Closed Sets in Generalized Topological Spaces: S. Maragathavalli, M. Sheik John, D. Sivaraj
Closed Sets in Generalized Topological Spaces: S. Maragathavalli, M. Sheik John, D. Sivaraj
Closed Sets in Generalized Topological Spaces: S. Maragathavalli, M. Sheik John, D. Sivaraj
57-64
Pure Mathematics doi: 10.5373/jarpm.243.102109
Online ISSN: 1943-2380
Abstract. We define gµ −closed sets in generalized topological spaces and Igµ −closed
sets in generalized topological spaces with a hereditary class and give characterizations
and properties of these sets.
Keywords: µ−closed and µ−open sets; Generalized topology; Hereditary class; Quasi-topology.
1 Introduction
A generalized topology or simply GT [1] µ on a nonempty set X is a collection of
subsets of X such that ∅ ∈ µ and µ is closed under arbitrary union. Elements of µ are
called µ−open sets. A subset of A of X is said to be µ−closed if X − A is µ−open. The
pair (X, µ) is called a generalized topological space (GTS). By a space (X, µ), we will
always mean a GTS (X, µ). A space (X, µ) is said to be a quasi-topological space [4],
if µ is closed under finite intersection. Clearly, every topological space as well as a
quasi-topological space is a GTS. If A is a subset of a space (X, µ), then cµ (A) is the
smallest µ−closed set containing A and iµ (A) is the largest µ−open set contained in A.
A subset A of a space (X, µ) is said to be α−open [3] (resp., semiopen [3], preopen [3],
b−open [8], β−open [3] ) if A ⊂ iµ cµ iµ (A) (resp., A ⊂ cµ iµ (A), A ⊂ iµ cµ (A), A ⊂
iµ cµ (A) ∪ cµ iµ (A), A ⊂ cµ iµ cµ (A)). We will denote the family of all α−open sets by α,
the family of all semiopen sets by σ, the family of all preopen sets by π, the family of
all b−open sets by b and the family of all β−open sets by β. If κ ∈ {µ, α, σ, π, b, β}
and A is a subset of a space (X, κ), then cκ (A) is the smallest κ−closed set containing
A and iκ (A) is the largest κ−open set contained in A. Note that the operator cκ is
∗
Correspondence to: D. Sivaraj, Department of Computer Science, D.J. Academy for Mangerial Excel-
lence, Coimbatore- 641 032, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: ttn− sivaraj@yahoo.co.in
†
Received: 21 October 2009, revised: 26 November 2009, accepted: 10 December 2009.
http://www.i-asr.com/Journals/jarpm/ 57 ⃝2010
c Institute of Advanced Scientific Research
58 On g−closed sets in generalized topological spaces
monotonic, increasing and idempotent and the operator iκ is monotonic, decreasing and
idempotent. Clearly, A is κ−open if and only if A = iκ (A) and A is κ−closed if and only
if A = cκ (A). Also, for every subset of A of a space (X, κ), X − iκ (A) = cκ (X − A). In
section 2, we define a new class of sets, called gκ −closed sets and give its characterizations
and properties. If κ = τ, a topology on X, then gκ −closed sets are nothing but g−closed
[7] sets in topological spaces. In section 3, we define another new class of subsets of
a space (X, κ) which contains properly the family of all gκ −closed sets and give its
characterizations and properties.
2 gκ −closed sets
Let (X, κ) be a space where κ ∈ {µ, α, σ, π, b, β}. A subset A of X is said to be
gκ −closed if cκ (A) ⊂ M whenever A ⊂ M and M ∈ κ. Clearly, every κ−closed set is
gκ −closed and cκ (A) is gκ −closed for every subset A of X. The following Example 2.1
shows that the converse is not be true for κ = µ. Theorem 2.1 gives a characterization of
gκ −closed sets. Theorem 2.2 shows that a gκ −closed set A is a κ−closed set, if cκ (A)−A
is κ−closed.
Example 2.1. Let X = {a, b, c} and µ = {∅, {a} }. Since there is no µ−open set
containing {b}, {b} is gµ −closed but not µ−closed.
Theorem 2.1. Let (X, κ) be a space where κ ∈ {µ, α, σ, π, b, β}. Then a subset A
of X is gκ −closed if and only if F ⊂ cκ (A) − A and F is κ−closed imply that F = ∅.
Proof. Let F be a κ−closed subset of cκ (A) − A. Since A ⊂ X − F and A is gκ −closed,
cκ (A) ⊂ X − F and so F ⊂ X − cκ (A). Therefore, F = ∅. Conversely, suppose the
condition holds and A ⊂ M and M ∈ κ. If cκ (A) ̸⊂ M, then cκ (A) ∩ (X − M ) is a
nonempty κ−closed subset of cκ (A) − A, a contradiction to the hypothesis. Therefore,
cκ (A) ⊂ M which implies that A is gκ −closed.
Theorem 2.2. Let (X, κ) be a space where κ ∈ {µ, α, σ, π, b, β}. Then a gκ −closed
subset A of X is a κ−closed set if cκ (A) − A is a κ−closed set.
Proof. By Theorem 2.1, cκ (A) − A = ∅ and so cκ (A) = A which implies that A is
κ−closed.
The proof of the following Lemma 2.3 follows from Theorem 2.2 of [6]. Theo-
rem 2.4 below shows that in a quasi-topological space (X, µ), the union of two gµ −closed
sets is again a gµ −closed set. Example 2.2 shows that the condition quasi-topology on
the space cannot be replaced by generalized topology. Example 2.3 below shows that
the intersection of two gµ −closed sets need not be a gµ −closed set even in a topological
space. Theorem 2.5 shows that, the intersection of a gκ −closed set with a κ−closed is a
gκ −closed set where κ ∈ {µ, α, σ, π, b, β}.
Lemma 2.3. Let (X, µ) be a quasi-topological space. Then cµ (A ∪ B) = cµ (A) ∪ cµ (B)
for every subsets A and B of X.
S. Maragathavalli, M. Sheik John and D. Sivaraj 59
Theorem 2.4. Let (X, µ) be a quasi-topological space. Then the following hold.
(a) If A and B are gµ −closed subsets of X, then A ∪ B is also a gµ −closed set.
(b) If A and B are gα −closed subsets of X, then A ∪ B is also a gα −closed set.
Proof. (a) Suppose A and B are gµ −closed. Let M ∈ µ such that A ∪ B ⊂ M. Since A
and B are gµ −closed sets, cµ (A) ⊂ M and cµ (B) ⊂ M and so cµ (A) ∪ cµ (B) ⊂ M. By
Lemma 2.3, it follows that cµ (A ∪ B) ⊂ M and so the proof follows.
(b) The proof follows from (a) and Theorem 2.3 of [6], since (X, α) is a quasi-topological
space.
Example 2.2. Let X = {a, b, c} and µ = {∅, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, X}. Then µ
is a GT but not a quasi-topology. If A = {b} and B = {c}, then A and B are gµ −closed
sets but their union is not a gµ −closed set.
Example 2.3. Consider the topological space (X, τ ) where X = {a, b, c} with the topol-
ogy µ = {∅, {a}, X}. If A = {a, b} and B = {a, c}, then A and B are gµ −closed sets.
But A ∩ B = {a}, is not a gµ −closed set.
The following Theorem 2.6 shows that every subset of a space (X, κ) is a gκ −closed
set if and only if the family of all κ−open sets coincides with the family of all κ−closed
sets. Theorem 2.7 below gives a property of gκ −closed sets.
Theorem 2.9. Let (X, κ) be a space where κ ∈ {µ, α, σ, π, b, β}. If A and B are
κ−separated, gκ −open sets, then A ∪ B is a gκ −open set.
Proof. Let F be a κ−closed set such that F ⊂ A ∪ B. Since A and B are κ−separated
sets, F ∩ cκ (A) ⊂ A and F ∩ cκ (B) ⊂ B. By Theorem 2.8, F ∩ cκ (A) ⊂ iκ (A) and
F ∩ cκ (B) ⊂ iκ (B) respectively. Now F = F ∩ (A ∪ B) = (F ∩ A) ∪ (F ∩ B) ⊂
(F ∩ cκ (A)) ∪ (F ∩ cκ (B)) ⊂ iκ (A) ∪ iκ (B) ⊂ iκ (A ∪ B). Therefore, again by Theorem 2.8,
A ∪ B is gκ −open.
The following Theorem 2.10 gives a characterization of gκ −open sets and The-
orem 2.11 below gives a property of gκ −open sets. Theorem 2.12 below gives a charac-
terization of gκ −closed sets in terms of gκ −open sets.
Theorem 2.12. Let (X, κ) be a space where κ ∈ {µ, α, σ, π, b, β}. Then a subset A
of X is gκ −closed if and only if cκ (A) − A is gκ −open.
Remark 2.13. Since every topology and quasi-topology are generalized topologies, all
the above theorems are valid in any topological as well as quasi-topological spaces.
From Theorem 3.4(b) and Lemma 3.1(e), it follows that every gκ −closed set is an
Igκ −closed set. The following Example 3.1 shows that an Igµ −closed set need not be
a µ−closed set. Also, since A⋆ is κ−closed, A⋆ is gκ −closed and so A⋆ is Igκ −closed
for every subset A of X. Theorem 3.5 below shows that the concepts gκ −closedness and
Igκ −closedness are equivalent for sets A for which A ⊂ A⋆ .
Example 3.1. Consider the space (X, µ) of Example 2.1 with the hereditary class
I = {∅, {a}, {b} }. Clearly, A = {b} is Igµ −closed but not µ−closed.
The following Theorem 3.7 gives a property of Igκ −closed sets and Corollary 3.8
follows from Theorem 3.7 and the fact that, if A ⊂ B ⊂ A⋆ , then A⋆ = B ⋆ and B ⊂ B ⋆ .
Theorem 3.7. Let (X, κ) be a space where κ ∈ {µ, α, σ, π, b, β} with a hereditary
class I. If A and B are subsets of X such that A ⊂ B ⊂ cκ⋆ (A) and A is Igκ −closed,
then B is Igκ −closed.
Proof. Since A is Igκ −closed, cκ⋆ (A) − A contains no nonempty κ−closed set. Since
cκ⋆ (B) − B ⊂ cκ⋆ (A) − A, cκ⋆ (B) − B contains no nonempty κ−closed set and so by
Theorem 3.3(d), B is Igκ −closed.
Proof. (a)⇒(b). Suppose A is Igκ −closed. If U is any κ−open set such that (A ∪ (X −
A⋆ )) ⊂ U, then X − U ⊂ X − (A ∪ (X − A⋆ )) = A⋆ − A. Since A is Igκ −closed, by
Theorem 3.4(e), it follows that X − U = ∅ and so X = U. X may be a κ−open set or
may not be a κ−open set. In both cases, clearly, A ∪ (X − A⋆ ) is Igκ −closed.
(b)⇒(a). Suppose A ∪ (X − A⋆ ) is Igκ −closed. If F is any κ−closed set such that
F ⊂ A⋆ −A, then A∪(X−A⋆ ) ⊂ X−F and X−F is κ−open. Therefore, (A∪(X−A⋆ ))⋆ ⊂
X − F. By Lemma 3.1(d), A⋆ ∪ (X − A⋆ )⋆ ⊂ X − F and so F ⊂ X − A⋆ . Since F ⊂ A⋆ ,
it follows that F = ∅. Hence A is Igκ −closed.
The equivalence of (b) and (c) follows from the fact that X −(A⋆ −A) = A∪(X −A⋆ ).
Proof. Suppose every subset of X is Igκ −closed. If U is κ−open, then U is Igκ −closed
and so U ⋆ ⊂ U. Hence U is κ⋆ −closed. Conversely, suppose that every κ−open set is
κ⋆ −closed. If A ⊂ X and U is an κ−open set such that A ⊂ U, then A⋆ ⊂ U ⋆ ⊂ U and
so A is Igκ −closed.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the referees for their valuable comments and suggestions.
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