Materials science is the study of solid materials and how their properties are determined by their composition and structure at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. It examines the properties of materials and how they are influenced by factors including their composition, microstructure, and processing history. The goal is to understand the relationship between a material's structure and its properties so that materials with tailored characteristics can be prepared by controlling their processing history.
Materials science is the study of solid materials and how their properties are determined by their composition and structure at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. It examines the properties of materials and how they are influenced by factors including their composition, microstructure, and processing history. The goal is to understand the relationship between a material's structure and its properties so that materials with tailored characteristics can be prepared by controlling their processing history.
Materials science is the study of solid materials and how their properties are determined by their composition and structure at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. It examines the properties of materials and how they are influenced by factors including their composition, microstructure, and processing history. The goal is to understand the relationship between a material's structure and its properties so that materials with tailored characteristics can be prepared by controlling their processing history.
Materials science is the study of solid materials and how their properties are determined by their composition and structure at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels. It examines the properties of materials and how they are influenced by factors including their composition, microstructure, and processing history. The goal is to understand the relationship between a material's structure and its properties so that materials with tailored characteristics can be prepared by controlling their processing history.
Study of the properties of solid materials and how those properties are
determined byy the material's composition
p and structure,, both macroscopic p and microscopic – Materials science What happens/happened? What happens/happened?
• Bhopal gas tragedy Bhopal gas tragedy • Air freshener/Perfume • A drop of ink in the glass of water • Two Dissimilar metals coupled together Two Dissimilar metals coupled together Diffusion/Mass transfer Diffusion • Mass flow process or motion of atoms by ( ) g which atoms (or molecules) change their position relative to their neighbors • Diffusion refers to net flux of any species such Diffusion refers to net flux of any species such as ions, atoms, electrons, etc.. – Flux is defined as the number of atoms passing through a plane of unit area per unit time plane of unit area per unit time
» Unit of flux? The flux during g diffusion is defined as the number of atoms passing through a plane of unit area per unit time
7 Applications of diffusion Applications of diffusion • Surface Hardening treatments • Carburizing, Nitriding etc.. • Heat treatment • Diff i b di Diffusion bonding • Diodes, p‐n junction p j • Sintering, etc… A thermal barrier coating on nickel‐based superalloy. A thermal barrier coating on nickel based superalloy
9 Diffusion of Ar/He and Cu/Ni Diffusion of Ar/He and Cu/Ni On one side, we have pure argon (Ar) gas; on the other side, we have pure helium (He) gas. Explain what will happen when the partition is opened? C Concentration gradients exists t ti di t it
What happens if the partition is What happens if the partition is open and these elements are in He/ Ni solid state? gas
Atoms will diffuse toward Ni Cu the He side, and vice versa.
10 Diffusion of copper atoms into nickel. Eventually, the copper atoms are randomly distributed throughout the nickel 11 Friction welding of Cu to steel Friction welding of Cu to steel Diffusion • Magnitude of flux depends on • Initial concentration gradient • Temperature • Time
Stability of atoms in a metal Stability of atoms and ions Stability of atoms and ions
Rate at which jumps happen is R t t hi h j h i given by Arrhenius equation Q Rate C0 .e RT
The Arrhenius plot of in (rate) versus 1/T can be used to determine the activation energy required for a reaction Arrhenius equation Arrhenius equation Q Rate C0 .e RT
C0 = Constant Q = Activation energy in cal/mole to cause an avagadro’s gy g number of atoms to move R = Gas Constant, 1.987 cal/mol.K T = Absolute temperature in Kelvin T = Absolute temperature in Kelvin Mechanisms of Diffusion Mechanisms of Diffusion • Self‐diffusion ‐ The random movement of yp atoms within an essentially pure material. • Vacancy diffusion ‐ Diffusion of atoms when an atom leaves a regular lattice position to fill an atom leaves a regular lattice position to fill a vacancy in the crystal • Interstitial diffusion ‐ Diffusion of small atoms from one interstitial position to another in the from one interstitial position to another in the crystal structure. Mechanisms of Diffusion Mechanisms of Diffusion
Diffusion mechanisms in material: (a) vacancy or substitutional atom diffusion and (b) interstitial diffusion Vacancy diffusion Vacancy diffusion • Atoms leave its original position and occupy a new site • No. of vacancies increase with increase in the temperature Q nv n. exp RT Nv = No. of vacancies pr cm3 n = No. of atoms per cm3 Qv = energy required to produce one mole of vacancies in cal/mole or j/mole R = gas constant, T = temperature in K Self f diffusion ffu Interstitial diffusion Activation Energy for Diffusion gy
To jump from lattice site to lattice site
site, atoms need energy to break bonds with neighbors, and to cause the necessary lattice distortions during jump. This energy comes from the thermal energy of atomic vibrations
A high g energygy is required q to squeeze q atoms ppast one another duringg diffusion. This energy gy is the activation energy Q. Generally more energy is required for a substitutional atom than for an interstitial atom. Interstitial diffusion is generally faster than vacancy diffusion because bonding of interstitials to the surrounding atoms is normally weaker and there are many more interstitial sites than vacancy sites to jump to. Energy barrier The activation energy for self-diffusion increases as the melting point of the metal increases Kirkendall effect
Materials A and B welded together with Inert marker and given a diffusion anneal Usually the lower melting component diffuses faster (say B) A B
Marker motion
Inert Marker – thin rod of a high melting material which is basically
insoluble in A & B If the diffusion rates of two metals A and B in to each other are different, the boundary between them shifts and moves towards the faster diffusing metal as shown in the figure.
This is a direct evidence of the vacancy mechanism of diffusion as the other
mechanisms do not permit the flux of diffusing species to be different.
Zn diffuses faster into Cu than Cu in Zn. A diffusion couple of Cu and Zn will lead to formation of a growing layer of Cu-Zn alloy (Brass). Same will happen in a Cu Cu-Ni Ni couple as Cu diffuses faster in Ni than vice versa versa.
Since this takes place by vacancy mechanism, pores will form in Cu (of the Cu-Ni couple) as the vacancy flux in the opposite direction (towards Cu) will condense to form pores. One dimensional random motion One dimensional random motion • Assumption : Atom has equal probability to go g either in left or in right direction • Step length = • Position after first step, X P ii f fi X1 = ?? 0 • Mean Position, = ? , X1 0
2 • Mean square position = X 2 1
• Position after second step, X2 = X1 (2 , 0, 0, -2 )
Mean Position after second step = 0
One dimensional random motion One dimensional random motion • Mean square position = X2 2 2 2
(3 , , , - , , • Position after third step, X X2 - , - , -33 ) Position after third step, X3 3 =X • Mean square position = X3 2 3 2
• Mean square position after n steps X n n2 2
• Root mean square position X n .t
Root mean square position
n .t n= No of jumps = frequency of jumps First law of diffusion First law of diffusion
Illustration of the concentration gradient Fick’ss first law Fick first law C = Concentration of atoms C = Concentration of atoms i.e – no of atoms per unit volume = Thickness / Interplanar spacing = Thickness / Interplanar spacing = Frequency of jumps
• Flux, JLR 1 C.. . 6 Why 1/6 term is added? Fick’ss first law Fick first law • Flux in Right to left direction 1 dc J RL (C C ). . . c 6 dx
• Net Flux = J L R J R L 1 ..C 6 Fick’ss first law Fick first law
Slope of the curve = dc C dx
Net Flux 1 2 dc J . . . 6 dx Fick’ss First Law Fick First Law • Net Flux N t Fl 1 2 J D. dc D . . dx 6 D = diffusivity or diffusion coefficient Net Flux depends on the concentration gradient Net Flux depends on the concentration gradient
From the random walk motion, X .t
X 6 Dt The rough distance can be estimated for time ‘t’ if diffusivity is known Fick’s first law applies to steady state systems, where concentration is constant Rate of diffusion Rate of diffusion • Fick’s first law i k’ fi l ‐ The equation relating the flux h i l i h fl of atoms by diffusion to the diffusion coefficient and the concentration gradient • Diffusion coefficient ((D)) ‐ A temperature‐ p dependent coefficient related to the rate at , , p which atoms, ions, or other species diffuse • Concentration gradient ‐ The rate of change of composition with distance in a non‐uniform composition with distance in a non‐uniform material, typically expressed as atoms/cm3.cm Temperature and Diffusion coefficient Temperature and Diffusion coefficient
Q D D0 . exp RT • As the temperature increases, Diffusion coefficient increases and therefore flux of ffi i i d h f fl f atoms increases. • Why heat treatment is carried out at higher temperatures? Diffusivity
The diffusion coefficient D Th diff i ffi i t D as a function of reciprocal temperature for some metals and ceramics In the and ceramics. In the Arrhenius plot, D represents the rate of the diffusion process A steep slope process. A steep slope denotes a high activation energy 37 Types of Diffusion Types of Diffusion • Volume Diffusion – Because of the surrounding atoms in 3D, the activation energy is higher • Grain boundary diffusion Activation energy is lower because of poor packing in grain boundary • Surface diffusion • Much easier because of less constraint on the diffusing g atoms Factors affecting diffusion Factors affecting diffusion • Temperature and the Diffusion Coefficient (D) • Types of Diffusion Types of Diffusion ‐ volume diffusion, grain volume diffusion, grain boundary diffusion, Surface diffusion • Time Ti • Dependence on Bonding and Crystal p g y Structure • Dependence on Concentration of Diffusing D d C t ti f Diff i Species and Composition of Matrix Fick’ss second law Fick second law • Fick’s second law ‐ The partial differential q equation that describes the rate at which atoms are redistributed in a material by diffusion. diffusion • Describes the dynamic or non‐steady state of diffusion of atoms ff f Diffusion of atoms into the surface of a material illustrating the use of Fick’ss second law material illustrating the use of Fick second law
dy d2y y ( x0 x) y ( x0) x x 2 2 ..... dx dx dy d2y c2 c1 x x 2 2 .... dx dx Use taylor series Fick’s second law c 2C D 2 t x
Assumptions ssu pt o s a any????? y CS C X x erf C S C0 2 Dt Diffusing solute atoms are uniformly distributed Error function values Diffusion and materials processing Diffusion and materials processing Sintering ‐ A high‐temperature treatment used to join small particles. Grain growth G i th ‐ Movement of grain boundaries by diffusion in M t f i b d i b diff i i order to reduce the amount of grain boundary area. Diffusion bonding Diffusion bonding ‐ A joining technique in which two surfaces A joining technique in which two surfaces are pressed together at high pressures and temperatures Sintering Diffusion bonding Diffusion bonding
The steps in diffusion bonding: (a) Initially the contact area is small; (b) application of pressure deforms the surface, increasing the bonded area; (c) grain boundary diffusion permits voids to shrink; and (d) final elimination of the voids requires volume diffusion Grain growth Grain growth Grain growth Grain growth
Grain growth in alumina ceramics can be seen from the SEM
micrographs of alumina ceramics. (a) The left micrograph shows the microstructure of an alumina ceramic sintered at 1350oC for 150 hours. (b) The right micrograph shows a sample sintered at 1350oC ffor 30 h hours References • Donald Askeland, Materials science and g Engineeringg • Reedhill, Physical Metallurgy • Lecture notes, bhadeshia, university of L bh d hi i i f cambridge
