Tutorial: Temperature, Heat and Heat Transfer

1. At what temperature is the Fahrenheit scale reading equal

a) Twice that of the Celsius scale?

2. Suppose that on a linear temperature scale X, water boils at −53.5° X and freezes at −170° X.
What is a temperature of 340 K on the X scale (approximate water’s boiling point as 373 K).

3. Two bodies, A and B, are initially at the same temperature. If the temperature of A increases by
1° C and the temperature of B increases by 1° F, which body has the higher final temperature?

4. At what temperature are the Celsius and Fahrenheit temperatures numerically the same?

5. Mercury boils at 675° F and solidifies at −38° F under one atmosphere. Express these on the
Celsius and Kelvin scales.

6. An aluminium alloy rod has a length of 10.000 cm at 20.000℃ and a length of 10.015 cm at
the boiling point of water.
a) What is the length of the rod at the freezing point of water?
b) What is the temperature if the length of the rod is 10.009 cm?

7. At 20℃, a brass cube has an edge length of 30 cm. What is the increase in the cube’s surface
area when it is heated from 20℃ to 75℃?

8. As a result of a temperature rise of 32℃, a bar with a crack at its center buckles upward (see
figure below). If the fixed distance 𝐿0 is 3.77 m and the coefficient of linear expansion of the bar
is 25 × 10−6 /C 0 , find the rise of the center.
9. An aluminium cup of 100 cm3 capacity is completely filled with glycerine at 22 ℃ . How much
glycerine, if any, will spill out of the cup if the temperature of both the cup and the glycerine is
increased to 28℃? (The coefficient of volume expansion of glycerine is 5.1 × 10−4 (℃)−1 ).

10. Find the approximate length of the Golden Gate bridge if it is known that the steel in the
roadbed expands by 0.53 m when the temperature changes from +2℃ to +23℃.

11. A steel aircraft carrier is 370 m long when moving through the icy North Atlantic at a
temperature of 2° C. By how much does the carrier lengthen when it is traveling in the warm
mediterranean Sea at a temperature of 21° C.

12. A rod made from a particular alloy is heated from 25.0° C to the boiling point of water. Its length
increases by 8.47 × 10−4 m. The rod is then cooled from 25.0° C to the freezing point of water.
By how much does the rod shrink?

13. The length of each edge of an aluminium cube is 0.050 m. The cube is heated to 145° C from
25° C. What is the increase in the surface area of the cube? (Hint: The length of each edge of the
cube expands when heated)
14. A swimming pool contains 110 m3 (about 30000 gallons) of water. The sun heats the water
from 17° C to 27° C. What is the change in the volume of the water?

15. The air inside a car has a mass of 2.6 kg and a specific heat capacity of 720 J(kg. C ° ). The driver
loses heat at a rate of 120 joules per second. If all the heat goes into increasing the air
temperature, how long doe will it take for the temperature to change from 21° C to 37° C ?

16. A gallon (1 gallon = 3.785 × 10−3 m3 ) of water at 25° C is placed in a refrigerator to make “ice
water”. How much heat must the refrigerator remove from the water to cool it to 5° C?

17. The brass bar and the aluminium bar in the drawing are attached to an immovable wall. At 22 ℃
the air gap between the rods is 1.8 × 10−3 m. At what temperature will the gap be closed?

Brass Aluminium

2.0 m 1.0 m

18. A woman finds the front shield of her car covered with ice at −10.0℃. The ice has a thickness of
5.00 × 10−4 m, and the windshield has an area of 1.10 m2 . The density of ice is 917 kg/m3.
How much heat is required to melt the ice?
19. A certain substance has a mass per mole of 50.0 g/mol. When 314 J is added as heat to a 30.0 g
sample, the sample’s temperature rises from 25.0℃ to 45.0℃. What are the
a) Specific heat and
b) molar specific heat of this substance?
c) How many moles are present?

20. A container with a mass of 0.6 kg is at a temperature of 20℃. When 2.5 kg of boiling water is
poured into it, the final temperature is 90℃. What is the specific heat capacity of the
container?What mass of butter, which has a usable energy content of 6.0 Cal/g (= 6000 cal/
g), wuld be equivalent to the change in gravitational potential energy of a 73.0 kg man who
ascends from sea level to the top of Mt Everest, at elevation 8.84 km? Assume that the average
g for the ascent is 9.80 m/s2.

21. A 150 g copper bowl contains 220 g of water, both at 20.0℃. A very hot 300 g copper cylinder
is dropped into the water, causing the water to boil, with 5.00 g being converted to steam. The
final temperature of the system is 100℃. Neglect energy transfers with the environment.
a) How much energy (in calories) is transferred to the water as heat?
b) How much to the bowl?
c) What is the original temperature of the cylinder?

22. Ice is added to a 1 kg lemonade, cooling it from 20℃ to 0℃. How much ice melts?. The heat
capacity of lemonade is equal to the heat capacity of water.

23. If 0.15 kg of ice at 0℃ is added to 0.25 kg of water at 20℃,

24. When you make a bath, how many kilograms of hot water (60.0° C) and cold water (25.0° C)
must you mix, so that the temperature of the bath is 40.0° C? The total mass of water (hot plus
cold) is 185 kg. Ignore any heat flow between the water and its external surroundings.

25. Ice at −10.0 ℃ and steam at 130 ℃ are brought together at atmospheric pressure in a perfectly
insulated container. After thermal equilibrium is reached, the liquid phase at 50.0 ℃ is present.
Ignoring the container, find the ratio of the mass of steam to the mass of ice.

26. Calculate the energy required to convert 0.10 kg of ice at −10.0 ℃ into steam at 110 ℃.

27. A 7.0 kg glass bowl contains 16 kg of punch at 25 ℃ (Punch is essentially water). 25 kg of ice at
−20 ℃ is added to the punch. If there is no heat flow between the bowl and an external
environment, find the final equilibrium temperature.
28. How much heat must be added to 0.45 kg of aluminium to change from a solid at 130 ℃ to a
liquid at 660 ℃ (its melting point)? The latent heat of fusion for aluminium is 4.0 × 105 J/kg.

29. An insulated Thermos contains 130 cm3 of hot coffee at 80.0 ℃. You put in a 12.0 g ice at its
melting point to cool the coffee. By how many degrees has your coffee cooled once ice has
melted and equilibrium is reached? Treat the coffee as though it were pure water and neglect
energy exchanges with the environment.

30. Two 50 g ice cubes are dropped into 200 g of water in a thermally insulated container. If the
water is initially at 25 ℃, and the ice comes directly from the freezer at −15 ℃, what is the final
temperature at thermal equilibrium?

31. Ethyl alcohol has a boiling point of 78.0 ℃, a freezing point of −114 ℃, heat of vaporization of
879 kJ/kg, heat of fusion of 109 kJ/kg, and a specific heat capacity of 2.43 kJ/kg. K. How much
energy must be removed from 0.510 kg of ethyl alcohol that is initially a gas at 78.0 ℃ so that it
becomes a solid at −114 ℃?

32. How much ice at 0° C must beaded to 0.5 kg of water at 20℃ if it is all to melt, leaving only
water at 0° C?

33. Suppose we combine 100 g of aluminium with a specific heat capacity of 920 J/kg. K at a
temperature of 495℃ with 99.9 g of ice at 0.00℃. What will be the final temperature?

34. A 9.36-g piece of platinum is heated to 98.6 °C in a boiling water bath and then dropped onto
ice. When the metal’s temperature has dropped to 0.0 °C, it is found that 0.37 g of ice has
melted. What is the specific heat capacity of platinum?

35. A brass bar (length = Lb)and a copper bar (length = LC) have the same cross-sectional area, the
same difference in temperature between their ends, and the same rate of heat conduction.
Calculate the ratio Lb/Lc.

36. You calculate that heat is being lost through a 0.25 m × 0.35 m metal plate surface at a rate of
270 J/s when the temperature difference across the plate is 14℃. If the plate is 0.16 𝑚 thick,
identify the metal suing the table below.

37. A cubical piece of heat-shield tile from a space re-entry module measures 0.15 m on a side and
has a thermal conductivity of 0.065 J(s. m. C°). The outer surface of the tile is heated to a
temperature of 1150℃, while the inner surface is maintained at a temperature of 30℃.
a) How much heat flows from the outer to the inner surface of the tile in five minutes?
b) If this amount of heat were transferred to three litres (3.0 kg) of liquid water, by how
many Celsius degrees would the temperature of water rise?
38. A copper rod has a length of 1.5 m and a cross-sectional area of 4.0 × 10−4 m2 . One end rod is
in contact with boiling water and the other with a mixture of ice and water. What is the mass of
ice per second that melts? Assume that no heat is lost through the side surface of the rod?

39. In the figure below, two identical rectangular rods of metal are welded end to end, with a
temperature of 𝑇1 = 0℃ on left side and a temperature of 𝑇2 = 100℃ on the right side. In 2.0
min, 10 J is conducted at a constant rate from the right side to the left side. How much time
would be required to conduct 10 J if the rods were welded side to side as in

40. A cylindrical copper rod of length 1.2 m and cross-sectional area 4.8 cm2 is insulated to prevent
heat loss through its surface. The ends are maintained at a temperature difference of 10℃ by
having one end in a water-ice mixture and the other end in a mixture of boiling water and
steam.
a) At what rate is energy conducted along the rod?
b) At what rate does ice melt at the cold end?

41. The figure below shows the cross-section of a wall made of three layers. The thicknesses of the
layers are 𝐿1 , 𝐿2 = 0.700 𝐿1, and 𝐿3 = 0.350 𝐿1 . The thermal conductivities are 𝑘1 𝑘2 =
0.900𝑘1 and 𝑘3 = 0.800 𝑘1. The temperatures at the left and right sides of the wall are 𝑇𝐻 =
30.0℃ and 𝑇𝐶 = −15℃, respectively. Thermal conduction is steady.

a) What is the temperature difference ∆𝑇2 across layer 2 (between the left and right sides
of the layer)? If 𝑘2 were, instead equal to 1.1𝑘1.
b) would the rate at which energy is conducted through the wall be greater than, or the
same as previously, and
c) what would be the value of ∆𝑇2 ?
42. In aluminium pot, 0.15 kg of water 100℃ boils away in four minutes. The bottom of the pot is
3.1 × 10−3 m thick and has a surface area of 0.015 m2. To prevent the water from boiling too
rapidly, a stainless steel plate has been placed between the pot and the heating element. The
plate is 1.4 × 10−3 m thick, and its area matches that of the pot. Assuming that heat is
conducted into water only through the bottom of the pot, find the temperature at
a) The aluminium-steel interface and
b) The steel surface in contact with the heating element.