Day No.

1
What is an OS
It is a program which controls hardware
(cpu, ram, hard disk, nic, keyboard, mouse, terminal)
What are the common OS in the market
UNIX (
WIndows (XP, 7, 8, )
2000, 2003, 2008, 2012
MacOS - Mac (Apple)
OS/400 (IBM) - AS/400
MainFrame (IBM)

Theory : UNIX History

AT &T, Bell Labs, C - 1967
AIX (IBM),
Solaris (Sub)
HP-UX (HP)
IRIS (Silicon Graphics)
DEC (Digital)
Linux - x86 - Intel, AMD (open source)
Linux Distros (Red Hat, SuSe, CentOS, Fedora, Ubuntu)
Open Source
License, Subscription

Command : echo
echo "Hello world"
echo 'Hello world'
echo Hello world
echo Hello world
echo 'Hello world'
echo -e '\n\nHello\nWorld\n'
echo -e '\n\nHello\tWorld\n'

Command : clear

Command : alias
alias cls='clear'
alias
unalias cls
Note: alias will last only for a session
Shortcuts : ctrl + l

Command : whoami

Command : id
Display UID, GID of primary group and GIDs of all secondary groups

Command : date
date -s to set the time of the server - can be run as root
What is a UNIX date : 01-01-1970
date +%D
date +%Y
date +%m
date +%d
date +%d.%m.%Y
date +%d-%m-%Y
Command : cal
cal
cal 1960
cal 5 2014

Command : uname
uname
uname -r
uname -a
Note: architecture,64bit/32it,machinename,

Command : man
man date
man crontab
man 5 crontab
man -k keyword

Command : ifconfig
ifconfig
Note: ip addr, mac addr, netmask, name of ethernet card given by SA

Command : uptime

Command : who

Command : w
Note: JCPU, PCPU, IP Address, What

Command : users

Command : hostname
hostname –s

Command : history
history -c
export HISTSIZE=5000
Note: These commands are stored in a file named .bash_history
!20 <== execute 20th command from your history
ctrl + r <== search at the command prompt

Command : exit
Shortcuts : ctrl + d

Command : ping
ping yahho.com
ping -c2 192.168.0.254

Command : ssh
ssh [email protected]
ssh -l natasha 172.24.0.240
ssh -X [email protected] <== For opening graphical commands
(firefox)

Command : last

Command : write
Command : wall
Shortcuts : ctrl + shift + n
Shortcuts : ctrl + shift + t
Shortcuts : ctrl + shift + +
Enlarge font
Shortcuts : ctrl + -
Reduce font
Shortcuts : up arrow
previous command
Shortcuts : down arrow
next command

Test : No 1

Q: Which command helps you clear the screen

Q: How do you find out who you are logged in as
Q: Display names of users who are currently logged in
Q: WHat commands have you recently executed
Q: What is the ip address of your server
Q: Write a command to print Hello World
Q: How would you send an instant message to all logged in users
Q: How would you send an instant message to a perticular logged in user
Q: What is a shortcut to open another tab
Q: What is a shortcut to open another window
Q: What is a shortcut to clear the screen
Q: Which command will log you out from your current session
Q: How do you connect to a remote UNIX machine
Q: What is the name of your operating system
Q: How do you find out if yahoo.com is reachable from you machine
Q: How to you exexute 39th command from your history
Q: How do you search a command with a specific key word from your history
Q: In which file all history commands are kept
Q: What is the current time on your system
Q: Display list of users who have logged on to your system since the last
4 days
Q: Which command displays the name of your machine/server
Q: What is the operating system kernel version
Q: Is your operating system 64 bit or 32 bit
Q: In which company UNIX was invented
Q: In which programming language UNIX is written
Q: Name 4 flavors of UNIX that are currently popular in the indian IT
industry
Q: Who is the father of Linux
Q: Is Linux Free
Q: What is the meaning of open source. Does it mean its free.
Day No. 2

Command : pwd

Command : cd
cd <== goes to your home dir
cd .. <== goes to your parent dir
cd . <== . mean current directory
cd ~ <= goes to your home dir
cd ~natasha <= goes you natasha's home directory
cd ~natasha/bin <= goes to bin directory which is under natasha's
home dir
cd / <== go to the top most dir
cd - <== go to previous directory
Theory : Filesystem (Directory structure)
/
/bin
/etc
/home
/sbin
/root
/tmp
/usr/bin

Command : ls
ls -l <= long listing sorted from a-z
name
time on which the file/dir was last modified
size of a file/dir
group owner
owner/user
no of links
permissions ( owner, members of group owner, others)
file type (- file, d dir, l link, s socket, c char device, b
block device)
devcices (mouse, keyboard, disks, disk partition,
terminal/window, usb)
ls -a <== all - mean show hidden files (hidden file starts with a
.)
ls -t <== list of files sorted by time
ls -r <== list of files sorted by i reverse order
ls -i <== Display inode number of each file
ls -l .
ls -l $HOME
ls -l ~
ls -l ..
ls -l ../..
ls -l ~oracle
ls -ld /home/natasha <== display the info of the direcrory and not
what is inside that directory

Theory : What is inode (index Node). It is structure. A table with info

of a file
name, timestamps, owner, group owner, perm, size,
Symbol : ?

Symbol : *

Command : cat
cat /home/arununix/dir1/abhi.txt
cat abhi.txt
cat ./abhi.txt
cat -n abhi.txt
cat -n /etc/passwd

Command : su
su - arununix <== will ask you arununix's password
su - root <== will ask you root's password
su - <== will ask you root's password

Command : more
more /etc/passwd
space bar <== display next page
enter key <== display next line
Command : less
less /etc/passwd
space bar <== display next page
enter key <== display next line
/natasha <== search the word 'natasha' in the file
q <== exit from the file
Command : head
head /etc/passwd <== display top 10 lines of /etc/passwd file
head -6 /etc/passwd <== display top 6 lines of /etc/passwd file

Command : tail
tail /etc/passwd <== display last 10 lines of /etc/passwd file
tail -6 /etc/passwd <== display last 6 lines of /etc/passwd file
tail -f /etc/passwd <== display last few lines contineously
tail -n +2 /etc/passwd <== display all lines from bottom except the
top two

Command : touch

Command : cp
cp /etc/passwd /home/natasha/mypasswd
cp /etc/passwd ./mypasswd
cp /etc/passwd . <= . means pwd
cp /etc/passwd ./bin
cp /etc/passwd bin <== same as above because i im in my home dir
cp /etc/passwd /tmp
cp ../../etc/passwd .
cp /etc/passwd $HOME
cp /etc/*.conf $HOME
cp -i /etc/passwd /tmp
cp -r bin binbac
cp -r ./bin ~/binback
cp -r ./bin ~arununix
cp ~oracle/*.sh ~/bin

Theory : What is a shell script & how to execute it

Command : file

Command : set <== display values of user & system defined variables

Command : env <== display values of system defined variables

Command : stat

Command : wc
wc -l <== display total number of lines in a file
wc -w <== display total number of words in a file
wc -c <== display total number of characters in a file

Command : mv <== rename a file or to move a file ( cut paste)

mv a.txt b.txt
mv /home/natasha/a.txt /home/natasha/b.txt
mv $HOME/a.txt b.txt
mv ~/a.txt ~natasha/b.txt
mv ./a.txt ./b.txt
mv a.txt /tmp
mv a.txt /tmp/b.txt
mv ~arununix/.bash_profile ~
mv ~oracle/*.sh ~/bin
mv /home/natasha/bin /home/natasha/binbak
mv /home/natasha/bin/* /home/natasha

Command : rm
rm a.txt
rm -i a.txt
rm -f a.txt
rm *.sh
rm $HOME/*.txt
rm ~oracle/*.sh
rm /tmp/*.tmp
rm -r ./bin <== remove bin directory
rm -r $HOME/bin <==remove bin directory
rm -r /home/natasha/bin <== remove bin directory
rm -f /tmp/a.txt
rm -i /tmp/a.txt

Command : mkdir
mkdir /home/natasha/newbin
mkdir ~/newbin
mkdir newbin
mkdir ./newbin
mkdir ~oracle/newbin
mkdir $HOME/newbin
mkdir /tmp/natasha

Command : rmdir
rmdir /home/natasha/bin <== remove dir if it is empty
Symbol : ~

Symbol : .

Symbol : ..
Theory : Client Server Concepts
Servers: sshd(22), vsftpd (21), httpd(80) dns(53)
Daemon is a constantly running program in the background
Note: File related commands (ls, cat, more, less, wc , cp, mv, touch,
Note: Dir related commands (ls,

Test : No 2

Q: How do you display the contents of a text file.

Q: Can you see the contents of a binary file
Q: Which command shows you the type of a file
Q: HOw do find out who has created a file.
Q: How to find out the size of a specific file
Q: How to you display the list of all files in /etc directory
Q: Display list of all files that have extension .config in /etc
directory
Q: What is your present working directory
Q: T/F home directory same as your present working directory
Q: WHich is the top most directory in UNIX
Q: In which directories a user can create files
Q: Name 2 ways of creating a new file
Q: mention 3 ways to go to your home directory from any directory
Q: Write a command to go to /tmp diretory using absolute path
Q: Write a command to go to /tmp diretory using relative path
Q: Copy the passwd file in /etc directory to you home directory
Q: You are in /tmp directory. you file the following commands. Is there
any difference between them
rm -rf bin rm -rf /bin
Q: Copy the password file in /etc directory in /tmp directory. Name it as
natasha_passwd
Q: Who is the owner of /etc/passwd file. Who is the owner of the file you
just created
Q: What is an inode and how to find out and inode number of a file
Q: How to display information from the inode of a file
Q: Copy all .config files from /etc to your home directory
Q: Create a directory named config_files under your home directory
Q: Move all .config files in your home directory to the config_files
directory that you just created.
Q: What is the size of /etc/group file. Tell 3 commands to find the size
of a file.
Q: How many lines in the /etc/passwd file
Q: Create a backup of all files in config_files directory under your home
directory to /tmp/natasha_backup directory
Q: Which command will display the top 26 lines of /etc/passwd file
Q: Write a command to delete all shell scripts from the bin directory of
natasha's home directory. Shell must ask you a y/n question before
deleting each file.
Q: Create an alias in such a way that you will be always asked for a y/n
confirmation when you delete any file.
Q: How do display the bottom 6 lines of the group file in the /etc
directory
Q: How many words are in /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf file
Q: Copy all .config files /etc directory to a newly created directory
named config in your home directory.
Copy all shell scripts from natasha's home directory to a newly created
directory named bin in your home directory.
Q: Take a backup of both of the above directories inder
/tmp/natashabackup - replace natasha by your name
$HOME
bin <== shell scripts from natasha's home dir
config <== all .config files from /etc
/tmp/natashabackup
bin
config

Day No. 3

Command : man
man -k keyword
SEE ALSO

Command : whatis
whatis ls

Command : whereis
whereis cp

Command : which
which cp

Command : tar
tar -c -f /tmp/natasha.tar /home/natasha
tar -x -f /tmp/natasha.tar -C /tmp/new
tar -t -f /tmp/natasha.tar
tar -c -z -f /tmp/natasha.tar.gz /home/natasha
tar -x -f /tmp/natasha.tar.gz -C /tmp/natasha
tar -c -f /tmp/natasha_26_06_2014.tar $HOME
tar -c -f /tmp/natasha_26_06_2014.tar ~

Command : gzip
gzip abcd.txt
gzip /tmp/abcd.tar

Command : gunzip
gunzip abcd.txt.gz
gunzip abcd.tar.gz
gunzip /tmp/abcd.tar.gz

Command : zip
zip abcd.txt.zip abcd.txt

Command : unzip
unzip abcd.txt.zip
Command : vi
3 modes - command (Esc) , typing mode (insert) , Ex Mode
Type - insert (below current line - o , above current line)
i - insert before current position
a - insert after the current position
o - below the current line
O - above the current line
delete (word, line, multiple lines, char)
dw - delete a word
dd - delete the current line
9dd - delete 9 lines below the current, including the current
line
D - delete from the current position till the end of line
x - delete a current character
copy (word, line, ...)
yw - copy current word
yy - copy current line
9yy - copy 9 lines including the current line
paste (above the current line, below current line, at the end of the
line)
p - paste clipboard below current line
P - paste clipboard above current line
undo
u - undo previous changes
search (above the current cursor location, below the current cursor
location)
/natasha <== search the word natasha below current position
?natasha <== search the word natasha above current position
n - to goto next occurence of the searched word
replace
:1,20s/natasha/peter/ <== replace natasha by peter from line
1 till 20
replace only the first occurence of word
natasha
:1,40s/natasha/peter/g <== replace natasha by peter from line
1 till 40
replace all occurences of word natasha in
these lines
:1,$s/natasha/peter/g <== replace natasha by peter in the
entire file
replace all occurences of word natasha in
entire file
:%s/natasha/peter/g <== replace natasha by peter in the
entire file
replace all occurences of word natasha in
entire file

r <== replace a current character

cw <== change the current word
redo
. <== redo the previous command
 save
:w <== save
:w! <== save even if the file is read only
(you must be the owner of the file)
close/exit/quit - quit without saving
:q <== quit
:q! <== quit without saving
show line numbers
:set nu
:set nonu
goto - begining of file , end of file, to spacific line,
start of line, end of line
up , dkkkkwn , right, left
gg <== gkkkk to the begining of the file
G <== end kkkkf the file
:5 <== gkkkk to line number 5
^ <== go to start of the current line
$ <== go to the end of the current line
j <== down arrow
k <== up arrow
l <== right arrow
h <== left arrow
page up
ctrl b < ==pageup
page down
ctrl f <== pagedown
bring contents from other file to the current file
:r a.txt <== bring contents of a.txt into current file at the
current cursor location
Test : No 3

Q: How to find out what files are in a tar file

Q: How to extract only one file from a tar file
Q: How to perform compression of a tar file
gzip abcd.tar
tar -czf abcd.tar /home/natasha
Q: Which compression utility is used to compress a the file when we use -
z option tar
gzip
Q: How to compress any normal file
gzip abcd.tar
zip abcd.txt.zip abcd.txt
Q: How to uncompress an already compressed file
gunzip abcd.tar.gz
unzip abcd.txt.zip
Q: Write a command to take a backup of your home directory
tar -cvf /tmp/a.tar $HOME
tar -cvf /tmp/a.tar /home/natasha
tar -cvf /tmp/a.tar ~
Q: What commands are related to a keyword copy
man -k copy
Q: In which directory the 'ifconfig' command is located
which ifconfig
whereis ifconfig
Q: vi - How to go to the end of the file
G
Q: Create a direc strucure as follows in your home dir
$HOME
- bin
- docs
- commands.txt <== copy from UNIX dir under natasha's home
dir
- mycommands.txt <= use vi
- tmp
move all other files and dir under you home dir to tmp
mkdir /home/jason/tmp
mv /home/jason/* /home/jason/tmp
mkdir /home/jason/bin
mkdir /home/jason/docs
cp ~natasha/UNIX/commands.txt ~/docs
Q: How many lines are there in $HOME/docs/mycommands.txt file
wc -l $HOME/docs/mycommands.txt
Q: How many lines are there in commands.txt file in natasha's home dir
wc -l ~natasha/UNIX/commands.txt
Q: What is the size of your tar file
ls -l abcd.tar
stat abcd.tar
Q: reduce the tar file using the best compression utility
Q: Extract your docs dir in /tmp from the tar file that you have just
created
Q: take a backup of bin and docs directory under your home directory. The
backup file should be named as /tmp/mybak.tar
tar -cvf /tmp/mybak.tar /home/peter/docs /home/peter/bin
Day No. 4

Command : sort
cat data.txt
Natasha Pune 99
Sachin Parbhani 9000
Sanyam Satara 888

sort data.txt
sort /home/natasha/UNIX/data.txt
sort -r /home/natasha/UNIX/data.txt
sort -k2 /home/student/Desktop/data.txt
sort -r -k2 /home/student/Desktop/data.txt
sort -k2 -r /home/student/Desktop/data.txt
sort -rk2 /home/student/Desktop/data.txt
sort -k3 /home/student/Desktop/data.txt
sort -k3 -n /home/student/Desktop/data.txt
sort -r -n -k3 /home/student/Desktop/data.txt
sort -rnk3 /home/student/Desktop/data.txt
Natasha:Pune:99
Sanyam:Satara:888
Sachin:Parbhani:9000
sort -n -t: -k3 data.txt
sort -n -t':' -k3 data.txt

Command : uniq
uniq data.txt

Command : cut
cut -d":" -f1 data.txt
cut -d":" -f2 data.txt
cut -d":" -f1,3 data.txt
cut -d":" -f1-3 data.txt
cut -d'a' -f2 data.txt
cut -d' ' -f3 data.txt
cut -d' ' -f3 /home/student/data.txt

File : /etc/passwd
stores user info on your system
1. username
2. password (always x)
3. UID
4. GID
5. Name or info of user
6. home directory of the user
7. login shell <= shell program automatically starts when user logs
in
cut -d':' -f1 /etc/passwd
cut -d':' -f1,6 /etc/passwd
Command : fgrep , grep, egrep
grep natasha data.txt
grep -i natasha data.txt
grep -v natasha data.txt

What is a regular expression :

It is a search pattern used by commands like grep, egrep, sed, etc
to search a specific pattern of characters in a file
Regular expressions
. <== any single char
* <== zero or multiple occurances of a previous char
^natasha <== natasha word is at the begining of the line
natasha$ <== natasha is at the end of the line
[abc] <== either a or b or c
[^p] <== any char other than p
[a-z] <== any char from a to z
[A-Z] <== any char from A to Z
^$ <== blank line
[0-9] <== any single digit
[086] <= either 0 or 8 or 6
[^086] <= neither 0 nor 8 nor 6
Extended Regular expression
egrep '(natasha|peter)' data.txt <== show all line those
contain either natasha or peter
grep -E '(natasha|peter)' data.txt <== show all line those
contain either natasha or peter

Command : diff

Command : tr
echo 'natasha Natasha | tr -s ' '

Command : cmp
io redirection: cmd 1> filename
io redirection: cmd 1>> filename
1> filename <== created a blank file
2>
What is a /dev/null file
There is a file named null in /dev/ directory. Anyone has the write
permission on this file. Any data written or redirected to this file is
immediately erased. This file, therefore, can be used for collecting
garbage.
io redirection: cmd | cmd
cut -d':' -f1 /etc/passwd | sort
ls -l | sort -n -k5 | tail -1
ls -l /etc | sort -n -k5 | tail -1
who | cut -d' ' -f1 | sort | uniq
io redirection: &>
io redirection: 2>>
io redirection: 2>
tar -cvf /tmp/a.tar /etc 1> a.txt
tar -cvf /tmp/a.tar /etc 2> b.txt
tar -cvf /tmp/a.tar /etc &> c.txt
Command that need input
cat, wc, sort, more, less, grep, fgrep, egrep, head, tail, sed

io redirection: <
Note: stdout is a virtual file sttting in RAM. You cannot see this file
using
ls command. The file descriptor for this file is 1.

Test : No 4

Q: Display list of system users in sorted fashion z-a

cat /etc/passwd | cut -d':' -f1 | sort -r
cut -d':' /etc/passwd | sort -r
Q: Display list of system users and their login shell
cat /etc/passwd | cut -d':' -f1,7
cut -d':' -f1,7 /etc/passwd
Q: Find out all IP address from where users are currently logged in
w -h | tr -s ' ' | cut -d' ' -f3
w | grep -v 'load average:'| grep -v TTY | tr -s ' ' | cut -d' ' -f3
who | tr -s ' ' | cut -d' ' -f5
who | cut -d'(' -f2 | cut -d')' -f1
Q: Crete an alias named ip do display only the IP address of your server
alias ip='ifconfig | head -2 | tail -1 | cut -d":" -f2| cut -d" " -f1'
Q: Find out all uniq IP address from where users were logged in (use last
command)
last | grep -v reboot | fgrep -v :0 | fgrep -v -w :1 | tr -s ' ' | cut -d
' ' -f3
Q: How many times the system was rebooted
last | grep reboot | wc -l
last | grep -c reboot
Q: List of IPs from where users had logged in which are not internal
IPS(172, 192, desktop)
last | fgrep -v 192. | fgrep -v 172. | fgrep -v desktop | tr -s ' ' |
cut -d ' ' -f3 | sort | uniq
last | egrep -v (172|192|desktop) tr -s ' ' | cut -d ' ' -f3 | sort |
uniq
last | grep -E -v (172|192|desktop) tr -s ' ' | cut -d ' ' -f3 | sort
| uniq
Q: Display ip address/es or machine names of the machine from where
natasha has loogged in
who | grep natasha | cut -d'(' -f2 | cut -d ')' -f1 | sort | uniq
Q: How many processes oracle is running
ps -ef | grep ^oracle | wc -l
Q: How many processes are there for ssh
ps -ef | grep sshd | grep -v grep | wc -l
Q: IS oracle database named newwings running on your server
ps -ef | grep ora_pmon_newwings
Q: IS Web server running on your server
ps -ef | grep httpd
Q: IS FTP server running on your server
ps -ef | grep vsftpd
Q: Who is the owner of 4545(PID) process
ps -ef | grep -w 4545 | grep -v grep | cut -d ' ' -f1
Q: Display PID and owner of the process which is comsuming highest cpu
ps aux | sort -k3 -n | tail -1| tr -s ' ' | cut -d' ' -f1,2
Q: Display PID and owner of the process which is comsuming highest ram
ps aux | sort -k4 -n | tail -1| tr -s ' ' | cut -d' ' -f1,2
Q: Choose all items that match the regular expression
br[nr]k
bank
banrk
bark
bakk
^root
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
root is the best!
you are not root.
root
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
root is the best!
you are not root.
r..t
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
root is the best!
you are not root.
Q: Create a regular expression
Line begins with "Test" or "test"
Line ends with "end."
The entire line is: This is a test
Any one of the names: file5 file6 file7 file8

Day No. 5

Ad Practicals : No 1
Ad Practicals : No 2
Ad Practicals : No 3
Day No. 6

Theory : permissions, groups, users

Command : id
id <= displays uid and gid of currently logged in user
id oracle <==displays uid and gid of user oracle

Command : groups
groups <== displays all groups that you are a member o (first group
is the primary group)
groups oracle <== displays all groups that the user oracle is a
member of
FIle : ~/.bash_logout
FIle : ~/.bash_profile
FIle : ~/.bash_history
FIle : ~/.bashrc
FIle : ~/.vimrc
File : /etc/group <== list of all groups

Command : chgrp
chgrp dba a.txt <== changes the group owner of a.txt file to dba

Command : chmod
Only owner/root can run the chmod command on a file/directory
u=owner/user g=group o=other a=all
- <== remove the permission
+ <== give the permission
chmod g+x $HOME
chmod go-rwx $HOME
chmod a+rwx $HOME <= be careful when you run this command
chmod a-rwx a.txt
chmod u+rwx,g+rx a.txt

r - 4
w - 2
x - 1

chmod 444 a.txt

chmod 421 a.txt
chmod 621 a.txt
chmod 700 a.txt
chmod 750 a.txt
chmod 755 a.txt
chmod 777 a.txt
chmod -R 755 $HOME
chown
chown arung a.txt <== chown can be executed by root only
changes the owner of a.txt file to arung
chown arun.dba a.txt <== changes owner to arun and group owner to
dba
chown arun:dba a.txt <== changes owner to arun and group owner to
dba
chown -R arun:dba /home/natasha <== changes owner to arun and group
owner to dba of all file and subdirectories inside /home/natasha

Shortcuts : ctrl + d
Test : No 6

Q: What is a group
Its a collections of users
Q: If a user named natasha creates a file who would be the owner of that
file and who would be the group owner of that file
natasha, natasha's primary group
Q: How to find out natasha's primary group
groups natasha , id natasha <== first group is the primary group
Q: How to find out gid of natasha's primary group
id natasha
Q: how to find out oracle's uid
id oracle
Q: How to find out arun's secondary groups
id arun
groups arun
Q: How to find out who is the owner of a file (e.g /etc/passwd)
ls -l /etc/passwd
stat /etc/passwd
Q: How to find out what permissions the owner has on a file
ls -l /etc/passwd
stat /etc/passwd
Q: How to find out the ower of a directory (e.g. /tmp)
ls -ld /tmp
Q: Can you copy the /etc/passwd to your home directory. Why
cp /etc/passwd $HOME
Q: Can you run the following command succesfully. Why
rm /etc/shadow
You cannot because you do not have write permission of the parent
dir i.e /etc
Q: Can you run the followig command. Why
mv /etc/passwd /tmp
No. Because you don't have write permission on the /etc directory
Q: Can you(oracle) execute the following command. Why
cp /etc/passwd ~natasha
No. Because oracle does not have write permission to ~natasha
directory
Q: How can run the chmod command
owner of the file , root
Q: How can run the chgrp command
owner of the file , root
Q: How can run the chown command
root only
Q: What permissions are required if user oracle wants to execute the
following command
cp ~natasha/.bash_profile ~
Read permission on ~natasha/.bash_profile file
Write permission on ~ (i.e. write permission on oracle's home
directory)
Q: What permissions are required if user natasha wants to execute the
following command
mv /etc/passwd /tmp
Write permission on /etc directory. Any permission on passwd file
will do
Write permission on /tmp
Q: What is the difference between the following two commands
chmod o+rx /tmp/a.txt <== relative permission. means you cannot
tell what will be the final permission of /tmp/a.txt
chmod 755 /tmp/a.txt <== absolute permission
Q: ls -l /tmp/natasha.txt gives the followig output
-rw-r--r-- 1 oracle oinstall 11 Jul 6 23:11
natasha.txt

What will be the attributes(permissions, owner, groupowner,

timestamp) if user natasha execites the following commands
cp /tmp/natasha.txt /tmp/natasha.txt.new
cp -p /tmp/natasha.txt /tmp/natasha.txt.new

What will be the attributes(permissions, owner, groupowner,

timestamp) if user root execites the following commands
cp /tmp/natasha.txt /tmp/natasha.txt.new
cp -p /tmp/natasha.txt /tmp/natasha.txt.new
Day No. 7

Command : ps
ps
ps -e <== shows everything i.e. all processes on your system
ps -f <== full listing i.e. give more info of process
ps -ef
ps aux <== give cpu and ram info of each process

IMP fields (owner, pid, ppid, comm, %CPU, %MEM)

Command : pstree <== shows parent child relationships between processes

Command : top

Command : free
Swap mean virtual ram. It is not real ram. It is some space on
hard disk
Swap = page file in windows
Swap can be a file on a hard disk or it can be a partition on the
harddisk
File : /proc/meminfo

Command : mpstat
File : /proc/cpuinfo

Command : iostat

Command : bg

Command : fg <== bring the background job to foreground. The background

job
may be running or stopped.
Status : Running & attched to terminal - Running in the foreground
Running in background
Stopped

Command : jobs <== display list of jobs started from the termonal

Command : sleep

Command : kill
kill 8188 <== kill i.e. terminate the process with 8188 PID
kill -9 8188 <== forceful/sure kill if the process cannot be killed
by the above command

Command : lsof <== display list of opened files

lsof
lsof -u natasha <== all files opened by natasha (can be run by
root)
lsof -p 1881 <== shows all files opened by process 1881

Symbol : &

Shortcuts : ctrl + c

Shortcuts : ctrl + z
Test : No 7

Q: Which process is consuming highest amount of CPU

ps aux | sort -k3 -n <== last process
top <== fiorst process
Q: Which process is consuming highest amount of RAM
ps aux | sort -k4 -n <== last process
Q: What is a daemon
It is a process. This process is constantly running in the
background
doing its work. The names of daemon processes usually end with a letter
'd' .
Example, crond, vsftpd, httpd, sshd, atd, ntpd, udevd, iscsid, libvirtd.
They are not tied to any terminal. It means under the heading of TTY
there would be a '?' for this process
crond - job scheduling (autosys is an advanced scheduler)
vsftpd - ftp server daemon/process
httpd - Web server daemon/process
sshd - Secure Shell daemon (if this is down, no one can connect
using ssh to the server)
atd - another scheduler. very basic
ntpd - time server daemon (other machines in your organization will
sync up their system time with this machine)
udevd - this daemon is used to give consistent/same names to all
devices
/dev/sda <= block device file i.e. disk
/dev/sdb
iscsid - another daemon related to storage services
libvirtd - another daemon related to virtualization
Q: Run sleep command in one window and kill it from another window
Only the owner of the process can kill the process
ps -ef | grep sleep <== get the proper PID
kill 8388 <= 8388 is the PID in this example
Q: There is a shell script named /tmp/my.sh. Copy it to your home dir.
Run it in the background.
sh my.sh &
sh ~natasha/my.sh &
sh /home/natasha/my.sh &
Q: Bring it to the fore ground
jobs
fg 1 <== 1 is the job number/id (This is not the PID)
Q: Kill it from another window
kill 8237 <= 8237 is the PID found from the ps command
Q: What will happen when you type ctrl z in vi
vi will go to background and will be stopped
jobs
fg 3 <== bring it to foreground
Q: How to kill it from the same window
ctrl c <== the job should be running in the foreground. i.e. it
should be attached to a tty
Q: How to put a foreground job in background
ctrl z <== this will stop the job
jobs <== get the job number of the stopped process
bg 1 <==1 is the job number obtained from the jobs command

Note: Stopped process does not consume any CPU

Q: Kill the process that has opened a file named a.sh
lsof | grep a.sh <== get the PID
kill
Q: What is the RAM on your server. How much is free
free
Q: tell 3 commands to display memory information
free
cat /proc/meminfo
top
Q: Are there any jobs running for your session
jobs <== only for your session. A window is a session
Q: WHich process is accessing a file named /tmp/a.txt
lsof | grep a.txt
Q: Why should you not used kill -9 as the first option to kill a process
You may create defunt processes. Which creates memory leak. ememory
lead reduces t6he performance of your server
Q: How to send signals to amy process. Name some of the signals
kill -l <== display list of all possible signals that can be sent
to any process
kill 8188 < == This sends a signal number 15 (termination)
kill -15 8188 < == This sends a signal number 15 (termination)
kill SIGTERM 8188 < == This sends a signal number 15 (termination)
kill -9 8188 < == Sinnale no. 9 tells the process to surely kill
itself
ctrl z <== send SIGSTOP(19) signal to a process
Q: How many CPUS are there on your system. Give their info
cat /proc/cpuinfo
Q: How to find out if your machine is a read machine or a virtual machine
cat /proc/cpuinfo <== Look for Model name. it will show 'virtual'
if the machine is virtual
Q: Is your CPU idle
top
Q: What is the load on your system for the last 15 minutes
uptime <== last number in uptime's output
top <== first lines last number
Q: How many disks are there on your system.
Q: Which disk is performing high amount of i/o.
Q: Which activity (read or write) is happening on this disk
Day No. 8

Command : nslookup

Command : nmap

Command : netstat

Command : bc

Command : dnsdomainname

Command : scp

Command : ftp

Command : lftp

Command : sftp

Command : wget

Command : rsync

Test : No 8

What is DNS

Domain name server. it is a daemon process running on one of the

servers in our organization. The name of the daemon process is named.
[root@localhost ~]# ps -ef | grep named
named 1971 1 0 00:46 ? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/named-sdb -u
named -t /var/named/chroot
root 3106 3088 0 01:00 pts/0 00:00:00 grep named

Any machine in your organizarion can query this DNS to get answers.
1. Give name of the machine and Get IP from DNS.
2. Give IP of the machine nad Get name from DNS
DNS has a database of IPs and hostnames
Which commands are used to query DNS
nslookup
How to know which is your DNS Server. I.e. which DNS server your machine
is querying
cat /etc/resolv.conf
WHich ports are open on 192.168.0.3
nmap 192.168.0.3
Which file documents the list of all possible ports used by various
daemon processes(services)
/etc/services
WHich ports are open on your own machine
nmap localhost
nmap your_own_ip_address
How to find out which clients are connected to your machine (not just ssh
clients)
netstat -tn (t=tcp connections, n=show ip addressess instead of
hostnames
How to find out the domainname of your DNS Server
dnsdomainname
Give at least 2 commands to copy a file from one server to another
scp
You must know the password
it uses the ssh protocol(22). Therefore you need to know the
password that you use to ssh into the machine
ftp
You may not need to know the password (anonymous)
It uses ftp protocol(21)
wget
YOu don't need to know the password
It uses http protocol(80)
rsync
ssh and telnet are not used to copy/download/upload a file from one
server to another. They are used only to establish the connection to
another server.
Q: Assume that your are a user named arun currently logged on to
172.24.0.240

1. Copy a file named a.txt in /tmp of 192.168 0.3 to your home

directory
scp [email protected]:/tmp/a.txt $HOME
Note: The above command will ask you natasha's password on
192.168.0.3

2. Copy a file named /home/natasha/p.txt to /tmp directory on

192.168.0.4
scp /home/natasha/p.txt [email protected]:/tmp/p.txt
Note: The above command will ask you peters's password on
192.168.0.4

3. Copy a file named /tmp/x.txt from 192.168.0.3 to /home/natasha

directory
on 192.168.0.4
scp [email protected]:/tmp/x.txt
[email protected]:/home/natasha
Note: The above command will ask you priya's password on
192.168.0.3
Note: The above command will ask you abhishek's password on
192.168.0.4

Q: WHy the following command would not work

scp /home/student/Desktop/amrut.txt [email protected]:/etc
Q: WHy the following command would work
scp /home/student/Desktop/amrut.txt [email protected]:/etc
Q: How to transfer a file from/to windows machine to UNIX
Download a software named winscp. Its free
Q: What will the folling command do
scp -r /etc [email protected]:/tmp
It will copy entire /etc directory to /tmp directory on
172.24.0.240. It will ask you natasha's password on 172.24.0.240
Q: On which port ftp server runs
21
Q: How to connect to the ftp server. Mention at least 3 ways
ftp ip_address_of_the_server_where_ftp_daemon_is_running
These days not used in industry. Because it transfers data/file
in non-encrypted format
lftp ip_address_of_the_server_where_ftp_daemon_is_running
lftp does data transfer in encrypted and has many advanced
commands to transfer the file
sftp ip_address_of_the_server_where_ftp_daemon_is_running
Sftp transfrs data in encrypted fashion and therefore used in
industry
Use web browser to connect to ftp server as follows
ftp://192.168.0.250/
Q: Mention at least 5 different ftp commands
help
pwd
ls -l
cd <== change dir at server location
lcd <== change dir at client location
get a.txt get /pub/a.txt
put b.txt
mget *.sh
mput *.txt
quit

Day No. 9

Command : crontab
Note: crontab is a command which interacts with a daemon named
crond.
Daemon is a constantly running process in the background. The daemon
process
is not attached to the termminal. i.e. TTY is ?. This crond daemon is
automatically started when your server is booted. You can check if this
process is running or not by typing the following command
ps -ef | grep crond
service crond status
The purpose of this daemon process is to wake up every minute and
check if there are any programs/scripts that need to be executed on
behalf of
some user. A program/script scheduled to run at a specific time is called
as a
job. In other words crond is reponsible for running jobs on your system.
The crontab command is the way to tell crond about which
program/script to run at which time and at which interval.
crontab -l <== see the existing job schedule
crontab -r <== remove the existing job schedule (dengerous command)
crontab -l > crontab.backup <== output of crontab -l is stored
in crontab.backup file
crontab < crontab.newfile <== Schedule eritten in crontab.newfile
is sent as an input to the crontab command

Explain each and every entry in crontab file.

The time and date fields are:
 field allowed values
----- --------------
minute 0-59
hour 0-23
day of month 1-31
month 1-12 (or names, see below)
day of week 0-7 (0 or 7 is Sun, or use names)

A field may be an asterisk (*), which always stands for "first-

last".

Ranges of numbers are allowed. Ranges are two numbers separated

with a hyphen. The speci-
fied range is inclusive. For example, 8-11 for an "hours" entry
specifies execution at hours
8, 9, 10 and 11.

Lists are allowed. A list is a set of numbers (or ranges)

separated by commas. Examples:
"1,2,5,9", "0-4,8-12".

Step values can be used in conjunction with ranges. Following a range

with "<number>" speci-
fies skips of the number’s value through the range. For example,
"0-23/2" can be used in the
hours field to specify command execution every other hour (the
alternative in the V7 standard
is "0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22"). Steps are also permitted
after an asterisk, so if you
want to say "every two hours", just use "*/2".

Command : find
find command is used to find a file/s in a specific directory
(Note: grep is used to find a word/string in a file/s)
find - search for files in a directory hierarchy

Syntax :
find which_dir [criteria] action
--------- ----------- -------
A file whose name is a.txt and print it on the terminal
find /home -name a.txt -print

A file whose name is a.txt, A.txt, A.TXT and print it on the terminal
find /home -iname a.txt -print

A file whose owner is natasha and print it on the terminal

find /home -user natasha -print

Find in either /home or /etc a file whose owner is natasha and print it
on the terminal
find /home /etc -user natasha -print

Find in /home a file whose groupowner is oinstall and list the file
details like the ls command
find /home -group oinstall -ls
Find in /home a files whose permission is 777 and list the file details
like the ls command
find /home -perm 777 -ls 2> /dev/null

+10 10 -10
<-----------------------------------------|---------------------|
5 15
(Today)
Find files in /home whose modification time is exactly 7 days ago
find /home -mtime 7 -print

Find files in /home whose modification time is before 7 days

find /home -mtime +7 -print

Find all log files in /tmp whose modification time is before 7 days and
delete them
find /tmp -mtime +7 -name '*.log' -delete

Find files in /home whose modification time is within last 7 days

find /home -mtime -7 -print
find /home -atime <== access time

Find files in /home whose size is 10M (you can use K M G T)

find /home -size 10M -print

Find files in /home whose size is greater than 10M

find /home -size +10M -print
find / -user oracle -size +100M -ls 2> /dev/null

Find files in /home whose size less is 10M

find /home -size -10M -printo
find /home -newer a.txt -exec rm {} \;
find /home -newer a.txt -exec cp {} /tmp \;
find /home -newer a.txt -exec mv {} /tmp \;
find /home -newer a.txt -exec chmod 700 {} \;
find /home -newer a.txt -exec chown oracle.oinstall {}
\;
find /home -newer a.txt -exec grep natasha {} \;
find /home -newer a.txt -exec wc -l {} \;
find /etc -name '*.conf' -exec cp {} /mybakup \;
find /etc -name '*.conf' -exec cp {} /mybakup/{}.bak \;

tar -cvf /tmp/a.tar /home/natasha/a.sh /home/natasha/b.sh

/home/natasha/c.sh
tar -cvf /tmp/a.tar `find /etc -name '*.conf' -print`

find /home -empty

find /home -gid 100
find /home -uid 200
find /home -newer a.txt -print
find /home -newer a.txt -ls
find /home -newer a.txt -delete
find /home -newer a.txt -ok
find /home -newer a.txt -ok -exec rm {} \;
find /home -inum 27772 -print
Some examples of find commands :

# touch file_{1,2,3}

# touch FILE_{1,2,3}

# touch file_{pune,mumbai,nagpur}

1> find /home/natasha -name "file_pune -print

------------ ----------------- -----------
where to find What to find What action to take on
this file

2> find . -name "file_?"

3> find $HOME -name "file_*"

4> find /etc -name "*.conf"

5> find /usr -name "*.gz"

7> find / -user lp -name a.txt 2> /dev/null

8> find /var -user root -group mail -print 2> /dev/null

9> find /var/lib -user rpm -group rpm -ls 2> /dev/null | less

10> find /etc/httpd -exec file {} \;

11> find /etc/mail -name "sendmail*" -exec file {} \;

12> find /etc -name "*.conf" -exec cp {} {}.bak \;

13> find /etc -name *.conf.bak -ok rm {} \; # -ok is like -exec, but
asks user for confirmation

14> find /tmp -type f -ls 2> /dev/null

15> find /tmp -type d -ls 2> /dev/null

17> find /etc -type l -ls 2> /dev/null | wc -l

18> find /var/lib -user games -ls 2> /dev/null | less

19> find /bin /usr/bin/ /sbin -perm -u+s -ls 2> /dev/null

20> find /etc/httpd/conf -ok file {} \;

21> tar -cvf etc.tar $(find /etc -name "*.conf" )

22> find /etc -name passwd > /tmp/output_of_find

23> find /etc -name squid.conf >> /tmp/output_of_find 2> /dev/null

24> find $HOME -mtime +7 -print

25> find $HOME -mtime -7 -print

Command : ln

Command : mail
mail <== check the email inbox (1, d 2, d * )
mail [email protected] (. means end of email)
mail -s 'Hello' [email protected] < /etc/passwd
mail -s 'Hello' [email protected] -a b.txt < /dev/null

Test : No 9

Q: WHich command shows you list of emails in your inbox

mail
Q: List a few mail commands
f * <== display entire inbox
q <== quit
59 <== display the body of 59th email
d 21 <= will delete 21st email from your inbox
Q: How to send an email to abhishekk
mail abishekk (entire subject and body and at the end type a . )
mail -s 'Hello' abhishekk < a.txt
cat a.txt | mail -s 'Hello' abhishekk
Q: In which file your entire inbox is stored
/var/spool/mail/natasha <== if your username is natasha
Q: How to send a file as an attachment
mail -s 'Hello' abhishekk -a k.txt < m.txt
In the above example k.txt file will be sent as an attachment
and m.txt file's content will appear as the body of an email

===========
Q: Name 4 scheduler software popular in the industry
Control M (Windows or UNIX)
Autosys (Windows or UNIX)
Windows Scheduler (Only on windows)
cron (Only on All UNIX flavors )
Q: What is a job
It is a schedule for a specific program/script/executable
e.g. Run ifconfig command at 3:00 PM every day
e.g. Run backup.sh script at 4:00 AM every sunday
Q: Which process must be running in order to for a job to be executed
crond
Q: How to check if the crond daemon/process is running or not
ps -ef | grep crond
service crond status
Q: WHo is the owner of the crond process
root
Q: How to check the current schedule of jobs
crontab -l
Q: How to submit an instruction to a crond daemon
crontab -e
Q: How to disable one job from an existing scheedule
crontab -e and then comment the line for the job by putting #
Q: How to take a backup of your current job schdule
crontab -l > mycron.bak
Q: What is the 4th field in crontab file
Month
Q: What permissions are required on the program/script file
Owner mush have execute permission
chmod u+x script_name
Q: How to check if your job has failed or succeed
1. Check the email
2. Capture stdout and stderr to a file and check the file's content
Q: Will your job run if you are not logged on
yes. The machine needs to be up
Q: Will your job run if your server is shut down
No.
Q: If you restart the server will your jobs run that were scheduled
during the downtime
Q: How to run a script every minute
* * * * * /home/natasha/a.sh
Q: How to run a script at 8:10 PM every night except sundays
10 20 * * 1-6 /home/natasha/a.sh
10 20 * * 1,2,3,4,5,6 /home/natasha/a.sh
Q: How to run a script at 2:30 PM on Christmas day only,and 31st of
December only
30 14 25,31 12 * /home/natasha/a.sh

Q: How to run a script at 2:30 AM on Christmas day only,and at 2:30 PM on

31st of December only
30 2 25 12 * /home/natasha/a.sh
30 14 31 12 * /home/natasha/a.sh
Q: Write a shell script in your home directory named backup.sh to take
the backup of your home dir. Schedule this script to run every night at
9:00 PM. Check the next day if the script was executed successfully.
redirect the stderr and stdout of your script to a log file named
$USER_backup.log in /tmp directory

Q: Will you receive an email from cron if there is no stdout and stderr
from scheduled script/program
no
Q: Can you execute a script when another job is successfully completed.
i.e. can you have dependency on jobs
No. You will have to do some shell scripting to perform this task
Q: Can you execute a script when a specific file arrives from another
server to your server in a predefined directory.
Yes. Need shell scripting
Q: How to schedule a job for another use
crontab -u sunil -e <= You must be root to execute this command
Q: How to deny some users from secheduling any jobs on their behalf
Put their username isn /etc/cron.deny file <= You must be root to
execute this command
Q: How to allow only few users to schedule cron jobs
Put their username isn /etc/cron.allow file <= You must be root to
execute this command
Q: What will happen if a username is in both files (cron.allow &
cron.deny)
He will be denied to schedule any jobs
Q: What are the two types of link in UNIX
soft link, symlink, symbolic link
hard link
Q: What is a link
It is another way/name of accessing a file
Windows has a same concept like softlink. Its called a shortcut
Windows does not have a concept link hardlink

Q: What is a soft link

It is a shortcut to the original file
If the original file is deleted the softlink does not work
You can create a softlink for a file or a directory
Softlink points to the inode of the original file
inum of softlink and orginginal file are different
softlink can be created across the UNIX partitions
ln -s /tmp /home/natasha/abcd
How to create a soft link
ln -s orig_file_name link_name
ln -s /home/natasha/a.txt /tmp/b.txt
ln -s a.txt b.txt

Q: What is a hardlink
inum of originial file and hardlink are same
sizes/timestamp/owner/permission of originial file and hardlink are
same
if original file is deleted, hardlink still works.
hardlink cannot be created across partitions
cp consumes additional disk space , hardlink does not consume
additional disk space
How to create a hard link
ln a.txt b.txt

Q: How to find out all hardlinks to your file

find $HOME -inum 558 -print 2> /dev/null (558 is your file's inum)

Q: How many hard links are there to you file

ls -l a.txt (2nd field is the number of hardlink)
Day No. 10

Command : rpm
rpm -qa
rpm -qa | grep nmap
rpm -q
rpm –qi

Command : ssh-copy-id

Command : ssh-key-gen

Command : vmstat

Test : No 10

Q: Which command is used to find information about already installed

software
rpm -q package_name (e.g rpm -q nmap)
rpm -q software_name
Q: How to get the detailed info of the vsftpd software/package
rpm -qi vsftpd
Q: What version of httpd software has been installed on your system
rpm -q httpd
Q: How to find all packages installed on your system
rpm -qa (a means all)
Q: Is perl or python installed on your system
rpm -qa | grep perl
rpm -qa | grep python
Q: What is the version of perl
rpm -qi perl
Q: have you installed 64 bit or 32 bit version of python
rpm -q python <== look for x64
Q: Which command creates publc and private keys
ssh-keygen
Q: In which dir these keys are stored
$HOME/.ssh
Q: What are the permissions on the private key
rw-------
Q: WHich algorithm is used to encrypt these keys
RSA
Q: How to put your public key in some other user's account
ssh-copy-id [email protected]
The above command will copy your public key in student's account
on 192.168.0.2 machine. The password of student will be asked.
Q: Where is the public key stored in student's account
~student/.ssh/authorized_keys
Q: How to execute a command on another machine
ssh [email protected] 'hostname'
Day No. 11

Ad Practicals : No 1
Ad Practicals : No 2
Ad Practicals : No 3

Day No. 12

Final test (Theory + Practicals)