Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept.

of ECE

KL University

Analog Communications Lab

Lab Based Projects

Prepared by
Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao
Professor
Dept. of ECE

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 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

List of Lab Based Projects

S. No Title of the Project Page No.

1. DSB-SC modulation using balanced modulators and synchronous

demodulation in the presence of noise. 4
2. DSB-SC modulation using balanced modulators and synchronous
demodulation with phase and frequency deviations (offset errors). 6
3. DSB-SC modulation using multipliers (mixers) and synchronous
demodulation in the presence of noise. 8
4. DSB-SC modulation using multipliers (mixers) and synchronous
demodulation with phase and frequency deviations (offset errors). 10
5. Amplitude Modulation (AM) using multipliers (mixers) and synchronous
demodulation in the presence of noise. 12
6. Amplitude Modulation (AM) using multipliers (mixers) and synchronous
demodulation with phase and frequency deviations (offset errors). 14
7. Amplitude Modulation (AM) using multipliers (mixers) and Envelope
Detection in the presence of noise. 16
8. Amplitude Modulation (AM) using multipliers (mixers) and square law
demodulation. 18
9. Amplitude Modulation (AM) using multipliers (mixers) and demodulation
using PLL. 20
10. Single Side Band (SSB) modulation using filtering method and synchronous
demodulation in the presence of noise. 22
11. Single Side Band (SSB) modulation using filtering method and synchronous
demodulation with phase and frequency deviations (offset errors). 24
12. Single Side Band (SSB) modulation by phase shift method and synchronous
demodulation in the presence of noise. 26
13. Single Side Band (SSB) modulation by phase shift method and synchronous
demodulation with phase and frequency deviations (offset errors). 28

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 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

14. Narrow Band Frequency Modulation (NBFM) and synchronous demodulation

in the presence of noise. 30
15. Narrow Band Frequency Modulation (NBFM) and envelope detection
in the presence of noise. 32
16. Frequency Modulation (FM) and demodulation using frequency
discriminator in the presence of noise. 34
17. Frequency Modulation (FM) and demodulation using frequency
demodulation using PLL in the presence of noise. 36
18. Phase Modulation (PM) and demodulation using frequency
discriminator in the presence of noise. 38
19. Frequency Modulation (FM) with pre-emphasized modulating signal
and demodulation with de-emphasis in the presence of noise. 40
20. Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and demodulation in the
presence of noise. 42
21. Noise Simulation and Reduction in Hamming Radio Systems 44
22. Multi-Carrier SSB Transceiver using Filtering Method and
Synchronous Detection 46
23. Multi-Carrier SSB Transceiver using Phasing Method and
Synchronous Detection. 49
24. Multi-Carrier SSB Transceiver using Weaver’s Method and
Synchronous Detection 53
25. Carrier Acquisition in DSB-SC using Costas Loop 57

References 59

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 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
1

DSB-SC Modulation Using Balanced Modulators and Synchronous

Demodulation in the Presence of Noise.
Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like DSB-SC modulation
techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of DSB- SC
signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation / demodulation systems for DSB-SC using
MATLAB for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate DSB-SC modulated signal DSBSC (t )  m(t ) c(t ) ,

where c (t ) is a carrier signal c(t )  Ac cos ct as shown in the Fig.1. The objective is to explore
the theoretical concepts of DSB-SC signal by modeling and simulation using Matlab and
Simulink.

Fig 1. Block diagram of DSB-SC modulation and demodulation system.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier signal
c(t )  cos104  t .
1. Determine the expression for DSB-SC modulated signal in both time domain and
frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.
4. Sketch the DSB-SC modulated signal DSBSC (t ) and its spectrum.
5. Identify the USB and LSB spectra.
4
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

6. Determine the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.

7. Find the powers of USB, LSB, total sideband and modulated waves.
Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is synchronous detection as shown in Fig.1. The
objective is to study the impact of channel noise in demodulation / reception of DSB-SC
wave. Now consider a single tone case.
1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy DSB-SC
modulated signal is 20 dB.
2. Use noisy upper side frequency band for demodulation purpose. If necessary use band
pass filter.
3. Sketch noisy DSB-SC modulated signal DSBSC (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.
4. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.
5. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
6. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
Task3: Repeat the above Tasks 1-2 for a multi tone modulating signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t + 1.5cos 2000 t .
Task4: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Tasks1-2 for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above Tasks1-2 for real speech signals.

5
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

2
DSB-SC Modulation using Balanced Modulators and Asynchronous
Demodulation
Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like DSB-SC modulation
techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Investigate the phase and frequency deviations (offset errors) in the demodulation of
DSB- SC signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for DSB-SC using
MATLAB for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

Fig 1. Block diagram of DSB-SC modulation and noise free demodulation system.

A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate DSB-SC modulated signal DSBSC (t )  m(t ) c(t ) ,

where c (t ) is a carrier signal c(t )  Ac cos ct as shown in the Fig.1. The objective is to explore
the theoretical concepts of DSB-SC signal by modeling and simulation using Matlab and
Simulink.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier

signal c(t )  cos104  t .

1. Determine the expression for DSB-SC modulated signal in both time domain and
frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier wave c (t ) and its spectrum.
4. Sketch the DSB-SC modulated signal DSBSC (t ) and its spectrum.
6
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

5. Identify the USB and LSB spectra.

6. Determine the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.
7. Find the powers of USB, LSB, total sideband and modulated waves.
Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is shown in Fig.1. The objective is to study the
effect of phase and frequency offset errors in demodulation of DSB-SC wave. Now
consider a single tone case.

1. The phase angle  , denoting the phase difference between c (t ) and m(t ) at time t = 0, is
variable. Derive the expression for the demodulated wave and sketch for the following
values of   0o , 45o ,90o and 135o . Comment on the results.
2. Assume that the local oscillator frequency fc generated in the demodulation process is

not synchronized with the carrier frequency generated at transmitter. Let f is an offset
frequency deviated from the local oscillator and is variable. Derive the expression for
the demodulated wave and sketch for the following values of f = 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 300
Hz and 500 Hz. Comment on the results.
Task3: Repeat the above Tasks 1-2 for a multi tone modulating signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t + 1.5cos 2000 t .
Task4: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Tasks1-2 for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above Tasks1-2 for real speech signals.

7
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
3

DSB-SC Modulation using Multipliers (Mixers) and Synchronous

Demodulation in the Presence of Noise.
Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like DSB-SC modulation
techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of DSB- SC
signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for DSB-SC using
MATLAB for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

Fig 1. Block diagram of DSB-SC modulation and demodulation system.

A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate DSB-SC modulated signal DSBSC (t )  m(t ) c(t ) ,

where c (t ) is a carrier signal c(t )  Ac cos ct as shown in the Fig.1. The objective is to explore
the theoretical concepts of DSB-SC signal by modeling and simulation using Matlab and
Simulink.
Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier
signal c(t )  cos104  t .
1. Determine the expression for DSB-SC modulated signal in both time domain and
frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier wave c (t ) and its spectrum.
4. Sketch the DSB-SC modulated signal DSBSC (t ) and its spectrum.
5. Identify the USB and LSB spectra.
6. Determine the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.
8
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

7. Find the powers of USB, LSB, total sideband and modulated waves.
Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is synchronous detection as shown in Fig.1. The
objective is to study the impact of channel noise in demodulation / reception of DSB-SC wave.
Now consider a single tone case.
1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy DSB-SC
modulated signal is 20 dB.
2. Use noisy upper side frequency band for demodulation purpose. If necessary use band
pass filter.
3. Sketch the noisy DSB-SC modulated signal DSBSC (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.

4. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.

5. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
6. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
Task 3: Repeat the above Tasks1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate bandlimited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the above
Tasks for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above tasks for real speech signals.

9
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
4
DSB-SC Modulation using Multipliers (mixers) and Asynchronous
Demodulation
Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like DSB-SC modulation
techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Investigate the phase and frequency deviations (offset errors) in the demodulation of
DSB- SC signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for DSB-SC using
MATLAB for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

Fig 1. Block diagram of DSB-SC modulation and noise free demodulation system.

A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate DSB-SC modulated signal DSBSC (t )  m(t ) c(t ) ,

where c (t ) is a carrier signal c(t )  Ac cos ct as shown in the Fig.1. The objective is to explore
the theoretical concepts of DSB-SC signal by modeling and simulation using Matlab and
Simulink.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier signal

c(t )  cos104  t .

1. Determine the expression for DSB-SC modulated signal in both time domain and
frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier wave c (t ) and its spectrum.

10
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

4. Sketch the DSB-SC modulated signal DSBSC (t ) and its spectrum.

5. Identify the USB and LSB spectra.
6. Determine the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.
7. Find the powers of USB, LSB, total sideband and modulated waves.
Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is shown in Fig.1. The objective is to study the
effect of phase and frequency offset errors in demodulation of DSB-SC wave. Now consider a
single tone case.

1. The phase angle  , denoting the phase difference between c (t ) and m(t ) at time t = 0, is
variable. Derive the expression for the demodulated wave and sketch for the following
values of   0o , 45o ,90o and 135o . Comment on the results.

2. Assume that the local oscillator frequency fc generated in the demodulation process is

not synchronized with the carrier frequency generated at transmitter. Let f is an offset
frequency deviated from the local oscillator and is variable. Derive the expression for
the demodulated wave and sketch for the following values of f = 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 300
Hz and 500 Hz. Comment on the results.
Task 3: Repeat the above Tasks1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate bandlimited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the above
Tasks for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above tasks for real speech signals.

11
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
5

Amplitude Modulation using Multipliers (mixers) and Synchronous

Demodulation in the Presence of Noise.
Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Amplitude Modulation
techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of Amplitude
Modulation signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for Amplitude Modulation
using MATLAB for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate Amplitude Modulated signal

 AM (t )  Ac [1  m(t )] cos(ct ) , where c (t ) is a carrier signal c(t )  Ac cos ct as shown in

the Fig.1. The objective is to explore the theoretical concepts of AM signal by modeling and
simulation using Matlab and Simulink.

Fig 1. Block diagram of Amplitude Modulation and demodulation system.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier signal

c(t )  cos104  t .
1. Determine the expression for Amplitude Modulated signal in both time domain and
frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.

4. Sketch the Amplitude Modulated signal  AM (t ) and its spectrum.

5. Identify the USB, LSB and carrier spectra.

6. Determine the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.
12
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

7. Find the powers of USB, LSB, total sideband, carrier and modulated signals.
Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is synchronous detection as shown in Fig.1. The
objective is to study the impact of channel noise in demodulation / reception of
Amplitude Modulated wave. Now consider a single tone case.
1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy Amplitude
Modulated signal is 20 dB.
2. Use noisy upper side frequency band for demodulation purpose. If necessary use band
pass filter.
3. Sketch noisy Amplitude Modulated signal  AM (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.

4. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.

5. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
6. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
Task 3: Repeat the above Tasks1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate bandlimited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the above
Tasks for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above tasks for real speech signals.

13
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

6
Amplitude Modulation using multipliers (mixers) and Asynchronous
Demodulation
Project Goals:
 To explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Amplitude
Modulation techniques those are studied in the class room.
 To investigate the phase and frequency deviations (offset errors) in the demodulation of
DSB- SC signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for Amplitude Modulation
using MATLAB for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

Fig 1. Block diagram of AM modulation and noise free demodulation system.

A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate Amplitude Modulation modulated

signal  AM (t )  Ac [1  m(t )] cos(ct ) , where c (t ) is a carrier signal c(t )  Ac cos ct as shown in

the Fig.1. The objective is to explore the theoretical concepts of AM signal by modeling and
simulation using Matlab and Simulink.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier

signal c(t )  cos104  t .

1. Determine the expression for AM modulated signal in both time domain and frequency
domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.
4. Sketch the AM modulated signal  AM (t ) and its spectrum.

14
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

5. Identify the USB, LSB and carrier spectra.

6. Determine the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.
7. Find the powers of USB, LSB, total sideband, carrier and modulated waves.
Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is shown in Fig.1. The objective is to study the
effect of phase and frequency offset errors in demodulation of AM wave. Now consider a single
tone case.

1. The phase angle  , denoting the phase difference between c (t ) and m(t ) at time t = 0, is
variable. Derive the expression for the demodulated wave and sketch for the following
values of   0o , 45o ,90o and 135o . Comment on the results.
2. Assume that the local oscillator frequency fc generated in the demodulation process is

not synchronized with the carrier frequency generated at transmitter. Let f is an offset
frequency deviated from the local oscillator and is variable. Derive the expression for the
demodulated wave and sketch for the following values of f = 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 300 Hz
and 500 Hz. Comment on the results.
Task 3: Repeat the above Tasks1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate bandlimited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the above
Tasks for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above tasks for real speech signals.

15
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

7
Amplitude Modulation (AM) using multipliers (mixers) and Envelope
Detection in the presence of noise.
Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Amplitude Modulation
techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Design an envelope detection for given modulating signal or speech signal
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the Envelope Detection and reception of
Amplitude Modulation signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for Amplitude Modulation
using MATLAB for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate Amplitude Modulated signal

 AM (t )  Ac [1  m(t )] cos(ct ) , where c (t ) is a carrier signal c(t )  Ac cos ct as shown in

the Fig.1. The objective is to explore the theoretical concepts of AM signal by modeling and
simulation using Matlab and Simulink.

Fig 1. Block diagram of Amplitude Modulation and Envelope Detection system.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier signal
c(t )  cos104  t .
1. Determine the expression for Amplitude Modulated signal in both time domain and
frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.
4. Sketch the Amplitude Modulated signal  AM (t ) and its spectrum.

5. Identify the USB, LSB and carrier spectra.

6. Determine the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.
16
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

7. Find the powers of USB, LSB, total sideband, carrier and modulated signals.
Task 3: Assume that the demodulation process is envelope detection as shown in Fig.1. The
objectives are (a) to design an envelope detector, and (b) to study the impact of channel noise in
demodulation / reception of Amplitude Modulated wave. Now consider a single tone case.
1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy Amplitude
Modulated signal is 20 dB.
2. Sketch noisy Amplitude Modulated signal  AM (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.

3. Design an envelope detector for the given modulating signal

4. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.
5. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
6. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
Task 3: Repeat the above task3 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate bandlimited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the above
Tasks for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above tasks for real speech signals.

17
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

8
Amplitude Modulation (AM) using Multipliers (mixers) and Square Law
Demodulation
Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Amplitude Modulation
techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of Amplitude
Modulation signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for Amplitude Modulation
using MATLAB for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

Fig 1. Block diagram of AM modulation and noise free demodulation system.

A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate Amplitude Modulation modulated

signal  AM (t )  Ac [1  m(t )] cos(ct ) , where c (t ) is a carrier signal c(t )  Ac cos ct as shown in

the Fig.1. The objective is to explore the theoretical concepts of AM signal by modeling and
simulation using Matlab and Simulink.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier signal

c(t )  cos104  t .
1. Determine the expression for Amplitude Modulated signal in both time domain and
frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.
4. Sketch the Amplitude Modulated signal  AM (t ) and its spectrum.

5. Identify the USB, LSB and carrier spectra.

6. Determine the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.
18
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

7. Find the powers of USB, LSB, total sideband, carrier and modulated signals.
Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is square law detector as shown in Fig.1. The
objective is to study the impact of channel noise in demodulation / reception of
Amplitude Modulated signal using PLL. Now consider a single tone case.

1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy Amplitude
Modulated signal is 20 dB.
2. Sketch noisy Amplitude Modulated signal  AM (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.

3. Design an envelope detector for the given modulating signal

4. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.
5. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
6. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
Task 3: Repeat the above Tasks1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Tasks1-2 for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above Tasks1-2 for real speech signals.

19
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
9

Amplitude Modulation using multipliers (mixers) and demodulation using

PLL.
Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Amplitude Modulation
techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of Amplitude
Modulation signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for Amplitude Modulation
using MATLAB for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

Fig 1. Block diagram of AM modulation and noise free demodulation system .

A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate Amplitude Modulation modulated

signal  AM (t )  Ac [1  m(t )] cos(ct ) , where c (t ) is a carrier signal c(t )  Ac cos ct as shown in

the Fig.1. The objective is to explore the theoretical concepts of AM signal by modeling and
simulation using Matlab and Simulink.
Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier signal

c(t )  cos104  t .
1. Determine the expression for Amplitude Modulated signal in both time domain and
frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.
4. Sketch the Amplitude Modulated signal  AM (t ) and its spectrum.

5. Identify the USB, LSB and carrier spectra.

6. Determine the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.
20
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

7. Find the powers of USB, LSB, total sideband, carrier and modulated signals.
Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is synchronous detection as shown in Fig.1. The
objective is to study the impact of channel noise in demodulation / reception of Amplitude
Modulated signal using PLL. Now consider a single tone case.
1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy Amplitude
Modulated signal is 20 dB.
2. Sketch noisy Amplitude Modulated signal  AM (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.

3. Design an envelope detector for the given modulating signal

4. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.
5. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
6. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
Task 3: Repeat the above Tasks1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Tasks1-2 for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above Tasks1-2 for real speech signals.

21
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
10

Single Side Band Modulation using Filtering Method and Synchronous

Demodulation in the Presence of Noise.
Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Single Side Band (SSB)
Modulation techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of SSB
Modulation signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for SSB using MATLAB
for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).
A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate SSB Modulated signal  SSB (t ) by generating

DSB-SC modulated signal and then band pass filtering either LSB or USB frequencies, as shown
in the Fig.1. The objective is to explore the theoretical concepts of SSB signal by modeling and
simulation using Matlab and Simulink.

Fig 1. Block diagram of Amplitude Modulation and demodulation system.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier signal

c(t )  cos104  t .
1. Determine the expression for SSB Modulated signal in both time domain and
frequency domain.
1. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
2. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.

3. Sketch the SSB Modulated signal (USB/(LSB)  SSB (t ) and their spectra.

4. Identify the USB / LSB) spectrum.

5. Determine the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.

22
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

6. Find the powers of USB, LSB and modulated signals.

Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is synchronous detection as shown in Fig.1. The
objective is to study the impact of channel noise in demodulation / reception of SSB Modulated
signal. Now consider a single tone case.

1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy SSB modulated
signal is 20 dB.
2. Use noisy upper side frequency band and lower side frequency bands separately for
demodulation purpose. If necessary use band pass filter.
3. Sketch noisy SSB modulated signal SSB (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.

4. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.

5. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
6. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
Task 3: Repeat the above Tasks1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Tasks1-2 for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above Tasks1-2 for real speech signals.

23
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
11

SSB Modulation using Filtering Method and Asynchronous demodulation

Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Amplitude Modulation
techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Investigate the phase and frequency deviations (offset errors) in the demodulation of
DSB- SC signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for Amplitude Modulation
using MATLAB for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate SSB Modulated signal  SSB (t ) by generating DSB-

SC modulated signal and then band pass filtering either LSB or USB frequencies, as shown in
the Fig.1. The objective is to explore the theoretical concepts of SSB signal by modeling and
simulation using Matlab and Simulink.

Fig 1. Block diagram of AM modulation and noise free demodulation system.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier signal

c(t )  cos104  t .

1. Determine the expression for Single Side Band (SSB) modulated signal in both time
domain and frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.
4. Sketch the SSB Modulated signal (USB/(LSB)  SSB (t ) and their spectra.

24
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

5. Identify the USB / LSB spectrum.

6. Determine the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.
7. Find the powers of USB / LSB modulated waves.
Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is shown in Fig.1. The objective is to study the
effect of phase and frequency offset errors in demodulation of SSB wave. Now consider a single
tone case.

1. The phase angle  , denoting the phase difference between c (t ) and m(t ) at time t = 0, is
variable. Derive the expression for the demodulated wave and sketch for the following
values of   0o , 45o ,90o and 135o . Comment on the results.
2. Assume that the local oscillator frequency fc generated in the demodulation process is

not synchronized with the carrier frequency generated at transmitter. Let f is an offset
frequency deviated from the local oscillator and is variable. Derive the expression for the
demodulated wave and sketch for the following values of f = 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 300 Hz
and 500 Hz. Comment on the results.
Task3: Repeat the above Tasks 1-2 for a multi tone modulating signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t + 1.5cos 2000 t .
Task4: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Tasks1-2 for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above Tasks1-2 for real speech signals.

25
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

12
SSB Modulation by phasing Method and Synchronous Demodulation in the
presence of Noise.

Project Goals:
 To explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Single Side Band
(SSB) Modulation techniques those are studied in the class room.
 To investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of SSB
Modulation signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for SSB using MATLAB
for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).
A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate SSB Modulated signal  SSB (t ) by phase shift

method as shown in the Fig.1. The objective is to explore the theoretical concepts of SSB signal
by modeling and simulation using Matlab and Simulink.

Fig 1. Block diagram of SSB-AM and demodulation system.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier signal

c(t )  cos104  t .
1. Determine the expression for SSB Modulated signal in both time domain and
frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.

4. Sketch the SSB Modulated signal (USB/(LSB)  SSB (t ) and their spectra.

5. Identify the USB / LSB) spectrum.

26
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

6. Determine the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.

7. Find the powers of USB, LSB and modulated signals.
Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is synchronous detection as shown in Fig.1. The
objective is to study the impact of channel noise in demodulation / reception of SSB Modulated
signal. Now consider a single tone case.

1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy SSB modulated
signal is 20 dB.
2. Use noisy upper side frequency band and lower side frequency bands separately for
demodulation purpose. If necessary use band pass filter.
3. Sketch noisy SSB modulated signal SSB (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.

4. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.

5. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
6. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
Task 3: Repeat the above Task 1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Tasks1-2 for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above Tasks1-2 for real speech signals.

27
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
13

Single Side Band modulation by phase shift method and Asynchronous

demodulation

Project Goals:
 To explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Amplitude
Modulation techniques those are studied in the class room.
 To investigate the phase and frequency deviations (offset errors) in the demodulation of
DSB- SC signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for Amplitude Modulation
using MATLAB for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate SSB Modulated signal  SSB (t ) by generating DSB-

SC modulated signal and then band pass filtering either LSB or USB frequencies, as shown in
the Fig.1. The objective is to explore the theoretical concepts of SSB signal by modeling and
simulation using Matlab and Simulink.

Fig 1. Block diagram of SSM modulation and noise free demodulation system.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier

signal c(t )  cos104  t .

1. Determine the expression for Single Side Band (SSB) modulated signal in both time
domain and frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.

28
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

4. Sketch the SSB Modulated signal (USB/(LSB)  SSB (t ) and their spectra.

5. Identify the USB / LSB spectrum.

6. Determine the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.
7. Find the powers of USB / LSB modulated waves.
Task 3: Assume that the demodulation process is shown in Fig.1. The objective is to study
the effect of phase and frequency offset errors in demodulation of SSB wave. Now
consider a single tone case.

1. The phase angle  , denoting the phase difference between c (t ) and m(t ) at time t = 0, is
variable. Derive the expression for the demodulated wave and sketch for the following
values of   0o , 45o ,90o and 135o . Comment on the results.
2. Assume that the local oscillator frequency fc generated in the demodulation process is

not synchronized with the carrier frequency generated at transmitter. Let f is an offset
frequency deviated from the local oscillator and is variable. Derive the expression for the
demodulated wave and sketch for the following values of f = 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 300 Hz
and 500 Hz. Comment on the results.
Task 3: Repeat the above Task 1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Tasks1-2 for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above Tasks1-2 for real speech signals.

29
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
14

Narrow Band Frequency Modulation (NBFM) and Synchronous

Demodulation in the Presence of Noise.

Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Narrow Band
Frequency Modulation techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of Narrow Band
Frequency Modulation signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for NBFM using MATLAB
for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).
A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate Narrow Band Frequency Modulated signal

 NBFM (t )  Ac  cos ct  m(t ) sin ct  as shown in the Fig.1. The objective is to explore the
theoretical concepts of NBFM signal by modeling and simulation using Matlab and Simulink.

Fig 1. Block diagram of Narrow Band Frequency Modulation and demodulation system.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier signal

c(t )  2cos104  t .
1. Determine the expression for NBFM signal in both time domain and frequency domain by
considering   0.2 .
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.
4. Sketch the Narrow Band Frequency Modulated signal  NBFM (t ) and their spectra.

30
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

5. Identify the USB and LSB spectrum.

6. Compare the results with that of a tone modulated AM signal.
7. Determine the envelop of modulated signal. What is the ratio of maximum to the
minimum value of this envelope? Plot this result versus  , assuming that  is restricted
to 0    0.3
8. Determine the average power of the NBFM signal, expressed as a percentage of the
average power of the unmodulated carrier wave. Plot this results versus  assuming that
 is restricted to the interval 0    0.3 .
Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is synchronous detection as shown in Fig.1. The
objective is to study the impact of channel noise in demodulation / reception of Narrow
Band Frequency Modulated signal. Now consider a single tone case.

1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy NBFM signal is
20 dB.
2. Sketch noisy NBFM signal  NBFM (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.

3. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.

4. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
5. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
Task 3: Repeat the above Tasks 1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Tasks1-2 for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above Tasks1-2 for real speech signals.

31
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
15

Narrow Band Frequency Modulation (NBFM) and Envelope Detection in the

Presence Of Noise.

Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Narrow Band
Frequency Modulation techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of Narrow Band
Frequency Modulation signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for NBFM using MATLAB
for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).
A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate Narrow Band Frequency Modulated signal

 NBFM (t )  Ac  cos ct  m(t ) sin ct  as shown in the Fig.1. The objective is to explore the
theoretical concepts of NBFM signal by modeling and simulation using Matlab and Simulink.

Fig 1. Block diagram of Narrow Band Frequency Modulation and demodulation system.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier signal

c(t )  2cos104  t .
1. Determine the expression for NBFM signal in both time domain and frequency domain by
considering   0.2 .
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.
4. Sketch the Narrow Band Frequency Modulated signal  NBFM (t ) and their spectra.

32
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

5. Identify the USB and LSB spectrum.

6. Compare the results with that of a tone modulated AM signal.
7. Determine the envelop of modulated signal. What is the ratio of maximum to the
minimum value of this envelope? Plot this result versus  , assuming that  is restricted
to 0    0.3
8. Determine the average power of the NBFM signal, expressed as a percentage of the
average power of the unmodulated carrier wave. Plot this results versus  assuming that
 is restricted to the interval 0    0.3 .
Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is synchronous detection as shown in Fig.1. The
objective is to study the impact of channel noise in demodulation / reception of Narrow Band
Frequency Modulated signal. Now consider a single tone case.

1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy NBFM signal is
20 dB.
2. Sketch noisy NBFM signal  NBFM (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.

3. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.

4. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
5. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
Task 3: Repeat the above Tasks 1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Tasks1-2 for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above Tasks1-2 for real speech signals.

33
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
16

Frequency Modulation and Demodulation using Frequency Discriminator in

the Presence of Noise.
Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Frequency Modulation
techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of Frequency
Modulation signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for FM using MATLAB for
synthetic & real signals (such as speech).
A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate Narrow Band Frequency Modulated signal

FM (t )  Ac cos ct  2 K f  m( ) d  as shown in the Fig.1. The objective is to explore
t
  
the theoretical concepts of FM signal by modeling and simulation using Matlab and Simulink.

Fig 1. Block diagram of Frequency Modulation and demodulation system.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  1.2cos500 t , carrier signal

c(t )  2cos104  t and frequency deviation is 1.2 KHz.

1. Determine the expression for FM signal in both time domain and frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.
4. Sketch the Narrow Band Frequency Modulated signal  FM (t ) and their spectra.
5. Identify the side frequencies from the spectrum.
6. Determine the approximate minimum bandwidth using Carson’s rule.

34
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

7. Determine the minimum bandwidth from the Bessel function table.

8. Sketch the output frequency spectrum from the Bessel approximation.
9. If the modulating signal voltage is now increased to 2.4 Volts, what is the new deviation?
Find the modulation index in this case.
10. If the modulating signal voltage is increased to 4 Volts, while its frequency is decreased to
200 Hz, what is the new deviation? Find the modulation index in this case.
11. Determine the power of modulated signal in all the above cases.
Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is synchronous detection as shown in Fig.1. The
objective is to study the impact of channel noise in demodulation / reception of Frequency
Modulated signal. Now consider a single tone case.

1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy FM signal is 20
dB.
2. Use noisy upper side frequency band and lower side frequency bands separately for
demodulation purpose. If necessary use band pass filter.
3. Sketch noisy FM signal FM (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.

4. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.

5. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
6. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
Task 3: Repeat the above Tasks 1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Tasks1-2 for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above Tasks1-2 for real speech signals.

35
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
17

Frequency Modulation (FM) and demodulation using frequency

demodulation using PLL in the presence of noise.

Project Goals:
 To explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Frequency
Modulation techniques those are studied in the class room.
 To investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of Frequency
Modulation signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for FM using MATLAB for
synthetic & real signals (such as speech).
A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate Narrow Band Frequency Modulated signal

FM (t )  Ac cos ct  2 K f  m( ) d  as shown in the Fig.1. The objective is to explore
t
  
the theoretical concepts of FM signal by modeling and simulation using Matlab and Simulink.

Fig 1. Block diagram of Frequency Modulation and demodulation system.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  1.2cos500 t , carrier signal

c(t )  2cos104  t and frequency deviation is 1.2 KHz.

1. Determine the expression for FM signal in both time domain and frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.

4. Sketch the Frequency Modulated signal  FM (t ) and their spectra.

5. Identify the side band frequencies and their amplitudes from the spectrum.
6. Determine the approximate minimum bandwidth using Carson’s rule.
36
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

7. Determine the minimum bandwidth from the Bessel function table.

8. Sketch the output frequency spectrum from the Bessel approximation.
9. If the modulating signal voltage is now increased to 2.4 Volts, what is the new deviation?
Find the modulation index in this case.
10. If the modulating signal voltage is increased to 4 Volts, while its frequency is decreased to
200 Hz, what is the new deviation? Find the modulation index in this case.
11. Determine the power of modulated signal in all the above cases.
Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process using PLL as shown in Fig.1. The objective is to
study the impact of channel noise in demodulation / reception of Frequency Modulated signal.
Now consider a single tone case.

1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy FM signal is 20
dB.
2. Sketch noisy FM signal FM (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.

3. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.

4. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
5. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
Task3: Repeat the above Tasks 1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Tasks1-2 for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above Tasks1-2 for real speech signals.

37
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
18

Phase Modulation (PM) and Demodulation using Frequency Discriminator

in the Presence of Noise.

Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Phase Modulation
techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of Phase
Modulation signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for FM using MATLAB for
synthetic & real signals (such as speech).
A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate Narrow Band Phase Modulated signal

 PM (t )  Ac cos ct  K P m(t )  as shown in the Fig.1. The objective is to explore the theoretical
concepts of PM signal by modeling and simulation using Matlab and Simulink.

Fig 1. Block diagram of Frequency Modulation and demodulation system.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  1.2cos500 t , carrier signal

c(t )  2cos104  t and frequency deviation is 1.2 KHz.

1. Determine the expression for PM signal in both time domain and frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.
4. Sketch the Narrow Band Frequency Modulated signal  PM (t ) and their spectra.
5. Identify the side frequencies from the spectrum.
6. Determine the approximate minimum bandwidth using Carson’s rule.

38
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

7. Determine the minimum bandwidth from the Bessel function table.

8. Sketch the output frequency spectrum from the Bessel approximation.
9. If the modulating signal voltage is now increased to 2.4 Volts, what is the new deviation?
Find the modulation index in this case.
10. If the modulating signal voltage is increased to 4 Volts, while its frequency is decreased to
200 Hz, what is the new deviation? Find the modulation index in this case.
11. Determine the power of modulated signal in all the above cases.
Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is synchronous detection as shown in Fig.1. The
objective is to study the impact of channel noise in demodulation / reception of Phase
Modulated signal. Now consider a single tone case.

1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy PM signal is 20
dB.
2. Sketch noisy PM signal PM (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.

3. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.

4. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
5. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
Task3: Repeat the above Tasks 1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Tasks1-2 for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above Tasks1-2 for real speech signals.

39
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
19

Frequency Modulation with Pre-emphasized Modulating Signal and

Demodulation with De-emphasis in the Presence of Noise

Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Frequency Modulation
techniques with pre-emphasized modulating signal those are studied in the class room.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation with de-emphasis and
reception of Frequency Modulation signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation / demodulation systems for FM using MATLAB
for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).
A carrier signal Ac cos ct is used to generate Frequency Modulation. The modulating signal
m(t ) is pre-emphasized before modulation and denoted as m p (t ) as shown in the Fig.1. The

resultant Frequency Modulated signal is defined as

FM (t )  Ac cos ct  2 K f  m p ( ) d  .

t

The objective is to explore the theoretical concepts of Frequency Modulation (FM) with pre-
emphasized modulating signal and demodulation with de-emphasis in the presence of noise by
modeling and simulation using Matlab and Simulink.

Fig 1. Block diagram of Frequency Modulation and demodulation system including pre-emphasis and de-
emphasis.

Task1: Given a direct FM frequency modulator (VCO) with a deviation sensitivity

K1  1 kHz/V , a PLL FM demodulator with a transfer function Kd  1 V/kHz , and the following
input signals:

40
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

1 kHz at 4 V p
2 kHz at 2 V p
3 kHz at 1 V p

(a) Determine the frequency deviation at the output of the VCO for the three input signals and
the demodulated voltages at the output of the PLL demodulator and sketch the frequency
spectrum at the output of the demodulator.
(b) For the following internally generated noise signals, determine the signal-to-noise ratios at
the output of the demodulator.
1 kHz at 0.1 V p
2 kHz at 0.25 V p
3 kHz at 0.5 V p

(c) Determine the frequency spectrum at the output of the pre-emphasis network, the frequency
deviation at the output of the modulator, the demodulator output voltages, the frequency
spectrum at the output of the PLL demodulator and at the output of the de-emphasis
network, and the signal to noise ratios at the output of the PLL demodulator and the de-
emphasis circuit.
Task2: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Task1 for this signal.
Task3: Repeat above Task1 for real speech signals.

Reference: Electronic Communications Systems, Fundamentals through advanced, by Wayne

Tomasi, 5th edition, Page 270, Pearson education, 2011.

41
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
20

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and Demodulation in the Presence of

Noise.

Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like Pulse Amplitude
Modulation techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of Pulse
Amplitude Modulation signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for PAM using MATLAB
for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) signal as
shown in the Fig.1. The objective is to explore the theoretical concepts of PAM signal by
modeling and simulation using Matlab and Simulink.

Fig 1. Block diagram of :ulse Amplitude Modulation and demodulation system.

Task1: A base band signal m(t )  cos 2000 t is natural sampled with a square signal with
sampling frequency of 10000 Hz and 50 % duty cycle.
1. Determine the expression for PAM signal in both time domain and frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the pulse carrier signal p(t ) and its spectrum.
4. Sketch the PAM signal PAM (t ) and their spectra.
5. Compare the envelopes of PAM signal with that of the sampling signal.
6. How many samples are taken of each cycle of the message signal?

42
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

7. A resemblance between the PAM and message signal is defined as the ratio of f s / f m ,
where f s is the sampling frequency and f m is the modulating signal. The lower the ratio,
the less the resemblance. Determine the resemblance in this case.
8. Decrease the sampling rate from 10 KHz to (i) 5 KHz, (ii) 2 KHz, and (iii) 1.2 KHz. Now
determine whether the message signal is recognizable in the PAM signal as the sampling
frequency is decreased. Observe the demodulated out for each case and comment on
results. I which case will occur?
Task2: Assume that the demodulation process is used a Low Pass Filter as shown in Fig.1. The
objective is to study the impact of channel noise in demodulation / reception of PAM signal.
Now consider a single tone case.

1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy PAM signal is 20
dB.
2. Sketch noisy PAM signal PAM (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.

3. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.

4. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
5. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
6. Justify the statement that PAM signals have little resistance to noise.
Task3: Repeat the above Tasks 1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos 2000 t  sin 2500 t  cos 3000 t
Task4: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Tasks1-2 for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above Tasks1-2 for real speech signals.

43
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
21

Noise Simulation and Reduction in Hamming Radio Systems

Project Goals:
 To explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like SSB-AM techniques
those are studied in the class room.
 To investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of SSB
Amplitude Modulation systems.
 To recover weak or low SNR signals.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for SSB-AM using
MATLAB / Labview for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

Fig 1. Block diagram of SSB-AM and demodulation system.

Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier signal

c(t )  cos104  t .
1. Determine the expression for SSB Modulated signal in both time domain and
frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier signal c (t ) and its spectrum.
4. Sketch the SSB Modulated signal (USB/LSB)  SSB (t ) and their spectra.

5. Identify the USB / LSB spectrum.

6. Determine the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.
7. Find the powers of USB, LSB and modulated signals.

44
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

Task 2: Assume that the demodulation process is synchronous detection as shown in Fig.1.
The objective is to study the impact of channel noise in demodulation / reception of SSB
Modulated signal. Now consider a single tone case.

1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy SSB modulated
signal is 20 dB.
2. Use noisy upper side frequency band and lower side frequency bands separately for
demodulation purpose. If necessary use band pass filter.
3. Sketch noisy SSB modulated signal SSB (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.

Task3: Design a low pass filter with cutoff frequency equivalent to message signal bandwidth
and draw its spectrum.
1. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.
2. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
3. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
Task4: Design a filter using Boll Spectral Subtraction technique with cutoff frequency
equivalent to message signal bandwidth and draw its spectrum.
Repeat the steps in Task3 for this filter.
Task5: Design a Wiener filter with cutoff frequency equivalent to message signal bandwidth and
draw its spectrum.
Repeat the steps in Task3 for this filter.
Task6: Repeat the above Tasks 1-5 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos 2000 t  sin 2500 t  cos 3000 t
Task7: Generate band limited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the
above Tasks1-2 for this signal.
Task8: Repeat above Tasks1-5 for real speech signals.

45
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
22

Multi-Carrier SSB Transceiver using Filtering Method and Synchronous

Detection

Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like SSB-AM techniques
those are studied in the class room.
 Generate Multi-Carrier SSB-AM system using filtering method.
 Implement Synchronous Detection of SSB waves.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of SSB-AM
systems.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for SSB-AM using
MATLAB / Labview for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

In this team project you will be implementing the SSB modulator using filtering method as part
of a multicarrier transmission scheme. Coherent demodulation will be implemented for a single
carrier that lies between two adjacent carriers. Test message signals consisting of bandlimited
noise will be used to check crosstalk levels. Recorded speech waveforms will be used to provide
a final test of the complete system after it has been turned in. A block diagram of the complete
multicarrier single sideband system (SSB) is shown in Fig1.

Fig 1. Multicarrier SSB transmission system top level block diagram

46
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

Task1: Generate two types of message signals as given below:

1. Create transmitter message signals from bandlimited white noise with the following
Matlab code:

% % Design 9th order Bandpass noise noise shaping filter with 3 dB

% % cutoffs at 300 and 3400 Hz relative to a 8000 Hz sampling rats.
%
[bn,an] = butter(9,2*[300 3400]/8000);
% % Create zero mean NOISE VECTORS
N = 5000; % No. of samples (modify as needed)
m1 = randn(1,N);
m2 = randn(1,N);
m3 = randn(1,N);

% Filter the noise vectors

m1 = filter(bn,an,m1);
m2 = filter(bn,an,m2);
m3 = filter(bn,an,m3);
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Read the speech signal

% Speech signal
m1 = audioread('OSR_uk_000_0050_8k.wav',[1 N]);m1 = m1';
m2 = audioread('OSR_us_000_0018_8k.wav',[1 N]);m2 = m2';
m3 = audioread('OSR_us_000_0030_8k.wav',[1 N]);m3 = m3';

m = m1 + m2 + m3;
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Draw the message signals generated as above, their spectrum and their power density
spectrum.

Task2: Generation of SSB-AM system using filtering method

1. Generate USB(SSB-AM) system using filtering method for modulating signal m1, with
carrier frequency fc1= 20 KHz and fs= 96000 sam/sec
2. Plot the modulated SSB, its spectrum and its power density spectrum (psd).
3. Similarly, repeat the above steps for message signals m2, m3 and m = m1+m2+m3 and
carrier frequencies fc2= 24 KHz and fc3= 28 KHz.
Task3: Implement a coherent SSB demodulator.
Test your modulator using just a single SSB carrier at 20kHz(turn off the other carriers in SSB
transceiver by letting m = m1), plot the PSD of the recovered message signal. Assume again that
band limited noise is used for the input message.

47
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

Task4: In this task all three carriers will be turned on. Choose any 4 kHz spacing you wish for
the carriers so long as they fit within the channel bandwidth. Band limited noise messages
sources will again be employed for testing.
1. Obtain a composite signal spectrum plot for your specific modulator bank
implementation.
2. Moving to the demodulator output measure the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) in dB
via superposition of demodulated output signals. Set the demodulator to recover the
center carrier (this should be carrier number 2). With just the center carrier being
transmitted, i.e. set m = m2, find the power in the demodulator output as Psig =
var(m_rec) where m_rec is reconstructed signal. Next find the interference power by
setting the transmiiter output to be m = m1+ m3 and find the interference power to be
Pinterfere = var(m_rec).
Now form the ratio

3. Measure the SIR on one of the outside signals, e.g., fc1 or fc3 to see if there is less
iterference present than when surrounded by two signals.
4. Comment on your SIR measurement results.
Task5: Repeat the Task3, except now you are free to move the carrier frequencies to allow guard
bands. Note that the channel band pass filter must be left intact, that is you may not change it.
Comment on any observed performance improvements obtained by including guard bands
between the carriers.
Task6: Repeat the above Tasks2-5 for speech signals Listen to this demodulated signal using
the PC sound system.
1. Listen carefully for any interference heard in the background of the desired message
signal. You may want to listen to all three speech files so that you know what they are
supposed to sound like. Comment on what you hear.
2. Calculate the SIR for demodulation of the center signal using the superposition
technique of Task 4(2).

48
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE
23

Multi-Carrier SSB Transceiver using Phasing Method and Synchronous

Detection

Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like SSB-AM techniques
those are studied in the class room.
 Generate Multi-Carrier SSB-AM system using phasing method.
 Implement Synchronous Detection of SSB waves.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of SSB-AM
systems.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for SSB-AM using
MATLAB / Labview for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

In this team project you will be implementing the SSB modulator using phasing method as part
of a multicarrier transmission scheme. Coherent demodulation will be implemented for a single
carrier that lies between two adjacent carriers. Test message signals consisting of bandlimited

Fig 1. Multicarrier SSB transmission system top level block diagram

49
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

noise will be used to check crosstalk levels. Recorded speech waveforms will be used to provide
a final test of the complete system after it has been turned in. A block diagram of the complete
multicarrier single sideband system (SSB) is shown in Fig1.

Task1: Generate two types of message signals as given below:

2. Create transmitter message signals from bandlimited white noise with the following
Matlab code:

% % Design 9th order Bandpass noise noise shaping filter with 3 dB

% % cutoffs at 300 and 3400 Hz relative to a 8000 Hz sampling rats.
%
[bn,an] = butter(9,2*[300 3400]/8000);
% % Create zero mean NOISE VECTORS
N = 5000; % No. of samples (modify as needed)
m1 = randn(1,N);
m2 = randn(1,N);
m3 = randn(1,N);

% Filter the noise vectors

m1 = filter(bn,an,m1);
m2 = filter(bn,an,m2);
m3 = filter(bn,an,m3);
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Read the speech signal

% Speech signal
m1 = audioread('OSR_uk_000_0050_8k.wav',[1 N]);m1 = m1';
m2 = audioread('OSR_us_000_0018_8k.wav',[1 N]);m2 = m2';
m3 = audioread('OSR_us_000_0030_8k.wav',[1 N]);m3 = m3';

m = m1 + m2 + m3;
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Draw the message signals generated as above, their spectrum and their power density
spectrum.

Task2: Generation of SSB-AM system using phasing method

4. Generate USB(SSB-AM) system using phasing method for modulating signal m1, with
carrier frequency fc1= 20 KHz and fs= 96000 sam/sec
5. Plot the modulated SSB, its spectrum and its power density spectrum (psd).
6. Similarly, repeat the above steps for message signals m2, m3 and m = m1+m2+m3 and
carrier frequencies fc2= 24 KHz and fc3= 28 KHz.
Task3: Implement a coherent SSB demodulator.
50
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

Test your modulator using just a single SSB carrier at 20kHz(turn off the other carriers in SSB
transceiver by letting m = m1), plot the PSD of the recovered message signal. Assume again that
band limited noise is used for the input message.
Task4: In this task all three carriers will be turned on. Choose any 4 kHz spacing you wish for
the carriers so long as they fit within the channel bandwidth. Band limited noise messages
sources will again be employed for testing.
5. Obtain a composite signal spectrum plot for your specific modulator bank
implementation.
6. Moving to the demodulator output measure the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) in dB
via superposition of demodulated output signals. Set the demodulator to recover the
center carrier (this should be carrier number 2). With just the center carrier being
transmitted, i.e. set m = m2, find the power in the demodulator output as Psig =
var(m_rec) where m_rec is reconstructed signal. Next find the interference power by
setting the transmiiter output to be m = m1+ m3 and find the interference power to be
Pinterfere = var(m_rec).
Now form the ratio

7. Measure the SIR on one of the outside signals, e.g., fc1 or fc3 to see if there is less
iterference present than when surrounded by two signals.
8. Comment on your SIR measurement results.
Task5: Repeat the Task3, except now you are free to move the carrier frequencies to allow guard
bands. Note that the channel band pass filter must be left intact, that is you may not change it.
Comment on any observed performance improvements obtained by including guard bands
between the carriers.
Task6: Repeat the above Tasks2-5 for speech signals Listen to this demodulated signal using
the PC sound system.

51
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

3. Listen carefully for any interference heard in the background of the desired message
signal. You may want to listen to all three speech files so that you know what they are
supposed to sound like. Comment on what you hear.
4. Calculate the SIR for demodulation of the center signal using the superposition
technique of Task 4(2).

52
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

SSB Transceiver using Weaver’s Method and Synchronous 24

Detection

Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like SSB-AM techniques
those are studied in the class room.
 Generate Multi-Carrier SSB-AM system using Weaver method.
 Implement Synchronous Detection of SSB waves.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of SSB-AM
systems.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for SSB-AM using
MATLAB / Labview for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

In this team project you will be implementing the Weaver SSB modulator as part of a
multicarrier transmission scheme. Coherent demodulation will be implemented for a single
carrier that lies between two adjacent carriers. Test message signals consisting of bandlimited
noise will be used to check crosstalk levels. Recorded speech waveforms will be used to provide
a final test of the complete system after it has been turned in. A block diagram of the complete
multicarrier single sideband system (SSB) is shown in Fig1. The block diagram of SSB
modulation using Weaver’s method and synchronous demodulator is Illustrated in Fig 2.

Task1: Generate two types of message signals as given below:

(a) Create transmitter message signals from bandlimited white noise with the following
Matlab code:

% % Design 9th order Bandpass noise noise shaping filter with 3 dB

% % cutoffs at 300 and 3400 Hz relative to a 8000 Hz sampling rats.
%
[bn,an] = butter(9,2*[300 3400]/8000);
% % Create zero mean NOISE VECTORS
N = 5000; % No. of samples (modify as needed)
m1 = randn(1,N);
m2 = randn(1,N);
m3 = randn(1,N);

53
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

% Filter the noise vectors

m1 = filter(bn,an,m1);
m2 = filter(bn,an,m2);
m3 = filter(bn,an,m3);
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------

(b) Read the speech signal

% Speech signal
m1 = audioread('OSR_uk_000_0050_8k.wav',[1 N]);m1 = m1';
m2 = audioread('OSR_us_000_0018_8k.wav',[1 N]);m2 = m2';
m3 = audioread('OSR_us_000_0030_8k.wav',[1 N]);m3 = m3';

m = m1 + m2 + m3;
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Draw the message signals generated as above, their spectrum and their power density spectrum.

Fig 1. Multicarrier SSB transmission system top level block diagram

Fig 2. Block diagram of SSB-AM (Weaver’s method) and Synchronous demodulation system.
54
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

Task2: Generation of SSB-AM system using Weaver method

1. Generate USB(SSB-AM) system using Weaver method for modulating signal m1, with
carrier frequency fc1= 20 KHz and fs= 96000 sam/sec
2. Plot the modulated SSB, its spectrum and its power density spectrum (psd).
3. Similarly, repeat the above steps for message signals m2, m3 and m = m1+m2+m3 and
carrier frequencies fc2= 24 KHz and fc3= 28 KHz.
Task3: Implement a coherent SSB demodulator.
Test your modulator using just a single SSB carrier at 20kHz(turn off the other carriers
in SSB transceiver by letting m = m1), plot the PSD of the recovered message signal.
Assume again that band limited noise is used for the input message.
Task4: In this task all three carriers will be turned on. Choose any 4 kHz spacing you wish for
the carriers so long as they fit within the channel bandwidth. Band limited noise
messages sources will again be employed for testing.
1. Obtain a composite signal spectrum plot for your specific modulator bank implementa-
tion.
2. Moving to the demodulator output measure the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) in dB
via superposition of demodulated output signals. Set the demodulator to recover the
center carrier (this should be carrier number 2). With just the center carrier being
transmitted, i.e. set m = m2, find the power in the demodulator output as Psig =
var(m_rec) where m_rec is reconstructed signal. Next find the interference power by
setting the transmiiter output to be m = m1+ m3 and find the interference power to be
Pinterfere = var(m_rec).
a. Now form the ratio

1.
3. Measure the SIR on one of the outside signals, e.g., fc1 or fc3 to see if there is less
iterference present than when surrounded by two signals.
4. Comment on your SIR measurement results.

55
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

Task5: Repeat the Task3, except now you are free to move the carrier frequencies to allow guard
bands. Note that the channel band pass filter must be left intact, that is you may not
change it. Comment on any observed performance improvements obtained by including
guard bands between the carriers.
Task6: Repeat the above Tasks 2-5 for speech signals, listen to this demodulated signal using
the PC sound system.
1. Listen carefully for any interference heard in the background of the desired message
signal. You may want to listen to all three speech files so that you know what they are
supposed to sound like. Comment on what you hear.
2. Calculate the SIR for demodulation of the center signal using the superposition technique
of Task 4(2).

56
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

25
Carrier Acquisition in DSB-SC using Costas Loop

Project Goals: To
 Explore the practical implementation of theoretical concepts like DSB-SC modulation
and demodulation techniques those are studied in the class room.
 Generate DSB-SC modulation using Multiplier modulation.
 Acquisition the carrier using Costas loop in demodulation process
 Performing synchronous demodulation using the carrier acquired using Costas loop.
 Investigate the effect of channel noise in the demodulation and reception of DSB- SC
signals using Coastas loop.
 Exposure to simulation on modulation/demodulation systems for DSB-SC using
MATLAB/ Labview for synthetic & real signals (such as speech).

Fig 1. Block diagram of DSB-SC modulation and demodulation system.

A base band signal m(t ) is used to generate DSB-SC modulated signal DSBSC (t )  m(t ) c(t ) ,

where c (t ) is a carrier signal c(t )  Ac cos ct as shown in the Fig.1. The objective is to explore
the theoretical concepts of DSB-SC signal by modeling and simulation using Matlab and
Simulink.
Task1: Consider a single tone modulating signal m(t )  cos1000 t , and carrier signal
c(t )  cos104  t .
1. Determine the expression for DSB-SC modulated signal in both time domain and
frequency domain.
2. Sketch the modulating signal m(t ) and its spectrum.
3. Sketch the carrier wave c (t ) and its spectrum.

57
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

4. Sketch the DSB-SC modulated signal DSBSC (t ) and its spectrum.

5. Identify the USB and LSB spectra.
6. Determine the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the envelope.
7. Find the powers of USB, LSB, total sideband and modulated waves.
Task 2: Use the Costas loop for DSB-SC demodulation as shown in Fig.1. This Costas loop
acquire the carrier signal using PLL and recover the message signal using synchronous detection
technique as shown in Fig1. Further investigate the impact of channel noise in demodulation /
reception of DSB-SC wave. Now consider a single tone case.
1. Add the noise variance such that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of noisy DSB-SC
modulated signal is 20 dB.
2. Use noisy upper side frequency band for demodulation purpose. If necessary use band
pass filter.
3. Sketch the noisy DSB-SC modulated signal DSBSC (t )  n(t ) and its spectrum.

4. Sketch the demodulated output mˆ (t ) and its spectrum.

5. Find the output SNR and corresponding figure of merit.
6. Repeat the above steps for SNR = 10 dB, 30dB and 40dB and compare. Comment on the
results.
Task 3: Repeat the above Tasks1-2 for multi tone signal
m(t )  2cos1000 t  sin1500 t  1.5cos 2000 t
Task4: Generate bandlimited signal for the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hz. Repeat the above
Tasks for this signal.
Task5: Repeat above tasks for real speech signals.

58
 Dr. M. Venu Gopala Rao, Professor, Dept. of ECE

References

1. B.P. Lathi and Zhi Ding, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems”,
International 4th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2010.
2. H Taub & D.L Schilling, Gautam Saha, ”Principles of Communication Systems, TMH,
2007, 3rd Edition.
3. J. G. Proakis and M. Selehi, Contemporary Communication systems using Matlab,
Vikas Publishing House, Bookware company series.
4. Leon W. Couch, II, ‘Digital and Analog Communication Systems’, Seventh edition,
Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.
5. Michael Fitz, ‘Fundamentals of Communications Systems’, Tata McGraw-Hill Education,
2008.
6. K. C. Ravindra Nathan, Communication systems modeling and simulation using Matlab
and Simulink, University Press (India) private limited, Hyderabad.
7. www.mathswork.com
8. Labview.

59