PROGRAM STATEMENTS

• A statement performs an action when a program is executed.

• All C program statements are terminated with a semi-colon
(;).
• Declaration :It is a program statement that serves to
communicate to the language translator information about the
name and type of the variables needed during program
execution.
• Expression statement:
• It is the simplest kind of statement which is no more than an expression
followed by a semicolon.
• An expression is a sequence of operators and operands that specifies
computation of a value . Example :x = 4
• Compound statement is a sequence of statements that may be
treated as a single statement in the construction of larger
statements.
The statements are enclosed in { }
• Labelled statements can be used to mark any statement so that
control may be transferred to the statement by switch statement.
• Control statement is a statement whose execution results in a
choice being made as to which of two or more paths should be
followed.
– It determine the ‘flow of control’ in a program.
– Different control statements are
 Selection statements allow a program to select a particular
execution path from a set of one or more alternatives.
 if..else and Switch statements .
 Iteration statements are used to execute a group of one or
more statements repeatedly.
 while
 for
 do..while
 Jump statements cause an unconditional jump to some other
place in the program.
Goto, break, continue statements
• Assignment statement
variable _name = expression
Expression : constants, variables combined with operators
Ex:
a+20/10+b
a
10
First compute the expression value and then assign to left
hand side variable
= is called assignment operator
Output statement : Printf()
available in <stdio.h> header file

Printf(“format string”, expressions separated by

commas)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int length,breadth,area,peri;
length=10;
breadth=20;
area=length*breadth;
peri=2*(length+breadth);
printf("%d %d %d %d ",length,breadth,area,peri);
return;
}
• Input statement
Scanf(“%d “, &a);
Scanf(“%f”,&b)
• Variable name must be preceded by &
• Only variable names are permitted
 IF statement
if (condition) statement1;
else statement2;

Statement1 & statement2 can be

– Assignment
– Input
– Output
– Another IF statement etc
 I/O statements
• Generally ,standard input and output devices are the keyboard and
the screen.
• Standard I/O functions
– getchar()
– putchar()
– scanf()
– and printf() are in-built in C.
• The input/output functions are of two kinds:
 non formatted &
 formatted functions.
 NON-FORMATTED INPUT AND
OUTPUT
• These can handle one character at a time
• Functions that provide for character-oriented input and output.
 int getchar(void); function for character input
 int putchar(int c); function of character output

• getchar() is an input function that reads a single character from the standard input
device, normally a keyboard.
• For the input functions it does not require <Enter> to be pressed after the entry of
the character.
• putchar() is an output function that writes a single character on the standard
output device, the display screen.

• There are two other functions, gets() and puts(), that are used to read and
write strings from and to the keyboard and the display screen respectively
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
char c1;
c1='$';
printf("using printf %c\t",c1);
putchar(c1);
return(0);
}
 FORMATTED INPUT AND OUTPUT FUNCTIONS
• When input and output is required in a specified format the
standard library functions scanf() and printf() are used.
 The scanf() function allows the user to input data in a specified format.
It can accept data of different data types .
 The printf() function allows the user to output data of different data
types on the console in a specified format.
• The format string in printf(), enclosed in quotation marks, has
three types of objects:
 Ordinary characters: these are copied to output,
 Conversion specifier field:
 denoted by % containing the codes listed in Table 1. and by optional modifiers such as
width, precision, flag, and size
 The conversion specifier field is used to format printed values, often to arrange things
nicely in columns.

 Control code: optional control characters such as \n,\b, and \t.

 COMMONLY USED CONTROL CODES
• control codes are also known as
escape sequences.
• If any of these are included in the
format string, the corresponding ASCII
control code is sent to the screen, or
output device, which should produce
the effect listed.
• The control code and conversion
specifier may be embedded within the
character string.
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a=5; float b=1.2;
double c=2.22; char d='$';
printf("a=%d\t b=%e c=%g d=%c %s
%%\n",a,b,c,d,"Hello");

}
 The switch statement
The general format of a switch
statement is
switch(expr)
{
case constant1: stmtList1;
break;
case constant2: stmtList2;
break;
case constant3: stmtList3;
break;
………………………….
………………………….
default: stmtListn;
}

The C switch construct

• Expression can be integer or char type
• There can be multiple case labels
• Each case label is value of ‘switch’ expression
• Control goes to first matching case label and executes
until break is encountered or end of ‘switch’ statement
• ‘Default’ label is optional and need not be the last
statement of Switch.
• Break statement is also optional.
• If break is omitted, control proceeds from matching
case label until break is encountered or end of ‘switch’
statement
// Perform arithmatic operations
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int a,b;
char op;
clrscr();
scanf("%d %d ",&a,&b);
op=getchar();
switch(op)
{
case '+': printf("%d\t",a+b);break;
case '-': printf("%d\t",a-b);break;
case '%': printf("%d\t",a%b);break;
case '/': printf("%d\t",a/b);break;
case '*': printf("%d\t",a*b);break;
default: printf("invalid value for the expression");
}
return(0);
}
// multiply the number by cur value

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int n,cur ;
scanf("%d %d",&n,&cur);
switch(cur)
{
case 10:printf("%d\t",n*10);break;
case 20:printf("%d\t",n*20);break;
case 50:printf("%d\t",n*50);break;
case 100:printf("%d\t",n*100);break;
}

return(0);
}
 FOR loop
The general form of the for statement

for(initialization; TestExp; updating) statement;

Statement cane be
• any single statement like input/output/assignment/if-
else/any loop/return etc
• compound statement.

Compound statement is set of statements enclosed in { }

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int num,n,i;
printf("enter the number of values");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("enter the value\n ");
scanf("%d",&num);
if(num>0) printf(" %d is positive\n",num);
else if(num<0) printf(" %d is negative\n",num);
else printf("%d is zero\n",num);

return;
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
for(i=20;i<=30;i=i+2) {printf("%d\t",i); }
return;

}
For-loop Flow chart
• First initialization is done and then condition is
tested.
• If the condition is true, loop statement is
executed, updation is done and again condition is
tested and so on.
• Testing the condition, executing the statement,
updating are repeated as long as the condition is
true.
• When condition becomes false, control goes the
next statement after the loop.
• Initialization is done only once
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
for(i=1 ; i<5 ;i++) printf("%d ",i);
return(0);
}
Output : 1 2 3 4
 Multiple initializations separated by
comma
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int i,j;
clrscr();
for(i=1,j=5 ; i<5 ; i++) printf("%d %d\n",i,j);
return(0);
}
Output : 1 5
25
35
45
 Multiple updations
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int i,j;
clrscr();
for(i=1,j=5 ; i<5; i++,j-- ) printf("%d %d\n",i,j);
return(0);
}
Output : 1 5
24
33
42
 Multiple conditions separated by commas

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,k;
clrscr();
for(i=50,j=10,k=100;i>=25,j<50;i=i-5,j=j+5)
{printf("%d %d %d\n",i,j,k); }
return;
}
You come out of loop when last condition is satisfied
 Multiple conditions can be combined using logical operator to
form a compound condition

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int i,j;
clrscr();
for(i=1,j=5 ; i<5&&j<0 ; i++,j--) printf("%d %d\n",i,j);
return(0);
}
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,k;
clrscr();
for(i=50,j=10,k=100;i>=25||j<50;i=i-5,j=j+5) {printf("%d %d
%d\n",i,j,k); }
return;

}
// display count of number of Even, odd numbers in set of given N numbers

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int n,num,even_count=0,odd_count=0,i;
printf("enter value of n\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
printf("enter value\n");
scanf("%d",&num);
if(num%2==0) even_count++;
else odd_count++;

}
printf("number of even numbers=%d #odd=%d\n",even_count,odd_count);
return;
}

Assignment : Display multiples of 6 in given N numbers

 Compound statement in the for-loop
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int i,num;
clrscr();
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&num);
printf("%d %d\n",i,num);
}

return(0);
}