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S P E E C H O R L AN G U AG E I M P AI R M E N T
Source: http://www.projectidealonline.org/v/speech-language-impairments/
https://www.specialeducationguide.com/disability-profiles/speech-and-language-impairments/
https://www.parentcenterhub.org/speechlanguage/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_disorder#Types_of_disorder
DEFINITION:
1. IDEA- “a communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a

language impairment, or a voice impairment that adversely affects a child’s
educational performance.”
A communication disorder such as stuttering” provides an example
of a fluency disorder; other fluency issues include unusual word repetition and
hesitant speech. “Impaired articulation” indicates impairments in which a child
experiences challenges in pronouncing specific sounds. “A language impairment”
can entail difficulty comprehending words properly, expressing oneself and
listening to others. Finally, “a voice impairment” involves difficulty voicing words;
for instance, throat issues may cause an abnormally soft voice.
2. projectidealonline states: Speech and language impairment is defined as a
communication disorder that adversely affects the child's ability to talk,
understand, read, and write. This disability category can be divided into two
groups: speech impairments and language impairments.
TYPES OF DISORDER
 Apraxia of speech may result from stroke or progressive illness, and involves
inconsistent production of speech sounds and rearranging of sounds in a word
("potato" may become "topato" and next "totapo"). Production of words becomes
more difficult with effort, but common phrases may sometimes be spoken
spontaneously without effort.
 Cluttering, a speech and fluency disorder characterized primarily by a rapid rate of
speech, which makes speech difficult to understand.
 Developmental verbal dyspraxia also known as childhood apraxia of speech.
 Dysarthria is a weakness or paralysis of speech muscles caused by damage to the
nerves or brain. Dysarthria is often caused by strokes, Parkinson's disease, ALS,
head or neck injuries, surgical accident, or cerebral palsy.
 Dysprosody is the rarest neurological speech disorder. It is characterized by
alterations in intensity, in the timing of utterance segments, and in rhythm, cadence,
and intonation of words. The changes to the duration, the fundamental frequency,
and the intensity of tonic and atonic syllables of the sentences spoken, deprive an
individual's particular speech of its characteristics. The cause of dysprosody is
usually associated with neurological pathologies such as brain vascular accidents,
cranioencephalic traumatisms, and brain tumors.[3]
 Muteness is the complete inability to speak.
 Speech sound disorders involve difficulty in producing specific speech sounds (most
often certain consonants, such as /s/ or /r/), and are subdivided into articulation
disorders(also called phonetic disorders) and phonemic disorders. Articulation
disorders are characterized by difficulty learning to produce sounds physically.
Phonemic disorders are characterized by difficulty in learning the sound distinctions
of a language, so that one sound may be used in place of many. However, it is not
uncommon for a single person to have a mixed speech sound disorder with both
phonemic and phonetic components.
 Stuttering affects approximately 1% of the adult population.[1]
 Voice disorders are impairments, often physical, that involve the function of
the larynx or vocal resonance.
CAUSES
Some causes of speech and language disorders include hearing loss,

neurological disorders, brain injury, intellectual disabilities, drug abuse, physical
impairments such as cleft lip or palate, and vocal abuse or misuse. Frequently,
however, the cause is unknown.
CHARACTERISTICS
The characteristics of speech or language impairments will vary depending upon

the type of impairment involved. There may also be a combination of several problems.
When a child has an articulation disorder, he or she has difficulty making certain
sounds. These sounds may be left off, added, changed, or distorted, which makes it
hard for people to understand the child.
Leaving out or changing certain sounds is common when young children are
learning to talk, of course. A good example of this is saying “wabbit” for “rabbit.” The
incorrect articulation isn’t necessarily a cause for concern unless it continues past the
age where children are expected to produce such sounds correctly. (4) (ASHA’s
milestone resource pages, mentioned above, are useful here.)
Fluency refers to the flow of speech. A fluency disorder means that something is
disrupting the rhythmic and forward flow of speech—usually, a stutter. As a result, the
child’s speech contains an “abnormal number of repetitions, hesitations, prolongations,
or disturbances. Tension may also be seen in the face, neck, shoulders, or fists.” (5)
Voice is the sound that’s produced when air from the lungs pushes through the voice
box in the throat (also called the larnyx), making the vocal folds within vibrate. From
there, the sound generated travels up through the spaces of the throat, nose, and
mouth, and emerges as our “voice.”
A voice disorder involves problems with the pitch, loudness, resonance, or quality
of the voice. The voice may be hoarse, raspy, or harsh. For some, it may sound quite
nasal; others might seem as if they are “stuffed up.” People with voice problems often
notice changes in pitch, loss of voice, loss of endurance, and sometimes a sharp or dull
pain associated with voice use.
Language has to do with meanings, rather than sounds. A language disorder refers to
an impaired ability to understand and/or use words in context. A child may have an
expressive language disorder (difficulty in expressing ideas or needs), a receptive
language disorder (difficulty in understanding what others are saying), or a mixed
language disorder (which involves both).
Some characteristics of language disorders include:
 improper use of words and their meanings,

 inability to express ideas,
 inappropriate grammatical patterns,
 reduced vocabulary, and
 inability to follow directions.
Children may hear or see a word but not be able to understand its meaning. They
may have trouble getting others to understand what they are trying to communicate.
These symptoms can easily be mistaken for other disabilities such as autism or learning
disabilities, so it’s very important to ensure that the child receives a thorough evaluation
by a certified speech-language pathologist.
EX AMPLE OF FAMOUS PE OPLE
Marylin Monroe and Her Sexy Stutter

Marylin Monroe needs no introduction thanks to the fame she achieved in her
adult life, but as a child growing up in Los Angeles in the ‘30s and ‘40s, life was more
difficult for her than you would probably expect. At age seven Norma Jeane (Monroe’s
real name) endured some traumatic events, not least of which was the fact that her
single mother had a schizophrenic breakdown and had to be committed to a state
hospital.
Sam Niell Overcomes His Jurassic Stutter

Sam Niell had one hell of a bad stutter as a child. He was so self-conscious
about it, that he kept to himself, seldom making eye contact and hoping no one would
talk to him for fear he might actually have to speak. He eventually got over the worst of
it, although never completely.

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S P E E C H O R L AN G U AG E I M P AI R M E N T

1. IDEA- “a communication disorder such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a

Some causes of speech and language disorders include hearing loss,

The characteristics of speech or language impairments will vary depending upon

 improper use of words and their meanings,

EX AMPLE OF FAMOUS PE OPLE

Marylin Monroe and Her Sexy Stutter

Sam Niell Overcomes His Jurassic Stutter

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