XII Physics PHYsxOne

PRECAUTIONS AND SOURCE OF ERROR 2. The plugs of the resistance box may not be tight.
3. The ends of the wires may not be clean and tight.
4. Instrumental and human error.
NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
PRECUATIONS
1. Initial difference of temperature between hot body and
surrounding should not be more than 400C.
RESISTANCE OF VOLTMETER
2. The calorie meter should be covered with lid to prevent
PRECUTIONS
cooling due to evaporation.
1. All connections should be clean and tight.
3. For uniform cooling stir the water gently during the
2. The emf of the battery should remain constant.
experiment. 3. The zero setting of the voltmeter should be checked
4. Calorie meter must not place or touches good conductor. before taking observations.
SOURCE OF ERROR 4. Key must be inserted only when the reading is to
1. Flow of air at the place of experiment is not constant. be taken.
2. Change in temperature of surrounding during the 5. A volt meter of small least count should be used.
experiment.
SOURCE OF ERROR
3. Human error.
1. The emf of the battery may not be constant.
COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION 2. The calibration of scale of voltmeter may be not
PRECUATIONS proper.
1. Initial length of the rod should be measured carefully. 3. The connections may be loose
2. Over heating of the rod should be avoided. 4. Personal error.
3. The rod should be free from spots or paints. POTENTIOMETER
4. To avoid back lash error the screw of the spherometer is PRECAUTIONS
rotated in one direction only. 1. Connections should be clean and tight.
SOURCE OF ERROR 2. The keys must be inserted in the plug only when
reading is to be taken.
1. Back lash error may exist in the spherometer.
3. The jockey should not be rubbed along the wire
2. Rate of flow of steam may not be uniform. but it should be topped.
3. Impurities in the material of the given rod. 4. The emf of the power supply must be constant.
METER BRIDGE 5. The current should be passed only for a short
PRECUATIONS duration necessary for taking reading.
1. All connection must be clean and tight. SOURCE OF ERROR
2. The current should be passed only when reading is to be 1. The ends of the connecting wires may not be clean
and tight.
taken.
2. The emf of the battery or cell may not be constant.
3. The Jockey should not be rubbed on bridge wire. 3. Connections may be loose.
4. Null point should be taken between 30 cm to 70 cm for 4. Human error.
accuracy. TUNGSTEN FILAMENT BULB (OHM’S LAW)
5. The plugs of resistance box should be pressed tightly. PRECAUTIONS
SOURCE OF ERROR 1.Connections should be clean and tight.
1. The bridge wire may not be of uniform diameter. 2. Use the voltmeter and ammeter of small least count .
2. Loose contact of circuit joints. 3. Zero error of voltmeter and ammeter should be
3. The plugs of the resistance box may not be tight. checked.
4. Unclean ends of the connecting wires
4. Voltage should not be supplied to the bulb beyond
5. The length of the bridge wire may not be exactly
one meter. its limits.
6. Human error. 5. Increase the voltage gradually.
RESISTANCE OF GALVANO METER BY HALF SOURCE OF ERROR
DEFLECTION METHOD 1.The voltage of power supply may not be constant.
PRECAUTIONS 2. Improper calibration of ammeter or voltmeter.
1. Connections should be clean and tight. 3. The connections may not be clean and tight.
2. Avoid passing current beyond full scale deflection. 4. Human and instrumental error.
3. The deflection in the galvanometer should be in CAPACITORS IN A.C CIRCUITS
even number of division.
PRECAUTIONS
4. The emf of the current source must be constant.
5. The plugs of the resistance box should be pressed 1. The miliammeter and voltmeter should be A.C
tightly. type.
SOURCE OF ERROR 2. The capacitors should be discharged after
performing the experiment.
1. The emf of the source may not be constant.
12
XII Physics PHYsxOne

3. The current from A.C main should be off while 2. Inaccuracy In the values of capacitors.
making connections. 3. Fluctuation in A.C supply.
4. Do not pass current for a long time to produce 4. Connection may be loose.
heating effect.
5. Connections should be clean and tight.
SOURCE OF ERROR
1. The ends of connecting wires may not be clean and
tight.

PHOTOCELL 4. The least count of thermometer is large.

PRECAUTION SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER
1. The height of the photocell and the bulb must be at PRECAUATION
same level. 4. Connection should be clean and tight.
2. Extra lights should be switched off during the 5. Water should be stirred gently when temperature
experiment.
is observed.
3. The room must be uniformly dark during the
experiment. 5. Human error.
4. Avoid to use light of very high intensity.
5. Light from the lamp should fall normally on the SPECIFIC HEAT OF SOLID BY METHOD OF MIXTURE
photocell. PRECAUTION
1. Calorie meter should be well insulated.
SOURCE OF ERROR 2. Quantity of water in the calorie meter should be
1. Error in measuring the distance between photocell large enough that the hot solid object be
and bulb. completely immersed.
2. The level of darkness in the room may change
3. Calorie meter should be kept far from the heating
during experiment.
3. The lamp or photocell should not be moved along a source.
straight line. 4. Initial temperature of the water in the calorie meter
should be carefully note down before introducing
VALUE OF “J” hot solid in it.
PRECAUTIONS 5. Hot solid should be put inside the calorie meter
1. Connections should be clean and tight. quickly to avoid heat loss.
2. The heating coil should be completely immersed in SOURCE OF ERROR
water. 1. Loss of heat during transfer of hot solid to the
3. Current passing through the coil should be less calorie meter.
than one ampere.
2. Error in reading thermometer.
4. Reading of ammeter and voltmeter should remain
constant. 3. The least count of thermometer is large.
5. During experiment water should stirred gently. 4. Human error.
6. The calorimeter must be placed in an insulation SEMICONDUCTOR DIOD
box. PRECAUTION
1. All connections should be clean and clear.
SOURCE OF ERROR 2. Increase in voltage must be gradual and in
1. Loss of heat due to radiation and convection. small intervals.
2. Non steady voltage of the power supply. 3. Applied voltage must not be increased by
3. The ends of connecting wires may not be clean. rating of diod.
4. Terminals of heating coil are thick and massive. SOURCE OF ERROR
5. Human error. 1. Non steady voltage of the power supply.
1. Current should be passed through the coil only 2. The ends of connecting wires may not be clean.
when it is immersed in water, otherwise it may 3. Terminals of heating coil are thick and massive.
melt down. 4. Human error.
2. Reading of voltmeter and ammeter should be kept
constant.
3. Turns of heating coil should not touch eachother.
SOURCE OF ERROR
1. Heat lost due to radiation.
2. Thick and massive terminals of the heating coil.
3. Error in reading thermometer.
13