International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056

Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Improve efficiency of Photovoltaic (PV) system based by PID

controller
Laxmi Kant Dwivedi1, Dr. R.K. Saket2
M.Tech1, Electrical Engineering Department, IIT-BHU, Varanasi, India
Associate Professor2, Electrical Engineering Department, IIT-BHU, Varanasi, India
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Abstract -The output powers of photovoltaic (PV) cells
system are depending of the two variable factors which
is the solar irradiances and cell temperature. A method
to utilize effectively the PV cells is known as maximum
power point tracking (MPP) method by using PID. This
paper presents controllers to control the MPPT which
i s conventional proportional integral derivative (PID).
A circuit based MATLAB/SIMULINK model for a PV cells
the IV curves of photovoltaic-panel as for changes on cell
parameters and environmental parameters (irradiance &
temperature).We are improving the PV system results of
peak power and maximum voltage by used PID controller
According to results, PID controller is shown better
performance compare to other MPPT algorithms.
Figure.1. Block Diagram of PV Model
Key_words: Photovoltaic (PV) system, Maximum power
point (MPP) tracking, DC/DC converter,solar cell system. 1.1. PV modules modeling

1. INTRODUCTION A photovoltaic PV cell can be represent by an equivalent

circuit, shown in Fig.1.The PV cell characteristics can be
Increasing energy demand to population growth, obtained using by standard equations . For simulation an
industrial expansion and technology development, has led entire PV system array the model of a photovoltaic PV
to exploring alternative energy sources for energy module is developed first. The each PV system module
generation. Environmental issues with the concerns on considered in this paper. The PV cells connected in series
greenhouse effects, global warming, depletion of natural is providing an open circuit voltage (Voc) and a short
reserves like natural gas, fossil fuels, coal, etc. is circuit current (Isc).
motivating research to invest in technology that can Diode PV cell is shown in Figure.2 Equation-4 shows
generate energy from renewable energy sources. output current-voltage characteristic of a ideal PV cell in a
Renewable energy is energy generate from the renewable single diode model.
natural resources, such as wind, solar radiation, rainfall
tides, geothermal heat etc. The PV solar energy is direct
way to convert, solar radiation into electricity and is based
on the Photovoltaic effect.
PV system technology has the following advantages 1) No
pollution , it does not produce carbon dioxide, 2)No
mechanical moving parts, no noise, direct conversion of
solar radiation into electricity and Disadvantages 1) solar
energy is somewhat more expensive to produce than
conventional sources of energy due in part to the cost of
manufacturing PV cell devices and in part to the
conversion efficiencies of the equipment 2) solar power is
a variable energy source, with energy production Figure.2. Solar cell equivalent circuit
dependent on the sun.
A solar PV cell generates DC current from the sunlight. The The equation is solved by designing a program in
output current of a solar array depends on the ambient MATLAB, taking into account the number of solar cells
temperature, solar insolation, the size and configuration of which has the photovoltaic panel.
the PV array.
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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Iph = ( G/Gref) [Isc + Ki (T-25)] ( 1) charging mode, second mode when the switch is opened
( ) known as discharging mode.
Ir = IrT1 ( (2)
2. MPPT Algorithms
Ir-T1 = ISCT1/ (3)
The MPPT ( maximum Power point ) is a greater
Ipv =Iph – Ir[exp{q (Vpv+IpvRa )/AkT}]-1]–(Vpv+IRa)/Rsh (4) frequency DC/DC converters .They take the DC input from
solar panels change to higher frequency AC & convert it
The diode voltage is Vg equal to 1.2 V for crystalline silicon back down to different DC current & voltage to exactly
1.7 V for amorphous silicon. Where b= Vg*q/ (A*k) matched to system of the batteries. MPPT' operating at
PV system is gives the output Voltage & Current that will higher audio frequencies usually in 30- 80 KHz range. The
be vary with the change in solar temperature and sun advantage of greater frequency circuits that we can be
Irradiation. Hence to get constant voltage at the load duty designed with higher efficiency & small components .
cycle of the DC-DC converter should change with change The conventional controller is charging discharge battery,
in PV system voltage. In order to get constant voltage at it simply connected the modules directly to the battery.
the load MPPT Controller are design that can control the This forces the modules system to operate at battery
duty cycle of DC-DC converter.1.2. voltage, typically is not the ideal.The main principle of
incremental conductance method is that the derivative of
the output power (P), in terms of voltage (V), at the peak
1.2. Boost (DC/DC) Converter
power points equal to zero (dP/dV = 0). Therefore, from
The boost converter is also known as the step-up the equation P=I.V, the following equation is obtain;
converter. It can be used in the cases where the output
voltage more than the input voltage, essentially the 2.1
functioning like are versed buck converter. The practical
applications which use a boost type converter appear in Therefore, within a sampling period, Equation can be
grid systems. rewritten as:

1.2 2.2

Where Toff is the duration that the switch is not active, D is Equation (2.2) means that, at the MPP, the opposite of the
a duty ratio, T is the time period. instantaneous conductance of PV array system on the left
side of the equation equals to the incremental conductance
on the right hand side. Thus, the derivative of the points
should be greater than zero on the left of the MPP while,
less than zero on the right side:

( ) 2.3

( ) 2.4

( ) 2.5

3. PID controller
A PID (proportional-integral-derivative) controller is a
control loop feedback mechanism. Feedback mechanism
mainly used in industrial control systems. The PID
controller attempts to correct the error between a desired
setpoint & a measured process variable by calculating &
then output of a corrective action that can adjust the
Figure.3. Boost converter process according. As the PID controller involves
calculation three different (separate) parameters,
There are two different modes of operation works a boost Proportional(P), Derivative(D) and the Integral (I) values.
converter. The converter are based on close and open the The Proportional (P) value is determing the reaction to
switch.The first mode when the switch is closed known as current error, the Derivative (D) value is determing

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

reaction based on the rate at which the error has been Table.2: PV cells Specification
changed and the Integral (I) value determines the
reaction based on the sum of the recent errors. The add Electric parameter PV Cell
this three actions are used to adjusting the process via a
control elements. We are using PID controller for improve Maximum power Pmax 66.45 W
the performance of the voltage and peak power. PID
Maximum voltage(open circuit) 110.4 V
controller gain change the value of the output will change
But after a fixed gain the value cannot be change. Maximum current (short circuit 1.66 A
output)
u(t) = Kp e(t)+ Ki ∫ e(t) dt +Kd Temp. coeff.short circuit current (.065+.015)%C
Figure.5. PID controller

Table.1 : PID controller gain values

PID Controller P I D

Gain value 1.5 0.2 0.0

4. Result & analysis

The PV system the value of the peak power, current and
peak voltage are getting increase by control to the gain of
PID controller. Results are showing to the difference in
between existing design and proposed design. For the
improved performance the PID controller is using.

Figure.7. The proposed PID controller for PV module

Result for PV system without PID controller
Form the figure.8 we can see that peak current (I) is
going up to 1.661 A, when we don't apply any controller.
The current can be improve by apply the PID controller.

Figure.8. Current graph without any controller

Figure.6. the solar modeled of PV system with inverter Form the figure.9 we can see that peak voltage(V) is going
up to 110.4 V, when we do not apply any controller. The
voltage can be improve by apply the PID controller.

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Figure.9. Voltage graph without any controller Figure.12. Voltage graph with PID controller
Form the figure.10 we can see that peak power (P) is Form the figure.13 we can see that peak power(P) is going
going up to 66.45 W, when we do not apply any controller. up to 79.24 W when we apply the PID controller. Power
The power can be improved by apply the PID controller. can be further improve by apply to fuzzy logic controller.

Figure.10. Power graph without any controller Figure.13. Power graph with PID controller

Result for PV system with PID controller Table.3: Proposed design Output values for PV

Form the figure.11 we can see that peak current(I) is going Parameter Calculate value Calculate value
up to 1.98A when we apply the PID controller. The voltage (existing design) ( proposed design)
can be further improve by apply to fuzzy logic controller.
Peak
current 1.661 A 1.981 A

Peak
voltage 110.4 V 157 V

Peak
power 66.45 W 79.24 W

4. Conclusion
Figure.11. current graph with PID controller
The PV cell-generate DC current from the sunlight. the
Form the figure.12we can see that peak voltage(V) is going solar array is generated by connecting individual solar
up to 157 V when we apply the PID controller. The voltage cells system together. The output current is a solar array
can be further improve by apply to fuzzy logic controller. depends on the ambient temperature, solar insolation, the

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 05 | May-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

size and configuration of the PV array. In general, the [12] Ji Y-H, Jung D-Y, Kim J-G, Kim J-H, Lee T-W, Won C-Y. A
larger area PV panels will produce more energy, and real maximum power point tracking method for
smaller PV panels produce less energy. From the mismatching compensation in PV array under partially
simulation result, the PID controller has shown the better shaded conditions. IEEE Trans Power Electron 2011;26:
performance than other MPPT techniques. 1001-9.
In the paper, we apply PID controller is improving the [13]LK Dwivedi, V. singh, A. Pareek, P. Yadav “MATLAB/
performance of the output power. When we do not apply
SIMULINK based study of series- parallel connected
PID controller the output power is getting 66.45 W. It gets
photovoltaic system under partial shaded condition ’’
improved when we apply the PID controller and getting
IRJET vol. 3, iss. 10, 2016
the output power is 79.24 W. For further improve the
performance of PV system we can apply Neural network [14] R.Ramaprabha and B.L. Mathur, "Characteristics of
which can further improved the performance of output solar PV array under partial shaded conditions," in
power. After apply neural network controller the results of TENCON 2008 - 2008 IEEE Region 10 Conference, 2008,
the current, voltages and power get improved.
BIOGRAPHIES
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