Computer Graphics

and Product Modeling

for CAD/CAM

S S Pande

0
Alpha Science International Ltd.
Oxford, U.K.
 Contents

vii
Preface

1. Introduction 1.1
1.1
1.1 Computer Graphics
Historical 1.1
1.1.1 Perspective
1.1.2 Picture Creation in Computer Graphics 1.2

1.3
1.2 Product Development and CAD/CAM
1.2.1 Product Modeling 1.4

1.3 Product Life Cycle Management 1.5

1.3.1 1.5
Purpose
1.3.2 Element of PLM 1.5

1.3.3 Implementing PLM 1.6

1.6
1.4 Summary

2. Basics of Computer Graphics 2.1

Elements of a Graphics 2.1

2.1 System
2.2
2.2 Graphics System Hardware
2.2
2.2.1 Input Devices
2.2.1.1 Graphical User Interface (GUI) 2.2

2.2.1.2 The Mouse 2.4

2.5
2.2.2 Display Devices
2.2.2.1 CRT Display Monitors 2.6

2.7
2.2.2.2 Raster Graphics CRT Displays
2.2.2.3 LCD Monitors 2.10

2.13
2.3 Graphics Software
2.13
2.3.1 Viewing Pipeline Transformations
2.13
2.3.1.1 Modeling World
2.3.1.2 Projection Transformations 2.14

2.3.1.3 Windowing and Clipping 2.15

2.3.1.4 Window to Viewport Mapping 2.15

2.3.2 Raster Scan Graphics Algorithms 2.17

2.17
2.3.2.1 Line Drawing Algorithms
2.20
2.4 Examples
2.24
2.5 Review Questions
x Contents

3. Geometric Transformations 3.1

3.1 Types of Geometric Transformations 3.1
3.2 Geometric Transformations in 2 D 3.3

3.2.1 Cartesian Co-ordinate Transformations 3.3

3.2.2 Homogenous Coordinate System 3.6
3.2.3 Composite Transformations 3.6
3.3 Geometric Transformations in 3 D 3.7
3.3.1 Generalized Transformation Matrix 3.8
3.3.2 Composite Transformations 3.9
3.4 Examples 3.10

3.5 Review Questions 3.13

4. Projection Transformations 4.1

4.1 From Object to Image 4.1
4.1.1 Types of Projections 4.2
4.2 Mathematics of Projection 4.3
4.2.1 Orienting 3 D Camera 4.3
4.2.2 Projection Vector and Plane Equations 4.3
4.3 Parallel Projections 4.5

4.3.1 Orthographic projections 4.5

4.3.2 Multi View Projections 4.6
4.3.3 Axonometric Projections 4.6
4.3.4 Oblique Projections 4.7
4.4 Perspective Projection 4.8
4.4.1 Theory of Perspective Projections 4.8
4.4.2 Single and Multi Point Projections 4.9
4.4.3 Generalized Projection Transformation Matrix 4.11
4.5 Examples 4.12
4.6 Review Questions 4.16

5. Geometric Design of Planar and Space curves 5.1

5.1 Types of curves 5.1
5.2 Basis for Curve Representation 5.2
5.3 Techniques for Curve Design 5.2
5.4 Mathematical Basis for Curve Representation 5.3
5.4.1 Implicit and Explicit Curve Equations 5.3
5.4.2 Visual Representation of Curves 5.4
5.4.3 Vector Valued Parametric Equations 5.5
5.4.4 Properties of Parametric Equations 5.9
5.5 Curve Design from Points 5.9
5.5.1 Lagrange Interpolation Technique 5.10
 Contents xi

5.5.2 Parametric Curve Equation from Points 5.11

5.5.3 Hermite Curves 5.13

5.6 Synthetic Curve Design 5.16

5.7 Bezier Curves 5.17

5.7.1 Bezier Curve Equation 5.17
5.7.2 Cubic Bezier curve 5.18

5.7.3 Properties of Bezier Curve 5.20

5.7.4 Derivatives of the Curve 5.20

5.7.5 Subdivision of the Curve 5.21

5.8 B-Spline Curves 5.22

5.8.1 B-Spline Basis Function 5.22
5.8.2 B-Spline Curve Equation 5.22
5.8.3 B-Spline Basis Function and the Knot Vector 5.23

5.8.4 Properties of B Spline Curves 5.27

5.8.5 Controlling Shape of B Spline Curve 5.28

5.9 NURBS curve 5.28

5.9.1 Rational B Spline Curve 5.29

5.9.2 Rational Bezier Curve 5.30
5.10 Examples 5.31
5.11 Review Questions 5.36

6. Design of Surfaces 6.1

6.1 Types of Surfaces 6.1
6.2 Representation of Surfaces 6.1
6.3 Mathematical Basis for Surface Representation 6.2

6.3.1 Implicit Surfaces 6.2

6.3.2 Parametric Surfaces 6.4
6.4 Design of Sweep Surfaces 6.5
6.4.1 Rotational Sweep Surfaces 6.5
6.4.2 Translational
Sweep Surfaces 6.7
6.4.3 Hybrid Sweep Surfaces 6.8
6.5 Design of Surface patches 6.9

6.5.1 Bilinear Surface Patch 6.10

6.5.2 Ruled Surfaces 6.12

6.5.3 Coon's Surface Patch 6.13

6.5.4 Bezier, B Spline and NURBS Surface Patches 6.17

6.6 Surface Properties 6.20
6.6.1 Surface Normal 6.20
6.6.2 Curvature and Shape of Surfaces 6.20
6.6.3 Developability of Surfaces 6.22
6.7 Examples 6.22
xii Contents

6.8 Review Questions 6.27

7. Geometric Modeling of 3D Objects 7.1

7.1 Issues in Geometric Modeling 7.1
7.2 Techniques of Geometric Modeling 7.2
7.3 Wireframe Modeling Technique 7.2
7.3.1 Wireframe Model Representation 7.3

7.3.2 Characteristics of Wireframe models 7.4

7.4 Boundary representation (B Rep) Modeling Technique 7.6

7.4.1 Object Topology 7.6

7.4.2 Manifold vs Non Manifold Objects 7.7

7.4.3 Topology of Polyhedra 7.8

7.4.4 Topological Validity of Solids 7.8
7.4.5 Topology of Regular Polyhedra 7.9
7.4.6 Topology of Non Regular Polyhedra 7.10
7.4.7 Euler Poincare Formula 7.11

7.5 Data Structures for B Rep Geometric Models 7.12

7.5.1 Polygon based Data Structure 7.13

7.5.2 Winged Edge Data Structure 7.14

7.5.3 STL Data Structure 7.15

7.6 Examples 7.17

7.7 Review Questions 7.21

8. Constructive Solid Geometry and Feature based Part Modeling 8.1

8.1 Overview of Wireframe and B-rep Modeling Techniques 8.1
8.2 Solid Modeling using Constructive Solid Geometry 8.2
8.2.1 Primitives 8.2
8.2.2 Boolean Operations 8.3

8.2.3 Set Theory-Overview 8.3

8.2.4 Object Modeling and CSG Tree 8.6

8.2.5 Regularized Boolean Operations 8.9

8.2.6 CSG Model Representation 8.11

8.2.7 Data Structures for CSG Modeling 8.12
8.2.7.1 Halfspaces -
Definition and Representation 8.12
8.2.7.2 Combining Halfspaces 8.13
8.2.8 CSG Modeling Advantages and Limitations
-
8.14
8.3 Hybrid (CSG+ B-Rep) Solid Modelers 8.15
8.4 Feature Based Part Modeling 8.16
8.4.1 Need 8.16
8.4.2 What are Features? 8.16
8.4.3 Feature Taxonomy 8.17
 Contents xiii

8.4.4 Feature Selection 8.19

8.4.5 Feature Qualification 8.21

8.4.6 Feature Validation 8.22
8.4.7 Feature Model Representation 8.23
8.4.8 Feature Mapping 8.25

8.4.9 Advantages of Feature based Modeler 8.25

8.5 Variational Geometric Modeling 8.25

8.5.1 The Constraints 8.26

8.5.1.1 Dimensional constraints 8.26

8.5.1.2 Attitude constraints 8.27

8.6 8.28
Examples
8.7 Review Questions 8.32

9. Product Data Exchange Standards 9.1

9.1 Product Data and Interoperability 9.1

9.2 Evolution of Data Standards -

Historical Perspective 9.2
9.2
9.3 Initial Graphics Exchange Specifications (IGES)
9.3.1 IGES Data Format 9.3

9.4 STEP Standard 9.6

9.4.1 What is STEP 9.6

9.4.2 Application Protocols in STEP 9.6

9.4.3 Express language 9.7

9.4.3.1 EXPRESS definition format 9.8

9.4.3.2 STEP file format 9.10

9.4.4 Strengths of STEP 9.12

9.5 Future Trends 9.13

Bibliography B.l

Index 1.1