  
  FV   =   0  
Keystroke  Sequence:  

240,    N    ,    8    ,    I/YR,    1500    ,      PMT    ,    PV


Problem  3  
You  are  preparing  to  sell  a  rental  home  that  you  have  owned  for  several  
years.    The  home  is  now  paid  off,  and  you  would  like  to  use  it  to  generate  
passive  income  without  the  hassles  of  management.  
You  decide  to  offer  seller  financing  in  order  to  produce  income  in  your  
retired  years.    An  appraisal  shows  the  value  of  the  home  to  be  $150,000,  and  
you  would  like  a  payment  of  $1,100  for  360  months.    What  rate  of  interest  
should  your  charge?  
  Solve  for  the  Interest  Rate:  
  N     =     360  

  I/Yr   =   ____________________  
  PV   =   -­‐150,000  
  PMT   =   1100  
  FV   =   0  

Keystroke  Sequence:  
  360,    N    ,    150000    ,    +/-­‐    ,    PV    ,    1100    ,    PMT    ,      I/YR  
Problem  4  

You  create  a  note  on  the  sale  of  a  property.    You  plan  to  charge  10%  interest  
on  the  $200,000  balance,  and  would  like  to  collect  a  payment  of  $2,000.  
How  long  will  it  take  for  the  loan  to  be  paid  off?  

  Solve  for  the  Number  of  Payments:  


  N     =     ____________________  
  I/Yr   =   10  

  PV   =   -­‐200,000  
  PMT   =   2,000  
  FV   =   0  
Keystroke  Sequence:  

  200000    ,    +/-­‐    ,    PV    ,    2000    ,    PMT    ,      10    ,    I/YR    ,    N  


Part  Two:    Discounting  
The  following  process  applies  to  discounting  notes  and  other  cash  flows.    Walking  
through  each  step  will  allow  you  to  determine  yields  and  discounts  on  the  most  
complex  cash  flows.  
• Identify  all  cash  flows:  
• Solve  for  the  unknown  factors.  
• Discount  each  cash  flow  separately.  
• Add  cash  flows  for  totals.  
Problem  5  –  Full  Purchase  

You  have  been  presented  the  opportunity  to  purchase  a  $50,000  note  that  bears  
interest  at  8%  per  annum  and  calls  for  60  regular  monthly  payments  of  $1,013.82.    
What  amount  can  you  pay  for  this  note  in  order  to  yield  15%?  
Because  we  have  the  note  that  tells  us  all  the  values,  there  is  no  need  to  solve  for  a  
missing  variable.    However,  it’s  always  a  good  idea  to  enter  them  in  and  check  the  
payment  amount  against  the  note  to  ensure  accuracy  of  the  original  amortization  
schedule  (You’d  be  surprised  how  often  they  are  incorrect).    Once  you  have  input  all  
the  variables  from  the  note,  the  process  is  simple.    Just  replace  the  interest  with  the  
desired  yield,  and  then  press  the  PV  key  to  determine  how  much  you  will  pay  for  the  
note  in  order  to  achieve  the  15%  yield.  
Original  Note         Discounted  Note  

N     =     60       N   =   60  
I/Yr   =   8       I/YR   =   15  
PV   =   -­‐50,000     PV   =   ____________________  
PMT   =   1,013.82     PMT   =   1,013.82  

FV   =   0       FV   =   0  
Keystroke  Sequence:  
60,    N    ,    8    ,    I/YR    ,    50000    ,    +/-­‐    ,    PV    ,    PMT    [verify  payment  with  note]    ,    15    ,    I/YR    
,    PV  
What  can  you  pay  for  the  60  payments  if  you  want  the  following  yields:  
___________________   ____________________   ____________________   ____________________  

  12%       18%       21%       24%  


Problem  6  –  Partial  Purchase  
Using  the  same  note  from  Problem  5,  what  could  you  pay  for  the  note  if  you  only  
want  to  purchase  the  next  30  payments  and  achieve  the  same  target  yield?  
Remember,  solve  for  the  payment  on  the  original  note,  then  replace  the  variables  
that  are  changing  and  solve  for  the  discounted  value.  
Original  Note         Discounted  Note  
N     =     60       N   =   30  

I/Yr   =   8       I/YR   =   15  
PV   =   -­‐50,000     PV   =   ____________________  
PMT   =   1,013.82     PMT   =   1,013.82  

FV   =   0       FV   =   0  
 
Keystroke  Sequence:  
60,    N    ,    8    ,    I/YR    ,    50000    ,    +/-­‐    ,    PV    ,    PMT    [verify  payment  with  note]    ,    30    ,    N    ,  
15    ,    I/YR    ,    PV  
 

What  can  you  pay  for  the  30  payments  if  you  want  the  following  yields:  
 
___________________   ____________________   ____________________   ____________________  
  12%       18%       21%       24%  
Problem  7  –  Remaining  Balance  
Using  the  same  note  above,  what  will  the  remaining  balance  of  the  note  be  after  the  
first  30  payments  have  been  made?  
Finally,  you  get  to  use  your  FV  key!    All  you  need  to  do  is  enter  the  original  note  
variables,  and  then  replace  the  Number  of  payments  as  shown  below,  and  solve  for  
FV.  

Original  Note         Discounted  Note  


N     =     60       N   =   30  
I/Yr   =   8       I/YR   =   8  

PV   =   -­‐50,000     PV   =   -­‐50,000  
PMT   =   1,013.82     PMT   =   1,013.82  
FV   =   0       FV   =   ____________________  
 

Keystroke  Sequence:  
60,    N    ,    8    ,    I/YR    ,    50000    ,    +/-­‐    ,    PV    ,    PMT    [verify  payment  with  note]    ,    30    ,    N    ,    
FV  
What  is  the  balance  after  the  following  number  of  payments?  
 
___________________   ____________________   ____________________   ____________________  

  10       20       40       50  
Problem  8  –  Balloon  Payment  
A  lender  has  offered  to  sell  you  a  $30,000  note  that  bears  interest  at  7%  per  annum  
and  has  interest  only  payments  of  $175  for  60  months,  after  which  then  entire  
amount  of  $30,000  is  due.      However,  the  lender  would  like  to  keep  the  monthly  
payments  of  $175  and  only  sell  you  the  $30,000  payment.  
If  your  target  yield  is  11%,  what  can  you  pay  for  the  $30,000  payment  you  plan  to  
receive  60  months  from  the  date  of  purchase?  
Enter  the  variables  you  know  into  the  calculator.    Enter  11%  in  I/YR  because  11%  is  
your  target  yield.    Enter  60  in  N  because  60  is  the  number  of  months  until  you  
receive  your  balloon  payment.    PMT  remains  0  because  you’re  getting  0  regular  
payments  for  the  60  months  leading  up  to  the  balloon,  and  Enter  30,000  in  FV,  
because  30,000  is  the  amount  your  plan  to  receive  60  months  from  now.  
Balloon  Note  
N     =     60  

I/Yr   =   11  
PV   =   ____________________  
PMT   =   0  

FV   =   30,000      
 
Keystroke  Sequence:  
60,    N    ,    11    ,    I/YR    ,    30,000    ,    FV    ,    PV  

 
What  can  you  pay  for  this  note  if  your  target  yields  are  as  follows?  
 

___________________   ____________________   ____________________   ____________________  


  12%       18%       21%       24%  
Problem  9  –  Balloon  Term  
A  friend  of  yours  loaned  money  to  his  brother,  but  now  wants  to  sell  the  note  to  ease  
familial  tensions  caused  by  the  debt.    The  original  note  states  that  $60,000  was  lent  
at  a  5%  Interest  Rate  and  was  to  be  repaid  in  48  months.    The  loan  was  made  12  
months  ago,  so  it  is  now  due  in  36  months.  
What  can  you  pay  your  friend  today  for  his  note  if  your  desired  yield  is  12%?  

Balloon  Note  
N     =     36  (The  number  of  months  until  you  receive  the  balloon  payment.)  
I/Yr   =   12  (Your  desired  yield.)  

PV   =   ____________________  
PMT   =   0  (This  is  0  because  you  receive  no  payments  for  the  36  months.)  
FV   =   60,000    (The  amount  of  the  payment  you  will  receive  in  the  future.)  
 

Keystroke  Sequence:  
36,    N    ,    12    ,    I/YR    ,    60,000  FV    ,    PV  
Solving  for  the  present  value  given  a  different  number  of  months  is  simply  a  
function  of  re-­‐entering  a  new  value  for  N  and  solving  for  PV.  
What  is  the  value  of  the  balloon  if  it  is  due  in  the  following  number  of  months?  
 

___________________   ____________________   ____________________   ____________________  


  12       24       48       60  
Problem  10  –  Amortized  with  Balloon  
Let’s  assume  you  would  like  to  purchase  $200,000  note,  amortized  over  thirty  years,  
6%,  with  the  remaining  balance  due  in  120  months.    What  can  you  pay  for  this  note  
to  achieve  a  yield  of  12%?  
This  problem  is  “complex”  in  that  you  must  identify,  solve  for,  and  discount  different  
cash  flows.    However,  you’ve  already  performed  the  separate  calculations  necessary  
in  the  previous  questions.  
Step  One:    Identify  the  Cash  Flows  

In  this  example,  we  have  two  cash  flows:  


Cash  Flow  1  –  Regular  Payments    (Solve  for  the  payment  amount)  

Cash  Flow  1  (CF1)  =  120  Payments  of  ____________________  


  Original  Note           Discounted  CF1  

N     =     360         N   =   120  
I/Yr   =   6         I/YR   =   12  
PV   =   -­‐200,000       PV   =   ____________________  

PMT*   =   ____________________   →   PMT   =   ____________________  

FV   =   0         FV   =   0  
*  Copy  PMT  from  “Original  Note”  above  to  all  PMT  fields  on  this  page.  
Cash  Flow  2  (CF2)  –  Balloon  Payment    

Cash  Flow  2  =  1  Payment  of  ____________________  


It  is  necessary  at  this  point  to  determine  the  balance  after  120  payments  of  
the  original  note  have  been  made,  because  the  balance  at  that  point  will  be  
the  balloon  amount.    This  will  become  our  Future  Value  for  calculating  the  
balloon  discount.  
  Original  Note           Balance  after  120  Payments  
N     =     360         N   =   120  

I/Yr   =   6         I/YR   =   6  

PV   =   -­‐200,000       PV   =   -­‐200,000  
PMT   =   ____________________   →   PMT   =   ____________________  

FV   =   0         FV   =   ____________________  
Problem  2,  Cont.  
  Discounted  Balloon  (CF2)  

N     =     120  
I/Yr   =   12  
PV   =   ____________________  
PMT   =   0  

FV   =   ____________________    (From  FV  in  “Balance  after  120  Payments”  


on  previous  page.)  
Now  that  you’ve  determined  the  discounted  value  of  each  cash  flow,  add  them  
together.  
Discounted  Payments   ____________________    (PV  under  “Discounted  CF1”)  
 

Discounted  Balloon                        +  ____________________    (PV  under  “Discounted  Balloon”)  


 
Total  Discounted  Value      =  ____________________  
BONUS  –  Wraparound  
This  problem  is  optional  and  will  be  reviewed  during  the  live  course.  

A  wraparound  note  is  one  that  is  created  on  a  property  that  has  existing  debt.    The  
wraparound  note  is  created  “subject  to”  the  existing  debt.    In  the  simplest  example,  
the  existing  debt  remains  in  first  position  and  the  new  wraparound  note  takes  
second  position.  

Example  –  A  Seller  sold  their  home  for  $100,000  using  seller  financing  at  10%  for  
360  months  using  a  wraparound  note.    This  means  the  Buyer  will  make  payments  to  
the  Seller.    However,  the  Seller  still  has  a  loan  on  the  property  that  has  37  payments  
of  $477.83  before  it  is  paid  off.    When  a  payment  is  made  on  the  wraparound  note,  it  
is  collected  by  the  Seller,  and  the  Seller  then  makes  the  payment  to  the  loan  that  he  
had  when  he  sold  the  home.    This  loan  is  referred  to  as  the  “underlying  loan”  or  
simply,  the  “underlying.”  

What  can  you  pay  for  the  note  today  if  your  target  yield  is  12%?  
Determine  the  payment  on  the  Wraparound  
  Wraparound  (Solve  PMT)  

N     =     360  
I/Yr   =   10          
PV   =   -­‐100,000        
PMT   =   ____________________   (Wrap  Payment)    

FV   =   0    
       
Cash  Flow  1  (CF1)  

When  you  buy  a  “wraparound”  note,  you  receive  a  payment  on  that  note,  but  you  
also  have  to  make  a  payment  on  the  underlying  loan.      To  determine  your  cash  flow,  
use  the  following  formula:  
Wrap  Payment   _______________  
Underlying  Pmt            -­‐                              477.83  

Net  Payment                  =   _______________  


The  first  cash  flow  on  the  wrap  around  is:  
37  payments  of     _______________   (From  “Net  Payment”  above)  

  Discounted  CF1  
N     =     37  
I/Yr   =   12          
PV   =   _______________        

PMT   =   _______________    (From  “Net  Payment”  above)  


FV   =   0  
Cash  Flow  2  (CF  2)  

After  the  first  37  payments,  the  underlying  loan  will  be  paid  off.    That  means  you  
keep  the  entire  amount  of  the  payments  for  the  remaining  323  payments.  
The  second  cash  flow  on  the  wraparound  is:  

323  payments  of   _______________   (PMT  from  “Wraparound”  on  previous  page.)  
Determining  the  present  value  of  Cash  Flow  2  takes  two  steps:  
Step  One  –  Find  the  value  of  Cash  Flow  2  at  the  time  it  starts  in  37  months.  

N   =   323  
I/YR   =   12  
  PV   =   _______________  
  PMT   =   _______________    (PMT  from  “Wraparound”  on  previous  page.)  

FV   =   0  
 
Step  Two  –  Find  the  value  of  Cash  Flow  2  today.    

N   =   37       (The  number  of  months  until  the  payments  start.)  


  I/YR   =   12        
  PV   =   _______________  (The  value  of  future  payments  TODAY)  
PMT   =   0    

  FV   =   _______________  (Enter  PV  from  Step  One  above)  


 
Now  that  you’ve  determined  the  discounted  value  of  each  cash  flow,  add  them  
together.  
Disc.  Payments  1-­‐37     _______________    (PV  under  “Discounted  CF1”  previous  pg.)  
Disc.  Payments  38-­‐360              +  _______________    (PV  under  “Step  Two”  above)  

Total  Discounted  Value      =  _______________  

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