Table of Contents

Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction of the project. ........................................................................................ 2
1.1Introduction..........................................................................................................2
1.2Problem Statement................................................................................................3
1.3 Objective Of The Project.....................................................................................3
1.4Projects Scope.......................................................................................................4
1.5 Significant of The Project....................................................................................5
CHAPTER 2 .............................................................................................................. 5
LITERATURE REVIEW. ......................................................................................... 5
2.2.1 Storage Hydro-power ........................................................................................ 5
2.2.2Pumped-Storage Hydro-power .......................................................................... 6
2.2.3Offshore Hydro-power ....................................................................................... 6
2.2.4 Run-of-River Hydro-power .............................................................................. 6
2.3.4Reaction Turbines .............................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................ 17
METHODOLOGY................................................................................................... 17
3Design and Construction ........................................................................................ 17
3.1 System Components, Initial Design................................................................... 17
3.2 Initial Power Calculation ................................................................................... 19
3.3 Gutter and Downspout Sub-System ................................................................... 27
3.4Turbine Selection ................................................................................................ 39
References ................................................................................................................ 42

1
 Chapter 1

Introduction of the project.

1.1 Introduction:-Global power usage in 2015 amounted to 575 quads and is

anticipated to raise by 28% by 2040 ("International Energy Outlook," 2017). As nations move

from fossil fuels to multiple renewable sources, renewable power is becoming the fastest

increasing form of electricity. It trifles the advantages of acquiring power from sources like sun,

wind, and water trifoled. Renewable power Addressing climate change, power safety and access

to energy.

2
Not only would a worldwide shift to renewable energy fight climate change, it also has the

ability to close the gap between those with and without electricity. There is a link between

electricity access and the ability to occur, called energy poverty, for economic and human

development (González-Eguino, 2015). More than 1.4 billion individuals are facing power

poverty in today's globe. Energy poverty challenge is focused in rural regions where 85% of the

population lacks access to electricity (Stram, 2016). Rural electrification programs for

renewable energy are an chance to assist fight energy poverty.

This project will operate through a rainwater collection and pico-hydropower harvesting device

to target rural electrification and clean water access in regions with elevated rainfall rates. Water

access is an energy-intensive process and a study area is being pursued to recognize the

intersection between energy and water and to use rainwater harvesting to address the issue

(Vieira, Beal, Ghisi & Stewart, 2014).The aim of this project is to produce a compact design

for the collection of pico-hydropower energy that can be deployed in a rainwater harvesting

scheme to provide electricity when solar power is not accessible. This initiative will address the

requirements of rural regions, where the majority of the population lives in multidimensional

poverty, and only a few individuals in the rural population have access to energy, with very little

access to enhanced drinking water. Developing technology adapted to the social and cultural

requirements of particular rural regions is critical to their achievement (Urmee & Md, 2016)..

This project will operate through the creation of a rainwater power harvesting scheme to target

the scarcity of rural electricity and water.

1.2 Problem Statement

Sustainable energy is the most important and clean energy in the world now. Every country is

adopting sustainable energy because of the damage done by fossil fuel to the environment and

its surroundings. But sustainable energy is not common and heap to use yet because of its lack

3
of portability and visionary planning. Most of the countries still using conventional energy to

produce electricity.Most of the rural areas of many countries still out of electricity .Hence if

sustainable energy can be make portable and cheap it would be a gold mine for the people of the

rural areas. Rain water is a pure source of sustainable energy. If rainwater can be used to create

electricity and if it can be made cheap and compact and easy to use in rural areas it will be a

huge step for achieving clean and green energy which is better both economically and

environmentally for the rural areas and the country.

1.3 Objective of the Project

The objective of the project is

A) To produce electricity from rainwater

B) To preserve rainwater for further use.

C) To make the use of the renewable energy cheap and convenient for the rural use.

1.4 Projects Scope

The project is suitable for rural areas of Malaysia where rain is very common and very frequently
happen. The roofs of Malaysia's rural regions are made of corrugated metal. The corrugated
metal will provide the water to flow down to the gutter with a soft surface.The project is also
suitable for low-income households and and its super affordable.

Our projects ' range focuses mainly on converting rainwater into energy. The project will
therefore concentrate on the gutter and downspout sub-system, the turbine and its enclosure, as
well as the electrical elements and enclosure. We won't work to design the system's final parts,
the holding tank and filtration system, as filtration methods and holding tanks have been

4
carefully investigated in other projects. In short, we will work to produce a well-designed system
that involves a generator of energy from the gutter, downspout, and rainwater.

1.5 Significant of the project

This project will be design as a model for the students to see and learn the use of rainwater as a
renewable energy in the rural areas and produce as much as electricity which will be cheap and
convenient for the rural area peoples.

5
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW.

2.1 Chapter Overview

The chapter overview is basically regarding a overview from the journals regarding

hydro-power, the types of turbines commonly used in hydro-power systems, and electrical

generators. In this Section also will discuss pica-hydro power generation from rainfall to

gain a better understanding of the requirements for our system in rural areas of Malaysia.

2.2 Types of Hydro-power

Historically, hydro-power systems converted the energy in water to produce mechanical

work. Such systems performed a variety of industrial activities, such as milling grains. Present

day hydro-power systems convert stored energy in water into electricity, instead of mechanical

work. The power output for hydro-power installations range from a few kilowatts to gigawatts.

At 1,064 gigawatts of installed capacity, hydro-power is the leading source of renewable energy

and accounts for 71% of all renewable electricity (World Energy Council, 2016). Overall, 16.4%

of the world’s total electricity is generated from hydro-power systems (World Energy Council,

2016). There are four main types of hydro-power: storage hydro-power, pumped-storage

hydro-power, offshore hydro-power, and run-of-river hydro-power (World Energy Council,

2016).

2.2.1 Storage Hydro-power

Storage hydro-power systems capitalize on the potential energy of water contained by a

dam structure. To produce electricity, water is released from the dam and flows through a
6
turbine. The rotating turbine activates a generator to produce electricity. Storage hydro power

provides base load, a continuous supply of electricity, and peak load, the ability to be turned off

and restarted based on demand (World Energy Council, 2016).

2.2.2Pumped-Storage Hydro-power

Pumped-storage hydro-power is similar to storage hydro-power, except that these

systems cycle the water between upper and lower reservoirs to provide peak-load supply. When

electricity is needed, water from an upper reservoir is released and spins a turbine. The

potential energy of the elevated water produces the electricity. When electricity demand is low,

pumps use extra energy in the system to drive the water back to the top reservoir to prepare for

the next cycle (World Energy Council, 2016).

2.2.3Offshore Hydro-power

Offshore hydro-power systems use waves and tidal currents in the ocean to produce

electricity. Among the different types of hydro-power, offshore is the least established, but

still growing. This category includes technology such as underwater turbines (tidal), buoys

(wave), and oscillating water columns (wave) (Tester, Drake, Driscoll, Golay & Peters, 2016,

p. 700).

2.2.4 Run-of-River Hydro-power

Run-of-river hydro-power produces electricity as the flowing water, typically from a

river or channel, spinning a turbine. The kinetic energy of the flowing water is used to produce

electricity, unlike in storage hydro-power systems where the potential energy is the driving

factor (World Energy Council, 2016). Run-of-river systems produce a continuous supply of

7
electricity. However, there are other much smaller forms of run-of river hydro-power such as

Ultra Low Head Hydroelectric technology for heads less than 3m and flows greater than 0.5

meter per second with no head that are currently being explored (Zhou & Deng, 2017). This

indicates that although hydro-power technology has been around for a long period of time, new

and exciting innovations are still being explored.

2.3Types of Turbines

In hydro-power systems, two main types of turbines exist: reaction and impulse. Impulse

turbines use the velocity of the water to rotate the shaft, and are typically suitable for high heads

and low flow applications (“Comparison between Impulse and Reaction Turbine,” 2016).

Impulse turbines that are typically considered for small hydro-power systems are the Pelton

wheel, Turgo, and Cross flow turbines. Reaction turbines generate power from the combined

pressure and moving water. They are typically submerged so that water flows over the blades,

rather than striking them. This type of turbine is typically suitable for low head and high flow

applications. A major difference between the two types of turbines is that reaction turbines must

be enclosed in a watertight casing, while impulse turbines do not (“Comparison between Impulse

and Reaction Turbine,” 2016). The types of reaction turbines that are typically used for small

hydro-power systems are propellers, such as: Kaplan turbines, and Archimedes screws. In

addition, we are considering water wheels as an alternative to a traditional turbine. Water wheels

differentiate from turbines because they generate energy from the weight of the water rather than

from the water’s velocity or impulse (“Waterwheel Design and the Different Types of

Waterwheel,” 2013). The type of water wheels that are the most applicable are the Overshot and

8
the Back-shot water wheels, because the source of water comes from above, as opposed to

below.

2.3.1Impulse Turbines

Pelton wheel- Pelton wheels consist of multiple bucket-shaped blades, known as impulse

blades, and often have jets directed tangential to the turbine, Figure 1. Each individual blade has

two “buckets” that are connected in the middle. This type of turbine is most applicable with high

heads (greater than 25 meters) and low flows (0.01-0.5 cubic meters per second), but has been

modified for application in micro-hydro systems (Okot, 2013).

Figure 1: Example Pelton Wheel

(Picture Credit: Jahobr Water Wheel, 2018)

2.3.2Turgo turbine- The Turgo turbine is a modification of the Pelton wheel, except it uses

only half of the blade, or just one “bucket.” Similar to the Pelton, the jets are aimed tangential

9
to the turbine. This turbine functions in similar heads and flows to the Pelton wheel, but can

have more efficient operations in lower head ranges (Okot, 2013).

2.3.3Cross-flow- The Cross-flow turbine is designed with tangential rectangular-shaped

blades that allow the water to flow through the turbine twice, flowing through the inside of the
runner, Figure 2. This turbine is applicable in low to medium heads (2- 40 meters) and low to
medium flows (0.1- 5 cubic meters per second) (Okot, 2013). The Cross-flow turbine maintains
efficiency under varying load and flow.

Figure 2: Example Crossflow Turbine

(Picture Credit: Jahobr Water Wheel, 2018)

2.3.4Reaction Turbines

10
 2.3.4.1 Propeller- The propeller turbine typically has three to six blades that water

comes into contact with simultaneously, Figure 3. In this type of turbine, the pressure must be

constant to keep the runner in balance. The typical head for this system is low to medium (1.5 -

20 meters) and functions in medium to high flows (3- 30 cubic meters per second) (Okot, 2013).

Figure 3: Example Propeller Turbine

(Picture Credit: Jahobr Water Wheel, 2018)

2.3.4.2 Kaplan- This turbine is a variation of the propeller, with adjustable blades and guide

vanes.It can achieve high efficiency under varying input conditions (Okot, 2013).

2.3.4.3 Archimedes Screw- This turbine is best suited for low head (2-10 meters) and higher

flow sites. It is closest in relation to reaction turbines, but is not actually considered a “turbine”

(Okot, 2013). This structure is typically used to raise water from a lower elevation to a higher

elevation, but can be turned in reverse to generate power, Figure 4.

11
 Figure 4: Example Archimedes Screw

(Picture Credit: Jahobr Water Wheel, 2018)

2.4 Waterwheels

2.4.1 Overshot Water Wheel - The Overshot water wheel is rotated by water entering at the top

of the wheel and filling up the buckets formed by adjacent tangential blades, Figure 5. The

weight of the water turns the wheel to generate power. This type of water wheel typically

applicable for a low head (1- 5 meters) and medium flow (0.3-1.5 cubic meters per second). The

efficiency of this turbine is typically in the 80-90% range (Quarantra & Revelli, 2015).

Figure 5: Example Overshot Water Wheel

(Photo Credit: Wiki Water Wheel, 2018)

12
 2.4.2 Backshot Water Wheel- The Backshot water wheel is similar to the Overshot,

except for that the blades are in the opposite direction, Figure 6. The efficiency of this turbine is

typically in the 80-90% range (Quarantra & Revelli, 2015).

Figure 6: Example Backshot Water Wheel

(Photo Credit: Wiki Water Wheel, 2018)

2.5 Pico-Hydro Power Generation

Pico-hydro is a term to describe hydro-power systems that output less than 5 kilowatts

(Williamson et al, 2014). Several turbines have already been designed and tested for

pico-hydro applications. Pico-hydro is of increased interest for off-grid applications in

low-income areas. Pico-hydro systems are typically low cost because significant construction

is not needed in order to implement the systems (Williamson et al., 2014). These systems also

have minimal environmental impacts because they are managed by the consumer and are not

13
interfering with animal habitats or emitting pollutants (Williamson et al., 2014). In Nepal, 300

pico-hydro systems are producing electricity and an additional 900 are used for mechanical

power (Cobb & Sharp, 2013). Some downsides to pico-hydro include the need for specific site

conditions, such as heavy rainfall or a nearby water source.

Several studies have shown both Pelton wheels and Turgo turbines are utilized in pico-hydro

systems. These two turbines are good for this application because they have high efficiency in

a wide range of conditions. Turgo turbines in particular have been shown to perform better

than Pelton wheels in higher flow rates and lower heads (Cobb & Sharp, 2013). In testing,

Turgo turbines were able to perform at over 80% efficiency, which is “quite good” for

pico-hydro (Cobb & Sharp, 2013). The different angles and striking points of the water are

factors that can influence the efficiency of the turbine.

2.6 Electrical Components

For pico-hydro turbines in a rainwater catchment system, the flow can be both variable in

magnitude and intermittent, additionally the amount of power being generated at any given time

is small. This creates challenges for generating electricity from a pico-hydro rainwater energy

harvesting system. There are two common generator types that are ideal for ultra-low hydro

power: squirrel cage induction generators and direct current synchronous generators (Zhou &

Deng, 2017). Overall, permanent magnet synchronous generators are superior at handling a

wider range of speeds because they can still produce power through a range of speeds and

squirrel cage induction generators are superior in that they require little maintenance (Zhou &

Deng, 2017). For small scale electricity generation, another option for electricity generation is to

use a permanent magnet DC motor as a generator. Permanent magnet DC motors operate at a

range of input powers to provide a range of output powers. When they are run in reverse by

rotating the shaft they can convert the input mechanical power to electrical power. The ability to

14
generate power at a range of input conditions make permanent magnet DC motors a good option

for a generator. Ratings for DC motors are given in terms of the stall torque and the maximum

RPM. At the stall torque the RPM will be 0 and at the maximum RPMs the torque will be zero,

the maximum power extracted from a DC motor is at half the stall torque and half the max rated

RPMs (Understanding D.C. Motor Characteristics, 2018). This is shown in the Figure 7, below.

Theoretically, the same should be true in reverse and if the motor is used as a generator and half

of the maximum RPM and torque is input to the motor it should output the most power.

15
 Figure 7: DC Motor Rotational Speed vs Torque

2.7 Effects of energy poverty in society and solution of that:

Energy poverty is one of the main problems of developing countries in the world right
now.Because of the lack of the energy and to fullfill the gap of the energy people are using
biofuel or biomass to produce energy and use energy for daily purpose. These fuels are usually
burned in clay, brick or metal cookers straight in the home. Lighting demands are also mainly
met through the use of candles and, to a smaller extent, kerosene lamps. This form of energy use
has significant health impacts as it is linked with elevated pollution concentrations owing to
inefficient combustion and bad ventilation in households. Air pollution indoors is
characterized.The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that PM10 concentrations in
these households may differ between 303 and 3000μg / m3 daily and may be as high as 10,000μg
/ m3 on occasion. Compared with the highest concentrations allowed for outdoor air pollution,
these concentrations are exceptionally high.Energy poverty impacts all industries of
manufacturing and limits growth potential. For example, the energy input in bad nations in
16
agriculture, a extremely significant industry, is very small and comes primarily from animal and
human labor. By comparison, both direct power input (machine yand fuel) and indirect inputs
(chemicals and fertilizers) are high in wealthy nations.

In the United States, for example, fertilizers based on nitrogen account for 45% of the total
power input in the maize production cycle, while physical labor accounts for only 3%[12]. Low
fertilizer use rates are one of the factors for low crop yields, according to the FAO, which
implies impoverished nations find it difficult to advance along this route of economic
development.

In order to erase this poverty from existance sustainable energy is the only future.And for
sustainable energy water is a very good source for sustainable energy ,and water can also be
harvested as drinking water of later can be used for drinking. Rainwater can be used as a
sustainable energy in the households at rural areas and the areas where conventional energy cant
send. Besides rainwater collection mechanism is very easy and ideal for producing power and its
cost effective and good for nature also. So, for reducing and eradicating energy poverty in the
developing rural areas and it is one of the cheapest and simple solution among other solutions.’

2.8 Sustainability of Rainwater for renewable energy

Now a days sustainable energy is the important role in our world,day by day energy demand and
energy poverty is rising in developing countries and for matching the demand sustainable energy
is getting popular. And for sustainable energy rainwater is a very cheap and good source because
collecting rainwater and saving it to produce energy is very cheap and easy.he tropical places and
rural places like sabah and sarawak where rain is often happen rainwater is a good source of
energy. At the time of a water crisis, it might be the foremost simply labile methodology of
mitigating water insufficiency. The system is applicable for both critical and traditional things.
it's associate environmentally friendly technique that has economical assortment and storage that
greatly helps native individuals. The associated blessings of rainwater harvesting are

17
I) It may decrease the strain on the public water supply, which is the primary source of municipal
water;

II) it may be used in the event of an emergency (i.e., fire);

III) it is exclusively cost-effective since the building costs are small and it may decrease the
cost of water bills;

IV) it increases the amount of soil moisture for vegetation development;

V) the amount of groundwater is heavily recharged in the event of rainfall;

2.9 Energy Harvesting from Rainwater for Household Systems

Household hydropower systems provide energy by extracting power from high head
water pipes. Kanth, Ashwani, Sharma (2012) explored a theoretical household system that
would combine energy harvesting with water catchment from rooftops for individual buildings
located in regions where typhoons or heavy rains are common. The gravitational potential
energy of the rainwater would be converted to kinetic energy. The stream of water would strike
a turbine to cause the turbine to rotate. The turbine would be connected to a generator to produce
electrical power. Kanth et al. would use the gutters on the roof to funnel the rainwater from the
rooftop to a storage tank located at ground level. The turbine would be placed in the downspout
and above the storage tank, locations can vary depending on the type of the turbine used. For a
roof area of 185 meters squared, and an average rainfall of 43 centimeters per year, the system
was calculated to produce 1.5 kilowatt-hours per year. If the system was located in the rainiest
locations on Earth, it would be able to produce 48 kilowatt-hours per year (Kanth et al., 2012),

18
this is equivalent to about 8,640 phone charges. In comparison to other forms of energy
generation this is actually minimal, however for rainy climates with little electricity access the
technology can be used to supplement other forms of energy.

An experiment done by Bhargav, Ratna Kishore, Anbuudayasankar, Balaji (2016) harvested the
gravitational potential energy of water in an overhead tank at the top of a three-story apartment
building before the water entered a tap in an intermediate system. The assembly consisted of a
0.25 meter diameter pipe, a storage tank 15 meters above the tap, and a 135 millimeter turbine.
An impulse-motor cooling fan was used as a turbine and was contained in an external enclosure,
Figure 8 A shaft, supported by bearings within the case of the turbine, was coupled with a 12
Volt permanent magnet direct current (DC) generator. When the system was running the
generator produced 1.5 Watts. The advantages of this generator include minimal transmission
losses because the energy was converted immediately to DC rather than AC power.

Figure 8: Assembly of Turbine

(Photo Credit: Bhargav et al, 2015

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY.

3Design and Construction

19
 The following section outlines the design concepts for the overall system and

calculations required to estimate the power output of this proposed system. . The section

also details the preliminary tests completed in order to arrive at specific design decisions.

3.1 System Components, Initial Design

The system is a dual purpose power generation and water collection. The eight components in

the system and their main functions are outlined below:

1. Roof: Must provide a smooth surface for water to flow down to the gutter,

2. Gutter: Must be large enough to collect a significant portion of the water off the roof

and angled to ensure the flow of water to the downspout,

3. Gutter-to-downspout connector: Must direct the water towards the center of the

downspout to minimize friction with the walls, and create a smooth stream of water,

4. Downspout: Must be large enough to contain the water from the gutter and

avoid back-filling,

5. Turbine/enclosure: Placed at the outlet of the downspout to ensure the stream of water

will strike and rotate the turbine,

6. Electrical components/enclosure: Attached to the turbine shaft to produce electrical

power; the enclosure will ensure the components stay dry in the wet environment,

7. Filtration system: Purify the water so that it is safe to drink, and

8. Holding tank: Store collected rainwater for future use.

20
Figure downwards depicts a drawing of our initial design. The rainwater will be collected

from the roof via the gutter system that will run along the perimeter of the house. The water will

be directed into the downspout that leads into an enclosure with a turbine. After the water flows

through the turbine, it is collected in a tank beneath the system where it will be stored and can

be filtered for drinking water.

21
3.2 Initial Power Calculation

Before making any design choices, I used theoretical values to calculate the highest

potential energy harvest-able from the scheme. In two distinct situations, we regarded the

scheme: water flowing through a filled downspout and free dropping water. In the first scenario,

to direct the water stream on the turbine blades, the downspout would have a nozzle at the very

end immediately before the turbine. The tiny nozzle region would trigger back filling of the

downspout and give a head of pressure. In the second scenario, the rainwater from the gutter

would be directed to the downspout center without any support.The downspout wouldn't be

filled and ideally the water wouldn't touch the downspout sides. We considered both scenarios

to determine which one would be most beneficial and produce the most power.

At the end of the downspout, the first situation includes a nozzle. The tiny nozzle

region, as rain continues to enter the downspout, would cause the downspout to fill up.

However, if the downspout is filled, frictional losses in the form of equation 1 will occur :

22
 The frictional losses will reduce the maximum velocity exiting the nozzle, thus reducing

power generation and RPM. Since the system is small, the goal was to minimize losses as much

as possible, so it would not be beneficial to have a nozzle at the end of the downspout and

backfill the downspout. Instead, designing the downspout so that the water drops down the

downspout middle in a single stream to strike the blade will assist improve the system's

efficiency.

In the second case, the water would be pushed to the downspout middle to prevent

frictional losses. For the event of free-falling water during the heaviest rain, the calculations

described below estimate energy manufacturing from a Pelton wheel with a 20 centimeter

diameter. For the calculations, the Pelton wheel was selected because the equations are well

developed and readily available.

23
The first phase was focused on the ceiling region and rainfall intensity to calculate the water flow
rate off the ceiling. The project's theoretical ceiling region was 5 meters long by 3 meters deep.
The ceiling region is therefore 15 meters square. The peak rainfall intensity in Malaysia was
based on 33-year rainfall information characterization. The peak speed of 0.10 hours (6 minutes)
is 227.8 millimeters per hour . Equation 2 determines the volumetric flow rate of the water
entering the tube:

The water has kinetic energy coming off the ceiling before joining the gutter. For the times of

this power estimation, we will suppose that any of the kinetic energy of the water flowing off the

ceiling is wasted on effect with the gutter and therefore this original velocity is not considered. The

speed of the water in the gutter was determined using open channel flow calculations before it joins

the downspout and is provided by Equation 3:

24
A standard half round painted aluminum gutter from Home Depot will be used as a theoretical
gutter for the purposes of the calculations. The gutter has a diameter of 12.7 centimeters (5
inches). The length of the gutter is the length of the roof: 5 meters. A typical gutter slope is 1%
(Still & Thomas, 2002; SMACNA, 2012). The manning resistance coefficient, n, is 0.014 for
painted metal (Munson et al., 2013, pg. 569). We assumed that the filled height was about 75%
of the radius in order to perform the calculations, so the height was 4.76 centimeters. The area
and whetted perimeter can be found by calculating the circular segment area and arc length of the
circular segment filled by the water, respectively, shown in Figure 11, to find the arc length we
need to know theta, calculated using Equation 4.

25
Knowing theta, we could find the arc length, which is the wetted perimeter using Equation 5:

The circular segment area is given by Equation 6:

26
 A= 4.3*10^-3 m^2

Therefore, the velocity is:

To be conservative in our estimates, and because the open channel flow calculations

proved the velocity of the water the gutter to be small, we neglected this velocity and only

considered the potential energy of water at the top of the downspout. Assuming all of the

potential energy from the height of the water is converted into kinetic energy, the velocity of the

water exiting the pipe is found using Equation 7:

27
The height of the roof is estimated to be 3 meters above the ground due to standard ceiling heights.
Thus the velocity of water exiting the downspout is:

The maximum power for a Pelton wheel is modeled by Equation 8:

28
 Beta is the exit angle of the blade. Ideally, the water would exit at a 180 degree angle.

However, this is not physically possible as the exiting water would collide with the entering

water. It has been determined that an exit angle of 165 degrees is optimal (Munson et al., 2013,

pg. 700). U is the blade speed. At maximum power, the optimal blade speed is one half of the

water velocity (Munson et al., 2013, pg. 700). Replacing U with ½ V, the power produced by

the Pelton wheel can be calculated in Equation 9:

29
The above calculations projected the highest prospective energy at a rainfall frequency of 227.8

millimeters per hour for a theoretical building with a floor region of 3 meters by 5 meters and a

height of 3 meters.

A 227.8 millimeter per hour rainfall intensity would last six minutes, from this peak storm the

energy harvested would be calculated in Equation 10:

30
A cell phone battery charge requires about 20,000 Joules (assuming cell phone battery holds

5.45 watt hours) and lighting one LED for one hour requires 36,000 Joules (assuming 10 W

light bulb), the energy can be put into perspective by Equation 11 and Equation 12:

31
The rainfall intensity would differ over the course of the day, this is just the fees for cell phones
and light-hours from a brief rain of 6 minutes. In the course of a whole day, more energy can be
produced depending on the rainfall.

3.3 Gutter and Downspout Sub-System

The gutter and downspout scheme includes the gutter, the gutter-to-downspout instrumentality,
and therefore the downspout itself. This chapter describes the calculations, factors and
experiments to work out the gutter's size and path, the required relationship between gutter and
downspout, and therefore the downspout layout to make the sub-system's final layout.

3.3.1 Gutter Sizing and Slope

Sizing the gutter to contain the water coming back off the roof was the primary step of

coming up with this sub-system. The gutter size calculations were completed victimization 2

approaches. the primary approach determines the speed and projection of the water coming back

off the roof to work out the required dimension of the gutter.

First, the Manning equation was wont to confirm the water depth in every roof corrugation

throughout most precipitation. Again, the most precipitation intensity of 227.8 millimeters per

hour in 0.10 hours was used. The roof space of fifteen meters square, delineate in section

three.2, was additionally used. we tend to selected this precipitation intensity because it

provided North American country with a most rate, and thus most speed and displacement off

the roof to calculate a gutter that was a enough size for many precipitation conditions. Next the

roof corrugations required to be thought of. One normal corrugation is triangular, with a rib

breadth of 63.7 millimeters and rib height of 12.7 millimeters (American Building parts,

2018). The corrugations square measure calculable to be triangles connected at the vertices

directly next to every alternative. one roof corrugation is shown in Figure 17

32
33
The objective was to use the Manning Equation in order to determine the water height in the canal. In

order to solve this area according to the height of water in each corrugation, the geometry of the

corrugations was considered. Theta was determined to be 68.2 degrees, knowing the rib height and

the rib width. The Manning Equation water region consists of the cross-sectional water area in the

well. Thus, the cross sectional area in the gutter was calculated by equation 15 as a function of height:

The hydraulic radius in terms of height was calculated by Equation 16:

The manual strength ratio, n, is 0.022 and k is 1 as the SI units are used (Munson et al., 2013,

pg. 569). A small roof slope of 3 cm per ceiling 12 inch (75 millimeters for 305 millimeters) is

stated in the Architectural manual; the slope, S0, is therefore 0.25 (SMACNA, 2012). We have

chosen a low slope because low slope towers are simpler to make and their roof is stiffer than

34
high slope. Now we could solve the Manning Equation for height in order to determine the

water height on the bulbs by the geometry of the corrugations and the rainflow rate. The man's

equation, equation 17, is height solved:

This indicates that the corrugation of the original onto the corrugate roof is not overflowing by

rain because corrugation would only require 4,7212 millimeters in the rib to manage 227.8

millimeters per hour. The corrugating roof has a rib height of 12.7 millimeter.

The velocity of the water in the corrugations could be determined by equation 18 based on

determined water height in the gutter:

V= Q/A … 18

35
The final stage was to use the speed of the ceiling to determine the distance from the ceiling

horizontally. The shift was determined with fundamental cinematic equations. The time it took

was first discovered and then the horizontal displacement was discovered. Figure 18 shows the

velocity;

It was predicted that the vertical displacement from the roof edge to the top of the gutter was 5

centimeters. As described earlier, for every 12 inches in length, the roof has a slope of 3 inches

down, which corresponds to a slope of 14.04 degrees. Knowing the general velocity element, it
36
was possible to determine the vertical element and find the time it would take for the water to

drop by 5 centimeters using equation 19 and equation 20:

37
This implies that the gutter is allowed to capture rains 4,72 cm from the top of the ceiling in the

highest precipitation. If that is to be seen, it should be twice as long as the distance from the

middle of the gutter is to the bottom of the gutter or 9.43 centimeters (about 3.71 inches) broad.

38
Equation 23 has been used for rectangular gutters:

We chose a normal value of 0.75 for the depth-to-width ratio. To calculate the results, a

5-metre-long (about 16-feet) and 3 meter-wide rectangular roof (about10-feet) were again used.

The width of the gutter is therefore 5 meters or about 16 feet. Again, there is used a 3-inch roof

pitch in 12 inches, or 75 mm in 305 mm. The greatest precipitation intensity of 227.8 mm an

hour is about 8.9 cm an hour. The area was calculated by equation 24 depending on the roof

length, width and pitch:

39
the adjusted roof area was calculated in Equation 25:

40
The findings were given in comparable areas by both calculation techniques. Therefore, the

gutter width should be between 8.36 centimets (3.29 inches) and 10.9 centimeter (4.30 inches)

depending on the geometry to contain as many rain as possible during the heaviest of storms.

The depth of the gutter depends on the gutter form.

3.3.2 Gutter-to-Downspout Connection Types

There are various methods to link a gutter with a downstream. A funnel-like compounds on the

gutter that are connected to the downstream are the most prevalent kind of association. The

funnel link is usually connected with elbow connectors and brief spout lengths to bring the

downspout back to the side of the house to be supported, However, if a structure other than the

house's side is able to support it, the downspout can not need the elbow connections Figure 20.

Figure 19. Figure 21 Another alternative that we encountered was merely the open end of a

gutter that was drained in a rainwater vessel collecting rainwater.

41
42
43
3.4Turbine Selection

Selection
regarded
Overshot
eliminated ofasturbines
four
water
Furthermore,
development they
owing toconsisted
fundamental
wheel,
require
phase. ofimbalance,
andaturbines
Turgo.
fully
structural various
Based
immersed requirements
in ouron
original
previous
pipe
the Turgo that assessed
tobackground
studies,
function atreaction
turbine the
was distinct
studies: turbines.
Crossflow,
turbines
greatest We
havePelton
the wheel,
inbeen
efficiencies.
eliminated soon
Turbine selection consisted of different demands that evaluated different turbines. In our

initial background study we looked at four basic turbines: Crossflow, Pelton, Overshot and

Turgo wheels. Reaction turbines have been removed based on past research, which require a

fully-immersed tube to operate at the highest efficiency. In addition, the Turgo turbine was

quickly eliminated in the development stage because of structural imbalances.

44
3.4 Description and 3D Printing of Turbines for Preliminary Testing

The Overshot waterwheel's Cad design had 20 buckets and 8 supporting columns from
the shaft inside the handles, Figure below. The span of the supporting pillars was 19.89
millimeters after scaling the Overshot waterwheel to have a total diameter of 10 centimeters. The
full turbine's length was 14.82 mm. The curve radius of the buckets was 6.60 mm

Figure : CAD Model of Overshot Water Wheel

Pelton wheel, Figure below, contained 23 buckets and a hollow core for weight reduction. As

stated earlier, for fast prototyping and preliminary testing, the geometry of the Pelton wheel was

maintained. One Pelton wheel bucket has a square region of 250.9 millimeters. The Pelton

wheel's length was 19.90 mm.

45
 Figure : CAD Model of the Pelton Wheel\

The Crossflow's Cad model was fitted with 18 propellers on top and bottom sheets, Figure 30.

Thus, producing a void core through which water can flow. Each blade had a 19.99 millimeters

arc radius and a 3 millimeters thickness owing to the printer's minimum necessary thickness.

1,85 millimeter chamfers were put on the convex plates to guarantee that they were fully

backed.

46
 Figure : CAD Model of Crossflow Turbine

References

1)American Building Components - Metal Roofing & Wall Panel Colors. (n.d.). Retrieved
March 21, 2018, from http://abcmetalroofing.chameleonpower.com/

2) Bhargav, M. M. S. R. S., Ratna Kishore, V., Anbuudayasankar, S. P., & Balaji, K. (2016).
Power generation by high head water in a building using micro hydro turbine—a greener
approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(10), 9381–9390.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5317-6

3) Cobb, B. R., & Sharp, K. V. (2013). Impulse (Turgo and Pelton) turbine performance
characteristics and their impact on pico-hydro installations. Renewable Energy, 50, 959–
964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5317-6

4) Sadia Rahman,1M. T. R. Khan,2Shatirah Akib,1Nazli Bin Che Din,2S. K. Biswas,3and S. M.

Shirazi4.Sustainability of Rainwater Harvesting Systemin terms of Water
Quality.Received 14 November 2013; Accepted 1 January 2014; Published 18 February
2014.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/721357.

5) “Comparison between Impulse Turbine and Reaction Turbine” (2016). Retrieved October 14,
2017, from
https://me-mechanicalengineering.com/comparison-between-impulse-turbine-and-reacti
onturbine/

6) Gkavanasios, J. (2017, September 18). Pelton Turbine[SolidWorks Part]. GrabCad.

7) Golder Associates. (2012). Liberty, N. E. W., Mine, G., Environmental, P., & Statement, I.
Section B: Surface Water Assessment Report.

47
8) González-Eguino, M. (2015). Energy poverty: An overview. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 47, 377–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.013

9) Kanth, B. P., Ashwani., & Sharma, S. (2012). House Hold Power Generation Using Rain
Water. The International Journal of Engineering, 1(2), 77–80. Retrieved from
www.theijes.com

10) Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services. (2013). Liberia Demographic
and Health Survey 2013, 480. Retrieved from
http://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr291-dhsfinal-reports.cfm

11) Munson, B., Okiishi, T., Huebsch, W., Rothmayer, A. (2013). Fundamentals of Fluid
Mechanics.

Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

12) Okot, D. K. (2013). Review of small hydropower technology. Renewable and

Sustainable Energy Reviews, 26, 515-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.006

13) Quaranta, E., & Revelli, R. (2015). Output power and power losses estimation for an
overshot water wheel. Renewable Energy,83, 979-987. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.05.018

14) SHAH, Q. (2014, October 8). CrossFlow turbine[SolidWorks Part]. GrabCad.

15) SMACNA. (2012). Architectural Sheet Metal Manual: Technical Publication. Chantilly, VA:
Author.

16) Still, G., & Thomas, T. (2002, December). THE OPTIMUM SIZING OF GUTTERS FOR

DOMESTIC ROOFWATER HARVESTING(Rep.). Retrieved March 21, 2018, from

University of Warwick website:

https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/eng/research/grouplist/structural/dtu/pubs/wp/wp56/wp5
6.pdf

17) Stram, B. N. (2016). Key challenges to expanding renewable energy. Energy Policy, 96,
728–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.05.034
48
18) Tester, J., Drake, E., Driscoll, M., Golay, M., & Peters, W. (2016). Sustainable Energy:
Choosing Among Options (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

19) Understanding D.C. Motor Characteristics. (n.d.). Retrieved March 21,

2018, from http://lancet.mit.edu/motors/motors3.html

20) United Nations Development Programme. (2016). Human Development Report 2016.
United Nations Development Programme. https://doi.org/eISBN:
978-92-1-060036-1

21) Urmee, T., & Md, A. (2016). Social, cultural and political dimensions of off-grid renewable
energy programs in developing countries, 93, 159–167.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.02.040

22) V. (2015, April 10). Waterwheel [SolidWorks Part]. GrabCad.

23) Vieira, A. S., Beal, C. D., Ghisi, E., & Stewart, R. A. (2014). Energy intensity of rainwater
harvesting systems: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 34, 225–
242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.03.012

24) Waterwheel Design and the Different Types of Waterwheel. (2013). Retrieved October
14, 2017, from
http://www.alternative-energy-tutorials.com/hydro-energy/waterwheel-design.html

25) World Energy Council. (2016). World Energy Resources 2016. 1-1028. Retrieved from
https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/World-Energy-Resources-
Full-report-2016.10.03.pdf.

26) WIN, Z., WIN, H., & THEIN, M. (2016). DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND
PERFORMANCE TEST OF CROSS-FLOW TURBINE. International Journal of
Mechanical And Production Engineering,,4(12), 95-100.

27) Williamson, S. J., Stark, B. H., & Booker, J. D. (2014). Low head pico hydro turbine
selection using a multicriteria analysis. Renewable Energy, 61, 43–50.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.06.020

49
28) Wu, W., Geng, P., Li, G., Zhau, D., Zhang, H., & Zhao, J. (2015). Influence of Layer
Thickness and Raster Angle on the Mechnical Properties of 3D-Printed PEEK and a
Comparative Mechanical Study between PEEK and ABS. Materials, 8(9), 5834-5846.
Doi:10.3390/ma8095271

29) Zhou, D., & Deng, Z. (Daniel). (2017). Ultra-low-head hydroelectric technology: A review.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 78(March 2016), 23–30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.086

30) Židonis, A., & Aggidis, G. A. (2016). Pelton turbine: Identifying the optimum number of
buckets using CFD. Journal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. B,28(1), 75-83.
doi:10.1016/s1001-6058(16)60609-1

31) Ren Jie Chin, Sai Hin Lai, Kian Boon Chang, Faridah Othman and Wan Zurina Wan Jaafar
;Analysis of rainfall events over Peninsular Malaysia/doi/full/10.1002/wea.2723

50
51
52
53