BRAKE TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Circuit Diagram:
 BRAKE TEST ONTHREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Aim:
A. To perform load test on 3 –phase induction motor.
B. Compute Torque, output power, input power, efficiency, input power factor and slip for
various load settings.
C. Plot the following curves
I. Efficiency vs output power
II. Torque vs output power.
III. Line current vs output power.
IV. Slip vs output power
V. Torque vs slip

Name plate details:

SLIPRING INDUCTION MOTOR

RATING
STATOR ROTOR
Voltage 415 185
Current 4.7 7.5
Insulation class B B
Winding Star Star

APPARATUS:
S.No APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QTY
1 Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1
3 Wattmeter (600V,10A) UPF 2
4 Tachometer (0-10000)RPM Digital 1
5 Connecting wires ----- 1.0 Sq.mm ----
 S2(kg
S.No N(rpm) Sl(Kg) W1 W2 V I Torque I/P O/P %S η%
)

1
OBSERVATION TABLE:

7
Theory:
Slip ring induction motor is also called as phase wound motor. The motor is wound for as
many poles as the no. of stator poles and always wound 3-Ф even while the stator is wound two-
phase. The other three windings are brought out and connected to three insulated slip-rings
mounted on the shaft with brushes resting on them. These three brushes are further externally
connected to a three phase star connected rheostat. This makes possible the introduction of an
additional resistance in the rotor circuit during starting period for increasing starting torque of the
motor.
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that the rotor resistance starter is at OFF position.
3. Switch on the AC Supply by closing the TPST switch.
4. Switch on the rotor resistance starter.(By pressing Green button rotate the switch in
sequence1-2-3-4)
5. Ensure that on no load, one wattmeter (W1)should show the negative value.If W2 shows
negative value, then interchange the terminals of M and L for W2
6. Increase the mechanical load on the motor by rotating a pulley and note down the readings of
all the meters and speed.
7. Repeat step 6 for various load settings until the ammeter reads the rated current of the
induction motor.
8. Gradually reduce the load on the motor and finally unload it completely.
9. Switch off the rotor resistance starter.
10. Switch off the supply by opening the TPST switch.
11. Measure the radius of the brake drum by using scale.(or measure the circumfrance of the
brakedrum using a thread and calculate the radius)

Graph:
1.  Vs O/P
2. Torque Vs O/P
3. Current Vs O/P
4. Slip Vs O/P
5. Torque Vs Slip
Formulae used:
1. Torque= (S1  S 2 )  9.81* r N-m
Where r is the radius of the brake drum.
2NT
2. O/P Power= watts
60
3. I/P Power= (W1W2 ) watts
Output
4. % η= 100
Input
N N
5. % s = s 100
Ns

Where Ns=1500 rpm

Precautions:
1. All connections should be tight and clean
2. Select approximate range of meters depending on the name plate details of the equipment
3. Note down the readings of the meters without any parallax errors
4. Use suitable length of wires for making connections and completely avoid joining of wires
5. Arrange the meters ,rheostats,etc such that live parts are away (i.e towards the panel board)

Result:
“V” CURVES & INVERTED “V” CURVES OF
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
Circuit diagram:
 “V” CURVES & INVERTED “V” CURVES.
AIM:
To determine V curves & inverted V curves of a synchronous motor.
Name plate details:
Specification SYNCRONOUS MOTOR
Rating 5KVA
Volts 415V
Amps 6.8
Excitation volts 220V
Excitation current 1.4
Speed 1500

APPARATUS:
S.No APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QTY

1 Ammeter MI (0-5)A 2
2 Voltmeter MI (0-600)V 2
3 Ammeter MC (0-2)A 1
4 Wattmeter UPF 600V,5A 2
5 Tachometer (0-10000) Digital 1
6 Fuse TCC 15A 3

OBSERVATIONS TABLE:

At no load:

D.C.Field Power (W)

Armature
current
S.No. Voltage (V) current(Amp)
(Amp) W1 W2
Ia
If
At 1/4th load:

D.C.Field Power (W)

Armature
current
S.No. Voltage (V) current(Amp)
(Amp) W1 W2
Ia
If

CALCULATIONS:

Calculate the power factor in each case.

W1+ W2 =input = √3𝑉𝐼𝐶𝑂𝑆∅

𝑊1+𝑊2
Cos  =
√3𝑉𝐼

Calculation table:

At no load:

Field current Armature Power factor

If current Ia Cos 

At 1/4th load:

Field current Armature Power factor

If current Ia Cos 

Model Graph:
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per circuit diagram
2. Ensure that the DOL starter is at OFF position, SPST switch should be open, no load is
applied to the synchronous motor and field Variac is at minimum position.
3. Switch ON the supply by closing the TPST switch.
4. Start the 3-phase Synchronous Motor by using DOL starter(synchronous starter kit).
5. Switch on the DC excitation by closing the SPST switch.
6. If any wattmeter reads the negative value, bring the SM to intial position and switch
OFF the supply then interchange the M, L or C, V connections. (but not both & If Center
ZeroWattmeter is used )
7. Now gradually move the static excitation controller (DC variac) from Minimum to
Maximum and note the corresponding armature current Ia, field excitation current If and
wattmeter readings.(Armature current goes to minimum and after this point on further
moving the rheostst the armature current will increase)
8. Vary the excitation untill the ammeter shows the rated armature current of SM.
9. Now keep the excitation at rated value and apply the load(1/4th-1.7A or 1/2nd 3.4A) on
SM by tightening the brake drum.(To apply 1/4th load, reduce the field rheosatat unitl
the armature current shows 6.8-1.7=5.1A and then tight the pully until the armature
current shows the rated value(6.8A) )
10. Repeat the steps 6,7 and 8 keeping the load constant.
Note: while varying the If from min to max, be aware of the armature current Ia should
not exceed more than the rated value.
11. Release the load, bring the DC rheostst to min position.
12. Switch OFF the supply by opening the TPST

Precautions:
1. All connections should be tight and clean
2. Select approximate range of meters depending on the name plate details of the equipment
3. Note down the readings of the meters without any parallax errors
4. Use suitable length of wires for making connections and completely avoid joining of wires
5. Arrange the meters ,rheostats,etc such that live parts are away (i.e. towards the panel board)

Result:
REGULATION OF THREE-PHASE ALTERNATOR BY
POTIER TRIANGLE METHOD
(i.e. ZPF METHOD)
Circuit diagram:
 REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY
POTIER TRIANGLE METHOD (i.e. ZPF METHOD)

AIM:
To determine the regulation of Three Phase Alternator by Potier Triangle method.
NAME PLATE DETAILS (SPECIFICATIONS):
Rating DC Shunt 3 Phase
Motor Alternator
HP/KW/KVA 5.0HP 3.5KVA
Volts 220 V 415 V
Excitation volts 220 V 220 V
Excitation 0.9A 1.4A, 0.8 p.f
current
Amps 19.0A 4.5A
Speed 1500rpm 1500rpm

APPARATUS:
S.No. APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QTY
1 Ammeter MC 0 – 1/2 A 1
2 Ammeter MI 0 – 5/10 A 1
3 Voltmeter MI 0 – 600 V 1
4 Rheostat WW 290 Ω, 1.7A 1
5 Tachometer Digital --- 1
6 TPST knife switch -- -- 1
7 Fuse TCC 10A 3
8 3-phase Inuctive load 1

Theory:
This method is also called potier method. In the operation of any alternator, the armature
resistance drop and armature leakage reactance drop IXL are actually e.m.f. quantities while the
armature reaction is basically m.m.f. quantity. In the synchronous impedance all the quantities
are treated as e.m.f. quantities as against this in M.M.F. method all are treated as m.m.f.
quantities. Hence in both the methods, we are away from reality.
Note : This method is based on the separation of armature leakage reactance and
armature reaction effects. The armature leakage reactance XL is called Potier reactance in this
method, hence method is also called potier reactance method.
To determine armature leakage reactance and armature reaction m.m.f. separately,
two tests are performed on the given alternator. The two tests are,
1. Open circuit test
2. Zero power factor test
Observation table:
Short circuit test:

S.No Field Current Short circuit

If (A) current(Isc)
1
2
3

Open circuit test:

S.No Field Current Open circuit

If (A) Voltage Vo
1
2
3
4
5

Model graph:

1.E0 , Isc Vs I f

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that motor field rheostat and 3point starters are at minimum position before starting
the DC motor.
3. Apply the 220V DC supply by closing the DPSTswitch. Using the three point starter, start the
motor and by varying the motor field rheostat adjust the speed to the synchronous speed.
 4. After attaining rated speed, apply 230V ac supply to excitation unit(is nothing but dc variac)
5. The O.C test is conducted by varying the excitation unit, for various values of field current
and the corresponding open-circuit voltages are tabulated.
6. Ensure that excitation is brought to minimum position.
7. The S.C test is conducted by closing the TPST switch, the excitation unit is adjusted so as to
set the rated armature current and the corresponding field current is tabulated.
8. The stator resistance test is conducted by giving connections as per the circuit diagram and
the voltage and current reading for various resistive loads are tabulated.
9. Ensure that all the equipment is at initial positon,then switch off the power supply by opening
the DPST,

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that DC shunt motor field rheostat and 3-point starter are at minimum position .
3. Apply the 220V DC supply by closing the DPSTswitch. Using the three point starter, start the
motor and by varying the motor field rheostat adjust the speed to the synchronous speed.
4. After attaining rated speed, apply 230V ac supply to excitation unit(is nothing but dc variac)
5. The O.C test is conducted by varying the excitation unit, for various values of field current
and the corresponding open-circuit voltages are tabulated.
6. Ensure that excitation is brought to minimum position.
7. The Zero power factor test is conducted by closing the TPST switch which applies the pure
inductive load on the alternator, the excitation unit is adjusted so as to set the rated armature
current and the corresponding field current is tabulated.
8. The stator resistance test is conducted by giving connections as per the circuit diagram and
the voltage and current reading for various resistive loads are tabulated.
9. Ensure that all the equipment is at initial positon,then switch off the power supply by opening
the DPST,

PRECAUTIONS:
1. All connections should be tight and clean
2. Select approximate range of meters depending on the name plate details of the equipment
3. Note down the readings of the meters without any parallax errors
4. Use suitable length of wires for making connections and completely avoid joining of wires
5. Arrange the meters ,rheostats,etc such that live parts are away (i.e towards the panel board)
Calculations:

Plot open circuit characteristics on graph as shown in the Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

2. Plot the excitation corresponding to zero terminal voltage i.e. short circuit full load zero p.f.
armature current. This point is shown as A in the Fig. 1 which is on the x-axis. Another point is the
rated voltage when alternator is delivering full load current at zero p.f. lagging. This point is P as
shown in the Fig. 1.

3. Draw the tangent to O.C.C. through origin which is line OB as shown dotted in the Fig. 1. This is
called air line.

4. Draw the horizontal line PQ parallel and equal to OA.

5. From point Q draw the line parallel to the air line which intersects O.C.C. at point R. Join RQ and
join PR. The triangle PQR is called potier triangle.

6. From point R, drop a perpendicular on PQ to meet at point S.

7. The zero p.f. full load saturation curve is now be constructed by moving a triangle PQR so that R
remains always on O.C.C. and line PQ always remains horizontal. The doted triangle is shown in the
Fig. 1. It must be noted that the potier triangle once obtained is constant for a given armature current
and hence can be transferred as it is.

8. Through point A, draw line parallel to PR meeting O.C.C. at point B. From B, draw perpendicular
on OA to meet it at point C. Triangles OAB and PQR are similar triangles.

9. The perpendicular RS gives the voltage drop due to the armature leakage reactance i.e. IXL.

10. The length PS gives field current necessary to overcome demagnetising effect of armature
reaction at full load.
11. The length SQ represents field current required to induce an e.m.f. for balancing leakage
reactance drop RS.

These values can be obtained from any Potier triangle such as OAB, PQR and so on.

So armature leakage reactance can be obtained as,

𝑙(𝑅𝑆) = 𝑙(𝐵𝐶) = (𝐼𝑝ℎ )𝐹𝐿 × 𝑋𝐿 𝑝ℎ

𝑙(𝑅𝑆) 𝑜𝑟 𝑙(𝐵𝐶)
𝑋𝐿 𝑝ℎ =
(𝐼𝑝ℎ )𝐹𝐿

This is nothing but the potier reactance.

To determine regulation using Potier reactance, draw the phasor diagram using following procedure :

Draw the rated terminal voltage Vph as a reference phasor. Depending upon at which power
factor (cosΦ) the regulation is to be predicted, draw the Current phasor Iph lagging or leading Vph by
angle Φ.

Draw Iph Raph voltage drop to Vph which is in phase with Iph. While the voltage drop Iph XLph is to
be drawn perpendicular to Iph Raph vector but leading Iph Raph at the extremely of Vph.

The Raph is to be measured separately by passing a d.c. current and measuring voltage across
armature winding. While XLph is Potier reactance obtained by Potier method.

Phasor sum of Vph rated, Iph Raph and Iph XLph gives the e.m.f. which is say E1ph.

𝐸̅1𝑝ℎ = 𝑉̅𝑝ℎ + 𝐼𝑝ℎ

̅ 𝑅𝑝ℎ + 𝐼𝑝ℎ
̅ 𝑋𝐿 𝑝ℎ

Obtain the excitation corresponding to Ē1ph from O.C.C. drawn. Let this excitation be Ff1. This is
excitation required to induce e.m.f. which does not consider the effect of armature reaction.

The field current required to balance armature reaction can be obtained from Potier triangle,
which is say FAR.
.
. . FAR = l (PS) = l (AC) = .....

The total excitation required is the vector sum of the Ff1 and FAR. This can be obtained exactly
similar to the procedure used in M.M.F. method.

Draw vector Ff1 to some scale, leading E1ph by 90o. Add FAR to Ff1 by drawing vector FAR in
phase opposition to Iph. The total excitation to be supplied by field is given by FR.

The complete phasor diagram is shown in the Fig. 3.

 Fig. 3

Once the total excitation is known which is FR, the corresponding induced e.m.f. Eph can be
obtained from O.C.C. This Eph lags FR by 90o. The length CD represents voltage drop due to the
armature reaction. Drawing perpendicular from A and B on current phasor meeting at points G and H
respectively, we get triangle OHC as right angle triangle. Hence E1ph can be determined analytically
also.

Once Eph is known, the regulation of an alternator can be predicted as,

𝐸𝑝ℎ − 𝑉𝑝ℎ
%𝑅 = × 100
𝑉𝑝ℎ

Result
DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY ON THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR
BY LOADING WITH THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
 ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTER
ROTOR
3-point stator
STATOR
DPST Fuse L F A S1
R R U
+ +
20A
A 0-20A V

- MC
290 ohms,
1.7A
A
v
N (0-600V)
Z M MI

AA (0-5A)
B
ZZ B MI S2 Y W
A
- X XX Y V
DPST 20A C V

M L
(0-2)A
A S3
MC
DPST R1 R2 R3
Ph 5A Ph X
1-phase
230V supply
N 5A N
DPST XX

EXITATION UNIT
OR
RECTIFIER
 DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY ON THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR
BY LOADING WITH THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Aim:
To determination of efficiency on three phase alternator by loading with three phase
Induction motor
Name plate details:

SLIPRING
SHUNT
RATING ALTERNATOR INDUCTION MOTOR
MOTOR
STATOR ROTOR
Voltage 220V 415V 415 185
Current 19A 4.5A 4.7 7.5
Insulation
B B
class
Winding - STAR Star Star
Exiitation 1A 1.5A
- -
Current
Exiitation 220V 220V
Voltageurren - -
t
Power 5HP 3KVA 3H9 -
Speed 1500 - - 1410

APPARATUS:
S.No APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY
1 Ammeter (0-10)A MC 1
Rheostat 290Ω/1.7A WW 1
TPST Switch 30A Knife
2 Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
3 Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1
4 Wattmeter (600V,10A) UPF 2
5 Tachometer (0-10000)RPM Digital 1
6 Connecting wires ----- 1.0 Sq.mm ----
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No N(rpm) W1 W2 V I Ia I/P O/P η%

Procedure:
1. Make the Connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that motor field rheostat and 3point starters are at minimum position before starting
the DC motor.
3. Apply the 220V DC supply by closing the DPSTswitch. Using the three point starter, start the
motor and by varying the motor field rheostat adjust the speed to the synchronous speed.
4. After attaining rated speed, apply 230V ac supply to excitation unit(is nothing but dc variac)
5. Ensure that the rotor resistance is at maximum position at the time of starting.
6. start the motor at the reduce applied voltage. Increase the applied voltage, till its rated
value.by using rotor resistance starter
7. If any wattmeter reads negative value, then gradually reduce the load to no load value and
then switch off the main supply. Then interchange that wattmeter M and L connections.
8. Increase the mechanical load on the motor and note the readings. Repeat this for various load
settings upto rated value of the alternator.
9. Gradually reduce the load on the motor and finally unload it completely.
10. Switch off the supply to stop the motor.
11. Ensure that all the equipment is at initial positon,then switch off the power supply by opening
the DPST&TPST,
Precautions:
6. All connections should be tight and clean
7. Select approximate range of meters depending on the name plate details of the equipment
8. Note down the readings of the meters without any parallax errors
9. Use suitable length of wires for making connections and completely avoid joining of wires
10. Arrange the meters , rheostats, etc such that live parts are away (i.e. towards the panel board)
POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTOR BY USING CAPACITORS AND LOAD TEST
NO Load With Capacitor Circuit Diagram:
 POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT OF
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
BY USING CAPACITORS AND LOAD TEST

Aim:
To power factor of single phase induction motor by using capacitors and load test.
Name plate details:
Specifications 1-Ø Induction Motor
Rating 3HP
Volts 230
Amps 12A
Speed 1410 RPM
APPARATUS:
S.No APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY
DOL Starter 1-PH 3HP-
1 1
5HP
2 Power Factor Meter 230V/20A 1
3 Capasitive Load - - 1
4 Connecting wires ----- 1.0 Sq.mm ----

PROCEDURE:

No Load:
1. Make the Connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON Ac Supply by using the mcb.
3. By using the DOL Starter start the Induction Motor on no load condition
4. Take the voltage current & Power Factor readings.
5. Press the stop push button in DOL Starter
6. Switch off the Power Supply

No Load with capaciive Load:

1. Make the Connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON Ac Supply by using the mcb.
3. By using the DOL Starter start the Induction Motor on no load condition
4. Apply the capacitive load to the induction motor
5. Take the voltage current & Power Factor readings.
6. Press the stop push button in DOL Starter
 7. Switch off the Power Supply

With Load:
1. Make the Connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON Ac Supply by using the mcb.
3. By using the DOL Starter start the Induction Motor on no load condition
4. Apply the brake load till rated current of the induction motor
5. Take the voltage current & Power Factor readings.
6. Press the stop push button in DOL Starter
7. Switch off the Power Supply

Load with capaciive Load:

1. Make the Connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch ON Ac Supply by using the mcb.
3. By using the DOL Starter start the Induction Motor on no load condition
4. Apply the brake load till rated current of the induction motor
5. Apply the capacitive load to the induction motor
6. Take the voltage current & Power Factor readings.
7. Press the stop push button in DOL Starter
8. Switch off the Power Supply

OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. Voltage Current
(No load) (No load)

S.No. Voltage Current

(No load With Capcitive (No load With Capcitive
Load) Load)
1
2
 S.No. Voltage Current
(ON load) (ON load)

S.No. Voltage Current

(ON load With Capcitive (No load With Capcitive
Load) Load)
1
2

Precautions:
1. All connections should be tight and clean
2. Note down the readings of the meters without any parallax errors
3. Use suitable length of wires for making connections and completely avoid joining of wires
4. Arrange the meters such that live parts are away (i.e. towards the panel board)
SPEED CONTROL OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
BY USING V/F METHOD
 SPEED CONTROL OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
BY USING V/F METHOD
Aim:
To control the speed of 3-phase induction motor by using V/F method.

Name plate details:

Specifications 3-Ø Induction Motor
Rating 3HP
Volts 415V
Amps 6
Speed 1410 RPM
APPARATUS:
S.No APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QTY
Voltage and Frequency
1 415 1
Drive(VFD)
2 Tachometer 0-9999 Digital 1
3 Inducton Motor Kit - - 1

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect 3 phase input power supply at left side of the panel.
2. Connect 3 phase induction motor at right side of the panel.
3. Switch “ON” the MCB.
4. Select Forward / Reverse Operation by using Rotary Switch.
5. Click “ON” the Start push button.
6. Vary the frequency using pot.
7. Note down the different voltage and frequency readings and tabulate it.
8. Minimize the frequency using pot.
9. Press the Stop push button to stop the operation.
Precautions:
1. All connections should be tight and clean
2. Note down the readings of the meters without any parallax errors
3. Use suitable length of wires for making connections and completely avoid joining of wires
4. Arrange the meters such that live parts are away (i.e. towards the panel board)