Thesis
Thesis
Thesis
Cao, Cristal G., Ditche, Eunice C., Enriquez, Rica T., Henandez, Arlyn S.
Lampa, Cowellington C., Santos, Anna Mae D.
Adviser:
Santos, Albert C.
Bulacan State University
Abstract
This research aimed to assess and raise the level of awareness of the students regarding
the sexually transmitted diseases (STD) through the intervention film viewing. The participants
were the 100 selected students from the college of education at Bulacan State University
(BulSU) – Bustos campus during the academic year 2017- 2018.
The researchers used one group pre-test-post-test under the pre-experimental research
design. The pre- assessment was conducted using the STD-KQ as an instrument to determine if
the students have an idea about the diseases that might be able to assess their knowledge that
were included in the test. The researchers used www.youtube.com to look for a specific video
that might be used as an intervention that shows how a person can acquire such diseases, the
signs and symptoms and other relevant diseases. The film viewing was the chosen instrument for
the intervention in this research. The researchers believe that film viewing is appropriate to
express the thought of the study. After the film viewing was conducted, we presented the post-
assessment to measure the learning outcomes for the respondents if there is a positive
reinforcement for the action that the researcher used. The evaluation of the pre-test results on the
level of awareness on sexually transmitted diseases with the mean of 5.76 which has verbal
description of slightly aware. Whilst the post-test result on the level of awareness on sexually
transmitted diseases has increases with the mean of 12.62 which verbally described as
moderately aware. The results revealed that majority of the pre-test have highest percentage in
minimal, but after the film viewing and post- test the percentage number increased. The t-test
revealed that there is a significant difference between the level of awareness of students before
and after the implementation of the film viewing.
Keywords: Sexual Transmitted Diseases (STDs), Diseases, Awareness, Bulacan State University
INTRODUCTION
This study is all about raising the level of awareness of the students regarding one of the
problem of society on Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs). According to the report of
Department of Health (DOH), more young Filipinos have acquired sexual transmitted diseases.
This study will be an eye opener to everyone that this epidemic silent killer can destroy
everyone’s life.
According to the study of Magbanua et al. (2017) about the sexual risk behavior of the
selected college students at Bulacan State University-Bustos Campus, out of 364 college
students, 40% admitted that they are engage in sexual activity. Some are engage in two or more
sexual partners. This is alarming to the present liberated world of the youth. Students are prone
to STD’s if they are not fully aware about this.
The beliefs of a person can be changed by single information. The teenagers before
believes in the saying “sex before marriage”, but as the world becomes more futuristic, this kind
of beliefs is fading. Having sex while in a relationship with someone seems to be a normal thing
to do. Nowadays, changing partners is an expected thing to happen, because they think they’re
too young to be stuck in a relationship with only one person, and that’s what they called
exploring. People says that love isn’t enough for the relationship to keep on sailing, that sex is
another key to have a stronger bond with your partner, but that is not a real thing, they will end
up parting because they are too young to know, and the same beliefs applies each time they are
involved in a relationship. The researchers want to inform the teenagers or the persons who are
involved in pre-marital sex who are not aware on sexually transmitted diseases.
According to Nick Burns (2013), condoms and communication make sex so much safer.
Safe-sex is a general term used to describe methods for reducing the chance that you will spread
or catch sexually transmitted diseases (STDs, also known as sexually transmitted infections or
STIs). The idea is that with a few simple tools and strategies, you can increase safety without
sacrificing your sex life. Use condoms the first and best line of defense is to use a latex barrier
whenever you have sex (if you have a latex allergy, use polyurethane instead). That means using
a condom on the penis or on a sex toy; latex gloves on your hands; and when engaging in oral
sex, dental dams or plastic wrap to cover the anus or vagina.
Instead of using other intervention material, Film Viewing would be better interventions
for this study, which support on Edgar Dale in his Cone of Learning that student learn best on
what they hear and what they see. Remembering information differs on what approach is being
used. When you read information, you remember 10% of it, but when you see and hear it, 50%
of the information is remembered. Film viewing is much more effective than making a pamphlet
because most of the students don’t bother to read what is given to them, they will just want to
throw it away without knowing the content of the pamphlet.
Using Social Cognitive Theory to Predict Safer Sex Behaviors in African American
College Students (2009) Social cognitive theory which explains human behavior as a triadic
reciprocal relationship between behavior, environmental factors and personal factors, has found
its applicability in various behaviors for primary prevention such as smoking cessation programs
and problem solving skills. It has also found its role in secondary prevention programs such as
diabetes education programs and female condom use promotion programs in sexually transmitted
disease clinics. Some of the social cognitive factors associated with consistent condom use and
safer sex intentions in heterosexual college students have been identified to be higher HIV risk
perceptions, positive attitudes towards condom usage safer sex negotiation higher safer sex
perceptions of self-efficacy and fewer negative outcomes of condom use. Interventions for
promoting safer sex behaviors in adolescents have used multiple cognitive-behavioral theories
such as social cognitive theory, theory of reasoned action and planned behavior, or a safer sex
educational program which is a theoretical. Psychometrically valid and reliable instruments were
used in studies addressing parent-adolescent communication and safer sex behaviors among
college students. Constructs of extended Health Belief Model have been tested psychometrically
in predicting safer sex intentions of juvenile delinquents and situational self-efficacy model for
safer sex have been tested among college students successfully in the past. Self-efficacy scales
have also been tested in the past to disclose HIV status to sex partners and negotiating safer sex
among HIV/AIDS affected individuals with some success. Safer sex strategies used by male sex
workers were measured by validating an instrument based on Browne and Minichiello model in
an Australian study. It is in this backdrop that the purpose of this study was to predict safer sex
behaviors among college students using social cognitive theory. Such a study would be able to
provide guidance in designing social cognitive theory based interventions.
The researchers consider the time to be spent to conduct this study. The study requires a
respondent who have knowledge or background regarding the sexual intercourse. College
students are more engaged with this matter, because they are sharing their own experiences with
one another. College students are matured and open-minded, and this kind of matter is not new to
them. The researchers already have the needed and qualified respondents within the vicinity of
our school, in order to save more time; researchers chose to conduct this study at Bulacan State
University – Bustos Campus.
The study aims to provide proper information regarding the awareness of sexually
transmitted diseases. As the students are well informed with this provided information, it may
lead to change of habits. The habit of having sex with your partner without knowing that you
might get STDs may be eliminated if the students are aware of this matter.
1. What are the test scores of the students about sexually transmitted diseases before and
after the film viewing?
2. Where do the respondents learn/heard about sexually transmitted diseases?
3. What is the respondent’s level of knowledge on different sexually transmitted diseases?
4. Is there a significant difference between the level of awareness about sexually transmitted
diseases before and after the film viewing?
Hypothesis
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the level of awareness of students on
Sexually Transmitted Disease before and after the implementation of film viewing.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference between the level of awareness of
students on Sexually Transmitted Disease before and after the implementation of film viewing.
Conceptual framework
This part of the documentation discusses the conceptual framework of the studies. The
conceptual framework was use in research to outline possible courses of action or to present a
preferred approached to project.
METHODS OF RESEARCH
This research presents the methods and techniques of the study, population and sample of
the study, the research instrument, the data collection procedure, and data processing and
statistical treatment.
The respondents are from the selected secondary education students with different majors
in Bulacan State University – Bustos Campus. Boys is consists of forty-seven (47), Girls is
consists of thirty-one (31), and twenty two (22) belongs to LGBT with the total of 100
respondents.
Research Instruments
Survey questionnaire
The survey questionnaire “Sexually Transmitted Diseases –Knowledge Questionnaire”
adopted from the study of Jaworski and Carey (2007) was used to determine the level of
awareness of the students regarding to this topic. This survey is used as the pre assessment on the
students’ understanding and the results were used by the researchers in constructing the pre and
posttest questionnaires to determine the level of awareness of the students.
Pre – test and Post – test
The researchers developed the twenty items two tier examinations. The pretest–posttest
design involves obtaining a pretest measure of the outcome of interest prior to administering
some treatment the pretest–posttest design involves obtaining a pretest measure of the outcome
of interest prior to administering some treatment. (Neil J. Salkind, 2010). The STD-KQ by
Jaworski and Carey 2007 was the questionnaire used by the researchers, developed that
standardized test is based on Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Science (MIDSS)
with association with NUI Galway it is a university located in Galway, Ireland. The instrument
that was used in the study consists of two sets of test, the pre-test and the post-test, to determine
the level of awareness of the selected students in Bulacan State University.
Pre intervention
The researchers secured the permit from the campus dean of Bulacan State University –
Bustos Campus, college area chair, action research instructor and adviser. After securing the
permit, the researchers disseminated survey to the respondents. The result of the survey serves as
the backbone of the research since the result showed that the students have lack of information
about this problem. The results in the survey were also used as the reference for the creation of
the two tier exam as the pre and posttest. The test questionnaire was created by Jaworski&
Carey in the year 2007.
The researchers used frequency distribution and percentage to get the level of awareness.
Another statistical treatment used in this study is to get the weighted mean to be able to interpret
and describe the result of the validation.
To asses and interpret the agreement of the respondents to the questions, the descriptive
rating where as follows:
Table 2 shows the result of Test Scores of the Students about Sexually Transmitted
Diseases before watching the film. The range 5-8 got the highest frequency and percentage of 58
percent which has a verbal description of “slightly aware”, while the rage 13-16 got the lowest
frequency and percentage of 1 percent. The mean of the pre-test on the level of awareness on
sexually transmitted diseases is 5.76 which verbally describe as “slightly aware”.
This implies that the students are not well informed, because the topic is out of the
curriculum that is applied at the time being and with just that fact the students are not accessible
to the information regarding the topic.
According to World Health Education (WHO) and United Nations Educational Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) sex education is not included in the curriculum, and that
results the awareness with the matter of sexually transmitted infections (STI) is at poor level.
Together with the study of Mudassir Anwar, Syed Azhar S Sulaiman, KeivanAhmadi,
and Tahir M Khan (2010) Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) rank among the most
important health issues for the people especially the young adults worldwide. Young people tend
to engage in sexual activity at younger ages in the past decade than in the 1970s, and 1980s.
Knowledge is an essential precursor of sexual risk reduction. Data was collected from 1139
students aged between 15 to 20 years, 10.6% of which claimed that they never heard about STIs.
Sexual experience related significantly with gender, race, and education level. Approximately
12.6% claimed to have sexual experience of which 75.7% had their sexual debut at 15-19 years
and 38.2% were having more than 3 partners.
Table 3.The Result of Test Scores of the Students about
Sexually Transmitted Diseases after watching the film
Table 3 shows the result of Test Scores of the Students about Sexually Transmitted
Diseases after watching the film. The range 9-12 got the highest frequency and percentage of 51
percent which has a verbal description of “moderately aware”, while the rage 17-20 got the
lowest frequency and percentage of 1 percent. The mean of post-test on the level of awareness on
sexually transmitted diseases is 12.62 which verbally describe as “moderately aware”.
Probably because of the intervention that the researchers provide help lots of student for
them to be aware of the different diseases that are mentioned in this research, proven to be an
effective material for this study.
According to the study of Pankaj Kumar Gupta titled “HIV/AIDS Related Kap among
High-School Students of Municipal Corporation School in Pune. - An interventional study more
than 50% students were having misconceptions about HIV/AIDS which reduces significantly
after viewing the film. The number of correct responses increased significantly after the film
viewing. Intervention in the form of a film even can make a significant change in knowledge and
attitude of adolescents going to school.
Table 4: The perception of the respondents to the question “Where do usually hear/learn
about Sexually Transmitted Diseases?”
Name of Sexually 3 2 1
Mean Verbal Description
Transmitted Diseases
HIV 75 22 3 2.72 Good Knowledge
AIDS 56 39 5 2.51 Good Knowledge
Chlamydia 13 21 16 1.6 Fair Knowledge
Gonorrhea 12 55 33 1.79 Fair Knowledge
Herpes 20 32 48 1.72 Fair Knowledge
Hepatitis 9 71 20 1.89 Fair Knowledge
Syphilis 17 60 23 1.94 Fair Knowledge
HPV 3 13 84 1.19 Poor Knowledge
This table shows the results of knowledge about the following Sexually Transmitted
Diseases. The HIV got the highest mean of 2.72 which has a verbal description of “good
knowledge”, while HPV got the lowest mean of 1.19 with the verbal description of Poor
Knowledge.
This implies that is the most commonly mentioned disease is the HIV. There are shows in
Television with this kind of topic, a person who has HIV, it adds to the reason why students are
common aware to the mentioned disease. The HPV is barely known by the students which
showin the result to be at the lowest mean, probably because the mentioned virus is not
commonly on topic that is accessed by the respondents.
According to Florence N Samkange-Zeeb, LenaSpallekand and HajoZeeb (2011). The
awareness and knowledge of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) among school going
adolescents in Europe: a systematic review of published literature the result of their studies was
assess that awareness was generally high for HIV/AID (above 90%) and low for HPV (range
5.4% - 66%). In general, the students reported low levels of awareness and knowledge of
sexually transmitted diseases with the exception of HIV/AIDS. Although, as shown by some of
the findings on condom use, knowledge does not always translate into the behavior change,
adolescent’s sex education is important for STD prevention, and school setting plays an
important role. Beyond HIV/AIDS, attention- should be paid to infections such as chlamydia,
gonorrhea and syphilis.
To get the results if there is significant difference between the levels of awareness on
sexually transmitted disease before and after the administration of the film viewing researchers
used t-test and p-value. The table below shows the result of t-test and p-value using Microsoft
excel.
Table 6. The result of t – test and p-value
t-
Variable Mean t-value α p-value Decision
critical
Pre-Test 5.76
±29.76 1.98 0.05 3.1425E-05 Reject
Post-Test 12.62
The computed t-value is 29.76 which is higher than the 1.98 t-critical value. The p-value
was used to help in determining the significance of the results of the hypothesis test in statistics.
The p -value resulted as 3.1425E-05 which is lower than the 0.05 alpha or the level of
significance. The result suggests the rejection of null hypothesis and the acceptance of the
alternative hypothesis. This means that there is a significant difference between the students’
level of awareness on sexually transmitted disease before and after the intervention.
The result implied that the intervention used in the form of film viewing and lecturing is
found to be effective tool in developing the awareness and knowledge of the students. According
to Featheringill (2000) film viewing is the easiest way to acquire new knowledge, visually and
auditory manner that makes the lesson remains in the respondents’ mind.
Conclusion:
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Most or 58% of the respondents were slightly aware on the topic STDs. The average test score
of the respondents were 5.76 which has a verbal description of “slightly aware”.
2. The average test score of the respondents was 12.62 and has a verbal description of
“moderately aware”.
3. An intervention in the form of film viewing increases the student’s level of awareness on
Sexually Transmitted Disease.
4. There is a significant difference between the level of awareness on Sexually Transmitted
Disease before and after the implementation of the film viewing.
Recommendations
In the guide of findings and conclusions drawn from the data, the following
recommendations are hereby presented:
1. Seminar about Sexually Transmitted Diseases may conducted to all students.
2. The topic about STDs may be a part of the subjects taken by the students.
3. Teachers must also be aware on the topic STDs.
4. The guidance and medical personnel may conduct a program that will raise the awareness
on the effects of STDs.
5. This research may be conducted to other courses in the university.
REFERENCES
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https://www.nabi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824738
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school in pune Retrieved from:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8212/ea966c1b1c462028dd4d7018c95d2133b361.pdf
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